Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

City of Chicago v. Eychaner, 2020 IL App (1st) 191053

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE CITY OF CHICAGO, a Municipal Corporation, PlaintiffAppellee, v. FRED J. EYCHANER and UNKNOWN OWNERS, 

Defendants (Fred J. Eychaner, Defendant-Appellant). 

District & No. First District, First Division

No. 1-19-1053

Filed May 11, 2020

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-L-50792; the 

Hon. Rita M. Novak and the Hon. James M. McGing, Judges, 

presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Thomas F. Geselbracht and Elizabeth L. Butler, of DLA Piper LLP 

(US), of Chicago, for appellant.

Mark A. Flessner, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth 

Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper, and Justin A. Houppert, Assistant 

Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellee.
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Panel JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Griffin and Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment 

and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Fred Eychaner again challenges the City of Chicago’s use of eminent domain to take his 

property. When the case was last before us, we upheld the taking, finding that the City could 

use eminent domain to take the property, which lies in a conservation area, to prevent future 

blight and to promote economic redevelopment. City of Chicago v. Eychaner, 2015 IL App 

(1st) 131833. We remanded, however, for a new trial on just compensation. After a jury 

awarded Eychaner $7.1 million in just compensation, he filed a posttrial motion renewing his 

argument on the taking’s constitutionality. Eychaner conceded the binding effect of our 

decision but sought “to preserve” the constitutional claim for possible review by the supreme 

court. He also moved to reconsider the denial of his original traverse based on purported 

changed circumstances, asserting the City adopted a new plan for the area so the taking no 

longer served a permissible public use.

¶ 2 The trial court denied the motion based on this court having remanded for the limited 

purpose of a new trial on just compensation. As to Eychaner’s invocation of changed 

circumstances, the court noted that all the evidence of purported changed circumstances was 

available before the second trial, so Eychaner could have filed a new traverse or alerted the 

court to his claim of changed circumstances. The court also determined that the City’s new 

plan adhered to the previous plan’s goals of redeveloping a conservation area to promote 

economic revitalization and, thus, the taking continued to serve a constitutionally permissible 

public use. 

¶ 3 Eychaner appeals, arguing the City may not use eminent domain to take property in a 

conservation area in the name of economic redevelopment. He also contends the trial court 

erred in denying his motion to reconsider based on the City’s new redevelopment plan. We 

affirm. The law-of-the-case doctrine precluded the trial court, and now precludes us, from 

reconsidering the denial of Eychaner’s traverse. As to the reconsideration, we agree with the 

trial court that the new plan adheres to the earlier plan so that the taking still serves a 

constitutionally permissible public use, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying the motion.

¶ 4 Background

¶ 5 We laid out the facts in detail in Eychaner, 2015 IL App (1st) 131833, and will summarize 

only the relevant facts. 

¶ 6 Fred Eychaner owned vacant land at the southwest corner of Grand Avenue and North 

Jefferson Street in Chicago. At the end of 1999, the City proposed creating a planned 

manufacturing district (PMD) there, aimed at protecting industrial jobs; preventing residential 

encroachment on existing manufacturing facilities; and encouraging manufacturers to invest, 

modernize, and expand their facilities. Residential uses are not permitted within PMDs. See 

Chicago Municipal Code §§ 17-6-0403-C, 17-6-0403-F (amended Sept. 10, 2014).
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¶ 7 Blommer Chocolate Company’s (Blommer) factory stood two blocks south of Eychaner’s 

property. Blommer initially opposed its factory’s inclusion in the PMD, raising concerns that 

residents of a nearby planned residential development would find the smell, noise, and traffic 

generated by the factory “intolerable.” Blommer proposed two solutions: extending the PMD 

further south to provide a buffer between Blommer and the new residential development or not 

including Blommer in the PMD to allow it to sell its property more easily if conflicts with the 

residents forced it to relocate. Blommer also discussed with the City the possibility of acquiring 

property to the north of its factory, which did not include Eychaner’s property, for a truck 

staging area.

