Supreme Court of Louisiana 

FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #050

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 14th day of October, 2015, are as follows:

BY CRICHTON, J.: 

2015-C -0136 DEAN BORN v. CITY OF SLIDELL (Parish of St. Tammany)

After twenty-four years of service with the City of Slidell, Mr. 

Born retired on August 1, 2008, and having met the necessary 

requirements, he elected to continue his health insurance 

coverage under §21-21(b)(1) of the Code of Ordinances of the City 

in accordance with his agreement with the City. Not only do we 

find plaintiff’s suit was not prescribed, we further conclude 

that Ordinance 3493 cannot be retroactively applied to plaintiff 

in this instance, as such an application serves to divest the 

plaintiff of his vested right in the benefits which he was owed 

under his contract with the City of Slidell. AFFIRMED.

GUIDRY, J., dissents in part and concurs in part and assigns 

reasons.
1 

10/14/15 

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA 

NO. 15-C-0136 

DEAN BORN 

v.

CITY OF SLIDELL 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL, 

FIRST CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. TAMMANY 

CRICHTON, J. 

 We granted certiorari in this matter to determine whether a retiree of the City 

of Slidell, plaintiff Mr. Dean Born, may continue participating in the City of 

Slidell‟s health insurance plan following the City‟s adoption of Ordinance No. 

3493, which requires each city retiree to apply for Medicare coverage upon 

reaching the age of sixty-five. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the Court of 

Appeal‟s finding that the City cannot terminate plaintiff‟s desired plan coverage

and require him to accept Medicare coverage, where plaintiff retired before the 

effective date of the Ordinance. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

Plaintiff was employed by the City of Slidell from April 30, 1984, until his 

retirement on August 1, 2008, at the age of sixty (60). Upon his retirement, 

plaintiff began drawing retirement benefits from the City of Slidell‟s Municipal 

Employee‟s Retirement System. Also at the time of plaintiff‟s retirement, §21-

21(a) and (b)(1) of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Slidell provided, in 

pertinent part: 

(a) The city shall contribute to a program of health insurance for all fulltime city employees, all elected officials and all city retirees. 

(b) Retired city employees and retired elected city officials shall 

participate in the city‟s health insurance program under the following 

conditions: 
2 

(1) A city employee or city elected official who: 

a. Separates from city service after a minimum of ten years of 

service; 

b. Within 18 months after such separation receives retirement 

benefits under any retirement plan authorized by the city; 

c. Participated in the city‟s health insurance plan for a 

minimum of 12 months immediately prior to such 

separation; and 

d. Participates in the city‟s health insurance plan from the time 

of separation to the time retirement benefits are received; 

may elect to continue to participate in the city‟s health insurance plan. 

The city shall pay 100 percent of the cost of the individual or family 

coverage elected by the former employee or elected official beginning 

at the time retirement benefits are received. 

This provision shall not apply to a city employee who voluntarily 

separates from city service in order to avoid disciplinary action. 

Effective August 26, 2008, through Ordinance No. 3493, the City of Slidell 

amended §21-21 to require city retirees, upon reaching the age of sixty-five, to 

apply for Medicare Coverage, with the City to pay Medicare Advantage at no cost 

to the retiree.1 The additional section states as follows: 

(3)Each City retiree shall, upon reaching the age of sixty-five, apply 

for Medicare coverage Parts A and B. The City shall provide 

Medicare Advantage coverage at no cost to the retiree. Those 

retirees who are ineligible for Medicare shall be allowed to 

continue participation in the City‟s health insurance program to the 

same extent as prior to reaching age sixty five. 

 

1

In the record presented to this court, plaintiff‟s exhibits include an opinion request from the 

Mayor of Slidell, Ben O. Morris, to the Attorney General, asking whether any ordinance 

providing for retirement benefits that is in effect at the time of an employee‟s retirement operates 

as a contract between the City and the retiree. In finding the City is bound to honor contractual 

or vested rights which inure to the benefit of its retirees, if any, the Attorney General answered in 

the affirmative, stating: 

[h]ealth insurance coverage for retirees is a benefit provided by the City to its 

employees, and is part of the contract of employment between the employer and 

the employee. . . . .the nature of retiree health benefits provided by the City are 

defined by the City ordinance. As such, it is our opinion that the ordinance 

providing for retirement benefits that is in effect at the time of an employee‟s 

retirement operates as a contract between the City and the retiree. 

