FILED

March 19, 1997

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

CECIL WAYNE CRAFT, )

)

Plaintiff/Appellant, )

) Appeal No.

) 01-A-01-9609-CH-00417

VS. )

) Humphreys Chancery

) No. 22-221

PATRICIA CAROL CRAFT, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE

APPEALED FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF HUMPHREYS COUNTY

AT WAVERLY, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE ALLEN W. WALLACE, JUDGE

FOR APPELLANT: FOR APPELLEE:

A. RUSSELL WILLIS Not represented

WILLIS & KNIGHT

215 Second Avenue North

Nashville, Tennessee 37201

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

TODD, P.J., M.S.

KOCH, J.
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O P I N I O N

The trial court granted both parties a divorce, granted custody of the two

children to the wife, set child support at $1,500 per month, and divided the marital

property. On appeal, the husband challenges the award of custody, the amount of

child support, and the requirement that the husband pay the wife $50,000 as her

share of the equity in the business that was awarded to him. We affirm the trial court.

I. Child Custody

The parties were married in 1973. They both worked during their first

eight years of marriage. Mr. Craft began as a construction worker, but was eventually

able to establish a sawmill and pallet manufacturing business on land that had been

owned by his family. Craft Woodworks prospered, and the parties built a home in

McEwen. They subsequently decided that they wanted children, and that it would be

feasible for Mrs. Craft to quit her job to raise the children full-time. They produced a

boy and a girl, Derrick Wayne Craft, born on August 1, 1982, and Ashley Lauren Craft,

born on November 6, 1985.

In 1988 a violent argument over money led to a separation. The parties

reconciled, but a growing coolness between them impelled the husband to file for

divorce in 1994. Both parties asked for custody of the children. At trial, each party

testified as to the shortcomings of the other. The judge apparently felt they both were

good parents, but in the final decree of divorce, filed April 18, 1996, he awarded

custody of the children to the wife, with reasonable visitation granted to the husband.
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In the appellant’s brief, Mr. Craft argues that the trial court erred in

granting custody of both children to the wife. He claims that she is less fit to have

custody because she drinks at least three or four beers every night while watching

television, and because she goes to a nearby restaurant every morning for coffee,

often leaving the children alone at home.

He claims that he is more fit because he has established a warm bond

with his fourteen year old son Derrick, and because Derrick chooses to spend a lot of

time with his father, including working with him at the sawmill over the summer.

Although Mr. Craft is here seeking custody of both children, it is clear from the

pleadings below that he is chiefly interested in establishing custody of his son. 

Mrs. Craft failed to file a timely brief in response to the appellant’s brief,

and failed to timely respond to this court’s subsequent show cause order as to why

this appeal should not be submitted for a decision on the record and on the

appellant’s brief alone, in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 29(c). Because of her

failure to respond, we ordered that the appeal be limited to a Rule 29(c) review. Mrs.

Craft subsequently filed a motion for an extension of time in which to file her brief, and

we denied the motion. We will accordingly examine the record to determine if Mr.

Craft’s assertions entitle him to a change of custody.

We must first state that a decision of the trial court in regard to a

question of child custody is presumed on appeal to be correct unless the evidence

preponderates otherwise. Dalton v. Dalton, 858 S.W.2d 324 (Tenn. App. 1993). The

paramount consideration for the trial court must always be the best interest of the

child or children. Bevins v. Bevins, 53 Tenn. App. 403, 383 S.W.2d 780 (1964).

Malone v. Malone, 842 S.W.2d 621 (Tenn. App. 1992).
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Custody determinations are frequently a matter of comparative fitness,

and in such cases, no implication of the unfitness of the non-custodial parent may be

drawn from the court’s decision to place custody in the other parent. Bah v. Bah, 668

S.W.2d 663 (Tenn. App. 1983). The case before us obviously involves two capable

parents, but although neither party is unfit, neither party is perfect either.

Mr. Craft balked at getting braces for Derrick, even though Mrs. Craft

testified that the boy needed braces and that he was embarrassed about his crooked

teeth. The appellant also let health insurance for his children lapse after the parties

separated. It also appears that Mr. Craft’s business obligations might sometimes

make it difficult for him to attend to his children when they need him, but that the

liberal visitation that he has enjoyed allows them to receive the benefits of their

relationship with him when when he is available. 

Although Mrs. Craft could perhaps make better use of some of her time

with the children while they are still young, we do not draw any implications of neglect

from the evening recreation that has been described, or from her desire to drink coffee

and converse with adults in the mornings. If she lived in one of the more crime-ridden

urban neighborhoods in this state, we might feel differently about a parent leaving her

children alone during the day on such a regular basis when it is not a matter of

necessity, but in rural Humphreys County, we need not be quite as concerned. 

