*

Honorable Stanley Marcus was a U.S. District Judge of the Southern District of Florida

sitting by designation as a member of this panel when this appeal was argued and taken under

submission. On November 24, 1997, he took the oath of office as a United States Circuit Judge

of the Eleventh Circuit. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-9176.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Anthony Wayne WEBB, Defendant-Appellant.

April 30, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 1:96-CR-75-

1(CC), Clarence Cooper, Judge.

Before TJOFLAT, BIRCH and MARCUS*

, Circuit Judges.

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

Anthony Wayne Webb appeals the 262-month sentence he received following his conviction

for attempted robbery of mail matter, 18 U.S.C. § 2114(a). In vacating Webb's sentence and

remanding this case for resentencing, we decide, in an issue of first impression in this circuit, that

a district court has the authority under the Sentencing Guidelines to exercise its discretion to grant

a request for downward departure with respect to a defendant who has been classified as a career

offender.

I. BACKGROUND

For the purpose of resolving the issues raised in the appeal, the facts underlying Webb's

conviction are undisputed: On January 16, 1996, Webb entered a United States Post Office and

presented a note to a postal clerk. According to Webb's post-arrest statement, the note indicated that
 1

Under this guideline provision, a defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at

least eighteen years old at the time of the instant offense, (2) the instant offense of conviction is a

felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the defendant

has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance

offense. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. 

this was a robbery and that the clerk should give him all the money reserved for money orders. See

Exh. 3. Testimony at trial reveals that the postal worker screamed and ran away after reading the

note. Webb subsequently ran out of the post office and was apprehended and arrested by two postal

inspectors within minutes of the attempted robbery. At the time this offense was committed, Webb

was fifty-one years old and had spent much of his life committed to mental institutions or in prison.

It is also undisputed that Webb had robbed the same post office in 1985; Webb pled guilty

and was sentenced to ninety-six months in custody for this offense. After his release on parole in

1991, Webb returned to the same post office and presented to two postal clerks a note that was, in

essence, identical to the one used in the instant case. Following the 1991 incident, Webb was

convicted of forcibly intimidating postal service employees, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111, and

sentenced to thirty months' imprisonment.

The Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) prepared in connection with this case

recommended that Webb be sentenced as a career offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.1 The PSR

specifically referenced the 1985 and 1991 post office incidents, discussed above, as crimes of

violence that justified Webb's qualification as a career offender. Both prior to and during the

sentencing proceeding, Webb objected to the enhancement of his offense level based on his

categorization as a career offender, and argued that his prior conviction for intimidating a postal

worker did not constitute a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. The government

responded that the statutory offense for which Webb had been convicted in 1991 involved force as

an element; alternately, the government posited that the conduct underlying the federal charge,
attempted robbery, necessarily implicated the use or attempted use of force. The district court

adopted the government's position and overruled Webb's objection with respect to the career

offender enhancement.

Webb then moved for a downward departure in his sentence and asked that the court reduce

his sentence to approximately the same level as it would have been without the career offender

enhancement. In support of his request, Webb primarily relied on his arguments with respect to the

enhancement in his sentence as a career offender and noted that he consistently had sought through

criminal conduct only to be reinstitutionalized. The government, in response, averred that a

downward departure—particularly to the degree sought by the defendant—was not warranted in this

case. Consistent with an implicit denial of Webb's motion for downward departure, the court then

imposed sentence. Immediately thereafter, Webb's counsel stated: "Judge, we do object to the

sentence imposed for the reasons stated earlier, as well as the court's failure to engage in a

downward departure because it agreed it couldn't." R5-18. In response to this assertion, the court

stated: "Let the record so reflect. Thank you." Id. After a short recess, the court reconvened

because the sentencing judge had neglected to inform Webb of his right to appeal. At that time, the

following exchange took place:

The Court: Let the record further reflect that the court did not grant the request Mr. Kish

sought, that I depart from the guidelines and impose a lesser sentence, because that would

be contrary to my initial ruling earlier, and I overrule you on the guideline issue.