 Op. Atty. Gen., No. 07-0287 (11/26/07).

Although attorney general opinions are merely advisory and not binding on this Court, we 

recognize that they do have persuasive authority. City of New Orleans v. Bd. of Directors of La. 

State Museum, 98-1170 (La. 3/2/99), 739 So. 2d 748, 753 n.11. 
3 

Plaintiff received a letter from the City of Slidell on May 1, 2013, informing 

him that because of his impending sixty-fifth birthday on July 1, 2013, he would 

no longer be eligible for the City of Slidell‟s medical service, as “[a]ll retirees and 

spouses 65 and older with Medicare Parts A and B must enroll in Humana Group 

Medicare.” The letter also stated that if plaintiff was not eligible for Medicare, he 

must present the City with adequate documentation to that effect. Plaintiff 

objected to the City‟s course of action and exchanged several letters with the City 

communicating his desire to remain on the City‟s retirement health plan (“the 

plan”). When the City reiterated to Mr. Born its intention to remove him from the 

plan and require him to elect Medicare coverage, on July 25, 2013, he filed a 

“Petition for Declaratory Judgment, Temporary Restraining Order, Preliminary 

Injunction and Permanent Injunction” in the 22nd Judicial District Court. 

In his Petition, plaintiff asserted he met the requirements listed under §21-

21(b)(1) of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Slidell, which were in effect at 

the time of his retirement on August 1, 2008, and consequently, he was entitled to 

elect to continue to participate in the City‟s health insurance plan with the City 

paying 100% of the cost for plaintiff‟s family coverage under the plan. Plaintiff 

argued he had a vested right to the benefit promised by the City of Slidell in §21-

21, and the City was intending to breach its contract with plaintiff, thereby 

depriving him of his vested right to the promised benefit. As a result, plaintiff 

requested a declaration of his right to continue participating in the plan and an 

injunction prohibiting the City from removing plaintiff from his desired health 

insurance plan with the City of Slidell. 

In response, the City filed a peremptory exception of prescription, arguing 

that plaintiff‟s suit, one for compensation for services rendered and filed five (5) 

years after the passage of Ordinance No. 3493, was subject to a liberative 

prescriptive period of three (3) years and was therefore prescribed. Following a 
4 

joint stipulation of facts submitted on October 18, 2013, and a hearing on the 

matter on October 23, 2013, the trial court took the matter under advisement. 

On November 4, 2013, the trial court issued written reasons for judgment, 

denying the City‟s Exception of Prescription, and granting plaintiff‟s request for a 

declaratory judgment that Mr. Born and his family are entitled to continue to 

participate in the City‟s plan, with the City paying 100% of the premium 

associated with the coverage afforded to plaintiff and his family under the plan. 

Specifically, regarding the City‟s prescription argument, the trial court found that 

by removing plaintiff from the City‟s health insurance plan, the City would be 

breaching its agreement with plaintiff for continued participation in the plan, 

thereby depriving him of his vested right to benefits. As a result, the trial court 

found prescription in this matter would begin to run at the time the City removed 

plaintiff from the City‟s health insurance plan. The court concluded the plaintiff‟s 

suit was timely filed, which was just after plaintiff‟s sixty-fifth birthday. 

The trial court also found dispositive the case of Singletary v. Slidell, 211- 

CA-1538 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/8/12), writ not considered, 12-2068 (La. 11/16/12), 

102 So.3d 28, wherein the First Circuit Court of Appeal found the same Slidell 

City retirement plan to be a contract between the City and the plaintiff, and that the 

City could not apply Ordinance 3493 retroactively to require plaintiff in that matter 

(who had retired prior to the time the Ordinance became effective), to accept 

coverage under the Humana Medicare Advantage plan rather than the City‟s health 

insurance plan. The Singletary court stated that should the City force the plaintiff 

to accept the Medicare plan, it would be in contravention to the federally 

recognized right of beneficiaries to freely decide the type of Medicare coverage 

decided by them. Applying Singletary in this instance, the trial court found 

Ordinance No. 3493 may not be applied retroactively to retirees who have met the 

conditions of §21-21, as it impermissibly divests plaintiff of his vested rights. 
5 

After the trial court‟s judgment was issued, the City of Slidell timely appealed this 

judgment to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit. 

