IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FIFTH DISTRICT

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO

 FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND

DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE 

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Appellant,

v. Case No. 5D16-2948, 5D17-209

BRENDA HARMON,

Appellee.

________________________________/

Opinion filed January 26, 2018

Appeal from the Circuit Court 

for Putnam County,

Scott C. Dupont, Judge.

Rhonda B. Boggess, and Gina P. Grimsley, 

of Taylor, Day, Grimm & Boyd, Jacksonville, 

for Appellant.

Leslie H. Morton, Robert L. McLeod, II, and 

Seth B. Dempsey, of The Mcleod Firm, St.

Augustine, for Appellee.

PER CURIAM.

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company appeals the final judgment and 

the trial court’s order denying its motion for new trial and remittitur. We affirm as to all 

issues except for the trial court’s failure either to grant the remittitur or to order a limited 

new trial because there was insufficient evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict awarding 
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future medical expenses in the amount of $100,000. For the reasons set forth below, we 

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

Brenda Harmon sued State Farm, her insurer, seeking underinsured motorist 

benefits following her collision with an underinsured driver. While the negligence of the 

adverse driver was admitted, State Farm contested injury causation and related 

damages. The jury awarded Ms. Harmon $685,800, which included $158,000 for past 

medical expenses and $100,000 for future medical expenses. 

State Farm challenges rulings made during trial regarding whether the scope of 

one expert’s testimony was properly disclosed prior to trial, whether a treating physician 

could testify regarding why he referred Ms. Harmon to a neurosurgeon, and whether 

comments Ms. Harmon’s counsel made during closing argument were unfairly prejudicial. 

The standard of review is abuse of discretion for each of these issues. See Binger v.

King Pest Control, 401 So. 2d 1310, 1313-14 (Fla. 1981) (explaining the standard of 

review for expert witness disclosure); City of Orlando v. Pineiro, 66 So. 3d 1064, 1068 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (explaining the standard of review for improper closing argument);

Crowe v. Lowe, 942 So. 2d 903, 905 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (explaining the standard of 

review for admissibility of evidence). Under the specific facts of this case, we find no 

abuse of discretion as to any of those issues, and we affirm without further discussion.

However, we find that the trial court erred by denying State Farm’s motion for new 

trial or for remittitur regarding the jury’s award of $100,000 for future medical expenses. 

Ms. Harmon presented the testimony of her treating physician, Dr. Collier, to lay a 

foundation for an award of future medical expenses. Dr. Collier testified that Ms. Harmon 

would need certain care in the future, such as routine follow-up visits with her doctors on 
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a schedule approximating the one she followed post-accident. Dr. Collier agreed with 

Ms. Harmon’s counsel that his prior billing could reflect the cost of those probable future 

visits. Additionally, Dr. Collier testified that Ms. Harmon may need different modalities of 

treatment in the future that might include trigger point injections, which might possibly be 

of benefit along with other treatments that might be indicated in the future. Again, Dr. 

Collier agreed with Ms. Harmon’s counsel that a review of his past medical bills, totaling

$35,947, could define the costs of those possible treatments that may occur in the future.

Because “Florida law restricts recovery of future medical expenses to those 

expenses ‘reasonably certain’ to be incurred,” there was no evidentiary basis for those 

potential future medical expenses. Volusia Cty. v. Joynt, 179 So. 3d 448, 452 (Fla. 5th 

DCA 2015). “Testimony or evidence that certain treatments might possibly be obtained 

in the future cannot merit an award of future medical expenses.” Gen. Emps. Ins. Co. v. 

Isaacs, 206 So. 3d 62, 63 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016). The trial court also erred in allowing the 

award for future care, other than routine follow-up visits, because Dr. Collier offered no 

specific or general dollar amount and provided no reliable means by which the jury could 

calculate the cost of that potential additional future medical care. “[T]here must be an 

evidentiary basis upon which the jury can, with reasonable certainty, determine the 

amount of those expenses.” Volusia Cty., 179 So. 3d at 452. Without any testimony 

regarding the frequency or specific type of treatments beyond routine follow-up visits, the

jury had no basis for reaching the dollar amount that it did. See DeAlmeida v. Graham, 

524 So. 2d 666, 668 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987), review denied, Reid v. Graham, 519 So. 2d 

988 (Fla. 1987) (holding that past medical expenses alone do not provide a reasonable 

basis for jury to draw inferences from to compute the cost of future medical care).
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While there was evidence that Ms. Harmon would probably need future care, 

specifically routine follow-up office visits, we find that there was no competent substantial 

evidence to support an award of $100,000 for future medical expenses. Accordingly, we 

reverse that portion of the final judgment and remand for the trial court either to grant 

State Farm’s motion for remittitur or to conduct a new trial limited to a determination of

future medical expenses.

We reverse the cost judgment entered below based upon the specific stipulation 

of the parties that the cost judgment should be reversed unless the judgment was affirmed 

in its entirety. Accordingly, the trial court may entertain argument and evidence, if 

necessary, to reconsider the judgment taxing costs.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS. COST JUDGMENT REVERSED.

 

SAWAYA, ORFINGER, and EDWARDS, JJ., concur.