2021 IL App (2d) 200002-U 

No. 2-20-0002 

Order filed August 30, 2021

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent 

except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County. 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 18-CF-2311 

) 

ONECIMO VAZQUEZ-VELAZQUEZ, ) Honorable 

) Liam C. Brennan, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE ZENOFF delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices McLaren and Hudson concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Defendant’s conviction of aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol was 

affirmed where (1) the evidence proved his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, (2) the 

trial court did not engage in an improper “retrograde extrapolation” analysis, and 

(3) the evidence was not closely balanced, so defendant could not invoke firstprong plain error in support of his argument that the court improperly admitted the 

results of a blood test.

¶ 2 Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Du Page County, defendant, Onecimo 

Vazquez-Velazquez, was convicted of aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) 

(625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(1)(f) (West 2018)) and two counts of reckless homicide (720 ILCS 
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5/9-3(a) (West 2018)). Defendant was sentenced to 40 months’ imprisonment for aggravated DUI, 

with the other counts merging for sentencing purposes. Defendant appeals, and we affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Defendant was involved in a single-vehicle accident that killed the only passenger in his 

car, Annajeanne Dewey. The State charged defendant with aggravated DUI, reckless homicide, 

and attempting to leave the scene of an accident involving a death (625 ILCS 5/11-401(a) (West 

2018)). Defendant filed a motion in limine seeking to prevent the State from presenting evidence 

or argument regarding the “retrograde extrapolation” of defendant’s blood alcohol concentration 

(BAC), given that the State had not disclosed an expert on that subject. See People v. Floyd, 2014 

IL App (2d) 120507, ¶ 1 (“Retrograde extrapolation is premised on the theory that a person’s BAC, 

derived from a breath or blood test at a particular time, can be extrapolated back to an allegedly 

higher BAC that existed at the time of a prior incident.”). The court granted this motion without 

objection. The evidence at trial showed the following. 

¶ 5 Around 1 a.m. on October 7, 2018, defendant drove his 2005 Chevrolet Cobalt northbound 

on Fairview Avenue in Downers Grove near the intersection with 55th Street. This was a 

residential neighborhood. The road narrowed in this area from two lanes in each direction to one 

lane in each direction. From the pictures admitted into evidence, it appears that there was a solid 

yellow line marker indicating that this was a no-passing zone. The speed limit was 30 miles per 

hour. Defendant passed a car ahead of him by driving into a lane for southbound traffic. As he did 

so, defendant’s rear-driver’s-side tire hit the curb on the west side of the street. Defendant’s car 

then fishtailed across the street, jumped a parkway on the east side of the street, and hit a tree. At 

that point, the car split in half diagonally from the right front to the left rear, and Dewey was 
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ejected from the car. The front portion of defendant’s car kept going and hit a second tree before 

coming to a stop. The rear portion of defendant’s car flew 10 feet in the air and landed in the street. 

¶ 6 The person whose car defendant passed did not stop after the accident. Ryan Reigle, 

however, witnessed the accident from “[a] couple hundred yards” away. He called 911 and 

approached the scene. Reigle testified that he found defendant unconscious in the driver’s seat, 

“sitting there just kind of like in a daze.” Defendant eventually got out of his car, stumbling and 

staggering, and left the area on foot. On the 911 call, Reigle advised the dispatcher that he could 

not discern whether defendant was intoxicated but that defendant was “bleeding severely.” At trial, 

Reigle estimated that defendant was driving 70 miles per hour when his car hit the first tree. Reigle

never saw defendant’s car slow down or brake before hitting that tree. 

¶ 7 Dewey was dead when police officers and paramedics arrived. Defendant walked back to 

the scene of the accident, shoeless and wrapped in a blanket. He had blood on his face and road 

rash on his arms. Officer Nicholas Linklater of the Downers Grove Police Department briefly 

interviewed defendant at the scene. That interview was recorded and admitted into evidence. 

During that discussion, defendant falsely claimed that there had been four people in the car and 

that he was not the driver of the car. Linklater testified that defendant had “bloodshot and glassy 

eyes” and a “moderate odor of alcoholic beverage upon his breath.” Linklater also believed that, 

based on defendant’s answers to questions, defendant had “some problems with information 

processing and short-term memory.” Linklater saw that defendant “appeared to be staggering when 

he was walking,” but Linklater did not know whether this was due to injury or intoxication. 

Linklater did not note defendant having slurred speech. 

¶ 8 Defendant was not given field sobriety tests but instead was transported to a hospital by 

ambulance. A firefighter/paramedic, Dylan Arnold, noticed “a slight odor of alcohol” on 
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defendant. Defendant was able to provide his birth date to Arnold and answer questions about his 

medical needs. A blood test taken at the hospital at 1:58 a.m. showed that defendant had a serum 

concentration of 91 milligrams per deciliter, which equaled a BAC of .077. The record does not 

indicate what medical treatment defendant received at the hospital, nor was there evidence of the 

extent of his injuries. Later that morning at the hospital, defendant spoke to Linklater again. This 

time, defendant admitted that he was the driver of the car involved in the accident. That 

conversation was not recorded.

¶ 9 Detective Andrew Barczak of the Downers Grove Police Department interviewed 

defendant for about fifteen minutes on October 8, 2018. That interview was recorded and admitted 

into evidence. Defendant said that he went to an 11 p.m. movie with Dewey on the night of the 

accident. He did not drink before they got to the theater, but he and Dewey had wine once they got 

there. He said that he had three “little” glasses of wine that night. Defendant initially said that he

believed that Dewey paid for the wine. When Barczak asked defendant whether Dewey paid for it

with cash or a credit card, defendant responded that he was “lying” and that he paid for the wine 

with his debit card. Defendant explained that Dewey got more wine during the movie, but he 

denied drinking it. He and Dewey drove home after the movie, and he claimed that he was driving

only 40 or 45 miles per hour on Fairview Avenue. According to defendant, immediately before 

the accident, he hugged Dewey because she was sad. He then saw a car braking ahead of him. He 

turned his wheel to avoid hitting that car. He attempted to brake but his car slipped and kept going. 

¶ 10 On October 10, 2018, Barczak interviewed defendant again for approximately one hour. 

That interview was recorded and admitted into evidence. Defendant at times relied on the 

assistance of a Spanish language interpreter. Defendant explained that Dewey got a bottle of wine 

at the movie theater and that he had “just a little bit” of it because he did not want to drink. Asked 
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whether he or Dewey paid for the wine, he did not provide a definitive answer. Barczak then 

showed defendant a copy of the receipt for the wine, which showed that defendant paid for it. At 

that point, defendant acknowledged that he paid for the wine. Defendant said that he stopped 

drinking about 30-40 minutes into the movie and that he had three glasses of wine total. Defendant

repeatedly told Barczak that he was travelling only 40 or 45 miles per hour before the accident. 

¶ 11 Defendant’s explanation of how the accident occurred was not entirely consistent 

throughout the October 10, 2018, interview. For most of the interview, defendant said that, as he 

was hugging Dewey and kissing her forehead, he saw a car ahead of him braking. He then passed 

that car to avoid an accident, at which point he lost control. He tried to brake but “it wouldn’t 

brake,” and he hit the tree. At the end of the interview, however, defendant seemed to acknowledge 

that he saw the car in front of him but that he passed it because he did not want to follow it. 

Defendant did not remember walking away from the scene of the accident, but he remembered 

returning. Asked why he initially told officers that there were four people in the car and that he 

was not the driver, he said that he “didn’t have his five senses” at the time and that he did not 

remember saying those things. 

¶ 12 One of the State’s accident reconstruction experts, Joseph Grage, testified that defendant 

was traveling at a “high rate of speed” that would have been “[a]t least twice” the speed limit. The 

State’s other accident reconstruction expert, Jonathan Pugsley, conducted an on-scene 

investigation and analyzed data that was extracted from defendant’s car’s mechanical systems. 

According to Pugsley, although the mechanical systems did not record the car’s speed, other 

available data allowed Pugsley to conclude that defendant was driving at least 85 miles per hour 

at the time of the crash. Pugsley also determined that, four seconds before defendant’s car hit the 

first tree, the accelerator pedal was “pretty much on the floor.” By three seconds before the 
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accident, however, the gas pedal was fully released. Pugsley testified that, although defendant’s 

car did not record information as to when defendant applied the brakes, the anti-lock braking 

system did not engage until within one second of the car hitting the first tree. Pugsley did not 

observe any indication at the scene that defendant’s car braked before leaving the road. There was 

no error code recorded in defendant’s car’s mechanical systems to indicate any mechanical 

malfunction. 

¶ 13 Defendant did not present any evidence.

¶ 14 The court addressed the two reckless homicide counts first. The court made a factual 

finding that, contrary to defendant’s claim that he was driving only 40 or 45 miles per hour,

defendant “was driving at or about 85 miles per hour at the time of the accident.” Although the 

court recognized that case law indicates that “speed alone does not constitute recklessness,” the 

court explained that “85 miles an hour on a highway is not the same as 85 miles an hour on a 30-

mile-per-hour residential street.” In the latter case, a person is likely to encounter slower moving 

cars, which can “prove dangerous obstacles.” The court noted that, on top of defendant’s 

“excessive speeding,” defendant admitted to the police that he “took his eyes off the road to hug 

the decedent, to care for her, to console her.” In the court’s view, taking one’s eyes off the road 

while driving 85 miles an hour in a 30 mile-per-hour zone is not “distracted driving” but “an 

incredibly dangerous maneuver.” 

¶ 15 The court deduced that the car in front of defendant on Fairview Avenue was driving 

“substantially slower” than defendant’s car and that defendant had to take steps to avoid hitting it. 

Although defendant could have stayed in the two northbound lanes to pass this car, defendant 

crossed over the two southbound lanes, hit the west curb, and then cut across four lanes of traffic 

before hitting the east curb and entering the parkway. During all of this, defendant had “a clear 
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opportunity to hit the brakes.” The court found, however, that defendant did not do so. Adding to 

the riskiness of this behavior was that defendant “had consumed a not insignificant amount of 

alcohol.” For these reasons, the court found defendant guilty of both counts of reckless homicide.

¶ 16 The court then addressed the aggravated DUI charge. The court first rejected defense

counsel’s insinuation during closing argument that the letter “a” on defendant’s toxicology lab 

report indicated that there was something “abnormal” or problematic with the test itself. The court 

then said the following about defendant’s BAC of .077:

“There are other problems with the number, though. And one is that this number 

doesn’t occur or the lab isn’t taken at the time of the accident. It’s an hour later. There’s 

been no testimony, obviously, as it relates to any kind of retrograde analysis or request in 

that regard. And the Court’s certainly not going to even remotely attempt to engage in such 

a thing. But I think it is fair to say that whatever the Defendant’s BAC was at the time of 

the accident, it wasn’t .077. And, obviously—well, I’m just going to leave it at that.

So, we don’t know if the Defendant’s on the way up, or the Defendant on [sic] the 

way down. And we cannot speculate. But I think it’s fair to say the Defendant did not 

consume alcohol between the time of the accident and the time the lab was taken. And 

based upon that, it’s fair to say that whatever the BAC was at the time of the accident, the 

Defendant had consumed a significant amount of alcohol. At least three glasses of wine 

prior to the accident.”

¶ 17 The court then identified the relevant question as “whether, as a result of drinking any 

amount of alcohol, [defendant’s] mental or physical faculties are so impaired as to reduce his 

ability to think and act with ordinary care.” The court then employed “the same analysis” as it 

applied to the reckless homicide counts. Specifically, the court reasoned that defendant drove 85 
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miles per hour through a residential neighborhood at 1 a.m., knowing that he consumed alcohol, 

and then decided to “take his eye off the road” to console his girlfriend. In the court’s opinion, this 

behavior was “highly suggestive of mental impairment.” The court also noted that defendant did 

not “slam on the brakes” when he encountered the car in front of him, nor did he remain in the 

northbound lanes. Regardless of whether the impairment was mental or physical that prevented

defendant from applying the brakes, “clearly, the Defendant is not responding in a way that 

somebody in the right frame of mind would respond.” 

¶ 18 The court then considered whether defendant’s failure to brake was a function of 

“stupidity,” “negligence,” or “alcohol impairment.” The court noted that defendant had “some 

level of injury after the accident,” as he had blood on him and was taken to the hospital. On the 

other hand, defendant also was “walking around” and “interacting with the police.” The court 

determined that this was not a case where defendant experienced head trauma and could not 

remember what happened. Instead, “[w]hat we have here is the Defendant completely fabricating 

who’s in the car and where he was in the car at the time of the accident.” In the court’s view, that 

was consciousness of guilt. The court understood that, even if defendant was not under the 

influence of alcohol, he still might not want to admit that he was the driver, given that he was 

speeding. Here, however, the court deemed important defendant’s “persistent lies” as far as 

“denying his responsibility as it relates to anything having to do with alcohol.” For example, 

defendant denied purchasing alcohol, even though there was proof that he did. In the court’s view, 

the lying “speaks to this Defendant’s belief that he shouldn’t have been driving, that he should not 

have been consuming alcohol.” 
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¶ 19 The court found that, considering the totality of the evidence, defendant’s “actions, both 

mentally and physically, were impaired by his consumption of alcohol.” Accordingly, the court 

found defendant guilty of aggravated DUI.

¶ 20 The court found defendant not guilty of attempting to leave the scene of an accident, as he 

approached law enforcement officers and “informed them that he was present and in the car.” 

¶ 21 The court denied defendant’s postjudgment motion and sentenced him to 40 months’ 

imprisonment. Defendant timely appealed.

¶ 22 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 23 Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction of 

aggravated DUI. He also argues that the trial court improperly relied on principles of retrograde 

extrapolation that lacked a basis in the evidence. Finally, defendant maintains that the court 

erroneously admitted his blood-test results as a business record. 

¶ 24 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 25 Defendant first argues that the State failed to prove him guilty of aggravated DUI. 

According to defendant, the evidence supported a finding of alcohol consumption but not actual 

impairment. The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s finding 

that defendant was impaired.

¶ 26 “On a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is whether, when 

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could 

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v. Tatera, 

2018 IL App (2d) 160207, ¶ 23. “The trier of fact is responsible for resolving conflicts in the 

testimony, weighing the evidence, and determining what inferences to draw, and a reviewing court 

ordinarily will not substitute its judgment on these matters for that of the trier of fact.” People v. 
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Williams, 2018 IL App (2d) 160683, ¶ 19. We will not set aside a criminal conviction “ ‘unless the 

evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it creates a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s 

guilt.’ ” Williams, 2018 IL App (2d) 160683, ¶ 19 (quoting People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 

(1985)). 

¶ 27 The State charged defendant with aggravated DUI in that he drove or physically controlled 

a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and got into an accident, which proximately 

caused Dewey’s death (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(1)(f) (West 2018)). Defendant challenges 

the State’s evidence that he was under the influence of alcohol when the accident occurred. 

¶ 28 “ ‘A person is under the influence of alcohol when, as a result of drinking any amount of 

alcohol, his mental or physical faculties are so impaired as to reduce his ability to think and act 

with ordinary care.’ ” People v. Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 3d 626, 631 (2007) (quoting Illinois Pattern 

Jury Instructions, Criminal No. 23.29 (4th ed. 2000)). In other words, “[a] defendant is guilty of 

driving under the influence if the prosecution proves that a driver was under the influence of a 

drug or alcohol to a degree that rendered him incapable of driving safely.” Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 

3d at 631-32. Significantly, the State need not prove that defendant was “completely incapacitated 

by alcohol” (Tatera, 2018 IL App (2d) 160207, ¶ 29) or even that he exhibited “a high degree of 

impairment” (People v. Phillips, 2015 IL App (1st) 131147, ¶ 20). Additionally, the State may rely 

on circumstantial evidence to prove its case. People v. Hires, 396 Ill. App. 3d 315, 318 (2009). 

“ ‘Circumstantial evidence is proof of certain facts and circumstances from which the fact finder 

may infer other connected facts which usually and reasonably follow from the human experience 

and is not limited to facts that may reasonably have alternative, innocent explanations.’ ” People 

v. Weathersby, 383 Ill. App. 3d 226, 229 (2008) (quoting People v. Diaz, 377 Ill. App. 3d 339, 345 

(2007)). 
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¶ 29 We hold that the evidence supported the trial court’s finding that defendant was under the 

influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. The evidence showed that defendant was driving 

approximately 85 miles per hour in a 30 mile-per-hour residential area. While doing so, per 

defendant’s statement to police, he took his eyes off the road to console his girlfriend. When 

defendant then encountered a slower moving vehicle in his way, he did not slow down or pass on 

the right as might be expected. Instead, he passed on the left, crossed a no-passing solid yellow 

line marker in the middle of the road, and entered the lanes for opposing traffic. The trial court 

was entitled to consider defendant’s erratic driving as evidence that defendant was under the 

influence of alcohol. See Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 632 (citing the defendant’s erratic driving as 

one factor that supported upholding the defendant’s conviction of aggravated DUI).