 In a unanimous opinion, the court of appeal affirmed the trial court‟s ruling, 

agreeing with the trial court‟s finding that plaintiff‟s claim is not prescribed, as 

well as its finding that plaintiff met the requisite conditions set forth in §21-21 at 

the time of his retirement, and as a result, the City could not apply Ordinance 3493 

retroactively to remove plaintiff from the plan. In so ruling, the appellate court 

agreed with the trial court that the prescriptive period for plaintiff‟s claim did not 

begin to run until he was removed from the City plan, concluding that 

contributions to retirement plans, including health benefits, are a form of deferred 

compensation, and such contributions are subject to the three-year prescriptive 

period found in La. C.C. art. 3494.2

 This prescription begins to run from the day 

payment is exigible. La. C.C. art. 3495. As a result, plaintiff‟s claim for post-age 

sixty-five coverage under the City plan became exigible when plaintiff reached the 

age of sixty-five, and the City failed to provide the promised benefit. Plaintiff‟s 

claim, the court of appeal concluded, was therefore not prescribed. 

Concerning the City‟s ability to remove plaintiff from its plan upon his 

sixty-fifth birthday, the court of appeal also referred to its previously discussed 

decision in Singletary, supra, wherein it considered this exact amended ordinance 

to find that its application to retirees before its enactment impermissibly divested 

the retired councilman of his vested right to benefits. Here, the appellate court 

specifically pointed to its finding in Singletary that when an employer promises a 

benefit to employees, and employees accept that offer, or benefit, by their actions 

 

2 The court of appeal relied upon the reasoning in Fishbein v. State ex rel. Louisiana State 

University Health Sciences Center, 04-2482 (La. 4/12/05), 898 So.2d 1260, 1269 (holding the 

liberative prescription of three years for action to recover compensation for services rendered 

applied to physician‟s claims that her supplemental salary she earned was part of her average 

earnable compensation upon which her retirement benefits were calculated; three-year 

prescriptive period commenced to run the first month the university paid the physician 

supplemental salary and failed to remit its share of employer contributions to the Teachers 

Retirement System of Louisiana based on her supplemental salary).
6 

in meeting the conditions, the result is not a mere gratuity or illusory promise but a 

vested right in the employee to the promised benefit. Singletary, supra, at 1089-

90, citing Knecht v. Board of Trustees for State Colleges and Universities and 

Northwestern State University, 591 So.2d 690, 695 (La. 1991).3

 Consequently, the

court of appeal found the plan document to be a contract between the City and 

plaintiff, which, although reserving a right to the City to “terminate, suspend, 

discontinue or amend the Plan,” the court concluded was not being terminated, 

suspended, or discontinued by the City.4 Rather, the court found, the City is 

attempting to remove plaintiff from the City plan that covers its employees and 

requiring him to enroll in a wholly different plan. The appellate court concluded 

the plaintiff, having met all necessary conditions at the time of his retirement to 

participate in the City plan, maintains the right to continue to participate in the 

plan. 

Following the court of appeal‟s denial of rehearing, the City of Slidell timely 

applied for writs, and this court subsequently granted. Born v. City of Slidell, 

2015-C-0136 (La. 4/24/15), 168 So.3d 406. 

LAW AND DISCUSSION 

 In its brief to this court, the City argues that the court of appeal erred in not 

finding the plaintiff‟s claim to be prescribed, and in finding the City was not 

terminating, suspending, discontinuing or amending the Employee Medical Plan. 

The City‟s prescription argument mirrors its assertions in the courts below, in that 

the City believes plaintiff‟s claim against it for modification of his retirement 

 

3 The city of Slidell argued below that Singletary is not controlling because it did not address the 

“Plan Document and Summary Plan Description for City of Slidell Medical Plan,” which the 

City acknowledges it failed to bring to the appellate court‟s attention in Singletary. 

4

 The plan document was submitted into evidence, and indicates on the first page of the plan that 

“[t]he employer fully intends to maintain this Plan indefinitely. However, it reserves the right to 

terminate, suspend, discontinue, or amend the Plan at any time and for any reason.” 
7 

benefit became exigible when Ordinance 3493 became effective on August 26, 

2008, shortly after plaintiff‟s retirement. According to the City, such a claim for 

deferred compensation is subject to a three-year prescriptive period under La. C.C. 

art. 3495. The City also relies on Ledoux v. City of Baton Rouge, 99-2061 (La. 

2/29/00), 755 So.2d 877, wherein this court reinstated a trial court‟s denial of 

prescription in a suit for payment for compensatory leave earned prior to the 

employee‟s retirement, and found that since plaintiff was retired, “a claim for 

payment for compensatory leave did not become exigible until [plaintiff] retired.” 

Id. at 880. The City further points to the Ledoux court‟s statement, citing comment 

(b) to La. C.C. art. 3495, that “[o]n principle, liberative prescription commences to 

run from the day a cause of action arises and its judicial enforcement is possible.” 

Id. at 879. As such, the City asserts, because plaintiff filed suit in this instance on 

July 25, 2013, almost five years after the enactment of Ordinance 3493, or five 

years after the date the City alleges plaintiff‟s action became exigible, his suit is 

prescribed. 

 The City avers that through its modification of delivery of health benefits it 

continues to satisfy its obligation to its employees, which also includes the 

responsibility to manage the public money it controls. Moreover, the City asserts 

the court of appeal specifically acknowledged its right to “terminate, suspend, 

discontinue or amend the plan,” yet the court curiously found it was doing none of 

those things, despite the court‟s discussion of the “amended . . . . Plan document.” 

Dean Born v. City of Slidell, 2014-CA-0264 (La. App 1 Cir. 10/29/14), 157 So.3d 

726, 731-2, reh’g denied, 12/22/2014. The City, in modifying the delivery of 

benefits for Medicare eligible retirees, was consistent with its agreements with 

plaintiff, and was continuing its efforts to be a good steward of public funds. 

 In contrast, plaintiff Born asserts §21-21 was a contract between him and the 

City, which states by its clear language that if plaintiff elected to participate in the 
8 

City plan when he retired, he was entitled to do so for the rest of his life. That 

contractual obligation limits the City‟s ability to amend the City plan in a way that 

would take away a retiree‟s vested rights. Furthermore, retroactive application of 

Ordinance 3493 strips plaintiff of the vested rights that he acquired at the time he 

retired on August 1, 2008. Concerning the City‟s prescription argument, plaintiff 

avers that the City incorrectly, and without any statutory or jurisprudential support, 

asserts that prescription began to run on Mr. Born‟s claims on August 26, 2008, the 

date of the enactment of Ordinance No. 3493. Plaintiff avers that this argument 

ignores the simple premise that the three year liberative prescriptive period 

applicable here begins to run on the date that payment is “exigible.” Under these 

facts, according to plaintiff, prescription began to run when plaintiff was removed 

from the City plan at the age of sixty-five, which is the point at which the City 

failed to do what it was obligated to do (provide retirement benefits). Prescription 

could not have begun to accrue prior to that failure. In this instance, contrary to 

the City‟s argument, plaintiff did not sit on his rights for five years, but acted 

immediately upon notification that termination of his coverage was imminent. 

Prescription 

 This court has consistently held that the prescriptive period applicable to an 

action is determined by the character of the action disclosed in the pleadings. 

Fishbein v. State of La. through Louisiana State University Health Sciences 

Center, 04-C-2482 (La. 4/12/05), 898 So.2d 1260, 1265, citing Starns v. Emmons, 

538 So.2d 275, 277 (La. 1989). As discussed above, plaintiff in the instant matter 

seeks a declaration of his right to continue his participation in the City of Slidell‟s 

retirement plan. Historically speaking, this court, as well as other jurisdictions, has 

found that retirement and pension benefits are a form of deferred compensation. 

Andrepont v. Lake Charles Harbor & Terminal Dist., 602 So.2d 704, 708 (citing 

Hare v. Hodgins, 586 So.2d 118, 122 (La.1991) (partition of community property); 
9 

Robert C.S. v. Barbara J.S., 434 A.2d 383 (Del.1981) (divorce); T.L. James & Co., 

Inc. v. Montgomery, 332 So.2d 834, 851 (La.1976) (succession); Taylor v. 

Multnomah County Deputy Sheriff's Retirement Bd., 265 Or. 445, 510 P.2d 339 

(1973) (deputy sheriff's participation in retirement plan); Hanson v. City of Idaho 

Falls, 92 Idaho 512, 446 P.2d 634 (1968) (policemen's retirement fund)). We do 

not intend to deviate from that finding, and in fact, reiterate the conclusion that 

retirement benefits are a form of deferred compensation. 

 In light of this established principle, we turn to La. C.C. art. 3494, which 

sets forth those actions subject to a three-year liberative prescriptive period: 

(1)An action for the recovery of compensation for services rendered, 

including payment of salaries, wages, commissions, tuition fees, 

professional fees, and fees and emoluments of public officials. . . . 

