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Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(a) Article 17 (search warrants - safeguards);
(b) Article 18 (execution of warrants);

(c) Article 23 (access and copying);

(d) Article 24 (retention).

356 Further provisions: civil recovery

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

This section applies to search and seizure warrants sought for the purposes of
civil recovery investigations.

An application for a warrant may be made ex parte to a judge in chambers.
A warrant may be issued subject to conditions.

A warrant continues in force until the end of the period of one month starting
with the day on which it is issued.

A warrant authorises the person it names to require any information which is
held in a computer and is accessible from the premises specified in the
application for the warrant, and which the named person believes relates to
any matter relevant to the investigation, to be produced in a form—

(a) in which it can be taken away, and
(b) in which it is visible and legible.

If—
(a) the Director gives written authority for members of staff of the Agency
to accompany the person a warrant names when executing it, and
(b) a warrant is issued,
the authorised members have the same powers under it as the person it names.

A warrant may include provision authorising a person who is exercising
powers under it to do other things which—

(a) are specified in the warrant, and
(b) need to be done in order to give effect to it.

Copies may be taken of any material seized under a warrant.

Material seized under a warrant may be retained for so long as it is necessary
to retain it (as opposed to copies of it) in connection with the investigation for
the purposes of which the warrant was issued.

But if the Director has reasonable grounds for believing that —
(a) the material may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and
(b) it might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
it may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.

Disclosure orders

357 Disclosure orders

(1)

A judge may, on an application made to him by the Director, make a disclosure
order if he is satisfied that each of the requirements for the making of the order
is fulfilled.


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Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(5)

70
(1)

(3)

(4)

(6)

71
(1)

(2)

If on an application by the defendant, or by the recipient of a tainted gift, the
court decides that property cannot be replaced it may order that it must not be
sold.

An order under subsection (4) may be revoked or varied.
Committal

Committal by magistrates’ court

This section applies if —
(a) adefendant is convicted of an offence by a magistrates’ court, and
(b) the prosecutor asks the court to commit the defendant to the Crown
Court with a view to a confiscation order being considered under
section 6.

In such a case the magistrates’ court —

(a) must commit the defendant to the Crown Court in respect of the
offence, and

(b) may commit him to the Crown Court in respect of any other offence
falling within subsection (3).

An offence falls within this subsection if —

(a) the defendant has been convicted of it by the magistrates’ court or any
other court, and

(b) the magistrates’ court has power to deal with him in respect of it.

If a committal is made under this section in respect of an offence or offences —
(a) section 6 applies accordingly, and
(b) the committal operates as a committal of the defendant to be dealt with
by the Crown Court in accordance with section 71.

If a committal is made under this section in respect of an offence for which
(apart from this section) the magistrates’ court could have committed the
defendant for sentence under section 3(2) of the Sentencing Act (offences
triable either way) the court must state whether it would have done so.

A committal under this section may be in custody or on bail.

Sentencing by Crown Court

If a defendant is committed to the Crown Court under section 70 in respect of
an offence or offences, this section applies (whether or not the court proceeds
under section 6).

In the case of an offence in respect of which the magistrates’ court has stated
under section 70(5) that it would have committed the defendant for sentence,
the Crown Court —
(a) must inquire into the circumstances of the case, and
(b) may deal with the defendant in any way in which it could deal with
him if he had just been convicted of the offence on indictment before it.

In the case of any other offence the Crown Court —
(a) must inquire into the circumstances of the case, and


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 245
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

i
J

section 404(1) (account monitoring orders),
section 408(4) (supplementary to account monitoring orders).

(b) section 382(2) (entry orders),

(c) section 386(4) (supplementary to production and entry orders),

(d) section 387(1) (search warrants),

(e) section 391(1) (disclosure orders),

(f) section 396(4) (supplementary to disclosure orders),

(g) section 397(1) (customer information orders),

(h) section 403(4) (supplementary to customer information orders),
) (1)
) (4)

412 Interpretation

In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires —
“appropriate person” means —

(a) the procurator fiscal, in relation to a confiscation investigation
or a money laundering investigation,

(b) the Scottish Ministers, in relation to a civil recovery
investigation;

references to a “constable” include references to a customs and excise
officer;

“legal privilege” means protection in legal proceedings from disclosure,
by virtue of any rule of law relating to the confidentiality of
communications; and “items subject to legal privilege” are—

(a) communications between a professional legal adviser and his
client, or
(b) communications made in connection with or in contemplation
of legal proceedings and for the purposes of those proceedings,
which would be so protected.
“premises” include any place and, in particular, include—
(a) any vehicle, vessel, aircraft or hovercraft;

(b) any offshore installation within the meaning of section 1 of the
Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 (c. 61) and
any tent or movable structure;

“proper person” means —
(a) a constable, in relation to a confiscation investigation or a
money laundering investigation;

(b) the Scottish Ministers or a person named by them, in relation to
a civil recovery investigation.

CHAPTER 4

INTERPRETATION

413. Criminal conduct

(1) Criminal conduct is conduct which—
(a) constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom, or
(b) would constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it
occurred there.


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Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(6)

(8)

(c) the prosecutor or the Director believes that if the court were to find the
amount of the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of this section it would
exceed the relevant amount,

(d) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(e) after considering the evidence the court believes it is appropriate for it
to proceed under this section.

The court must make a new calculation of the defendant’s benefit from the
conduct concerned, and when it does so subsections (3) to (6) below apply.

If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned section 156 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

Section 158(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring up to the time it decided the
defendant’s benefit for the purposes of the confiscation order;

(b) take account of property obtained up to that time;

(c) take account of property obtained after that time if it was obtained as a
result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that time.

In applying section 158(5) the confiscation order must be ignored.

In section 160 —

(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant after the time the court decided his benefit
for the purposes of the confiscation order;

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him after that time;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him after that time.

If the amount found under the new calculation of the defendant’s benefit
exceeds the relevant amount the court —
(a) must make a new calculation of the recoverable amount for the
purposes of section 156, and
(b) if it exceeds the amount required to be paid under the confiscation
order, may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be
paid such amount as it believes is just.

In applying subsection (7)(a) the court must—
(a) take the new calculation of the defendant’s benefit;

(b) apply section 159 as if references to the time the confiscation order is
made were to the time of the new calculation of the recoverable amount
and as if references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date
of that new calculation.

In applying subsection (7)(b) the court must have regard in particular to—
(a) any fine imposed on the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;


12

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

19
(1)

For the purpose of obtaining information to help it in carrying out its functions
the court may at any time order the defendant to give it information specified
in the order.

An order under this section may require all or a specified part of the
information to be given in a specified manner and before a specified date.

If the defendant fails without reasonable excuse to comply with an order under
this section the court may draw such inference as it believes is appropriate.

Subsection (4) does not affect any power of the court to deal with the defendant
in respect of a failure to comply with an order under this section.

If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) accepts to any extent an
allegation made by the defendant —
(a) in giving information required by an order under this section, or
(b) in any other statement given to the court in relation to any matter
relevant to deciding the available amount under section 9,
the court may treat the acceptance as conclusive of the matters to which it
relates.

For the purposes of this section an allegation may be accepted in a manner
ordered by the court.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

No information given under this section which amounts to an admission by the
defendant that he has benefited from criminal conduct is admissible in
evidence in proceedings for an offence.

Reconsideration

No order made: reconsideration of case

This section applies if —

(a) the first condition in section 6 is satisfied but no court has proceeded
under that section,

(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor on the
relevant date,

(c) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(d) after considering the evidence the court believes it is appropriate for it
to proceed under section 6.

If this section applies the court must proceed under section 6, and when it does
so subsections (3) to (8) below apply.

If the court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 6 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

Section 8(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 141
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(6) The third condition is that an application is made under this section by a
person who held realisable property and has suffered loss in consequence of
anything done in relation to it by or in pursuance of an order under this Part.

(7) The offence referred to in subsection (2) may be one of a number of offences
with regard to which the investigation is started.

(8) The offence referred to in subsection (3) may be one of a number of offences for
which the proceedings are started.

(9) Compensation under this section is payable to the applicant and —

(a) if the person in default was or was acting as a police officer within the
meaning of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 (c. 32), the
compensation is payable by the Chief Constable;

(b) if the person in default was a member of the Director of Public
Prosecutions for Northern Ireland or was acting on his behalf, the
compensation is payable by the Director of Public Prosecutions for
Northern Ireland;

(c) if the person in default was a member of the Serious Fraud Office, the
compensation is payable by the Director of that Office;

(d) if the person in default was a customs officer, the compensation is
payable by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;

(e) if the person in default was an officer of the Commissioners of Inland
Revenue, the compensation is payable by those Commissioners.

221 Order varied or discharged

(1) This section applies if —
(a) the court varies a confiscation order under section 179 or discharges
one under section 180, and

(b) an application is made to the Crown Court by a person who held
realisable property and has suffered loss as a result of the making of the
order.

(2) The court may order the payment of such compensation as it believes is just.

(3) Compensation under this section is payable—
(a) to the applicant;
(b) by the Lord Chancellor.

Enforcement abroad

222 Enforcement abroad

(1) This section applies if —

(a) any of the conditions in section 189 is satisfied,

(b) the prosecutor or the Director believes that realisable property is
situated in a country or territory outside the United Kingdom (the
receiving country), and

(c) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) sends a request for
assistance to the Secretary of State with a view to it being forwarded
under this section.


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Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

212 Management receivers: discharge

(1)

(6)

This section applies if —
(a) a receiver stands appointed under section 196 in respect of realisable
property (the management receiver), and
(b) the court appoints a receiver under section 198 or makes an order for
the appointment of a receiver under section 200.

The court must order the management receiver to transfer to the other receiver
all property held by the management receiver by virtue of the powers
conferred on him by section 197.

But in a case where the court makes an order under section 200 its order under
subsection (2) above does not take effect until the order under section 200 takes
effect.

Subsection (2) does not apply to property which the management receiver
holds by virtue of the exercise by him of his power under section 197(2)(d).

If the management receiver complies with an order under subsection (2) he is
discharged —

(a) from his appointment under section 196;
(b) from any obligation under this Act arising from his appointment.

If this section applies the court may make such a consequential or incidental
order as it believes is appropriate.

213 Appeal to Court of Appeal

(1)

(2)

(5)

If on an application for an order under any of sections 196 to 199 or section 201
the court decides not to make one, the person who applied for the order may
appeal to the Court of Appeal against the decision.

If the court makes an order under any of sections 196 to 199 or section 201, the
following persons may appeal to the Court of Appeal in respect of the court’s
decision —

(a) the person who applied for the order;

(b) any person affected by the order.

If on an application for an order under section 210 the court decides not to
make one, the person who applied for the order may appeal to the Court of
Appeal against the decision.

If the court makes an order under section 210, the following persons may
appeal to the Court of Appeal in respect of the court’s decision —

(a) the person who applied for the order;

(b) any person affected by the order;

(c) the receiver.

The following persons may appeal to the Court of Appeal against a decision of
the court on an application under section 211 —

(a) the person who applied for the order in respect of which the application
was made or (if the order was made under section 200 or 201) the
Director;

(b) any person affected by the court’s decision;
(c) the receiver.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

31

33

34

48
49

50

Reconsideration

No order made: reconsideration of case

No order made: reconsideration of benefit

Order made: reconsideration of benefit

Order made: reconsideration of available amount
Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order
Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order
Small amount outstanding: discharge of order
Information

Defendant absconds

Defendant convicted or committed
Defendant neither convicted nor acquitted
Variation of order

Discharge of order

Appeals

Appeal by prosecutor or Director
Court’s powers on appeal
Appeal to House of Lords

Enforcement authority

Enforcement authority

Enforcement as fines etc

Director not appointed as enforcement authority
Director appointed as enforcement authority
Director’s application for enforcement
Provisions about imprisonment or detention
Reconsideration etc: variation of prison term

Restraint orders

Conditions for exercise of powers
Restraint orders

Application, discharge and variation
Appeal to Court of Appeal

Appeal to House of Lords

Seizure

Hearsay evidence

Supplementary

Management receivers

Appointment
Powers

Enforcement receivers

Appointment


106 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5) If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

(6) No acceptance under this section that the defendant has benefited from
conduct is admissible in evidence in proceedings for an offence.

168 Provision of information by defendant

(1) This section applies if —

(a) the court is proceeding under section 156 in a case where section
156(3)(a) applies, or

(b) it is proceeding under section 156 in a case where section 156(3)(b)
applies or it is considering whether to proceed.

(2) For the purpose of obtaining information to help it in carrying out its functions
the court may at any time order the defendant to give it information specified
in the order.

(3) An order under this section may require all or a specified part of the
information to be given in a specified manner and before a specified date.

(4) If the defendant fails without reasonable excuse to comply with an order under
this section the court may draw such inference as it believes is appropriate.

(5) Subsection (4) does not affect any power of the court to deal with the defendant
in respect of a failure to comply with an order under this section.

(6) If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) accepts to any extent an
allegation made by the defendant —

(a) in giving information required by an order under this section, or
(b) in any other statement given to the court in relation to any matter
relevant to deciding the available amount under section 159,
the court may treat the acceptance as conclusive of the matters to which it
relates.

(7) For the purposes of this section an allegation may be accepted in a manner
ordered by the court.

(8) If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

(9) No information given under this section which amounts to an admission by the
defendant that he has benefited from criminal conduct is admissible in
evidence in proceedings for an offence.

Reconsideration
169 No order made: reconsideration of case
(1) This section applies if —

(a) the first condition in section 156 is satisfied but no court has proceeded
under that section,

(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor on the
relevant date,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 55
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(7)

(8)

86
(1)

(2)

88
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

In applying subsection (6) any power to extend the time for making an
application for leave to appeal must be ignored.

In applying subsection (6) the fact that a court may decide on a later occasion
to make a confiscation order against the defendant must be ignored.

Applications

An application under section 19, 20, 27 or 28 is concluded —

(a) in a case where the court decides not to make a confiscation order
against the defendant, when it makes the decision;

(b) in acase where a confiscation order is made against him as a result of
the application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

(c) in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the person who
made the application notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the
application was made.

An application under section 21 or 22 is concluded —

(a) in a case where the court decides not to vary the confiscation order
concerned, when it makes the decision;

(b) in acase where the court varies the confiscation order as a result of the
application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

(c) in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the person who
made the application notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the
application was made.

Confiscation orders
A confiscation order is satisfied when no amount is due under it.

A confiscation order is subject to appeal until there is no further possibility of
an appeal on which the order could be varied or quashed; and for this purpose
any power to grant leave to appeal out of time must be ignored.

Other interpretative provisions

A reference to the offence (or offences) concerned must be construed in
accordance with section 6(9).

A criminal investigation is an investigation which police officers or other
persons have a duty to conduct with a view to it being ascertained whether a
person should be charged with an offence.

A defendant is a person against whom proceedings for an offence have been
started (whether or not he has been convicted).

A reference to sentencing the defendant for an offence includes a reference to
dealing with him otherwise in respect of the offence.

The Sentencing Act is the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
(c. 6).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 221
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(h) the account number or numbers of any other account or accounts held
at the financial institution to which he is a signatory and details of the
person holding the other account or accounts.

(3) The matters referred to in subsection (1)(b) are—

(a) the account number or numbers;

(b) the person’s full name;

(c) adescription of any business which the person carries on;

(d) the country or territory in which it is incorporated or otherwise
established and any number allocated to it under the Companies Act
1985 (c. 6) or the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (S.I. 1986/
1032 (N.I. 6)) or corresponding legislation of any country or territory
outside the United Kingdom;

(e) any number assigned to it for the purposes of value added tax in the
United Kingdom;

(f) its registered office, and any previous registered offices, under the
Companies Act 1985 or the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986
(S.l. 1986/1032 (N.I. 6)) or anything similar under corresponding
legislation of any country or territory outside the United Kingdom;

(g) its registered office, and any previous registered offices, under the
Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (c.12) or anything similar
under corresponding legislation of any country or territory outside
Great Britain;

(h) _ the date or dates on which it began to hold the account or accounts and,
if it has ceased to hold the account or any of the accounts, the date or
dates on which it did so;

(i) such evidence of its identity as was obtained by the financial institution
under or for the purposes of any legislation relating to money
laundering;

(j) the full name, date of birth and most recent address and any previous
addresses of any person who is a signatory to the account or any of the
accounts.

(4) The Secretary of State may by order provide for information of a description
specified in the order —

(a) to be customer information, or
(b) no longer to be customer information.

(5) Money laundering is an act which —
(a) constitutes an offence under section 327, 328 or 329 of this Act or section
18 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11), or

(b) would constitute an offence specified in paragraph (a) if done in the
United Kingdom.

365 Requirements for making of customer information order

(1) These are the requirements for the making of a customer information order.

(2) In the case of a confiscation investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

(3) In the case of a civil recovery investigation, there must be reasonable grounds
for suspecting that —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 139
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

Exercise of powers

217 Powers of court and receiver

(1) This section applies to—
(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 189 to 208 and sections 210
to 215;
(b) the powers of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

(2) The powers—

(a) must be exercised with a view to the value for the time being of
realisable property being made available (by the property’s realisation)
for satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be made
against the defendant;

(b) must be exercised, in a case where a confiscation order has not been
made, with a view to securing that there is no diminution in the value
of realisable property;

(c) must be exercised without taking account of any obligation of the
defendant or a recipient of a tainted gift if the obligation conflicts with
the object of satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be
made against the defendant;

(d) may be exercised in respect of a debt owed by the Crown.

(3) Subsection (2) has effect subject to the following rules —

(a) the powers must be exercised with a view to allowing a person other
than the defendant or a recipient of a tainted gift to retain or recover the
value of any interest held by him;

(b) in the case of realisable property held by a recipient of a tainted gift, the
powers must be exercised with a view to realising no more than the
value for the time being of the gift;

(c) in a case where a confiscation order has not been made against the
defendant, property must not be realised if the court so orders under
subsection (4).

(4) If on an application by the defendant, or by the recipient of a tainted gift, the
court decides that property cannot be replaced it may order that it must not be
sold.

(5) An order under subsection (4) may be revoked or varied.
Committal

218 Committal by magistrates’ court

(1) This section applies if —
(a) adefendant is convicted of an offence by a magistrates’ court, and
(b) the prosecutor asks the court to commit the defendant to the Crown

Court with a view to a confiscation order being considered under
section 156.

(2) In such a case the magistrates’ court —

(a) must commit the defendant to the Crown Court in respect of the
offence, and


66

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(5)

(6)

(8)

Subsection (3) does not affect any power of the court to deal with the accused
in respect of a failure to comply with an order under this section.

If the prosecutor accepts to any extent an allegation made by the accused —
(a) in giving information required by an order under this section, or
(b) in any other statement given to the court in relation to any matter
relevant to deciding the available amount under section 95,
the court may treat the acceptance as conclusive of the matters to which it
relates.

For the purposes of this section an allegation may be accepted in a manner
ordered by the court.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another order.

No information given under this section which amounts to an admission by the
accused that he has benefited from criminal conduct is admissible in evidence
in proceedings for an offence.

Reconsideration

104 No order made: reconsideration of case

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

This section applies if —

(a) the first condition in section 92 is satisfied but no court has proceeded
under that section,

(b) the prosecutor has evidence which was not available to him on the
relevant date,

(c) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor applies to the court to consider the evidence,
and

(d) after considering the evidence the court thinks it is appropriate for it to
proceed under section 92.

The court must proceed under section 92, and when it does so subsections (3)
to (8) below apply.

If the court has already sentenced the accused for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned section 92(4) does not apply.

Section 94(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must take account of —

(a) conduct occurring before the relevant date;
(b) property obtained before that date;

(c) property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained as a result of
or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In relation to the assumptions that the court must make under section 96 —
(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the accused on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;
(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 255
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(10)

In a case where a winding up of acompany commenced or is treated as having
commenced before 29 December 1986, this section has effect with the following
modifications —
(a) in subsections (1) and (7) for “the 1986 Act” substitute “the Companies
Act 1985”;
(b) in subsection (8) for “Parts 4 and 5 of the 1986 Act” substitute “Parts 20
and 21 of the Companies Act 1985”.

427 Tainted gifts

(1)

(2)

In this section “company” means any company which may be wound up under
the 1986 Act.

This section applies if —
(a) an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a
resolution for its voluntary winding up, and
(b) it has made a tainted gift (whether directly or indirectly).

No order may be made under section 238, 239 or 423 of the 1986 Act (avoidance
of certain transactions) and no decree may be granted under section 242 or 243
of that Act (gratuitous alienations and unfair preferences), or otherwise, in
respect of the making of the gift at any time when —
(a) any property of the recipient of the tainted gift is subject to a restraint
order under section 41, 120 or 190, or
(b) there is in force in respect of such property an order under section 50,
52, 128(3), 198 or 200.

Any order made under section 238, 239 or 423 of the 1986 Act or decree granted
under section 242 or 243 of that Act, or otherwise, after an order mentioned in
subsection (3)(a) or (b) is discharged must take into account any realisation
under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this Act of property held by the recipient of the tainted
gift.

A person makes a tainted gift for the purposes of this section if he makes a
tainted gift within the meaning of Part 2, 3 or 4.

In a case where the winding up of a company commenced or is treated as
having commenced before 29 December 1986 this section has effect with the
substitution —
(a) for references to section 239 of the 1986 Act of references to section 615
of the Companies Act 1985 (c. 6);
(b) for references to section 242 of the 1986 Act of references to section 615A
of the Companies Act 1985;
(c) for references to section 243 of the 1986 Act of references to section 615B
of the Companies Act 1985.

Winding up in Northern Ireland

428 Winding up under the 1989 Order

(1)

In this section “company” means any company which may be wound up under
the 1989 Order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 1 — Assets Recovery Agency

(b) make such arrangements for the provision of services,

as he considers appropriate for or in connection with the exercise of his
functions.

But the Director must obtain the approval of the Minister for the Civil Service
as to the number of staff appointed under subsection (4)(a).

Anything which the Director is authorised or required to do may be done by —
(a) a member of staff of the Agency, or
(b) a person providing services under arrangements made by the Director,
if authorised by the Director (generally or specifically) for that purpose.

Schedule 1 contains further provisions about the Agency and the Director.

Director’s functions: general

The Director must exercise his functions in the way which he considers is best
calculated to contribute to the reduction of crime.

In exercising his functions as required by subsection (1) the Director must —
(a) act efficiently and effectively;
(b) have regard to his current annual plan (as approved by the Secretary of
State in accordance with Schedule 1).

The Director may do anything (including the carrying out of investigations)
which he considers is —

(a) appropriate for facilitating, or
(b) incidental or conducive to,
the exercise of his functions.

But subsection (3) does not allow the Director to borrow money.

In considering under subsection (1) the way which is best calculated to
contribute to the reduction of crime the Director must have regard to any
guidance given to him by the Secretary of State.

The guidance must indicate that the reduction of crime is in general best
secured by means of criminal investigations and criminal proceedings.

Accreditation and training

The Director must establish a system for the accreditation of financial
investigators.

The system of accreditation must include provision for —
(a) the monitoring of the performance of accredited financial investigators,
and
(b) the withdrawal of accreditation from any person who contravenes or
fails to comply with any condition subject to which he was accredited.

A person may be accredited —
(a) in relation to this Act;
(b) in relation to particular provisions of this Act.

But the accreditation may be limited to specified purposes.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 217
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(2)

(3)

(5)

(6)

No application for a disclosure order may be made in relation to a money
laundering investigation.

The application for a disclosure order must state that —

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation which is being carried out by the Director and the order
is sought for the purposes of the investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and the order is sought for the purposes of the
investigation.

A disclosure order is an order authorising the Director to give to any person
the Director considers has relevant information notice in writing requiring him
to do, with respect to any matter relevant to the investigation for the purposes
of which the order is sought, any or all of the following —
(a) answer questions, either at a time specified in the notice or at once, at a
place so specified;
(b) provide information specified in the notice, by a time and in a manner
so specified;
(c) produce documents, or documents of a description, specified in the
notice, either at or by a time so specified or at once, and in a manner so
specified.

Relevant information is information (whether or not contained in a document)
which the Director considers to be relevant to the investigation.

A person is not bound to comply with a requirement imposed by a notice given
under a disclosure order unless evidence of authority to give the notice is
produced to him.

358 Requirements for making of disclosure order

(1)
(2)

These are the requirements for the making of a disclosure order.

There must be reasonable grounds for suspecting that —
(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person specified in the
application for the order has benefited from his criminal conduct;
(b) in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property specified in the
application for the order is recoverable property or associated property.

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that information which may
be provided in compliance with a requirement imposed under the order is
likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation
for the purposes of which the order is sought.

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the information to be provided, having regard to the benefit likely to accrue
to the investigation if the information is obtained.

359 Offences

(1)

(2)

A person commits an offence if without reasonable excuse he fails to comply
with a requirement imposed on him under a disclosure order.

A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary
conviction to—


260 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(a) property is subject to an interim receiving order made under section
246 or an interim administration order made under section 256,

(b) a person acting as an insolvency practitioner incurs expenses which are
not ones in respect of property subject to the order, and

(c) the expenses are ones which (but for the effect of the order) might have
been met by taking possession of and realising property subject to it.

(10) Whether or not he has seized or disposed of any property, he is entitled to
payment of the expenses under section 280.

433 Meaning of insolvency practitioner
(1) This section applies for the purposes of section 432.

(2) A person acts as an insolvency practitioner if he so acts within the meaning
given by section 388 of the 1986 Act or Article 3 of the 1989 Order; but this is
subject to subsections (3) to (5).