¶ 30 Defendant then hit the west curb of the road, fishtailed back across the road, hit the east 

curb, and entered the parkway before hitting a tree. There were no marks on the road to suggest 

that defendant braked before leaving the road. This corroborated Reigle’s testimony that he did 

not see defendant brake or slow down before hitting the tree. Although defendant’s car did not 

record information regarding when defendant employed his brakes, the anti-lock brakes did not 

engage until within one second of the car hitting the tree. The reasonable inference from the 

evidence is that defendant exhibited a delayed reaction time when braking, which is an indication 

that he was under the influence of alcohol. See People v. Ikerman, 2012 IL App (5th) 110299, ¶ 51 

(among the factors that the court mentioned when rejecting the defendant’s argument that the State 

failed to prove that alcohol was the proximate cause of a fatal car accident was that the evidence 

showed that a sober driver would have “had time to react and take evasive action”).

¶ 31 The evidence also supported the trial court’s conclusion that defendant lied to police

officers after the accident. He lied when he said that there were four occupants in the car. He lied 
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when he said that he was not the driver. He lied when he said that he did not know who purchased 

the alcohol at the movie theater. And he lied when he insisted that he was driving only 40 or 45 

miles per hour. Lying to the police is evidence of consciousness of guilt. People v. Walker, 2020 

IL App (4th) 180774, ¶ 93. Nevertheless, defendant proposes in his reply brief that it is “entirely 

possible that he lied because he had just been involved in a fatal car accident caused by his nonimpaired but still reckless driving.” Thus, he argues, although his lies point to consciousness of 

guilt, “the State failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that it was guilt over intoxication 

rather than reckless driving.” Defendant’s argument is unpersuasive, as identifying the reason why 

a defendant exhibited guilty behavior is “a fact question for determination by the trier of fact.” 

Phillips, 2015 IL App (1st) 131147, ¶ 22. Here, the trial court reasonably concluded that defendant

lied because he consumed alcohol and knew that he should not have been driving. 

¶ 32 Defendant ultimately admitted to the police that he had been drinking, and a blood test 

taken one hour after the accident confirmed this. The fact that defendant had a BAC of .077 

approximately one hour after the accident does not mean that he was not under the influence of 

alcohol at the time of the accident. “[A] blood-alcohol concentration below the legal limit, but 

above 0.05, only eliminates the presumption of impairment, and nothing more.” Phillips, 2015 IL 

App (1st) 131147, ¶ 21. Defendant told the police that he drank three glasses of wine. Considering 

defendant’s pattern of lying to police, one might reasonably question whether he underreported his 

alcohol consumption. It seems that the trial court drew that conclusion, as the court found that 

defendant had “[a]t least three glasses of wine prior to the accident.” Nevertheless, defendant’s 

acknowledgement that he was drinking was consistent with the evidence that he had an odor of 

alcohol about him, whether slight or moderate. Defendant was also observed stumbling and 

staggering at the scene, and his eyes were bloodshot and glassy. A responding police officer 
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thought that defendant had difficulty processing information. In the light most favorable to the 

State, these could all be indicators that defendant was under the influence of alcohol. The evidence, 

when considered collectively, supports the trial court’s conclusion that defendant was under the 

influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. 

¶ 33 Relying on People v. Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d 41 (1970), defendant contends that his 

purported signs of impairment (his “bloodshot eyes, balance issues, and confusion”) could have 

been the result of the accident rather than alcohol consumption. In Clark, the defendant was 

involved in a car accident in which his “head crashed through the windshield of his car,” knocking 

him unconscious. Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 43. Neither the eyewitnesses nor a responding police 

officer could wake the defendant. Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 43-44. The defendant had to be put on 

a stretcher before being taken to the hospital, where he was “treated for injuries which required 

sutures on his chin and on his chest.” Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 43. The only evidence of the 

defendant’s intoxication was a police officer’s testimony that the defendant had a strong odor of 

alcohol on his breath and that, at the hospital, the defendant (1) was combative and used profanity,

(2) had “unsure” walking, and (3) had “thick tongued” speech. Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 44. The 

defendant was convicted of DUI based on this evidence, but the appellate court reversed. 

According to the court, the behavior that the officer observed did “not rationally support a charge 

of intoxication,” as the defendant’s demeanor could have been the result of the injuries that he 

sustained in the accident. Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 45. That left only the evidence regarding the 

odor of alcohol, which, the court noted, standing alone, was “not sufficient proof” of intoxication.” 

Clark, 123 Ill. App. 2d at 44.

