Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant



 Exhibit 4.1 
  

Adopted March 12, 1998 
  
 CURAGEN CORPORATION 
  
 AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS 
  
 ARTICLE I - STOCKHOLDERS 
  
 Section 1. Annual Meeting. 
  
 An annual meeting of the stockholders, for the election of directors to succeed those whose terms expire and for the transaction of such other business as
may properly come before the meeting, shall be held at such place, on such date, and at such time as the Board of Directors shall fix each year. 
  
 Section 2. Special Meetings. 
  
 Subject to the rights of the holders of any class or series of preferred stock of the Corporation, special meetings of stockholders of the Corporation may
be called only by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of directors authorized. Special meetings of the stockholders may be held at such place within or without the State of Delaware as may be
stated in such resolution. 
  
 Section 3. Notice of
Meetings. 
  
 Written notice of the place, date, and time of
all meetings of the stockholders shall be given, not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date on which the meeting is to be held, to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting, except as otherwise provided
herein or required by law (meaning, here and hereinafter, as required from time to time by the Delaware General Corporation Law or the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended and restated from time to time). 
  
 When a meeting is adjourned to another place, date or time, written notice
need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the place, date and time thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken; provided, however, that if the date of any adjourned meeting is more than thirty (30) days after the
date for which the meeting was originally noticed, or if a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, written notice of the place, date, and time of the adjourned meeting shall be given in conformity herewith. At any adjourned meeting, any
business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the original meeting. 
  
 Section 4. Quorum. 
  
 At any meeting of the stockholders, the holders of a majority of all of the shares of the stock entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for all 

  

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purposes, unless or except to the extent that the presence of a larger number may be required by law. Where a separate vote by a class or classes is
required, a majority of the shares of such class or classes present in person or represented by proxy shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter. 
  
 If a quorum shall fail to attend any meeting, the chairman of the meeting or
the holders of a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote who are present, in person or by proxy, may adjourn the meeting to another place, date, or time. 
  
 Section 5. Organization. 
  
 The Chairman of the Board of Directors or, in his or her absence, such person as the Board of Directors may have designated
or, in his or her absence, the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation or, in his or her absence, the President or, in his or her absence such person as may be chosen by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote who are present, in
person or by proxy, shall call to order any meeting of the stockholders and act as chairman of the meeting. In the absence of the Secretary of the Corporation, the By-Laws of the meeting shall be such person as the chairman of the meeting appoints.

  
 Section 6. Conduct of Business. 
  
 The Chairman of the Board of Directors or his or her designee or, if neither
the Chairman of the Board nor his or her designee is present at the meeting, then a person appointed by a majority of the Board of Directors, shall preside at, and act as chairman of, any meeting of the stockholders. The chairman of any meeting of
stockholders shall determine the order of business and the procedures at the meeting, including such regulation of the manner of voting and the conduct of discussion as he or she deems to be appropriate. 
  
 Section 7. Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations.

  
 A. Annual Meetings of Stockholders. 
  
 Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors and the
proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders (a) pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting, (b) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (c) by any
stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section. 
  
 B. Special Meetings of Stockholders. 
  
 Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders
as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the notice of meeting given pursuant to Section 2 above. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special 

  

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meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected (a) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (b) provided that the Board of
Directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice of the special meeting, who shall be entitled to vote at the meeting and
who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section. 
  