Having previously established that retirement benefits are considered a form of 

deferred compensation for services rendered, under the plain terms of art. 3494, we 

find plaintiff‟s claim to remain eligible for certain retirement benefits provided by 

the City of Slidell fits squarely under the three year period provided therein. 

 The next step in our analysis necessitates a determination of when the 

applicable prescriptive period began. La. C.C. art. 3495 sets forth the 

commencement for the three year prescriptive period prescribed in art. 3494: 

This prescription commences to run from the day payment is exigible. 

It accrues as to past due payments even if there is a continuation of 

labor, supplies, or other services. 

We also find comment (b) to article 3495 instructive: 

(b) On principle, liberative prescription commences to run from the 

day a cause of action arises and its judicial enforcement is possible. 

See 2 M. Planiol, Traité élémentaire de droit civil 3 Pt. 2, at 358 

(Louisiana State Law Institute trans. 1959): 

Liberative prescription begins to run as soon as the action accrues, or, 

as Pothier said “the day on which the creditor could institute his 

demand.” It cannot commence sooner, because the time given for 

prescription should be a time during which the action can be 

exercised, and one cannot reproach the creditor for not having acted at 

a time when he did not have the right to do so. Otherwise, it could 
10

happen that the right would be lost before it could be exercised, which 

would be as unjust as absurd (Cass.Civ., 11 Dec. 1918, D. 1923.1.96, 

P. and S. 1921.1.161). 

The City asserts plaintiff‟s claim was prescribed at the time his suit was filed, 

arguing that plaintiff‟s right against the City for modification of his retirement 

benefit was exigible when Ordinance 3493 became effective shortly before 

plaintiff‟s retirement in 2008. The City therefore argues plaintiff‟s suit was 

prescribed when he filed it in 2013. We decline to adopt the City‟s argument in 

this regard and find its reliance on Ledoux, supra, misplaced. In Ledoux, this 

court, in finding an airport employee‟s claim for unpaid compensatory time was 

not prescribed, stated the employee‟s claim was subject to the three year 

prescriptive period set forth in La. C.C. art. 3494. Furthermore, the Ledoux court 

reasoned that the running of prescription on plaintiff‟s claim did not begin to run 

until the plaintiff could “act on his claim for payment thereof.” Ledoux, supra, at 

880. The compensatory time payment policy governing plaintiff‟s employment 

was changed well before he retired, where the policy prohibited plaintiff from 

using or being paid for his accrued compensatory time until he retired or was 

terminated. Therefore, plaintiff could not act on his claim for payment until he 

retired or was terminated, and the filing of his suit shortly after his retirement was 

timely. 

 We find the court of appeal below correctly determined that plaintiff‟s claim 

was not exigible until the plaintiff turned sixty-five and the City attempted to 

remove him from the City plan. Indeed, had plaintiff attempted to enforce his right 

to remain on the City plan prior to his sixty-fifth birthday, his claim likely would 

have been dismissed as premature under La. C.C.P. art. 423: 

An obligation implies a right to enforce it which may or may not 

accrue immediately upon the creation of an obligation. When the 

obligation allows a term for its performance, the right to enforce it 

does not accrue until the term has elapsed. If the obligation depends 
11

upon a suspensive condition, the right to enforce it does not accrue 

until the occurrence of performance of that condition. 

When an action is brought on an obligation before the right to enforce 

it has accrued, the action shall be dismissed as premature . . . . 

Plaintiff‟s claim demanding coverage after his sixty-fifth birthday, in accordance 

with his contract with the City to continue providing retirement benefits as 

originally promised, became exigible upon his sixty-fifth birthday. Thus, his suit 

filed shortly after he turned sixty-five was timely filed and in no way prescribed. 

We find this assignment of error to be without merit. 

The Retirement Plan

 We must now examine whether the court of appeal, in relying upon its 

previous decision in Singletary v. City of Slidell, 11-1538 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/18/12), 

97 So.2d 1087, writ not considered, 12-2068 (La. 11/16/12), 102 So.3d 28, 

correctly determined that the City did not terminate, discontinue, or amend the 

plan, and therefore, whether its attempt to remove plaintiff from the plan and 

require him to enroll in a different plan was appropriate. 

“A contract is an agreement by two or more parties whereby obligations are 

created, modified, or extinguished, and is formed by the „consent of the parties 

established through offer and acceptance.‟” La. C.C. art. 1906 and 1927. Article 

1927 further provides: 

. . . . Unless the law prescribes a certain formality for the intended 

contract, offer and acceptance may be made orally, in writing, or by 

action or inaction that under the circumstances is clearly indicative of 

consent. 