¶ 34 Clark does not change our assessment of the sufficiency of the evidence. To be sure, 

defendant was involved in an extremely serious car accident. An eyewitness testified that he 
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initially found defendant unconscious and dazed, and a responding police officer later observed 

blood on defendant’s face and road rash on his arms. If the only evidence of defendant’s 

intoxication had been testimony about how defendant appeared and smelled immediately after the 

accident, defendant would have a compelling argument for reversal based on Clark. Here, 

however, unlike in Clark, there was additional evidence bearing on defendant’s intoxication. As 

explained above, this included defendant’s erratic driving, his delayed reaction time in braking, 

his lies to police, his acknowledgement that he had been drinking, and a blood test that showed 

that he was near the legal limit one hour after the accident. Thus, Clark is distinguishable. 

¶ 35 Defendant notes that Barczak mentioned during his October 10, 2018, interview of 

defendant that the event might have been traumatic and affected defendant’s recollection.

Defendant cites no case law indicating that comments made by an interrogating officer while 

building rapport with a suspect have any evidentiary value. To the extent that defendant is arguing 

that he provided a false account to the police due to memory loss and trauma from the accident 

rather than because of a conscious attempt to lie, the trial court found otherwise, and such finding 

was reasonable in light of the evidence. See People v. Ethridge, 243 Ill. App. 3d 446, 467 (1993) 

(“A reviewing court must not invade the province of the fact finder by hypothesizing other possible 

explanations for defendant’s appearance and behavior.”); People v. Nunes, 143 Ill. App. 3d 1072, 

1076 (1986) (the trier of fact was entitled to reject the defendant’s proposed innocuous reasons 

why she drove the wrong way down the expressway and then exhibited certain physical 

impairments when she encountered the police). 

¶ 36 Defendant further mentions that none of the State’s witnesses opined at trial that he was 

intoxicated or that alcohol impairment caused the accident. Defendant cites no authority indicating 

that such testimony was required. Moreover, the trial court was aware of this fact, and we will not 
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substitute our judgment for the court’s judgment when it comes to weighing evidence. People v. 

Turner, 2018 IL App (1st) 170204, ¶ 74. Even so, the absence of opinion testimony that defendant 

was under the influence of alcohol is understandable given the circumstances of this case. 

Defendant was taken from the scene of the accident to the hospital, so none of the typical field 

sobriety tests were performed. Additionally, none of the witnesses knew at the time whether 

defendant’s behavior and appearance immediately after the accident was due to injury or 

intoxication. It was not until the investigation was completed that facts came together collectively 

supporting a reasonable conclusion that defendant was under the influence of alcohol. 

¶ 37 Defendant also speculates that his car might have had some underlying mechanical issue 

that contributed to his speeding and the accident. This argument is unavailing, as there was no 

evidence of any vehicle malfunction, and there was testimony that defendant’s car’s mechanical

system did not log a mechanical failure. The State was not required to disprove hypothetical 

scenarios that had no basis in the evidence. See People v. Martin, 2011 IL 109102, ¶ 19 (the court 

rejected the defendant’s argument that the State was required to prove that the substance in his 

urine was methamphetamine as opposed to some other chemical that broke down into a metabolite

of methamphetamine; the court reasoned that defendant’s argument was “pure conjecture” and 

“irrelevant” in the absence of evidence that the defendant used a drug other than

methamphetamine). 

¶ 38 Defendant also asserts that the trial court was “unsure of” defendant’s impairment. 

Defendant takes the court’s comments out of context. The court said that, irrespective of whether 

defendant’s failure to brake was due to a mental impairment or a physical impairment, defendant 

was “not responding in a way that somebody in the right frame of mind would respond.” Defendant 

also ignores that, later in its ruling, the court concluded that defendant’s “actions, both mentally 
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and physically, were impaired by his consumption of alcohol.” The court’s comments were 

consistent with both the evidence and the relevant legal test. See Hires, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 318 (“A 

defendant is under the influence when, as a result of consuming alcohol or any other intoxicating 

substance, ‘his mental or physical faculties are so impaired as to reduce his ability to think and act 

with ordinary care.’ ” (quoting Gordon, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 631)). 

¶ 39 B. Retrograde Extrapolation 

¶ 40 Defendant next argues that the trial court “improperly relied on it’s [sic] own ad hoc

retrograde extrapolation of what [defendant’s] BAC may have been to find him guilty of DUI.” 

Although defendant acknowledges that this issue is procedurally forfeited due to its exclusion from 

his postjudgment motion, he asks us to review the matter for first-prong plain error. The State 

responds that the court’s comments were proper. According to the State, even if the court’s 

comments were improper, the evidence was not closely balanced.

