1

Filed 3/15/13 Capelletti v. Infinity Ins. Co. CA1/5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

CATHERINE CAPPELLETTI,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

INFINITY INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant and Respondent.

A134338

(Marin County Super. Ct.

No. CIV1101663)

Plaintiff Catherine Cappelletti (appellant) appeals from the judgment entered 

following the trial court‟s order sustaining a demurrer filed by defendant Infinity 

Insurance Company (respondent). Among other things, appellant contends the court 

erred because respondent was required to specifically draw her attention to a crime 

exclusion in a car insurance policy it issued to appellant. We affirm.

BACKGROUND1

In May 2010, appellant‟s parents, on her behalf, applied to respondent for an 

automobile insurance policy. They applied over the internet using Incorporated 

Insurance Services, which acted both as respondent‟s agent and as appellant‟s “attorneyin-fact” in executing the insurance application (Application) on her behalf.

 

1 Because this is an appeal from the judgment entered following the trial court‟s order 

sustaining a demurrer, we assume the truth of the factual allegations in the operative 

complaint. (Evans v. City of Berkeley (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1, 6.)
2

The Application required the acknowledgment of various disclosures. Among 

other things, the Application stated, “If this policy is a physical damage only policy I 

understand that: [¶] 17. This policy WILL NOT SATISFY ANY FINANCIAL 

RESPONSIBILITY LAW, AND DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY LIABILITY 

INSURANCE and has no provision to indemnify loss sustained by third parties. 

[¶] 18. No coverage will be provided for any loss while my insured vehicle is being 

operated by someone who is using the vehicle in the commission of a crime, including 

driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance.” (Boldface in original.)

Respondent issued a policy (Policy) to appellant. By the terms of the Application, 

the Application became part of the Policy. The Policy was not a physical damage only 

policy; it provided liability coverage as well as coverage for damage to appellant‟s car. 

As relevant in the present case, the Policy excluded coverage for damage to appellant‟s 

car “[w]hile the insured auto is being used in the commission of a crime.” (Boldface 

omitted.) The Policy defined “crime” as “any act, which under the laws of California, is 

a felony. Crime shall also include any attempt to elude law enforcement personnel and 

driving under the influence of alcohol or while intoxicated or under the use of any 

controlled substance.” (Boldface omitted.)

In October 2010, appellant lost control of her car and struck a parked car. This 

resulted in damages exceeding the value of appellant‟s car. It is undisputed that, at the 

time of the accident, appellant was driving under the influence of alcohol, which was a 

misdemeanor.

Appellant made a claim to respondent for the damage to her car. Respondent 

denied the claim on the ground that driving under the influence of alcohol constituted a 

crime, as defined in the Policy.

Appellant filed the present action in April 2011. She filed an amended complaint 

after the trial court sustained with leave to amend respondent‟s demurrer to the original 

complaint. The amended complaint alleged causes of action for “Deceit/Negligent 

Misrepresentation,” reformation, breach of contract, and breach of the covenant of good 

faith and fair dealing. Respondent filed another demurrer and the trial court sustained the 
3

demurrer without leave to amend. Subsequently, the court entered judgment in favor of 

respondent. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Appellant contends the trial court erred in sustaining respondent‟s demurrer. Her 

arguments primarily turn on her assertion that California case authority required 

respondent to specifically draw her attention to the allegedly “unusual” crime exclusion, 

in the Application or some other document other than the Policy itself. We disagree.

I. Breach of Contract

Where, as here, the material facts are not in dispute, interpretation of an insurance 

policy presents solely a question of law. (Haynes v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2004) 32 

Cal.4th 1198, 1204 (Haynes); accord, Dominguez v. Financial Indemnity Co. (2010) 183 

Cal.App.4th 388, 395 (Dominguez).) “ „ “While insurance contracts have special 

features, they are still contracts to which the ordinary rules of contractual interpretation 

apply.” ‟ [Citation.] Accordingly, in interpreting an insurance policy, we seek to discern 

the mutual intention of the parties and, where possible, to infer this intent from the terms 

of the policy. [Citations.] When interpreting a policy provision, we give its words their 

ordinary and popular sense except where they are used by the parties in a technical or 

other special sense. [Citation.]” (Haynes, at p. 1204; see also Dominguez, at pp. 395-

396.) “ „The policy should be read as a layman would read it and not as it might be 

analyzed by an attorney or an insurance expert. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.]” (Dominguez, at 

p. 396.) “ „ “A policy provision will be considered ambiguous when it is capable of two 

or more constructions, both of which are reasonable.” [Citation.]‟ ” (Ibid.)