 C. Certain Matters Pertaining to Stockholder Business and Nominations. 
  
 (1) For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (c) of
paragraph A of this Section or a special meeting pursuant to paragraph B of this Section, the stockholder must have (i) given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation, (ii) in the case of other business to be
brought before an annual meeting, such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for stockholder action and (iii) if the stockholder, or the beneficial owner on whose behalf any such proposal or nomination is made, has provided the
Corporation with a Solicitation Notice, as that term is defined below in this paragraph (C)(1), such stockholder or beneficial owner must, in the case of a proposal, have delivered a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of at least the
percentage of the Corporation’s voting shares required under applicable law to carry any such proposal, or in the case of a nomination or nominations, have delivered a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of at least a percentage of the
Corporation’s voting shares reasonably believed by such stockholder or beneficial owner to be sufficient to elect the nominee or nominees proposed to be nominated by such stockholder, and must, in either case, have included in such materials
the Solicitation Notice and (iv) if no Solicitation Notice relating thereto has been timely provided pursuant to this section, the stockholder or beneficial holder proposing such business or nomination must not have solicited a number of
proxies sufficient to have required the delivery of such a Solicitation Notice under this section. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice pertaining to an annual meeting shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of
the Corporation not later than the close of business on the forty-fifth (45th) day nor earlier than the close of business on the seventy-fifth (75th) day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s mailing date for
stockholder proxy materials; provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than thirty (30) days before or more than sixty (60) days after the date of the annual meeting in the preceding
year; or if an annual meeting was not held in the preceding year, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered by the later of the close of business on the ninetieth (90) day prior to the date of such annual meeting or the close
of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the Corporation. Such stockholder’s notice for an annual meeting or a special meeting shall set forth
(a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director, all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors, or is
otherwise required, in each case, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) (including such person’s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to
serving as a director if elected); (b) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at
the meeting and any material interest in such business of 

  

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such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made; and (c) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the
beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, (ii) the class and number of shares of the Corporation that are
owned beneficially and held of record by such stockholder and such beneficial owner and (iii) whether either such stockholder or the beneficial owner intends to deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of, in the case of a
proposal, at least the percentage of the Corporation’s voting shares required under applicable law to carry the proposal or, in the case of a nomination or nominations, a sufficient number of holders of the Corporation’s voting shares to
elect such nominee or nominees (an affirmative statement of such intent, a “Solicitation Notice”). A stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act (or any successor provision), and the rules and
regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in these By-Laws. Nothing in this Section 7(C)(1) shall be deemed to affect any rights of the stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement
pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. 
  
 (2) Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of paragraph C (1) of this Section to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is no
public announcement by the Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors at least fifty-five (55) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s mailing date for
stockholder proxy materials (or, if the annual meeting is held more than thirty (30) days before or sixty (60) days after the date of the annual meeting in the preceding year, at least one hundred (100) days prior to such annual
meeting), a stockholder’s notice required by this Section shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall have been delivered to the Secretary at the principal
executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation. 
  
 (3) In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of
stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be), for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation’s notice of
meeting, if the stockholder’s notice required by paragraph C(1) of this Section shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such special
meeting nor later than the close of business on the later of the sixtieth (60th) day prior to such special meeting, or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and
of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. 
  
 D. General. 
  
 (1) Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section shall be eligible to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted 

  

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at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section. Except as otherwise
provided by law or these By-Laws, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the
procedures set forth in this Section and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance herewith to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be disregarded. 
  
 (2) For purposes of this Section, “public announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release
reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

  
 Section 8. Proxies and Voting. 
  
 At any meeting of the stockholders, every stockholder entitled to vote may
vote in person or by proxy authorized by an instrument in writing or by a transmission permitted by law filed in accordance with the procedure established for the meeting. Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of the
writing or transmission created pursuant to this Section may be substituted or used in lieu of the original writing or transmission for any and all purposes for which the original writing or transmission could be used, provided that such copy,
facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing or transmission. 
  
 All voting, including on the election of directors but excepting where otherwise required by law, may be by voice vote. Any vote not taken by voice shall
be taken by ballots, each of which shall state the name of the stockholder or proxy voting and such other information as may be required under the procedure established for the meeting. The Corporation may, and to the extent required by law, shall,
in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting and make a written report thereof. The Corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act.
If no inspector or alternate is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the person presiding at the meeting may, and to the extent required by law, shall, appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Each inspector, before entering upon
the discharge of his duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability. 
  
 Except as otherwise provided in the terms of any class or series of Preferred Stock of the Corporation, all elections at any
meeting of stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast, and except as otherwise required by law, all other matters determined by stockholders at a meeting shall be determined by a majority of the votes cast affirmatively or
negatively. 
  

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 Section 9. Action Without Meeting. 
  
 Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the
Corporation may be effected only at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by written consent. 
  
 Section 10. Stock List. 
  
 A complete list of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders, arranged in alphabetical order for each class of stock and showing the
address of each such stockholder and the number of shares registered in his or her name, shall be open to the examination of any such stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours for a period of at least ten
(10) days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. 
  
 The stock list shall also be kept at the place of the meeting during the
whole time thereof and shall be open to the examination of any such stockholder who is present. Such list shall presumptively determine the identity of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and the number of shares held by each of them.

  

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 ARTICLE II - BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
  
 Section 1. General Powers, Number, Election, Tenure and Qualification. 
  
 A. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under
the direction of its Board of Directions. 
  
 B. Subject to the
rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors shall be fixed from time to time exclusively by the Board of Directors pursuant to a
resolution adopted by a majority of the Board. 
  
 C. On or prior
to the Effective Time, as defined in Article FOURTH of the Corporation’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors of the Corporation shall divide the directors into three classes, as nearly equal in number as reasonably
possible, with the term of office of the first class to expire at the annual meeting of stockholders or any special meeting in lieu thereof in 1999, the term of office of the second class to expire at the annual meeting of stockholders or any
special meeting in lieu thereof in 2000, and the term of office of the third class to expire at the annual meeting of stockholders or any special meeting in lieu thereof in 2001. At each annual meeting of stockholders or special meeting in lieu
thereof following such initial classification, directors elected to succeed those directors whose terms expire shall be elected for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting of stockholders or special meeting in lieu thereof
after their election and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. 
  
 Section 2. Vacancies and Newly Created Directorships. 
  
 Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the
authorized number of directors or any vacancies in the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office or other cause may be filled only by a majority vote of the directors then in office even
though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director. In the event of any increase or decrease in the authorized number of directors, (i) each director then serving as such shall nevertheless continue as a director of the class of which
he is a member until the expiration of his current term or his prior death, retirement, removal or resignation and (ii) the newly created or eliminated directorships resulting from such increase or decrease shall if reasonably possible be
apportioned by the Board of Directors among the three classes of directors so as to ensure that no one class has more than one director more than any other class. To the extent reasonably possible, consistent with the foregoing rule, any newly
created directorships shall be added to those classes whose terms of office are to expire at the latest dates following such allocation and newly eliminated directorships shall be subtracted from those classes whose terms of office are to expire at
the earliest dates following such allocation, unless otherwise provided for from time to time by resolution adopted by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum. In the event of a vacancy in the Board of Directors, the
remaining directors, except as otherwise provided by law, may exercise the powers of the full Board of Directors until the vacancy is filled. 
  

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 Section 3. Resignation and Removal. 
  
 Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the Corporation
at its principal place of business or to the Chief Executive Officer, President or Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless it is specified to be effective at some other time or upon the happening of some other event.
Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, any director, or the entire Board of Directors, may be removed from office at any time only for cause. A director may be removed for cause only after a
reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard before the body proposing to remove him. 
  
 Section 4. Regular Meetings. 
  
 Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held at such place or places, on such date or dates, and at such time or times as shall have been established by the Board of Directors and publicized among all
directors. A written notice of each regular meeting shall not be required. 
  
 Section 5. Special Meetings. 
  
 Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, if any, the President, the Treasurer, the Secretary or one or more of the directors then in office and shall be held
at such place, on such date, and at such time as they or he or she shall fix. Notice of the place, date, and time of each such special meeting shall be given to each director by whom it is not waived by mailing written notice not less than three
(3) days before the meeting or orally, by telegraph, telex, cable or telecopy given not less than twenty-four (24) hours before the meeting. Unless otherwise indicated in the notice thereof, any and all business may be transacted at a
special meeting. 
  
 Section 6. Quorum. 
  
 At any meeting of the Board of Directors, a majority of the total number of
members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for all purposes. If a quorum shall fail to attend any meeting, a majority of those present may adjourn the meeting to another place, date, or time, without further notice or waiver
thereof. 
  
 Section 7. Action by Consent. 

 
 Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these
By-Laws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing, and
the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or committee. 
  

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 Section 8. Participation in Meetings By Conference Telephone. 
  
 Members of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may
participate in a meeting of such Board or committee by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other and such participation shall constitute presence
in person at such meeting. 
  
 Section 9. Conduct of
Business. 
  
 At any meeting of the Board of Directors,
business shall be transacted in such order and manner as the Board may from time to time determine, and all matters shall be determined by the vote of a majority of the directors present, except as otherwise provided herein or required by law.

  
 Section 10. Powers. 
  
 The Board of Directors may, except as otherwise required by law, exercise
all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the unqualified power: 
  

	 	(1)	To declare dividends from time to time in accordance with law; 

  

	 	(2)	To purchase or otherwise acquire any property, rights or privileges on such terms as it shall determine; 

  

	 	(3)	To authorize the creation, making and issuance, in such form as it may determine, of written obligations of every kind, negotiable or non-negotiable, secured or unsecured, to borrow
funds and guarantee obligations, and to do all things necessary in connection therewith; 

  

	 	(4)	To remove any officer of the Corporation with or without cause, and from time to time to devolve the powers and duties of any officer upon any other person for the time being;


  

	 	(5)	To confer upon any officer of the Corporation the power to appoint, remove and suspend subordinate officers, employees and agents; 

  

	 	(6)	To adopt from time to time such stock, option, stock purchase, bonus or other compensation plans for directors, officers, employees and agents of the Corporation and its
subsidiaries as it may determine; 

  

	 	(7)	To adopt from time to time such insurance, retirement, and other benefit plans for directors, officers, employees and agents of the Corporation and its subsidiaries as it may
determine; and, 

  

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	 	(8)	To adopt from time to time regulations, not inconsistent with these By-Laws, for the management of the Corporation’s business and affairs. 

  
 Section 11. Compensation of Directors. 
  
 Directors, as such, may receive, pursuant to a resolution of the Board of
Directors, fixed fees and other compensation for their services as directors, including, without limitation, their services as members of committees of the Board of Directors. 
  

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 ARTICLE III - COMMITTEES 
  
 Section 1. Committees of the Board of Directors. 
  
 The Board of Directors, by a vote of a majority of the Board of Directors, may from time to time designate committees of the
Board, with such lawfully delegable powers and duties as it thereby confers, to serve at the pleasure of the Board and shall, for those committees and any others provided for herein, elect a director or directors to serve as the member or members,
designating, if it desires, other directors as alternate members who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors, shall have
and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such
committee shall have the power or authority in reference to amending the Certificate of Incorporation, adopting an agreement of merger or consolidation, recommending to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the
Corporation’s property and assets, recommending to the stockholders a dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of a dissolution, or amending the By-Laws of the Corporation. Any committee so designated may exercise the power and authority
of the Board of Directors to declare a dividend, to authorize the issuance of stock or to adopt a certificate of ownership and merger pursuant to Section 253 of the Delaware General Corporation Law if the resolution which designates the
committee or a supplemental resolution of the Board of Directors shall so provide. In the absence or disqualification of any member of any committee and any alternate member in his or her place, the member or members of the committee present at the
meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or she or they constitute a quorum, may by unanimous vote appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of the absent or disqualified member.

  
 Section 2. Conduct of Business. 
  
 Each committee may determine the procedural rules for meeting and conducting
its business and shall act in accordance therewith, except as otherwise provided herein or required by law. Adequate provision shall be made for notice to members of all meetings; one-third (1/3) of the members of any committee shall constitute
a quorum unless the committee shall consist of one (1) or two (2) members, in which event one (1) member shall constitute a quorum; and all matters shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. Action may be taken by
any committee without a meeting if all members thereof consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of the proceedings of such committee. 
  

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 ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS 
  
 Section 1. Enumeration. 
  
 The officers of the Corporation shall consist of a President, a Treasurer, a Secretary and such other officers as the Board
of Directors or the Chairman of the Board may determine, including, but not limited to, a Chairman of the Board of Directors, a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents, Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries. 
  
 Section 2. Election. 
  
 The Chairman of the Board, if any, the President, the Treasurer and the
Secretary shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors at their first meeting following the annual meeting of the stockholders. The Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board, if any, may, from time to time, elect or appoint such other
officers as it or he or she may determine, including, but not limited to, one or more Vice Presidents, Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries. 
  
 Section 3. Qualification. 
  
 No officer need be a stockholder. The Chairman of the Board, if any, and any Vice Chairman appointed to act in the absence of the Chairman, if any, shall
be elected by and from the Board of Directors, but no other officer need be a director. Two or more offices may be held by any one person. If required by vote of the Board of Directors, an officer shall give bond to the Corporation for the faithful
performance of his or her duties, in such form and amount and with such sureties as the Board of Directors may determine. The premiums for such bonds shall be paid by the Corporation. 
  
 Section 4. Tenure and Removal. 
  
 Each officer elected or appointed by the Board of Directors shall hold office until the first meeting of the Board of
Directors following the next annual meeting of the stockholders and until his or her successor is elected or appointed and qualified, or until he or she dies, resigns, is removed or becomes disqualified, unless a shorter term is specified in the
vote electing or appointing said officer. Each officer appointed by the Chairman of the Board, if any, shall hold office until his or her successor is elected or appointed and qualified, or until he or she dies, resigns, is removed or becomes
disqualified, unless a shorter term is specified by any agreement or other instrument appointing such officer. Any officer may resign by giving written notice of his or her resignation to the Chairman of the Board, if any, the President, or the
Secretary, or to the Board of Directors at a meeting of the Board, and such resignation shall become effective at the time specified therein. Any officer elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed from office with or without cause
by vote of a majority of the directors. Any officer appointed by the Chairman of the Board, if any, may be removed with or without cause by the Chairman of the Board. 
  

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 Section 5. Chairman of the Board. 
  
 The Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of
the Board of Directors and stockholders at which he or she is present and shall have such authority and perform such duties as may be prescribed by these By-Laws or from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board
shall also have the power and authority to determine the compensation and duties of all officers, employees and agents of the Corporation and shall have the power and authority to sign all stock certificates, contracts and other instruments of the
Corporation which are authorized. 
  
 Section 6.
President. 
  
 Except for meetings at which the Chief
Executive Officer or the Chairman of the Board, if any, presides, the President shall, if present, preside at all meetings of stockholders, and if a director, at all meetings of the Board of Directors. The President shall, subject to the control and
direction of the Chief Executive Officer and the Board of Directors, have and perform such powers and duties as may be prescribed by these By-Laws or from time to time be determined by the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors. The
President shall have power to sign all stock certificates, contracts and other instruments of the Corporation which are authorized. In the absence of a Chief Executive Officer, the President shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation
and shall, subject to the direction of the Board of Directors, have general supervision and control of its business and shall have general supervision and direction of all of the officers, employees and agents of the Corporation. 
  
 Section 7. Chief Executive Officer 
  
 The Chief Executive Officer shall be the chief executive officer of the
Corporation and shall, subject to the direction of the Board of Directors, have general supervision and control of its business. Unless otherwise provided by resolution of the Board of Directors, in the absence of the Chairman of the Board, if any,
the Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and, if a director, meetings of the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer shall have general supervision and direction of all of the officers, employees and
agents of the Corporation. 
  
 Section 8. Vice Presidents.

  
 The Vice Presidents, if any, in the order of their
election, or in such other order as the Board of Directors may determine, shall have and perform the powers and duties of the President (or such of the powers and duties as the Board of Directors may determine) whenever the President is absent or
unable to act. The Vice Presidents, if any, shall also have such other powers and duties as may from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors. 
  

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 Section 9. Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers. 
  
 The Treasurer shall, subject to the control and direction of the Board of
Directors, have and perform such powers and duties as may be prescribed in these By-Laws or be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. All property of the Corporation in the custody of the Treasurer shall be subject at all times to
the inspection and control of the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall have the responsibility for maintaining the financial records of the Corporation. The Treasurer shall make such disbursements of the funds of the Corporation as are authorized
and shall render from time to time an account of all such transactions and of the financial condition of the Corporation. Unless otherwise voted by the Board of Directors, each Assistant Treasurer, if any, shall have and perform the powers and
duties of the Treasurer whenever the Treasurer is absent or unable to act, and may at any time exercise such of the powers of the Treasurer, and such other powers and duties, as may from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

  
 Section 10. Secretary and Assistant Secretaries.

  
 The Board of Directors shall appoint a Secretary and, in
his or her absence, an Assistant Secretary. The Secretary or, in his or her absence, any Assistant Secretary, shall attend all meetings of the directors and shall record all votes of the Board of Directors and minutes of the proceedings at such
meetings. The Secretary or, in his or her absence, any Assistant Secretary, shall notify the directors of their meetings, and shall have and perform such other powers and duties as may from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors. If
the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary is elected but is absent from any meeting of directors, a temporary Secretary may be appointed by the directors at the meeting 
  
 Section 11. Bond. 
  
 If required by the Board of Directors, any officer shall give the Corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties and upon such terms and
conditions as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors, including without limitation a bond for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Corporation of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other
property of whatever kind in his or her possession or under his control and belonging to the Corporation. 
  
 Section 12. Action with Respect to Securities of Other Corporations. 
  
 Unless otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, the President, the Treasurer or any officer of the Corporation
authorized by the President shall have power to vote and otherwise act on behalf of the Corporation, in person or by proxy, at any meeting of stockholders of or with respect to any action of stockholders of any other corporation in which this
Corporation may hold securities and otherwise to exercise any and all rights and powers which this Corporation may possess by reason of its ownership of securities in such other corporation. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE V - STOCK 
  
 Section 1. Certificates of Stock. 
  
 Each stockholder shall be entitled to a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman of the
Board of Directors, or the President or a Vice President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, certifying the number of shares owned by him or her. Any or all of the signatures on the
certificate may be by facsimile. 
  
 Section 2. Transfers
of Stock. 
  
 Transfers of stock shall be made only upon the
transfer books of the Corporation kept at an office of the Corporation or by transfer agents designated to transfer shares of the stock of the Corporation. Except where a certificate is issued in accordance with Section 4 of this Article of
these By-Laws, an outstanding certificate for the number of shares involved shall be surrendered for cancellation before a new certificate is issued therefor. 
  

Section 3. Record Date. 
  
 In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders, or to receive payment of any
dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record
date shall not precede the date on which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted and which record date shall not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of any meeting of stockholders, nor more than
sixty (60) days prior to the time for such other action as hereinbefore described; provided, however, that if no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held, and, for
determining stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of rights or to exercise any rights of change, conversion or exchange of stock or for any other purpose, the record date shall be at the close of
business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts a resolution relating thereto. 
  
 A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new
record date for the adjourned meeting. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 Section 4. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates. 
  
 In the event of the loss, theft or destruction of any certificate of stock,
another may be issued in its place pursuant to such regulations as the Board of Directors may establish concerning proof of such loss, theft or destruction and concerning the giving of a satisfactory bond or bonds of indemnity. 
  
 Section 5. Regulations. 
  
 The issue, transfer, conversion and registration of certificates of stock
shall be governed by such other regulations as the Board of Directors may establish. 
  
 Section 6. Interpretation. 
  
 The Board of Directors shall have the power to interpret all of the terms and provisions of these By-Laws, which interpretation shall be conclusive. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE VI - NOTICES 
  
 Section 1. Notices. 
  
 Except as otherwise specifically provided herein or required by law, all notices required to be given to any stockholder, director, officer, employee or
agent shall be in writing and may in every instance be effectively given by hand delivery to the recipient thereof, by depositing such notice in the mail, postage paid, or by sending such notice by courier service, prepaid telegram or mailgram, or
telecopy, cable, or telex. Any such notice shall be addressed to such stockholder, director, officer, employee or agent at his or her last known address as the same appears on the books of the Corporation. The time when such notice is received, if
hand delivered, or dispatched, if delivered through the mail or by courier, telegram, mailgram, telecopy, cable, or telex shall be the time of the giving of the notice. 
  
 Section 2. Waiver of Notice. 
  
 A written waiver of any notice, signed by a stockholder, director, officer, employee or agent, whether before or after the
time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to the notice required to be given to such stockholder, director, officer, employee or agent. Neither the business nor the purpose of any meeting need be specified in such
a waiver. Attendance of a director or stockholder at a meeting without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice shall also constitute a waiver of notice by such director or stockholder. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE VII -INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS 
  
 Section 1. Right to Indemnification. 
  
 Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party
to or is otherwise involved (including, without limitation, as a witness) in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or an officer of the
Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit
plan (hereinafter an “Indemnitee”), whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee or agent,
shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such
amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, ERISA
excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such Indemnitee in connection therewith; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section 3 of this Article with respect to proceedings to
enforce rights to indemnification or as otherwise required by law, the Corporation shall not be required to indemnify or advance expenses to any such Indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such Indemnitee unless
such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. 
  
 Section 2. Right to Advancement of Expenses. 
  
 The right to indemnification conferred in Section 1 of this Article shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses (including attorney’s fees) incurred in defending any such proceeding in
advance of its final disposition; provided, however, that, if the Delaware General Corporation Law requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by an Indemnitee in his capacity as a director or officer (and not in any other capacity in which
service was or is rendered by such Indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such Indemnitee, to repay all amounts so
advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that such Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section 2 or otherwise. The rights to
indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in Sections 1 and 2 of this Article shall be contract rights and such rights shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure
to the benefit of the Indemnitee’s heirs, executors and administrators. Any repeal or modification of any of the provisions of this Article shall not adversely affect any right or protection of an Indemnitee existing at the time of such repeal
or modification. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 Section 3. Right of Indemnitees to Bring Suit. 
  
 If a claim under Section 1 or 2 of this Article is not paid in full by
the Corporation within sixty (60) days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case the applicable period shall be twenty (20) days, the Indemnitee
may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful in whole or in part in any such suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to
the terms of an undertaking, the Indemnitee shall also be entitled to be paid the expenses of prosecuting or defending such suit. In (i) any suit brought by the Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit
brought by the Indemnitee to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be a defense that, and (ii) in any suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the
Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the Indemnitee has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law. Neither the failure of the Corporation
(including its board of directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the Indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the Indemnitee has
met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its board of directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the Indemnitee has not
met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the Indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the
Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, or brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the Indemnitee is
not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this Article or otherwise shall be on the Corporation. 
  
 Section 4. Non-Exclusivity of Rights. 
  
 The rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in this Article shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may
have or hereafter acquire under any statute, the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation as amended from time to time, these By-Laws, any agreement, any vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. 
  
 Section 5. Insurance. 
  
 The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself
and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify
such person against such expense, liability or loss under the Delaware General Corporation Law. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 Section 6. Indemnification of Employees and Agents of the Corporation. 
  
 The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board
of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to any employee or agent of the Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Article with respect to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of
directors and officers of the Corporation. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE VIII - CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS 
  
 Section 1. Transactions with Interested Parties. 
  
 No contract or transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its
directors or officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership, association, or other organization in which one or more of its directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest, shall be void or
voidable solely for this reason, or solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board or committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction or solely because the votes of such director or
officer are counted for such purpose, if: 
  
 (a)
The material facts as to his or her relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the Board of Directors or the committee, and the Board or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction
by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or 
  
 (b) The material facts as to his or her relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the
stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders; or 
  
 (c) The contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the Board of
Directors, a committee thereof, or the stockholders. 
  
 Section 2. Quorum. 
  
 Common or interested
directors may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee which authorizes the contract or transaction. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE IX - MISCELLANEOUS 
  
 Section 1. Facsimile Signatures. 
  
 In addition to the provisions for use of facsimile signatures elsewhere specifically authorized in these By-Laws, facsimile
signatures of any officer or officers of the Corporation may be used whenever and as authorized by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof. 
  
 Section 2. Corporate Seal. 
  
 The Board of Directors may provide a suitable seal, containing the name of the Corporation, which seal shall be in the charge of the Secretary. If and
when so directed by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof, duplicates of the seal may be kept and used by the Treasurer or by an Assistant Secretary or Assistant Treasurer. 
  
 Section 3. Reliance upon Books, Reports and Records. 
  
 Each director, each member of any committee designated by the Board of
Directors, and each officer of the Corporation shall, in the performance of his or her duties, be fully protected in relying in good faith upon the books of account or other records of the Corporation and upon such information, opinions, reports or
statements presented to the Corporation by any of its officers or employees, or committees of the Board of Directors so designated, or by any other person as to matters which such director or committee member reasonably believes are within such
other person’s professional or expert competence and who has been selected with reasonable care by or on behalf of the Corporation. 
  
 Section 4. Fiscal Year. 
  
 Except as otherwise determined by the Board of Directors from time to time, the fiscal year of the Corporation shall end on the last day of December of
each year. 
  
 Section 5. Time Periods. 
  
 In applying any provision of these By-Laws which requires that an act be
done or not be done a specified number of days prior to an event or that an act be done during a period of a specified number of days prior to an event, calendar days shall be used, the day of the doing of the act shall be excluded, and the day of
the event shall be included. 
  
 Section 6. Pronouns.

  
 Whenever the context may require, any pronouns used in
these By-Laws shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine or neuter forms. 
  

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 Adopted March 12, 1998 
  

 ARTICLE X - AMENDMENTS 
  
 These By-Laws may be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of a majority of the whole Board at any meeting or by the
stockholders by the affirmative vote of seventy percent (70%) of the outstanding voting power of the then-outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation, entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, at any meeting at which a
proposal to amend or repeal these By-Laws is properly presented 
  

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