On balance, we do not feel that the evidence preponderates against the

trial court’s award of custody to Mrs. Craft. The record shows her to be more closely

attuned to the needs of her children, more responsive to those needs, and and more

able to dedicate her time to them than is Mr. Craft.
1A trial court does not normally have to calculate the after-tax income of the non-custodial

parent, as the tables appended to the child support guidelines provide an after tax-figure and support

amount for each level of gross income. However, the guidelines note that child support for the selfemployed must be calculated separately, as the FICA rate for that group is higher than for those

employed by others. 

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II. Child Support

The trial court found Mr. Craft’s real income to be in the range between

$55,000 and $60,000 after taxes.1

 The court ordered him to pay $1,500 per month

in child support, stating that the amount was “less than the child support guidelines

in that the male child spends more than the usual amount of time for visitation with the

father.” 

The court’s finding of income was based upon Mr. Craft’s business

records and his personal income tax returns. The returns showed that Mr. Craft had

gross personal income of $101,248 in 1990, $100,643 in 1991, and $89,451 in 1992.

On January 1, 1993, a contract to supply wooden pallets to Quebecor Printing was

terminated because Quebecor decided to switch to plastic pallets. The Quebecor

contract had accounted for “98 or 99 percent” of Mr. Craft’s business, and his 1993

return showed that his income had plummeted to $22,973. In 1994, he reported

income of $24,064. His business records indicated income of $14,000 for the first

three months of 1995.

In calculating the gross personal income of a self-employed individual

for the purpose of applying the child support guidelines, the reasonable expenses of

producing that income may be deducted from revenues. Depreciation is not

considered a reasonable expense. Rules of Tennessee Department of Human

Services 1240-2-4-.03 (3)(a). Kimble v. Kimble, Court of Appeals No. 01A01-9503-

CV-00049 (filed August 8, 1996).
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Though the gross income that Mr. Craft reported on his 1040 forms for

1993 and 1994 was less than $25,000 each year, he factored in depreciation to arrive

at those figures. He concedes that for the purpose of the guidelines, the correct

figures for both years would be over $50,000 in gross income and over $45,000 in net

income. He argues, however, that under the guidelines, the proper amount of child

support for such an income would be closer to $1,100 per month than to $1,500.

We believe, however, that there is more than enough evidence in the

record to support the trial court’s findings as to Mr. Craft’s income. First, there is the

fact that in prior years, Mr. Craft was able to earn substantially above the amount the

trial court wishes to hold him to. Second, there are indications that he is recovering

financially from the impact of losing his most lucrative contract, and that his income

is rising again. Of relevance here is his purchase of a backhoe and his creation of a

new business based on it. Third, the testimony of William J. Nieman, who appraised

Craft Woodworks, indicates that Mr. Craft managed to increase his lumber inventory

from $7,000 to over $59,000 between 1990 and 1995, permitting an inference that

during some of those years at least, his income tax returns understated what would

have been available to him as personal income, if he had not chosen instead to

increase his investment in Craft Woodworks. 

While it is possible that Mr. Craft may never again earn as much as he

did in 1990 and 1991, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s

finding that that he is capable of earning between $55,000 and $60,000 per year after

taxes, and we affirm its order that he pay $1,500 per month as support for his two

children. 

III. Valuation of the Marital Property
2

This figure was suggested by Mrs. Craft’s attorney, who reasoned that subtracting first the

roughly $21,000 business debt from the $195,000 valuation of Craft Woodworks, and then the $75,000

value of the residence that was granted to Mrs. Craft alone, one would arrive at a figure of about

$99,000 for the undivided equity in the business, which could then be divided equally between the

parties.

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The trial court granted Mrs. Craft the house in McEwen, an eighty-seven

acre tract of land in the country, furniture, a GMC van, and an IRA worth $6,000. The

husband was granted the sawmill business and an IRA worth $16,000. The trial court

valued Craft Woodworks at $195,000, and ordered Mr. Craft to pay his former wife

$50,000 over a ten year period for her share of the equity of the business.2

The parties managed to achieve almost perfect agreement on the value

and disposition of every piece of marital property, except for Craft Woodworks. Mr.

Craft claims that the business is worth only $122,500 (although he testified at trial to

a value of $135,000) and he has chosen to assert an unusual theory to support his

claim for relief from the trial court’s finding of the sawmill’s value.