Appellant relies upon the “fundamental principle,” as described in Haynes, “ „that 

an insurer cannot escape its basic duty to insure by means of an exclusionary clause that 

is unclear. As we have declared time and again “any exception to the performance of the 

basic underlying obligation must be so stated as clearly to apprise the insured of its 

effect.” ‟ [Citation.] . . . But to be enforceable, any provision that takes away or limits 

coverage reasonably expected by an insured must be „conspicuous, plain and clear.‟ 

[Citation.] Thus, any such limitation must be placed and printed so that it will attract the 
4

reader‟s attention. Such a provision also must be stated precisely and understandably, in 

words that are part of the working vocabulary of the average layperson. [Citations.] The 

burden of making coverage exceptions and limitations conspicuous, plain and clear rests 

with the insurer. [Citations.]” (Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1204; see also Hervey v. 

Mercury Casualty Co. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 954, 966 [“ „To be enforceable, a policy 

provision limiting coverage otherwise reasonably expected under the policy must be so 

drafted that a reasonable purchaser of insurance would have both noticed it and 

understood it.‟ [Citation.]”].)

Appellant contends that, under Haynes, respondent was required to “specifically 

draw[]” the crime exclusion to appellant‟s attention because the exclusion is “an unusual 

limitation on coverage.”2 In Haynes, the Supreme Court held that an insurer was not 

entitled to summary judgment in a declaratory relief action. There, an endorsement in a 

car insurance policy limited permissive user coverage to a minimal amount. The court 

concluded the limitation in the endorsement did not control over the larger amounts of 

coverage listed on a declarations page, because the limitation was not sufficiently clear, 

plain, and conspicuous. (Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 1202-1205.) Appellant points 

to a portion of Haynes in which the Supreme Court recognized authority that “ „an 

insured has a duty to read his [or her] policy‟ ” but emphasized, “the duty to read „is 

insufficient to bind a party to unusual or unfair language unless it is brought to the 

attention of the party and explained.‟ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1210.) The court continued, 

“[f]or nearly a hundred years we have recognized that „ “the rule [presuming parties are 

familiar with contract terms] should not be strictly applied to insurance policies. It is a 

matter almost of common knowledge that a very small percentage of policy-holders are 

actually cognizant of the provisions of their policies . . . . The insured usually confides 

implicitly in the agent securing the insurance, and it is only just and equitable that the 

company should be required to call specifically to the attention of the policy-holder such 

provisions as the one before us.” ‟ [Citation.] Thus, an insurer‟s direction to the 

 

2 We assume for the purposes of this appeal that the crime exclusion was an unusual 

exclusion.
5

subscriber to read the entire policy „is not a substitute for notice to the subscriber of a loss 

of benefit.‟ [Citation.]” (Haynes, at pp. 1210-1211.)

To the extent appellant contends Haynes required respondent to draw her attention 

to the crime exclusion in the Application or some other document other than the Policy 

itself, we disagree. The decision does not create a bright-line rule that unusual provisions 

must be specifically drawn to the attention of the insured outside the language of the 

policy. Instead, the touchstone in Haynes is the fundamental principle that exclusions 

contrary to the insured‟s reasonable expectations must be “ „conspicuous, plain and 

clear.‟ ” (Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1204; see also id. at p. 1210 [referring to the 

“general requirement . . . a that coverage reduction . . . must be conspicuous”].) 

Although the declarations page in Haynes failed to alert the insured to the limitation in 

coverage for permissive users, that failure did not by itself render the provision 

unenforceable. (Haynes, at p. 1206.) The Supreme Court stated, “no reason appears why 

the actual dollar coverages for permissive users could not have been placed with the 

policy coverages on the declarations page, where one would expect an insured to look to 

determine the policy limits,” but it also clarified, “[t]he deficiencies in [the insured‟s] 

approach do not, however, depend on the lack of such placement per se.” (Ibid.) The 

court then proceeded to detail several problems with the particular placement of the 

provision within the policy, including, for example, that the text of the provision was not

highlighted, the provision was surrounded by other provisions unrelated to exclusions or 

limitations on coverage, the title “PERMISSIVE USER” was unhelpful because the term 

was not defined, and an earlier definition of “insured” suggested permissive drivers 

would be covered equally. (Id. at pp. 1207-1208.) Based on those and other 

considerations, the Supreme Court concluded the provision was “ „hid[den] . . . in an 

inconspicuous portion of the policy.‟ ” (Id. at p. 1211.) Furthermore, the failure to 

define the term “permissive user,” cross-references to other insurance policies, and the 

need for the insurer to insert the permissive user language in other portions of the policy 

led the Supreme Court to conclude the provision was not plain and clear. (Id. at pp. 

1211-1212.)
6

In a footnote, Haynes made clear it was not suggesting the insurer “necessarily 

must correct all of the identified deficiencies in order to render a permissive user 

limitation enforceable in future cases. . . . There may be a number of ways for [the 

insurer] to correct the problem.” (Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1212, fn. 9.) As we 

understand Haynes, an “unusual” exclusion is enforceable if, viewing the policy as a 

whole, the provision is conspicuous and clear. This was the conclusion reached in 

Mission Viejo Emergency Medical Associates v. Beta Healthcare Group (2011) 197 

Cal.App.4th 1146 (Mission Viejo), which considered a challenge to an arbitration 

provision. The court stated, “even if we assume that an arbitration provision does qualify 

as unusual or unfair language, it is enforceable if it is „conspicuous, plain and clear‟ in the 

policy itself. [Citation.] [Haynes] does not hold that disclosure outside the policy is 

required.” (Mission Viejo, at p. 1157.)

Proceeding to an analysis of the challenged provision in the present case, an 

exclusion is conspicuous when it is “ „positioned and printed in a form which adequately 

attracts the reader‟s attention to the limitation.‟ ” (Mission Viejo, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1154.) Appellant does not argue that the crime exclusion was inconspicuous; any 

such contention has been forfeited. (Badie v. Bank of America (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 

779, 784-785 (Badie).)

A policy exclusion is plain and clear when “ „couched in words which are part of 

the working vocabulary of average lay persons.‟ ” (Jauregui v. Mid-Century Ins. Co.

(1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 1544, 1550.) “ „This means more than the traditional requirement 

that contract terms be “unambiguous.” Precision is not enough. Understandability is also 

required. To be effective in this context, the exclusion must be couched in words which 

are part of the working vocabulary of average lay persons.‟ [Citations.]” (Ibid.; accord, 

Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1211.) As noted previously, the Policy defines “crime” as 

“any act, which under the laws of California, is a felony. Crime shall also include any 

attempt to elude law enforcement personnel and driving under the influence of alcohol or 

while intoxicated or under the use of any controlled substance.”
7

Appellant argues the definition is not clear because it can be read to apply only 

where the insured both eludes law enforcement and drives under the influence at the 

same time. We reject that contention, both as it relates to appellant‟s argument in support 

of her construction of the policy and as it relates to appellant‟s argument that the 

exclusion is not plain and clear. Although we interpret ambiguities in favor of the 

insured, we do not consider the exclusion to be ambiguous unless it is susceptible to two 

reasonable constructions. (Dominguez, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 396; see also 

Reserve Insurance Co. v. Pisciotta (1982) 30 Cal.3d 800, 807 [“Words used in an 

insurance policy are to be interpreted according to the plain meaning which a layman 

would ordinarily attach to them,” and we must “not adopt a strained or absurd 

interpretation” of the policy language].) Appellant‟s construction of the exclusion is not 

reasonable. As respondent points out, appellant‟s construction would make sense if the 

exclusion referred to evading the police while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. 

Regardless of whether her construction is “semantically permissible”, a reasonable 

layperson would not understand the exclusion to apply only where the insured is both

intoxicated and evading the police. (See Nissel v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of 

London (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1103, 1111-1112 [semantically permissible construction 

must, in context, be “objectively reasonable”].) As the trial court reasoned, “Both acts 

are illegal, and highly dangerous to [the insured] and to others, and are voluntary and 

deliberate. To conclude that a reasonable insured would expect [to lose] coverage only in 

the rare instance that these illegal activities occur simultaneously defies common sense.” 

“Courts will not strain to create an ambiguity where none exists. [Citation.]” (Waller v. 

Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 18-19.)

We conclude the trial court properly sustained respondent‟s demurrer to 

appellant‟s cause of action for breach of contract.3 The crime exclusion unambiguously 

 

3 The other cases principally relied upon by appellant are distinguishable. ~(See AOB 

12-16; ARB 5)~ In Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. (1962) 58 Cal.2d 862, 866, 869-

871, 883, an airplane trip insurance policy did not plainly or clearly provide for 

noncoverage where mechanical problems required alternate travel arrangements. In 
8

excluded coverage in the circumstances of the present case. And, because the crime 

exclusion was conspicuous, plain, and clear in the Policy, respondent was not obligated to 

separately draw appellant‟s attention to it for it to be enforceable.4

II. Deceit and Negligent Misrepresentation Claim

The elements that give rise to a tort action for deceit are: “ „(a) misrepresentation 

(false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or 

“scienter”); (c) intent to defraud, i.e. to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) 

resulting damage.‟ [Citations.]” (Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 638; 

accord, Conroy v. Regents of University of California (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1244, 1255 

(Conroy).) “The tort of negligent misrepresentation, a species of the tort of deceit 

[citation], does not require intent to defraud but only the assertion, as a fact, of that which 

is not true, by one who has no reasonable ground for believing it to be true. [Citation.]” 

(Conroy, at p. 1255.)

Appellant appears to contend her complaint states claims for deceit and negligent 

misrepresentation simply because respondent failed to disclose the crime exclusion in the 

Application. She relies on Pastoria v. Nationwide Ins. (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1490, 

which concluded the trial court had erred in sustaining a demurrer because, assuming the 

plaintiffs‟ allegations were true, the defendant insurer had a statutory duty to disclose 

information about impending policy amendments before the plaintiffs bought the 

policies. Violation of that statutory duty was the basis for the plaintiffs‟ fraud claim. (Id.

 

Logan v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 988, 990-991, 996, the 

contested exclusions in a life insurance policy were never communicated to the decedent, 

because he died before he received the policy. Similarly, in Jones v. Crown Life Ins. Co.

(1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 630, 635, 640, an employee who signed up for life insurance 

through his employer was not given a copy of the policy.

4 This result is not altered by the fact that the Application required appellant to 

acknowledge that a crime exclusion applies to “physical damage only” policies. As 

explained below (see, post, pp. 11-12), appellant could not have reasonably relied on that 

disclosure to mean that her Policy did not include such an exclusion, and the conspicuous

and clear language of the Policy was sufficient to make the exclusion enforceable. (See 

Haynes, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 1213, 1215.)
9

at p. 1499.) In the present case, accepting as true the facts as alleged in the complaint, 

appellant has not shown that respondent was obligated to disclose the crime exclusion in 

the Application or another document outside the Policy. As explained previously, 

Haynes did not obligate respondent to make that disclosure, and appellant has not shown 

any statute required the disclosure. Appellant does reference Insurance Code section 332, 

which provides, “Each party to a contract of insurance shall communicate to the other, in 

good faith, all facts within his knowledge which are or which he believes to be material 

to the contract and as to which he makes no warranty, and which the other has not the 

means of ascertaining.” However, she fails to provide reasoned argument or citations to 

authority why that statute obligated respondent to disclose the crime exclusion outside the 

Policy itself; the argument has been forfeited. (Badie, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at pp. 784-

785; see also Levine v. Blue Shield of California (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1134 [in 

reference to Insurance Code section 332, pointing out the plaintiff‟s failure to cite 

supportive case authority and stating “We are loathe to interpret a long-existing statute 

that does not expressly require such a disclosure in a manner that would impose a broad 

new duty that is in derogation of the common law.”].)

Appellant also cites California Service Station etc. Assn. v. American Home 

Assurance Co. (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1166, 1174, for the proposition that an insurer has 

a duty to disclose information when its agent “misrepresents the nature, extent or scope 

of the coverage being offered or provided.” She also references Civil Code section 1710, 

subdivision (3), which provides that deceit includes “[t]he suppression of a fact, by one 

who is bound to disclose it, or who gives information of other facts which are likely to 

mislead for want of communication of that fact.” Although appellant‟s brief is not 

entirely clear, we understand her to argue that the Application misrepresented the scope 

of the coverage because it required the applicant to acknowledge that a crime exclusion 

would be applicable to “a physical damage only policy.” In particular, the Application 

required the applicant to acknowledge that, “[i]f this policy is a physical damage only 

policy” (boldface omitted), the policy would not indemnify any loss sustained by third 

parties and “[n]o coverage will be provided for any loss while my insured vehicle is 
10

being operated by someone who is using the vehicle in the commission of a crime, 

including driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance.” We 

understand appellant to argue the Application misled her into believing that, because her 

Policy was not only for physical damage, a crime exclusion would not be part of her 

Policy.

On the other hand, respondent cites Hackethal v. National Casualty Co. (1987) 

189 Cal.App.3d 1102 (Hackethal), in support of its argument that the conspicuous and 

clear disclosure of the crime exclusion in the Policy precludes appellant‟s deceit and 

negligent misrepresentation claims, regardless of any alleged misrepresentations in the 

Application. In Hackethal, the plaintiff alleged an insurance agent misrepresented the 

scope of coverage under a policy. (Id. at p. 1111.) The court affirmed a directed verdict 

in favor of the defendant insurer, concluding that any reliance on the agent‟s statement 

was “unjustifiable as a matter of law” because the plaintiff had a duty to read the policy, 

which made clear there was no coverage for the claim at issue. (Id. at pp. 1111-1112.) 

