MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-10-00786-CR

Salvador Jose DE LA CRUZ,

Appellant

v.

The STATE of Texas,

Appellee

From the 186th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2010-CR-0481

Honorable Maria Teresa Herr, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: September 14, 2011

AFFIRMED

Salvador Jose De la Cruz appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery, contending the 

trial court failed to admonish him regarding the immigration consequences of his plea of nolo 

contendere as statutorily required by article 26.13(a)(4). See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

26.13(a)(4) (West Supp. 2010). Although the trial court erred by omitting the required 

admonishment, we conclude the error was harmless because the record shows that De la Cruz is 

a non-removable United States citizen. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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FACTS

In August 2009, De la Cruz pled no contest to robbing Jonathan Rodriguez and John 

Rodriguez on May 7, 2009 in cause numbers 2009-CR-6990-W and 2009-CR-6991-W, and was 

placed on deferred adjudication community supervision for four years in each case, concurrently. 

De la Cruz had been on deferred adjudication for only a few months when he was charged with a 

new offense, the aggravated robbery of Angel Rivas which was alleged to have occurred on 

October 25, 2009. The State filed a motion to revoke and adjudicate guilt in the two robbery 

cases based on the new aggravated robbery charge and other alleged violations by De la Cruz of 

the conditions of his community supervision.

On September 21, 2010, the trial court empanelled a jury and began the proceedings in 

the aggravated robbery case and the pending motions to revoke in the two robbery cases. 

Outside the jury’s presence, the court first received De la Cruz’s pleas of “true” to violating 

Condition No. 1 of his community supervision by committing a new offense of aggravated 

robbery, violating Condition No. 11 by failing to pay the fines and court costs due, violating 

Condition No. 20 by failing to complete his community service hours, and violating Condition 

No. 36 by failing to provide proof of the drug offender education program; the court stated it was 

accepting the pleas and carrying the motions to revoke and adjudicate guilt in the two robbery 

cases with the aggravated robbery case. When the aggravated robbery indictment was read 

before the jury, De la Cruz surprised the court by entering a plea of “nolo contendere” instead of 

“not guilty.” The trial court noted it did not have the admonishments before it, but proceeded to 

admonish De la Cruz about his rights and the consequences of his plea from memory. It is 

undisputed that the court failed to admonish De la Cruz of the possible immigration 

consequences of his plea. Based on De la Cruz’s plea of no contest, the trial court then directed 
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the jury to return a verdict finding him guilty of aggravated robbery, which it did. The court then 

proceeded with the punishment phase of trial. After hearing the punishment evidence, the jury 

returned its verdict in the aggravated robbery case, making an affirmative deadly weapon finding 

and recommending a sentence of 40 years of imprisonment; the court imposed the 40-year 

sentence recommended by the jury. In addition, the trial court found the alleged violations of 

community supervision in the two robbery cases to be “true,” revoked De la Cruz’s community 

supervision, adjudicated him “guilty” of the two robbery offenses, and assessed a punishment of 

15 years of confinement in each robbery case, to be served concurrently. The trial court also 

ordered the 40-year and 15-year sentences to run concurrently. De la Cruz now appeals. 

DISCUSSION

In one issue on appeal, De la Cruz argues the trial court erred in failing to admonish him 

of the deportation consequences of his plea of no contest to the aggravated robbery charge. 

Article 26.13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the trial court to admonish a defendant, 

prior to accepting his plea of guilty or nolo contendere, about the range of punishment for the 

offense, the potential effects of the plea and any plea-bargain agreement, and the sex-offenderregistration requirements, if applicable to the offense. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

26.13(a)(1)-(3), (5) (West Supp. 2010). The court must also admonish the defendant of “the fact 

that if the defendant is not a citizen of the United States of America, a plea of guilty or nolo 

contendere for the offense charged may result in deportation, the exclusion from admission to 

this country, or the denial of naturalization under federal law.” Id. (a)(4) (West Supp. 2010). 

A nonconstitutional violation of article 26.13 is subject to a harm analysis under Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 44.2(b). TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); VanNortrick v. State, 227 S.W.3d 706, 

708 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Kelley v. State, 237 S.W.3d 906, 908 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 
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Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d). The essential question in determining harm is, “[C]onsidering the record 

as a whole, do we have a fair assurance that the defendant’s decision to plead guilty would not 

have changed had the court admonished him?” Anderson v. State, 182 S.W.3d 914, 919 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006). When the record shows a defendant to be a United States citizen, however, 

the trial court’s failure to admonish him on the immigration consequences of his plea is harmless 

error. VanNortrick, 227 S.W.3d at 709. “This is so because such a defendant is not subject to 

deportation, the threat of which could not have influenced that defendant’s decision to plead 

guilty.” Id. 

De la Cruz contends he was harmed by the trial court’s failure to admonish him on the 

deportation consequences of his plea because the record in this case is silent regarding his 

citizenship status. We disagree. After De la Cruz’s brief was filed, the State requested that a 

supplemental clerk’s record be filed with this Court containing the bond paperwork from the two 

robbery cases. The record contains personal bond affidavits filed in cause numbers 2009-CR6990-W and 2009-CR-6991-W and sworn to by De la Cruz that state he was born on August 7, 

1991 in the city of “SA TX.” “SA TX” is a common abbreviation for San Antonio, Texas. The 

affidavit further states that De la Cruz currently resides in Converse, Texas, and that his nearest 

residing relative lives in “San Antonio, TX.” The record reflects that the bond paperwork from 

the two robbery cases was before the trial court when it conducted the aggravated robbery trial 

and ruled on the motions to revoke and adjudicate guilt in the two robbery cases. Thus, the 

record reveals that De la Cruz was born in San Antonio, Texas, making him a non-removable 

United States citizen. Because the record shows De la Cruz is a United States citizen, we 

conclude the trial court’s error in failing to give the deportation admonishment required under 

article 26.13(a)(4) was harmless. See id.; see also Gist v. State, No. 07-08-0030-CR, 2009 WL 
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3320203, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct. 14, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication) (holding that appellant’s bond paperwork contained in supplemental record which 

showed that appellant was born in Arkansas permitted inference that appellant was United States 

citizen, and thus error in failing to admonish appellant pursuant to article 26.13 was harmless). 

Accordingly, we overrule De la Cruz’s sole issue on appeal and affirm the judgment of the trial 

court.

Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH