# Patent

## Title
Auxin biosynthesis inhibitor

## Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor superior to L-AOPP. The object can be attained by a compound represented by general formula (I): wherein, R1 to R5 and X are the same as defined in the specification or a salt or solvate thereof.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor, and an inhibitor of tryptophan aminotransferase working in the auxin biosynthetic pathway, as well as methods for using the inhibitors.
BACKGROUND ART
Auxin is a class of plant hormones and involved in various phases such as development, growth and environmental responses of plants. The substance most ubiquitously present as a natural auxin is indole acetic acid (IAA) and natural auxins such as indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 4-chloroindoleacetic acid are also known. In contrast, as synthetic auxins, p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutyric acid (MCPB) and the like are known.
IAA, a natural auxin, is instable. In addition, a plant has a decomposition pathway thereof within the body. Therefore, a synthetic auxin is generally used for agriculture. For example, p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid is used as a fruit set accelerator for tomatoes and eggplants. Furthermore, 2,4-D is used as a herbicide and an agent for culturing a plant tissue, and MCPB is a selective herbicide used in rice paddies.
Auxins are biologically synthesized through complicated pathways. To be more specific, the presence of two pathways through or not through L-tryptophan has been confirmed. The pathway through L-tryptophan is further branched in 4 or more pathways, which are separately catalyzed by different enzymes (FIG. 1). Up to present, as substances inhibiting biosynthesis of auxin, L-α-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG), L-aminooxyphenylpropionic acid (L-AOPP), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and 2-aminooxyisobutyric acid (AOIBA) are known (Patent Literature 1).
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature


    Patent Literature 1: International Publication WO2008-150031


SUMMARY OF INVENTION
L-AOPP known as an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor has low stability. Therefore, even if it is used in a medium, a growth inhibitory effect on plants is rarely observed. In addition, L-AOPP has so far been long used as an inhibitor of phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL). Since L-AOPP inhibits PAL, synthesis of important secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanin, flavonoid and lignin, is inhibited and synthesis of a plant hormone, i.e., salicylic acid, is further inhibited. Such side effects occur.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor superior to L-AOPP.
The present inventors conducted intensive studies. As a result, they found that by modifying a phenyl group, a carboxyl group and an aminooxy group of L-AOPP the substrate specificity, permeability and stability of the resulting compound can be improved and the side effects can be reduced.
To describe more specifically, the present invention include the followings.
(1) A compound represented by general formula (I):




wherein,

R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group;
R2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;
R3 and R4, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group;
R5 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and
X is O, NH or CH2,
or a salt or solvate thereof.
(2) The compound, or a salt or solvate thereof according to (1), wherein
R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl;
R2 is C1-6 alkyl;
R3 is hydrogen and R4 is acetyl or benzoyl, or R3 and R4 together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide;
R5 is hydrogen; and
X is O.
(3) An auxin biosynthesis inhibitor comprising a compound represented by general formula (I′):




wherein,

R1′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group;
R2′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group;
R3′ and R4′, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group;
R5′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and
X′ is O, NH or CH2 
provided that when R1′ is unsubstituted phenyl, R2′, R3′ and R4′ are not hydrogen at the same time), or
a salt or solvate thereof.
(4) The auxin biosynthesis inhibitor according to (3), wherein
R1′ is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl;
R2′ is C1-6 alkyl;
R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is acetyl or benzoyl, or R3′ and R4′ together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide;
R5′ is hydrogen; and
X′ is O.
(5) A tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor comprising a compound represented by general formula (I′′):




wherein,

R1′′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group;
R2′′ is hydrogen;
R3′′ and R4′′ are each hydrogen;
R5′′ is hydrogen; and
X′′ is O, NH or CH2, or
a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof.
(6) The tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor according to (5), wherein
R1′′ is bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl;
R2′′ is hydrogen;
R3′′ and R4′′ are each hydrogen;
R5′′ is hydrogen; and
X′′ is O, NH or CH2.
(7) A method for inhibiting biosynthesis of auxin in a plant, comprising applying the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor according to (3) or (4) to the plant.
(8) A method for inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase in a plant, comprising applying the tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor according to (5) or (6) to the plant.
(9) A method for inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase, comprising bringing the tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor according to (5) or (6) into contact with the tryptophan aminotransferase in vitro.
(10) A method for regulating growth of a plant, comprising applying the compound according to (1) or (2), the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor according to (3) or (4), or the tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor according to (5) or (6) to the plant.
(11) A method for weeding a plant, comprising applying the compound according to (1) or (2), the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor according to (3) or (4), or the tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor according to (5) or (6) to the plant.
The specification incorporates the content of the specification and/or the drawings of JP Patent Application No. 2011-43277 upon which the priority right of the present application is based.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of necessary fee.
FIG. 1 shows auxin biosynthetic pathways.
FIG. 2-1 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-2 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-3 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-4 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-5 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-6 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-7 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-8 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-9 shows synthetic pathways of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-10 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-11 shows a synthetic pathway of the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 2-12 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-13 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-14 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-15 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-16 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-17 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-18 shows a synthetic pathway of the compounds of the present invention.
FIG. 2-19 shows a synthetic pathway of the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows endogenous amounts (relative value) of IAA in arabidopsis treated with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-1 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-2 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-3 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-4 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-5 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-6 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-7 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 4-8 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 5-1 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention and IAA.
FIG. 5-2 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention and IAA.
FIG. 5-3 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention and IAA.
FIG. 5-4 shows morphology of arabidopsis cultured with the compound of the present invention and IAA.
FIG. 6-1 shows morphology of tobacco cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 6-2 shows morphology of tobacco cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 6-3 shows morphology of tobacco cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 6-4 shows morphology of tobacco cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows morphology of lettuce cultured with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows the results of TAA1 inhibitory test.
FIG. 9 shows the results of PAL2 inhibitory test.
FIG. 10 shows morphology of rice treated with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows morphology of tomato treated with the compound of the present invention.
FIG. 12 shows morphology of Physcomitrella patens subsp. Patens treated with the compound of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Now, the present invention will be more specifically described below.
1. Compound
The present invention relates to a compound represented by general formula (I):




wherein, R1 to R5 and X are the same as defined below, or

a salt or solvate thereof.
If the compound of the present invention has a single or a plurality of chiral centers, individual enantiomers and diastereomers as well as racemates are included in the present invention. The same applies to the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor and tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor described below.
In general formula (I), R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group. Preferably, R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group. More preferably, R1 is a substituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group. Particularly preferably, R1 is a substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
Each of the groups represented by R1 may be substituted with substituents such as halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), an alkyl group (for example, C1-6 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl), a haloalkyl group (for example, C1-3 haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl), an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-3 alkoxy), a haloalkoxy group (for example, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, trifluoromethoxy), an aryl group (for example, C6-10 aryl, phenyl), an aryl-substituted phenyl group (for example, C6-10 aryl-substituted phenyl, biphenyl), a heteroaryl group (for example, thiophene), an aryl-substituted heteroaryl group (for example, C6-10 aryl-substituted heteroaryl, phenylthiophene), an aryloxy group (for example, C6-10 aryloxy, phenyloxy), an oxo group, an amino group, a nitro group and a cyano group.
Examples of the aryl group represented by R1 include C6-14 aryl and C6-10 aryl. Particularly, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, 4-(4′-chlorophenyl)phenyl and naphthyl are preferable. Particularly, naphthyl is preferable.
Examples of the heteroaryl group represented by R1 include a 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl and 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur as ring member(s). Particularly, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl, benzothiazolyl, thiazolyl, benzoxazolyl and benzothiophene are preferable.
Examples of the heterocycloalkyl group represented by R1 include a 5 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 5 or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur as ring member(s). Particularly, phenylpiperidinyl is preferable.
Examples of the aryl-fused cycloalkyl group represented by R1 include groups in which phenyl is fused to C5-6 cycloalkyl. Particularly, groups having a structure shown below are preferable:




Examples of the aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group represented by R1 include groups in which phenyl is fused to a 5 or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur as ring member(s). Particularly, groups having a structure shown below are preferable:




In general formula (I), R2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. Preferably, R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
The alkyl group represented by R2 may be substituted with halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl), an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-3 alkoxy).
Examples of the alkyl group represented by R2 include C1-6 alkyl and C1-4 alkyl. Particularly, methyl, ethyl and butyl are preferable.
In general formula (I), R3 and R4, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group. Preferably, R3 is hydrogen and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group.
Examples of the acyl group represented by R3 and R4 may be substituted with substituents such as halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl), an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-3 alkoxy) and a carboxyl group. Furthermore, if the acyl group has an aromatic moiety, the aromatic moiety may be further substituted with substituents such as an alkyl group (for example, C1-6 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl), a haloalkyl group (for example, C1-3 haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl), an amino group, a nitro group and a cyano group.
The alkylidene group that R3 and R4 form may be substituted with substituents such as halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl) and an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-3 alkoxy).
The cyclic imide group that R3 and R4 form, together with a nitrogen atom, may be substituted with substituents such as halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), an alkyl group (for example, C1-6 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl), a haloalkyl group (for example, C1-3 haloalkyl, trifluoromethyl), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl) and an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-3 alkoxy).
Examples of the acyl group represented by R3 and R4 include C2-11 acyl and C2-7 acyl. Particularly, acetyl and benzoyl are preferable.
Examples of the alkylidene group that R3 and R4 form include C3-10 alkylidene and C3-6 alkylidene. Particularly, propan-2-ylidene is preferable.
Examples of the cyclic imide group that R3 and R4 form, together with nitrogen atom include C4-8 cyclic imide. Particularly, phthalimide and succinimide are preferable.
In general formula (I), R5 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Preferably, R5 is hydrogen.
The alkyl group represented by R5 may be substituted with substituents such as halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), a cycloalkyl group (for example, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl), and an alkoxy group (for example, C1-6 alkoxy and C1-3 alkoxy).
Examples of the alkyl group represented by R5 include C1-6 alkyl and C1-3 alkyl. As the alkyl group, particularly methyl is preferable.
In general formula (I), X is O, CH2 or NH. Preferably, X is O or NH. Particularly preferably, X is O.
The compounds represented by general formula (I) include compounds in which R1 to R5 and X satisfying the aforementioned definitions are arbitrarily employed in combination. Although it is not particularly limited, in view of higher stability, a compound in which R2 to R4 are not hydrogen at the same time, is preferable. For example, a compound, in which R2 is hydrogen; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group, is preferable. Particularly a compound in which R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group is particularly preferable.
The salts of a compound represented by general formula (I) are not particularly limited as long as they do not have a negative effect upon the activity of the compound. Examples thereof include salts of an alkaline metal (e.g., a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt), salts of an alkaline earth metal (e.g., a magnesium salt, a calcium salt), and acid addition salts (a inorganic acid salt or an organic salt, for example, a hydrochloride, a hydrobromate, a nitrate, a sulfate, a phosphate, an acetate, a phenyl acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, maleate, acrylate, fumarate, malate, tartrate, citrate, salicylate, lactate, phthalate, oxalate, succinate, benzoate, formate, ascorbate, palmitate, oleate, benzene sulfonate and tosylate)
The solvates of a compound represented by general formula (I) are not particularly limited as long as they do not have a negative effect upon the activity of the compound. Examples thereof include solvates with an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acetic acid, ethanolamine and ethyl acetate, and hydrates with water.
An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group; R2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3 and R4, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
A preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is a substituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group; R2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3 and R4, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
Specific examples of the preferable embodiment include a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; R3 and R4, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen, acetyl or benzoyl or R3 and R4 together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5 is hydrogen or methyl; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
A further preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5 is hydrogen; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
Specific examples of the further preferable embodiment include a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2 is C1-6 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is acetyl or benzoyl or R3 and R4 together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5 is hydrogen; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
A particularly preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound represented by general formula (I) wherein R1 is substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3 and R4 together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5 is hydrogen; and X is O; or a salt or solvate thereof.
Specific examples of the particularly preferable embodiment include a compound represented by general formula (I) where R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2 is C1-6 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen and R4 is acetyl or benzoyl or R3 and R4 together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5 is hydrogen; and X is O; a salt or solvate thereof.
2. Auxin Biosynthesis Inhibitor
The present invention further relates to an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor comprising a compound represented by general formula (I′):




wherein, R1′ to R5′ and X′ are the same as defined below, or

a salt or solvate thereof.
In general formula (I′), R1′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group. Preferably, R1′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group. Particularly preferably, R1′ is a substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
In general formula (I′), R2′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. Preferably, R2′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
In general formula (I′), R3′ and R4′, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group. Preferably, R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group.
In general formula (I′), R5′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Preferably, R5′ is hydrogen.
In general formula (I′), X′ is O, CH2 or NH. Preferably, X′ is O or NH. Particularly preferably, X′ is O.
Specific examples of R1′ to R5′ of general formula (I′) and specific examples of substituents which may substitute for the groups of R1′ to R5′ are the same as described with respect to R1 to R5 of general formula (I). Note that R1′ of general formula (I′) may be unsubstituted phenyl; however in this case, R2′ to R4′ are not hydrogen as the same time.
The compounds represented by general formula (I′) include compounds in which R1′ to R5′ and X′ satisfying the aforementioned definitions are arbitrarily employed in combination. Although it is not particularly limited, in view of high stability, a compound in which R2′ to R4′ are not hydrogen at the same time, is preferable. For example, a compound, in which R2′ is hydrogen; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group is preferable. Particularly, a compound, in which R2′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group is particularly preferable.
Specific examples of the salt and solvate of a compound represented by general formula (I′) are the same as described with respect to the salt and solvate of a compound represented by general formula (I).
A preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group; R2′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3′ and R4′, which are the same or different, are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5′ is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and X′ is O or NH (provided that when R′ is unsubstituted phenyl, R2′, R3′ and R4′ are not hydrogen at the same time); or a salt or solvate thereof. The auxin biosynthesis inhibitor of the embodiment has an auxin biosynthesis inhibitory activity equal to or more than that of L-AOPP and high stability.
Specific examples of the preferable embodiment include an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1′ is phenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2′ is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; R3′ and R4′, which are the same or different, each are hydrogen, acetyl or benzoyl or R3′ and R4′ together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5′ is hydrogen or methyl; and X′ is O or NH (provided that when R1′ is unsubstituted phenyl, R2′, R3′ and R4′ are not hydrogen at the same time); or a salt or solvate thereof.
A further preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R2′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5′ is hydrogen; and X′ is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof. The auxin biosynthesis inhibitor of the embodiment has an auxin biosynthesis inhibitory activity equal to or more than that of L-AOPP and extremely high stability.
Specific examples of the further preferable embodiment include an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1′ is phenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2′ is C1-6 alkyl; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is acetyl or benzoyl or R3′ and R4′ together form propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5′ is hydrogen; and X is O or NH; or a salt or solvate thereof.
The particularly preferable embodiment of the present invention is directed to an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1′ is substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R2′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene group or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic imide group; R5′ is hydrogen; and X′ is O; or a salt or solvate thereof. The auxin biosynthesis inhibitor of the embodiment has an auxin biosynthesis inhibitory activity superior to that of L-AOPP and extremely high stability.
Specific examples of the particularly preferable embodiment include an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′) where R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2′ is C1-6 alkyl; R3′ is hydrogen and R4′ is acetyl or benzoyl or R3′ and R4′ together form a substituted or unsubstituted propan-2-ylidene or, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3′ and R4′ are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide; R5′ is hydrogen; and X′ is O; or a salt or solvate thereof.
3. Tryptophan Aminotransferase Inhibitor
The present invention further relates to a tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor comprising a compound represented by general formula (I′′):