¶ 8 The City wanted to keep the Blommer factory, and the City’s plan commission spent 

months discussing alternative plans with Blommer to make sure that happened. Eventually, 

Blommer dropped its opposition in exchange for the City’s willingness to help Blommer 

expand its industrial campus by acquiring nearby property to “create a buffer” between its 

operations and the proposed residential development. The plan commission recommended that 

the city council adopt the PMD. It did a few months later. 

¶ 9 The City intended to fund the project though the River West Tax Increment Finance 

Redevelopment Plan (River West TIF). The City retained a private firm that commissioned 

studies and produced a 68-page report about the River West TIF. The report concluded: 

[T]ax-increment financing would induce private investment and arrest blighting factors 

in the area. Because the area had not been subject to growth and reinvestment, the study 

reasoned that property owners would not invest in their properties without taxincrement financing. The study anticipated benefits, including: (i) stronger economic 

vitality; (ii) increased construction and long-term employment opportunities; 

(iii) replacement of inappropriate uses, blight, and vacant properties with viable, highquality developments; (iv) the elimination of physical impediments, such as roads in 

poor condition; (v) the construction of public improvements to attract private 

investment; (vi) job-training services to make the area more attractive to investors and 

employers; and (vii) opportunities for minority- and women-owned businesses to share 

in the redevelopment.” 

¶ 10 Although Eychaner’s property was not deemed blighted, the study stated that it met the

requirements of a “conservation area” under the Tax Increment Allocation Redevelopment Act 

(65 ILCS 5/11-74.4-1 et seq. (West 2006)) and, as a conservation area, “may become a blighted 

area” because of (i) deterioration, (ii) code violations, (iii) excessive vacancies, (iv) lack of 

community planning, and (v) lagging property values (id. § 11-74.4-3(b)). The City’s 

community development commission recommended, and the city council adopted, the plan for 

the River West TIF. 

¶ 11 A few months later, Blommer submitted a redevelopment proposal for its expanded 

campus. Blommer proposed acquiring 4.2 acres of land surrounding its factory, including 

Eychaner’s land. Initially, Blommer offered to buy Eychaner’s land, but he refused to sell. 

Then the City notified Eychaner of its possible taking of his property with the intent of 

conveying it to Blommer as part of its plan to expand its campus. After a public hearing, the 

city council passed an ordinance authorizing the taking. The ordinance considered the taking 

necessary to achieve the objectives of the River West TIF.
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¶ 12 Condemnation Proceedings

¶ 13 In August 2005, the City filed a complaint to condemn Eychaner’s property through 

eminent domain. Eventually, the case proceeded to a jury trial on just compensation. The jury 

returned a verdict of $2.5 million. Eychaner appealed, challenging the denial of his traverse 

and the compensation award. To support his argument that the taking was unconstitutional, 

Eychaner relied primarily on Southwestern Illinois Development Authority v. National City 

Environmental, L.L.C., 199 Ill. 2d 225 (2002) (SWIDA). There, the Illinois Supreme Court 

invalidated the taking of private property for an adjacent racetrack’s parking lot that had a 

“purely private benefit and lack[ed] a showing of a supporting legislative purpose.” Id. at 240. 

The SWIDA court held that the taking had “minimal public benefit” and that the “true 

beneficiaries *** are private businesses.” Id. at 239-40.

¶ 14 Our opinion noted that the facts in SWIDA—significantly, a lack of a parking study or 

economic plan—showed it to be a sweetheart deal and that SWIDA did not intend to benefit 

the public. Eychaner, 2015 IL App (1st) 131833, ¶ 55. We acknowledged that “[r]ecognizing 

the difference between a valid public use and a sham can be challenging. But a telling feature 

of sound public use in the context of economic redevelopment is the existence of a welldeveloped, publicly vetted, and thoughtful economic development plan.” Id. ¶ 71. That kind 

of plan was present in Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005), and People ex rel. 

Gutknecht v. City of Chicago, 3 Ill. 2d 539 (1954), but “absent in SWIDA.” Eychaner, 2015 IL 

App (1st) 131833, ¶ 71 (“SWIDA did not conduct or commission a thorough study of the 

parking situation at [the racetrack]. Nor did it formulate any economic plan requiring additional 

parking at the racetrack.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). 

¶ 15 On the contrary, the plans showed the City considering, in good faith, the taking of 

Eychaner’s land as part of a “carefully formulated” economic development plan that 

“unquestionably serves a public purpose of preventing blight, promoting economic 

revitalization, and protecting existing industry.” Id. ¶ 63. We concluded, “the use of eminent 

domain to expand Blommer’s campus passes constitutional muster because it aligns with the 

goals of the City’s economic development plan to retain existing industry, prevent conflicts 

between residential and industrial use, and promote investment and revitalization in a 

conservation area.” Id. ¶ 78. We also found the trial court erred in excluding certain evidence 

and remanded for a new trial on just compensation. Id. ¶ 105.

¶ 16 The North Branch Framework

¶ 17 While on remand, the Chicago Plan Commission undertook a comprehensive review of 26 

“industrial corridors” in the City to “address the modern realities of the city’s industrial 

marketplace and its evolving role within the global economy.” The commission selected a 760-

acre area along the Chicago River, the North Branch, as the first industrial corridor for 

comprehensive review. This area includes Eychaner’s property and the Bloomer factory. The 

review process, dubbed the “North Branch Framework,” sought “to modernize existing land 

use regulations in the corridor to more effectively promote economic growth and job creation 

through the expansion of existing businesses and the attraction of new businesses, corporate 

headquarters and companies that drive Chicago’s knowledge-based economy.” It proposed 

allowing mixed-use development to “maximize[e] the North Branch as an economic engine 

and vital job center.” 
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¶ 18 The North Branch Framework proposed dividing the corridor into three distinct zones. 

Eychaner’s property and the Blommer factory lie in the “South Sub-Area,” containing a mix 

of industrial and office uses and abutting the downtown (D) zoning district and high-density, 

mixed-use properties. It proposed new land use regulations for the South Sub-Area that would 

provide for “higher density office; retail and select residential uses,” while maintaining “[a]t 

least 50 percent of the corridor’s land *** for employment-oriented development.” To help 

implement its goals and principles, the framework recommended replacing the existing zoning 

for the South Sub-Area from PMD to “Downtown Service” (DS). DS zoning does not permit 

residential uses. “[E]xisting legal industrial uses would be permitted to continue without 

impact,” and future zoning amendments in the South Sub-Area would be “limited to 

Downtown Mixed-Use (DX).” DX includes multistory high-rise residential structures, which 

in recent years have become more prevalent in the area.

¶ 19 To address the possibility that some companies would decide to expand or relocate, the 

North Branch Framework proposed “allocating funding to provide the appropriate 

infrastructure and related amenities to accommodate ongoing shifts as needed.” It recognized 

the importance of retaining industrial uses within the City’s overall industrial corridor system 

and that “[l]and within the corridors that transitions to nonmanufacturing uses is a loss to the 

overall system and should entail compensation on behalf of the City’s industrial base.” A 

special fee to support the corridor system citywide “will be recommended for development 

projects that diminish the amount of corridor land that is used or designated for industry and 

related employment.”

¶ 20 Industrial Corridor System Fund Ordinance

¶ 21 After the plan commission issued its North Branch Framework, the city council approved 

an ordinance creating an industrial corridor system fund. The ordinance, titled the “Industrial 

Corridor System Fund Ordinance,” established “ ‘[c]onversion areas’ *** within the industrial 

corridor system identified for potential zoning and/or other land use changes or modifications” 

and “ ‘[r]eceiving corridors,’ ” “in which the primary sources of jobs are in industrial use 

categories.” When property within a “conversion area” is rezoned, the City collects a 

“conversion fee.” Industrial users that relocate from conversion areas to replacement sites in 

receiving corridors are exempted from paying the conversion fee to the City. 

¶ 22 The ordinance’s purpose was “to mitigate the loss of industrial land and facilities in 

conversion areas by generating funds for investment in receiving corridors in order to preserve 

and enhance the city’s industrial base, support new and expanding industrial uses, and ensure 

a stable future for manufacturing and industrial employment in Chicago.” The ordinance 

created a “North Branch Industrial Corridor Conversion Area,” which included the Blommer 

factory and Eychaner property, and repealed the PMD zoning and replaced it with DS zoning.

¶ 23 The Sale of Blommer

¶ 24 Before the second just compensation trial, Fuji Oil Holdings, Inc. (Fuji), announced it had 

acquired all outstanding shares of Blommer for $750 million. Fuji said it intended to “[e]xpand 

business in North America, the largest market in the chocolate industry,” and “maintain the 

management structure of [Blommer] with the current management team.”
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¶ 25 Second Just Compensation Trial 

¶ 26 At the second just compensation trial, the City and Eychaner presented expert witnesses 

who agreed that the highest and best use of the property would be a multistory high-rise 

residential structure with ancillary commercial use. The property would have to be rezoned 

because DS zoning does not permit residential uses, and the owner would have to pay a 

conversion fee, which would be used to assist other industrial properties in the area. The expert 

witnesses agreed approval of the zoning change was reasonably probable. 

¶ 27 The jury returned an award to Eychaner of $7.1 million. Eychaner filed a posttrial motion, 

which did not challenge the fair compensation award but renewed his argument that the City’s 

exercise of eminent domain in a conservation area in the name of redevelopment was 

unconstitutional. Eychaner conceded that the trial court was bound by this court’s decision but 

stated that he was “rais[ing] the issue again in order to preserve it for further judicial review in 

higher courts.” Eychaner also sought reconsideration of the denial of his original traverse under 

section 2-1202(b) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1202(b) (West 2018)), based 

on changed circumstances. He asserted the taking no longer served a permissible public use 

since the City had changed its plans for the area surrounding Eychaner’s property. Specifically, 

Eychaner argued, 

“without the River West TIF Plan, there is no valid conservation plan—or any plan—on 

which the Blommer redevelopment project and the taking of defendant’s property is based. 

It’s a naked transfer of private property through the power of eminent domain to benefit a 

private party—now Fuji Oil Holdings, Inc. It is a taking for private, not public use, and is 

thus barred in Illinois.” 

Eychaner wanted the trial court to vacate the judgment entered on the jury verdict and either 

reverse the ruling on the traverse or reconsider and reverse that ruling based on changed 

circumstances and dismiss with prejudice. 

¶ 28 The trial court denied the motion on the basis of our having remanded for the limited 

purpose of a new trial on just compensation. As to changed circumstances based on the new 

plan, the trial court found that, since all the evidence of purported changed circumstances was 

available before the second trial, Eychaner could have filed a new traverse or alerted the court 

to his claim of changed circumstances. The court also held that the City’s North Branch 

Framework adhered to the River West TIF’s goals of redeveloping a conservation area to 

promote the economic revitalization of that conservation area and, thus, the taking continued 

to serve a constitutionally permissible public use.

¶ 29 Analysis 

¶ 30 Eychaner raises two arguments. First, he asserts the City has no right to take his property 

and that our ruling allowing the taking to prevent future blight was wrong and in conflict with 

supreme court precedent in SWIDA. Eychaner asks that we reverse that judgment and dismiss 

the eminent domain proceeding with prejudice. Alternatively, Eychaner contends the trial court 

erred in denying his motion to reconsider its denial of his traverse in light of the City’s new 

North Branch Framework and asks that we reverse that denial and remand so the trial court 

can reconsider in light of changed circumstances.
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¶ 31 Law-of-the-Case Doctrine

¶ 32 As to Eychaner’s argument that we reverse our original decision allowing the taking, the 

parties agree that the law-of-the-case doctrine applies; Eychaner asserts he raises the issue to 

preserve it for review in the Illinois Supreme Court. 

¶ 33 The law-of-the-case doctrine provides that issues presented and disposed of in an earlier 

appeal are binding and will control in the circuit court on remand, as well as the appellate court 

in a later appeal, unless the facts presented differ so much as to require a different 

interpretation. Bilut v. Northwestern University, 296 Ill. App. 3d 42, 47 (1998). Absent 

substantially different facts, a party will not be allowed to reargue issues already decided by 

the appellate court. A dissatisfied party may file a petition for rehearing or petition for leave to 

appeal to the supreme court. Id. (citing Sanders v. Shephard, 258 Ill. App. 3d 626, 633 (1994)). 

