# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks

## Abstract

A method, a network element, and a network include determining excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate associated with a flexible optical modem configured to communicate over an optical link; causing the flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein the capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate includes excess capacity; and mapping the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by a management system, management plane, and/or control plane. The logical interfaces can advantageously be used by the management system, management plane, and/or control plane as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand (BOD) connections, such as sub-network connections (SNCs) or label switched paths (LSPs).

## Background
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates generally to optical networking. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Fiber optic communication networks are experiencing rapidly increasing growth in capacity. This capacity growth is reflected by individual channel data rates scaling from 10 Gbps (gigabits per second), to 40 Gbps, to developing 100 Gbps, and to future projections of 1000 Gbps channels and beyond. The capacity growth is also reflected by increasing total channel count and/or optical spectrum carried within an optical fiber. In the past, optical channels were deployed with a fixed capacity in terms of bandwidth as well as a fixed amount of overhead for forward error correction (FEC). For example, in a conventional system deployment, channels are deployed at 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps (plus associated overhead for FEC). These channels are designed to provide fixed data throughput capacity at 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps. Moreover, performance limits of these channels is established assuming that the system is operated at full capacity, with all the optical channels present. The first in channels will operate in much more benign condition and have significant extra margin available. This margin is not utilized until much later in the life cycle of the system. For example, a single wavelength deployed on a new optical line system could have more than 10 dB of excess margin that is not currently utilized (without adding new hardware). This un-used margin can be considered wasted and forcing the system to operate in a non-cost effective way. If this extra margin could be utilized, even in a temporary way, to enhance data throughput of the modem for example, the economics of the system would be significantly improved.
Of note, next generation optical modems are equipped with the capability to support variable data throughput applications. Moreover, this capability will be provisionable. Therefore, depending on the opportunity, it would be advantageous to provision a modem at a higher data throughput when extra margin is available on new and low channel count deployments, usage of these next generation modem will allow to mine and use this excess margin and wasted capacity without requiring additional hardware. However, this excess margin will disappear as the channel counts approach full fill. It would be advantageous to have systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks in view of the above.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
In an exemplary embodiment, a method includes determining excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate associated with a flexible optical modem configured to communicate over an optical link; causing the flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein the capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate includes excess capacity; and mapping the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by a management system, management plane, and/or control plane. The method can further include utilizing the one or more logical interfaces by the management system, management plane, and/or control plane as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections. The method can further include determining the excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate through the steps of: determining path viability of a network demand over the optical link for an ideal bit-rate using a forecast tolerant modeling scheme; determining path viability for a maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and determining the excess margin as a difference between the path viability for a maximum supported capacity and the path viability of the network demand along with including a small engineering margin. The method can further include detecting margin erosion or a signal degrade on the flexible optical modem; and dropping the excess capacity and hitlessly reverting to the nominal guaranteed rate. The method can further include after a period of stability subsequent to the margin erosion or the signal degrade, determining again the path viability for a new maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and hitlessly increasing a rate of the flexible optical modem based on the new maximum supported capacity.
The method can further include updating the determined excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate in the flexible optical modem responsive to channels added or deleted on the optical link. The flexible optical modem can form a variable capacity channel, wherein the optical link can include a fixed capacity channel adjacent to the variable capacity channel, and the method can further include determining excess margin for the fixed capacity channel that is unusable since the fixed capacity channel cannot modify its rate; increasing performance of the variable capacity channel and/or decreasing performance of the fixed capacity channel based on the excess margin for the fixed capacity channel; and increasing bit-rate of the variable capacity channel based on margin gained by the increased performance of the variable capacity channel and/or the decreased performance of the fixed capacity channel. The method can further include increasing performance of the variable capacity channel including extending associated optical spectrum into optical spectrum from the fixed capacity channel; and decreasing performance of the fixed capacity channel includes any of lowering output power to make the fixed capacity channel less intrusive to the variable capacity channel, or transmitting at a reduced baud rate and/or increased signal density to transmit in a format that uses less of the optical spectrum. The method can further include operating a control plane; and utilizing the one or more logical interfaces for restoration sub-network connections or label switched paths.
In another exemplary embodiment, a network element includes at least one flexible optical modem; and a controller configured to: determine excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate associated with the at least one flexible optical modem configured to communicate over an optical link; cause the at least one flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein the capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate includes excess capacity; and map the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by a management system, management plane, and/or control plane. The controller can be further configured to utilize the one or more logical interfaces as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections. The controller can be further configured to determine the excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate through the steps of: determine path viability of a network demand over the optical link for an ideal bit-rate using a forecast tolerant modeling scheme; determine path viability for a maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and determine the excess margin as a difference between the path viability for a maximum supported capacity and the path viability of the network demand along with including a small engineering margin. The controller can be further configured to detect margin erosion or a signal degrade on the at least one flexible optical modem; and drop the excess capacity and hitlessly reverting to the nominal guaranteed rate.
The controller can be further configured to, after a period of stability subsequent to the margin erosion or the signal degrade, determine again the path viability for a new maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and hitlessly increase a rate of the flexible optical modem based on the new maximum supported capacity. The controller can be further configured to update the determined excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate in the at least flexible optical modem responsive to channels added or deleted on the optical link. The at least one flexible optical modem can form a variable capacity channel, wherein the optical link includes a fixed capacity channel adjacent to the variable capacity channel, and the controller can be further configured to determine excess margin for the fixed capacity channel that is unusable since the fixed capacity channel cannot modify its rate; increase performance of the variable capacity channel and/or decreasing performance of the fixed capacity channel based on the excess margin for the fixed capacity channel; and increase a bit-rate of the variable capacity channel based on margin gained by the increase performance of the variable capacity channel and/or the decreased performance of the fixed capacity channel. The controller can be further configured to increase performance of the variable capacity channel including extending associated optical spectrum into optical spectrum from the fixed capacity channel; and decrease performance of the fixed capacity channel including the of lowering output power to make the fixed capacity channel less intrusive to the variable capacity channel, or transmitting at a reduced baud rate and/or increased signal density to transmit in a format that uses less of the optical spectrum. The controller can be further configured to operate a control plane; and utilize the one or more logical interfaces for restoration of sub-network connections or label switched paths.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, a network includes a plurality of interconnected network elements, at least one link in the network formed between two of the plurality of interconnected network elements is formed by flexible optical modems; a control plane communicatively coupled to the plurality of interconnected network elements; and a controller communicatively coupled to the flexible optical modems and configured to: determine excess margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate over the at least one link; cause the flexible optical modems to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein the capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate includes excess capacity; and map the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by the control plane. The controller can be further configured to utilize the one or more logical interfaces as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an exemplary network for the systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks;
FIG. 2 are graphs of an example of spectral shaping fitting a 100 G signal into 50 GHz of bandwidth and into 25 GHz of bandwidth or less;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of another method for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a coexistence method for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks with both variable capacity channels and fixed capacity channels intermixed;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an exemplary network element for use with the methods and systems described herein; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a controller to provide control plane processing and/or operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) for the network element of FIG. 6.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
In various exemplary embodiments, systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks are described. Fundamentally, the systems and methods exploit the fact that next-gen flexible optical modems can support various bit-rates well beyond a guaranteed bit-rate in most operating situations (i.e., the guaranteed bit-rate is engineered for full-fill or worst-case, and in all other situations, higher bit-rates typically can be achieved). In the systems and methods described herein, techniques are described to actively mine this excess capacity to provide additional bandwidth without additional hardware that can be used for various purposes such as restoration traffic, short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections, or the like. In an exemplary aspect, the systems and methods described herein are advantageous in first-in builds in that this excess capacity can be used for restoration traffic without requiring additional hardware in low-fill deployments. This can significantly lower the costs of first-in builds. Further, the systems and methods described herein contemplate integration between the flexible optical modems; a management system, management plane, and/or control plane; a switching plane to enable use and management of this excess capacity as one or more logical interfaces.
Referring to FIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment, a network diagram illustrates an exemplary network 10 implementing the systems and methods for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks. The network 10 includes two interconnected network elements 12a, 12b via an optical link 14. Additionally, the optical link 14 can include additional components 16 which are omitted for illustration purposes. For example, the additional components 16 can include, without limitation, optical amplifiers, optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), reconfigurable OADMs (ROADMs), etc. In the context of the systems and methods, the network elements 12a, 12b are connected via the optical link 14 which is all-optical between the network elements 12a, 12b, i.e. no optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions between the network elements 12a, 12b. The optical link 14 can be a single span or multiple spans with intermediate amplifiers. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the network 10 can include other network elements 12a, 12b forming various architectures, i.e. mesh, rings, linear, etc. The network 10 is presented as a single optical link (optionally with the components 16) for illustration of the systems and methods.
The optical link 14 can include N channels (or wavelengths), denoted as λ1-λn. For example, the number N can be the maximum supported channels on the optical link 14. Additionally, the number N can be variable with respect to flexible grid channels (e.g., channels taking an arbitrary and variable amount of spectrum). For example, N can be 44 for 100 GHz channel spacing, 88 for 50 GHz channel spacing, or any combination in between to deliver between 36 and 88 wavelengths with flexible grid channels. Other embodiments are also contemplated. From a link engineering perspective, the optical link 14 is designed and implemented day one to support the N channels. However, greenfield installation or first-in builds (i.e., new) typically only include one or a couple of channels. Also, it can often take time to move from the couple of channels to a full complement of the N channels on the optical link 14. This can be referred to as a forecast tolerant modeling scheme where the optical link 14 is designed to support a full-fill that will eventually be realized, but is likely not present in first-in builds. Thus, from a system capacity perspective, the optical link 14 has unutilized margin and capacity in the first-in builds and where the optical link 14 has less than N channels deployed thereon.
In the context of the N channels, the N channels are either fixed capacity channels or variable capacity channels depending on associated hardware at the network elements 12a, 12b forming each of the N channels. In an exemplary embodiment, the optical line 14 can include one or more fixed capacity channels, one or more variable capacity channels, and/or a combination thereof. Fixed capacity channels are implemented through optical transceivers, transponders, muxponders (i.e., M:N combiners), etc. Here, the fixed capacity channels do not have an ability to vary the bandwidth, i.e. a 10 Gbps transponder with fixed capacity can only support 10 Gbps worth of traffic, etc. Fixed capacity channels may also include fixed channel spacing (e.g., 50/100 GHz) (i.e., fixed grid channels) and fixed FEC overhead. For a fixed capacity channel, if a channel has X dB excess margin, there is no way the fixed capacity channel can make use of this excess margin, i.e. the fixed capacity channel hardware is not configured to vary the bandwidth.