However, I do feel that the guidelines in this situation are very harsh, and I wish we

didn't have the guideline. Maybe some provision later on may provide the court with a

situation wherein the court, if there are compelling reasons for doing so, can depart, based

on the court's own assessment of what the sentence ought to be. But in this case, I did not

find that, and for that reason I will let it stand.

Mr. Webb: May I find out what that sentence was again?

The Court: 262 months.
Mr. Webb: 362 months?

The Court: 262.

Mr. Vineyard: I want to make sure the record is clear the court recognizes it has the

authority to downwardly depart but chose not to do so.

The Court: That's what I said.

R5-19-20.

On appeal, Webb argues that the court erred in finding, implicitly, that his 1991 conviction

for intimidation of a postal worker, 18 U.S.C. § 111, constituted a "crime of violence" that served

as one of the two predicate offenses required to render Webb eligible for status as a career offender.

Webb additionally contends that the district court erroneously believed that it lacked the authority

to grant a downward departure in his sentence. He further urges that the guidelines do, in fact,

authorize the court to downward depart and that such a departure was warranted here. We address

seriatim each of Webb's challenges to his sentence.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Career Offender Enhancement

 We review a district court's interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United

States v. Pinion, 4 F.3d 941, 943 (11th Cir.1993).

As noted, § 4B1.1 establishes that a defendant qualifies as a career offender if, inter alia, he

has at least two prior felony convictions that constitute crimes of violence. The guidelines define

a crime of violence as

any offense under federal or state law punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one

year that—

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force

against the person of another, or

(ii) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or
otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury

to another.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. The commentary further explicates the definitional parameters of a crime of

violence as specifically including

murder, manslaughter, kidnaping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses, robbery, arson,

extortion, extortionate extension of credit, and burglary of a dwelling. Other offenses are

included where (A) that offense has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use

of physical force against the person of another, or (B) the conduct set forth (i.e., expressly

charged) in the count of which the defendant was convicted involved use of explosives

(including any explosive material or destructive device) or, by its nature, presented a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another. Under this section, the conduct of which the

defendant was convicted is the focus of the inquiry.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, comment. (n.2).

The statutory provision under which Webb was convicted in 1991, 18 U.S.C. § 111

[hereinafter § 111], provides, in relevant part, that whoever

(1) forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with any person

designated in section 1114 of this title while engaged in or on account of the performance

of official duties ...

....

shall ... be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.

The final, documented judgment recording Webb's 1991 conviction under this statutory section

describes the nature of the offense as "Intimidation of a Postal Service Employee." Exh. 5.

Webb submits that the court erred in categorizing him as a career offender based in part on

his conviction for intimidation of a postal worker because that offense does not implicate as an

element the use, threatened use, or attempted use of physical force; in other words, Webb contends

that the particular offense conduct for which he was convicted is not a crime of violence as that term

is defined in the guidelines. In support of this contention, Webb suggests that the plain statutory

language referenced in his judgment neither explicitly states nor contains by reference to the
 2

As noted by the government, one district court in Hawaii has affirmed a magistrate judge's

decision to detain a defendant indicted under § 111 without bail pending trial on the ground that

the offense with which the defendant had been charged, forcibly interfering with a U.S. Marshal

in the performance of his duties, was a "crime of violence." See U.S. v. Kanahele, 951 F.Supp.

921, 926 (D.Hawai'i 1995). The statutory provision at issue in Kanahele sets forth the factors to

be considered in determining a defendant's eligibility for release on bond prior to trial and

establishes that indictment for a "crime of violence" is to be taken into account by the court in

making that determination. See 18 U.S.C. 3142(f)(1)(A). Significantly, the definition of the

phrase "crime of violence" presented in the statute is virtually identical to that employed in the

guidelines under § 4B1.2. See 18 U.S.C. § 3156(a)(4). 

statutory elements of the offense the use (actual, attempted, or threatened) of physical force.

Furthermore, because the pertinent statutory language is unambiguous, we are precluded from

looking at the conduct underlying the conviction.

Webb's argument is premised on two underlying principles: First, Webb suggests that there

is a legally cognizable distinction between the terms "force" and "physical force" that differentiates

those types of crimes that may involve the possibility of "force" or "violence"—as commonly

understood and discussed in our case law—from those that are specifically denominated "crimes of

violence" in the Sentencing Guidelines. Second, Webb assumes that the language of § 111 is

unambiguous on its face and therefore precludes our examination of the actual conduct—i.e.,

attempted robbery—underlying his conviction to determine whether it in fact constitutes a crime of

violence.

The government concedes that a prior conviction for intimidation under § 111 has never been

used as a predicate offense to classify a defendant as a career offender under the Sentencing

Guidelines.2 Nonetheless, the government submits that § 111 explicitly contains the word "force",

which modifies each of the enumerated offenses for which a defendant could be convicted under the

statute, and therefore qualifies as a crime of violence pursuant to the Sentencing Guidelines. In the

alternative, the government contends that the specific, actual offense conduct underlying Webb's
indictment and conviction was a crime of violence.

Webb's attempt to distinguish between the terms "force," as used in § 111, and "physical

force," as used in the guidelines, is not without some intrinsic appeal. Unfortunately, Webb points

to neither decisional law nor commentary within the guidelines that isolates or differentiates these

two terms, nor does he refer to any source that specifically defines the elements of or illuminates the

meaning of "intimidation" as that term is used in § 111. Indeed, we can find no case that expands

upon the various types of non-physical force that could be used to intimidate a government official;

similarly, no court has specifically distinguished those aspects of the statute that necessarily

implicate the use or threatened use of physical violence, such as assault, from those that may not

involve such patently physical conduct. The vast majority of cases involving a conviction pursuant

to this statutory provision concern criminal conduct that is manifestly physically violent in nature.

See, e.g., United States v. Morris, 131 F.3d 1136 (5th Cir.1997) (assault with deadly weapon);

United States v. Garcia-Camacho, 122 F.3d 1265 (9th Cir.1997) (assault); United States v. DePace,

120 F.3d 233 (11th Cir.1997) (same); United States v. Segien, 114 F.3d 1014 (10th Cir.1997)

(assault of corrections officer), petition for cert. filed (U.S. Aug. 26, 1997) (No. 97-6568); United

States v. Valdez-Torres, 108 F.3d 385 (D.C.Cir.1997) (assault with vehicle); United States v.

Matthews, 106 F.3d 1092 (2nd Cir.1997) (assault with dangerous weapon).

Webb correctly notes that the government has rejected his proposed distinction between

"force" and "physical force" but has not explicitly argued that § 111, particularly with regard to the

offense at issue here, is ambiguous on its face. Notwithstanding this fact, we believe that the

question of whether physical force necessarily is an element of intimidation under this statutory

provision is ambiguous. The statute itself does not contain any definitional, explanatory text that
 3

The Supreme Court had an opportunity to thoroughly examine the legislative history of §

111 in United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671, 95 S.Ct. 1255, 43 L.Ed.2d 541 (1975). Feola raised

the question of whether scienter was a required element of § 111. In concluding that § 111 did

not mandate that an assailant know that his victim was a federal officer, the Court determined

that the statute was intended both to protect the lives and safety of federal officers and to prevent

the obstruction of the duties that such officers perform. Although the legislative background

explored by the Court in Feola does express the concerns that § 111 likely was designed to

address, this legislative history does little to clarify whether each offense described in the statute

was intended to encompass solely physically violent conduct—as in assault—or the entire

spectrum of "force" that might be employed to injure or impede a government officer in the

performance of his duties. 

might shed some light on the intended scope of the words "forcible" or "intimidates."3

 The

dictionary defines the word "intimidate" as, inter alia, "to make timid; fill with fear ...; to force into

or deter from some action by inducing fear." The Random House Dictionary of the English

Language, (2d ed.1987). We readily can imagine circumstances in which an individual is able to

induce fear by either physical means (i.e., the threat of actual physical violence) or non-physical

means (for example, the threat of economic harm). Even assuming that we adopt Webb's argument

that a legal distinction exists between different types of force, we nonetheless cannot say with

certainty whether "forcible intimidation" under § 111 contains, as an element, the use, attempted use,

or threatened use of physical force.

 Having found the statute to be ambiguous with regard to this issue, we must look to the

conduct underlying Webb's conviction. See United States v. Spell, 44 F.3d 936, 939 (11th Cir.1995)

("[A] district court only may inquire into the conduct surrounding a conviction if ambiguities in the

judgment make the crime of violence determination impossible from the face of the judgment

itself.") It is undisputed that the conduct that gave rise to Webb's 1991 conviction for forcible

intimidation was, as in the instant case, attempted robbery. As previously noted, the Sentencing

Guidelines expressly denominate robbery as a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. We are bound by

the guidelines' specific reference to this offense as constituting a crime of violence, see Stinson v.
United States, 508 U.S. 36, 42-43, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 1917-18, 123 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993), and therefore

affirm the district court's decision to sentence Webb as a career offender.

B. Downward Departure

 Generally, a defendant may not appeal a district court's refusal to depart downward. United

States v. Baker, 19 F.3d 605, 614-15 (11th Cir.1994). A defendant may appeal the court's failure

to downward depart, however, on the ground that the court erroneously believed it lacked the

authority to depart. Id. at 615.

Webb posits that, in this instance, the district court denied his request for a downward

departure on the ground that it believed it lacked the authority under the guidelines to grant such a

request. Webb further suggests that the relevant guideline provision does, in effect, authorize a

sentencing court to depart downward based on a finding that a defendant's career-offender

classification over-represents the seriousness of his prior criminal history or his likelihood of

recidivism. The government argues that a close reading of the sentencing transcript reveals that the

court, having understood its authority to depart from the guidelines, considered the factors pertinent

to this particular case and determined that a downward departure was not justified. The government

concedes that, given specific factual findings that might warrant a departure, the guidelines

theoretically do authorize a court to grant a defendant's request to downward depart.

First, our independent review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the sentencing judge,

at the very least, was bewildered and ambivalent as to whether the guidelines authorized a

downward departure in this instance. We are cognizant of the government's assertion that, during

the sentencing proceeding, the government never seriously contested the authority of the court to

depart downward but argued that the extent of the departure sought by Webb was excessive. The

record also makes evident the attempt of both the government and defense counsel to "clean up the
record" and extract from the court a statement clearly indicating its position with respect to whether

a departure was authorized in this instance. Nonetheless, the court never provided a clear indication

one way or the other; indeed, the court appears to have agreed with both the proposition that it

lacked the authority to depart, see R5-18, as well as the proposition that it had the discretion to

depart but chose not to do so in this case, see R5-20. Our ability to evaluate the court's reasoning for

denying Webb's request is further hindered by the court's speculation that "[m]aybe some provision

later on may provide the court with a situation wherein the court, if there are compelling reasons for

doing so, can depart, based on the court's own assessment of what the sentence ought to be," R5-19,

juxtaposed with its observation that "in this case, I did not find that, and for that reason I will let [the

sentence] stand." Id. As noted, the record is far from clear as to the rationale underlying the court's

denial of Webb's request for downward departure; on balance, however, the record more strongly

suggests that the court believed that it was not authorized to depart downward in this case. We

therefore resolve the ambiguity reflected in the record with respect to this issue in favor of the

defendant and conclude that the court's decision was based on its belief that it lacked the discretion

to grant Webb's request for a departure. See United States v. Hadaway, 998 F.2d 917, 919 (11th

Cir.1993) ("Although the record is somewhat ambiguous, it appears that the district court declined

to depart downward because it lacked the authority to do so rather than because it determined that

the facts did not warrant a departure.")

 We further conclude that the guideline provision pursuant to which Webb seeks a departure

in his sentence, U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, does authorize such a departure under certain circumstances. This

provision permits a court to depart either downward or upward from a defendant's prescribed

sentence "[i]f reliable information indicates that the criminal history category does not adequately

reflect the seriousness of the defendant's past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant
 4

Again, it is worth restating that the government's position in this appeal is that the district

court understood its authority to depart but chose not to. The government does not challenge

Webb's contention that § 4A1.3 does, in fact, authorize a court to grant a defendant's request for

downward departure. 

will commit other crimes...." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. Webb correctly notes that our circuit has never

explicitly held that § 4A1.3 confers on the sentencing court the authority to depart downward, given

the findings articulated above, in the specific case of a defendant who has been classified as a career

offender. Consistent with every other circuit to have addressed this issue, we now hold that § 4A1.3

does authorize the sentencing court to downward depart regardless of a defendant's status as a career

offender under § 4B1.1.4 See e.g., United States v. Shoupe, 35 F.3d 835, 839 (3rd Cir.1994)

("[W]here a defendant's offense level has been augmented by the career offender provision, a

sentencing court may depart downward in both the criminal history and offense level categories

under § 4A1.3."); United States v. Reyes, 8 F.3d 1379 (9th Cir.1993) ("Since it is well established

that a downward departure from career offender status is permissible ... we look only to the

circumstances of this case to determine whether the district court's stated basis for departure is

appropriate.") (citation omitted); United States v. Clark, 8 F.3d 839, 843 (D.C.Cir.1993) ("The

circuits that have confronted the issue unanimously agree that the policy statement in § 4A1.3

permits a downward departure ... for those who would otherwise qualify as career offenders.... Thus

the district court was well within its legal authority in basing its downward departure on this

factor."); United States v. Rogers, 972 F.2d 489, 493 (2nd Cir.1992) ("Contrary to the government's

argument, there is nothing unique to career offender status which would strip a sentencing court of

its sensible flexibility in considering departures.") (internal quotation marks omitted); United States

v. Bowser, 941 F.2d 1019, 1023 (10th Cir.1991) ("As a threshold issue, we agree ... that the

Sentencing Guidelines permit the district court to depart downward from career offender status.");
 5

Our decision in United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 911 F.2d 542 (11th Cir.1990), cert. denied,

500 U.S. 933, 111 S.Ct. 2056, 114 L.Ed.2d 461 (1991), is not inconsistent with our conclusion

with respect to this issue. Although Gonzalez-Lopez involved a request for downward departure

by a defendant classified pursuant to the Sentencing Guidelines as a career offender, our

rejection of the district court's decision to grant the defendant's request was based solely on our

determination that the court's stated reasons for departing downward did not support such a

departure; stated differently, we held that the rationale enunciated by the court to justify its

decision to depart downward was contrary to both the text of the guidelines and our prior

decisional law. 

United States v. Brown, 903 F.2d 540, 545 (8th Cir.1990) ( "[Although] the government contends

the guidelines prohibit departure in all career offender cases ... [t]he overall policy provisions of the

guidelines make clear that the Sentencing Commission did not intend to so completely restrict

sentencing judges in this area.").5

We therefore conclude that the district court erroneously believed that it lacked the discretion

to depart downward in this instance and, further, that § 4A1.3 does authorize a sentencing court to

downward depart given the appropriate factual determinations. We express no view as to whether

a downward departure should, in fact, be granted in this case, but hold that the district court may

exercise its discretion to decide whether such a departure is warranted with respect to Webb.

Accordingly, we VACATE Webb's sentence and REMAND for resentencing consistent with

this opinion.