¶ 34 We addressed the constitutionality of the taking in Eychaner’s initial appeal and upheld it. 

Eychaner, 2015 IL App (1st) 131833, ¶ 78. The law-of-the-case doctrine binds us to that 

decision, so we affirm. Because we apply the law-of-the-case doctrine, we do not address 

Eychaner’s arguments that our 2015 decision should be reversed.

¶ 35 Denial of Posttrial Motion

¶ 36 Eychaner next contends the trial court erred in refusing to reconsider its 2006 denial of the 

traverse because the North Branch Framework has superseded the River West TIF, which this 

court relied on to affirm the taking. Specifically, Eychaner argues inconsistency exists between 

the North Branch Framework and the River West TIF and that the City no longer intends on 

preserving industrial uses in the area. Eychaner adds that the City wants to move industrial 

uses out of the area and replace them with multi-family residences. Eychaner contends that, 

under the North Branch Framework, the City will relocate Blommer rather than expand its 

campus, which constitutes a taking for private, not public, use. He considers this new evidence 

so conclusive that it would probably change the result on reconsideration of the denial of the 

traverse. Eychaner claims the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on the reconsideration.

¶ 37 We will not reverse a decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration absent an abuse 

of discretion. Landeros v. Equity Property & Development, 321 Ill. App. 3d 57, 65 (2001). A 

motion to reconsider brings to the court’s attention (i) newly discovered evidence unavailable 

at the time of the hearing, (ii) changes in the law, or (iii) errors in the court’s application of the 

existing law. O’Connor v. County of Cook, 337 Ill. App. 3d 902, 911 (2003). Illinois courts do 

not favor posttrial motions based on newly discovered evidence and subjects them to close 

scrutiny. Robbins v. Avara, 28 Ill. App. 3d 292, 295 (1975).

¶ 38 A motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence requires establishing the new 

evidence be (i) so conclusive it probably changes the judgment should a new trial be granted, 

(ii) discovered after the trial, (iii) undiscoverable “before trial with the exercise of due 

diligence,” (iv) material to the issue, and (v) not “merely cumulative to the evidence at trial.” 

Lannert v. Ramirez, 214 Ill. App. 3d 1102, 1104 (1991).

¶ 39 Timeliness of Motion for Reconsideration

¶ 40 We agree with the trial court that Eychaner did not meet the elements required to grant a 

motion for reconsideration based on newly discovered evidence. Eychaner met the fourth 

requirement, as to materiality. But Eychaner failed to meet the other four requirements.
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¶ 41 First, Eychaner failed to establish that the new evidence was discovered after trial. He knew 

of the “changed circumstances”—the North Branch Framework—before the second just 

compensation trial and had ample opportunity to bring the evidence to the court’s attention. 

The City first publicly announced its North Branch Framework recommendations on June 6, 

2016, and adopted the implementing ordinance in July 2017. Fuji publicly announced its 

acquisition of Blommer on November 19, 2018. As the trial court noted, some of the changes 

brought about by the North Branch Framework, including zoning changes that would permit 

mixed-use residential developments, had been presented at the just compensation jury trial. 

The circumstances plainly had changed; both parties were aware of it, as was the trial court. If 

Eychaner had filed his motion to reconsider beforehand and had prevailed, the parties and the 

court would have been spared the cost and time of conducting what would have been an 

irrelevant four-day jury trial on just compensation. Instead, Eychaner waited until after the trial 

to ask the court to again consider the constitutionality of the taking based on evidence available 

well beforehand. 

¶ 42 Eychaner contends the trial court should have looked at whether the new evidence could 

have been discovered before the 2006 condemnation hearing rather than the second just 

compensation jury trial. Eychaner cites no cases to support this contention. He simply asserts 

that the jury only had jurisdiction over the just compensation issue and could not have decided 

whether the taking was constitutional under the City’s new North Branch Framework. That 

argument fails. The trial judge, not the jury, possesses the authority to decide the 

constitutionality of the taking. See City of Naperville v. Old Second National Bank of Aurora, 

327 Ill. App. 3d 734, 739 (2002) (issues raised on traverse and motion to dismiss are

preliminary questions determined by trial court without jury). But nothing restrained Eychaner 

from bringing a motion to reconsider or for a new traverse based on the purportedly material 

change of circumstances, so the trial judge could have addressed it before the jury trial on just 

compensation. Eychaner had opportunity between July 2017, when the City adopted an 

implementing ordinance for the North Branch Framework, and December 2018, when the just 

compensation trial began, to argue that the taking was no longer constitutional. He remained 

silent to his detriment.

¶ 43 We also reject the contention that by remanding for a jury trial on just compensation our 

mandate prevented the trial court from reconsidering its denial of the traverse and motion to 

dismiss in light of newly discovered evidence. As the trial court noted, the law-of-the-case 

doctrine precludes Eychaner from rearguing issues this court decided. Bilut, 296 Ill. App. 3d 

at 47. But the doctrine applies to issues of fact or matters concerning claims decided by the 

appellate court, not issues of fact or matters concerning claims not decided by the appellate 

court. Zokoych v. Spalding, 84 Ill. App. 3d 661, 667 (1980). When we remanded in 2015, the 

City’s North Branch Framework did not exist, and we could not address whether it affected 

the constitutionality of the taking, a question of fact. Nothing in our remand indicated that the 

trial court had to blindly follow our mandate and hold a new jury trial on just compensation, 

undeterred by material new facts that came to light after we ruled. See Bilut, 296 Ill. App. 3d 

at 47 (despite law-of-the-case doctrine, dissatisfied party may file petition for rehearing based 

on new facts). Thus, Eychaner failed to timely file his motion to reconsider or show that new 

evidence was discovered after trial. 

¶ 44 Nor can Eychaner contend the evidence was undiscoverable before the just compensation 

trial with the exercise of due diligence. The evidence of changed circumstances, as we have 
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said, was known to Eychaner before trial and partly presented to the jury. Thus, he failed to 

satisfy the third and fifth Lannert requirements.

¶ 45 Changed Circumstances Did Not Warrant Reversal

¶ 46 Even if Eychaner could meet the other Lannert requirements, he failed to demonstrate the 

new evidence would change the outcome. Eychaner notes that our decision affirming the trial 

court’s denial of his traverse relied primarily on the City’s River West TIF, which showed 

(i) the City had a “carefully formulated” economic development plan and (ii) the taking 

“unquestionably serves a public purpose of preventing blight, promoting economic 

revitalization, and protecting existing industry.” Eychaner, 2015 IL App (1st) 131833 ¶ 63. 

Eychaner asserts that the City’s decision to adopt the new North Branch Framework supersedes 

the River West TIF; in other words, the taking is no longer supported by the City’s current 

economic development plan, and so it is nothing more than a naked transfer from Eychaner to 

Blommer in the name of economic development. 

¶ 47 The North Branch Framework, however, is not the sole expression of the City’s plan, and 

it does not supersede the River West TIF, which remains in effect. The River West TIF was 

enacted by an ordinance that remains in effect, by its own terms, until 2024. Eychaner relies 

on what he deems “express language in the North Branch Framework stating that all prior plans 

are superseded.” But he either purposely or erroneously misstates the language; it has nothing 

to do with the River West TIF. The North Branch Framework states, “At least seven plans and 

studies have been completed since 2010 that provide recommendations which are relevant to 

the North Branch Industrial Corridor and its surrounding areas.” It then identifies those specific 

seven plans. None involve the River West TIF plan. 

¶ 48 Moreover, the North Branch Framework and the River West TIF plan together carry out 

the purpose of promoting the economic revitalization of a conservation area. As the North 

Branch Framework states, its primary goal is to “maintain the north branch industrial corridor 

as an important economic engine and vital job center within the city of Chicago.” It does so by 

“moderniz[ing] existing land use regulations in the corridor to more effectively promote 

economic growth and job creation through the expansion of existing businesses and the 

attraction of new businesses, corporate headquarters and companies that drive Chicago’s 

knowledge-based economy,” a goal consistent with that of the River West TIF to promote 

economic revitalization and protect existing industry.