Variable capacity channels are implemented through flexible optical modems. In contrast to the fixed capacity channels, variable capacity channels typically include adaptable coherent modulation or non-coherent modulation, adaptive FEC schemes, and spectral shaping. A flexible optical modem can support a variable amount of bandwidth, e.g. from x Gbps to y Gbps, where x<y. For example, a flexible optical modem can support a guaranteed rate, e.g. 40 G, 100 G, 400 G, 1 T, etc. along with a higher supported rate, e.g. 40 G→100 G, 100 G→200 G, 400 G→1 T, etc. The flexible optical modem utilizes the adaptable coherent modulation, adaptive FEC schemes, and spectral shaping to support the variable amount of bandwidth. The limitations on the upper bound of the variable amount of bandwidth are based on i) what the optical link 14 can support, ii) backplane interfaces in the network element 12a, 12b with the flexible optical modem, and iii) adaptive modulation formats supported. An example of a flexible optical modem is the WaveLogic 3 from Ciena Corporation, the assignee of the present application/patent. Also, note the flexible optical modem may also be referred to as a transceiver, transponder, muxponder, etc.
With respect to adaptable coherent modulation, the flexible optical modem can support various different baud rates through software-programmable modulation formats. The flexible optical modem can support programmable modulation, or constellations with both varying phase and/or amplitude. In an exemplary embodiment, the flexible optical modem can support multiple coherent modulation formats such as, for example, i) dual-channel, dual-polarization (DP) binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) for 100 G at submarine distances, ii) DP quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) for 100 G at ultra long haul distances, iii) 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for 200 G at metro to regional (600 km) distances), or iv) dual-channel 16QAM for 400 G at metro to regional distances. Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, the same flexible optical modem hardware can support 100 G to 400 G. With associated digital signal processing (DSP) in the flexible optical modem hardware, moving from one modulation format to another is completely software-programmable. In another exemplary embodiment, the flexible optical modem can support N-QAM modulation formats with and without dual-channel and dual-polarization where N can even be a real number and not necessarily an integer. Here, the flexible optical modem can support non-standard speeds since N can be a real number as opposed to an integer, i.e. not just 100 G, 200 G, or 400 G, but variable speeds such as 130 G, 270 G, 560 G, etc. Furthermore, with the DSP and software programming, the capacity of the flexible optical modem can be adjusted upwards or downwards in a hitless manner so as to not affect the guaranteed rate.
With respect to the adaptive FEC schemes, the flexible optical modem can support a new soft-decision forward error correction (soft FEC) algorithm. The soft FEC can be software-programmable to adjust for low latency demands versus capacity/performance demands. The soft FEC uses variable-rate FEC codes which can take up variable amounts of an overall signal, e.g. 20%, 16%, 10%, 7%, etc. As is known in the art, the stronger the FEC, the more margin in dB is provided. In this manner, the soft FEC provides another opportunity to mine the excess capacity on a variable capacity channel. For example, assume a variable capacity channel is deployed with 20% FEC overhead with margin of 10 dB. The FEC can be reduced, e.g., to 10% to reduce the margin and provide excess capacity for use. The strong FEC may not be needed until more channels are added to the optical link 14. An example of a soft-decision forward error correction algorithm is described in Gho et al., “Rate-Adaptive Coding for Optical Fiber Transmission Systems,” IEEE JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, Jan. 15, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. Note, the fixed capacity channel hardware may also implement FEC as well as a soft FEC. However, as described herein, the fixed capacity channel hardware is distinguishable from the variable capacity channel hardware in that it does not support an ability to mine the excess capacity. Rather, the fixed capacity channel hardware only supports a single guaranteed rate.
With respect to spectral shaping, the flexible optical modems can operate in both fixed- and flexible-grid environments. Referring to FIG. 2, in an exemplary embodiment, a spectral diagram illustrates an example of fitting a 100 G signal into 50 GHz of bandwidth (graph 20 representing a QPSK 100 G signal), into 25 GHz of bandwidth (graph 22 representing a 16QAM 100 G signal), and into less than 25 GHz of bandwidth (graph 22a representing a spectrally shaped 16QAM 100 G signal). Note, the 16QAM 100 G which uses half the baud rate of the QPSK 100 G. If one is on a fixed grid there is no gain in spectral efficiency, e.g. both signals fit into a 50 GHz channel. If one is allowed to change the channel spacing flexibly, then the spectral efficiency can be doubled, e.g. two 16QAM 100 G signals in 50 GHz spacing. For example, in a first-in build solely with flexible optical modems, it may be advantageous to use a flexible-grid and space each 100 G signal in the minimal amount of bandwidth. However, in an existing fixed-grid, it may be required to fit the 100 G into 50 GHz of bandwidth. Here, in an exemplary embodiment, the systems and methods propose to intentionally harm fixed capacity channels with excess, but unusable margin to allow the flexible optical modem to use the excess margin.
Variously, it is an exemplary objective of the systems and methods to mine this unutilized margin and capacity to lower first-in network cost by allowing network operators to defer deploying excess capacity. Specifically, through the flexible optical modems, the systems and methods leverage the ability of the lines to provide the restoration bandwidth thereby deferring the deployment of additional optical interfaces as well as provide excess capacity that can be utilized for lower priority services, bandwidth-on-demand, etc. Specifically, first-in builds have significant excess margin, and with the emergence of flexible optical modems, it is an objective to provide and manage the excess margin to provide excess capacity without additional hardware or management constraints. That is, the flexible optical modems can significantly reduce initial costs by providing extra capacity that can be used for restoration, short-lived on-demand connections, or excess capacity with lower service-level agreements (SLAs). In conjunction with the foregoing, the systems and methods also include integration of this extra capacity with a management system, management plane, and/or control plane in the network 10 or other networks.
Referring to FIG. 3, in an exemplary embodiment, a flowchart illustrates a method 100 for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks. The method 100 contemplates operation in the network 10 and other optical networks including flexible optical modems for variable capacity channels (and optionally with fixed capacity channels present as well.) The method 100 can be implemented on a single channel or wavelength of a flexible optical modem. The method 100 can be implemented on multiple channels concurrently or in series. For example, in series, each iteration of the method 100 may affect each subsequent iteration as the increased bandwidth of one channel may reduce the excess margin of the next. Performed concurrently, the method 100 may be based on a local determination of excess margin at each flexible optical modem without regard for collocated channels. The concurrent method could be independent (as stated) or in concert. Independent meaning that it is done per-channel without regard for other collocated channels, and in concert meaning that the margin of each channel is calculated taking into account the effect of the other collocated channels. This requires a “master” or nodal controller to amalgamate the channel information and perform the calculation.
The method 100 includes determining excess margin relative to a nominal guaranteed rate of a flexible optical modem (step 102). The nominal guaranteed rate can be the rate at which the flexible optical modem is configured to operate with a full-fill on the associated optical line. Also, the nominal guaranteed rate can be the rate that is guaranteed through link engineering to work under any conceivable condition on the optical line such as full-fill. The excess margin (in dB) is the extra margin that the flexible optical modem presently sees given the current conditions on the optical line (e.g., channel count). That is, the excess margin is determined relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate. As stated herein, it is expected that on first-in deployments, the flexible optical modem may see significant margin given the engineering requirement to design for worst case (i.e., full-fill).
With the determined excess margin, the method 100 includes increasing capacity of the flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin (step 104). Thus, the flexible optical modem supports a nominal guaranteed rate for guaranteed bandwidth and an excess rate for excess bandwidth where the excess rate minus the nominal guaranteed rate equals the excess capacity. Here, the method 100 can use all of the excess margin or most of it leaving a small amount (e.g., 1 dB or less) for cushion to ensure the nominal guaranteed rate.
Next, the method 100 includes mapping the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces (step 106). The logical interfaces are typically 1:1 mapped with physical interfaces. Specifically, the logical interfaces are used by a management system, management plane, and/or control plane to map physical interfaces onto the optical line. Exemplary logical interfaces can be defined in terms of bandwidth such as, for example, 155 Mpbs (Synchronous Transport Signal-level 1 (STS-1) or VC3), N×155 Mpbs (N×STS-1), 1 Gbps (GbE), 2.5 Gbps (OC-48/STM-1, OTU1, ODU1), 10 Gbps (OC-192/STM-64, OTU2, ODU2, 10GbE), 40 Gbps (OC-768/STM-256, OTU3, ODU3, 40 GbE), 100 Gbs (OTU4, ODU4, 100 GbE), variable capacity ODUFlex, and the like. The logical interfaces can also be defined by signal type such as, for example, sub-network connections (SNCs), label switched paths (LSPs), 2F/4F BLSRs, 1+1/1:1 APS lines, UPSRs, VPSRs, 0:1 unprotected lines, etc. That is, the logical interfaces represent anything that allows the management system, management plane, and/or control plane to utilize the physical excess capacity from the method 100 in a network along with various switches.
The management system, management plane, and/or control plane are configured to recognize the excess capacity is terms of the associated logical interfaces and to allow physical hardware at the network elements 12 to support these extra logical interfaces. From a hardware perspective, the extra logical interfaces are formed on the optical line via the flexible optical modems in accordance with the method 100. At the network elements 12 or collocated therewith, switches can be configured to process the extra logical interfaces through associated switching fabrics. Again, the management system, management plane, and/or control plane recognize these additional logical interfaces as extra traffic without requiring additional hardware (assuming the switching fabrics can support the additional capacity). Note, FIGS. 6-7 illustrate an exemplary network element 12 and associated control module for use with the systems and methods described herein.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method 100 includes flagging the bandwidth created in the step 106 on the one or more logical interfaces as excess capacity. For example, the flagging can include notifying the management system, management plane, and/or control plane that the one or more logical interfaces are excess capacity. The reason is to flag to the management system, management plane, and/or control plane is that this capacity can disappear and this needs to be accounted for. The method 100 can be periodically reiterated for each flexible optical modem. For example, the method 100 can be reiterated at set intervals or based on an occurrence such as channel additions/deletions on the optical lines or margin changes/erosion on the optical lines. With each iteration of the method 100, it is possible that the one or more logical interfaces could disappear or increase. For example, if channels are added to a line and the method 100 is rerun, the excess capacity could be decreased since the additional channels will likely reduce the excess margin. With reduction in the excess capacity, some or all of the logical interfaces based thereon could disappear as the flexible optical modem scales back bandwidth or returns to the nominal guaranteed rate.
Accordingly, in an exemplary aspect, the method 100 contemplates using these logical interfaces based on the excess capacity for restoration bandwidth in new or low-fill optical networks as well as for bandwidth-on-demand, i.e. short-lived SNCs or LSPs, etc., and lower cost bandwidth with minimal SLA requirements. Specifically, in first-in builds, the method 100 can significantly reduce costs using the logical interfaces based on the excess capacity as mesh restoration SNCs or LSPs. This can defer the cost of additional optical interfaces to form unused capacity that is dedicated for restoration. Thus, in first-in builds, all optical hardware can be utilized for revenue generation.
Referring to FIG. 4, in an exemplary embodiment, a flowchart illustrates another method 200 for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks. The method 200 is similar to the method 100 and provides additional details. Similarly, the method 200 contemplates operation in the network 10 and other optical networks including flexible optical modems for variable capacity channels (and optionally with fixed capacity channels present as well.) The method 200 can be implemented on a single channel or wavelength of a flexible optical modem. The method 200 can be implemented on multiple channels concurrently or in series. For example, in series, each iteration of the method 200 may affect each subsequent iteration as the increased bandwidth of one channel may reduce the excess margin of the next. Performed concurrently, the method 200 may be based on a local determination of excess margin at each flexible optical modem without regard for collocated channels. The concurrent method could be independent (as stated) or in concert. Independent meaning that it is done per-channel without regard for other collocated channels, and in concert meaning that the margin of each channel is calculated taking into account the effect of the other collocated channels. This requires a “master” or nodal controller to amalgamate the channel information and perform the calculation.
The method 200 includes computing or providing a route for a network demand (step 202). The network demand is a guaranteed amount of bandwidth needed in the network between two optical network elements 12, e.g. 10 G, 40 G, 100 G, etc. The method 200 can receive an explicit route or calculate a route using control plane techniques. Next, the method 200 includes determining path viability for the route and the network demand for an ideal bit-rate using a forecast tolerant modeling scheme (step 204). For example, this functionality can be performed in a management system, an optical modeling system, etc., and this functionality includes determining the guaranteed wavelength capacity under worst-case conditions such as at full-fill, etc. That is, the forecast tolerant modeling scheme ensures the network demand can be serviced by the route regardless of future constraints. The step 204 could also optionally include a wavelength assignment. The selection of wavelength could take into account the selection of wavelengths currently available (not in use).
Next, the method 200 includes determining path viability for the route and a maximum supported capacity on the existing network (step 206). The step 206 could also optionally include a wavelength assignment. The selection of wavelength in this case could differ from the step 204 in that it could select wavelengths which maximize the potential excess bandwidth. For example, it could choose to separate wavelengths from those already in service or to allocate a different spectral width to the channel being routed. The wavelength assignment in this step could change the wavelength previously chosen in step 204. Alternatively, this excess bandwidth aware wavelength assignment could be applied in step 204.
The step 204 looks at worst case whereas the step 206 looks at current conditions (i.e., right now without adding in margin for added channels or end-of-life operation). The step 204 determines the guaranteed wavelength capacity while the step 206 determines the current maximum wavelength capacity. It is the delta between these two scenarios that constitutes excess margin and capacity opportunities with flexible optical modems. From a computation perspective, assign the value determined in the step 206 as Max and:

Max_Engineered=Max−δmargin 

where Max_Engineered is the maximum currently supported bandwidth, Max is the result of the step 206 (i.e., the physical maximum bandwidth), and δmargin in is a small engineering margin simply to avoid a signal degrade threshold and this value can be 0 or a small amount such as <1 dB. The result of the step 204 can be denoted as Guaranteed, i.e. the guaranteed wavelength capacity. Accordingly:

Excess=Max_Engineered−Guaranteed

where Excess is the additional excess capacity currently supported that can be mined by the method 200 (or the method 100).

Next, the method 200 includes installing and/or activating a wavelength in the network at the Max_Engineered rate with a logical interface thereon supporting the guaranteed rate for the network demand and one or more logical interfaces providing excess capacity (step 208). Here, the method 200, similar to the method 100, can provide these one or more logical interfaces from the excess capacity to a management plane and a switching plane for use thereof as restoration capacity, bandwidth-on-demand (BOD), short-lived services, etc. The method 200 can implement the various functionality described in the method 100 as well for implementing the one or more logical interfaces from the excess capacity.
The method 200 will operate with the logical interface supporting the guaranteed rate and with the one or more logical interfaces providing excess capacity until a margin erosion, signal degradation, or other change (step 210). Again, it is expected at the client layer that the logical interface for the guaranteed capacity can be used for any service request, but specifically long lived traffic. On the other hand, the client layer could use the excess capacity for any service request, but it would be prudent to only use it for temporary traffic (e.g. restoration traffic, bandwidth-on-demand with a known termination date and time, etc.). In the method 200, if there is margin erosion or a signal degrade crossing (step 210), the flexible optical modem can drop the excess capacity and hitlessly revert back to the guaranteed bit-rate (step 212). In this way, the excess margin is now used to make up for the margin erosion or the signal degrade crossing and not for the excess capacity. The excess capacity is lost, but the guaranteed capacity is protected from the margin erosion or the signal degrade crossing.
Once stability has been achieved for a set amount of time (e.g., 5 minutes, 2 hours, etc.) (step 214), the method 200 can include performing path viability for the route and a maximum supported capacity on the existing network (step 216). The step 216 is similar to the step 206. Once it is determined what excess margin exists after stability, the flexible optical modem can hitlessly increase its rate based on the maximum supported rate from the step 216 (and the guaranteed rate from the step 204). Also, if a path completely fails, then an alternate path is computed (per typical control plane behavior) and installed. The method 200 can operate as well on the new alternate path. For example, the method 200 can be implemented subsequent to a protection switch after stability is achieved.
Referring to FIG. 5, in an exemplary embodiment, a flowchart illustrates a coexistence method 300 for managing excess optical capacity and margin in optical networks with both variable capacity channels and fixed capacity channels intermixed. Specifically, the coexistence method 300 contemplates operation along with the methods 100, 200 in the network 10 and other optical networks including flexible optical modems for variable capacity channels and with fixed capacity channels present as well. The coexistence method 300 begins with an assumption that any excess margin on a fixed capacity channel is unusable as discussed herein. The coexistence method 300 looks for opportunities to reduce this unusable excess margin to increase the excess margin on variable capacity channels for increased excess capacity according to the methods 100, 200.
The method 300 includes one or more variable capacity channels operating or planned on being operated on a same optical line or link as one or more fixed capacity channels (step 302). The method 300 can be implemented at various stages—in new systems where just a couple of channels are used all the way up to full-fill. The method 300 checks if there is excess margin for any of the fixed capacity channels (step 304), and if not, the method 300 ends (step 306). If there is excess margin on any of the fixed capacity channels (step 304), the method 300 utilizes various techniques to mine this excess margin for the benefit of the variable capacity channels (which in turn can implement the methods 100, 200 whereas the fixed capacity channels cannot).
The method 300 can include positioning or ensuring the variable capacity channels are located adjacent to fixed capacity channels on the optical spectrum (step 308). That is, it is advantageous for the method 300 to have fixed capacity channels adjacent to the variable capacity channels as opposed to separating these channels on the spectrum. The method 300 includes intentionally increasing performance of the variable capacity channels at the expense of the fixed capacity channels (with excess margin) to reduce the excess margin for the fixed capacity channels while concurrently increasing the excess margin for the variable capacity channel (step 310). In a way, it can be said that the method 300 intentionally harms the fixed capacity channels to remove the excess margin so it can be used by the variable capacity channels.
The method 300 contemplates various options for adjusting both the fixed capacity channels with excess margin and the variable capacity channels. For example, the fixed capacity channels could be transmitted at lower output powers to make these channels less intrusive to neighboring variable capacity channels and therefore increase performance of the neighboring variable capacity channels. Further, the fixed capacity channels could be transmitted at a reduced baud rate and increased signal density to transmit in a format that takes more OSNR but uses less spectrum. Also, the variable capacity channel can intrude into the spectrum of the fixed capacity channel. For example, in FIG. 2, the variable capacity channel can extend 10 GHz into each of its neighbors to support 70 GHz of bandwidth versus 50 GHz thereby providing additional margin for the variable capacity channel.
The method 300 can install or increase bit-rate of the variable capacity channels based on the increased performance and margin “stolen” from the fixed capacity channels and map this excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces such as described in the methods 100, 200 (step 312).
Referring to FIG. 6, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates an exemplary network element 12 for use with the methods and systems described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the exemplary network element 12 can be a network element that may consolidate the functionality of a multi-service provisioning platform (MSPP), digital cross connect (DCS), Ethernet and/or Optical Transport Network (OTN) switch, dense wave division multiplexed (DWDM) platform, etc. into a single, high-capacity intelligent switching system providing Layer 0, 1, and 2 consolidation. In another exemplary embodiment, the network element 12 can be any of an OTN add/drop multiplexer (ADM), a SONET/SDH/OTN ADM, a multi-service provisioning platform (MSPP), a digital cross-connect (DCS), an optical cross-connect, an optical switch, a router, a switch, a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) terminal, an access/aggregation device, etc. That is, the network element 12 can be any digital system with ingress and egress digital signals and switching therebetween of channels, timeslots, tributary units, wavelengths, etc. utilizing OTN, SONET, SDH, etc. Alternatively, the network element 12 can exclude digital switching and solely provide optical switching and/or transmission. While the network element 12 is generally shown as an optical network element, the systems and methods contemplated for use with any switching fabric, network element, or network based thereon.