Hackethal quoted Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Richmond (1977) 76 Cal.App.3d 645, 

652, for the proposition, “ „ “It is a general rule that the receipt of a policy and its 

acceptance by the insured without an objection binds the insured as well as the insurer 

and he cannot thereafter complain that he did not read it or know its terms. It is a duty of 

the insured to read his policy.” ‟ [Citations.]” (See Hackethal, at p. 1112.) Similarly, 

respondent cites Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1578 

(Hadland), which followed Hackethal. There, an agent allegedly told the plaintiffs that a 

health insurance policy was “ „as good if not better‟ ” than their old policy; in fact, the 

policy did not cover certain medical bills that plaintiffs thought would be covered. (Id. at 

p. 1581.) Hadland concluded the trial court properly granted the defendants‟s motion for 

nonsuit, stating that plaintiffs, “having failed to read the policy and having accepted it 

without objection, cannot be heard to complain it was not what they expected. Their 

reliance on representations about what they were getting for their money was unjustified 

as a matter of law.” (Id. at p. 1589, fn. omitted.)
11

Other California decisions, which appear to be in some tension with Hackethal

and Hadland, have concluded that clear language in insurance policies did not preclude 

claims based on misrepresentations made by insurance agents. (See, e.g., Clement v. 

Smith (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 39, 45 [“Absent some notice or warning, an insured should 

be able to rely on an agent‟s representations of coverage without independently verifying 

the accuracy of those representations by examining the relevant policy provisions.”]; see 

also, e.g., Butcher v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 1442, 1463 [insured 

asked agent to duplicate his coverage and agent allegedly misled the insured into 

believing he had done so]; Paper Savers, Inc. v. Nacsa (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1090, 1101 

[agent had duty to ensure adequate coverage “based on alleged affirmative assertions 

made to induce the insured to purchase the policy and additional endorsement”].)

We need not resolve in the present case the apparent tension between the lines of 

authority described above. Assuming that a deceit or negligent misrepresentation claim 

may be based on a misrepresentation contradicted by clear policy language, appellant has 

not alleged any misrepresentation upon which she could justifiably rely. “ „[W]hether a 

party‟s reliance was justified may be decided as a matter of law if reasonable minds can 

come to only one conclusion based on the facts.‟ [Citation.]” (Alliance Mortgage Co. v. 

Rothwell (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1226, 1239; see also Beckwith v. Dahl (2012) 205 

Cal.App.4th 1039, 1067 [“The complaint must contain „allegations of facts showing that 

the actual inducement of [the] plaintiffs . . . was justifiable or reasonable. [Citations.]‟ 

[Citation.]”].) In this case, the Application does not purport to list all the exclusions 

applicable to appellant‟s Policy, and, in particular, it makes no representations about 

coverage for losses incurred during the commission of a crime. Rather, the Application 

makes two representations regarding a type of policy that Appellant was not applying 

for—specifically, that a physical damage only policy would not indemnify losses 

sustained by third parties or provide coverage for losses sustained during the commission 

of a crime. Although those disclosures might reasonably have led appellant to wonder 

whether and to what extent such coverage would exist under her Policy, it would not, as a 

matter of law, have been reasonable for appellant to make an indirect inference from 
12

those disclosures that no crime exclusion existed under her Policy and to rely on that 

inference as a description of her coverage under the Policy. Appellant provides no 

authority to the contrary. The cases she does cite are distinguishable, because they 

involve direct and specific false representations about coverage. (Clement v. Smith, 

supra, 16 Cal.App.4th at p. 45; Butcher v. Truck Ins. Exchange, supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1463; Paper Savers, Inc. v. Nacsa, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th at p. 1101.)

Accordingly, the trial court properly sustained the demurrer as to the 

deceit/negligent misrepresentation cause of action.

III. Reformation Claim

Appellant acknowledges that her request for reformation of the Policy is a remedy 

for respondent‟s alleged deceit. (See Civ. Code, § 3399; Everett v. State Farm General 

Ins. Co. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 649, 664.) Because the trial court properly sustained the 

demurrer as to her deceit claim, it also properly sustained the demurrer as to her 

reformation claim.

IV. Breach of Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Appellant acknowledges that her claim for breach of the covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing depends on her contentions that the crime exclusion is unenforceable and 

that respondent committed fraud. Because the trial court properly sustained the demurrer 

as to the breach of contract and deceit causes of action, it also properly sustained the 

demurrer as to her bad faith claim.

DISPOSITION

The trial court‟s judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to respondent.
13

SIMONS, J.

We concur.

JONES, P.J.

BRUINIERS, J.