(3) The expression “person acting as an insolvency practitioner” includes the
official receiver acting as receiver or manager of the property concerned.

(4) In applying section 388 of the 1986 Act under subsection (2) above—

(a) the reference in section 388(2)(a) to a permanent or interim trustee in
sequestration must be taken to include a reference to a trustee in
sequestration;

(b) section 388(5) (which includes provision that nothing in the section

applies to anything done by the official receiver or the Accountant in
Bankruptcy) must be ignored.

(5) In applying Article 3 of the 1989 Order under subsection (2) above, paragraph
(5) (which includes provision that nothing in the Article applies to anything
done by the official receiver) must be ignored.

Interpretation

434 Interpretation

(1) The following paragraphs apply to references to Acts or Orders —
(a) the 1913 Act is the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1913 (c. 20);

(b) the 1914 Act is the Bankruptcy Act 1914 (c. 59);

(c) the 1985 Act is the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66);

(d) the 1986 Act is the Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45);

(e) the 1989 Order is the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1.

1989/2405 (N.1. 19)).

(2) An award of sequestration is made on the date of sequestration within the
meaning of section 12(4) of the 1985 Act.

(3) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 273
Part 12 — Miscellaneous and general

461 Extent
(1) Part 2 extends to England and Wales only.
(2) In Part 8, Chapter 2 extends to England and Wales and Northern Ireland only.
(3) These provisions extend to Scotland only —
(a) Part 3;
(b) in Part 8, Chapter 3.
(4) Part 4 extends to Northern Ireland only.
(5) The amendments in Schedule 11 have the same extent as the provisions
amended.
(6) The repeals and revocations in Schedule 12 have the same extent as the

provisions repealed or revoked.

462 Short title

This Act may be cited as the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.


184

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

CHAPTER 4

GENERAL
Recoverable property

Property obtained through unlawful conduct
Property obtained through unlawful conduct is recoverable property.

But if property obtained through unlawful conduct has been disposed of (since
it was so obtained), it is recoverable property only if it is held by a person into
whose hands it may be followed.

Recoverable property obtained through unlawful conduct may be followed
into the hands of a person obtaining it on a disposal by —
(a) the person who through the conduct obtained the property, or
(b) a person into whose hands it may (by virtue of this subsection) be
followed.

305 Tracing property, etc.

(1)

(2)

Where property obtained through unlawful conduct (“the original property”)
is or has been recoverable, property which represents the original property is
also recoverable property.

If a person enters into a transaction by which —

(a) he disposes of recoverable property, whether the original property or
property which (by virtue of this Chapter) represents the original
property, and

(b) he obtains other property in place of it,

the other property represents the original property.
If a person disposes of recoverable property which represents the original

property, the property may be followed into the hands of the person who
obtains it (and it continues to represent the original property).

306 Mixing property

Subsection (2) applies if a person’s recoverable property is mixed with other
property (whether his property or another’s).

The portion of the mixed property which is attributable to the recoverable
property represents the property obtained through unlawful conduct.

Recoverable property is mixed with other property if (for example) it is used —
(a) to increase funds held in a bank account,
) in part payment for the acquisition of an asset,

(c) for the restoration or improvement of land,
)

by a person holding a leasehold interest in the property to acquire the
freehold.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 293
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

Rights to receive amounts stated in certificates of deposit etc.

6 In the case of a Part 5 transfer of property consisting of a right to which
section 56(2) of the Taxes Act 1988 applies, or a right mentioned in section
56A(1) of that Act, (rights stated in certificates of deposit etc.) it is not to be
treated as a disposal of the right for the purposes of section 56(2) of that Act.

Non-qualifying offshore funds

7 In the case of a Part 5 transfer of property consisting of an asset mentioned
in section 757(1)(a) or (b) of the Taxes Act 1988 (interests in non-qualifying
offshore funds etc.), it is not to be treated as a disposal for the purposes of
that section.

Futures and options

8 In the case of a Part 5 transfer of property consisting of futures or options
(within the meaning of paragraph 4 of Schedule 5AA to the Taxes Act 1988),
it is not to be treated as a disposal of the futures or options for the purposes
of that Schedule.

Loan relationships

9 (1) Sub-paragraph (2) applies if, apart from this paragraph, a Part 5 transfer
would be a related transaction for the purposes of section 84 of the Finance
Act 1996 (c. 8) (debits and credits brought into account for the purpose of
taxing loan relationships under Chapter 2 of Part 4 of that Act).

(2) The Part 5 transfer is to be disregarded for the purposes of that Chapter,
except for the purpose of identifying any person in whose case any debit or
credit not relating to the transaction is to be brought into account.

Exception from paragraphs 4 to 9

10 Paragraphs 4 to 9 do not apply if a compensating payment is made to the
transferor.
Trading stock

11 (1) Sub-paragraph (2) applies, in the case of a Part 5 transfer of property
consisting of the trading stock of a trade, for the purpose of computing any
profits of the trade for tax purposes.

(2) If, because of the transfer, the trading stock is to be treated for that purpose
as if it had been sold in the course of the trade, the amount realised on the
sale is to be treated for that purpose as equal to its acquisition cost.

(3) Sub-paragraph (2) has effect in spite of anything in section 100 of the Taxes
Act 1988 (valuation of trading stock at discontinuance).

(4) In this paragraph, trading stock and trade have the same meaning as in that
section.

CAPITAL ALLOWANCES


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 115
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(7) If the court does not believe it is appropriate for it to proceed under this section,
once the defendant ceases to be an absconder section 169 has effect as if
subsection (1)(b) read —

“(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor or
the Director on the relevant date,”.

178 Defendant neither convicted nor acquitted
(1) This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that—

(a) proceedings for an offence or offences are started against a defendant
but are not concluded,

(b) he absconds, and

(c) the period of two years (starting with the day the court believes he
absconded) has ended.

(3) The second condition is that —
(a) the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to proceed
under this section, and
(b) the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.

(4) If this section applies the court must proceed under section 156 in the same way
as it must proceed if the two conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (5).

(5) If the court proceeds under section 156 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —

(a) any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 156 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

(b) the court must not make an order under section 156 unless the

prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) has taken reasonable
steps to contact the defendant;

(c) section 156(9) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (2) of this section;

(d) sections 160, 166(4) and 167 to 170 must be ignored;

(e) section 171 must be ignored while the defendant is still an absconder.

(6) Once the defendant has ceased to be an absconder section 171 has effect as if
references to the date of conviction were to—

(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or

(b) _ if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.

(7) If-
(a) the court makes an order under section 156 as applied by this section,
and

(b) the defendant is later convicted in proceedings before the Crown Court
of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned,

section 156 does not apply so far as that conviction is concerned.


284 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 5 — Lifestyle offences: Northern Ireland

SCHEDULE 5 Section 223,

LIFESTYLE OFFENCES: NORTHERN IRELAND

Drug trafficking
1. (1) Anoffence under any of the following provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act
1971 (c. 38) —
(a) section 4(2) or (3) (unlawful production or supply of controlled
drugs);

(b) section 5(3) (possession of controlled drug with intent to supply);

(c) section 8 (permitting certain activities relating to controlled drugs);

(d) section 20 (assisting in or inducing the commission outside the UK of
an offence punishable under a corresponding law).

(2) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c.2) if it is committed in connection with a
prohibition or restriction on importation or exportation which has effect by
virtue of section 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971—

(a) section 50(2) or (3) (improper importation of goods);
(b) section 68(2) (exportation of prohibited or restricted goods);
(c) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).
(3) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Criminal Justice
(International Co-operation) Act 1990 (c. 5) —
(a) section 12 (manufacture or supply of a substance for the time being
specified in Schedule 2 to that Act);
(b) section 19 (using a ship for illicit traffic in controlled drugs).

Money laundering

2 An offence under either of the following provisions of this Act—
(a) section 327 (concealing etc. criminal property);
(b) section 328 (assisting another to retain criminal property).

Directing terrorism

3 An offence under section 56 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (directing the
activities of a terrorist organisation).

People trafficking

4 An offence under section 25(1) of the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77) (assisting
illegal entry etc.).

Arms trafficking

5 (1) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Customs and
Excise Management Act 1979 if it is committed in connection with a firearm
or ammunition —

(a) section 68(2) (exportation of prohibited goods);
(b) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 121
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945 (c. 15 (N.I.)) such term as bears to the
original term the same proportion as the amount remaining to be paid bears to
the amount ordered to be paid.

187 Provisions about imprisonment or detention

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) a warrant committing the defendant to prison or detention is issued for
a default in payment of an amount ordered to be paid under a
confiscation order in respect of an offence or offences, and
(b) at the time the warrant is issued the defendant is liable to serve a term
of custody in respect of the offence (or any of the offences).

(2) In such a case the term of imprisonment or of detention to be served in default
of payment of the amount does not begin to run until after the term mentioned
in subsection (1)(b) above.

(3) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to the term of custody the defendant is liable
to serve in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) is a reference to the
term of imprisonment, or detention under section 5 of the Treatment of
Offenders Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (c. 29 (N.I.)), which he is liable to serve
in respect of the offence (or any of the offences).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) consecutive terms and terms which are
wholly or partly concurrent must be treated as a single term and the following
must be ignored —

(a) any sentence of imprisonment or order for detention suspended under
section 18 of the Treatment of Offenders Act (Northern Ireland) 1968
which has not taken effect at the time the warrant is issued;

(b) any term of imprisonment or detention fixed under section 35(1)(c) of
the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945 (c. 15 (N.L)) (term to
be served in default of payment of fine etc) for which a warrant
committing the defendant to prison or detention has not been issued at
that time.

(5) If the defendant serves a term of imprisonment or detention in default of
paying any amount due under a confiscation order, his serving that term does
not prevent the confiscation order from continuing to have effect so far as any
other method of enforcement is concerned.

188 Reconsideration etc: variation of prison term

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—

(a) acourt varies a confiscation order under section 171, 172, 173, 179, 182
or 183,

(b) the effect of the variation is to vary the maximum period applicable in
relation to the order under section 35(2) of the Criminal Justice Act
(Northern Ireland) 1945 (c. 15 (N.L.)), and

(c) the result is that that maximum period is less than the term of
imprisonment or detention fixed in respect of the order under section
35(1)(c) of that Act.

(2) In such a case the court must fix a reduced term of imprisonment or detention
in respect of the confiscation order under section 35(1)(c) of that Act in place of
the term previously fixed.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 239
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(f) such evidence of his identity as was obtained by the financial
institution under or for the purposes of any legislation relating to
money laundering;

(g) the full name, date of birth and most recent address, and any previous
addresses, of any person who holds, or has held, an account at the
financial institution jointly with him;

(h) the account number or numbers of any other account or accounts held
at the financial institution to which he is a signatory and details of the
person holding the other account or accounts.

(3) The matters referred to in subsection (1)(b) are—

(a) the account number or numbers;

(b) the person’s full name;

(c) adescription of any business which the person carries on;

(d) the country or territory in which it is incorporated or otherwise
established and any number allocated to it under the Companies Act
1985 (c. 6) or the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (S.1. 1986/
1032 (N.I. 6)) or corresponding legislation of any country or territory
outside the United Kingdom,

(e) any number assigned to it for the purposes of value added tax in the
United Kingdom,

(f) its registered office, and any previous registered offices, under the
Companies Act 1985 or the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986
(S.1. 1986/1032 (N.1. 6)) or anything similar under corresponding
legislation of any country or territory outside the United Kingdom;

(g) its registered office, and any previous registered offices, under the
Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (c.12) or anything similar
under corresponding legislation of any country or territory outside
Great Britain;

(h) _ the date or dates on which it began to hold the account or accounts and,
if it has ceased to hold the account or any of the accounts, the date or
dates on which it did so;

(i) such evidence of its identity as was obtained by the financial institution
under or for the purposes of any legislation relating to money
laundering;

(j) the full name, date of birth and most recent address and any previous
addresses of any person who is a signatory to the account or any of the
accounts.

(4) The Scottish Ministers may by order provide for information of a description
specified in the order —

(a) to be customer information, or
(b) no longer to be customer information.

(5) Money laundering is an act which —
(a) constitutes an offence under section 327, 328 or 329 of this Act or section
18 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11), or

(b) would constitute an offence specified in paragraph (a) if done in the
United Kingdom.
399 Requirements for making of customer information order

(1) These are the requirements for the making of a customer information order.


176

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(6) If the court makes such a declaration, his title to the chattel is to be
treated as not having been extinguished by Article 17(2).

(7) Expressions used in this Article and Part 5 of that Act have the same
meaning in this Article as in that Part.”

CHAPTER 3

RECOVERY OF CASH IN SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS

Searches

289 Searches

(1)

(6)

If a customs officer or constable who is lawfully on any premises has
reasonable grounds for suspecting that there is on the premises cash —
(a) which is recoverable property or is intended by any person for use in
unlawful conduct, and
(b) the amount of which is not less than the minimum amount,
he may search for the cash there.

If a customs officer or constable has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a
person (the suspect) is carrying cash —
(a) which is recoverable property or is intended by any person for use in
unlawful conduct, and
(b) the amount of which is not less than the minimum amount,
he may exercise the following powers.

The officer or constable may, so far as he thinks it necessary or expedient,
require the suspect —

(a) to permit a search of any article he has with him,
(b) to permit a search of his person.

An officer or constable exercising powers by virtue of subsection (3)(b) may
detain the suspect for so long as is necessary for their exercise.

The powers conferred by this section —
(a) are exercisable only so far as reasonably required for the purpose of
finding cash,

(b) are exercisable by a customs officer only if he has reasonable grounds
for suspecting that the unlawful conduct in question relates to an
assigned matter (within the meaning of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c. 2)).

Cash means —

(a) notes and coins in any currency,

(b) postal orders,

(c) cheques of any kind, including travellers’ cheques,

(d) bankers’ drafts,

(e) bearer bonds and bearer shares,

found at any place in the United Kingdom.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 317
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(e) an application under section 72 or 73 for the payment of
compensation;

(f) proceedings which relate to an order under section 298 for
the forfeiture of cash;

(g) an application under section 351(3), 362(3), 369(3) or 375(2)
to vary or discharge certain orders made under Part 8.

(2) But sub-paragraph (1) does not authorise the funding of the
provision of services to a defendant (within the meaning of Part 1
of that Act) in relation to—

(a) proceedings mentioned in paragraph (b);

(b) an application under section 73 for the payment of
compensation if the confiscation order was varied under
section 29.”

Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6)

37 (1) The Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 is amended as follows.
(2) In section 110(5) (minimum sentence for third drug trafficking offence) for

the definition of “drug trafficking offence” there is substituted —

““drug trafficking offence” means an offence which is specified in—
(a) paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug
trafficking offences), or
(b) so far as it relates to that paragraph, paragraph 10 of that Schedule.”
(3) In section 133 (review of compensation orders) in subsection (3)(c) after
“Criminal Justice Act 1988” insert “, or Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002,”.

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (c. 8)

38 In Schedule 1 to the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (provisions
relating to the Financial Services Authority) after paragraph 19 insert —

“19A For the purposes of this Act anything done by an accredited
financial investigator within the meaning of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002 who is—

(a) amember of the staff of the Authority, or

(b) a person appointed by the Authority under section 97, 167
or 168 to conduct an investigation,

must be treated as done in the exercise or discharge of a function
of the Authority.”

Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11)

39 (1) Schedule 8 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (detention) is amended as follows.
(2) In paragraph 8 (authorisation of delay in exercise of detained person’s
rights) for sub-paragraph (5) substitute —
“(5) An officer may also give an authorisation under sub-paragraph (1)
if he has reasonable grounds for believing that —

(a) the detained person has benefited from his criminal
conduct, and


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 165
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

273
(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

(a) _ the rights of any person who holds the associated property or who is an
excepted joint owner and the value to him of that property or, as the
case may be, of his share (including any value which cannot be assessed
in terms of money),

(b) the enforcement authority’s interest in receiving the realised proceeds
of the recoverable property.

If—

(a) an interim receiving order or interim administration order applied at
any time to the associated property or joint tenancy, and
(b) the court is satisfied that the person who holds the associated property
or who is an excepted joint owner has suffered loss as a result of the
interim receiving order or interim administration order,
a recovery order making any provision by virtue of subsection (2) or (3) may
require the enforcement authority to pay compensation to that person.

The amount of compensation to be paid under subsection (5) is the amount the
court thinks reasonable, having regard to the person’s loss and to any other
relevant circumstances.

Payments in respect of rights under pension schemes

This section applies to recoverable property consisting of rights under a
pension scheme.

A recovery order in respect of the property must, instead of vesting the
property in the trustee for civil recovery, require the trustees or managers of
the pension scheme —

(a) to pay to the trustee for civil recovery within a prescribed period the
amount determined by the trustees or managers to be equal to the value
of the rights, and

(b) to give effect to any other provision made by virtue of this section and
the two following sections in respect of the scheme.

This subsection is subject to sections 276 to 278.

A recovery order made by virtue of subsection (2) overrides the provisions of
the pension scheme to the extent that they conflict with the provisions of the
order.

A recovery order made by virtue of subsection (2) may provide for the recovery
by the trustees or managers of the scheme (whether by deduction from any
amount which they are required to pay to the trustee for civil recovery or
otherwise) of costs incurred by them in—
(a) complying with the recovery order, or
(b) providing information, before the order was made, to the enforcement
authority, interim receiver or interim administrator.

None of the following provisions applies to a court making a recovery order by
virtue of subsection (2) —

(a) any provision of section 159 of the Pension Schemes Act 1993 (c. 48),
section 155 of the Pension Schemes (Northern Ireland) Act 1993 (c. 49),
section 91 of the Pensions Act 1995 (c. 26) or Article 89 of the Pensions
(Northern Ireland) Order 1995 (S.I. 1995/3213 (N.I. 22)) (which prevent
assignment and the making of orders that restrain a person from
receiving anything which he is prevented from assigning),


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 61
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

98
(1)

(4)

(a) a court makes both a confiscation order and a compensation order
under section 249 of the Procedure Act against the same person in the
same proceedings, and

(b) the court believes he will not have sufficient means to satisfy both the
orders in full.

In such a case the court must direct that so much of the compensation as it
specifies is to be paid out of any sums recovered under the confiscation order;
and the amount it specifies must be the amount it believes will not be
recoverable because of the insufficiency of the person’s means.

Disposal of family home

This section applies where a confiscation order has been made in relation to
any person and the prosecutor has not satisfied the court that the person’s
interest in his family home has been acquired as a benefit from his criminal
conduct.

Where this section applies, then, before the administrator disposes of any right
or interest in the person’s family home he shall —
(a) obtain the relevant consent; or
(b) where he is unable to do so, apply to the court for authority to carry out
the disposal.

On an application being made to it under subsection (2)(b), the court, after
having regard to all the circumstances of the case including —
(a) the needs and financial resources of the spouse or former spouse of the
person concerned;
(b) the needs and financial resources of any child of the family;
(c) the length of the period during which the family home has been used
as a residence by any of the persons referred to in paragraph (a) or (b),
may refuse to grant the application or may postpone the granting of the
application for such period (not exceeding 12 months) as it may consider
reasonable in the circumstances or may grant the application subject to such
conditions as it may prescribe.

Subsection (3) shall apply —
(a) to an action for division and sale of the family home of the person
concerned; or
(b) to an action for the purpose of obtaining vacant possession of that
home,
brought by the administrator as it applies to an application under subsection
(2)(b) and, for the purposes of this subsection, any reference in subsection (3)
to the granting of the application shall be construed as a reference to the
granting of decree in the action.

In this section —

“family home”, in relation to any person (in this subsection referred to as
“the relevant person”) means any property in which the relevant
person has or had (whether alone or in common with any other person)
a right or interest, being property which is occupied as a residence by
the relevant person and his or her spouse or by the relevant person’s
spouse or former spouse (in any case with or without a child of the
family) or by the relevant person with a child of the family;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 243,
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

having regard to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the
information is obtained.

406 Statements

(1)

(2)

A statement made by a financial institution in response to an account
monitoring order may not be used in evidence against it in criminal
proceedings.

But subsection (1) does not apply —
(a) _ in the case of proceedings under Part 3;
(b) in the case of proceedings for contempt of court, or

(c) ona prosecution for an offence where, in giving evidence, the financial
institution makes a statement inconsistent with the statement
mentioned in subsection (1).

A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(c) against a financial
institution unless —

(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or

(b) a question relating to it is asked,
by or on behalf of the financial institution in the proceedings arising out of the
prosecution.

407 Further provisions

An account monitoring order has effect in spite of any restriction on the
disclosure of information (however imposed).

408 Supplementary

(1)

(2)

(3)

An application for an account monitoring order may be made ex parte to a
sheriff in chambers.

Provision may be made by rules of court as to the discharge and variation of
account monitoring orders.

Rules of court under subsection (2) relating to account monitoring orders —
(a) made in a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation shall, without prejudice to section 305 of the Criminal
Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46), be made by act of adjournal;

(b) made in a civil recovery investigation shall, without prejudice to
section 32 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 (c. 58), be made by
act of sederunt.

An application to discharge or vary an account monitoring order may be made
to the sheriff by —

(a) the person who applied for the order;

(b) any person affected by the order.

The sheriff may —
(a) discharge the order;
(b) vary the order.


312 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(e) sections 35 to 39;

(f) in section 40, subsections (1)(a), (2) and (4);

(g) in section 42, subsections (1)(a) and (b);

(h) _ in section 43, in subsection (1) the words “, confiscation order” and
subsection (2);

(i) in section 45, subsection (1)(a);

(j) section 47;

(k) _ in section 49, in subsection (1) the definitions of “the 1988 Act”, “the
1994 Act” and “confiscation order” and subsection (4).

(3) The following provisions in Schedule 1 to the Act shall cease to have effect —

(a) in paragraph 1(1)(b) the words “or a confiscation order”, in

paragraph 1(2)(a) the words “subject to paragraph (b) below”,

paragraph 1(2)(b) and in paragraph 1(3)(a)(i) the words “or
confiscation order”;

(b) in paragraph 2(1)(a) the words “, and if appointed (or empowered)
under paragraph 1(1)(b) above where a confiscation order has been
made”;

(c) paragraph 4;

(d) in paragraph 5(1) the words “Part I of”;

(e) in paragraph 8(2) the words “, unless in a case where a confiscation
order has been made there are sums available to be applied in
payment of it under paragraph 4(4)(b) above,”;

(f) in paragraph 10(1) the words “or the recipient of a gift caught by Part
I of this Act or an implicative gift” and paragraphs 10(2) and 10(3);

(g) in paragraph 12(1)(a) the words “paragraph (a) or (b) of section 4(1)
or”.

(4) The following provisions in Schedule 2 to the Act shall cease to have effect —

(a) in paragraph 1(2) the words “and 35 to 38”;

(b) in paragraph 2, in sub-paragraph (1) the words “realisable or”, in
sub-paragraph (2) the words “and 35 to 38”, sub-paragraph (5).

(c) in paragraph 3(2) the words “and 35 to 38” and paragraphs 3(4) and
6);

(d) in paragraph 4(2) the words “and 35 to 38”;

(e) paragraph 6(2)(a).

(5) In section 28(9) (restraint orders) for “Subsections (2)(a) and” substitute
“Subsection”.

(6) In section 42 (enforcement) in subsections (2)(a), (c) and (d) for “Part 1,”
substitute “Part”.

Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46)

29 (1) The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 109(1) (intimation of appeal) for “section 10 of the Proceeds of
Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (postponed confiscation orders)” substitute
“section 99 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (postponement)”.

(3) In section 205B(5) (minimum sentence for third drug trafficking offence) for
the definition of “drug trafficking offence” substitute —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 19
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(4) The specified reasons are—

(a) in acase where any of the realisable property consists of money in a
currency other than sterling, that fluctuations in currency exchange
rates have occurred;

(b) any reason specified by the Secretary of State by order.

(5) The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (1)(c).

25 Small amount outstanding: discharge of order

(1) This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,

(b) a justices’ chief executive applies to the Crown Court for the discharge
of the order, and

(c) the amount remaining to be paid under the order is £50 or less.
(2) In such a case the court may discharge the order.

(3) The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (1)(c).

26 Information

(1) This section applies if —
(a) the court proceeds under section 6 in pursuance of section 19 or 20, or
(b) _ the prosecutor or the Director applies under section 21.

(2) In such a case—

(a) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) must give the court
a statement of information within the period the court orders;

(b) section 16 applies accordingly (with appropriate modifications where
the prosecutor or the Director applies under section 21);

(c) section 17 applies accordingly;

(d) section 18 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in
section 18(1).

Defendant absconds

27 Defendant convicted or committed
(1) This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that a defendant absconds after —

(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences in proceedings before the
Crown Court,

(b) he is committed to the Crown Court for sentence in respect of an
offence or offences under section 3, 4 or 6 of the Sentencing Act, or

(c) he is committed to the Crown Court in respect of an offence or offences
under section 70 below (committal with a view to a confiscation order
being considered).

(3) The second condition is that —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 211
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

348
(1)

(2)

(3)

(7)

349

(2)

Further provisions

A production order does not require a person to produce, or give access to,
privileged material.

Privileged material is any material which the person would be entitled to
refuse to produce on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in
the High Court.

A production order does not require a person to produce, or give access to,
excluded material.

A production order has effect in spite of any restriction on the disclosure of
information (however imposed).

An appropriate officer may take copies of any material which is produced, or
to which access is given, in compliance with a production order.

Material produced in compliance with a production order may be retained for
so long as it is necessary to retain it (as opposed to copies of it) in connection
with the investigation for the purposes of which the order was made.

But if an appropriate officer has reasonable grounds for believing that —

(a) the material may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and

(b) it might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
it may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.

Computer information

This section applies if any of the material specified in an application for a
production order consists of information contained in a computer.

If the order is an order requiring a person to produce the material to an
appropriate officer for him to take away, it has effect as an order to produce the
material in a form in which it can be taken away by him and in which it is
visible and legible.

If the order is an order requiring a person to give an appropriate officer access
to the material, it has effect as an order to give him access to the material in a
form in which it is visible and legible.

Government departments

A production order may be made in relation to material in the possession or
control of an authorised government department.

An order so made may require any officer of the department (whether named
in the order or not) who may for the time being be in possession or control of
the material to comply with it.

An order containing such a requirement must be served as if the proceedings
were civil proceedings against the department.

If an order contains such a requirement —

(a) the person on whom it is served must take all reasonable steps to bring
it to the attention of the officer concerned;


90 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(7) The offence referred to in subsection (2) may be one of a number of offences
with regard to which the investigation is instituted.

(8) The offence referred to in subsection (3) may be one of a number of offences for
which the proceedings are instituted.

(9) Compensation under this section is payable to the applicant and —

(a) if the person in default was a constable of a police force (within the
meaning of the Police (Scotland) Act 1967 (c. 77)), the compensation is
payable by the police authority or joint police board for the police area
for which that force is maintained;

(b) if the person in default was a constable not falling within paragraph (a),
the compensation is payable by the body under whose authority he
acts;

(c) if the person in default was a procurator fiscal or was acting on behalf
of the Lord Advocate, the compensation is payable by the Lord
Advocate;

(d) if the person in default was a customs officer, the compensation is
payable by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;

(e) if the person in default was an officer of the Commissioners of Inland
Revenue, the compensation is payable by those Commissioners.

(10) Nothing in this section affects any delictual liability in relation to a serious
default.

140 Confiscation order varied or discharged

(1) This section applies if —
(a) the court varies a confiscation order under section 113 or discharges
one under section 114, and

(b) an application is made to the court by a person who held realisable
property and has suffered loss as a result of the making of the order.

(2) The court may order the payment to the applicant of such compensation as it
believes is just.

(3) Compensation payable under this section is payable by the Lord Advocate.
Enforcement abroad

141 Enforcement abroad

(1) This section applies if —
(a) any of the conditions in section 119 are satisfied,
(b) the prosecutor believes that realisable property is situated in a country
or territory outside the United Kingdom (the receiving country), and

(c) the prosecutor sends a request for assistance to the Secretary of State
with a view to it being forwarded under this section.

(2) Inacase where no confiscation order has been made, a request for assistance is
a request to the government of the receiving country to secure that any person
is prohibited from dealing with realisable property.


26

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(2)

37
(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

(6)

(10)

Section 139(2) to (4) and (9) of the Sentencing Act (functions of court as to fines)
applies as if the amount ordered to be paid were a fine imposed on the
defendant by the court making the confiscation order.

Director’s application for enforcement

If the Director believes that the conditions set out in subsection (2) are satisfied
he may make an ex parte application to the Crown Court for the issue of a
summons against the defendant.

The conditions are that—

(a) aconfiscation order has been made;

(b) the Director has been appointed as the enforcement authority for the
order;

(c) because of the defendant’s wilful refusal or culpable neglect the order
is not satisfied;

(d) the order is not subject to appeal;

(e) the Director has done all that is practicable (apart from this section) to
enforce the order.

If it appears to the Crown Court that the conditions are satisfied it may issue a
summons ordering the defendant to appear before the court at the time and
place specified in the summons.

If the defendant fails to appear before the Crown Court in pursuance of the
summons the court may issue a warrant for his arrest.

If—
(a) the defendant appears before the Crown Court in pursuance of the
summons or of a warrant issued under subsection (4), and
(b) the court is satisfied that the conditions set out in subsection (2) are
satisfied,
it may issue a warrant committing the defendant to prison or detention for
default in payment of the amount ordered to be paid by the confiscation order.

Subsection (7) applies if the amount remaining to be paid under the
confiscation order when the warrant under subsection (5) is issued is less than
the amount ordered to be paid.

In such a case the court must substitute for the term of imprisonment or
detention fixed in respect of the order under section 139(2) of the Sentencing
Act such term as bears to the original term the same proportion as the amount
remaining to be paid bears to the amount ordered to be paid.

Subsections (9) and (10) apply if—
(a) the defendant has been committed to prison or detention in pursuance
of a warrant issued under subsection (5), and

(b) a payment is made in respect of some or all of the amount remaining to
be paid under the confiscation order.

If the payment is for the whole amount remaining to be paid the defendant
must be released unless he is in custody for another reason.

If the payment is for less than that amount, the period of commitment is
reduced so that it bears to the term fixed under section 139(2) of the Sentencing


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 237
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(2) A disclosure order has effect in spite of any restriction on the disclosure of
information (however imposed).

(3) The Lord Advocate and the Scottish Ministers may take copies of any
documents produced in compliance with a requirement to produce them
which is imposed under a disclosure order.

(4) Documents so produced may be retained for so long as it is necessary to retain
them (as opposed to a copy of them) in connection with the investigation for
the purposes of which the order was made.

(5) But if the Lord Advocate has, or the Scottish Ministers have, reasonable
grounds for believing that —

(a) the documents may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and
(b) they might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
they may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.

396 Supplementary

(1) An application for a disclosure order may be made ex parte to—

(a) in the case of an order made in a confiscation investigation, a judge of
the High Court of Justiciary;
(b) in the case of an order made in a civil recovery investigation, a judge of
the Court of Session,
in chambers.

(2) Provision may be made by rules of court as to the discharge and variation of
disclosure orders.

(3) Rules of court under subsection (2) relating to disclosure orders —
(a) made in a confiscation investigation shall, without prejudice to section
305 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46) be made by act
of adjournal;
(b) made in a civil recovery investigation shall, without prejudice to
section 5 of the Court of Session Act 1988 (c. 36), be made by act of
sederunt.

(4) An application to discharge or vary a disclosure order may be made to a judge
of the court which made the order by —

(a) the Lord Advocate or the Scottish Ministers;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(5) The court may—
(a) discharge the order;
(b) vary the order.

Customer information orders

397 Customer information orders

(1) The sheriff may, on an application made to him by the appropriate person,
make a customer information order if he is satisfied that each of the
requirements for the making of the order is fulfilled.


298 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

“Al In the case of the Director of the Assets Recovery Agency an
investigation under this Act may be conducted only in respect of
the exercise of functions vested in him by virtue of a notice served
on the Commissioners of Inland Revenue under section 317(2),
321(2) or 322(2) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Inland Revenue
functions).”

Police (Scotland) Act 1967 (c. 77)

3. (1) The Police (Scotland) Act 1967 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 38(3B)(liability of Scottish Ministers for constables on central
service) after “central service” insert “or on temporary service as mentioned
in section 38A(1)(aa) of this Act”.

(3) In section 38A(1) (meaning of “relevant service”) after paragraph (a) insert —

“(aa) temporary service with the Scottish Ministers in connection with
their functions under Part 5 or 8 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002,
on which a person is engaged with the consent of the appropriate
authority;”.

Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19)

4 (1) The Criminal Appeal Act 1968 is amended as follows.
(2) In section 33 (appeal to House of Lords) after subsection (1) insert—

“(1A) In subsection (1) above the reference to the prosecutor includes a
reference to the Director of the Assets Recovery Agency in a case
where (and to the extent that) he is a party to the appeal to the Court
of Appeal.”

(3) In section 50(1) (meaning of sentence) after paragraph (c) insert—
“(ca) aconfiscation order under Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002;
(cb) an order which varies a confiscation order made under Part 2
of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 if the varying order is made
under section 21, 22 or 29 of that Act (but not otherwise);”.

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)

5 (1) Section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (forfeiture) is amended as
follows.

(2) In subsection (1) for “a drug trafficking offence, as defined in section 1(3) of
the Drug Trafficking Act 1994” substitute “an offence falling within
subsection (3) below”.

(3) After subsection (2) insert—

“(3) An offence falls within this subsection if it is an offence which is
specified in—
(a) paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
(drug trafficking offences), or

(b) so far as it relates to that paragraph, paragraph 10 of that
Schedule.”


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 233
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(3) The first set of conditions is that there are reasonable grounds for believing
that—

(a) any material on the premises specified in the application for the
warrant is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to
the investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought,

(b) _ it is in the public interest for the material to be obtained, having regard
to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the material is
obtained, and

(c) it would not be appropriate to make a production order for any one or
more of the reasons in subsection (4).

(4) The reasons are—

(a) _ that it is not practicable to communicate with any person against whom
the production order could be made;

(b) that it is not practicable to communicate with any person who would
be required to comply with an order to grant access to the material or
to grant entry to the premises on which the material is situated;

(c) that the investigation might be seriously prejudiced unless a proper
person is able to secure immediate access to the material.

(5) The second set of conditions is that—

(a) there are reasonable grounds for believing that there is material on the
premises specified in the application for the warrant and that the
material falls within subsection (6), (7) or (8),

(b) there are reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the material to be obtained, having regard to the benefit likely to
accrue to the investigation if the material is obtained, and

(c) any one or more of the requirements in subsection (9) is met.

(6) In the case of a confiscation investigation, material falls within this subsection
if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—

(a) relates to the person specified in the application, the question whether
he has benefited from his criminal conduct or any question as to the
extent or whereabouts of his benefit from his criminal conduct, and

(b) is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.

(7) Inthe case of a civil recovery investigation, material falls within this subsection
if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—

(a) relates to the property specified in the application, the question
whether it is recoverable property or associated property, the question
as to who holds any such property, any question as to whether the
person who appears to hold any such property holds other property
which is recoverable property, or any question as to the extent or
whereabouts of any property mentioned in this paragraph, and

(b) is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the

investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.

(8) In the case of a money laundering investigation, material falls within this
subsection if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—
(a) relates to the person specified in the application or the question
whether he has committed a money laundering offence, and
(b) is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 151
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

CHAPTER 2

CIVIL RECOVERY IN THE HIGH COURT OR COURT OF SESSION
Proceedings for recovery orders

243 Proceedings for recovery orders in England and Wales or Northern Ireland

(1) Proceedings for a recovery order may be taken by the enforcement authority in
the High Court against any person who the authority thinks holds recoverable
property.

(2) The enforcement authority must serve the claim form—
(a) on the respondent, and
(b) unless the court dispenses with service, on any other person who the
authority thinks holds any associated property which the authority
wishes to be subject to a recovery order,

wherever domiciled, resident or present.

(3) If any property which the enforcement authority wishes to be subject to a
recovery order is not specified in the claim form it must be described in the
form in general terms; and the form must state whether it is alleged to be
recoverable property or associated property.

(4) The references above to the claim form include the particulars of claim, where
they are served subsequently.

244 Proceedings for recovery orders in Scotland

(1) Proceedings for a recovery order may be taken by the enforcement authority in
the Court of Session against any person who the authority thinks holds
recoverable property.

(2) The enforcement authority must serve the application —
(a) on the respondent, and

(b) unless the court dispenses with service, on any other person who the
authority thinks holds any associated property which the authority
wishes to be subject to a recovery order,

wherever domiciled, resident or present.

(3) If any property which the enforcement authority wishes to be subject to a
recovery order is not specified in the application it must be described in the
application in general terms; and the application must state whether it is
alleged to be recoverable property or associated property.

245 “Associated property”

(1) “Associated property” means property of any of the following descriptions
(including property held by the respondent) which is not itself the recoverable
property —

a) any interest in the recoverable property,

(a) anyi in th ible property,

(b) any other interest in the property in which the recoverable property
subsists,


286 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 5 — Lifestyle offences: Northern Ireland

(7) An offence of keeping a bawdy house.
Blackmail

9 An offence under section 20 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 16)
(blackmail).

Inchoate offences

10 (1) An offence of attempting, conspiring or inciting the commission of an
offence specified in this Schedule.

(2) An offence of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of
such an offence.

SCHEDULE 6 Sections 247 and 257

POWERS OF INTERIM RECEIVER OR ADMINISTRATOR

Seizure
1 Power to seize property to which the order applies.
Information

2 (1) Power to obtain information or to require a person to answer any question.

(2) A requirement imposed in the exercise of the power has effect in spite of any
restriction on the disclosure of information (however imposed).

(3) An answer given by a person in pursuance of such a requirement may not
be used in evidence against him in criminal proceedings.
(4) Sub-paragraph (3) does not apply —
(a) ona prosecution for an offence under section 5 of the Perjury Act
1911, section 44(2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland)
Act 1995 or Article 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979
(false statements), or

(b) ona prosecution for some other offence where, in giving evidence, he
makes a statement inconsistent with it.
(5) But an answer may not be used by virtue of sub-paragraph (4)(b) against a
person unless —
(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or
(b) a question relating to it is asked,
by him or on his behalf in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.

Entry, search, etc.

3. (1) Power to—

(a) enter any premises in the United Kingdom to which the interim
order applies, and

(b) take any of the following steps.
(2) Those steps are—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 51
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(5) A gift is tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time after—
(a) the date on which the offence concerned was committed, or

(b) if his particular criminal conduct consists of two or more offences and
they were committed on different dates, the date of the earliest.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) an offence which is a continuing offence is
committed on the first occasion when it is committed.

(7) For the purposes of subsection (5) the defendant’s particular criminal conduct
includes any conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

(8) A gift may be a tainted gift whether it was made before or after the passing of
this Act.

(9) The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with—
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or

(b) _ if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.

78 Gifts and their recipients

(1) If the defendant transfers property to another person for a consideration whose
value is significantly less than the value of the property at the time of the
transfer, he is to be treated as making a gift.

(2) If subsection (1) applies the property given is to be treated as such share in the
property transferred as is represented by the fraction —

(a) whose numerator is the difference between the two values mentioned
in subsection (1), and

(b) whose denominator is the value of the property at the time of the
transfer.

(3) References to a recipient of a tainted gift are to a person to whom the defendant
has made the gift.

79 Value: the basic rule

(1) This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value at any time of
property then held by a person.

(2) Its value is the market value of the property at that time.

(3) But if at that time another person holds an interest in the property its value, in
relation to the person mentioned in subsection (1), is the market value of his
interest at that time, ignoring any charging order under a provision listed in
subsection (4).

(4) The provisions are—
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.1. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17);

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 253
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(5) Ina case where a petition in bankruptcy was presented or an adjudication in
bankruptcy was made before 1 October 1991 (when the 1989 Order came into
force) this section has effect with these modifications —

(a) for the reference in subsection (3)(a) to the bankrupt’s estate for the
purposes of Part 9 of that Order substitute a reference to the property
of the bankrupt for the purposes of the Bankruptcy Acts (Northern
Ireland) 1857 to 1980;

(b) omit subsection (3)(b);

(c) for the reference in subsection (3)(c) to Article 254(2)(c) of the 1989
Order substitute a reference to Articles 28(4), (5)(c) and (11) and 30(6)(c)
of the Bankruptcy Amendment (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 (8.1.
1980/561 (N.I. 4));

(d) for the reference in subsection (4) to the 1989 Order substitute a
reference to the Bankruptcy Acts (Northern Ireland) 1857 to 1980.

425 Tainted gifts

(1) This section applies if a person who is adjudged bankrupt in Northern Ireland
has made a tainted gift (whether directly or indirectly).

o order may be made under Article 312, or of the der
2) N di y be di der Article 312, 313 367 of the 1989 Ord
(avoidance of certain transactions) in respect of the making of the gift at any
time when—
(a) any property of the recipient of the tainted gift is subject to a restraint
order under section 41, 120 or 190, or
(b) there is in force in respect of such property an order under section 50,
52, 128(3), 198 or 200.

(3) Any order made under Article 312, 313 or 367 of the 1989 Order after an order
mentioned in subsection (2)(a) or (b) is discharged must take into account any
realisation under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this Act of property held by the recipient of
the tainted gift.

(4) A person makes a tainted gift for the purposes of this section if he makes a
tainted gift within the meaning of Part 2, 3 or 4.

(5) Ina case where a petition in bankruptcy was presented or an adjudication in
bankruptcy was made before 1 October 1991 (when the 1989 Order came into
force) this section has effect with these modifications —

(a) fora reference to Article 312 of the 1989 Order substitute a reference to
section 12 of the Bankruptcy Amendment Act (Northern Ireland) 1929
(c. 1 (N.1.));

(b) for a reference to Article 367 of the 1989 Order substitute a reference to
section 10 of the Conveyancing Act (Ireland) 1634 (c. 3).

Winding up in England and Wales and Scotland

426 Winding up under the 1986 Act

(1) In this section “company” means any company which may be wound up under
the 1986 Act.

(2) If an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a resolution
for its voluntary winding up, the functions of the liquidator (or any provisional
liquidator) are not exercisable in relation to the following property —


190 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

316 General interpretation

(1) In this Part—

“associated property” has the meaning given by section 245,

“cash” has the meaning given by section 289(6) or (7),

“constable”, in relation to Northern Ireland, means a police officer within
the meaning of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 (c. 32),

“country” includes territory,

“the court” (except in sections 253(2) and (3) and 262(2) and (3) and
Chapter 3) means the High Court or (in relation to proceedings in
Scotland) the Court of Session,

“dealing” with property includes disposing of it, taking possession of it or
removing it from the United Kingdom,

“enforcement authority” —

(a) in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, means
the Director,

(b) in relation to Scotland, means the Scottish Ministers,

“excepted joint owner” has the meaning given by section 270(4),

“interest”, in relation to land —

(a) in the case of land in England and Wales or Northern Ireland,
means any legal estate and any equitable interest or power,

(b) in the case of land in Scotland, means any estate, interest,
servitude or other heritable right in or over land, including a
heritable security,

“interest”, in relation to property other than land, includes any right
(including a right to possession of the property),

“interim administration order” has the meaning given by section 256(2),

“interim receiving order” has the meaning given by section 246(2),

“the minimum amount” (in Chapter 3) has the meaning given by section
303,

“part”, in relation to property, includes a portion,

“premises” has the same meaning as in the Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984 (c. 60),

“property obtained through unlawful conduct” has the meaning given by
section 242,

“recoverable property” is to be read in accordance with sections 304 to
310,

“recovery order” means an order made under section 266,

“respondent” means —

(a) where proceedings are brought by the enforcement authority
by virtue of Chapter 2, the person against whom the
proceedings are brought,

(b) where no such proceedings have been brought but the
enforcement authority has applied for an interim receiving
order or interim administration order, the person against whom
he intends to bring such proceedings,

“share”, in relation to an excepted joint owner, has the meaning given by
section 270(4),

“unlawful conduct” has the meaning given by section 241,

“value” means market value.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 289
Schedule 9 — Regulated sector and supervisory authorities
Part 1 — Regulated sector

SCHEDULE 9 Section 330
REGULATED SECTOR AND SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES
Part 1
REGULATED SECTOR
Business in the regulated sector

1 (1) A business is in the regulated sector to the extent that it engages in any of the
following activities —
(a) accepting deposits by a person with permission under Part 4 of the

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (c. 8) to accept deposits

(including, in the case of a building society, the raising of money

from members of the society by the issue of shares);

the business of the National Savings Bank;

business carried on by a credit union;

(d) any home-regulated activity carried on by a European institution in
respect of which the establishment conditions in paragraph 13 of
Schedule 3 to the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, or the
service conditions in paragraph 14 of that Schedule, are satisfied;

(e) any activity carried on for the purpose of raising money authorised
to be raised under the National Loans Act 1968 (c. 13) under the
auspices of the Director of Savings;

(f) the activity of operating a bureau de change, transmitting money (or
any representation of monetary value) by any means or cashing
cheques which are made payable to customers;

(g) any activity falling within sub-paragraph (2);

(h) any of the activities in points 1 to 12 or 14 of Annex 1 to the Banking
Consolidation Directive, ignoring an activity described in any of sub-
paragraphs (a) to (g) above;

(i) business which consists of effecting or carrying out contracts of long
term insurance by a person who has received official authorisation
pursuant to Article 6 or 27 of the First Life Directive.

EE

(2) An activity falls within this sub-paragraph if it constitutes any of the
following kinds of regulated activity in the United Kingdom —
(a) dealing in investments as principal or as agent;
(b) arranging deals in investments;
(c) managing investments;
(d) safeguarding and administering investments;
(e) sending dematerialised instructions;
(f) establishing (and taking other steps in relation to) collective
investment schemes;
(g) advising on investments.

(3) Paragraphs (a) and (i) of sub-paragraph (1) and sub-paragraph (2) must be
read with section 22 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, any
relevant order under that section and Schedule 2 to that Act.

2 (1) This paragraph has effect for the purposes of paragraph 1.

(2) “Building society” has the meaning given by the Building Societies Act 1986
(c. 53).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 135
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

Receivers: further provisions

209 Protection

If a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200—
(a) takes action in relation to property which is not realisable property,
(b) would be entitled to take the action if it were realisable property, and
(c) believes on reasonable grounds that he is entitled to take the action,

he is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage resulting from
the action, except so far as the loss or damage is caused by his negligence.

210 Further applications
(1) This section applies to a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

(2) The receiver may apply —
(a) to the High Court if he is appointed under section 196;
(b) to the Crown Court if he is appointed under section 198 or 200,
for an order giving directions as to the exercise of his powers.

(3) The following persons may apply to the High Court if the receiver is appointed
under section 196 or to the Crown Court if the receiver is appointed under
section 198 or 200—

(a) any person affected by action taken by the receiver;
(b) any person who may be affected by action the receiver proposes to take.

(4) On an application under this section the court may make such order as it
believes is appropriate.

211 Discharge and variation

(1) The following persons may apply to the High Court to vary or discharge an
order made under section 196 or 197 or to the Crown Court to vary or discharge
an order made under any of sections 198 to 201 —

(a) the receiver;

(b) the person who applied for the order or (if the order was made under
section 200 or 201) the Director;

(c) any person affected by the order.

(2) Onan application under this section the court—
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

(3) But in the case of an order under section 196 or 197 —

(a) _ if the condition in section 189 which was satisfied was that proceedings
were started or an application was made, the court must discharge the
order on the conclusion of the proceedings or of the application (as the
case may be);

(b) if the condition which was satisfied was that an investigation was
started or an application was to be made, the court must discharge the
order if within a reasonable time proceedings for the offence are not
started or the application is not made (as the case may be).


22 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

possibility of any further proceedings being taken or continued in relation to
any such offence in respect of which the defendant has not been convicted.

30 Discharge of order

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 6 as applied by
section 28,

(b) the defendant is later tried for the offence or offences concerned and
acquitted on all counts, and
(c) he applies to the Crown Court to discharge the order.

(2) In such a case the court must discharge the order.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 6 as applied by
section 28,

(b) the defendant ceases to be an absconder,
(c) subsection (1)(b) does not apply, and
(d) he applies to the Crown Court to discharge the order.

(4) In such a case the court may discharge the order if it finds that —

(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings mentioned
in section 28(2), or

(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed with the prosecution.

(5) If the court discharges a confiscation order under this section it may make such
a consequential or incidental order as it believes is appropriate.

Appeals

31 Appeal by prosecutor or Director

(1) _ If the Crown Court makes a confiscation order the prosecutor or the Director
may appeal to the Court of Appeal in respect of the order.

(2) If the Crown Court decides not to make a confiscation order the prosecutor or
the Director may appeal to the Court of Appeal against the decision.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to an order or decision made by virtue of
section 19, 20, 27 or 28.

32 Court’s powers on appeal

(1) Onan appeal under section 31(1) the Court of Appeal may confirm, quash or
vary the confiscation order.

(2) On an appeal under section 31(2) the Court of Appeal may confirm the
decision, or if it believes the decision was wrong it may —
(a) itself proceed under section 6 (ignoring subsections (1) to (3)), or
(b) direct the Crown Court to proceed afresh under section 6.

(3) In proceeding afresh in pursuance of this section the Crown Court must
comply with any directions the Court of Appeal may make.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(b) when a person is charged with the offence after being taken into
custody without a warrant;

(c) when a bill of indictment is preferred under section 2 of the
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 (c. 36) in
a case falling within subsection (2)(b) of that section (preferment by
Court of Appeal or High Court judge).

If more than one time is found under subsection (1) in relation to proceedings
they are started at the earliest of them.

If the defendant is acquitted on all counts in proceedings for an offence, the
proceedings are concluded when he is acquitted.

If the defendant is convicted in proceedings for an offence and the conviction
is quashed or the defendant is pardoned before a confiscation order is made,
the proceedings are concluded when the conviction is quashed or the
defendant is pardoned.

If a confiscation order is made against the defendant in proceedings for an
offence (whether the order is made by the Crown Court or the Court of Appeal)
the proceedings are concluded —
(a) when the order is satisfied or discharged, or
(b) when the order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an
appeal against the decision to quash the order.

If the defendant is convicted in proceedings for an offence but the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against him, the following rules
apply —

(a) if an application for leave to appeal under section 31(2) is refused, the
proceedings are concluded when the decision to refuse is made;

(b) _ if the time for applying for leave to appeal under section 31(2) expires
without an application being made, the proceedings are concluded
when the time expires;

(c) if on appeal under section 31(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision, and an application for leave to appeal under
section 33 is refused, the proceedings are concluded when the decision
to refuse is made;

(d) if on appeal under section 31(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision, and the time for applying for leave to appeal
under section 33 expires without an application being made, the
proceedings are concluded when the time expires;

(e) if on appeal under section 31(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision, and on appeal under section 33 the House of
Lords confirms the Court of Appeal’s decision, the proceedings are
concluded when the House of Lords confirms the decision;

(f) if on appeal under section 31(2) the Court of Appeal directs the Crown
Court to reconsider the case, and on reconsideration the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against the defendant, the
proceedings are concluded when the Crown Court makes that decision;

(g) if on appeal under section 33 the House of Lords directs the Crown
Court to reconsider the case, and on reconsideration the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against the defendant, the
proceedings are concluded when the Crown Court makes that decision.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 177
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

(7)

(8)

290

Se

(7)

Cash also includes any kind of monetary instrument which is found at any
place in the United Kingdom, if the instrument is specified by the Secretary of
State by an order made after consultation with the Scottish Ministers.

This section does not require a person to submit to an intimate search or strip
search (within the meaning of section 164 of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c. 2)).

Prior approval

The powers conferred by section 289 may be exercised only with the
appropriate approval unless, in the circumstances, it is not practicable to obtain
that approval before exercising the power.

The appropriate approval means the approval of a judicial officer or (if that is
not practicable in any case) the approval of a senior officer.

A judicial officer means —
(a) in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, a justice of the
peace,
(b) in relation to Scotland, the sheriff.

A senior officer means —
(a) in relation to the exercise of the power by a customs officer, a customs
officer of a rank designated by the Commissioners of Customs and
Excise as equivalent to that of a senior police officer,
(b) in relation to the exercise of the power by a constable, a senior police
officer.

A senior police officer means a police officer of at least the rank of inspector.

If the powers are exercised without the approval of a judicial officer in a case
where—

(a) no cash is seized by virtue of section 294, or

(b) any cash so seized is not detained for more than 48 hours,

the customs officer or constable who exercised the powers must give a written
report to the appointed person.

The report must give particulars of the circumstances which led him to believe
that—

(a) the powers were exercisable, and

(b) it was not practicable to obtain the approval of a judicial officer.

In this section and section 291, the appointed person means —
(a) in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, a person
appointed by the Secretary of State,
(b) in relation to Scotland, a person appointed by the Scottish Ministers.

The appointed person must not be a person employed under or for the
purposes of a government department or of the Scottish Administration; and
the terms and conditions of his appointment, including any remuneration or
expenses to be paid to him, are to be determined by the person appointing him.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 285
Schedule 5 — Lifestyle offences: Northern Ireland

(2) An offence under Article 4(1) of the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 1981
(S.I. 1981/155 (N.I. 2) (dealing in firearms or ammunition by way of trade or
business).

(3) In this paragraph “firearm” and “ammunition” have the same meanings as
in Article 2(2) of that Order.

Counterfeiting

6 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Forgery and
Counterfeiting Act 1981 (c. 45) —
(a) section 14 (making counterfeit notes or coins);
(b) section 15 (passing etc counterfeit notes or coins);
(c) section 16 (having counterfeit notes or coins);

(d) section 17 (making or possessing materials or equipment for
counterfeiting).

Intellectual property

7 (1) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48) —
(a) section 107(1) (making or dealing in an article which infringes
copyright);
(b) section 107(2) (making or possessing an article designed or adapted
for making a copy of a copyright work);
(c) section 198(1) (making or dealing in an illicit recording);
(d) section 297A (making or dealing in unauthorised decoders).
(2) An offence under section 92(1), (2) or (3) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 (c. 26)
(unauthorised use etc of trade mark).

Pimps and brothels

8 (1) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act 1885 (c. 69) —

(a) section 2 (procuring a woman or girl);

(b) section 3 (procuring a woman or girl by threats or false pretences);
(c) section 8 (detaining a woman in a brothel);

(d) section 13(3) (letting premises for use as a brothel).

(2) An offence under section 1(1) of the Vagrancy Act 1898 (c. 39) (man living on
the earnings of prostitution).

(3) An offence under that Act as extended by section 7(4) of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act 1912 (c. 20) (woman exercising control over prostitute).

(4) An offence under section 21 of the Children and Young Persons Act
(Northern Ireland) 1968 (c. 34) (causing or encouraging prostitution etc of
girl under 17).

(5) An offence under Article 8 of the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland)
Order 1982 (S.I. 1982/1536 (N.I. 19)) (living on the earnings of male
prostitute).

(6) An offence under Article 122(1)(b) or (c) of the Mental Health (Northern

Ireland) Order 1986 (S.I. 1986/595 (N.I. 4)) (procuring or causing
prostitution by woman suffering from severe mental handicap).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 183
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

302
(1)

(7)

(8)

303
(1)

(2)

Compensation

If no forfeiture order is made in respect of any cash detained under this
Chapter, the person to whom the cash belongs or from whom it was seized
may make an application to the magistrates’ court or (in Scotland) the sheriff
for compensation.

If, for any period beginning with the first opportunity to place the cash in an
interest-bearing account after the initial detention of the cash for 48 hours, the
cash was not held in an interest-bearing account while detained, the court or
sheriff may order an amount of compensation to be paid to the applicant.

The amount of compensation to be paid under subsection (2) is the amount the
court or sheriff thinks would have been earned in interest in the period in
question if the cash had been held in an interest-bearing account.

If the court or sheriff is satisfied that, taking account of any interest to be paid
under section 296 or any amount to be paid under subsection (2), the applicant
has suffered loss as a result of the detention of the cash and that the
circumstances are exceptional, the court or sheriff may order compensation (or
additional compensation) to be paid to him.

The amount of compensation to be paid under subsection (4) is the amount the
court or sheriff thinks reasonable, having regard to the loss suffered and any
other relevant circumstances.

If the cash was seized by a customs officer, the compensation is to be paid by
the Commissioners of Customs and Excise.

If the cash was seized by a constable, the compensation is to be paid as
follows —

(a) _ in the case of a constable of a police force in England and Wales, it is to
be paid out of the police fund from which the expenses of the police
force are met,

(b) in the case of a constable of a police force in Scotland, it is to be paid by
the police authority or joint police board for the police area for which
that force is maintained,

(c) in the case of a police officer within the meaning of the Police (Northern
Treland) Act 2000 (c. 32), it is to be paid out of money provided by the
Chief Constable.

If a forfeiture order is made in respect only of a part of any cash detained under
this Chapter, this section has effect in relation to the other part.

“The minimum amount”

In this Chapter, the minimum amount is the amount in sterling specified in an
order made by the Secretary of State after consultation with the Scottish
Ministers.

For that purpose the amount of any cash held in a currency other than sterling
must be taken to be its sterling equivalent, calculated in accordance with the
prevailing rate of exchange.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 295
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

(2) Instead, the disposal value to be brought into account is the sum of —
(a) any compensating payments made to any of the partners, and
(b) in the case of each partner to whom a compensating payment has not
been made, his share of the tax-neutral amount.

(3) A partner’s share of the tax-neutral amount is to be determined according to
the profit-sharing arrangements for the twelve months ending immediately
before the date of the Part 5 transfer.

16 (1

Paragraph 13 does not apply if—
(a) a qualifying activity is carried on in partnership,
(b) the Part 5 transfer is a transfer of plant or machinery which is not
partnership property but is owned by two or more of the partners
(“the owners”),
(c) the plant or machinery is used for the purposes of the qualifying
activity, and
(d) compensating payments are made to one or more, but not both or all,
of the owners.
(2) Instead, the disposal value to be brought into account is the sum of —
(a) any compensating payments made to any of the owners, and
(b) in the case of each owner to whom a compensating payment has not
been made, his share of the tax-neutral amount.

(3) An owner’s share of the tax-neutral amount is to be determined in
proportion to the value of his interest in the plant or machinery.

17 (1) Paragraphs 12 to 16 have effect as if they were included in section 61 of the
Allowances Act 2001.

(2) In paragraphs 15 and 16, the tax-neutral amount is the amount that would
be brought into account as the disposal value under paragraph 13(2) or (as
the case may be) 14 if the provision in question were not disapplied.

Industrial buildings

18 (1

If there is a Part 5 transfer of a relevant interest in an industrial building, Part
3 of the Allowances Act 2001 is to have effect as if the transfer were a
balancing event within section 315(1) of that Act.

(2) But the Part 5 transfer is not to be treated as a balancing event for the
purposes of Part 3 of that Act other than by virtue of sub-paragraph (1).

19 (1) Ifacompensating payment is made to the transferor, the proceeds from the
balancing event are the amount of the payment.
(2) Otherwise —

(a) the proceeds from the balancing event are the amount which is equal
to the residue of qualifying expenditure immediately before the
transfer, and

(b) no balancing adjustment is to be made as a result of the event under
section 319 of the Allowances Act 2001.

Paragraph 19 does not apply to determine the proceeds from the balancing
event if —

(a) the relevant interest in the industrial building is partnership
property, and

(b) compensating payments are made to one or more, but not both or all,
of the partners.

20 (1


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 91
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(3)

142
(1)

(4)

In a case where a confiscation order has been made and has not been satisfied,
discharged or quashed, a request for assistance is a request to the government
of the receiving country to secure that —
(a) any person is prohibited from dealing with realisable property,
(b) realisable property is realised and the proceeds are applied in
accordance with the law of the receiving country.

No request for assistance may be made for the purposes of this section in a case
where a confiscation order has been made and has been satisfied, discharged
or quashed.

If the Secretary of State believes it is appropriate to do so he may forward the
request for assistance to the government of the receiving country.

If property is realised in pursuance of a request under subsection (3) the
amount ordered to be paid under the confiscation order must be taken to be
reduced by an amount equal to the proceeds of the realisation.

A certificate purporting to be issued by or on behalf of the requested
government is sufficient evidence of the facts it states if it states —
(a) that the property has been realised in pursuance of a request under
subsection (3),
(b) _ the date of realisation, and
(c) the proceeds of realisation.

If the proceeds of realisation made in pursuance of a request under subsection
(3) are expressed in a currency other than sterling, they must be taken to be the
sterling equivalent calculated in accordance with the rate of exchange
prevailing at the end of the day of realisation.

Interpretation

Criminal lifestyle

An accused has a criminal lifestyle if (and only if) the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned satisfies any of these tests —
(a) it is specified in Schedule 4;
(b) it constitutes conduct forming part of a course of criminal activity;
(c) it is an offence committed over a period of at least six months and the
accused has benefited from the conduct which constitutes the offence.

Conduct forms part of a course of criminal activity if the accused has benefited
from the conduct and —

(a) in the proceedings in which he was convicted he was convicted of three
or more other offences, each of three or more of them constituting
conduct from which he has benefited, or

(b) in the period of six years ending with the day when those proceedings
were instituted (or, if there is more than one such day, the earliest day)
he was convicted on at least two separate occasions of an offence
constituting conduct from which he has benefited.

But an offence does not satisfy the test in subsection (1)(b) or (c) unless the
accused obtains relevant benefit of not less than £5000.

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (1)(b) is—


154

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(4)

(5)

250
(1)

251
(1)

(2)

es

Upon being served with a copy of an interim receiving order, the Registrar
must, in respect of any registered land to which an interim receiving order or
an application for an interim receiving order relates, make an entry inhibiting
any dealing with the land without the consent of the High Court.

Subsections (2) and (4) of section 67 of the Land Registration Act (Northern
Treland) 1970 (inhibitions) apply to an entry made under subsection (2) as they
apply to an entry made on the application of any person interested in the
registered land under subsection (1) of that section.

Where an interim receiving order has been protected by an entry registered
under the Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 or the Registration of
Deeds Acts, an order setting aside the interim receiving order may require that
entry to be vacated.

In this section —
“Registrar” and “entry” have the same meanings as in the Land
Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970, and
“Registration of Deeds Acts” has the meaning given by section 46(2) of the
Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 (c. 33 (N.I.)).

Duties of respondent etc.

An interim receiving order may require any person to whose property the
order applies —

(a) to bring the property to a place (in England and Wales or, as the case
may be, Northern Ireland) specified by the interim receiver or place it
in the custody of the interim receiver (if, in either case, he is able to do
SO),

(b) to do anything he is reasonably required to do by the interim receiver
for the preservation of the property.

An interim receiving order may require any person to whose property the
order applies to bring any documents relating to the property which are in his
possession or control to a place (in England and Wales or, as the case may be,
Northern Ireland) specified by the interim receiver or to place them in the
custody of the interim receiver.

“Document” means anything in which information of any description is
recorded.

Supervision of interim receiver and variation of order

The interim receiver, any party to the proceedings and any person affected by
any action taken by the interim receiver, or who may be affected by any action
proposed to be taken by him, may at any time apply to the court for directions
as to the exercise of the interim receiver’s functions.

Before giving any directions under subsection (1), the court must (as well as
giving the parties to the proceedings an opportunity to be heard) give such an
opportunity to the interim receiver and to any person who may be interested
in the application.

The court may at any time vary or set aside an interim receiving order.

Before exercising any power under this Chapter to vary or set aside an interim
receiving order, the court must (as well as giving the parties to the proceedings


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 113
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5) The court may disregard any inadequacy which it believes is attributable
(wholly or partly) to anything done by the defendant for the purpose of
preserving property held by the recipient of a tainted gift from any risk of
realisation under this Part.

(6) In subsection (4) “company” means any company which may be wound up
under the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19))
or the Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45).

174 Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order

(1) This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,
(b) the prosecutor applies to the Crown Court for the discharge of the
order, and
(c) the amount remaining to be paid under the order is less than £1,000.

(2) Insuch a case the court must calculate the available amount, and in doing so it
must apply section 159 as if references to the time the confiscation order is
made were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

(3) If the court—
(a) finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate to meet
the amount remaining to be paid, and
(b) is satisfied that the inadequacy is due wholly to a specified reason or a
combination of specified reasons,
it may discharge the confiscation order.

(4) The specified reasons are—

(a) in a case where any of the realisable property consists of money in a
currency other than sterling, that fluctuations in currency exchange
rates have occurred;

(b) any reason specified by the Secretary of State by order.

(5) The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (1)(c).
175 Small amount outstanding: discharge of order

(1) This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,

(b) achief clerk applies to the Crown Court for the discharge of the order,
and

(c) the amount remaining to be paid under the order is £50 or less.
(2) In such a case the court may discharge the order.
(3) The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (1)(c).
176 Information

(1) This section applies if —


238 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(2) In making a customer information order in relation to property subject to a civil
recovery investigation the sheriff shall act in the exercise of his civil
jurisdiction.

(3) The application for a customer information order must state that —

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and a person specified in the application appears to hold
the property.

(4) The application must also state that—

(a) the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) the order is sought against the financial institution or financial
institutions specified in the application.

(5) An application for a customer information order may specify —
(a) all financial institutions,
(b) a particular description, or particular descriptions, of financial
institutions, or
(c) a particular financial institution or particular financial institutions.

(6) Acustomer information order is an order that a financial institution covered by
the application for the order must, on being required to do so by notice in
writing given by the appropriate person, provide any such customer
information as it has relating to the person specified in the application.

(7) A financial institution which is required to provide information under a
customer information order must provide the information to a proper person
in such manner, and at or by such time, as that person requires.

(8) If a financial institution on which a requirement is imposed by a notice given
under a customer information order requires the production of evidence of
authority to give the notice, it is not bound to comply with the requirement
unless evidence of the authority has been produced to it.

398 Meaning of customer information

(1) “Customer information”, in relation to a person and a financial institution, is
information whether the person holds, or has held, an account or accounts at
the financial institution (whether solely or jointly with another) and (if so)
information as to—

(a) the matters specified in subsection (2) if the person is an individual;

(b) the matters specified in subsection (3) if the person is a company or
limited liability partnership or a similar body incorporated or
otherwise established outside the United Kingdom.

(2) The matters referred to in subsection (1)(a) are—

(a) the account number or numbers;

(b) the person’s full name;

(c) his date of birth;
(d) his most recent address and any previous addresses;
(e)

e) the date or dates on which he began to hold the account or accounts
and, if he has ceased to hold the account or any of the accounts, the date
or dates on which he did so;


32 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

47 Supplementary

(1) The registration Acts —
(a) apply in relation to restraint orders as they apply in relation to orders
which affect land and are made by the court for the purpose of
enforcing judgments or recognisances;

(b) apply in relation to applications for restraint orders as they apply in
relation to other pending land actions.

(2) The registration Acts are—
(a) the Land Registration Act 1925 (c. 21);
(b) the Land Charges Act 1972 (c. 61);
(c) the Land Registration Act 2002 (c. 9).

(3) But no notice may be entered in the register of title under the Land Registration
Act 2002 in respect of a restraint order.

(4) The person applying for a restraint order must be treated for the purposes of
section 57 of the Land Registration Act 1925 (inhibitions) as a person interested
in relation to any registered land to which —

(a) the application relates, or
(b) a restraint order made in pursuance of the application relates.

Management receivers

48 Appointment

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the Crown Court makes a restraint order, and
(b) the applicant for the restraint order applies to the court to proceed
under subsection (2) (whether as part of the application for the restraint
order or at any time afterwards).

(2) The Crown Court may by order appoint a receiver in respect of any realisable
property to which the restraint order applies.

49 Powers

(1) If the court appoints a receiver under section 48 it may act under this section
on the application of the person who applied for the restraint order.

(2) The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to any realisable property to which the restraint order applies —

(a) power to take possession of the property;

(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;

(c) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property;

(d) power to realise so much of the property as is necessary to meet the
receiver’s remuneration and expenses.

(3) The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
England and Wales and to do any of the following —

(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;


74

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(5)

(b) if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were
instituted on different days, the earliest of those days.

If—
(a) the court makes an order under section 92 as applied by this section,
and
(b) the accused is later convicted of the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned,

section 92 does not apply so far as that conviction is concerned.

113 Variation of order

(1)

(3)

(4)

This section applies if —

(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 92 as applied by
section 112,

(b) the accused ceases to be unlawfully at large,

(c) he is convicted of an offence (or any of the offences) mentioned in
section 112(1)(a),

(d) he believes that the amount required to be paid was too large (taking
the circumstances prevailing when the amount was found for the
purposes of the order), and

(e) before the end of the relevant period he applies to the court to consider
the evidence on which his belief is based.

If (after considering the evidence) the court concludes that the accused’s belief
is well founded —

(a) it must find the amount which should have been the amount required
to be paid (taking the circumstances prevailing when the amount was
found for the purposes of the order), and

(b) it may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as it believes is just.

The relevant period is the period of 28 days starting with —
(a) the date on which the accused was convicted of the offence mentioned
in section 112(1)(a), or
(b) _ if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

But in a case where section 112(1)(a) applies to more than one offence the court
must not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied that there is no
possibility of any further proceedings being taken or continued in relation to
any such offence in respect of which the accused has not been convicted.

114 Discharge of order

(1)

(2)

Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 92 as applied by
section 112,

(b) the accused is later tried for the offence or offences concerned and
acquitted of the offence or offences, and

(c) he applies to the court to discharge the order.

In such a case the court must discharge the order.


XI Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

318 Revenue functions regarding employment
319 Source of income
320 Appeals

Inheritance tax functions

321 Director’s functions: transfers of value
322 Director’s functions: certain settlements

General

323 Functions

324 Exercise of Revenue functions
325 Declarations

326 Interpretation

PART 7

MONEY LAUNDERING

Offences

327 Concealing etc

328 Arrangements

329 Acquisition, use and possession

330 Failure to disclose: regulated sector

331 Failure to disclose: nominated officers in the regulated sector
332 Failure to disclose: other nominated officers

333 Tipping off

334 Penalties

Consent

335 Appropriate consent
336 Nominated officer: consent

Disclosures

337 Protected disclosures
338 Authorised disclosures
339 Form and manner of disclosures

Interpretation

340 Interpretation


310 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37)

25 (1) The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 is amended as follows.

(2) The following provisions shall cease to have effect —

(a) sections 1 to 54;

(b) in sections 55(4)(a) (orders to make material available) and 56(3)(a)
and (4)(a) (authority for search) the words “or has benefited from”;

(c) in section 59 (disclosure of information held by government
departments), subsections (1) to (10) and in subsection (11) the words
“An order under subsection (1) above, and,”;

(d) in section 60(6) (Customs and Excise prosecution powers), in the
definition of “specified offence”, in paragraph (a) the words “Part III
or” and paragraph (c) and the word “or” immediately preceding it;

(e) in section 60(6) the words from “and references to the institution of
proceedings” to the end;

(f) in section 60, subsections (7) and (8);

(g) in section 61 (extension of certain offences to the Crown), subsections
(2) to (4);

(h) sections 62, 63(1), (2) and (3)(a) and 64 (interpretation);

(i) in section 68(2) (extent - Scotland), paragraphs (a) to (c) and in
paragraph (g) the words “1, 41, 62” and “64”;
(j) in section 68(3) (extent - Northern Ireland), paragraph (a) and in
paragraph (d) the word “64”.
(3) In section 59(12)(b) for the words “referred to in subsection (1) above”
substitute “specified in an order under section 55(2)”.

(4) After section 59 insert the following section —

“59A Construction of sections 55 to 59
(1) This section has effect for the purposes of sections 55 to 59.
(2) A reference to a constable includes a reference to a customs officer.

(3) A customs officer is a person commissioned by the Commissioners
of Customs and Excise under section 6(3) of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c. 2).

(4) Drug trafficking means doing or being concerned in any of the
following (whether in England and Wales or elsewhere) —

(a) producing or supplying a controlled drug where the
production or supply contravenes section 4(1) of the Misuse
of Drugs Act 1971 or a corresponding law;

(b) transporting or storing a controlled drug where possession of
the drug contravenes section 5(1) of that Act or a
corresponding law;

(c) importing or exporting a controlled drug where the
importation or exportation is prohibited by section 3(1) of
that Act or a corresponding law;

(d) manufacturing or supplying a scheduled substance within
the meaning of section 12 of the Criminal Justice
(International Co-operation) Act 1990 where the manufacture


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

111
112
113
114

115

116
117
118

119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127

128
129
130
131

132

133
134
135
136
137
138

139
140

Accused unlawfully at large

Conviction or other disposal of accused
Accused neither convicted nor acquitted
Variation of order

Discharge of order

Appeals
Appeal by prosecutor

Payment and enforcement

Time for payment
Interest on unpaid sums
Application of provisions about fine enforcement

Restraint orders etc

Conditions for exercise of powers

Restraint orders etc

Application, recall and variation

Appeals

Inhibition of property affected by order

Arrestment of property affected by order

Management administrators

Seizure

Restraint orders: restriction on proceedings and remedies

Realisation of property: general
Enforcement administrators
Management administrators: discharge

Application of sums by enforcement administrator
Sums received by clerk of court

Exercise of powers

Powers of court and administrator

Administrators: general

Protection of administrators

Protection of persons affected

Recall and variation of order

Appeals

Administrators: further provision

Administrators: restriction on proceedings and remedies

Compensation

Serious default
Confiscation order varied or discharged


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 251
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(d) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 6 or
156 of this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of a receiver
appointed under section 50, 52, 198 or 200 of this Act after the amount
required to be paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid;

(e) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 92 of
this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of an administrator
appointed under section 128 of this Act after the amount required to be
paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid.

(4) But nothing in the 1985 Act must be taken to restrict (or enable the restriction
of) the powers referred to in subsection (2).

(5) In a case where (despite the coming into force of the 1985 Act) the 1913 Act
applies to a sequestration, subsection (3) above has effect as if for paragraphs
(a) to (c) there were substituted —
“(a) property which is for the time being comprised in the whole
property of the debtor which vests in the trustee under section
97 of the 1913 Act;
(b) any income of the bankrupt which has been ordered under
section 98(2) of that Act to be paid to the trustee;
(c) any estate which under section 98(1) of that Act vests in the
trustee.”

(6) In a case where subsection (5) applies, subsection (4) has effect as if for the
reference to the 1985 Act there were substituted a reference to the 1913 Act.

422 Tainted gifts

(1) This section applies if a person whose estate is sequestrated in Scotland has
made a tainted gift (whether directly or indirectly).

(2) No decree may be granted under the Bankruptcy Act 1621 (c. 18) or section 34
or 36 of the 1985 Act (gratuitous alienations and unfair preferences), or
otherwise, in respect of the making of the gift at any time when—

(a) any property of the recipient of the tainted gift is subject to a restraint
order under section 41, 120 or 190, or

(b) there is in force in respect of such property an order under section 50,
52, 128(3), 198 or 200.

(3) Any decree made under the Bankruptcy Act 1621 (c. 18) or section 34 or 36 of
the 1985 Act, or otherwise, after an order mentioned in subsection (2)(a) or (b)
is discharged must take into account any realisation under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this
Act of property held by the recipient of the tainted gift.

(4) A person makes a tainted gift for the purposes of this section if he makes a
tainted gift within the meaning of Part 2, 3 or 4.

Bankruptcy in Northern Ireland

423 Modifications of the 1989 Order
(1) This section applies if a person is adjudged bankrupt in Northern Ireland.

(2) The following property is excluded from his estate for the purposes of Part 9 of
the 1989 Order—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 137
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(6) Onan appeal under this section the Court of Appeal may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) make such order as it believes if appropriate.

214 Appeal to House of Lords

(1) An appeal lies to the House of Lords froma decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 213.

(2) An appeal under this section lies at the instance of any person who was a party
to the proceedings before the Court of Appeal.

(3) Onan appeal under this section the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision of the Court of Appeal, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

Seized money

215 Seized money

(1) This section applies to money which—
(a) is held by a person, and
(b) is held in an account maintained by him with a bank or a building
society.

(2) This section also applies to money which is held by a person and which—
(a) has been seized by a constable under Article 21 of the Police and
Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/1341 (N.1.
12)) (general power of seizure etc), and

(b) is held in an account maintained by a police force with a bank or a
building society.

