### IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 09-30449

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION. STEERING COMMITTEE, Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus WASHINGTON GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant-Appellee. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### F I L E D September 14, 2010 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk2 No. 09-30428

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION. QUINTESSA HUEY, CARYN L. FONG, as Trustees of the Huey & Fong Trust; AMY HUEY, as Trustee of the Kenneth Huey Family Trust; RADIO PARTS, INC.; ENTERCOM COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION; ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus WASHINGTON GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant-Appellee. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

No. 09-30438

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION. BETTY LUNDY; FREDERICK ADAMS; JEAN ADDISON; JONATHAN AKERS; OLLIE P. ALEXANDER; ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus WASHINGTON GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant-Appellee.3 Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before SMITH, WIENER, and ELROD, Circuit Judges. JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Washington Group International, Inc. (“WGI”) provided engineering, construction, and management services. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (“the Corps”) contracted with WGI for a large project in New Orleans. The plai ntiffs sued WGI, claiming that its negligent and improper actions in fulfilling the contract were a cause of flood damage resulting from Hurricane Katrina. The district court granted summary judgment for WGI based on governmentcontrac tor immunity (“GCI”). Because the specifications for the work at issue
were not reasonably precise, WGI has no GCI, sowe reverse the summaryjudgment and remand.

I. In 1994, the Corps and WGI entered into an indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract for the remediation ofsome hazardous, toxic, and radioactive wastesites in thesouthwestern United States. That “umbrella contract,” known
as theTotal Environmental Restoration Contract (“TERC”), set forth general requirementsfor all ofWGI’s anticipated work in the region, with the understanding that the Corpswould approve a specificStatement ofWork (“SOW”) for each Task Order it would issue to WGI.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

4 In 1999, theCorps began its Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Lock Replacement Project in New Orleans, one aspect of which was the cleanup of the East Bank Industrial Area. Pursuant to the TERC, WGI was obligated (1) to demolish existing structures in that area by removing surface and subsurface obstructions, (2) to characterize contaminants on the site, and (3) to remediate the site in accordance with any applicable environmental standards. This specific task was contracted for and identified as Task Order 26 of the TERC. In June 1999, the Corps issued a SOW for Task Order 26 that was brief and provided only a general description ofthework to be done. From that SOW, WGI submitted a more detailed work plan totheCorps. After receiving the work plan, the Corps engaged WGI in a review process during which the Corpswould comment on issues it had with WGI’s proposals, solicit a response from WGI on those comments, and continue in such a back-and-forth manner until the Corps and WGI had come toan agreement regarding any matters that were in conflict. The review process included the completion ofvarious technical analyses and recommendation reports by the Corps and additional work plans by WGI. A final Recommendation Report was formally issued in January 2000, after which it became “the basisofsubsequent specificationsfor work and work orders and proposals.” After completion ofthe Recommendation Report process, theCorps issued another SOW that, once again, provided general directions to WGI. From that SOW, WGI drafted eight work plans for the specific project and submitted them to the Corps for comment and approval. The most important of those work plans, for our purposes, was the Project Work Plan, which dealt with the equipment, the excavation, and the remediation process for the areas at issue in the plaintiffs’ claim.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

1 Backfill material is the physical matter used to refill holes created by the removal of subsurface structures.

2 Compaction is the process ofincreasing the bulk density ofan aggregate of matter by driving out air. 5 Once work had begun, WGI discovered previously unknown subsurface structures in the area to be remediated. In August 2001, the Corps issued another SOW to address the excavation and disposal of those newly discovered structures. Pursuant to that SOW, and in compliance with all the previously approved plans, WGI submitted Proposal #11 3, which dealt with the excavation and disposal of the new subsurface structures. In its Technical Analysis of Proposal #113, the Corps deemed WGI’s proposal too costly, rejected it, and suggested several elements ofthe proposal as to which cost savings could be achieved. One of those suggestions was to use onsite borrowmatter as the primary source ofbackfill material. 1 The final proposal submitted by WGI, and approved by the Corps, incorporated that suggestion by stating that “[t]he excavations

. . . will be backfilled wi th borrow material obtained from either the on-site borrow source or an off-site source.” The final approved proposal also stated that the backfill “material will be placed in liftsand compacted; however, nocompaction testing will be required.”2 The work plans derived from the final proposal also specified that compaction should occur “with previous excavated soil in 2' lifts,” that “[i]nitial backfill operations will be to the bottom of the whalers inside the [subsurface obstruction],” and that backfilling should be completed “to the top ofsheet piles with material to be provided by WGI after whalersare removed.” Working from that approved proposal and from subsequent work plans derived from it, WGI completed the project in the spring of 2005.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

6 In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near New Orleans. As
a result, the flood protection system in the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal project, consisting oflevees and floodwalls, failed. Two of the breaches in the levees
were near areas that were part ofthe zone where WGI had conducted extensive work. The plaintiffs claim that the failure of those levees was a result of the negligent and improper backfilling and compaction ofthe excavated locations by WGI in violation of a state-law duty of care. Specifically, the plaintiffs allege that the method ofexcavation and backfilling employed by WGI allowed for underseepage, which undermined the integrity ofthe levees, resulting in their failure and the subsequent flooding of New Orleans East, the Lower Ninth Ward, and St. Bernard Parish.

II. In 2007, the plaintiffs, i n several consolidated actions, sued WGI, the Corps, and numerous other defendants for harm resulting from Hurricane Katrina-related damages. In 2008, WGI moved for summary judgment, asserting the GCI defense. The plaintiffs opposed summary judgment on the grounds that (1) GCI does not apply because therewas noconflict with state law, and (2) even assuming such a conflict, WGI failed to satisfy the Supreme Court’s three-part test for GCI. The district court granted summary judgment for WGI, concluding that displacement of state law is built into the GCI defense and that WGI had satisfied all the requirements for GCI.

III. We reviewa summaryjudgment denovo, “using thesamestandard asthat employed by the district court under Rule 56.” Kerstetter v. Pac. Scientific Co.,Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

3 In their reply brief, the plaintiffs contend that the GCI defense from Boyle is applicableonly tomilitary contractors and should not be extended. That argument is waived, because it was not made in the plaintiffs’ opening brief. Morgan v. Swanson, 610 F.3d 877, 884 n.10 (5th Cir. 2010) (stating that issues raised for the first time in appellant’s reply brief are waived). 7 210 F.3d 431, 435 (5th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is warranted where “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and [] the movant is entitled tojudgment as a matter oflaw.” F E D
. R. C IV
. P. 56(c)(2). There is no genuine issue for trial “[i]f the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party.” Kipps v. Caillier, 197 F.3d 765, 768 (5th Cir. 1999).

A. The Supreme Court first recognized the federal GCI defense to state tort lawin Boylev. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988). The GCI defense preempts state law to immunize government contractors from liability in spite of the absence of legislation specifically immunizing them. 3 The rationale for GCI flows from two basic pri nciples: “[S]tate tort law is preempted by federal
common lawin areasofuniquefederal interests” and “the procurement ofequipment by the United States is such an area.” T revino v. Gen. Dynamics Corp. , 865 F .2d 1474, 1479 (5th Cir. 1989). In Boyle , the Court specified the precise scope of the displacement of state law, using a three-part test: Liability for design defects in military equipment cannot be imposed, pursuant to state law, when (1) the United States approved reasonably precise specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier but not to the United States.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