¶ 41 The plain-error doctrine applies in two situations. The first is “when ‘a clear or obvious 

error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the 

scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error.’ ” People v. Sebby, 

2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48 (quoting People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007)). The other is 

“when ‘a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of 

the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness 

of the evidence.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48 (quoting Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565). Typically, 

the first step in the analysis is to determine whether a clear or obvious error occurred. Sebby, 2017 

IL 119445, ¶ 49. 

¶ 42 In a bench trial, the court is permitted to consider its “own life and experience in ruling on 

the evidence.” People v. Thomas, 377 Ill. App. 3d 950, 963 (2007). At the same time, the court is 
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limited to the record before it. People v. Harris, 57 Ill. 2d 228, 231 (1974). Thus, “ ‘[a] 

determination made by the trial judge based upon a private investigation by the court or based 

upon private knowledge of the court, untested by cross-examination, or any of the rules of evidence 

constitutes a denial of due process of law.’ ” People v. Dameron, 196 Ill. 2d 156, 171-72 (2001) 

(quoting People v. Wallenberg, 24 Ill. 2d 350, 354 (1962)). We assume that the trial court 

considered only competent evidence, and that assumption is overcome only where “the record 

affirmatively demonstrates the contrary.” People v. Tye, 141 Ill. 2d 1, 26 (1990).

¶ 43 For the following reasons, we hold that the record does not show that the court conducted 

any private investigation. Nor did the court improperly rely on its own private knowledge of 

matters that were outside the record. Accordingly, there was no due process violation and no plain 

error.

¶ 44 The trial court explicitly recognized that it received “no testimony *** as it relates to any 

kind of retrograde analysis.” The court also stated that it was “not going to even remotely attempt 

to engage in” such an analysis. Defendant argues that, despite this promise, “the court went on to 

engage in exactly such a thing” by, in defendant’s words, speculating that he “was likely over the 

legal limit when the accident occurred.” Specifically, defendant takes issue with the following 

comments that the court made:

“But I think it is fair to say that whatever the Defendant’s BAC was at the time of the 

accident, it wasn’t .077. And, obviously—well, I’m just going to leave it at that.

So, we don’t know if the Defendant’s on the way up, or the Defendant on [sic] the 

way down. And we cannot speculate. But I think it’s fair to say the Defendant did not 

consume alcohol between the time of the accident and the time the lab was taken. And 

based upon that, it’s fair to say that whatever the BAC was at the time of the accident, the 
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Defendant had consumed a significant amount of alcohol. At least three glasses of wine 

prior to the accident.” 

¶ 45 As previously mentioned, “[r]etrograde extrapolation is premised on the theory that a 

person’s BAC, derived from a breath or blood test at a particular time, can be extrapolated back to 

an allegedly higher BAC that existed at the time of a prior incident.” Floyd, 2014 IL App (2d) 

120507, ¶ 1. Here, the court never purported to identify defendant’s BAC at the time of the 

accident, nor did the court conclude that defendant’s BAC ever exceeded .077. Accordingly, the 

court did not employ retrograde extrapolation. 

¶ 46 Each of the above-mentioned comments had a proper basis in the evidence. Given that 

defendant’s blood was not tested until an hour after the accident, the court was justified in believing 

that this test was not necessarily indicative of defendant’s BAC at the time of the accident. 

Moreover, there was no evidence as to how long it takes from a person’s last sip of alcohol for that

person’s BAC to stop rising. Thus, the court appropriately found that there was no basis in the 

evidence to determine whether defendant’s BAC was higher or lower one hour after the accident 

than it was at the time of the accident. It was also a reasonable inference from the evidence that 

defendant did not drink alcohol in the hour between the accident and his blood test, as defendant 

spent most of that hour speaking with police officers and receiving medical attention. Finally, it 

was a reasonable inference from the evidence that, irrespective of defendant’s BAC, he drank a 

“significant amount of alcohol” on the night of the accident. By defendant’s own admission, he 

drank three glasses of wine at the movie theater before driving home. We find no error in the 

court’s comments.

¶ 47 C. Blood-Test Results
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¶ 48 Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the results of 

his blood test pursuant to section 11-501.4 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501.4 

(West 2018)). That statute establishes a business-records hearsay exception applicable in DUI 

cases. According to defendant, this statute is in “direct conflict” with Illinois Rule of Evidence 

803(6) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018), which provides that medical records are not admissible as business 

records in criminal cases. Thus, defendant reasons, the rule prevails over the statute, and the results 

of his blood test were inadmissible. Defendant acknowledges that the Illinois Appellate Court has 

rejected this argument (see People v. Deroo, 2020 IL App (3d) 170163, ¶ 44; People v. Hutchison, 

2013 IL App (1st) 102332, ¶ 24), but he urges us to adopt the reasoning of Justice Holdridge’s 

dissent in Deroo. Defendant did not raise this issue at trial, so he asks us to consider his argument 

pursuant to the first prong of the plain-error doctrine. 

¶ 49 In response, the State argues that the holdings of Deroo and Hutchison are “persuasive.” 

The State also contends that the evidence was not closely balanced.

¶ 50 On September 30, 2020, our supreme court allowed leave to appeal in Deroo. The supreme 

court has not yet issued its decision. Accordingly, we will not addressthe interplay between section 

11-501.4 of the Illinois Vehicle Code and Illinois Rule of Evidence 803(6). We hold that, even if 

defendant’s blood test results were not admissible as business records, the evidence was not closely 

balanced, so defendant is not entitled to relief pursuant to the plain-error doctrine.

¶ 51 Under the first prong of the plain-error doctrine, “[w]hat makes an error prejudicial is the 

fact that it occurred in a close case where its impact on the result was potentially dispositive.” 

Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 68. “In determining whether the evidence adduced at trial was close, a 

reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the evidence and conduct a qualitative, commonsense 

assessment of it within the context of the case.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. This inquiry 
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“involves an assessment of the evidence on the elements of the charged offense or offenses, along 

with any evidence regarding the witnesses’ credibility.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. Evidence 

may be closely balanced even though it was sufficient to prove the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt. See Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 60 (“The issue before us, however, does not 

involve the sufficiency of close evidence but rather the closeness of sufficient evidence.”). 

¶ 52 The only element of aggravated DUI that defendant contests is whether he was under the 

influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. Even if we disregard the results of defendant’s 

blood test, the evidence overwhelmingly showed that defendant was under the influence of alcohol. 

Defendant admitted to drinking three glasses of wine at a movie theater before the accident. His 

manner of driving on the way home was extraordinarily erratic and reckless. While driving 

approximately 85 miles per hour in a residential neighborhood where the road merged from two 

lanes in each direction to one lane, defendant attempted to pass another car by entering opposing 

lanes of traffic. As he was doing so, he was hugging and kissing his girlfriend. This is not the way 

that one might expect a sober person to drive. Defendant’s claim to the police that he was driving 

only 40 or 45 miles per hour was affirmatively disproved by the data that was retrieved from his 

car’s mechanical systems. 

¶ 53 Defendant lost control of his car, hit the west curb, and then fishtailed across the road until 

it hit the east curb. A person who was not under the influence of alcohol might be expected to hit 

the brakes at some point in this process. The evidence showed, however, that defendant did not 

brake before he entered the parkway on the east side of the road. The only reasonable inference is 

that defendant experienced a delayed reaction time. In his police interviews, defendant vaguely 

asserted that he tried to brake but was unable to do so. But defendant never specified exactly when 

he tried to brake. He also never clarified whether he experienced a mechanical malfunction or 
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whether his car was too out of control to stop by the time he tried to brake. To the extent that 

defendant was insinuating to the police that he experienced a vehicle malfunction, an accident 

reconstruction expert found no error codes indicating a malfunction. 

¶ 54 Defendant survived a car accident that killed his girlfriend. Although he was dazed and 

bloody, there was no evidence that he sustained a concussion or any other serious head injury. 

Defendant left the scene on foot before returning and speaking with officers. He was observed 

stumbling and staggering, his eyes were bloodshot and glassy, he had a slight or moderate odor of 

alcohol about him, and one officer thought that defendant had difficulty processing information. 

Defendant initially provided a false account to the police before admitting that he was the driver 

of the car. In a subsequent recorded interview, defendant said that he did not know whether he 

purchased wine at the movie theater. When the officer confronted defendant with a receipt 

matching defendant’s debit card, defendant admitted that he was “lying.” 

¶ 55 Viewing the evidence collectively and with a common-sense assessment, we cannot say 

that the evidence was closely balanced. This is not a case, for example, where the various witnesses 

presented conflicting plausible accounts without corroborating evidence. Contra Sebby, 2017 IL 

119445, ¶¶ 62-63 (the evidence was closely balanced where it turned on a credibility contest).

Instead, the evidence overwhelming showed that defendant was under the influence of alcohol 

when the accident occurred. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief pursuant to the first

prong of the plain-error doctrine.

¶ 56 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 57 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County. 

¶ 58 Affirmed.