(3) This section also applies to money which is held by a person and which—

(a) has been seized by a customs officer under Article 21 of the 1989 Order
as applied by order made under Article 85(1) of that Order, and

(b) is held in an account maintained by the Commissioners of Customs and
Excise with a bank or a building society.

(4) This section applies if the following conditions are satisfied —
(a) a restraint order has effect in relation to money to which this section

applies;

(b) a receiver has not been appointed under section 198 in relation to the
money;

(c) aconfiscation order is made against the person by whom the money is
held;

(d) the Director has not been appointed as the enforcement authority for
the confiscation order;

(e) any period allowed under section 161 for payment of the amount
ordered to be paid under the confiscation order has ended.

(5) In such a case on the application of the prosecutor a magistrates’ court may
order the bank or building society to pay the money to the appropriate chief
clerk on account of the amount payable under the confiscation order.


272 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 12 — Miscellaneous and general

(b) this Part, to the extent that it relates to Part 3.

459 Orders and regulations

(1) References in this section to subordinate legislation are to—
(a) any Order in Council under this Act;
(b) any order under this Act (other than one falling to be made by a court);
(c) any regulations under this Act.

(2) Subordinate legislation —
(a) may make different provision for different purposes;
(b) may include supplementary, incidental, saving or transitional
provisions,

(3) Any power to make subordinate legislation is exercisable by statutory
instrument.

(4) A statutory instrument is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of
either House of Parliament if it contains subordinate legislation other than —
(a) an order under section 75(7) or (8), 223(7) or (8), 282, 292(4), 309, 364(4),
377(4), 436(6), 438(9) or 458;
(b) subordinate legislation made by the Scottish Ministers;
(c) an Order in Council made under section 443 which makes provision
only in relation to Scotland.

(5) A statutory instrument is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of
the Scottish Parliament if it contains —
(a) subordinate legislation made by the Scottish Ministers other than an
order under section 142(6) or (7), 293(4), 398(4), 410(4), 439(6), 441(9) or
458;
(b) an Order in Council made under section 443 which makes provision
only in relation to Scotland.

(6) No order may be made—

(a) by the Secretary of State under section 75(7) or (8), 223(7) or (8), 282,
292(4), 309, 364(4), 377(4), 436(6) or 438(9) unless a draft of the order has
been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each
House;

(b) by the Scottish Ministers under section 142(6) or (7), 293(4), 398(4),
410(4), 439(6) or 441(9) unless a draft of the order has been laid before
and approved by a resolution of the Scottish Parliament.

(7) The Scottish Ministers must lay before the Scottish Parliament a copy of every
statutory instrument containing an Order in Council made under section 444
or 445.

460 Finance

(1) The following are to be paid out of money provided by Parliament —
(a) any expenditure incurred by any Minister of the Crown under this Act;
(b) any increase attributable to this Act in the sums payable out of money
so provided under any other enactment.

(2) Any sums received by the Secretary of State in consequence of this Act are to
be paid into the Consolidated Fund.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 29
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(8)

41
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 22 and not concluded, or the court believes that such an
application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the
available amount exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

The second condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings, or
(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed.

If an application mentioned in the third, fourth or fifth condition has been
made the condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —

(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the application, or
(b) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) does not intend to
proceed.

If the first condition is satisfied —
(a) references in this Part to the defendant are to the alleged offender;
(b) references in this Part to the prosecutor are to the person the court
believes is to have conduct of any proceedings for the offence;

(c) section 77(9) has effect as if proceedings for the offence had been started
against the defendant when the investigation was started.

Restraint orders

If any condition set out in section 40 is satisfied the Crown Court may make an
order (a restraint order) prohibiting any specified person from dealing with
any realisable property held by him.

A restraint order may provide that it applies —
(a) to all realisable property held by the specified person whether or not
the property is described in the order;
(b) _ to realisable property transferred to the specified person after the order
is made.

A restraint order may be made subject to exceptions, and an exception may in
particular—
(a) make provision for reasonable living expenses and reasonable legal
expenses;

(b) make provision for the purpose of enabling any person to carry on any
trade, business, profession or occupation;

(c) be made subject to conditions.

But an exception to a restraint order must not make provision for any legal
expenses which —

(a) relate to an offence which falls within subsection (5), and
(b) are incurred by the defendant or by a recipient of a tainted gift.

These offences fall within this subsection —
(a) the offence mentioned in section 40(2) or (3), if the first or second
condition (as the case may be) is satisfied;


148

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

if on an appeal under section 181(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision and an application for leave to appeal under
section 183 is refused, the proceedings are concluded when the decision
to refuse is made;

if on appeal under section 181(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision, and the time for applying for leave to appeal
under section 183 expires without an application being made, the
proceedings are concluded when the time expires;

if on appeal under section 181(2) the Court of Appeal confirms the
Crown Court’s decision, and on appeal under section 183 the House of
Lords confirms the Court of Appeal’s decision, the proceedings are
concluded when the House of Lords confirms the decision;

if on appeal under section 181(2) the Court of Appeal directs the Crown
Court to reconsider the case, and on reconsideration the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against the defendant, the
proceedings are concluded when the Crown Court makes that decision;
if on appeal under section 183 the House of Lords directs the Crown
Court to reconsider the case, and on reconsideration the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against the defendant, the
proceedings are concluded when the Crown Court makes that decision.

(7) In applying subsection (6) any power to extend the time for making an
application for leave to appeal must be ignored.

(8) In applying subsection (6) the fact that a court may decide on a later occasion
to make a confiscation order against the defendant must be ignored.

234 Applications

(1) An application under section 169, 170, 177 or 178 is concluded —

(a)
(b)

(c)

in a case where the court decides not to make a confiscation order
against the defendant, when it makes the decision;

in a case where a confiscation order is made against him as a result of
the application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the person who
made the application notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the
application was made.

(2) An application under section 171 or 172 is concluded —

(a)
(b)

(c)

in a case where the court decides not to vary the confiscation order
concerned, when it makes the decision;

in a case where the court varies the confiscation order as a result of the
application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the person who
made the application notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the
application was made.

235 Confiscation orders

(1) Aconfiscation order is satisfied when no amount is due under it.


60

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(10)

97
(1)

(3)

(5)

The fourth assumption is that, for the purpose of valuing any property
obtained (or assumed to have been obtained) by the accused, he obtained it free
of any other interests in it.

But the court must not make any of those assumptions in relation to particular
property or expenditure if —

(a) the assumption is shown to be incorrect, or

(b) there would be a serious risk of injustice if the assumption were made.

If the court does not make one or more of those assumptions it must state its
reasons.
The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with —

(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were instituted
against the accused, or

(b) if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were
instituted on different days, the earliest of those days.

But if a confiscation order mentioned in section 94(3)(c) has been made against
the accused at any time during the period mentioned in subsection (8) —

(a) the relevant day is the day when the accused’s benefit was calculated
for the purposes of the last such confiscation order;

(b) the second assumption does not apply to any property which was held
by him on or before the relevant day.

The date of conviction is—

(a) the date on which the accused was convicted of the offence concerned,
or

(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions are on different
dates, the date of the latest.

Effect of order on court’s other powers

If the court decides to make a confiscation order it must act as mentioned in
subsections (2) and (4) in respect of the offence or offences concerned.

The court must take account of the confiscation order before —
(a) it imposes a fine on the accused, or
(b) it makes an order falling within subsection (3).

These orders fall within this subsection —

(a) anorder involving payment by the accused, other than a compensation
order under section 249 of the Procedure Act (compensation orders);

(b) an order under section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)
(forfeiture orders);

(c) an order under Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995
(c. 43) (forfeiture orders);

(d) an order under section 23 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (forfeiture
orders).

Subject to subsection (2), the court must leave the confiscation order out of
account in deciding the appropriate sentence for the accused.

Subsection (6) applies if—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 69
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(13)

In this section references to the court are to the court which had jurisdiction in
respect of the offence or offences concerned to make a confiscation order.

106 Order made: reconsideration of benefit

(1)

(3)

(7)

This section applies if —

(a)

(e)

a court has made a confiscation order,

there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor at the
relevant time,

the prosecutor believes that if the court were to find the amount of the
accused’s benefit in pursuance of this section it would exceed the
relevant amount,

before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor applies to the court to consider the evidence,
and

after considering the evidence the court thinks it is appropriate for it to
proceed under this section.

The court must make a new calculation of the accused’s benefit from the
conduct concerned, and when it does so subsections (3) to (5) below apply.

Section 94(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must take account of —

(a)
(b)

()

conduct occurring up to the time it decided the accused’s benefit for the
purposes of the confiscation order;

property obtained up to that time;

property obtained after that time if it was obtained as a result of or in
connection with conduct occurring before that time.

In applying section 94(3) the confiscation order must be ignored.

In relation to the assumptions that the court must make under section 96—

(a)

(b)
(c)

the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the accused after the time the court decided his benefit for
the purposes of the confiscation order;

the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him after that time;

the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him after that time.

If the amount found under the new calculation of the accused’s benefit exceeds
the relevant amount the court—

(a)
(b)

must make a new calculation of the recoverable amount for the
purposes of section 92, and

if it exceeds the amount required to be paid under the confiscation
order, may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be
paid such amount as it believes just.

In applying subsection (6)(a) the court must—

(a)
(b)

take the new calculation of the accused’s benefit;

apply section 95 as if references to the time the confiscation order is
made were to the time of the new calculation of the recoverable amount
and as if references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date
of that new calculation.


ORWNe

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002

CHAPTER 29

CONTENTS

PaRT1
ASSETS RECOVERY AGENCY

The Agency and its Director
Director’s functions: general
Accreditation and training
Co-operation

Advice and assistance

PART 2

CONFISCATION: ENGLAND AND WALES

Confiscation orders

Making of order

Recoverable amount

Defendant’s benefit

Available amount

Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle
Time for payment

Interest on unpaid sums

Effect of order on court’s other powers

Procedural matters

Postponement

Effect of postponement

Statement of information

Defendant’s response to statement of information
Provision of information by defendant


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 95
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(c) Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43) (forfeiture of
property used in crime),

(d) section 143 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
(c. 6) (deprivation orders),

(e) section 23 or 111 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (forfeiture orders), or

(f) section 246, 266, 295(2) or 298(2) of this Act.

149 Realisable property

Realisable property is —
(a) any free property held by the accused;
(b) any free property held by the recipient of a tainted gift.

150 Property: general provisions

(1) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of property whether heritable or moveable and whether
corporeal or incorporeal.

(2) The following rules apply in relation to property —

(a) property is held by a person if he holds an interest in it;

(b) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;

(c) property is transferred by one person to another if the first one transfers
or grants an interest in it to the second;

(d) references to property held by a person include references to his
property vested in his permanent or interim trustee (within the
meaning of the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)), trustee in
bankruptcy or liquidator;

(e) references to an interest held by a person beneficially in property
include references to an interest which would be held by him
beneficially if the property were not so vested;

(f) references to an interest, in relation to land in England, Wales or
Northern Ireland, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or power;

(g) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;

(h) references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

151 Proceedings

(1) Proceedings for an offence are instituted against a person —
(a) on his arrest without warrant;

(b) when he is charged with the offence without being arrested;

(c) when a warrant to arrest him is granted;

(d) when a warrant to cite him is granted;

(e) when he first appears on petition or when an indictment or complaint

is served on him.

(2) If more than one time is found under subsection (1) in relation to proceedings
they are instituted at the earliest of those times.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 169
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(6) Where the court may make a recovery order in respect of any property, this
section does not prevent the recovery of any profits which have accrued in
respect of the property.

(7) If-
(a) an order is made under section 298 for the forfeiture of recoverable
property, and
(b) the enforcement authority subsequently seeks a recovery order in
respect of related property,

the order under section 298 is to be treated for the purposes of this section as if
it were a recovery order obtained by the enforcement authority in respect of the
forfeited property.

(8) If—

(a) in pursuance of a judgment in civil proceedings (whether in the United
Kingdom or elsewhere), the claimant has obtained property from the
defendant (“the judgment property”),

(b) the claim was based on the defendant’s having obtained the judgment
property or related property through unlawful conduct, and

(c) the enforcement authority subsequently seeks a recovery order in
respect of property which is related to the judgment property,

the judgment is to be treated for the purposes of this section as if it were a
recovery order obtained by the enforcement authority in respect of the
judgment property.

In relation to Scotland, “claimant” and “defendant” are to be read as “pursuer”
and “defender”.

(9) If-
(a) property has been taken into account in deciding the amount of a
person’s benefit from criminal conduct for the purpose of making a
confiscation order, and
(b) the enforcement authority subsequently seeks a recovery order in
respect of related property,
the confiscation order is to be treated for the purposes of this section as if it
were a recovery order obtained by the enforcement authority in respect of the
property referred to in paragraph (a).

(10) In subsection (9), a confiscation order means —

(a) an order under section 6, 92 or 156, or

(b) an order under a corresponding provision of an enactment mentioned
in section 8(7)(a) to (g),
and, in relation to an order mentioned in paragraph (b), the reference to the
amount of a person’s benefit from criminal conduct is to be read as a reference
to the corresponding amount under the enactment in question.

279 Section 278: supplementary

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) give examples of the satisfaction of the enforcement
authority’s right to recover the original property.

(2) f=

(a) there is a disposal, other than a part disposal, of the original property,
and

(b) other property (the representative property) is obtained in its place,


118

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(10)

(1)

Section 158(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —
(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;
(b) take account of property obtained before that date;
(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 160—
(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;
(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

Section 176 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in subsection
(1) of that section.

The relevant date is the date on which the Crown Court decided not to make a
confiscation order.

183. Appeal to House of Lords

(1)

(2)

(3)

An appeal lies to the House of Lords from a decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 181.

An appeal under this section lies at the instance of —
(a) the defendant or the prosecutor (if the prosecutor appealed under
section 181);

(b) the defendant or the Director (if the Director appealed under section
181).

On an appeal from a decision of the Court of Appeal to confirm, vary or make
a confiscation order the House of Lords may confirm, quash or vary the order.

On an appeal from a decision of the Court of Appeal to confirm the decision of
the Crown Court not to make a confiscation order or from a decision of the
Court of Appeal to quash a confiscation order the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) direct the Crown Court to proceed afresh under section 156 if it believes
the decision was wrong.

In proceeding afresh in pursuance of this section the Crown Court must
comply with any directions the House of Lords may make.

If a court varies a confiscation order under this section or makes a confiscation
order in pursuance of a direction under this section it must —

(a) have regard to any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned;

(b) have regard to any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been
made against him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned, unless the order has already been taken into account by a
court in deciding what is the free property held by the defendant for the
purposes of section 159.


146 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

229 Value of tainted gifts

(1) The value at any time (the material time) of a tainted gift is the greater of the
following —

(a) the value (at the time of the gift) of the property given, adjusted to take
account of later changes in the value of money;

(b) the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection
(2).
(2) The property found under this subsection is as follows —

(a) if the recipient holds the property given, the property found under this
subsection is that property;

(b) if the recipient holds no part of the property given, the property found
under this subsection is any property which directly or indirectly
represents it in his hands;

(c) if the recipient holds part of the property given, the property found
under this subsection is that part and any property which directly or
indirectly represents the other part in his hands.

(3) The references in subsection (1)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 227.

230 Free property

Property is free unless an order is in force in respect of it under any of these
provisions —
(a) section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) (forfeiture orders);

(b) Article 11 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (5.1.
1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (deprivation orders);

(c) Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43) (forfeiture of
property used in crime);

(d) section 143 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
(c. 6) (deprivation orders);

(e) section 23 or 111 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (forfeiture orders);

(f) section 246, 266, 295(2) or 298(2) of this Act.

231  Realisable property

Realisable property is —
(a) any free property held by the defendant;
(b) any free property held by the recipient of a tainted gift.

232 Property: general provisions

(1) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of real or personal property;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.

2) The following rules a in relation to property —
he foll g rules apply a property
(a) property is held by a person if he holds an interest in it;
(b) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;


iv Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Interpretation
75 Criminal lifestyle
76 Conduct and benefit
77 Tainted gifts
78 Gifts and their recipients
79 Value: the basic rule
80 Value of property obtained from conduct
81 Value of tainted gifts
82 Free property
83 Realisable property
84 Property: general provisions
85 Proceedings
86 Applications
87 Confiscation orders
88 Other interpretative provisions
General
89 Procedure on appeal to the Court of Appeal
90 Procedure on appeal to the House of Lords
91 Crown Court Rules
PaRT3
CONFISCATION: SCOTLAND
Confiscation orders
92 Making of order
93 Recoverable amount
94 Accused’s benefit
95 Available amount
96 Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle
97 Effect of order on court’s other powers
98 Disposal of family home
Procedural matters
99 Postponement
100 Effect of postponement
101 Statement of information
102 Accused’s response to statement of information
103 Provision of information by accused
Reconsideration
104 No order made: reconsideration of case
105 No order made: reconsideration of benefit
106 Order made: reconsideration of benefit
107 Order made: reconsideration of available amount
108 Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order
109 Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order

110

Information


178

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

291
(1)

(6)

(7)

Report on exercise of powers

As soon as possible after the end of each financial year, the appointed person
must prepare a report for that year.
“Financial year” means —

(a) the period beginning with the day on which this section comes into
force and ending with the next 31 March (which is the first financial
year), and

(b) each subsequent period of twelve months beginning with 1 April.

The report must give his opinion as to the circumstances and manner in which
the powers conferred by section 289 are being exercised in cases where the
customs officer or constable who exercised them is required to give a report
under section 290(6).

In the report, he may make any recommendations he considers appropriate.

He must send a copy of his report to the Secretary of State or, as the case may
be, the Scottish Ministers, who must arrange for it to be published.

The Secretary of State must lay a copy of any report he receives under this
section before Parliament; and the Scottish Ministers must lay a copy of any
report they receive under this section before the Scottish Parliament.

Code of practice

The Secretary of State must make a code of practice in connection with the
exercise by customs officers and (in relation to England and Wales and
Northern Ireland) constables of the powers conferred by virtue of section 289.

Where he proposes to issue a code of practice he must —
(a) publish a draft,
(b) consider any representations made to him about the draft by the
Scottish Ministers or any other person,
(c) if he thinks it appropriate, modify the draft in the light of any such
representations.

He must lay a draft of the code before Parliament.

When he has laid a draft of the code before Parliament he may bring it into
operation by order.

He may revise the whole or any part of the code issued by him and issue the
code as revised; and subsections (2) to (4) apply to such a revised code as they
apply to the original code.

A failure by a customs officer or constable to comply with a provision of the
code does not of itself make him liable to criminal or civil proceedings.

The code is admissible in evidence in criminal or civil proceedings and is to be
taken into account by a court or tribunal in any case in which it appears to the
court or tribunal to be relevant.


198 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(12) Expressions used in this Part and in the Taxes Acts have the same meaning as
in the Taxes Acts (within the meaning given by section 118 of the Taxes
Management Act 1970 (c. 9)).

(13) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
PART 7

MONEY LAUNDERING
Offences

327. Concealing etc

(1) A person commits an offence if he—
(a) conceals criminal property;
) disguises criminal property;
) converts criminal property;
(d) transfers criminal property;
») removes criminal property from England and Wales or from Scotland
or from Northern Ireland.

(2) Buta person does not commit such an offence if —

(a) he makes an authorised disclosure under section 338 and (if the
disclosure is made before he does the act mentioned in subsection (1))
he has the appropriate consent;

(b) he intended to make such a disclosure but had a reasonable excuse for
not doing so;

(c) the act he does is done in carrying out a function he has relating to the
enforcement of any provision of this Act or of any other enactment
relating to criminal conduct or benefit from criminal conduct.

(3) Concealing or disguising criminal property includes concealing or disguising
its nature, source, location, disposition, movement or ownership or any rights
with respect to it.

328 Arrangements

(1) A person commits an offence if he enters into or becomes concerned in an
arrangement which he knows or suspects facilitates (by whatever means) the
acquisition, retention, use or control of criminal property by or on behalf of
another person.

(2) Buta person does not commit such an offence if —

(a) he makes an authorised disclosure under section 338 and (if the
disclosure is made before he does the act mentioned in subsection (1))
he has the appropriate consent;

(b) he intended to make such a disclosure but had a reasonable excuse for
not doing so;

(c) the act he does is done in carrying out a function he has relating to the
enforcement of any provision of this Act or of any other enactment
relating to criminal conduct or benefit from criminal conduct.


96 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(3) Proceedings for an offence are concluded when —

(a) the trial diet is deserted simpliciter,

(b) the accused is acquitted or, under section 65 or 147 of the Procedure
Act, discharged or liberated,

(c) the court sentences the accused without making a confiscation order
and without postponing a decision as regards making such an order,

(d) the court decides, after such a postponement, not to make a confiscation
order,

(e) the accused’s conviction is quashed, or

(f) the accused is pardoned.

(4) If a confiscation order is made against the accused in proceedings for an
offence, the proceedings are concluded —
(a) when the order is satisfied or discharged, or
(b) when the order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an
appeal against the decision to quash the order.

(5) If—
(a) the accused is convicted in proceedings for an offence but the court
decides not to make a confiscation order against him, and
(b) on appeal under section 108(1)(ca) or 175(4)(ca) of the Procedure Act,
the High Court of Justiciary refuses the appeal,
the proceedings are concluded on the determination of the appeal.

152. Applications

(1) An application under section 104, 105, 111 or 112 is concluded —

(a) in a case where the court decides not to make a confiscation order
against the accused, when it makes the decision;

(b) in acase where a confiscation order is made against him as a result of
the application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

(c) in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the prosecutor
notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the application was made.

(2) An application under section 106 or 107 is concluded —

(a) in a case where the court decides not to vary the confiscation order
concerned, when it makes the decision;

(b) in acase where the court varies the confiscation order as a result of the
application, when the order is satisfied or discharged, or when the
order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an appeal against
the decision to quash the order;

(c) in a case where the application is withdrawn, when the prosecutor
notifies the withdrawal to the court to which the application was made.

153 Satisfaction of confiscation orders

(1) Aconfiscation order is satisfied —
(a) when no amount is due under it;

(b) where the accused against whom it was made serves a term of
imprisonment or detention in default of payment of the amount due


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 17
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(14)

22

(1)

(2)

(5)

(7)

(8)

(b) the amount last found as the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 19(10).

Order made: reconsideration of available amount

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,
(b) the amount required to be paid was the amount found under section
7(2), and
(c) an applicant falling within subsection (2) applies to the Crown Court to
make a new calculation of the available amount.

These applicants fall within this subsection —
(a) the prosecutor;
(b) the Director;
(c) areceiver appointed under section 50 or 52.

In a case where this section applies the court must make the new calculation,
and in doing so it must apply section 9 as if references to the time the
confiscation order is made were to the time of the new calculation and as if
references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date of the new
calculation.

If the amount found under the new calculation exceeds the relevant amount
the court may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as —
(a) _ it believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found as the defendant’s benefit from the
conduct concerned.

In deciding what is just the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) any fine imposed on the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;

(b) any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 9;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders).

But in deciding what is just the court must not have regard to an order falling
within subsection (5)(c) if a court has made a direction under section 13(6).

In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court
must take account of any change in the value of money.

The relevant amount is —

(a) the amount found as the available amount for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) the amount last found as the available amount in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

The amount found as the defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned is —


200

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 7 — Money Laundering

(8)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

331

(2)

(a) he has a reasonable excuse for not disclosing the information or other
matter;

(b) he is a professional legal adviser and the information or other matter
came to him in privileged circumstances;

(c) subsection (7) applies to him.

This subsection applies to a person if —
(a) he does not know or suspect that another person is engaged in money
laundering, and
(b) he has not been provided by his employer with such training as is
specified by the Secretary of State by order for the purposes of this
section.

In deciding whether a person committed an offence under this section the court
must consider whether he followed any relevant guidance which was at the
time concerned —

(a) issued by a supervisory authority or any other appropriate body,
(b) approved by the Treasury, and

(c) published in a manner it approved as appropriate in its opinion to
bring the guidance to the attention of persons likely to be affected by it.

A disclosure to a nominated officer is a disclosure which —

(a) is made to a person nominated by the alleged offender’s employer to
receive disclosures under this section, and

(b) is made in the course of the alleged offender’s employment and in
accordance with the procedure established by the employer for the
purpose.

Information or other matter comes to a professional legal adviser in privileged
circumstances if it is communicated or given to him—

(a) by (or by a representative of) a client of his in connection with the
giving by the adviser of legal advice to the client,

(b) by (or by a representative of) a person seeking legal advice from the
adviser, or

(c) by a person in connection with legal proceedings or contemplated legal
proceedings.

But subsection (10) does not apply to information or other matter which is
communicated or given with the intention of furthering a criminal purpose.

Schedule 9 has effect for the purpose of determining what is—
(a) a business in the regulated sector;
(b) asupervisory authority.

An appropriate body is any body which regulates or is representative of any
trade, profession, business or employment carried on by the alleged offender.

Failure to disclose: nominated officers in the regulated sector

A person nominated to receive disclosures under section 330 commits an
offence if the conditions in subsections (2) to (4) are satisfied.
The first condition is that he—

(a) knows or suspects, or

(b) has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting,


76 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

Payment and enforcement

116 Time for payment

(1) The amount ordered to be paid under a confiscation order must be paid on the
making of the order; but this is subject to the following provisions of this
section.

(2) If the accused shows that he needs time to pay the amount ordered to be paid,
the court making the confiscation order may make an order allowing payment
to be made in a specified period.

(3) The specified period —
(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed six months.