wherein, R1′′ to R5′′ and X′′ are the same as defined below, or

a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof.
In general formula (I′′), R1′′ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (provided that unsubstituted phenyl is excluded), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl-fused heterocycloalkyl group. Preferably, R1′′ is a substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen.
X′′ is O, NH or CH2. Preferably, X′′ is O or NH. Particularly preferably, X′′ is O.
Specific examples of R1′′ of general formula (I′′), and specific examples of substituents that may be substituted for the group of R1′′ are the same as described with respect to R1 of general formula (I).
Specific examples of the salt and solvate of a compound represented by general formula (I′′) are the same as described with respect to the salt and solvate of a compound represented by general formula (I).
Examples of a prodrug of a compound represented by general formula (I′′) include a prodrug in which the carboxyl group (COOR2′′) and amino group (NR3′′R4′′) in general formula (I′′) are protected with protecting groups, which are to be converted to a free carboxylic acid and free amine, respectively in a plant.
Examples of the carboxyl group protected include an ester, a thioester, an amide, and a nitrile. Examples thereof include a C1-6 alkyl ester, a C1-4 alkyl ester, a C1-6 alkylthio ester, a C1-4 alkylthio ester, a —CONRa2 (Ra each independently represent e.g., hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl).
Examples of the amino group protected include an amide, an imide and an imine. Examples thereof include —NHCORb (Rb is e.g., C1-3 alkyl (preferably methyl), aryl (preferably phenyl)), a cyclic imide (preferably phthalimide, succinimide), —N═CRc2 (Rc each independently represent e.g., C1-3 alkyl).
Either one or both of the carboxyl group and amino group may be protected.
An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′′) where R1′′ is substituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen; and X′′ is O, NH or CH2 (preferably, X′′ is O); or a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof.
Examples of the embodiment include a tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′′) where R1′′ is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen; and X′′ is O, NH or CH2 (preferably, X′′ is O); or a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof. The tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor of the embodiment has an enzyme inhibitory activity equal to or more than that of L-AOPP.
Preferable examples of the embodiment include tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′′) where R1′′ is 4-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, biphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl or naphthyl; R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen; and X′′ is O; or a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof. The tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor of the embodiment has enzyme inhibitory activity superior to that of L-AOPP.
Preferable examples of the embodiment include a tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′′) where R1′′ is bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl; R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen; and X′′ is O; or a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof. The tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor of the embodiment has enzyme inhibitory activity equal to or more than that of L-AOPP and further reduced in side effect (PAL inhibitory activity).
Particularly preferable examples of the embodiment include a tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor containing a compound represented by general formula (I′′) where R1′′ is biphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl or naphthyl; R2′′ to R5′′ each are hydrogen; and X′′ is O; or a salt, solvate or a prodrug thereof. The tryptophan aminotransferase inhibitor of the embodiment has enzyme inhibitory activity superior to that of L-AOPP and further reduced in side effect (PAL inhibitory activity).
4. Use
The compound of the present invention can be used for inhibiting biosynthesis of auxin, inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase in vivo (in a plant) and in vitro, and regulating growth of a plant. In inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase in vitro, an inhibitor, which is not in the form of a prodrug, is preferably used.
The type of plant is not particularly limited as long as the plant biologically synthesizes auxin and as long as the plant has tryptophan aminotransferase.
A method for applying the compound of the present invention to a plant is not particularly limited as long as the method allows the compound to be in contact with the plant. Examples thereof include spraying, dusting, atomizing, soaking and spreading.
The phrase “regulating growth of a plant” refers to exerting some influence on plant growth and include both a promotive effect and an inhibitory effect. Owing to these effects, the compound of the present invention can be used as e.g., a herbicide, a plant growth regulator and a flower keeping agent (freshness-keeping agent).
Now, the present invention will be described in more detail by use of Examples; however, the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these.
1. Synthesis Examples
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-2.
Synthesis of KOK1158 (Step 1)




The titled compound was synthesized by use of a method described in J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 3332-3334. 3-(2-Naphthyl)-D-alanine (5.0 g, 23.2 mmol) and sodium bromide (9.7 g, 81.3 mmol) were suspended in 2.5 M sulfuric acid (30 ml) and stirred at 0° C. To the mixture, an aqueous sodium nitrite (2.0 g, 29.0 mmol) solution (10 ml) was added dropwise. After the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour, the temperature of the mixture was returned to room temperature and a reaction was performed for 6 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The resultant organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. This was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate:acetic acid=100:1) to obtain the titled compound (red-brown oily substance: 6.6 g, crude yield 102%) containing impurities.
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.40 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 7.3 Hz), 3.63 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 4.52 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 7.3 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.40-7.51 (2H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 7.71-7.86 (3H, m).
Synthesis of KOK1164 (Step 2)




KOK1158 (6.6 g, 23.6 mmol) obtained in Step 1 was dissolved in methanol (50 ml). To this, concentrated sulfuric acid (0.5 ml) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1) to obtain the titled compound (yellow oily substance: 4.1 g, 59%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.40 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 7.3 Hz), 3.63 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 8.6 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 4.50 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 7.3 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz), 7.40-7.51 (2H, m), 7.67 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m).
Synthesis of KOK1165 (Step 3)




N-hydroxyphthalimide (2.5 g, 15.4 mmol) and triethylamine (2.1 ml, 15.4 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) and stirred at 60° C. To this, an N,N-dimethylformamide solution (5 ml) containing KOK1164 (6.6 g, 23.6 mmol) obtained in Step 2 was added dropwise and stirred at 60° C. for 30 minutes. To the reaction solution, water was added and the mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, washed three times with water and then washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The resultant organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=1:1) to obtain the titled compound (light yellow oily substance: 3.9 g, 75%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.41-3.60 (2H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 5.11 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.38-7.50 (3H, m), 7.65-7.83 (8H, m).
Synthesis of KOK1168 (Step 4)




KOK1165 (1.3 g, 3.5 mmol) obtained in Step 3 was dissolved in methanol:1,4-dioxane (1:1.8 ml). To the mixture, hydrazine monohydrate (0.2 g, 4.2 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for one hour. A saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (4 ml) was added and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the reaction solution, water was added and the mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The resultant organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=2:1) to obtain the titled compound (colorless oily substance: 0.8 g, 100%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.12 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.6 Hz), 3.20 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.51 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.36 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.7 Hz), 7.39-7.50 (2H, m), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m).
Synthesis of KOK1169 (Step 5)




KOK1168 (448 mg, 1.81 mmol) obtained in Step 4 was dissolved in methanol (5 ml). To this, a 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3.6 ml) was added and stirred at room temperature for one hour. To this, 2N hydrochloric acid was added to adjust pH at 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the obtained solid substance was suspended in water, filtered off and dried under reduced pressure to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 391 mg, 93%).
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.01 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.2 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.9 Hz), 4.28 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 7.35-7.52 (3H, m), 7.73 (1H, s), 7.77-7.90 (3H, m), 8.35 (2H, brs).
Synthesis of KOK2015 (Step 6)




Acetohydroxamic acid (31 mg, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 ml). To this, sodium hydride (60%) (16 mg, 0.41 mmol) was added under ice cooling and stirred for 20 minutes. To the mixture, an N,N-dimethylformamide (3 ml) solution containing KOK1164 (100 mg, 0.34 mmol) obtained in Step 2 was added dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. To the mixture, water was added and the mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, washed three times with water and then washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. This was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=1:1) to obtain the titled compound (colorless oily substance: 79 mg, 81%).
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.72 (3H, s), 3.21 (2H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 3.61 (3H, s), 4.71 (1H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 7.34-7.54 (3H, m), 7.73-7.92 (4H, m), 11.12 (1H, s).
Synthesis of KOK2016




The titled compound was synthesized from compound KOK1164 in the same conditions as in Step 3.
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.55 (4H, s), 3.45 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 5.06 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.36-7.50 (3H, m), 7.68-7.83 (4H, m). White crystal.
Synthesis of KOK2011




The titled compound was synthesized from compound KOK1164 in the same conditions as in Step 6.
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.39 (1H, dd, J=14.8, 6.6 Hz), 3.49 (1H, dd, J=14.8, 5.3 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 5.01 (1H, dd, J=6.9, 5.3 Hz), 7.32-7.54 (6H, m), 7.62-7.72 (2H, m), 7.72-7.85 (4H, m), 9.17 (1H, s). White crystal.
Synthesis of KOK1168 (Step 7)




To KOK2011 (2.00 g, 5.72 mmol), 2M (2N) hydrochloric acid.methanol (10 ml) was added and suspended. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue, water and ethyl acetate were added. The reaction solution was adjusted with a 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at pH4, extracted three times with ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. This was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure and then the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=2:1) to obtain the titled compound (colorless oily substance: 1.33 g, 95%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.12 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.6 Hz), 3.20 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.51 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.36 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.7 Hz), 7.39-7.50 (2H, m), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m).
Synthesis of KOK1198 (Step 8)




To KOK1168 (60 mg, 0.25 mmol) obtained in Step 4 or 7, acetone (3 ml) was added and stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 70 mg, 100%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.82 (3H, s), 1.87 (3H, s), 3.27 (2H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 3.70 (3H, s), 4.84 (1H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 7.33-7.50 (3H, m), 7.68 (1H, s), 7.71-7.84 (3H, m).
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-3. KOK1192 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 1, KOK1193 in Step 2, KOK1194 in Step 6, KOK2032 in Step 7, KOK2033 in Step 5, KOK2052 in Step 3 and KOK2057 in Step 4.
KOK1193




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.40 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 7.3 Hz), 3.63 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 8.6 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 4.50 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 7.3 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz), 7.40-7.51 (2H, m), 7.67 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m). Yellow oily substance.
KOK1194




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.39 (1H, dd, J=14.8, 6.6 Hz), 3.49 (1H, dd, J=14.8, 5.3 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 5.01 (1H, dd, J=6.9, 5.3 Hz), 7.32-7.54 (6H, m), 7.62-7.72 (2H, m), 7.72-7.85 (4H, m), 9.17 (1H, s). White solid substance.
KOK2032




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.23 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.07-3.25 (2H, m), 4.21 (2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 4.49 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz), 5.68 (2H, brs), 7.32-7.50 (3H, m), 7.67 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m). Light yellow oily substance.
KOK2033




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.01 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.2 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.9 Hz), 4.28 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 7.35-7.52 (3H, m), 7.73 (1H, s), 7.77-7.90 (3H, m), 8.35 (2H, brs). White crystal.
KOK2052




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.41-3.60 (2H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 5.11 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.38-7.50 (3H, m), 7.65-7.83 (8H, m). Brown sticky oily substance.
KOK2057




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.12 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.6 Hz), 3.20 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.51 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.36 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.7 Hz), 7.39-7.50 (2H, m), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m). Colorless oily substance.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-4. KOK1155 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 1, KOK1159 in Step 2, KOK1160 in Step 3, KOK1166 in Step 4, KOK1167 in Step 5 and KOK1183 in Step 6. KOK1177 was synthesized in accordance with Step 9 shown below.
KOK1160




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.67 (3H, s), 3.75 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.2 Hz), 3.92 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 6.3 Hz), 5.11 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.36-7.63 (4H, m), 7.68-7.90 (6H, m), 8.15 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz). Light yellow solid substance.
KOK1166




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.37 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.9 Hz), 3.53 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 4.6 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.57 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 4.6 Hz), 5.64 (2H, s), 7.33-7.59 (4H, m), 7.72-7.80 (1H, m), 7.82-7.90 (1H, m), 8.07 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz). Light yellow oily substance.
KOK1167




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) 5 ppm: 3.28 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 3.41 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 4.6 Hz), 4.29 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 4.6 Hz), 7.34-7.47 (2H, m), 7.47-7.62 (2H, m), 7.81 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.93 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 8.08 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.42 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Synthesis of KOK1177 (Step 9)




The titled compound was synthesized in accordance with a method described in WO2010/041538. 1-Naphthylamine (5.00 g, 34.92 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and acetone (50 ml) and cooled to 10° C. To this, hydrobromic acid (47 mass %, 12.26 g) (hydrogen bromide: 71.23 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was cooled to 2° C. While maintaining the temperature of the reaction solution not to exceed 5° C., an aqueous solution (6 ml) containing sodium nitrite (2.75 g, 39.81 mmol) was added dropwise. The resultant mixture was stirred at 2° C. for 20 minutes to synthesize a diazonium salt. In a different vessel, methyl acrylate (6.01 g, 69.84 mmol), pyridine (8.29 ml, 104.76 mmol) and copper bromide (I) (0.63 g, 4.40 mmol) were charged and stirred at 47° C. To the mixture solution, a solution containing the diazonium salt was added dropwise over 30 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture solution was further stirred at 47° C. for 2 hours and then the solvent was evaporated. To the obtained residue, ammonia water (28 mass %) was added. The solution was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. This was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1) to obtain the titled compound (black oily substance: 4.97 g, crude yield 49%) containing impurities.
KOK1183