8 Boyle , 487 U.S. at 512. B. The plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in failing to conduct a threshold inquiry intothe existence ofa significant conflict between federal policy and state law. They incorrectly assert that this inquiry is necessary to an application of the Boyle test. Although a conflict between federal policy and state law is a necessary element of any f inding of GCI, a threshold inquiry on that specific issue is not necessary but, rather, is built into the three-part Boyle test. Following oral argument in the instant case, a different panel ofthiscourt decided Jowers v. Lincoln Electric Co., No. 09-60396, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 17862 (5th Cir. Aug. 26, 2010). There, the district court had included in the jury instructions a threshold inquiry that the government contractor challenged on appeal. This court held that “an additional instruction that the jury find a ‘significant conflict’ between federal interests and Mississippi law in the instant matter is superfluous and forces the jury to construe an issue of law, which is outside its purviewas a fact-finder.” I d. at *9. Though the panel focused on the role ofthejury as a factfinder, its conclusion that a threshold inquiry is “superfluous” is a statement on the general applicability of the GCI defense. Additionally, though this circuit never had occasion, beforeJowers, to address the “significant conflict” issue, we have consistently applied the Boyletest without conducting any sort ofthreshold inquiry similar to the one these plain-Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

4 See, e.g., Miller v. Diamond Shamrock Co., 275 F.3d 414, 419 (5th Cir. 2001); Kerstetter, 210 F.3d at 435; In reAir Disaster at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, 81 F.3d 570, 574 (5th Cir. 1996); Bailey v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 989 F.2d 794, 798 (5th Cir. 1993); Stout v. Borg-Warner Corp., 933 F.2d 331, 334 (5th Cir. 1991); Trevino, 865 F.2d at 1479.

5 In Lewis, 985 F.2d at 83, the court directly addressed the issue ofwhether the Boyle test requires a threshold inquiry into the presence ofa “significant conflict” with state law. It held that “answering the question whether the Government approved reasonably precise specifications for the design feature in question necessarily answers the question whether the federal contract conflicts with state law.” Id. at 86. The plaintiffs argue that Lewis was implicitly overruled by In re World Trade Center Disaster Site Litigation, 521 F.3d 169 (2d Cir. 2008), in which the court stated that “[a]s a threshold matter, the defense only arises in an area of uniquely federal interest, where a sig- (continued...) 9 tiffs request. 4 Preemption of state law by federal law without a statutory mandate can occur only where “a ‘significant conflict’ exists between an identifiable federal policy or interest and the operation of state law, or the application of state law would frustrate specific objections of federal legislation,” Boyle , 487 U.S. at 507 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted), but, importantly, “[t]he first two ofthese conditions assure that the suit is within the area where the policy of the ‘discretionary function’ would be frustrated,” id. at 512. By assuring that the suit involves a situation in which the discretionary function is frustrated, thefirst ofthe three Boyleconditions necessarily satisfies the earlier-stated requirement ofa significant conflict. See Lewisv. Babcock Indus., Inc., 985 F.2d 83 (2d Cir. 1993); Kerstetter, 210 F.3d at 438. “Whether [the GCI defense] will apply toa particular claim depends only upon whether Boyle’s three conditions are met with respect to the particular product feature upon which the claim is based.” Bailey, 989 F.2d at 801-02 (5th Cir. 1993) (emphasis in original). A threshold inquiry into whether there is a significant state conflict has never been required by any court, 5 nor should it be. The only analysisNos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

5 (...continued) nificant conflict exists between an identifiable federal policy or interest and the [operation] of state law.” Id

. at 194 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The plaintiffs read too much into the wording of that sentence. The court in World Trade Center did not believe a threshold inquiry was necessary. Rather, it merely stated that, as a matter of first principles (i.e., as a “threshold matter”), GCI arisesfrom thesignificant conflict between federal interests and state law. Importantly, the court went on to apply the Boyle factors without conducting, or even mentioning again, any sort of threshold inquiry. Furthermore, the court specifically stated that the first Boyle factor was “designed to ensure that a conflict with state law exists, and, along with the second requirement, to assure that the suit is within the area where the policy of the discretionary function would be frustrated.” Id. at 196 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). With this statement, World Trade Center not only did not implicitly overrule Lewis but explicitly reaffirmed it. 10 necessary to determine the application and scope ofgovernment contractor immunity is the three-step Boyle test.