Unless otherwise specified in the offer, there need not be conformity 

between the manner in which the offer is made and the manner in 

which the acceptance is made. 

As this court has stated, “when an employer promises a benefit to employees, and 

employees accept by their actions in meeting the conditions, the result is not a 

mere gratuity or illusory promise but a vested right in the employee to the 
12

promised benefit.” Knecht v. Board of Trustees for State Colleges and Universities 

and Northwestern State University, 591 So.2d 690, 685 (La. 12/2/91), citing T.L. 

James & Co. v. Montgomery, 332 So.2d 834 (La.1976).5 See also, Singletary, 

supra. The City of Slidell offers to its retirees participation in the City‟s health 

plan if they meet certain requirements as provided under §21-21(b)(1) of the Code 

of Ordinances of the City of Slidell. As noted above, those conditions require a 

city employee to i.) separate from city service after a minimum of ten years of 

service; ii.) within 18 months after such separation, receive retirement benefits 

under any retirement plan authorized by the city; iii.) participate in the city‟s health 

insurance plan for a minimum of 12 months immediately prior to such separation; 

and iv.) participate in the city‟s health insurance plan from the time of separation to 

the time retirement benefits are received. 

 In the joint stipulation of facts submitted to the trial court in this matter, the 

parties stipulated that: i.) plaintiff was employed by the City of Slidell for twentyfour (24) years, and thus, had more than ten years of service with the City; ii.)

plaintiff began drawing retirement benefits from the City on August 1, 2008, and 

hence, within 18 months after his retirement, he received retirement benefits under 

the retirement plan authorized by the City of Slidell; iii.) plaintiff and his family 

participated in the City‟s health insurance plan for more than twelve (12) months 

immediately prior to plaintiff‟s retirement on August 1, 2008; and iv.) plaintiff 

participated in the City‟s health insurance plan from the time of his retirement on 

August 1, 2008, to the date he began receiving retirement benefits on August 1, 

 

5 Many other jurisdictions have found similarly: Hoffman La–Roche v. Hugh Campbell, 512 

So.2d 725 (Ala.1987); Gesina v. General Electric Corp., 780 P.2d 1376 (Ariz.Ct.App.1989); 

Sterling Drug Inc. v. Oxford, 294 Ark. 239, 743 S.W.2d 380 (1988); Libby v. Calais Regional 

Hospital, 554 A.2d 1181 (Me.1989); Toussaint v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 

Mich. 579, 292 N.W.2d 880, 893 (1980); Southwest Gas Corp. v. Ahmad, 99 Nev. 594, 668 P.2d 

261 (1983); Gilman v. County of Cheshire, 126 N.H. 445, 493 A.2d 485 (1985); Cantor v. 

Berkshire Life Insurance Co., 171 Ohio St. 405, 171 N.E.2d 518 (1960); Bellomini v. State 

Employees' Retirement Board of Pa., 498 Pa. 204, 445 A.2d 737 (1982); Textile Workers Union 

of America, Local # 513 v. Brookside Mills, 203 Tenn. 71, 309 S.W.2d 371 (1957); Ferraro v. 

Hyatt Corp., 124 Wis.2d 154, 368 N.W.2d 666 (1985). 
13

2008. Based upon these stipulated facts, this court finds, in accord with the 

decisions of the lower courts, that plaintiff met the conditions provided for in §21-

21(b)(1) of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Slidell, the provision in effect at 

the time of plaintiff‟s retirement. Through his acceptance and compliance with 

those conditions offered by the City of Slidell, plaintiff and the City entered into a 

contract, which is not a “mere gratuity or illusory promise” but resulted in 

plaintiff‟s vested right to the promised benefit, his participation in the City‟s health 

plan as originally chosen. See, Knecht, supra, at 695. Through the enactment and 

retroactive application of City Ordinance 3493, the City of Slidell is 

inappropriately attempting to move plaintiff from his promised retirement plan to a 

plan that requires him (“shall apply”) to select Medicare Coverage.