(4) If within the specified period the accused applies to the sheriff court for the
period to be extended and the court, after giving the prosecutor an opportunity
of being heard, believes there are exceptional circumstances, it may make an
order extending the period.

(5) The extended period —
(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed 12 months.

(6) An order under subsection (4) —
(a) may be made after the end of the specified period, but

(b) must not be made after the end of the period of twelve months starting
with the day on which the confiscation order is made.

(7) The court must not make an order under subsection (2) or (4) unless it gives the
prosecutor an opportunity to make representations.

117 Interest on unpaid sums

(1) If the amount required to be paid by a person under a confiscation order is not
paid when it is required to be paid (whether when the order is made or within
a period specified under section 116), he must pay interest on the amount for
the period for which it remains unpaid.

(2) The rate of interest is the rate payable under a decree of the Court of Session.

(3) For the purposes of this section no amount is required to be paid under a
confiscation order if —

(a) an application has been made under section 116(4),

(b) the application has not been determined by the court, and

(c) the period of 12 months starting with the day on which the confiscation
order was made has not ended.

(4) In applying this Part the amount of the interest must be treated as part of the
amount to be paid under the confiscation order.
118 Application of provisions about fine enforcement

1) The provisions of the Procedure Act specified in subsection (2) apply, with the
Pp Pp PPly,
qualifications mentioned in that subsection, in relation to a confiscation order


186 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

(a) in pursuance of an order made by the court under section 382(3) or
383(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (c. 8) (restitution
orders), an amount is paid to or distributed among any persons in
accordance with the court’s directions, and

(b) apart from this subsection, the sum received by them would be
recoverable property,

the property ceases to be recoverable.

(7) If-

(a) in pursuance of a requirement of the Financial Services Authority
under section 384(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
(power of authority to require restitution), an amount is paid to or
distributed among any persons, and

(b) apart from this subsection, the sum received by them would be
recoverable property,

the property ceases to be recoverable.

(8) Property is not recoverable while a restraint order applies to it, that is—
(a) an order under section 41, 120 or 190, or

(b) an order under any corresponding provision of an enactment
mentioned in section 8(7)(a) to (g).

(9) Property is not recoverable if it has been taken into account in deciding the

amount of a person’s benefit from criminal conduct for the purpose of making
a confiscation order, that is—

(a) an order under section 6, 92 or 156, or

(b) an order under a corresponding provision of an enactment mentioned

in section 8(7)(a) to (g),

and, in relation to an order mentioned in paragraph (b), the reference to the
amount of a person’s benefit from criminal conduct is to be read as a reference
to the corresponding amount under the enactment in question.

(10) Where—
(a) a person enters into a transaction to which section 305(2) applies, and
(b) _ the disposal is one to which subsection (1) or (2) applies,
this section does not affect the recoverability (by virtue of section 305(2)) of any
property obtained on the transaction in place of the property disposed of.

309 Other exemptions

(1) An order may provide that property is not recoverable or (as the case may be)
associated property if—
(a) itis prescribed property, or
(b) it is disposed of in pursuance of a prescribed enactment or an
enactment of a prescribed description.

(2) An order may provide that if property is disposed of in pursuance of a
prescribed enactment or an enactment of a prescribed description, it is to be
treated for the purposes of section 278 as if it had been disposed of in
pursuance of a recovery order.

(3) An order under this section may be made so as to apply to property, or a
disposal of property, only in prescribed circumstances; and the circumstances


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 71
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(8)

108
(1)

(2)

(a) any fine imposed on the accused for the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned;

(b) any order which falls within section 97(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by a court in deciding what is the
free property held by the accused for the purposes of section 95;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 249 of the Procedure Act.

But in deciding what is just the court must not have regard to an order falling
within subsection (4)(c) if a court has made a direction under section 97(6).

In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court
must take account of any change in the value of money.

The relevant amount is —
(a) the amount found as the available amount for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;
(b) the amount last found as the available amount in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

The amount found as the accused’s benefit from the conduct concerned is—
(a) the amount so found when the confiscation order was made, or
(b) _ if one or more new calculations of the accused’s benefit have been made
under section 106 the amount found on the occasion of the last such
calculation.

Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order, and

(b) the accused or the prosecutor applies to the court to vary the order
under this section.

In such a case the court must calculate the available amount and in doing so it
must apply section 95 as if references to the time the confiscation order is made
were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

If the court finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate to
meet the amount remaining to be paid it may vary the order by substituting for
the amount required to be paid such smaller amount as the court believes is
just.

If a person’s estate has been sequestrated or he has been adjudged bankrupt,
or if an order for the winding up of a company has been made, the court must
take into account the extent to which realisable property held by him or by the
company may be distributed among creditors.

The court may disregard any inadequacy which it thinks is attributable
(wholly or partly) to anything done by the accused for the purpose of
preserving property held by the recipient of a tainted gift from any risk of
realisation under this Part.

In subsection (4) “company” means any company which may be wound up
under the Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45) or the Insolvency (Northern Ireland)
Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19)).


xvi Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Winding up in England and Wales and Scotland
426 Winding up under the 1986 Act
427 Tainted gifts
Winding up in Northern Ireland
428 Winding up under the 1989 Order
429 Tainted gifts
Floating charges
430 Floating charges
Limited liability partnerships
431 Limited liability partnerships
Insolvency practitioners
432 Insolvency practitioners
433 Meaning of insolvency practitioner
Interpretation
434 Interpretation
PART 10
INFORMATION
England and Wales and Northern Ireland
435 Use of information by Director
436 Disclosure of information to Director
437 Further disclosure
438 Disclosure of information by Director
Scotland
439 Disclosure of information to Lord Advocate and to Scottish Ministers
440 Further disclosure
441 Disclosure of information by Lord Advocate and by Scottish Ministers
Overseas purposes
442 Restriction on disclosure for overseas purposes
ParT 11
CO-OPERATION
443 Enforcement in different parts of the United Kingdom
444 External requests and orders
445 External investigations


192

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(3)

(7)

(8)

318
(1)

(b) _ states that the Director intends to carry out, in relation to the person or
the company (as the case may be) and in respect of the period, such of
the general Revenue functions as are specified in the notice.

Service of a notice under subsection (2) vests in the Director, in relation to the
person or the company (as the case may be) and in respect of the period, such
of the general Revenue functions as are specified in the notice; but this is
subject to section 318.

The Director —
(a) may at any time serve on the Board a notice of withdrawal of the notice
under subsection (2);
(b) must serve such a notice of withdrawal on the Board if the qualifying
condition ceases to be satisfied.

A notice under subsection (2) and a notice of withdrawal under subsection (4)
may be in respect of one or more periods.

Service of a notice under subsection (4) divests the Director of the functions
concerned in relation to the person or the company (as the case may be) and in
respect of the period or periods specified in the notice.

The vesting of a function in the Director under this section does not divest the
Board or an officer of the Board of the function.

If—
(a) apart from this section the Board’s authorisation would be required for
the exercise of a function, and
(b) the function is vested in the Director under this section,
the authorisation is not required in relation to the function as so vested.

It is immaterial whether a chargeable period or any part of it falls before or after
the passing of this Act.

Revenue functions regarding employment

Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the Director serves a notice or notices under section 317(2) in relation to
a company and in respect of a period or periods, and
(b) the company is an employer.

The general Revenue functions vested in the Director do not include functions
relating to any requirement which —

(a) is imposed on the company in its capacity as employer, and
(b) relates to a year of assessment which does not fall wholly within the
period or periods.

Subsection (4) applies if —
(a) the Director serves a notice or notices under section 317(2) in relation to
an individual and in respect of a year or years of assessment, and
(b) _ the individual is a self-employed earner.

The general Revenue functions vested in the Director do not include functions
relating to any liability to pay Class 2 contributions in respect of a period which
does not fall wholly within the year or years of assessment.

In this section in its application to Great Britain —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 41
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

60
(1)

(6)

61

62

Director’s receivers

Subsections (2) to (4) apply if—
(a) the Crown Court has made an order under section 52 for the
appointment of a receiver in respect of any realisable property, and
(b) the order has taken effect.

No distress may be levied against the property except with the leave of the
Crown Court and subject to any terms the Crown Court may impose.

If the order is for the appointment of a receiver in respect of a tenancy of any
premises, no landlord or other person to whom rent is payable may exercise a
right within subsection (4) except with the leave of the Crown Court and
subject to any terms the Crown Court may impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court (whether the Crown Court or any other court) in which proceedings
are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that an order under section
52 for the appointment of a receiver in respect of the property has taken effect,
the court may either stay the proceedings or allow them to continue on any
terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (5), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the Director, and
(b) the receiver.

Receivers: further provisions

Protection

If a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52—
(a) takes action in relation to property which is not realisable property,
(b) would be entitled to take the action if it were realisable property, and
(c) believes on reasonable grounds that he is entitled to take the action,
he is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage resulting from
the action, except so far as the loss or damage is caused by his negligence.

Further applications
This section applies to a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52.

The receiver may apply to the Crown Court for an order giving directions as to
the exercise of his powers.

The following persons may apply to the Crown Court—
(a) any person affected by action taken by the receiver;
(b) any person who may be affected by action the receiver proposes to take.

On an application under this section the court may make such order as it
believes is appropriate.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 315
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(4) Drug trafficking means doing or being concerned in any of the
following (whether in Northern Ireland or elsewhere) —

(a) producing or supplying a controlled drug where the
production or supply contravenes section 4(1) of the Misuse
of Drugs Act 1971 or a corresponding law;

(b) transporting or storing a controlled drug where possession of
the drug contravenes section 5(1) of that Act or a
corresponding law;

(c) importing or exporting a controlled drug where the
importation or exportation is prohibited by section 3(1) of
that Act or a corresponding law;

(d) manufacturing or supplying a scheduled substance within
the meaning of section 12 of the Criminal Justice
(International Co-operation) Act 1990 where the manufacture
or supply is an offence under that section or would be such
an offence if it took place in Northern Ireland;

(e) using any ship for illicit traffic in controlled drugs in
circumstances which amount to the commission of an offence
under section 19 of that Act.

(5) In this Article “corresponding law” has the same meaning as in the
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.”

(16) In Article 55 after paragraph (6) insert—

“(6A) Proceedings for an offence are instituted —

(a) when a summons or warrant is issued under Article 20 of the
Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 in respect
of the offence;

(b) when a person is charged with the offence after being taken
into custody without a warrant;

(c) when an indictment is preferred under section 2(2)(c), (e) or
(f) of the Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.

(6B) Where the application of paragraph (6A) would result in there being
more than one time for the institution of proceedings they must be
taken to have been instituted at the earliest of those times.”

(17) In Article 56(1) (extension of certain offences to the Crown), for “Articles 44,
45, 46, 47(2), 48 and” substitute “Article”.
(18) In Schedule 2 (financial investigations) in paragraph 3A —
(a) in sub-paragraph (1) for “any conduct to which Article 49 applies
substitute “his criminal conduct”;
(b) after that paragraph insert —

“(1A) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) the question
whether a person has benefited from his criminal conduct
is to be decided in accordance with Part 4 of the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002.”

Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (c. 43)

32 (1) The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 35 (fine defaulters) in subsection (1)(a) after “Drug Trafficking Act
1994” insert “or section 6 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.


158

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(3)

(7)

259
(1)

260

That property is heritable property situated in Scotland to which the interim
administration order applies (whether generally or such of it as is specified in
the application).

The warrant for inhibition —

(a) has effect as if granted on the dependence of an action for debt by the
enforcement authority against the person and may be executed,
recalled, loosed or restricted accordingly, and

(b) has the effect of letters of inhibition and must forthwith be registered
by the enforcement authority in the register of inhibitions and
adjudications.

Section 155 of the Titles to Land Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1868 (c. 101)
(effective date of inhibition) applies in relation to an inhibition for which
warrant is granted under subsection (1) as it applies to an inhibition by
separate letters or contained in a summons.

The execution of an inhibition under this section in respect of property does not
prejudice the exercise of an interim administrator’s powers under or for the
purposes of this Part in respect of that property.

An inhibition executed under this section ceases to have effect when, or in so
far as, the interim administration order ceases to apply in respect of the
property in relation to which the warrant for inhibition was granted.

If an inhibition ceases to have effect to any extent by virtue of subsection (6) the
enforcement authority must—
(a) apply for the recall or, as the case may be, the restriction of the
inhibition, and
(b) ensure that the recall or restriction is reflected in the register of
inhibitions and adjudications.

Duties of respondent etc.

An interim administration order may require any person to whose property
the order applies —

(a) to bring the property to a place (in Scotland) specified by the interim
administrator or place it in the custody of the interim administrator (if,
in either case, he is able to do so),

(b) to do anything he is reasonably required to do by the interim
administrator for the preservation of the property.

An interim administration order may require any person to whose property
the order applies to bring any documents relating to the property which are in
his possession or control to a place (in Scotland) specified by the interim
administrator or to place them in the custody of the interim administrator.

“Document” means anything in which information of any description is
recorded.

Supervision of interim administrator and variation of order

The interim administrator, any party to the proceedings and any person
affected by any action taken by the interim administrator, or who may be
affected by any action proposed to be taken by him, may at any time apply to
the court for directions as to the exercise of the interim administrator’s
functions.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 275
Schedule 1 — Assets Recovery Agency

Annual plan

6 (1) The Director must, before the beginning of each financial year apart from the
first, prepare a plan setting out how he intends to exercise his functions
during the financial year (an annual plan).

(2) The annual plan must, in particular, set out how the Director intends to
exercise his functions in Northern Ireland.
(3) The annual plan must also include a statement of —
(a) the Director’s objectives for the financial year;

(b) any performance targets which he has for the financial year (whether
or not relating to his objectives);

(c) his priorities for the financial year;
(d) the financial resources expected to be available to him for the
financial year;
(e) his proposed allocation of those resources.
(4) Once the annual plan has been prepared the Director must send a copy to
the Secretary of State for his approval.
(5) If the Secretary of State does not approve the annual plan—
(a) he must give the Director his reasons for not approving it, and
(b) he may require the Director to revise it in the manner specified by the
Secretary of State.

(6) The Director must revise the annual plan, but if sub-paragraph (5)(b) applies
he must do so in the manner specified by the Secretary of State.

(7) The Director must send a copy of the revised annual plan to the Secretary of
State for his approval.

Annual report

7 (1) The Director must, as soon as possible after the end of each financial year,
prepare a report on how he has exercised his functions during the financial
year.

(2) The report for any financial year apart from the first must include—
(a) the Director’s annual plan for the financial year, and
(b) an assessment of the extent to which it has been carried out.
(3) The Director must send a copy of each report to the Secretary of State who
must —
(a) lay a copy of it before each House of Parliament, and
(b) arrange for it to be published.

Meaning of “financial year”

8 In this Schedule “financial year” means —

(a) the period beginning with the day on which section 1 comes into
force and ending with the next 31 March (which is the first financial
year), and

(b) each subsequent period of twelve months beginning with 1 April.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 83
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(a) section (9) of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);

(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

126 Seizure

(1) If a restraint order is in force a constable or a customs officer may seize any
realisable property to which it applies to prevent its removal from Scotland.

(2) Property seized under subsection (1) must be dealt with in accordance with the
directions of the court which made the order.

127 Restraint orders: restriction on proceedings and remedies

(1) While a restraint order has effect, the court may sist any action, execution or
any legal process in respect of the property to which the order applies.

(2) If a court (whether the Court of Session or any other court) in which
proceedings are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that a restraint
order has been made or applied for or made in respect of the property, the
court may either sist the proceedings or allow them to continue on any terms
it thinks fit.

(3) Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (2), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the applicant for the restraint order;
(b) any administrator appointed under section 125.

Realisation of property: general

128 Enforcement administrators

(1) This section applies if —
(a) aconfiscation order is made,
(b) it is not satisfied, and
(c) it is not subject to appeal.

(2) In such a case the court may on the application of the prosecutor exercise the
powers conferred on it by this section.

(3) The court may appoint an administrator in respect of realisable property.

(4) An appointment of an administrator may be made subject to conditions or
exceptions.

(5) The court may confer the powers mentioned in subsection (6) on an
administrator appointed under subsection (3) above.

(6) Those powers are—
(a) power to take possession of any realisable property;
(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 283
Schedule 4 — Lifestyle offences: Scotland

(3) In this paragraph “firearm” and “ammunition” have the same meanings as
in section 57 of the Firearms Act 1968 (c. 27).

Counterfeiting

6 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Forgery and
Counterfeiting Act 1981 (c. 45) —

(a) section 14 (making counterfeit notes or coins);

(b) section 15 (passing etc counterfeit notes or coins);

(c) section 16 (having counterfeit notes or coins);

(d) section 17 (making or possessing materials or equipment for
counterfeiting).

So

Intellectual property

7 (1) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48) —

(a) section 107(1) (making or dealing in an article which infringes
copyright);

(b) section 107(2) (making or possessing an article designed or adapted
for making a copy of a copyright work);

(c) section 198(1) (making or dealing in an illicit recording);

(d) section 297A (making or dealing in unauthorised decoders).

(2) An offence under section 92(1), (2), or (3) of the Trade Marks Act 1994
(c. 26)(unauthorised use etc of trade mark).

Pimps and brothels

8 An offence under either of the following provisions of the Criminal Law
(Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 39) —

(a) section 11(1) (living on earnings of prostitution or soliciting for
immoral purposes);

(b) section 11(5) (running of brothels).
Blackmail
9 An offence of blackmail or extortion.
Inchoate offences

10 (1) An offence of conspiring or inciting the commission of an offence specified
in this Schedule.

(2) An offence of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of
such an offence.


172

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

284

285

or (if the application is granted) on which any proceedings on appeal
are finally concluded,

(b) in relation to a decision of the Court of Session or of the High Court in
Northern Ireland, with the date of the decision or, if there is an appeal
against the decision, with the date on which any proceedings on appeal
are finally concluded.

If, in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, the proceedings in respect of the
property have been discontinued, the application for compensation must be
made within the period of three months beginning with the discontinuance.

If the court is satisfied that the applicant has suffered loss as a result of the
interim receiving order or interim administration order, it may require the
enforcement authority to pay compensation to him.

If, but for section 269(2), any right mentioned there would have operated in
favour of, or become exercisable by, any person, he may make an application
to the court for compensation.

The application for compensation under subsection (6) must be made within
the period of three months beginning with the vesting referred to in section
269(2).

If the court is satisfied that, in consequence of the operation of section 269, the
right in question cannot subsequently operate in favour of the applicant or (as
the case may be) become exercisable by him, it may require the enforcement
authority to pay compensation to him.

The amount of compensation to be paid under this section is the amount the
court thinks reasonable, having regard to the loss suffered and any other
relevant circumstances.

Payment of interim administrator or trustee (Scotland)

Any fees or expenses incurred by an interim administrator, or a trustee for civil
recovery appointed by the Court of Session, in the exercise of his functions are
to be reimbursed by the Scottish Ministers as soon as is practicable after they
have been incurred.

Effect on diligence of recovery order (Scotland)

An arrestment or poinding of any recoverable property executed on or after the
appointment of the trustee for civil recovery is ineffectual in a question with
the trustee.

Any recoverable property so arrested or poinded, or (if the property has been
sold) the proceeds of sale, must be handed over to the trustee for civil recovery.

A poinding of the ground in respect of recoverable property on or after such an
appointment is ineffectual in a question with the trustee for civil recovery
except for the interest mentioned in subsection (4).

That interest is —
(a) interest on the debt of a secured creditor for the current half yearly
term, and
(b) arrears of interest on that debt for one year immediately before the
commencement of that term.


242

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(7)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and a person specified in the application appears to hold
the property.

The application must also state that—
(a) the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) the order is sought against the financial institution specified in the
application in relation to account information of the description so
specified.

Account information is information relating to an account or accounts held at
the financial institution specified in the application by the person so specified
(whether solely or jointly with another).

The application for an account monitoring order may specify information
relating to—
(a) all accounts held by the person specified in the application for the order
at the financial institution so specified,
(b) a particular description, or particular descriptions, of accounts so held,
or

(c) a particular account, or particular accounts, so held.

An account monitoring order is an order that the financial institution specified
in the application for the order must, for the period stated in the order, provide
account information of the description specified in the order to the proper
person in the manner, and at or by the time or times, stated in the order.

The period stated in an account monitoring order must not exceed the period
of 90 days beginning with the day on which the order is made.

Requirements for making of account monitoring order
These are the requirements for the making of an account monitoring order.

In the case of a confiscation investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

In the case of a civil recovery investigation, there must be reasonable grounds
for suspecting that —
(a) the property specified in the application for the order is recoverable
property or associated property;
(b) the person specified in the application holds all or some of the property.

In the case of a money laundering investigation, there must be reasonable
grounds for suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order
has committed a money laundering offence.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that account information which may be provided in compliance with the order
is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation
for the purposes of which the order is sought.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that it is in the public interest for the account information to be provided,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 249
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(4)

(c) property which is to be applied for the benefit of creditors of the
bankrupt by virtue of a condition imposed under section 280(2)(c) of
the 1986 Act;

(d) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 6 or
156 of this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of a receiver
appointed under section 50, 52, 198 or 200 of this Act after the amount
required to be paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid;

(e) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 92 of
this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of an administrator
appointed under section 128 of this Act after the amount required to be
paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid.

But nothing in the 1986 Act must be taken to restrict (or enable the restriction
of) the powers referred to in subsection (2).

In a case where a petition in bankruptcy was presented or a receiving order or
adjudication in bankruptcy was made before 29 December 1986 (when the 1986
Act came into force) this section has effect with these modifications —

(a) for the reference in subsection (3)(a) to the bankrupt’s estate for the
purposes of Part 9 of that Act substitute a reference to the property of
the bankrupt for the purposes of the 1914 Act;

(b) omit subsection (3)(b);

(c) for the reference in subsection (3)(c) to section 280(2)(c) of the 1986 Act
substitute a reference to section 26(2) of the 1914 Act;

(d) for the reference in subsection (4) to the 1986 Act substitute a reference
to the 1914 Act.

419 Tainted gifts

(1)

(2)

(5)

This section applies if a person who is adjudged bankrupt in England and
Wales has made a tainted gift (whether directly or indirectly).

No order may be made under section 339, 340 or 423 of the 1986 Act (avoidance
of certain transactions) in respect of the making of the gift at any time when —
(a) any property of the recipient of the tainted gift is subject to a restraint
order under section 41, 120 or 190, or
(b) there is in force in respect of such property an order under section 50,
52, 128(3), 198 or 200.

Any order made under section 339, 340 or 423 of the 1986 Act after an order
mentioned in subsection (2)(a) or (b) is discharged must take into account any
realisation under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this Act of property held by the recipient of
the tainted gift.

A person makes a tainted gift for the purposes of this section if he makes a
tainted gift within the meaning of Part 2, 3 or 4.

In a case where a petition in bankruptcy was presented or a receiving order or
adjudication in bankruptcy was made before 29 December 1986 (when the 1986
Act came into force) this section has effect with the substitution for a reference
to section 339, 340 or 423 of the 1986 Act of a reference to section 27, 42 or 44 of
the 1914 Act.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 157
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(4) The court may make an interim administration order on the application if it is
satisfied that the conditions in subsections (5) and, where applicable, (6) are
met.

(5) The first condition is that there is a probabilis causa litigandi—
(a) that the property to which the application for the order relates is or
includes recoverable property, and
(b) _ that, if any of it is not recoverable property, it is associated property.

(6) The second condition is that, if—
(a) the property to which the application for the order relates includes
property alleged to be associated property, and
(b) the enforcement authority has not established the identity of the person
who holds it,
the authority has taken all reasonable steps to do so.

(7) In its application for an interim administration order, the enforcement
authority must nominate a suitably qualified person for appointment as
interim administrator, but the nominee may not be a member of the staff of the
Scottish Administration.

(8) The extent of the power to make an interim administration order is not limited
by sections 257 to 264.

257 Functions of interim administrator

(1) An interim administration order may authorise or require the interim
administrator —
(a) to exercise any of the powers mentioned in Schedule 6,
(b) to take any other steps the court thinks appropriate,

for the purpose of securing the detention, custody or preservation of the
property to which the order applies or of taking any steps under subsection (2).

(2) An interim administration order must require the interim administrator to take
any steps which the court thinks necessary to establish —
(a) whether or not the property to which the order applies is recoverable
property or associated property,
(b) whether or not any other property is recoverable property (in relation
to the same unlawful conduct) and, if it is, who holds it.

(3) If
(a) the interim administrator deals with any property which is not
property to which the order applies, and
(b) at the time he deals with the property he believes on reasonable
grounds that he is entitled to do so in pursuance of the order,
the interim administrator is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or
damage resulting from his dealing with the property except so far as the loss
or damage is caused by his negligence.

258 Inhibition of property affected by order

(1) On the application of the enforcement authority, the Court of Session may, in
relation to the property mentioned in subsection (2), grant warrant for
inhibition against any person specified in an interim administration order.


228 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(c) aconstable;
(d) acustoms officer.

(2) In relation to a confiscation investigation these are senior appropriate
officers —
(a) the Director;
(b) a police officer who is not below the rank of superintendent;

(c) acustoms officer who is not below such grade as is designated by the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise as equivalent to that rank;

(d) an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description
specified in an order made for the purposes of this paragraph by the
Secretary of State under section 453.

(3) In relation to a civil recovery investigation the Director (and only the Director)
is—
(a) an appropriate officer;
(b) asenior appropriate officer.

(4) In relation to a money laundering investigation these are appropriate
officers —
(a) an accredited financial investigator;
(b) aconstable;
(c) acustoms officer.