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.58 (3H, s), 3.62-3.72 (2H, m), 5.06 (1H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 7.28-7.58 (7H, m), 7.58-7.70 (2H, m), 7.75 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.10 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 9.38 (1H, s). Yellow ocher crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-5. KOK2029 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 3, KOK2030 in Step 4 and KOK2031 in Step 5. KOK2019, KOK2025 and KOK2028 were synthesized in accordance with Steps 10, 11 and 12 shown below, respectively.
Synthesis of KOK2019 (Step 10)




To sodium hydride (60%) (303 mg, 7.57 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) was added and stirred. To this, a mixture solution of 4-phenoxy benzaldehyde (1.00 g, 5.05 mmol), methyl chloroacetate (657 mg, 6.05 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was added dropwise and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was ice-cooled, neutralized with 1M sulfuric acid, extracted three times with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thereafter, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1) to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 940 mg, 69%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.52 (1H, d, J=1.6 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.08 (1H, d, J=1.6 Hz), 6.94-7.04 (4H, m), 7.08-7.17 (1H, m), 7.20-7.28 (2H, m), 7.28-7.40 (2H, m).
Synthesis of KOK2025 (Step 11)




The titled compound was synthesized in accordance with a method described in Organic Letters 2003, vol. 5, No. 24, 4665-4668. KOK2019 (940 mg, 3.48 mmol) obtained in Step 10 and Pd0-EnCat® (0.4 mmol/g, 435 mg, 0.17 mmol) were dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 ml). To this, triethyl amine (1.93 ml, 13.91 mmol) and formic acid (0.53 ml, 13.91 mmol) were added. The reaction solution was stirred under an argon atmosphere at room temperature overnight, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and thereafter the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1) to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 859 mg, 91%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.72 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz), 2.94 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 6.6 Hz), 3.11 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 4.6 Hz), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.38-4.50 (1H, m), 6.88-7.03 (4H, m), 7.03-7.13 (1H, m), 7.13-7.21 (2H, m), 7.27-7.37 (2H, m).
Synthesis of KOK2028 (Step 12)




KOK2025 (859 mg, 3.16 mmol) obtained in Step 11 and triphenylphosphine (2.482 g, 9.46 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (6 ml). To this, carbon tetrabromide (1.046 g, 4.73 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for one hour. To the reaction solution, ice water was added. The reaction solution was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=20:1) to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 937 mg, 89%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.21 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 6.9 Hz), 3.44 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 6.9 Hz), 6.88-7.03 (4H, m), 7.06-7.20 (3H, m), 7.27-7.38 (2H, m).
KOK2029




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.23-3.41 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.97 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.90-7.02 (4H, m), 7.04-7.13 (1H, m), 7.23-7.36 (4H, m), 7.70-7.86 (2H, m). Colorless sticky oily substance.
KOK2030




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.88-3.06 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.39 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 5.68 (2H, s), 6.88-7.03 (4H, m), 7.03-7.12 (1H, m), 7.12-7.21 (2H, m), 7.26-7.37 (2H, m). White crystal.
KOK2031




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.76-2.97 (2H, m), 4.17 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 6.86-7.02 (4H, m), 7.04-7.18 (1H, m), 7.18-7.30 (2H, m), 7.30-7.43 (2H, m), 8.38 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-6. KOK2014 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 10, KOK2018 in Step 11, KOK2020 in Step 12, KOK2021 in Step 3, KOK2026 in Step 4 and KOK2027 in Step 5.
KOK2021




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) 5 ppm: 3.30-3.48 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 5.05 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.26-7.44 (5H, m), 7.48-7.58 (4H, m), 7.65-7.83 (4H, m). Colorless sticky oily substance.
KOK2026




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.92-3.12 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.44 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 4.6 Hz), 5.68 (3H, s), 7.22-7.36 (3H, m), 7.36-7.46 (2H, m), 7.46-7.60 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK2027




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.88 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 2.98 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 4.9 Hz), 4.21 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 4.9 Hz), 7.25-7.39 (3H, m), 7.39-7.50 (2H, m), 7.50-7.68 (4H, m), 8.35 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-7. KOK1170 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 1, KOK1171 in Step 2, KOK1174 in Step 3, KOK1175 in Step 4, KOK1176 in Step 5, KOK1184 in Step 9, KOK1185 in Step 3, KOK1186 in Step 4, KOK1187 in Step 5, KOK1173 in Step 9, KOK1178 in Step 3, KOK1179 in Step 4 and KOK1180 in Step 5.
KOK1174




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.22-3.40 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.96 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.28 (4H, s), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK1175




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.87-3.06 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 4.6 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.09-7.18 (2H, m), 7.21-7.29 (2H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK1176




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.84 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 2.93 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 5.0 Hz), 4.16 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 7.20-7.36 (4H, m), 8.37 (2H, brs). White crystal.
KOK1185




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.28 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 6.6 Hz), 3.35 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 6.9 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.97 (1H, dd, J=6.9, 6.6 Hz), 7.18-7.26 (3H, m), 7.31-7.36 (1H, m), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK1186




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.93 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.6 Hz), 3.02 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 5.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.39 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 5.0 Hz), 5.68 (2H, s), 7.04-7.14 (1H, m), 7.16-7.24 (3H, m). Yellow oily substance.
KOK1187




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.86 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 5.0 Hz), 2.96 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 8.2 Hz), 4.19 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 7.15-7.34 (4H, m), 8.43 (2H, brs). White crystal.
KOK1178




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.42 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 6.9 Hz), 3.52 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 7.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 5.07 (1H, dd, J=7.6, 6.9 Hz), 7.06-7.27 (2H, m), 7.33-7.44 (2H, m), 7.67-7.85 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK1179




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.09 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.9 Hz), 3.21 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 5.0 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.51 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 5.0 Hz), 5.66 (2H, s), 7.13-7.28 (3H, m), 7.30-7.40 (1H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK1180




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.87 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.9 Hz), 3.06 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 5.0 Hz), 4.23 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 5.0 Hz), 7.17-7.46 (4H, m), 8.45 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-8. KOK1152 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 2, KOK1161 in Step 3, KOK1153 in Step 2, KOK1172 in Step 3, KOK1151 in Step 2, KOK1157 in Step 6, and KOK1162 in Step 6.
KOK1172




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 0.85 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.15-1.33 (2H, m), 1.45-1.60 (2H, m), 3.24-3.44 (2H, m), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 5.00 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 7.18-7.37 (5H, m), 7.67-7.85 (4H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK1157




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.23 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 6.6 Hz), 3.32 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 5.3 Hz), 3.72 (3H, s), 4.93 (1H, dd, J=6.6, 5.3 Hz), 7.20-7.55 (8H, m), 7.62-7.71 (2H, m), 7.62-7.71 (2H, m), 9.14 (1H, brs). White crystal.
KOK1162




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.15 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.23 (2H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 4.11 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 4.91 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 7.12-7.48 (8H, m), 7.60-7.75 (2H, m), 9.63 (1H, s). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-9. KOK1118 and KOK1141 were synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 11, KOK1136 and KOK1146 in Step 12, KOK1145 and KOK1148 in Step 6, KOK1149 in Step 4, and KOK1154 in Step 5.
KOK1148




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.18 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.59 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 3.35-3.52 (1H, m), 4.03-4.20 (2H, m), 4.82 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 7.15-7.53 (8H, m), 7.60-7.70 (2H, m), 9.31 (1H, s). Colorless oily substance.
KOK1149




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.23 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.31 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 3.06-3.20 (1H, m), 4.10-4.24 (2H, m), 4.29 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 5.57 (2H, brs), 7.15-7.32 (5H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK1154




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.20 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 2.94-3.08 (1H, m), 4.12 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.12-7.32 (5H, m), 8.51 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-10. KOK1188 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 9, KOK1190 in Step 6, KOK2022 in Step 7, and KOK2036 in Step 5.
KOK1188




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.45 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 7.6 Hz), 3.66 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 7.9 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.50 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 7.6 Hz), 7.50-7.60 (1H, m), 7.65-7.75 (1H, m), 7.75-7.85 (1H, m), 7.98-8:05 (1H, m), 8.05-8.14 (1H, m), 8.80 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz). Brown oily substance.
KOK1190




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.40 (1H, dd, J=15.2, 6.6 Hz), 3.51 (1H, dd, J=15.2, 4.6 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 5.02 (1H, dd, J=6.6, 4.6 Hz), 7.33-7.44 (2H, m), 7.44-7.58 (2H, m), 7.60-7.75 (3H, m), 7.75-7.86 (1H, m), 8.06 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.26 (1H, s), 8.79 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 9.49 (1H, s). White crystal.
KOK2022




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.25 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.10-3.29 (2H, m), 4.23 (2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 4.46 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 5.72 (2H, brs), 7.48-7.57 (1H, m), 7.62-7.72 (1H, m), 7.72-7.82 (1H, m), 8.01 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 8.08 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.80 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz). Light brown oily substance.
KOK2036




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.06 (1H, dd, J=14.6, 8.4 Hz), 3.19 (1H, dd, J=14.6, 4.3 Hz), 4.24 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.3 Hz), 7.53-7.63 (1H, m), 7.63-7.75 (1H, m), 7.84-8.02 (2H, m), 8.17 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz), 8.78 (1H, d, J=2.2 Hz). White crystal.
In accordance with FIG. 2-11, KOK2017 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 6.
KOK2017




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.15 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.54 (3H, s), 3.92-4.06 (1H, m), 5.57-5.67 (1H, m), 7.35-7.60 (6H, m), 7.67-7.93 (6H, m), 10.13 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz). Light yellow sticky oily substance.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-12. KOK2043 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 9, KOK2044 in Step 3, KOK2087 in Step 4 and KOK2090 in Step 5.
KOK2043




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.19 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 7.1 Hz), 3.42 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.2 Hz), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.36 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz), 7.04-7.13 (2H, m), 7.39-7.48 (2H, m). White crystal.
KOK2044




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) 5 ppm: 3.21-3.38 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.96 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.18-7.25 (2H, m), 7.40-7.47 (2H, m), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK2087




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.86-3.04 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 4.8 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.04-7.12 (2H, m), 7.37-7.44 (2H, m). White crystal.
KOK2090




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.82 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 8.2 Hz), 2.91 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 5.1 Hz), 4.15 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.1 Hz), 7.13-7.22 (2H, m), 7.40-7.49 (2H, m), 8.34 (2H, brs). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-13. KOK2067 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 3, KOK2110 in Step 4 and KOK2111 in Step 5. KOK2066 was synthesized in accordance with Step 13 shown below.
Synthesis of KOK2066 (Step 13)




1-Phenylpiperazine (216 mg, 1.34 mmol) and ethyl 2-bromoacrylate (239 mg, 1.34 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (5 ml) and stirred at room temperature 16 hours. The reaction solution was directly purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=3:1) to obtain the titled compound (colorless oily substance: 145 mg, 32%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 2.58-2.90 (5H, m), 3.07-3.21 (5H, m), 4.18-4.31 (3H, m), 6.80-6.95 (3H, m), 7.18-7.30 (2H, m).
KOK2067




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 2.64-2.87 (4H, m), 2.95 (1H, dd, J=13.9, 4.1 Hz), 3.03-3.23 (5H, m), 4.16-4.36 (2H, m), 5.05 (1H, dd, J=7.6, 4.1 Hz), 6.78-6.92 (3H, m), 7.18-7.29 (2H, m), 7.68-7.78 (2H, m), 7.78-7.87 (2H, m). Yellow oily substance.
KOK2110




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 2.54-2.88 (6H, m), 3.18 (4H, t, J=5.0 Hz), 4.12-4.34 (2H, m), 4.42 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 3.1 Hz), 5.78 (2H, brs), 6.77-6.96 (3H, m), 7.16-7.31 (2H, m). White crystal.
KOK2111




1H-NMR (CD3OH, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.98-3.10 (6H, m), 3.22-3.34 (4H, m), 4.30 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 4.2 Hz), 6.80-6.91 (1H, m), 6.91-7.02 (2H, m), 7.18-7.28 (2H, m). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-14. KOK2115 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 9, KOK2116 in Step 3, KOK2117 in Step 4 and KOK2118 in Step 5.
KOK2115




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.35 (3H, s), 3.17 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 7.1 Hz), 3.42 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 8.2 Hz), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.36 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz), 6.97 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J=2.3 Hz), 7.26 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz). Brown oily substance.
KOK2116




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.34 (3H, s), 3.20-3.36 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.97 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.1 Hz), 7.20 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.26 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK2117




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.34 (3H, s), 2.89 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 8.4 Hz), 2.98 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 4.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 6.97 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 2.1 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.25 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz). White crystal.
KOK2118




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.28 (3H, s), 2.73 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 9.1 Hz), 2.94 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 3.6 Hz), 3.98 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 3.6 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J=8.1, 2.0 Hz), 7.19 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 7.26 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz). White crystal.
KOK1114 was synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-1 (Step 14).
KOK1114




KOK1101 (100 mg, 0.307 mmol) was suspended in a 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.6 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Insoluble material was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, then dried to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 115 mg, 100%).
1H-NMR (D2O, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.04 (2H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 4.48 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 7.10-7.50 (10H, m). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-15. KOK2120 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 3, KOK2121 in Step 4 and KOK2122 in Step 5.
KOK2120




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.38 (3H, s), 3.26 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 7.3 Hz), 3.37 (1H, dd, J=14.5, 7.3 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.93 (1H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 7.08-7.23 (3H, m), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK2121




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.30 (3H, s), 2.82-3.02 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.35 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.3 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.03-7.15 (3H, m). Light brown oily substance.
KOK2122




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.26 (3H, s), 2.75-2.94 (2H, m), 4.14 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.3 Hz), 7.08-7.22 (3H, m). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-16. KOK2153 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 3, KOK2154 in Step 4 and KOK2155 in Step 5.
KOK2153




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.20-3.38 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.96 (1H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 7.21 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.1 Hz), 7.39 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.47 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.70-7.88 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK2154




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.80-3.10 (2H, m), 2.76 (3H, s), 4.27-4.45 (1H, m), 5.69 (2H, s), 6.98-7.13 (1H, m), 7.20-7.43 (2H, m). Yellow oily substance.
KOK2155




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.80-3.02 (2H, m), 4.18 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 2.0 Hz), 7.50 (1H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-17. KOK2157 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 10, KOK2166 in Step 11, KOK2168 in Step 12, KOK2169 in Step 3, KOK2172 in Step 4 and KOK2173 in Step 5.
KOK2157




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.62 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.91 (3H, s), 4.23 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 7.08-7.19 (2H, m), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz), 7.66-7.76 (3H, m). White crystal.
KOK2166.




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.75 (1H, brs), 3.02 (1H, dd, J=14.7, 4.5 Hz), 3.18 (1H, dd, J=14.7, 4.5 Hz), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.40-4.49 (1H, m), 7.00-7.10 (2H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz), 7.52 (1H, s), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz). White crystal.
KOK2168




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.35 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 6.9 Hz), 3.58 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 8.6 Hz), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 4.48 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 6.9 Hz), 7.07-7.16 (2H, m), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.58 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J=7.9 Hz). Light yellow oily substance.
KOK2169




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.38-3.55 (2H, m), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.86 (3H, s), 5.08 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.04-7.13 (2H, m), 7.40 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.61-7.79 (7H, m). White crystal.
KOK2172




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.02-3.21 (2H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.90 (3H, s), 4.48 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 5.0 Hz), 5.67 (2H, s), 7.07-7.15 (2H, m), 7.31 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.58 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz). White crystal.
KOK2173




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.96 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 8.4 Hz), 3.07 (1H, dd, J=14.2, 4.8 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.25 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz), 7.12 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 2.6 Hz), 7.27 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 7.35 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 1.4 Hz), 7.64 (1H, s), 7.67-7.78 (2H, m). White crystal.
Compounds were synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-18.
Synthesis of KOK3045 (Step 15)




Methyl 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxy propionate (360 mg, 1.389 mmol), p-chlorophenylboronic acid (326 mg, 2.084 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (II), dichloromethane adduct (57 mg, 0.07 mmol), potassium carbonate (288 mg, 2.084 mmol) and dioxane (5 ml) were stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and directly purified by silica gel chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=4:1) to obtain the titled compound (white crystal: 284 mg, 70%).
1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.75 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 3.00 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 6.9 Hz), 3.18 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 4.3 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.44-4.53 (1H, m), 7.25-7.32 (2H, m), 7.35-7.42 (2H, m), 7.45-7.52 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK3049 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 12, KOK3050 in Step 3, KOK3052 in Step 4 and KOK3053 in Step 5.
KOK3049




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.28 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 7.1 Hz), 3.51 (1H, dd, J=14.0, 8.2 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.43 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz), 7.20-7.56 (8H, m). Colorless oily substance.
KOK3050




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.30-3.47 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 5.05 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 7.34-7.44 (4H, m), 7.44-7.53 (4H, m), 7.70-7.86 (4H, m). White solid substance.
KOK3052




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.95-3.13 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.45 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz), 5.69 (2H, s), 7.25-7.32 (2H, m), 7.35-7.42 (2H, m), 7.44-7.53 (4H, m). White crystal.
KOK3053




1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 2.81-3.03 (2H, m), 4.22 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 5.0 Hz), 7.28-7.36 (2H, m), 7.45-7.53 (2H, m), 7.53-7.62 (2H, m), 7.62-7.72 (2H, m). White crystal.
KOK2165 was synthesized in accordance with FIG. 2-19. KOK2165 was synthesized in the same conditions as used in Step 6.




1H-NMR (CDCl3, 270 MHz) δ ppm: 3.05-3.25 (2H, m), 3.63 (3H, s), 4.89 (1H, t, J=6.1 Hz), 7.19 (4H, s), 7.27-7.38 (2H, m), 7.38-7.50 (1H, m), 7.63-7.75 (2H, m), 10.07 (1H, s). Brown oily substance.
2. Use Examples
(1) Quantification of Endogenous IAA Amount
Arabidopsis 
Arabidopsis (col-0) was cultured in a plate horizontally set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.0% sucrose and 0.8% agar under continuous white light at 22° C. for 6 days, and thereafter subjected to liquid shaking culture in 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.0% sucrose under continuous white light at 22° C. for 24 hours. Subsequently, the compound of the present invention (30 μM) was added to the medium and subjected to liquid shaking culture under continuous white light at 22° C. for 3 hours to quantify IAA endogenous amount. The IAA endogenous amount was measured by use of LC-MS/MS in accordance with the method of Soeno et al. (Plant Cell Physiology 51: 524-536 (2010)). The results are shown in FIG. 3.
(2-1) Growth Test
Arabidopsis 
Arabidopsis was cultured in a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose, 0.8% agar and the compound of the present invention (30 μM) under continuous white light at 22° C. for 8 days. Morphology of arabidopsis was observed to evaluate the effect of the compound of the present invention.
The results are shown in Table 1. Morphologies of arabidopsis whose growth was inhibited compared to DMSO control plant are shown in FIG. 4.










TABLE 1







Inhibitor
Growth inhibitory effect









L-AOPP




KOK 1101
◯



KOK 1108
◯



KOK 1114



KOK 1145



KOK 1148



KOK 1149



KOK 1154



KOK 1157
◯



KOK 1160
◯



KOK 1161
◯



KOK 1162
◯



KOK 1165
◯



KOK 1166
◯



KOK 1167
◯



KOK 1168
◯



KOK 1169
◯



KOK 1172
◯



KOK 1174
◯



KOK 1175
◯



KOK 1176
◯



KOK 1178
◯



KOK 1179
◯



KOK 1180



KOK 1183
◯



KOK 1185
◯



KOK 1186
◯



KOK 1187
◯



KOK 1190



KOK 1194
◯



KOK 1198
◯



KOK 2011
◯



KOK 2015
◯



KOK 2016
◯



KOK 2017
◯



KOK 2021
◯



KOK 2022



KOK 2026
◯



KOK 2027
◯



KOK 2029
◯



KOK 2030
◯



KOK 2031
◯



KOK 2036



KOK 2044
◯



KOK 2067



KOK 2087



KOK 2090



KOK 2110



KOK 2111



KOK 2116
◯



KOK 2117



KOK 2118



KOK 2120
◯



KOK 2121



KOK 2122
◯



KOK 2153
◯



KOK 2154
◯



KOK 2155
◯



KOK 2165
◯



KOK 2169
◯



KOK 2172
◯



KOK 2173



KOK 3050



KOK 3052
◯



KOK 3053
◯







◯: Growth inhibition was observed compared to DMSO control plant






(2-2) Growth Test
Arabidopsis 
Arabidopsis was cultured in a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose, 0.8% agar and the compound of the present invention (100 μM) under continuous white light at 22° C. for 8 days. Morphology of arabidopsis was observed to evaluate the effect of the compound of the present invention.
Compounds in the presence of which arabidopsis rarely grew are shown in Table 2.









TABLE 2









KOK 1157



KOK 1162



KOK 1174



KOK 1178



KOK 1183



KOK 1185



KOK 1186



KOK 1194



KOK 1198



KOK 2011



KOK 2017



KOK 2044



KOK 2165



KOK 2172










(3) Growth Recovery Test
Arabidopsis 
Arabidopsis was cultured in a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose, 0.8% agar (0.6% Gelrite in the case of KOK1169), the compound of the present invention and IAA under continuous white light at 22° C. for 8 days. Morphology of arabidopsis was observed to evaluate the recovery of the plant growth suppressed by the compound of the present invention.
In the test, KOK1101 (30 μM), KOK1160 (30 μM), KOK1165 (30 μM), and KOK1169 (100 μM) were studied. The morphologies of arabidopsis cultured are shown in FIG. 5.
In the case of growth inhibition by KOK1101 (30 μM), main root elongation was recovered by simultaneous application with IAA (10 nM) and growth of an aerial part was recovered by simultaneous application with IAA (100 nM).
In the case of growth inhibition by KOK1160 (30 μM), growth of an aerial part and main root elongation were recovered by simultaneous application with IAA (10 nM).
In the case of growth inhibition by KOK1165 (30 μM), growth of an aerial part and main root elongation were recovered by simultaneous application with IAA (10 nM)
In the case of growth inhibition by KOK1169 (100 μM), growth of an aerial part and main root elongation were recovered by simultaneous application with IAA (10 nM).
(4) Growth Test
Tobacco
Tobacco was cultured in a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose and 0.8% agar under continuous white light at 25° C. for 7 days. Thereafter, tobacco was transferred to a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose, 0.8% agar and the compound of the present invention (100 μM) and cultured under continuous white light at 25° C. for 7 days. Morphology of tobacco was observed to evaluate plant growth inhibitory effect of the compound of the present invention.
The results are shown in Table 3. Morphologies of tobacco whose growth is inhibited compared to DMSO control plant are shown in FIG. 6 (in FIG. 6, “preculture” shows seedling right before transplant).









TABLE 3





Inhibitor
Growth inhibitory effect
Note







L-AOPP
X



KOK 1101
◯


KOK 1108
◯


KOK 1145
X


KOK 1157
◯


KOK 1160
◯


KOK 1165
◯


KOK 1167
◯
Auxin-excess like morphology


KOK 1168
◯


KOK 1169
X


KOK 1174
◯


KOK 1176
X


KOK 1178
◯


KOK 1180
X


KOK 1183
◯


KOK 1185
◯


KOK 1187
◯
Auxin-excess like morphology


KOK 1190
◯


KOK 2011
◯


KOK 2029
X


KOK 2031
◯





◯: Growth inhibition was observed compared to DMSO control plant






(5) Growth Test
Lettuce
Lettuce was cultured in a plate vertically set and using 1⁄2 MS medium containing 1.5% sucrose, 0.8% agar and KOK1101 (30 μM) under continuous white light at 25° C. for 6 days. Morphology of lettuce was observed to evaluate plant growth inhibitory effect of the compound of the present invention.
Morphologies of lettuce cultured by use of KOK1101 are shown in FIG. 7. Apparent growth inhibition was observed in the aerial part, whereas, in an underground part, promotion of main root elongation and inhibition of root hair formation were observed.
(6) Protein Activity Inhibitory Test
The inhibitory activities of the compound of the present invention against an IAA biosynthesis enzyme, tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA1), and phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL) of arabidopsis were evaluated.
(i) TAA1 Inhibitory Test
The test was carried out in accordance with a method described in Cell (2008); 133: pp. 164-176. Specifically, borate buffer (pH 8.5) of a final concentration of 0.5 M, L-Trp (0.3 mM), sodium pyruvate (1 mM), PLP (10 μM), TAA1 (1 μg) and the compound of the present invention (1 μM) were reacted at 35° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 6N HCl (20 μL) was added to terminate the reaction, A330 was measured.
Blank=(−) TAA1 (0.5M Borate buffer (pH 8.5) was used as blank in spectrophotometry).
The results are shown in FIG. 8. In the test (in vitro), it was observed that a compound having a free carboxylic acid and a free amine as the carboxyl group and the amino group, respectively, tends to strongly inhibit TAA1. It is presumed that, even a compound having a protected carboxyl group and a protected amino group may inhibit TAA 1 due to removing the protecting groups in the plant body.
(ii) AtPAL2 Inhibitory Test
The test was carried out in accordance with a method described in Phytochem. (2004); 65: pp. 1557-1564, and J. Plant Physiol. (2008); 165: pp. 1491-1499. Specifically, borate buffer (pH 8.5) of a final concentration of 0.1 M, L-Phe (0.06 mM (or 60 μM)), PAL2 (0.5 μg) and the compound of the present invention (15 nM, volume: 500 μL (1% DMSO)) were reacted at 35° C. for 15 minutes. Thereafter, 1N HCl (20 μL) was added to terminate the reaction, A290 was measurement.
Blank=0.1M Borate buffer (pH 8.5) (no change in value at (+) the compound (−) PAL2. No change in value at (+) heat inactivated enzyme).
The results are shown in FIG. 9. In the case where the phenyl group of L-AOPP has a large substituent or is modified to a larger ring, it was observed that PAL2 inhibitory activity tends to be low.
(7) Growth Test
Rice
Rice (Nipponbare) at the 6th day after transferred to a KOK1168 (50 μM)-containing medium is shown in FIG. 10 (right figure) (left figure shows DMSO control plant). Growth of seedling treated by KOK1168 was remarkably inhibited.
(8) Growth Test
Tomato
Tomato (Momotaro) at the 6th day after transferred to a plate containing KOK1168 (100 μM) is shown in FIG. 11 (right figure) (left figure shows DMSO control plant). Growth of seedling treated by KOK1168 was remarkably inhibited.
(9) Growth Test
Physcomitrella patens Subsp. Patens 
Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens at the 7th day after transferred to a plate containing KOK1168 (100 μM) is shown in FIG. 12 (right figure) (left figure shows DMSO control plant). Growth of protonemata was remarkably inhibited and differentiation into forage was also inhibited by the treatment with KOK1168.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
According to the present invention, an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor superior to L-AOPP can be provided.
All publications, patents and patent applications cited in the specification are incorporated herein in their entirety.

## Claims

1. A compound represented by general formula (I):



wherein
R1 is chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, biphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, dichlorophenyl, 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl, naphthyl or quinolinyl;
R2 is a C1-6 alkyl group;
R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, or R3 is hydrogen and R4 is acetyl or benzoyl, or R3 and R4 together form propan-2-ylidene or R3 and R4, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide or succinimide;
R5 is hydrogen; and
X is O,
or a salt or solvate thereof.

2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein
R1 is 2-naphthyl, R2 is methyl, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen or R3 and R4, together with a nitrogen atom to which R3 and R4 are bound, form phthalimide, R5 is hydrogen, and X is O.

3. A method for inhibiting biosynthesis of auxin in a plant, comprising applying the compound according to claim 1 to the plant.

4. A method for inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase in a plant, comprising applying the compound according to claim 1 to the plant.

5. A method for inhibiting tryptophan aminotransferase, comprising bringing the compound according to claim 1 into contact with the tryptophan aminotransferase in vitro.

6. A method for regulating growth of a plant, comprising applying the compound according to claim 1 to the plant.

7. A method for weeding a plant, comprising applying the compound according to claim 1 to the plant.