In an exemplary embodiment, the network element 12 includes common equipment 410, one or more line modules 420, and one or more switch modules 430. The common equipment 410 can include power; a control module; operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) access; user interface ports; and the like. The common equipment 410 can connect to a management system 450 through a data communication network 460. The management system 450 can include a network management system (NMS), element management system (EMS), or the like. Additionally, the common equipment 410 can include a control plane processor configured to operate a control plane as described herein. The network element 12 can include an interface 470 for communicatively coupling the common equipment 410, the line modules 420, and the switch modules 430 therebetween. For example, the interface 470 can be a backplane, mid-plane, a bus, optical or electrical connectors, or the like. The line modules 420 are configured to provide ingress and egress to the switch modules 430 and external to the network element 12. In an exemplary embodiment, the line modules 420 can form ingress and egress switches with the switch modules 430 as center stage switches for a three-stage switch, e.g. a three stage Clos switch. Other configurations and/or architectures are also contemplated. The line modules 420 can include optical transceivers, such as, for example, 1 Gbps (GbE PHY), 2.5 Gbps (OC-48/STM-1, OTU1, ODU1), 10 Gbps (OC-192/STM-64, OTU2, ODU2, 10 GbE PHY), 40 Gbps (OC-768/STM-256, OTU3, ODU3, 40 GbE PHY), 100 Gbps (OTU4, ODU4, 100 GbE PHY), etc.
Further, the line modules 420 can include a plurality of optical connections per module and each module may include a flexible rate support for any type of connection, such as, for example, 155 Mbps, 622 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, 100 Gbps, 400 Gbps, 1 Tbps, and any rate in between. The line modules 420 can include wavelength division multiplexing interfaces, short reach interfaces, and the like, and can connect to other line modules 420 on remote network elements, end clients, edge routers, and the like. From a logical perspective, the line modules 420 provide ingress and egress ports to the network element 12, and each line module 420 can include one or more physical ports. As described herein the line modules 420 can support either fixed capacity channels or variable capacity channels. The line modules 420 can be transponders, muxponders, flexible optical modems, etc. Note, if the network element 12 is a DWDM terminal, the switch modules 430 may be omitted and the line modules 420 act as transponders, muxponders, etc. It is assumed that a switch device is at some point connected to the DWDM terminal to support the one or more logical interfaces that are formed from the excess capacity.
The switch modules 430 are configured to switch channels, timeslots, tributary units, etc. between the line modules 420. For example, the switch modules 430 can provide wavelength granularity (Layer 0 switching), SONET/SDH granularity such as Synchronous Transport Signal-1 (STS-1) and variants/concatenations thereof (STS-n/STS-nc), Synchronous Transport Module level 1 (STM-1) and variants/concatenations thereof, Virtual Container 3 (VC3), etc.; OTN granularity such as Optical Channel Data Unit-1 (ODU1), Optical Channel Data Unit-2 (ODU2), Optical Channel Data Unit-3 (ODU3), Optical Channel Data Unit-4 (ODU4), Optical Channel Data Unit-flex (ODUflex), Optical channel Payload Virtual Containers (OPVCs), ODTUGs, etc.; Ethernet packet granularity; Digital Signal n (DSn) granularity such as DS0, DS1, DS3, etc.; and the like. Specifically, the switch modules 630 can include both Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) (i.e., circuit switching) and packet switching engines. The switch modules 430 can include redundancy as well, such as 1:1, 1:N, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the switch modules 430 provide OTN, SONET, or SDH switching.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network element 12 can include other components which are omitted for illustration purposes, and that the systems and methods described herein are contemplated for use with a plurality of different network elements with the network element 12 presented as an exemplary type of network element. For example, in another exemplary embodiment, the network element 12 may not include the switch modules 430, but rather have the corresponding functionality in the line modules 420 (or some equivalent) in a distributed fashion or completely omit the corresponding functionality as in the case of a DWDM terminal. For the network element 12, other architectures providing ingress, egress, and switching therebetween are also contemplated for the systems and methods described herein. In general, the systems and methods described herein contemplate use with any network element providing switching and/or transport of OTN, SONET, SDH, etc. channels, timeslots, tributary units, wavelengths, packets, etc. Furthermore, the network element 12 is merely presented as one exemplary implementation for the systems and methods described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the systems and methods can be used for practically any type of network element that includes flexible optical modems for supporting variable capacity channels.
Referring to FIG. 7, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a controller 500 to provide control plane processing and/or operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) for the network element 12. The controller 500 can be part of common equipment, such as common equipment 410 in the network element 12. The controller 500 can include a processor 502 which is hardware device for executing software instructions such as operating the control plane. The processor 502 can be any custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among several processors associated with the controller 500, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. When the controller 500 is in operation, the processor 502 is configured to execute software stored within memory, to communicate data to and from the memory, and to generally control operations of the controller 500 pursuant to the software instructions. The controller 500 can also include a network interface 504, a data store 506, memory 508, an I/O interface 510, and the like, all of which are communicatively coupled therebetween and with the processor 502.
The network interface 504 can be used to enable the controller 500 to communicate on a network, such as to communicate control plane information to other controllers, to the management system 460, to a Software Defined Networking or OpenFlow controller, and the like. The network interface 504 can include, for example, an Ethernet card (e.g., 10BaseT, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet) or a wireless local area network (WLAN) card (e.g., 802.11a/b/g). The network interface 504 can include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications on the network. The data store 506 can be used to store data, such as control plane information, provisioning data, OAM&P data, etc. The data store 506 can include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and the like)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, flash drive, CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the data store 506 can incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. The memory 508 can include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, flash drive, CDROM, etc.), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the memory 508 may incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that the memory 508 can have a distributed architecture, where various components are situated remotely from one another, but may be accessed by the processor 502.