(5) For the purposes of section 342, in relation to a money laundering investigation
a person authorised for the purposes of money laundering investigations by
the Director General of the National Criminal Intelligence Service is also an
appropriate officer.

(6) In relation to a money laundering investigation these are senior appropriate
officers —

(a) a police officer who is not below the rank of superintendent;

(b) acustoms officer who is not below such grade as is designated by the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise as equivalent to that rank;

(c) an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description
specified in an order made for the purposes of this paragraph by the
Secretary of State under section 453.

(7) But a person is not an appropriate officer or a senior appropriate officer in
relation to a money laundering investigation if he is—
(a) amember of the staff of the Agency, or
(b) a person providing services under arrangements made by the Director.

379 Miscellaneous

“Document”, “excluded material” and “premises” have the same meanings as
in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60) or (in relation to Northern
Ireland) the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1.
1989/1341 (N.1. 12)).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 311
Schedule 11 — Amendments

or supply is an offence under that section or would be such
an offence if it took place in England and Wales;

(e) using any ship for illicit traffic in controlled drugs in
circumstances which amount to the commission of an offence
under section 19 of that Act.

(5) In this section “corresponding law” has the same meaning as in the
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.”

(5) In section 60 after subsection (6) insert —

“(6A) Proceedings for an offence are instituted —

(a) when a justice of the peace issues a summons or warrant
under section 1 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (issue of
summons to, or warrant for arrest of, accused) in respect of
the offence;

(b) when a person is charged with the offence after being taken
into custody without a warrant;

(c) when a bill of indictment is preferred under section 2 of the
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act
1933 in a case falling within paragraph (b) of subsection (2) of
that section (preferment by direction of the criminal division
of the Court of Appeal or by direction, or with the consent, of
a High Court judge).

(6B) Where the application of subsection (6A) would result in there being
more than one time for the institution of proceedings they must be
taken to have been instituted at the earliest of those times.”

(6) In section 61(1) for “sections 49(2), 50 to 53 and 58” substitute “section 58”.
(7) In section 68(2)(d), for “59(10)” substitute “59(11)”.

Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.1. 1994/2795 (N.1. 15))

26 In Article 16 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 in
paragraph (a) after “Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996”
insert “or Part 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

Proceeds of Crime Act 1995 (c. 11)

27 Section 15(2) and (3) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 1995 (investigation into
benefit to be treated as the investigation of an offence for the purposes of
sections 21 and 22 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) shall cease
to have effect.

Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43)

28 (1) The Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 is amended as follows.
(2) The following provisions in the Act shall cease to have effect —

(a) Part I, except section 2(7);

(b) in section 28, subsections (1)(a) and (2) and in subsection (5) the
words “(including a restraint order made under and within the
meaning of the 1994 Act)”;

(c) section 29;

(d) in section 31, subsection (2) and in subsection (4) the words “or (2)”;


62 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
“child of the family” includes any child or grandchild of either the
relevant person or his or her spouse or former spouse, and any person
who has been treated by either the relevant person or his or her spouse
or former spouse as if he or she were a child of the relevant person,
spouse or former spouse, whatever the age of such a child, grandchild

or person may be; and
“relevant consent” means in relation to the disposal of any right or interest

in a family home—

(a) in a case where the family home is occupied by the spouse or
former spouse of the relevant person, the consent of the spouse
or, as the case may be, of the former spouse, whether or not the
family home is also occupied by the relevant person;

(b) where paragraph (a) does not apply, in a case where the family
home is occupied by the relevant person with a child of the
family, the consent of the relevant person.

Procedural matters
99 Postponement
(1) The court may—
(a) proceed under section 92 before it sentences the accused for the offence
(or any of the offences concerned), or
(b) postpone proceedings under section 92 for a specified period.
(2) A period of postponement may be extended.
(3) A period of postponement (including one as extended) must not end after the
permitted period ends.
(4) But subsection (3) does not apply if there are exceptional circumstances or if the
accused has failed to comply with an order under section 102(1).
(5) The permitted period is the period of two years starting with the date of
conviction.
(6) But if—
(a) the accused appeals against his conviction for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, and
(b) the period of three months (starting with the day when the appeal is
determined or otherwise disposed of) ends after the period found
under subsection (5),
the permitted period is that period of three months.
(7) A postponement or extension may be made—
(a) on application by the accused;
(b) on application by the prosecutor;
(c) by the court of its own motion.
(8) If—
(a) proceedings are postponed for a period, and
(b) an application to extend the period is made before it ends,

the application may be granted even after the period ends.

The date of conviction is—


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Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(7)

371
(1)

(3)

The application must also state that —
(a) the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) the order is sought against the financial institution specified in the
application in relation to account information of the description so
specified.

Account information is information relating to an account or accounts held at
the financial institution specified in the application by the person so specified
(whether solely or jointly with another).

The application for an account monitoring order may specify information
relating to—
(a) all accounts held by the person specified in the application for the order
at the financial institution so specified,
(b) a particular description, or particular descriptions, of accounts so held,
or
(c) aparticular account, or particular accounts, so held.

An account monitoring order is an order that the financial institution specified
in the application for the order must, for the period stated in the order, provide
account information of the description specified in the order to an appropriate
officer in the manner, and at or by the time or times, stated in the order.

The period stated in an account monitoring order must not exceed the period
of 90 days beginning with the day on which the order is made.

Requirements for making of account monitoring order
These are the requirements for the making of an account monitoring order.

In the case of a confiscation investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

In the case of a civil recovery investigation, there must be reasonable grounds
for suspecting that —
(a) the property specified in the application for the order is recoverable
property or associated property;
(b) the person specified in the application holds all or some of the property.

In the case of a money laundering investigation, there must be reasonable
grounds for suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order
has committed a money laundering offence.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that account information which may be provided in compliance with the order
is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation
for the purposes of which the order is sought.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that it is in the public interest for the account information to be provided,
having regard to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the
information is obtained.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 205
Part 7 — Money Laundering

(b) is made in the course of the discloser’s employment and in accordance
with the procedure established by the employer for the purpose.

338 Authorised disclosures

(1)

(3)

For the purposes of this Part a disclosure is authorised if —
(a) it is a disclosure to a constable, a customs officer or a nominated officer
by the alleged offender that property is criminal property,
(b) it is made in the form and manner (if any) prescribed for the purposes
of this subsection by order under section 339, and
(c) the first or second condition set out below is satisfied.

The first condition is that the disclosure is made before the alleged offender
does the prohibited act.

The second condition is that —
(a) the disclosure is made after the alleged offender does the prohibited
act,
(b) there is a good reason for his failure to make the disclosure before he
did the act, and
(c) the disclosure is made on his own initiative and as soon as it is
practicable for him to make it.

An authorised disclosure is not to be taken to breach any restriction on the
disclosure of information (however imposed).

A disclosure to a nominated officer is a disclosure which —
(a) is made to a person nominated by the alleged offender’s employer to
receive authorised disclosures, and
(b) is made in the course of the alleged offender’s employment and in
accordance with the procedure established by the employer for the
purpose.

References to the prohibited act are to an act mentioned in section 327(1), 328(1)
or 329(1) (as the case may be).

Form and manner of disclosures

The Secretary of State may by order prescribe the form and manner in which a
disclosure under section 330, 331, 332 or 338 must be made.

An order under this section may also provide that the form may include a
request to the discloser to provide additional information specified in the form.

The additional information must be information which is necessary to enable
the person to whom the disclosure is made to decide whether to start a money
laundering investigation.

A disclosure made in pursuance of a request under subsection (2) is not to be
taken to breach any restriction on the disclosure of information (however
imposed).

The discloser is the person making a disclosure mentioned in subsection (1).

Money laundering investigation must be construed in accordance with section
341(4).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 23
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(4)

(5)

(8)

(10)

(11)

33

(1)

(2)

If a court makes or varies a confiscation order under this section or in
pursuance of a direction under this section it must —

(a) have regard to any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned;

(b) have regard to any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been
made against him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned, unless the order has already been taken into account by a
court in deciding what is the free property held by the defendant for the
purposes of section 9.

If the Court of Appeal proceeds under section 6 or the Crown Court proceeds
afresh under that section in pursuance of a direction under this section
subsections (6) to (10) apply.

If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 6 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

If an order has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders) —

(a) the court must have regard to it, and
(b) section 13(5) and (6) above do not apply.

Section 8(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;
(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 10—
(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;
(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

Section 26 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (1)
of that section.

The relevant date is the date on which the Crown Court decided not to make a
confiscation order.

Appeal to House of Lords

An appeal lies to the House of Lords from a decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 31.

An appeal under this section lies at the instance of —
(a) the defendant or the prosecutor (if the prosecutor appealed under
section 31);
(b) the defendant or the Director (if the Director appealed under section
31).


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Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(9)

278
(1)

(5)

The trustees or managers of the pension scheme have power to enter into an
agreement in respect of the proceedings on any terms on which an order made
under section 276 may stay (in Scotland, sist) the proceedings.

The following provisions apply in respect of an order under section 276, so far
as it includes the requirement mentioned in subsection (3).

The order overrides the provisions of the pension scheme to the extent that
they conflict with the requirement.

The order may provide for the recovery by the trustees or managers of the
scheme (whether by deduction from any amount which they are required to
pay in pursuance of the agreement or otherwise) of costs incurred by them in —

(a) complying with the order, or
(b) providing information, before the order was made, to the enforcement
authority, interim receiver or interim administrator.

Sections 273(5) and 274 (read with section 275) apply as if the requirement were
included in an order made by virtue of section 273(2).

Section 275(4) to (7) has effect for the purposes of this section.

Limit on recovery

This section applies if the enforcement authority seeks a recovery order—
(a) in respect of both property which is or represents property obtained
through unlawful conduct and related property, or

(b) in respect of property which is or represents property obtained through
unlawful conduct where such an order, or an order under section 276,
has previously been made in respect of related property.

For the purposes of this section —
(a) the original property means the property obtained through unlawful
conduct,

(b) the original property, and any items of property which represent the
original property, are to be treated as related to each other.

The court is not to make a recovery order if it thinks that the enforcement
authority’s right to recover the original property has been satisfied by a
previous recovery order or order under section 276.

Subject to subsection (3), the court may act under subsection (5) if it thinks
that —

(a) a recovery order may be made in respect of two or more related items
of recoverable property, but

(b) the making of a recovery order in respect of both or all of them is not
required in order to satisfy the enforcement authority’s right to recover
the original property.

The court may in order to satisfy that right to the extent required make a
recovery order in respect of —

(a) only some of the related items of property, or

(b) only a part of any of the related items of property,

or both.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 207
Part 7 — Money Laundering

(b) constitutes an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to commit an offence
specified in paragraph (a),

(c) constitutes aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission
of an offence specified in paragraph (a), or

(d) would constitute an offence specified in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) if done
in the United Kingdom.

(12) For the purposes of a disclosure to a nominated officer —

(a) references to a person’s employer include any body, association or
organisation (including a voluntary organisation) in connection with
whose activities the person exercises a function (whether or not for gain
or reward), and

(b) references to employment must be construed accordingly.

(13) References to a constable include references to a person authorised for the
purposes of this Part by the Director General of the National Criminal
Intelligence Service.

PARTS
INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

341 Investigations

(1) For the purposes of this Part a confiscation investigation is an investigation
into—

(a) whether a person has benefited from his criminal conduct, or
(b) the extent or whereabouts of his benefit from his criminal conduct.

(2) For the purposes of this Part a civil recovery investigation is an investigation
into—
(a) whether property is recoverable property or associated property,
(b) who holds the property, or
(c) its extent or whereabouts.

(3) But an investigation is not a civil recovery investigation if —

(a) proceedings for a recovery order have been started in respect of the
property in question,

(b) an interim receiving order applies to the property in question,
(c) an interim administration order applies to the property in question, or
(d) the property in question is detained under section 295.

(4) For the purposes of this Part a money laundering investigation is an
investigation into whether a person has committed a money laundering
offence.

342 Offences of prejudicing investigation

(1) This section applies if a person knows or suspects that an appropriate officer
or (in Scotland) a proper person is acting (or proposing to act) in connection


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 35
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(7) Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));
(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.1. 9)).

(8) The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (c) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

(9) The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

(10) Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes—
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;

(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;

(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.
Director’s receivers

52 Appointment

(1) This section applies if —
(a) aconfiscation order is made, and

(b) the Director is appointed as the enforcement authority for the order
under section 34.

(2) But this section does not apply if—
(a) the confiscation order was made by the Court of Appeal, and

(b) when the Crown Court comes to proceed under this section the
confiscation order has been satisfied.

(3) If this section applies the Crown Court must make an order for the
appointment of a receiver in respect of realisable property.

(4) An order under subsection (3)—

(a) must confer power on the Director to nominate the person who is to be
the receiver, and

(b) _ takes effect when the Director nominates that person.

(5) The Director must not nominate a person under subsection (4) unless at the
time he does so the confiscation order—

(a) is not satisfied, and
(b) is not subject to appeal.


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Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(c) made an order under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Northern
Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation orders).

165 Effect of postponement

(1)

(2)

(3)

(6)

(7)

If the court postpones proceedings under section 156 it may proceed to
sentence the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned.

In sentencing the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned
in the postponement period the court must not—
(a) impose a fine on him,
(b) make an order falling within section 163(3), or
(c) make an order for the payment of compensation under Article 14 of the
Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (5.1. 1994/2795 (N.1.
15)).

If the court sentences the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned in the postponement period, after that period ends it may vary the
sentence by —
(a) imposing a fine on him,
(b) making an order falling within section 163(3), or
(c) making an order for the payment of compensation under Article 14 of
the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994.

But the court may proceed under subsection (3) only within the period of 28
days which starts with the last day of the postponement period.

For the purposes of —
(a) section 16(1) of the Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 (c. 47)
(time limit for notice of appeal or of application for leave to appeal), and
(b) paragraph 1 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33) (time
limit for notice of application for leave to refer a case under section 36
of that Act),
the sentence must be regarded as imposed or made on the day on which it is
varied under subsection (3).

If the court proceeds to sentence the defendant under subsection (1), section
156 has effect as if the defendant’s particular criminal conduct included
conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

The postponement period is the period for which proceedings under section
156 are postponed.

166 Statement of information

(1)

(2)

If the court is proceeding under section 156 in a case where section 156(3)(a)
applies, the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) must give the court
a statement of information within the period the court orders.

If the court is proceeding under section 156 in a case where section 156(3)(b)
applies and it orders the prosecutor to give it a statement of information, the
prosecutor must give it such a statement within the period the court orders.

If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) believes the defendant has
a criminal lifestyle the statement of information is a statement of matters the


40

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

58

(6)

59

(5)

(6)

Restrictions

Restraint orders
Subsections (2) to (4) apply if a court makes a restraint order.

No distress may be levied against any realisable property to which the order
applies except with the leave of the Crown Court and subject to any terms the
Crown Court may impose.

If the order applies to a tenancy of any premises, no landlord or other person
to whom rent is payable may exercise a right within subsection (4) except with
the leave of the Crown Court and subject to any terms the Crown Court may
impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court in which proceedings are pending in respect of any property is
satisfied that a restraint order has been applied for or made in respect of the
property, the court may either stay the proceedings or allow them to continue
on any terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (5), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—
(a) the applicant for the restraint order, and
(b) any receiver appointed in respect of the property under section 48, 50
or 52.

Enforcement receivers

Subsections (2) to (4) apply if a court makes an order under section 50
appointing a receiver in respect of any realisable property.

No distress may be levied against the property except with the leave of the
Crown Court and subject to any terms the Crown Court may impose.

If the receiver is appointed in respect of a tenancy of any premises, no landlord
or other person to whom rent is payable may exercise a right within subsection
(4) except with the leave of the Crown Court and subject to any terms the
Crown Court may impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court in which proceedings are pending in respect of any property is
satisfied that an order under section 50 appointing a receiver in respect of the
property has been applied for or made, the court may either stay the
proceedings or allow them to continue on any terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (5), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the prosecutor, and

(b) _ the receiver (if the order under section 50 has been made).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 191
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

(2) The following provisions apply for the purposes of this Part.

(3) For the purpose of deciding whether or not property was recoverable at any
time (including times before commencement), it is to be assumed that this Part
was in force at that and any other relevant time.

(4) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money,
(b) all forms of property, real or personal, heritable or moveable,
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.

(5) Any reference to a person’s property (whether expressed as a reference to the
property he holds or otherwise) is to be read as follows.

(6) In relation to land, it is a reference to any interest which he holds in the land.

(7) In relation to property other than land, it is a reference —
(a) to the property (if it belongs to him), or
(b) to any other interest which he holds in the property.

(8) References to the satisfaction of the enforcement authority’s right to recover
property obtained through unlawful conduct are to be read in accordance with
section 279.

(9) Proceedings against any person for an offence are concluded when —
(a) the person is convicted or acquitted,
(b) the prosecution is discontinued or, in Scotland, the trial diet is deserted
simpliciter, or
(c) the jury is discharged without a finding.

PART 6

REVENUE FUNCTIONS
General functions

317 Director’s general Revenue functions

(1) For the purposes of this section the qualifying condition is that the Director has
reasonable grounds to suspect that —

(a) income arising or a gain accruing to a person in respect of a chargeable
period is chargeable to income tax or is a chargeable gain (as the case
may be) and arises or accrues as a result of the person’s or another’s
criminal conduct (whether wholly or partly and whether directly or
indirectly), or

(b) a company is chargeable to corporation tax on its profits arising in
respect of a chargeable period and the profits arise as a result of the
company’s or another person’s criminal conduct (whether wholly or
partly and whether directly or indirectly).

(2) If the qualifying condition is satisfied the Director may serve on the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue (the Board) a notice which —
(a) specifies the person or the company (as the case may be) and the period,
and


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 125
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

192 Appeal to Court of Appeal

(1) If on an application for a restraint order the court decides not to make one, the
person who applied for the order may appeal to the Court of Appeal against
the decision.

(2) If an application is made under section 191(3) in relation to a restraint order or
an order under section 190(7) the following persons may appeal to the Court of
Appeal in respect of the High Court’s decision on the application —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(3) Onan appeal under subsection (1) or (2) the Court of Appeal may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

193 Appeal to House of Lords

(1) An appeal lies to the House of Lords from a decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 192.

(2) An appeal under this section lies at the instance of any person who was a party
to the proceedings before the Court of Appeal.

(3) Onan appeal under this section the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision of the Court of Appeal, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

194 Seizure

(1) If a restraint order is in force a constable or a customs officer may seize any
realisable property to which it applies to prevent its removal from Northern
Treland.

(2) Property seized under subsection (1) must be dealt with in accordance with the
directions of the court which made the order.

195 Supplementary

(1) The person applying for a restraint order must be treated for the purposes of
section 66 of the Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 (c. 18 (N.1.))
(cautions) as a person interested in relation to any registered land to which—

(a) the application relates, or
(b) a restraint order made in pursuance of the application relates.

(2) Upon being served with a copy of a restraint order, the Registrar shall, in
respect of any registered land to which a restraint order or an application for a
restraint order relates, make an entry inhibiting any dealing with the land
without the consent of the High Court.

(3) Subsections (2) and (4) of section 67 of the Land Registration Act (Northern
Ireland) 1970 (inhibitions) shall apply to an entry made under subsection (2) as
they apply to an entry made on the application of any person interested in the
registered land under subsection (1) of that section.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 299
Schedule 11 — Amendments

Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77)

6 In section 28L of the Immigration Act 1971, in paragraph (c) for the words
“33 of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995” substitute “412
of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (c. 53)

7 In section 1 of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (rehabilitated
persons and spent convictions) after subsection (2A) insert —

“(2B) In subsection (2)(a) above the reference to a fine or other sum
adjudged to be paid by or imposed on a conviction does not include
a reference to an amount payable under a confiscation order made
under Part 2 or 3 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

Rehabilitation of Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order 1978 (S.1. 1978/1908 (N.1. 27))

8 In Article 3 of the Rehabilitation of Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order 1978
(rehabilitated persons and spent convictions) after paragraph (2) insert —

“(2A) In paragraph (2)(a) the reference to a fine or other sum adjudged to
be paid by or imposed on a conviction does not include a reference
to an amount payable under a confiscation order made under Part 4
of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 (c. 47)

9 (1) The Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 30(3) (meaning of sentence) omit “and” after paragraph (b) and
after paragraph (c) insert—
“(d) aconfiscation order under Part 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002;
(e) anorder which varies a confiscation order made under Part 4
of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 if the varying order is made
under section 171, 172 or 179 of that Act (but not otherwise).”

(3) In section 31 (appeal to House of Lords) after subsection (1) insert—

“(1A) In subsection (1) above the reference to the prosecutor includes a
reference to the Director of the Assets Recovery Agency in a case
where (and to the extent that) he is a party to the appeal to the Court
of Appeal.”

Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/228 (N.1. 8))

10 (1) Part I of Schedule 1 to the Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern
Ireland) Order 1981 (proceedings for which legal aid may be given under
Part II of the Order) is amended as follows.
(2) After paragraph 2 insert—
“2A.(1) The following proceedings in the Crown Court under the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002—
(a) proceedings which relate to a direction under section

202(3) or 204(3) as to the distribution of funds in the hands
of a receiver;


36 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(6) A person nominated to be the receiver under subsection (4) may be—
(a) amember of the staff of the Agency;
(b) a person providing services under arrangements made by the Director.

(7) If this section applies section 50 does not apply.

53. Powers

(1) If the court makes an order for the appointment of a receiver under section 52
it may act under this section on the application of the Director.

(2) The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to the realisable property —

(a) power to take possession of the property;
(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;
(c) power to realise the property, in such manner as the court may specify;
(d) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property.
(3) The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
England and Wales and to do any of the following —
(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;

(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;

(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.

(4) The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —
(a) hold property;
(b) enter into contracts;
(c) sue and be sued;
(d) employ agents;
(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;
(f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.

5) The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
y 'y P Pp property
give possession of it to the receiver.

(6) The court —
(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to make
to the receiver such payment as the court specifies in respect of a
beneficial interest held by the defendant or the recipient of a tainted
gift;
(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.

(7) Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —

(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);


202 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 7 — Money Laundering

333 Tipping off

(1) A person commits an offence if —
(a) he knows or suspects that a disclosure falling within section 337 or 338
has been made, and

(b) he makes a disclosure which is likely to prejudice any investigation
which might be conducted following the disclosure referred to in

paragraph (a).
(2) But a person does not commit an offence under subsection (1) if—

(a) he did not know or suspect that the disclosure was likely to be
prejudicial as mentioned in subsection (1);

(b) the disclosure is made in carrying out a function he has relating to the
enforcement of any provision of this Act or of any other enactment
relating to criminal conduct or benefit from criminal conduct;

(c) he is a professional legal adviser and the disclosure falls within
subsection (3).

(3) A disclosure falls within this subsection if it is a disclosure—
(a) to (or to a representative of) a client of the professional legal adviser in
connection with the giving by the adviser of legal advice to the client, or
(b) to any person in connection with legal proceedings or contemplated
legal proceedings.
(4) But a disclosure does not fall within subsection (3) if it is made with the
intention of furthering a criminal purpose.

334 Penalties

(1) A person guilty of an offence under section 327, 328 or 329 is liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or

(b) onconviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
14 years or to a fine or to both.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under section 330, 331, 332 or 333 is liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
five years or to a fine or to both.

Consent

335 Appropriate consent

(1) The apropriate consent is—
(a) the consent of a nominated officer to do a prohibited act if an
authorised disclosure is made to the nominated officer;

(b) the consent of a constable to do a prohibited act if an authorised
disclosure is made to a constable;

(c) the consent of a customs officer to do a prohibited act if an authorised
disclosure is made to a customs officer.

(2) A person must be treated as having the appropriate consent if —


288 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 7 — Powers of trustee for civil recovery

Management

3 (1) Power to manage property.
(2) Managing property includes doing anything mentioned in paragraph 5(2) of

Schedule 6.
Legal proceedings
4 Power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of the
property.
Compromise
5 Power to make any compromise or other arrangement in connection with

any claim relating to the property.
Supplementary

6 (1) For the purposes of, or in connection with, the exercise of any of his
powers —

(a) power by his official name to do any of the things mentioned in sub-
paragraph (2),
(b) power to do any other act which is necessary or expedient.
(2) Those things are—
(a) holding property,

(b) entering into contracts,

(c) suing and being sued,

(d) employing agents,

(e) executing a power of attorney, deed or other instrument.

SCHEDULE 8 Section 325
FORMS OF DECLARATIONS

The Director
“I, A.B., do solemnly declare that I will not disclose any information received
by me in carrying out my functions under Part 6 of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002 except for the purposes of those functions or for the purposes of any
prosecution for an offence relating to inland revenue, or in such other cases
as may be required or permitted by law.”

Members of the staff of the Agency

“I, A.B., do solemnly declare that I will not disclose any information received
by me in carrying out the functions under Part 6 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002 which I may from time to time be authorised by the Director of the
Assets Recovery Agency to carry out except for the purposes of those
functions, or to the Director or in accordance with his instructions, or for the
purposes of any prosecution for an offence relating to inland revenue, or in
such other cases as may be required or permitted by law.”


196 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(c) “statutory maternity pay” must be construed in accordance with
section 164(1) of that Act;

(d) “statutory paternity pay” must be construed in accordance with section
171ZA of that Act;

(e) “statutory adoption pay” must be construed in accordance with section
171ZL of that Act;

(f) “student loans” must be construed in accordance with the Education
(Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations 2000 (S.I. 2000/944).