 Regarding the application of Ordinance 3493 to this plaintiff, a court 

interprets a municipal or City ordinance using the same guidelines as those used in 

construing a statute. Fransen v. City of New Orleans, et al., 08-CA-76, 08-CA0087 (La. 7/1/08), 988 So.2d 225, reh’g denied, 8/29/08. In this same vein, to 

determine whether statutes or laws may be applied retroactively, we are guided by 

La. C.C. art. 6, which provides: 

In the absence of contrary legislative expression, substantive laws 

apply prospectively only. Procedural and interpretive laws apply both 

prospectively and retroactively, unless there is legislative expression 

to the contrary. 

Segura v. Frank, 630 So.2d 714, 720-1 (La. 1/14/94). 

This court has also explained that La. C.C. art. 6 requires the court to engage in a 

two-fold inquiry. “First, we must ascertain whether in the enactment the 

legislature expressed its intent regarding retrospective or prospective application. 

If the legislature did so, our inquiry is at an end. If the legislature did not, we must 

classify the enactment as substantive, procedural or interpretive.” Cole v. Celotex 

Corp., 599 So.2d 1058, 1063 (La. 1992). This court has further stated many times: 
14

. . . . the principle contained in La. C.C. art. 6 has constitutional 

implications under the due process and contract clauses of both the 

United States and Louisiana Constitutions. Thus, even where the 

legislature has expressed its intent to give a substantive law 

retroactive effect, the law may not be applied retroactively if it would 

impair contractual obligations or disturb vested rights.6 

 In this matter, in order to determine whether Ordinance 3493 is substantive, 

procedural, or interpretive, we are also guided by well-settled principles enunciated 

by this court: 

Substantive laws establish new rules, rights, and duties or change 

existing ones. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Smith, 609 So.2d 

809, 817 (La.1992); Ardoin v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 360 So.2d 

1331, 1339 (La.1978). Procedural laws prescribe a method for 

enforcing a substantive right and relate to the form of the proceeding 

or the operation of the laws. Graham v. Sequoya Corp., 478 So.2d 

1223, 1226 (La.1985); Terrebonne v. South Lafourche Tidal Control 

Levee Dist., 445 So.2d 1221, 1224 (La.1984). Interpretive laws 

merely establish the meaning the interpreted statute had from the time 

of its enactment. St. Paul Fire & Marine, 609 So.2d at 817; Ardoin, 

360 So.2d at 1339. 

Segura, supra, at 723. 

A plain reading of Ordinance 3493 as it applies in this instance reveals that through 

its enactment, the City of Slidell created a mandate that city retirees who reach the 

age of sixty-five must apply for Medicare coverage Parts A and B, and will be 

removed from the City‟s retirement health plan. This is clearly a substantive law, 

and as such, a retroactive application of this Ordinance, as the City urges this court 

to enforce, would substantially impair the contractual obligations secured through 

plaintiff‟s retirement with the city prior to the enactment of the Ordinance. La. 

C.C. art. 6. Stated differently, plaintiff retired on August 1, 2008, with the 

understanding the City was obligated to provide the retirement benefits under §21-

21(b)(1) of the Code of Ordinances of the City, as promised to him at the time of 

 

6

Segura, supra, at 721, citing See St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Smith, 609 So.2d 809, 816 

n. 11 (La.1992); Board of Comm'rs v. Dept. of Natural Resources, 496 So.2d 281, 291 

(La.1986); Cahn v. Cahn, 468 So.2d 1176, 1181 (La.1985); Graham v. Sequoya Corp., 478 

So.2d 1223, 1226 (La.1985); Terrebonne v. South Lafourche Tidal Control Levee Dist., 445 

So.2d 1221, 1224 (La.1984); Block v. Reliance Ins. Co., 433 So.2d 1040, 1044 (La.1983); Lott v. 

Haley, 370 So.2d 521, 523 (La.1979); Burmaster v. Gravity Drainage Dist. No. 2, 366 So.2d 

1381, 1387 (La.1978). 
15

his retirement. To retroactively apply to plaintiff an Ordinance that substantively 

changed §21-21(b)(1) three weeks after his retirement is to improperly divest 

plaintiff of a vested right in the benefit originally promised to him. As a result, we 

find the court of appeal was correct in its determination that plaintiff is entitled to 

remain on the City‟s retirement health plan, and the City therefore cannot remove 

him from his originally chosen retirement plan. 