An appraisal performed at the behest of the appellee (the Neiman-Ross

appraisal) was entered into the record, and its preparer testified at length as to how

he arrived at a value of $195,200 for Craft Woodworks. Counsel for the appellant

unnaccountably failed to introduce an appraisal commissioned by his client (the Kitrell

Appraisal) which would have allegedly shown the property to be worth only $122,475.

Mr. Craft’s attorney also allegedly failed to present him with a copy of the NeimanRoss appraisal until just before Mr. Craft was called upon to testify, thus giving him

no opportunity to review the ninety-two page report for accuracy. 

 The appellant argues that this court should reverse the trial court’s

finding as to the value of Craft Woodworks, because he received ineffective

assistance of counsel. He relies upon language in a recent case before the Eastern

Division of this court, where the court actually declined to grant relief on such a theory,

but stated: 
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“. . . although we hold, as a general rule, that in civil cases

relief may not be premised upon the theory of ineffective

assistance of counsel, we recognize that there may be cases

where the facts are so egregious that justice may require

some relief.”

Thornburgh v. Thornburgh, Appeal No. 03A01-9602-CH-00053 (Filed July 17, 1996).

Mr. Craft argues that this is such a case, but we do not agree. Although

Mr. Craft may be understandably unhappy with the performance of his attorney, the

result is not even close to the sort of manifest injustice that would be required before

this court would consider granting him the extraordinary remedy he seeks.

We have examined the copy of the Kitrell appraisal that Mr. Craft has

appended to his brief, though the different methodologies used in the two appraisals

make them difficult to compare. Mr. Kitrell has simply stated what he calls a fair

market value for each piece of sawmill equipment and rolling stock, and added to the

sum his estimate of the value of the land and buildings to reach a total value for the

business.

Mr. Neiman gave both a fair market value and a liquidation value to each

piece of equipment, to which he added his own estimate of the value of the inventory,

the land and the buildings. However, he used the results as only one element in a

weighted valuation that also considered other methods of valuing business property,

including approaches based on revenues and upon sales of comparative properties.

We note that the fair market equipment value stated in the Kitrell

appraisal is quite close to the liquidation value of the same assets stated in the

Neiman-Ross appraisal. Though Mr. Neiman did attribute a much higher fair market

value to the equipment, he only applied the liquidation value to the weighted approach

by which he arrived at his final valuation of the property.
 - 9 -

Another major difference between the two appraisals is that Mr. Neiman

included the inventory of lumber in his appraisal, while the Kitrell appraisal contains

no mention at all of inventory. If Mr. Kitrell had added to his own figures the $59,244

inventory value stated in the Neiman-Ross appraisal, he would have reached an

appraised value of $181,719, still somewhat below Mr. Neiman’s estimate, but leaving

a considerably smaller gap than Mr. Craft asserted in his brief. 

However, this discussion of value is perhaps beside the point, as we

believe the trial court could have fashioned the same award of marital property to Mrs.

Craft, even if it had accepted Mr. Craft’s estimate of the value of Craft Woodworks.

The court is not required to order an equal division of marital property, but only an

equitable one. Ellis v. Ellis, 748 S.W.2d 424 (Tenn. 1988).

Factors to be applied in determining what would constitute an equitable

division of marital property are many, and include the duration of the marriage, the

age of the parties, the earning capacity of each party, and the needs of each party.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c). All of these factors would support a generous award

to Mrs. Craft out of the assets of Craft Woodworks.

We also note that Mrs. Craft’s counter-complaint asked for “a

reasonable amount of spousal support,” and at one point in the hearing, she testified

that she needed monthly support of between $500 and $700 per month to continue

to live as she had prior to her divorce. The trial court did not mention spousal support

in its final decree, though Mrs. Craft would appear from the record to be a likely

candidate for rehabilitative alimony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d).

The court’s $50,000 award to Mrs. Craft, if paid in monthly installments

over ten years time amounts to a monthly income of less than $500 per month

($416.67 to be exact). Since the factors listed in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d), for
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the court to take into account in setting spousal support includes under section (H)

“[t]he provisions made with regard to the marital property as defined in § 36-4-121,”

we can infer that even if the trial court erred in its valuation and division of marital

property, such an error would be harmless, in view of the likelihood that court would

have ordered spousal support if sufficient funds were not available from the marital

estate.

 

IV.

We affirm the order of the trial court. Remand this cause to the

Chancery Court of Humphreys County for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. Tax the costs on appeal to the appellant.

_____________________________

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________

HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE

MIDDLE SECTION

_______________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE