NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ROOSEBELT QUEZADA 

QUIROZ; IVAN ALBERTO QUEZADA 

VELEZ; MARIA BLANCA VELEZ 

SANCHEZ; MATTEO QUEZADA 

VELEZ,

Petitioners,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General,

Respondent.

No. 21-430

Agency Nos.

A206-911-225

A206-911-694

A206-911-693

A206-911-695

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted June 28, 2023**

Pasadena, California

Before: N.R. SMITH, LEE, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Roosebelt Quezada Quiroz, his wife, and two of their sons seek 

review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’s (BIA) decision dismissing their 

appeal of the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision denying their applications for 

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except 

as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

 

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without 

oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

JUN 30 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against 

Torture (CAT).1 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the 

petition. We assume familiarity with the underlying facts and arguments in this 

appeal.

“Whether a group constitutes a ‘particular social group’ ... is a question of 

law we review de novo.” Perdomo v. Holder, 611 F.3d 662, 665 (9th Cir. 2010). 

But whether an applicant has shown that his persecutor was or would be 

motivated by a protected ground—i.e., whether the “nexus” requirement has been 

satisfied—is reviewed under the substantial evidence standard. See Parussimova 

v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 734, 739 (9th Cir. 2009). Under this deferential standard, 

factual findings are “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be 

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Thus, to 

reverse the BIA’s finding under substantial evidence review, “we must find that 

the evidence not only supports that conclusion, but compels it.” INS v. EliasZacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992).

First, the agency did not err in determining there was no past persecution.

This court’s cases support the BIA’s holding that a one-time “detention, beating, 

and vague threat 6 months later from a caller who did not know where the 

respondent was located are insufficient to rise to the level of persecution.” See

1

“Petitioner” refers to Roosebelt Quezada-Quiroz, the lead petitioner in this 

consolidated proceeding who alone testified before the agency.
3

Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1063–64 (9th Cir. 2021); Gu v. Gonzalez, 454 

F.3d 1014, 1019–21 (9th Cir. 2006).

Second, Petitioner has not established any protected ground that would 

give rise to a well-founded fear of persecution. The BIA concluded that in his 

appeal before the agency Petitioner waived any challenge to the IJ’s 

determination that his proposed social group—“family members of Roosebelt 

Quezada Quiroz”—is not cognizable. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d). See Umana-Escobar 

v. Garland, No. 19-70964, 2023 WL 3606117, at *5 (9th Cir. May 23, 2023). 

Petitioner also failed to meaningfully challenge the BIA’s waiver conclusion in 

his opening brief, and therefore has forfeited the issue before us. See Martinez–

Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256, 1260 (9th Cir. 1996).

And Petitioner’s refusal to join a gang with alleged government ties and 

his opposition to their activities does not give rise to an imputed protected 

political opinion. See Santos-Lemus v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 738, 747 (9th Cir. 

2008), abrogated on other grounds by Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081 

(9th Cir. 2013); Chen v. INS, 95 F.3d 801, 806 (9th Cir. 1996). Absent any 

evidence of Petitioner’s real or imputed political opinions, “the BIA could 

reasonably determine that” the abuse he suffered at the hands of the gang was 

“solely in retribution for refusing to join their group-and not because of his 

religious or political beliefs.” Tecun-Florian v. INS, 207 F.3d 1107, 1109 (9th 

Cir. 2000). Because Petitioner does not have a well-founded fear of future harm 

based upon membership in a cognizable particular social group or an imputed 
4

political opinion, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that 

Petitioner failed to establish any nexus to a protected ground and therefore to 

demonstrate eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal. See Zehatye v. 

Gonzales, 453 F.3d 1182, 1190 (9th Cir. 2006).

Finally, as to CAT relief, substantial evidence supports the agency’s 

determination that Petitioner has not shown past torture. See Rivera Vega v. 

Garland, 39 F.4th 1146, 1158 (9th Cir. 2022) (“The lack of past persecution, a 

lesser harm than torture, necessarily encompasses a lack of past torture.”). 

Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding, affirmed by the BIA, that it was 

not more likely that not that Petitioner would be tortured upon return to Mexico. 

See Arbid v. Holder, 700 F.3d 379, 386 (9th Cir. 2012) (per curiam). The agency 

reasonably concluded that Petitioner can safely relocate: he safely relocated to 

Tijuana for six months before entering the U.S. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3)(i)–(ii).

PETITION DENIED.