 As also noted by the appellate court below, we are cognizant of the fact that 

the plan document reserves to the City “the right to terminate, suspend, 

discontinue, or amend the Plan at any time and for any reason.” The plaintiff 

worked for the City of Slidell for twenty-four (24) years with the understanding 

that his participation in the retirement plan was a promised benefit he would 

receive at the end of his lengthy employment with the City. We agree with the 

appellate court‟s statement that Ordinance 3493 was not a mere amendment as 

contemplated by the aforementioned reservation of rights. Its application to 

plaintiff in this instance completely removes him from the plan originally promised 

to him through his contract with the City of Slidell for retirement benefits, thereby 

divesting him of his right to continue participation in the plan.7

 

7 As discussed above, the First Circuit in Singletary v. City of Slidell, 2011-CA-1538 (La.App. 1 

Citr. 6/8/12), 97 So.3d 1087, reh’g denied, 8/15/12; writ not considered; not timely filed, 2012-

C-2068 (La. 11/16/12), 102 So. 3d 28, examined this exact Ordinance 3493, and its application 

to the plaintiff in that matter, Alvin Singletary, who retired in September, 2002, on his 60th

birthday. In accordance with §21-21, Mr. Singletary elected to continue to participate in the 

City‟s health insurance plan. After the City enacted Ordinance 3493 on August 26, 2008, it sent 

a letter to all retirees in October, 2008, informing them they will be requiring them to move to 

Medicare coverage. Plaintiff filed a petition for declaratory judgment, seeking judgment that the 

Ordinance did not apply to him. The court of appeal ultimately found in his favor, finding that 

the amended ordinance was in violation of the federally recognized right of beneficiaries to 

freely decide the type of Medicare coverage desired by them, and it represented a material 

modification of the terms of the parties‟ agreement, as contained in §21-21. As such, applying 

Ordinance No. 3492 retroactively impermissibly divests Singletary of his vested right to benefits. 

The Singletary court did not address the reservation of rights clause in the plan, because, 

as the City acknowledges in the instant proceedings (and mentioned above), it failed to bring the 

plan language to the court‟s attention in Singletary. 
16

CONCLUSION 

After twenty-four years of service with the City of Slidell, Mr. Born retired 

on August 1, 2008, and having met the necessary requirements, he elected to 

continue his health insurance coverage under §21-21(b)(1) of the Code of 

Ordinances of the City in accordance with his agreement with the City. Not only 

do we find plaintiff‟s suit was not prescribed, we further conclude that Ordinance 

3493 cannot be retroactively applied to plaintiff in this instance, as such an 

application serves to divest the plaintiff of his vested right in the benefits which he 

was owed under his contract with the City of Slidell. 

AFFIRMED.
1 

10/14/15 

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA 

No. 2015-C-0136 

DEAN BORN 

VERSUS 

CITY OF SLIDELL 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL 

FIRST CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ST. TAMMANY 

GUIDRY, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, and assigns reasons.

While I agree with the majority’s finding that plaintiff’s suit was not 

prescribed, I disagree with its conclusion the City of Slidell’s reservation of rights 

in the Plan Document was ineffectual as to plaintiff’s claim that he had a vested 

right to continue indefinitely under the same terms the City Plan had at the time he 

retired. 

 The Plan Document at the time plaintiff retired required retired city 

employees to meet the qualifications “as defined in City Ordinance, Section 21-

21.” The ordinance was later amended to require retired employees who attain the 

age of 65 to apply for Medicare Coverage Parts A and B, with the provision the 

City would provide Medicare Advantage coverage at no cost to the retiree. 

Because the Plan Document clearly reserves to the City the right “to terminate, 

suspend, discontinue or amend the Plan at any time and for any reason,” I see no 

impediment to the City’s decision to revise the plan’s eligibility requirements per 

the referenced ordinance rather than per amendment of the Plan Document. The 

Plan Document specifically allows the city to change the Plan as follows: 

“Changes in the Plan may occur in any or all parts of the Plan, including benefit 

coverage, deductibles, co-payments, exclusions, limitations, definitions, eligibility 
2 

and the like.” Here, the City’s Plan Document, which all parties agree was the 

contract between them, specifically referenced Ordinance Section 21-21 and 

permitted the City to change the plan at any time. That the City utilized an 

amendment to the ordinance governing eligibility referenced in the Plan, rather 

than amend the Plan Document itself, seems to me to be of no moment. Nothing in 

the Plan Document precluded the City from amending the ordinance to accomplish 

the changes it sought to make in the Plan. 

 Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s reasoning that 

amendment of the ordinance providing for eligibility, which ordinance was 

specifically referenced in the Plan Document and incorporated therein, was not a 

proper manner for the City to exercise its right to revise eligibility requirements.