J-S16001-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

RICHARD C. GRATE

v.

VENITA D. MANN 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 4 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered December 1, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Domestic Relations 

at No(s): 0C1302259

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., MURRAY, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED MAY 31, 2023

Venita D. Mann (“Mother”) appeals pro se from the December 1, 2022 

order which denied Mother’s petitions for modification of custody, awarded 

Richard C. Grate (“Father”) sole legal and primary physical custody, and 

awarded Mother partial physical custody of the parties’ then-14-year-old child, 

D.M.X. (“Child”). Upon review, we conclude that the trial court properly 

considered the 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) custody factors and find Mother’s 

remaining issues to be waived because Mother failed to preserve them for our 

review. Accordingly, we affirm.

A detailed recitation of the factual and procedural history in this case is 

unnecessary to our disposition. Briefly, Mother and Father have been involved 

in highly contentious custody litigation since January 2013. Father has had 

primary physical custody of Child since September of 2018. On March 19, 

2019, the trial court awarded the parties shared legal custody and Mother 
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partial physical custody of Child on alternating weekends. After the March 19, 

2019 custody order, both parties filed numerous petitions to modify custody 

and for contempt.1 Most recently, on December 1, 2022, following a hearing, 

the trial court considered and analyzed the Section 5328 custody factors on 

the record and awarded Father sole legal custody and primary physical 

custody of Child. The court awarded Mother primary physical custody of Child

every Sunday from 10:00 AM to 7:00 PM and one overnight per month. 

Mother filed a timely pro se appeal and contemporaneous Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(b) statement. In response, the trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion. 

Mother raises the following issues for our review: 

1. Whether the trial court showed personal bias and committed 

an error of law when the [c]ourt would not allow [Mother] 

to discuss educational issues brought up by [Father]?

2. Whether the trial court erred in omitting several records and 

videos regarding the occurrence of sexual abuse in 

[Father]’s home?

3. Whether the trial court violated [Mother]’s constitutional 

right to due process of law?

4. Whether the trial court erred as matter of law by permitting 

[Father]’s witness to testify regarding sexual abuse 

allegations without being certified as an expert while 

omitting medical records from a psychological evaluator that 

were vital to the case and refusing to allow witnesses 

subpoenaed by [Mother]?

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1 Specifically, Father filed one petition for contempt and one petition to modify 

custody. Mother filed approximately 13 petitions for contempt and 3 petitions 

to modify custody. 
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5. Whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a petition for 

recusal based on showing of prejudice, improper demeanor, 

and bias towards Appellant? 

6. Whether the trial court erred in failing to address [Mother]’s 

contempt petitions filed throughout the pendency of the 

modification hearings?

7. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider all the 

factors under 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328 as to what is in [] Child’s 

best interests?

Mother’s Br. at 9.

A.

This court reviews a custody determination for an abuse of discretion, 

and our scope of review is broad. S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 400 (Pa. 

Super. 2014). This court will not find an abuse of discretion “merely because 

a reviewing court would have reached a different conclusion.” In re K.D., 

144 A.3d 145, 151 (Pa. Super. 2016). This Court must accept the findings of 

the trial court that the evidence supports. S.W.D., 96 A.3d at 400. 

Importantly, “[o]n issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we defer 

to the findings of the trial judge who has had the opportunity to observe the 

proceedings and demeanor of the witnesses.” K.T. v. L.S., 118 A.3d 1136, 

1159 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). We can interfere only where the 

“custody order is manifestly unreasonable as shown by the evidence of 

record.” Saintz v. Rinker, 902 A.2d 509, 512 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation 

omitted). Further, in a custody case, relief is not warranted unless the party 

claiming error suffered prejudice from the mistake. J.C. v. K.C., 179 A.3d 

1124, 1130 (Pa. Super. 2018).
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The Custody Act requires a trial court to consider all the Section 5328(a) 

custody factors when “ordering any form of custody,” and directs the court to 

give “weighted consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the 

child[.]” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a). A trial court must “delineate the reasons for 

its decision when making an award of custody either on the record or in a 

written opinion.” S.W.D., 96 A.3d at 401. See also 23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(a) 

and (d). However, “there is no required amount of detail for the trial court’s 

explanation; all that is required is that the enumerated factors are considered 

and that the custody decision is based on those considerations.” M.J.M. v.

M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 336 (Pa. Super. 2013).

When reviewing child custody matters, our “paramount concern and the 

polestar of our analysis” is the best interests of the child. Saintz, 902 A.2d 

at 512 (citation omitted). “The best-interests standard, decided on a caseby-case basis, considers all factors which legitimately have an effect upon the 

child’s physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-being.” D.K.D. v.

A.L.C., 141 A.3d 566, 572 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citations omitted). “Common 

sense dictates that trial courts should strive, all other things being equal, to 

assure that a child maintains a healthy relationship with both of his or her 

parents, and that the parents work together to raise their child.” S.C.B. v.

J.S.B., 218 A.3d 905, 916 (Pa. Super. 2019). Finally, in any action regarding 

the custody of the child between the parents of the child, there shall be no 

presumption that custody should be awarded to a particular parent and no 

preference based upon gender. 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5327(a) and 5328(b).
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B.

As an initial matter, we must address whether Mother preserved several 

of her issues for our review. We review Mother’s issues mindful of the fact 

that Mother filed a pro se Rule 1925(b) statement as well as a pro se brief. 

Nevertheless, “[a]lthough this Court is willing to construe liberally materials 

filed by a pro se litigant, pro se status generally confers no special benefit 

upon an appellant.” Commonweath v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 251–52 (Pa. 

Super. 2003). As discussed infra, we conclude that Mother’s first six issues 

are waived because she either failed to include them in her Rule 1925(b) 

statement, failed to identify them with specificity, or failed to substantially 

develop arguments to support them.

It is axiomatic that the Rule 1925(b) Statement “shall set forth only 

those errors that the appellant intends to assert” and “concisely identify each 

error that the appellant intends to assert with sufficient detail to identify the 

issue to be raised for the judge.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(i), (ii). “Issues not 

included in the Statement and/or not raised in accordance with the provisions 

of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.” Id. at 1925(b)(4)(vii). Further, “[a]n 

overly vague or broad Rule 1925 statement may result in waiver.” Majorsky

v. Douglas, 58 A.3d 1250, 1258 (Pa. Super. 2012). “The Rule 1925(b) 

statement must be detailed enough so that the judge can write a Rule 1925(a) 

opinion[.]” Commonwealth v. Reeves, 907 A.2d 1, 3 (Pa. Super. 2006). 

“When a court has to guess what issues an appellant is appealing, that is not 

enough for meaningful review. When an appellant fails adequately to identify 
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in a concise manner the issues sought to be pursued on appeal, the trial court 

is impeded in its preparation of a legal analysis which is pertinent to those 

issues.” Satiro v. Maninno, 237 A.3d 1145, 1150 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation 

omitted). “In other words, a Concise Statement which is too vague to allow 

the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the functional equivalent of 

no Concise Statement at all.” Id. (citation omitted).

In her first issue, Mother avers that the trial court abused its discretion 

when it would not let her discuss educational issues raised by Father. Mother’s 

Br. at 9. Mother failed to include this issue in her Rule 1925(b) Statement.

We, therefore, find the issue waived.2

In her second and third issues, Mother avers that the trial court erred in 

precluding several records and videos regarding sex abuse that occurred in 

Father’s home after 2017 and that the trial court violated her due process 

rights. The trial court found both issues to be “too vague to be considered on 

appeal.” Trial Ct. Op., 1/26/23, at 13-14. Upon review, we agree.

As the trial court points out, “Mother fails to identify the records and the 

videos that she alleges were wrongfully omitted from the record.” Id. at 13. 

Likewise, “Mother fails to identify any instances in which the court acted in 

violation of her right to due process of law.” Id. at 14. Because these issues 

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2

In her brief, Mother includes argument that the trial court failed to permit 

her the opportunity to obtain counsel without providing citation to the record 

concerning when this alleged denial occurred. Mother’s Br. at 54. Mother,

likewise, failed to include this issue in her Rule 1925(b) statement, or her 

statement of questions. Accordingly, this issue is waived. 
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are too vague to allow the trial court to identify the issues raised on appeal, 

we conclude they are waived.

In her fourth issue, Mother avers that the trial court erred when it 

“permit[ed] [Father]’s witness to testify regarding sexual abuse allegations 

without being certified as an expert while omitting medical records from a 

psychological evaluator that were vital to the case and refusing to allow 

witnesses subpoenaed by [Mother]?” Mother’s Br. at 9. However, in her Rule 

1925(b) Statement, Mother raised the issue as follows: “The court erred when 

treating the witness as an expert and omitting medical records and appellant’s 

witnesses.” Rule 1925(b) Statement, 12/28/22, at ¶ 7. The trial court found 

this issue “too vague to be considered on appeal” because “Mother fails to 

identify which experts, medical records, and witnesses she alleges that the 

court failed to consider.” Trial Ct. Op. at 20. We agree and, likewise, find this 

issue waived for vagueness.

In her fifth and sixth issues, Mother avers that the court erred when it 

denied her petitions for recusal and failed to address her contempt petitions. 

Mother’s Br. at 37. Mother’s argument in support of these issues is 

substantially undeveloped. She merely provides the dates of the petitions and 

fails to cite any relevant legal authority to support her argument as required 

by Pa.R.A.P. 2119 (explaining that each issue is to be supported by discussion 

and citation of relevant authority). This Court “will not act as counsel and will 

not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant. Moreover, when defects in 

a brief impede our ability to conduct meaningful appellate review, we may 
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dismiss the appeal entirely or find certain issues to be waived.” In re R.D.,

44 A.3d 657, 674 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted). Mother’s failure to 

develop these issues severely hampers our ability to provide meaningful 

appellate review and we are constrained to find both issues waived.

C.

In her final issue, Mother avers that the trial court failed to consider all

the Section 5328(a) custody factors. Once again, the trial court found this 

issue “too vague to be considered on appeal” because “Mother fails to identify 

which of the Section 5328 factors she alleges that the court failed to 

consider.” Trial Ct. Op. at 19 (emphasis added). Nevertheless, the trial court 

generally addressed the issue on the merits and explained, inter alia, “the 

court considered and addressed all of the Section 5328 factors in open court 

at the hearing on December 1, 2022.” Id. 

We agree that Mother failed to identify the specific custody factors that 

she was challenging, and, therefore, has waived any arguments concerning 

specific factors. Accordingly, we decline to address Mother’s arguments 

regarding specific custody factors.

However, we will address Mother’s general claim that the trial court 

failed to consider all the Section 5328 custody factors. Our review of the 

record belies this challenge and confirms that the trial court did, indeed, 

address all of the custody factors on the record at the end of the December 1, 

2022 hearing. See N.T., 12/1/22, at 108-111.
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Based upon its consideration of all the custody factors, the trial court 

found that awarding primary physical custody to Father was in Child’s best 

interest. The trial court emphasized Child’s “need for stability and continuity 

in his education and his community life and his strong expressed preference 

during his interview with the Court on December 1, 2022, to remain living with 

Father.” Trial Ct. Op. at 20. The trial court further opined:

[Child] is now 14 years old and has been living with his Father in 

suburban New Jersey at least since the entry of an interim order 

of court on September 12, 2018. He engages in many organized 

sporting activities, particularly basketball. He enjoys frequent 

interaction with teammates and social activities with his friends. 

His preference to live with Father and to see Mother on weekend 

days at such times that do not conflict with his athletic event was 

given substantial weight. 

Id. Our review of the record supports the trial court’s findings. We decline 

to reweigh the evidence or usurp credibility determinations. Based on our 

review, we conclude the trial court properly exercised its discretion in 

rendering its custody determination.

D.

In conclusion, the trial court properly considered the Section 5328(a) 

custody factors when it awarded primary physical custody of Child to Father. 

Mother waived her remaining issues when she failed to include them in her 

Rule 1925(b) statement, failed to identify them with specificity, or failed to 

substantially develop arguments to support them. We, thus, affirm.

Order affirmed. 
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 5/31/2023