The I/O interface 510 includes components for the controller 500 to communicate to other devices in a node, such as through the local interface 514. The components (502, 504, 506, 508, 510) are communicatively coupled via a local interface 514. The local interface 514 and the I/O interface 510 can be, for example but not limited to, one or more buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The local interface 514 and the I/O interface 510 can have additional elements, which are omitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters, and receivers, among many others, to enable communications. Further, the local interface 514 and the I/O interface 510 can include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components.
The network element 12, the controller 500, and associated optical networks and the like can utilized control plane systems and methods in addition to or in replace of the standard management system functionality. Control plane systems and methods provide automatic allocation of network resources in an end-to-end manner. Exemplary control planes may include Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) as defined in G.8080/Y.1304, Architecture for the automatically switched optical network (ASON) (February 2005), the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference; Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture as defined in Request for Comments (RFC): 3945 (October 2004) and the like, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference; Optical Signaling and Routing Protocol (OSRP) from Ciena Corporation which is an optical signaling and routing protocol similar to PNNI (Private Network-to-Network Interface) and MPLS; or any other type control plane for controlling network elements at multiple layers, and establishing connections there between. It is essential for the operation of control planes to have control plane signaling and Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) connectivity between nodes.
It is important to note that the one or more logical interfaces from the methods 100, 200, 300 are provided to the control plane and/or management system for use thereof. In the control plane, the one or more logical interfaces can be used for path computation especially for mesh reroutes in failure scenarios or for short-lived SNC or LSP requests. Thus, the systems and methods described herein provide the methods 100, 200, 300 for determining and setting maximum bandwidths on flexible optical modems, the control plane and/or management system are made aware of the excess capacity as one or more logical interfaces that are flagged as excess capacity, and collocated switching fabrics can use these one or more logical interfaces at the direction of the control plane and/or management system for various purposes such as restoration or short-lived SNCs or LSPs.
It will be appreciated that some exemplary embodiments described herein may include one or more generic or specialized processors (“one or more processors”) such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors, and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the methods and/or systems described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions may be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the aforementioned approaches may be used. Moreover, some exemplary embodiments may be implemented as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer, server, appliance, device, etc. each of which may include a processor to perform methods as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), Flash memory, and the like. When stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium, software can include instructions executable by a processor that, in response to such execution, cause a processor or any other circuitry to perform a set of operations, steps, methods, processes, algorithms, etc.
Although the present disclosure has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
determining excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate associated with a flexible optical modem configured to communicate over an optical link, wherein the flexible optical modem forms a variable capacity channel, and wherein the optical link comprises a fixed capacity channel adjacent to the variable capacity channel;
causing the flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate in the flexible optical modem comprises excess capacity;
mapping the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by at least one of a management system, a management plane, and a control plane;
determining excess margin for the fixed capacity channel that is unusable since the fixed capacity channel cannot modify its rate;
performing at least one of increasing performance of the variable capacity channel and decreasing performance of the fixed capacity channel based on the excess margin for the fixed capacity channel; and
increasing a bit-rate of the variable capacity channel based on margin gained by at least one of the increased performance of the variable capacity channel and the decreased performance of the fixed capacity channel.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
utilizing the one or more logical interfaces by the at least one of the management system, the management plane, and the control plane as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining the excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate through the steps of:
determining path viability of a network demand over the optical link for an ideal bit-rate using a forecast tolerant modeling scheme;
determining path viability for a maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and
determining the excess margin as a difference between the path viability for a maximum supported capacity and the path viability of the network demand along with including a small engineering margin.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
detecting margin erosion or a signal degrade on the flexible optical modem; and
dropping the excess capacity and hitlessly reverting to the nominal guaranteed rate.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
after a period of stability subsequent to the margin erosion or the signal degrade, determining again the path viability for a new maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and
hitlessly increasing a rate of the flexible optical modem based on the new maximum supported capacity.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
updating the determined excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate in the flexible optical modem responsive to channels added or deleted on the optical link.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
increasing performance of the variable capacity channel comprises extending associated optical spectrum into optical spectrum from the fixed capacity channel; and
decreasing performance of the fixed capacity channel comprises any of lowering output power to make the fixed capacity channel less intrusive to the variable capacity channel, or transmitting at one or more of a reduced baud rate and an increased signal density to transmit in a format that uses less of the optical spectrum.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
operating a control plane; and
utilizing the one or more logical interfaces for restoration sub-network connections.

9. A network element, comprising:
at least one flexible optical modem configured to form a variable capacity channel; and
a controller configured to:
determine excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate associated with the at least one flexible optical modem configured to communicate over an optical link, wherein the optical link comprises a fixed capacity channel adjacent to the variable capacity channel;
cause the at least one flexible optical modem to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate in the at least one flexible optical modem comprises excess capacity;
map the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by at least one of a management system, a management plane, and a control plane;
determine excess margin for the fixed capacity channel that is unusable since the fixed capacity channel cannot modify its rate;
perform at least one of increase performance of the variable capacity channel and decrease performance of the fixed capacity channel based on the excess margin for the fixed capacity channel; and
increase a bit-rate of the variable capacity channel based on margin gained by at least one of the increased performance of the variable capacity channel and the decreased performance of the fixed capacity channel.

10. The network element of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to:
utilize the one or more logical interfaces as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections.

11. The network element of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to:
determine the excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate through the steps of:
determine path viability of a network demand over the optical link for an ideal bit-rate using a forecast tolerant modeling scheme;
determine path viability for a maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and
determine the excess margin as a difference between the path viability for a maximum supported capacity and the path viability of the network demand along with including a small engineering margin.

12. The network element of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to:
detect margin erosion or a signal degrade on the at least one flexible optical modem; and
drop the excess capacity and hitlessly reverting to the nominal guaranteed rate.

13. The network element of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to:
after a period of stability subsequent to the margin erosion or the signal degrade, determine again the path viability for a new maximum supported capacity over the optical link based on existing conditions on the optical link; and
hitlessly increase a rate of the flexible optical modem based on the new maximum supported capacity.

14. The network element of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to:
update the determined excess margin relative to the nominal guaranteed rate in the at least flexible optical modem responsive to channels added or deleted on the optical link.

15. The network element of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to:
increase performance of the variable capacity channel comprises extending associated optical spectrum into optical spectrum from the fixed capacity channel; and
decrease performance of the fixed capacity channel comprises ant of lowering output power to make the fixed capacity channel less intrusive to the variable capacity channel, or transmitting at one or more of a reduced baud rate and an increased signal density to transmit in a format that uses less of the optical spectrum.

16. The network element of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to:
operate a control plane; and
utilize the one or more logical interfaces for restoration of sub-network connections or label switched paths.

17. A network, comprising:
a plurality of interconnected network elements, at least one link in the network formed between two of the plurality of interconnected network elements is formed by flexible optical modems configured to form a variable capacity channel;
a control plane communicatively coupled to the plurality of interconnected network elements; and
a controller communicatively coupled to the flexible optical modems and configured to:
determine excess margin relative to margin needed to insure performance at a nominal guaranteed rate over the at least one link, wherein the at least one link comprises a fixed capacity channel adjacent to the variable capacity channel;
cause the flexible optical modems to consume most or all of the excess margin, wherein capacity increased above the nominal guaranteed rate in the flexible optical modems comprises excess capacity;
map the excess capacity to one or more logical interfaces for use by the control plane;
determine excess margin for the fixed capacity channel that is unusable since the fixed capacity channel cannot modify its rate;
perform at least one of increase performance of the variable capacity channel and decrease performance of the fixed capacity channel based on the excess margin for the fixed capacity channel; and
increase a bit-rate of the variable capacity channel based on margin gained by at least one of the increased performance of the variable capacity channel and the decreased performance of the fixed capacity channel.

18. The network of claim 17, wherein the controller is configured to:
utilize the one or more logical interfaces as one of restoration bandwidth or short-lived bandwidth-on-demand connections.