C. The first Boyle step requires that the government approved reasonably precise specifications. That entails both the existence of reasonably precise specifications and the approval of those specifications by the government. Specificationsare reasonably precise “as long asthespec ifications address, in reasonabledetail, the product design feature, alleged tobedefective.” Kerstetter, 210 F.3d at 438. See also Trevino, 865 F.2d at 1481. “The requirement that the specifications be precise means that the discretion over significant details and all critical design choiceswill be exercised by the government.” I d

. Reasonably precise specifications for one aspect ofa large project do not create an umbrella ofprotection for an entire project. Instead, the requirement of reasonablyNos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

6 SeeTrevino, 865 F.2d at 1486 (“The government contractor defense as reformulated in Boyle protects government contractors from liability for defective designs ifdiscretion over the design feature in question was exercised by the government.” (emphasis added)).

7 Atvarious points in their briefs, the plaintiffsseem to urge that the government failed to provide reasonably precise specifications for dealing with the possibility ofunderseepage in the area near the project. That argument, however, is irrelevant to our current analysis of the scope ofGCI, because the reasonably precise specifications that are required by the first prong of the Boyle test “need not address the specific defect alleged; the government need only evaluate the design feature in question.” Kerstetter, 210 F.3d at 435 (emphasis added). The underseepage erosion of the flood walls is not a design feature; it is a defect that is alleged to be the result oftwodesign features (i.e., the backfill material used and the compaction method employed). Thus, under the first prong, the government must only have approved precise specifications for the backfill material and the method ofcompaction; it need not have addressed underseepage erosion specifically. 11 precise specifications must be met by the specific feature at issue in the claim. 6 In this case, the specificfeatures at issue are the backfill material used and the method of compaction employed by WGI. 7

1. TheCorps, driven by cost concerns, approved specifications that mandated on-site material as the primary source of the backfill material. The Corps also specified that if there was insufficient on-site material, WGI should import offsite backfill material tocomplete the project. Two factors render those specifications imprecise. First, thespecificationsthat authorized the useofon-site backfill material
were not reasonably precise in regard to howWGI should parse through all the on-site material to determine which was suitable. The Corps neither mandated thecomposition ofthe backfill material nor established precise procedures to test material for its suitability as backfill. The only Corps specification was that the material had to be clean, not contaminated, and not full ofdebris. Given, how-Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

8As the Corps’s Contracting Officer Representative, Lee Guillory, acknowledged, backfill material need not be homogenous and could consist of various types of matter, including crushed stone, clays, silts, sand layers, wood debris, and more. 12 ever, thewide variety in the types ofmatter that could be used as backfill material, that specification is not reasonably precise. 8 The composition of the backfill used by WGI serves as one factor in plaintiffs’ tort claim, so it cannot be said that “thespecifications address, in reasonabledetail, the product design feature, alleged to be defective.” Kerstetter, 210 F.3d at 438. TheCorpsdid not approve any specifications regarding the precisecomposition of the on-site backfill material. As Guillory noted in his deposition,
Q: And therewere no real specificationsfor backfill in terms ofwhat they could use and the degree of compaction, right? A: Right. We just backfilled with the adjacent soil that was excavated out, removed, stockpiled on theside. After the lift station was removed, that soil was put back in layers and compacted to the compaction of the adjacent soil. Later in that deposition, Guillory confirmed that the specifications were “general” and did not indicate the type ofbackfill material that could be used to backfill the hole:
Q: And Number 7 is a discussion ofthe backfill. It says, the excavation resul ting from concrete foundation removal will be backfilled with borrowed material obtained from either the on-site borrow source or an off-site source as required. An estimated 900 Cys will be needed

. . . . Okay, so would you regard this as a general specification? A: Yes.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

13 Q: Okay. It’s certainly not a prescribed specification, right? A: Right. Q: And it doesn’t indicatewhat kind ofmaterial you can use to backfill the hole, does it? A: No, it doesn’t. The second reason that the specifications are imprecise concerns the offsite material imported by WGI and used as backfill material. The Corps provided no reasonably precise specifications regarding the composition ofthat off-site backfill material. The Corps was not even fully aware of the contents of the backfill material used to fill the holes it had created. Guillory’s statements during his deposition are indicative ofthe degree of precision ofthe Corps’s specifications: Q: Okay. So we really don’t know what’s in the hole, do we?

... A: I cannot tell you for a fact of everything that’s in that hole, no. Q: All right. It says, additional fill material necessary to complete the backfill operations will be provided by WGI. Q: Doesn’t that allow WGI to use other kinds of material to fill up the hole? A: Itjust says provided to the subcontractor. It could be indigenous, on site clay material, it could have been commercially truck hauled clay material. It is true that in addition to the Corps’s standing requirement that the backfill material be clean, not contaminated, and not full of debris, any off-siteNos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

9 There is also no evidence that the approval given by the Corps for the off-site backfill material was anything more than a rubber stamp, which is unacceptable under the Boyletest. See Trevino, 865 F.2d at 1480 (“If the government contractor exercised the actual discretion over thedefectivefeatureofthe design, then the contractor will not escape liability via thegovernment contractor defenseSS the government’s rubber stamp on the design drawings notwithstanding.”). We focus our discussion, however, on the precision of the specifications, not the process of approval. Although those two issues are intertwined as elements of the first prong of Boyle

, they are still two separate conditions that can be analyzed independently. If the specifications are not reasonably precise, it does not matter whether the imprecise specifications were properly approved: The first prong would not be satisfied. 14 backfill material imported by WGI had to receive some sort ofapproval from the Corps before it could be used. But there is no information in the record indicating that the Corps imposed additional requirements regarding the composition of the off-site material, nor is there any indication that the Corps applied any testing processtoevaluate theoff-site backfill material before approving its use. 9 Given the absence of reasonably precise specifications in the proposal under which WGI wasoperating, any such additional evidence is necessary tofind that the Corps approved reasonably precise specifications and did not merely allow WGI to exercise principal discretion over the composition ofthe off-site backfill material. Significantly, the evidence in the record shows that the sole consideration for the Corps in evaluating the backfill was the cost ofthe material. If that was the extent ofits analysis, the Corps cannot be said to have approved reasonably precise specifications regarding the composition ofthe off-site backfill material. Given that the Corps provided imprecise, and at times non-existent, specifications regarding the composition of the on-site and off-site backfill material, WGI is not entitled to claim GCI for its exercise of discretion in choosing the composition of that material.Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

15 2. The Corps specified that the backfill “material will be placed in lifts and compacted.” The Corps also directed that compaction occur “with previous excavated soil in 2' lifts,” that “[i]nitial backfill operationswill be to the bottom ofthe whalers inside the [subsurfaceobstruction],” and that backfilling should be completed “to the top ofsheet piles with material to be provided by WGI after whalers are removed.” The WGI Project Manager, Dennis O’Connor, described, in his deposition, his understanding of the specifications for compaction in his deposition: Q: Tell me what was the specification for compaction? A: There were no specifications for compaction. Q: OK. A: Simply a general directive that ifwe backfilled the hole, depending on the piece ofequipment and size ofthe hole, wewould compact the soil mechanically, be it with an excavator or backhoe if it was very small, or a wheel roller ifit was extremely small. And it would depend on the size of the lifts and we would bring it up to grade. As O’Connor admitted, WGI understood there to be no precise specifications for compaction. Additionally, though we do not ascribe a legal conclusion to O’Connor’s declaration that the Corps’s directive was a “general” specification, his detailed statement of what the general directive entailed shows the lack of reasonable precision. By his own terms, WGI could have used an excavator, backhoe, or wheel roller for compaction, based on the size of the hole and the size of the lifts. There is no information in the record, however, to show that the Corps provided specifications for when a certain piece ofequipment should be used forNos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

10These plaintiffs suggest the “95 percent Standard Proctor density” standard. We use it, however, only asan exampleofa possible standard ofcompaction, not as an approval ofthat standard. The issue is not whether the government chose the correct standard, because the GCI defense is meant to prevent the second-guessing ofsuch decisions. See Boyle , 487 U.S. at 511 (stating that “permitting ‘second guessi ng” of these judgments through state tort suits against contractors would produce the same effect sought to be avoided by the FTCA exemption”) (internal citation omitted). Rather, the issue is whether the government chose any standard ofcompaction at all. There is no second-guessing here of a government decision, because none was made. 16 a particular type of hole. Furthermore, the specifications are not reasonably precise, because they fail to dictate any standards for compaction. The extent of compaction can be measured using a proctor compaction test. The Corps chose not to require any specificstandard that could be measured by that test. Instead, it unequivocally emphasized its lack ofinterest in mandating specifications for compaction density by stating that “no compaction testing will be required.” To explain this lack ofspecification, the Corps cited cost concerns and the fact that the Corps could visually observe the result of the compaction method that WGI used. That explanation, even ifit is credible, has noeffect on our conclusion that the specifications that were approved were not reasonably precise. The Corps’s failure to specify a standard for compaction also meant that WGI could choose a method ofcompaction that did not require a particular final result. For example, if the Corps had specified that the holes should be compacted to 95% Standard Proctor density, 1 0 WGI would be limited, in its choice of a compaction method, to a process that would achieve that result. By not specifying any compaction method, the Corps allowed WGI the discretion to choose a method without a required result. One could argue that the Corps’ failure to provide standards for compac-Nos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

17 tion or to provide details for the equipment to be employed was, in itself, a precise specification. The approved work plan stated that “[t]he material will be placed in lifts and compacted” and affirmed that “no compaction testing will be required.” Given that those general specifications were the result of an intricate approval process, it is reasonable to conclude that the decision not to specify
more than basiccompaction was a decision made by the Corps, asWGI contends in its brief. The question, however, is not whether the Corps approved ofany decision regarding the compaction method. The relevant inquiry, instead, is whether the Corpsapproved sufficiently precisespecifications, such that it isevident that the government was the primary agent ofdecision over the compaction method. “If the government approved imprecise or general guidelines, then discretion over important design choices would be left to the government contractor.” T revino, 865 F.2d at 1481. By providing only general instructions regarding the compaction method, the Corps ensured that WGI would havesignificant discretion over the method chosen. The exercise of that discretion by WGI is not protected by the GCI doctrine. To decide otherwise would lead to an absurdity: The government could provide general specifications, inform the court that it “precisely” chose to approve only general specifications, and thus render all subsequent, discretionary decisions ofa government contractor protected under the GCI doctrine. Such an analysiswould controvert thevery purpose ofthe GCI defense. The government contractor defense in Boyle , “[s]tripped to its essentials,” is fundamentally aNos. 09-30449, 09-30428, 09-30438

11 In re Joint E. & S. Dist. N.Y. Asbestos Litig., 897 F.2d 626, 632 (2d Cir. 1990). See also Trevino, 865 F.2d at 1482 (“[T]he purpose of the [Boyl e ] test is to deny the defense to a government contract that is itself ultimately responsible for the defect.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 18 claim that “[t]he Government made me do it.”11 To adhere to this basic principle, it isessential that thespecificationsapproved by thegovernment are reasonably precise. “If the government approved imprecise or general guidelines, then discretion over important design choices would be left to the government contractor.” Trevino, 865 F.2d at 1481. The Corps did not “make” WGI use the exact backfill material that was utilized, nor did it “require” WGI select the compaction method that was employed. In the absence of reasonably precise Corps specifications, those decisions
were made by WGI. Thus, WGI fails the first step of the Boyletest and is not entitled toGCI for itschoice ofbackfill material and compaction method. The summaryjudgment is REVERSED, and this matter is REMANDED for further proceedings as needed. We impose no limitations on what matters the district court
can consider on remand, and we express noviewas towhat decisions that court should make.