¶ 49 Further, the area around Eychaner’s property continues to qualify under the statute as a 

conservation area that runs the risk of blighting without intervention by the City. And, as we 

held, the City “may use the power of eminent domain to prevent future blight in a conservation 

area such as the River West TIF.” Id. ¶ 69. The City’s decision to change the zoning to allow 

broader economic redevelopment beyond strict industrial uses does not render the plans 

unconstitutional. As we held, “[t]he goals of the River West TIF—to reduce blighting factors, 

prevent blight, foster the City’s industrial base, prevent conflicts between residential and 

industrial uses, and retain existing industry—all constitute valid public uses.” Id. ¶ 75. The 

City’s current plan to redevelop the conservation area around Eychaner’s property seeks to 

“preserve the industrial character of the corridor while also attracting innovation and 

technology-oriented businesses,” a valid public use.

¶ 50 Eychaner relies on Village of Skokie v. Gianoulis, 260 Ill. App. 3d 287 (1994), to argue 

that the taking was an abuse of the City’s eminent domain power. In Gianoulis, the appellate 
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court invalidated a taking by the Village of Skokie because the defendant’s properties had not 

been included in the Village’s original planning study or in the ordinance that originally 

authorized the use of eminent domain as part of a redevelopment plan. Id. at 296. Later, when 

a developer contacted the Village about an unsuccessful attempt at privately purchasing the 

property, the Village passed an ordinance retroactively redefining the redevelopment project 

area to include the defendants’ properties. Id. This court held that the Village lacked authority 

to take the properties and abused its power because the properties had not been part of the 

redevelopment project area identified in the ordinance authorizing the use of eminent domain 

and “[the Village] cannot merely pass an ordinance and state therein that the lots are now 

included in the study and the plan.” Id. at 297.

¶ 51 Eychaner contends that, as in Gianoulis, the City’s decision to adopt the North Branch 

Framework constituted a change in policy, approach, and planning: from conserving existing 

industrial uses to relocating and replacing them with residential and commercial uses. We 

disagree. Unlike the defendants in Gianoulis, Eychaner’s property has always been within the 

conservation area identified by the River West TIF; the City has always planned for the area’s 

economic redevelopment area. As the trial court stated in distinguishing Gianoulis, 

“[h]ere there was a broad redevelopment plan implemented prior to the initial taking, and 

there was a broad redevelopment plan implemented at the time of the second trial. Changed 

circumstances in the manner of new developments in the subject area, which warranted the 

City conduct a new comprehensive study to determine what zoning best would promote its 

intention of economic revitalization of the conservation area bolsters its public purpose, 

rather than show an abuse of power.” See id.

¶ 52 Also, Eychaner presented no evidence of changes to the plan. Instead, he asserts the City’s 

current plan no longer supports the taking. Not so. Residential uses remain prohibited under 

the current zoning, though the zoning went from PMD to DS. And Eychaner cites no evidence 

that Blommer or Fuji intends to use the property for a residential purpose or a use inconsistent 

with the redevelopment agreement or the River West TIF goals. Indeed, Eychaner 

acknowledges that both the plans for the property to become part of Blommer factory and the 

Blommer redevelopment agreement remain unchanged. 

¶ 53 Further, the City’s decision to create a fund to pay industrial businesses to relocate out of 

the area supports the goal of the River West TIF by reducing conflicts between residential and 

industrial uses. Acquiring Eychaner’s property has been to allow Blommer to expand into a 

self-enclosed campus, thereby reducing conflicts with neighboring uses, continuing operations, 

and maintaining its workforce within the City—all part of the City’s larger plan to redevelop 

and ensure the economic vitality of the area. 

¶ 54 The City’s plans under the River West TIF, the redevelopment agreement, and the North 

Branch Framework continue to “carry out the same purpose of promoting ‘the economic 

revitalization of a conservation area.” Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying the motion to reconsider.

¶ 55 Affirmed.