(5) For the purposes of this section in its application to Northern Ireland —

(a) national insurance contributions are contributions payable under Part
1 of the Social Security Contributions and Benefits (Northern Ireland)
Act 1992 (c. 7);

(b) “statutory sick pay” must be construed in accordance with section
147(1) of that Act;

(c) “statutory maternity pay” must be construed in accordance with
section 160(1) of that Act;

(d) “statutory paternity pay” must be construed in accordance with any
Northern Ireland legislation which corresponds to Part 12ZA of the
Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992;

(e) “statutory adoption pay” must be construed in accordance with any
Northern Ireland legislation which corresponds to Part 12ZB of that
Act;

(f) “student loans” must be construed in accordance with the Education
(Student Loans) (Repayment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (S.R.
2000/121).

324 Exercise of Revenue functions

(1) This section applies in relation to the exercise by the Director of —
PP y
(a) general Revenue functions;
(b) Revenue inheritance tax functions.

(2) Paragraph (b) of section 1(6) does not apply.

(3) The Director must apply —
(a) any interpretation of the law which has been published by the Board;

(b) any concession which has been published by the Board and which is
available generally to any person falling within its terms.

(4) The Director must also take account of any material published by the Board
which does not fall within subsection (3).

(5) The Director must provide the Board with such documents and information as
they consider appropriate.

(6) “Concession” includes any practice, interpretation or other statement in the
nature of a concession.
325 Declarations

(1) As soon as practicable after the appointment of a person as the Director he
must make a declaration in the form set out in Schedule 8 before a member of
the Board.


322

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 12 — Repeals and revocations

Short title and chapter

Extent of repeal or revocation

Proceeds of Crime (Scotland)
Act 1995 (c. 43) —cont.

Proceeds of Crime (Northern

Ireland) Order
1996/1299 (N.1. 9))

1996

(6.1.

In Schedule 1, in paragraph 1, in sub-paragraph
(1)(b) the words “or a confiscation order”, in
sub-paragraph (2)(a) the words “subject to
paragraph (b) below”, sub-paragraph (2)(b),
in sub-paragraph (3)(a)(i) the words “or
confiscation order”.

In Schedule 1, in paragraph 2, in sub-paragraph
(1)(a) the words “, and if appointed (or
empowered) under paragraph 1(1)(b) above
where a confiscation order has been made”,
paragraph 4, in paragraph 5(1) the words
“Part | of”, in paragraph 8(2) the words from
“, unless in a case where a confiscation order
has been” to “4(4)(b) above,”.

In Schedule 1, in paragraph 10(1) the words “or
the recipient of a gift caught by Part | of this
Act or an implicative gift”, paragraphs 10(2)
and (3), in paragraph 12(1)(a) the words
“paragraph (a) or (b) of section 4(1) or”.

In Schedule 2, in paragraph 1(2) the words “and
35 to 38”, in paragraph 2(1) the words
“realisable or”, in paragraph 2(2) the words
“and 35 to 38”, paragraph 2(5), in paragraph
3(2) the words “and 35 to 38”, paragraphs 3(4)
and (5), in paragraph 4(2) the words “and 35
to 38”, paragraph 6(2)(a).

Parts Il and Ill.

In Article 2 in paragraph (2) from the definition
of “charging order” to the definition of
“external confiscation order” and from the
definition of “modifications” to the definition
of “restraint order” and paragraphs (3) to (10)
and (12).

Article 3.

In Article 49, in paragraph (1) sub-paragraph (c)
and the word “and” immediately preceding
it, in paragraph (1A) sub-paragraph (c) and
the word “and” immediately preceding it,
paragraph (4) and in paragraph (5) the
definitions of “customs officer” and “relevant
property”.

In Article 52 in paragraph (2) sub-paragraph (b)
and the word “and” immediately preceding
it, and paragraph (3).

In Article 54 paragraphs (1) to (10) and (13) and
in paragraph (11) the words “An order under
paragraph (1) and,”.

In Article 55, in paragraph (6) in the definition
of “specified offence” in paragraph (a) the
words “Part III or” and paragraph (c) and the
word “or” immediately preceding it, and
paragraph (7).

Article 56(2) to (4).



Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 203
Part 7 — Money Laundering

336

(3)

(4)

(a) he makes an authorised disclosure to a constable or a customs officer,
and

(b) the condition in subsection (3) or the condition in subsection (4) is
satisfied.

The condition is that before the end of the notice period he does not receive
notice from a constable or customs officer that consent to the doing of the act is
refused.

The condition is that—
(a) before the end of the notice period he receives notice from a constable
or customs officer that consent to the doing of the act is refused, and
(b) the moratorium period has expired.

The notice period is the period of seven working days starting with the first
working day after the person makes the disclosure.

The moratorium period is the period of 31 days starting with the day on which
the person receives notice that consent to the doing of the act is refused.

A working day is a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, Christmas Day, Good
Friday or a day which is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial
Dealings Act 1971 (c. 80) in the part of the United Kingdom in which the person
is when he makes the disclosure.

References to a prohibited act are to an act mentioned in section 327(1), 328(1)
or 329(1) (as the case may be).

A nominated officer is a person nominated to receive disclosures under section
338.

Subsections (1) to (4) apply for the purposes of this Part.

Nominated officer: consent

A nominated officer must not give the appropriate consent to the doing of a
prohibited act unless the condition in subsection (2), the condition in
subsection (3) or the condition in subsection (4) is satisfied.

The condition is that —

(a) he makes a disclosure that property is criminal property to a person
authorised for the purposes of this Part by the Director General of the
National Criminal Intelligence Service, and

(b) such a person gives consent to the doing of the act.

The condition is that —

(a) he makes a disclosure that property is criminal property to a person
authorised for the purposes of this Part by the Director General of the
National Criminal Intelligence Service, and

(b) before the end of the notice period he does not receive notice from such
a person that consent to the doing of the act is refused.

The condition is that—

(a) he makes a disclosure that property is criminal property to a person
authorised for the purposes of this Part by the Director General of the
National Criminal Intelligence Service,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 65
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

102
(1)

(2)

(8)

103

Accused’s response to statement of information

When the prosecutor gives the court a statement of information and the court
is satisfied that he has served a copy on the accused, the court shall order the
accused —
(a) to indicate the extent to which he accepts each allegation in the
statement, and
(b) _ so far as he does not accept such an allegation, to give particulars of any
matters he proposes to rely on,
within the period it orders.

Where by virtue of section 99 the court postpones proceedings under section
92, the period ordered by the court under subsection (1) shall be a period
ending not less than six months before the end of the permitted period
mentioned in section 99.

If the accused accepts to any extent an allegation in a statement of information
the court may treat his acceptance as conclusive of the matters to which it
relates for the purpose of deciding the issues referred to in section 101(2) or (4)
(as the case may be).

If the accused fails in any respect to comply with an order under subsection (1)
he may be treated for the purposes of subsection (3) as accepting every
allegation in the statement of information apart from—
(a) any allegation in respect of which he has complied with the
requirement;
(b) any allegation that he has benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct.

Where —
(a) an allegation in a statement of information is challenged by the
accused, or
(b) the matters referred to in subsection (1)(b) are challenged by the
prosecutor,
the court must consider the matters being challenged at a hearing.

The judge presiding at the hearing may, if he is not the trial judge and he
considers it in the interests of justice to do so, adjourn the hearing to a date
when the trial judge is available.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

No acceptance under this section that the accused has benefited from conduct
is admissible in evidence in proceedings for an offence.
Provision of information by accused

For the purpose of obtaining information to help it in carrying out its functions
under section 92 the court may at any time order the accused to give it
information specified in the order.

An order under this section may require all or a specified part of the
information to be given in a specified manner and before a specified date.

If the accused fails without reasonable excuse to comply with an order under
this section the court may draw such inference as it thinks appropriate.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 291
Schedule 9 — Regulated sector and supervisory authorities
Part 2 — Supervisory authorities

(d) the Director General of Fair Trading;
(e) a body which is a designated professional body for the purposes of
Part 20 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (c. 8).

(2) The Secretary of State is also a supervisory authority in the exercise, in
relation to a person carrying on a business in the regulated sector, of his
functions under the enactments relating to companies or insolvency or
under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.

(3) The Treasury are also a supervisory authority in the exercise, in relation to a
person carrying on a business in the regulated sector, of their functions
under the enactments relating to companies or insolvency or under the
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.

PART 3
POWER TO AMEND

5 The Treasury may by order amend Part 1 or 2 of this Schedule.

SCHEDULE 10 Section 448
TAx
PART 1
GENERAL

1 Sections 75 and 77 of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (c. 9) (receivers:
income tax and capital gains tax) shall not apply in relation to—

(a) areceiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) an administrator appointed under section 125 or 128;
(c) areceiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200;

(d) an interim receiver appointed under section 246;

(e) an interim administrator appointed under section 256.

PART 2
PROVISIONS RELATING TO PART 5
INTRODUCTORY

2 (1) The vesting of property in the trustee for civil recovery or any other person
by a recovery order or in pursuance of an order under section 276 is referred
to as a Part 5 transfer.

(2) The person who holds the property immediately before the vesting is
referred to as the transferor; and the person in whom the property is vested
is referred to as the transferee.

(3) Any amount paid in respect of the transfer by the trustee for civil recovery,
or another, to a person who holds the property immediately before the
vesting is referred to (in relation to that person) as a compensating payment.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 75
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(3)

(4)

(5)

115

Subsection (4) applies if—

(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 92 as applied by
section 112,

(b) the accused ceases to be unlawfully at large,
(c) subsection (1)(b) does not apply, and
(d) he applies to the court to discharge the order.

In such a case the court may discharge the order if it finds that —
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings mentioned
in section 112(1), or
(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed with the prosecution.

If the court discharges a confiscation order under this section it may make such
a consequential or incidental order as it thinks is appropriate.

Appeals

Appeal by prosecutor

Section 108 of the Procedure Act (Lord Advocate’s right of appeal in solemn
proceedings) is amended as provided in subsections (2) to (4).

In subsection (1), after paragraph (c) insert—

“(ca) a decision under section 92 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
not to make a confiscation order;”.

In subsection (2)(b)(ii), for the words “or (c)” substitute “, (c) or (ca)”.
After subsection (2) insert —

“(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(b)(i) above in its application to a
confiscation order by virtue of section 92(11) of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002, the reference to the disposal being unduly lenient is a
reference to the amount required to be paid by the order being unduly
low.”

Section 175 of the Procedure Act (right of appeal in summary proceedings) is
amended as provided in subsections (6) to (8).

In subsection (4), after paragraph (c) insert—
“(ca) a decision under section 92 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
not to make a confiscation order;”.

In subsection (4A)(b)(ii), for the words “or (c)” substitute “, (c) or (ca)”.
After subsection (4A) insert —

“(4B) For the purposes of subsection (4A)(b)(i) above in its application to a
confiscation order by virtue of section 92(11) of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002, the reference to the disposal being unduly lenient is a
reference to the amount required to be paid by the order being unduly
low.”


30 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(b) _ the offence (or any of the offences) concerned, if the third, fourth or fifth
condition is satisfied.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—
(a) acourt makes a restraint order, and

(b) the applicant for the order applies to the court to proceed under
subsection (7) (whether as part of the application for the restraint order
or at any time afterwards).

(7) The court may make such order as it believes is appropriate for the purpose of
ensuring that the restraint order is effective.

(8) A restraint order does not affect property for the time being subject to a charge
under any of these provisions —

(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);

(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (5.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(9) Dealing with property includes removing it from England and Wales.

42 Application, discharge and variation

(1) A restraint order—

(a) may be made only on an application by an applicant falling within
subsection (2);

(b) may be made on an ex parte application to a judge in chambers.

(2) These applicants fall within this subsection —
(a) the prosecutor;
(b) the Director;
(c) an accredited financial investigator.

(3) An application to discharge or vary a restraint order or an order under section

41(7) may be made to the Crown Court by —
(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(4) Subsections (5) to (7) apply to an application under subsection (3).

(5) The court—
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

(6) If the condition in section 40 which was satisfied was that proceedings were
started or an application was made, the court must discharge the order on the
conclusion of the proceedings or of the application (as the case may be).

(7) If the condition in section 40 which was satisfied was that an investigation was
started or an application was to be made, the court must discharge the order if
within a reasonable time proceedings for the offence are not started or the
application is not made (as the case may be).


116 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

179 Variation of order

(1) This section applies if —
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 156 as applied by
section 178,
(b) the defendant ceases to be an absconder,
(c) he is convicted of an offence (or any of the offences) mentioned in
section 178(2)(a),

(d) he believes that the amount required to be paid was too large (taking
the circumstances prevailing when the amount was found for the
purposes of the order), and

(e) before the end of the relevant period he applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence on which his belief is based.

(2) If (after considering the evidence) the court concludes that the defendant’s
belief is well founded —

(a) it must find the amount which should have been the amount required
to be paid (taking the circumstances prevailing when the amount was
found for the purposes of the order), and

(b) it may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as it believes is just.

(3) The relevant period is the period of 28 days starting with —

(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
mentioned in section 178(2)(a), or

(b) if there are two or more offences and the the convictions were on
different dates, the date of the latest.

(4) But in a case where section 178(2)(a) applies to more than one offence the court
must not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied that there is no
possibility of any further proceedings being taken or continued in relation to
any such offence in respect of which the defendant has not been convicted.

180 Discharge of order

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 156 as applied by
section 178,

(b) the defendant is later tried for the offence or offences concerned and
acquitted on all counts, and

(c) he applies to the Crown Court to discharge the order.
(2) In such a case the court must discharge the order.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—
(a) the court makes a confiscation order under section 156 as applied by
section 178,
(b) the defendant ceases to be an absconder,
(c) subsection (1)(b) does not apply, and
(d) he applies to the Crown Court to discharge the order.

(4) In such a case the court may discharge the order if it finds that—
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings mentioned
in section 178(2), or


100

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

The reference to general criminal conduct in the case of a confiscation order
made under any of the provisions listed in subsection (7) is a reference to
conduct in respect of which a court is required or entitled to make one or more
assumptions for the purpose of assessing a person’s benefit from the conduct.

159 Available amount

(1)

(2)

(3)

For the purposes of deciding the recoverable amount, the available amount is
the aggregate of —

(a) _ the total of the values (at the time the confiscation order is made) of all
the free property then held by the defendant minus the total amount
payable in pursuance of obligations which then have priority, and

(b) the total of the values (at that time) of all tainted gifts.

An obligation has priority if it is an obligation of the defendant —

(a) to pay an amount due in respect of a fine or other order of a court which
was imposed or made on conviction of an offence and at any time
before the time the confiscation order is made, or

(b) to pay asum which would be included among the preferential debts if
the defendant’s bankruptcy had commenced on the date of the
confiscation order or his winding up had been ordered on that date.

“Preferential debts” has the meaning given by Article 346 of the Insolvency
(Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19)).

160 Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle

(1)

If the court decides under section 156 that the defendant has a criminal lifestyle
it must make the following four assumptions for the purpose of —
(a) deciding whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct,
and
(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.

The first assumption is that any property transferred to the defendant at any
time after the relevant day was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and

(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

The second assumption is that any property held by the defendant at any time
after the date of conviction was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and
(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

The third assumption is that any expenditure incurred by the defendant at any
time after the relevant day was met from property obtained by him as a result
of his general criminal conduct.

The fourth assumption is that, for the purpose of valuing any property
obtained (or assumed to have been obtained) by the defendant, he obtained it
free of any other interests in it.

But the court must not make a required assumption in relation to particular
property or expenditure if —

(a) the assumption is shown to be incorrect, or

(b) there would be a serious risk of injustice if the assumption were made.


258 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(4) If a company holds property which is subject to a floating charge, and a
receiver has been appointed by or on the application of the holder of the
charge, the powers referred to in subsection (5) must not be exercised in the
way mentioned in subsection (6) in relation to any property —

(a) which is held by the company, and
(b) in relation to which the functions of the receiver are exercisable.

(5) These are the powers —
(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

(c)_ the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

(6) The powers must not be exercised —
(a) so as to inhibit the receiver from exercising his functions for the
purpose of distributing property to the company’s creditors;

(b) so as to prevent the payment out of any property of expenses (including
the remuneration of the receiver) properly incurred in the exercise of
his functions in respect of the property.

(7) But nothing in the 1986 Act or the 1989 Order must be taken to restrict (or
enable the restriction of) the exercise of the powers referred to in subsection (5).

(8) In this section “floating charge” includes a floating charge within the meaning
of section 462 of the Companies Act 1985 (c. 6).

Lintited liability partnerships

431 Limited liability partnerships

(1) In sections 426, 427 and 430 “company” includes a limited liability partnership
which may be wound up under the 1986 Act.

(2) A reference in those sections to a company passing a resolution for its
voluntary winding up is to be construed in relation to a limited liability
partnership as a reference to the partnership making a determination for its
voluntary winding up.

Insolvency practitioners

432 Insolvency practitioners

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply if a person acting as an insolvency practitioner
seizes or disposes of any property in relation to which his functions are not
exercisable because —

(a) it is for the time being subject to a restraint order made under section
41, 120 or 190, or

(b) _ it is for the time being subject to an interim receiving order made under
section 246 or an interim administration order made under section 256,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 109
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

(8) Section 158(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the date of the original
decision that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct;

(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

(9) In section 160—

(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the date of the original decision
that the defendant had not benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct;

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

(10) The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 156 is such amount as —
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 157.

(11) In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) the amount found under section 157;

(b) any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 159;

(d) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation
orders).

(12) If an order for the payment of compensation under Article 14 of the Criminal
Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 has been made against the defendant in
respect of the offence or offences concerned, section 163(5) and (6) above do not

apply.
(13) The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 169(10).

171 Order made: reconsideration of benefit

(1) This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,

(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor or the
Director at the relevant time,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 197
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(2)

326
(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

(9)

(10)

(11)

Every member of the staff of the Agency who is authorised under section
1(6)(a) to carry out any of the functions of the Director under this Part must, as
soon as practicable after being so authorised, make a declaration in the form set
out in Schedule 8 before a person nominated by the Director for the purpose.

Interpretation

Criminal conduct is conduct which—
(a) constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom, or

(b) would constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it
occurred there.

But criminal conduct does not include conduct constituting an offence relating
to a matter under the care and management of the Board.

In applying subsection (1) it is immaterial whether conduct occurred before or
after the passing of this Act.

Property is criminal property if it constitutes a person’s benefit from criminal
conduct or it represents such a benefit (in whole or part and whether directly
or indirectly); and it is immaterial —

(a) who carried out the conduct;

(b) who benefited from it.

A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property as a result of or in
connection with the conduct.

If a person obtains a pecuniary advantage as a result of or in connection with
conduct, he is to be taken to obtain as a result of or in connection with the
conduct a sum of money equal to the value of the pecuniary advantage.

References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in
both that connection and some other.

If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the property obtained as a result
of or in connection with the conduct.

Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of property, real or personal, heritable or moveable;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.

The following rules apply in relation to property —

(a) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;

(b) references to an interest, in relation to land in England and Wales or
Northern Ireland, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or power;

(c) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;

(d) references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

Any reference to an officer of the Board includes a reference to—
(a) acollector of taxes;
(b) an inspector of taxes.


114 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(a) the court proceeds under section 156 in pursuance of section 169 or 170,
or

(b) the prosecutor or the Director applies under section 171.

(2) In such acase—

(a) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) must give the court
a statement of information within the period the court orders;

(b) section 166 applies accordingly (with appropriate modifications where
the prosecutor or the Director applies under section 171);

(c) section 167 applies accordingly;

(d) section 168 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in
section 168(1).

Defendant absconds

177 Defendant convicted or committed
(1) This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that a defendant absconds after —
(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences in proceedings before the
Crown Court, or
(b) he is committed to the Crown Court in respect of an offence or offences
under section 218 below (committal with a view to a confiscation order
being considered).

(3) The second condition is that —
(a) the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to proceed
under this section, and
(b) the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.

(4) If this section applies the court must proceed under section 156 in the same way
as it must proceed if the two conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (5).

(5) If the court proceeds under section 156 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —

(a) any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 156 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

(b) the court must not make an order under section 156 unless the
prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) has taken reasonable
steps to contact the defendant;

(c) section 156(9) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (2) of this section;

(d) sections 160, 166(4), 167 and 168 must be ignored;

(e) sections 169, 170 and 171 must be ignored while the defendant is still an
absconder.

(6) Once the defendant has ceased to be an absconder section 169 has effect as if
subsection (1)(a) read —
“(a) ata time when the first condition in section 177 was satisfied the
court did not proceed under section 156,”.


220 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and a person specified in the application appears to hold
the property.

(3) The application must also state that —
(a) _ the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;

(b) the order is sought against the financial institution or financial
institutions specified in the application.

(4) An application for a customer information order may specify —
(a) _ all financial institutions,
(b) a particular description, or particular descriptions, of financial
institutions, or
(c) a particular financial institution or particular financial institutions.

(5) Acustomer information order is an order that a financial institution covered by
the application for the order must, on being required to do so by notice in
writing given by an appropriate officer, provide any such customer
information as it has relating to the person specified in the application.

(6) A financial institution which is required to provide information under a
customer information order must provide the information to an appropriate
officer in such manner, and at or by such time, as an appropriate officer
requires.

(7) Ifa financial institution on which a requirement is imposed by a notice given
under a customer information order requires the production of evidence of
authority to give the notice, it is not bound to comply with the requirement
unless evidence of the authority has been produced to it.

364 Meaning of customer information

(1) “Customer information”, in relation to a person and a financial institution, is
information whether the person holds, or has held, an account or accounts at
the financial institution (whether solely or jointly with another) and (if so)
information as to—

(a) the matters specified in subsection (2) if the person is an individual;

(b) the matters specified in subsection (3) if the person is a company or
limited liability partnership or a similar body incorporated or
otherwise established outside the United Kingdom.

(2) The matters referred to in subsection (1)(a) are—

(a) the account number or numbers;

(b) the person’s full name;

(c) his date of birth;

(d) his most recent address and any previous addresses;

(e) the date or dates on which he began to hold the account or accounts
and, if he has ceased to hold the account or any of the accounts, the date
or dates on which he did so;

(f) such evidence of his identity as was obtained by the financial
institution under or for the purposes of any legislation relating to
money laundering;

(g) the full name, date of birth and most recent address, and any previous
addresses, of any person who holds, or has held, an account at the
financial institution jointly with him;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 209
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

CHAPTER 2

ENGLAND AND WALES AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Judges and courts

343 Judges

(1)

(2)

(3)

In this Chapter references to a judge in relation to an application must be
construed in accordance with this section.

In relation to an application for the purposes of a confiscation investigation or
a money laundering investigation a judge is —
(a) in England and Wales, a judge entitled to exercise the jurisdiction of the
Crown Court;
(b) in Northern Ireland, a Crown Court judge.

In relation to an application for the purposes of a civil recovery investigation a
judge is a judge of the High Court.

344 Courts

In this Chapter references to the court are to—
(a) the Crown Court, in relation to an order for the purposes of a
confiscation investigation or a money laundering investigation;
(b) the High Court, in relation to an order for the purposes of a civil
recovery investigation.

Production orders

345 Production orders

(1)

(2)

A judge may, on an application made to him by an appropriate officer, make a
production order if he is satisfied that each of the requirements for the making
of the order is fulfilled.

The application for a production order must state that—
(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation.

The application must also state that —
(a) _ the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) the order is sought in relation to material, or material of a description,
specified in the application;
(c) a person specified in the application appears to be in possession or
control of the material.

A production order is an order either —
(a) requiring the person the application for the order specifies as appearing
to be in possession or control of material to produce it to an appropriate
officer for him to take away, or


138

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

If a bank or building society fails to comply with an order under subsection
6)—
(a) the magistrates’ court may order it to pay an amount not exceeding
£5,000, and

(b) for the purposes of the Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order
1981 (S.I. 1981/1675 (N.I. 26)) the sum is to be treated as adjudged to be
paid by a conviction of the magistrates’ court.

In order to take account of changes in the value of money the Secretary of State
may by order substitute another sum for the sum for the time being specified
in subsection (6)(a).

For the purposes of this section —

(a) a bank is a deposit-taking business within the meaning of the Banking
Act 1987 (c. 22);

(b) “building society” has the same meaning as in the Building Societies
Act 1986 (c. 53);

(c) “appropriate chief clerk” has the same meaning as in section 202(7).

Financial investigators

216 Applications and appeals

(1)

(2)

(5)

This section applies to —
(a) an application under section 190, 191, 196, 197 or 211;
(b) an appeal under section 192, 193, 213 or 214.

An accredited financial investigator must not make such an application or
bring such an appeal unless he falls within subsection (3).

An accredited financial investigator falls within this subsection if he is one of
the following or is authorised for the purposes of this section by one of the
following —
(a) a police officer who is not below the rank of superintendent,
(b) acustoms officer who is not below such grade as is designated by the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise as equivalent to that rank,
(c) an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description
specified in an order made for the purposes of this paragraph by the
Secretary of State under section 453.

If such an application is made or appeal brought by an accredited financial
investigator any subsequent step in the application or appeal or any further
application or appeal relating to the same matter may be taken, made or
brought by a different accredited financial investigator who falls within
subsection (3).

If—
(a) an application for a restraint order is made by an accredited financial
investigator, and
(b) a court is required under section 206(5) to give the applicant for the
order an opportunity to be heard,
the court may give the opportunity to a different accredited financial
investigator who falls within subsection (3).


142

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(3)

(7)

(3)

In acase where no confiscation order has been made, a request for assistance is
a request to the government of the receiving country to secure that any person
is prohibited from dealing with realisable property.

In a case where a confiscation order has been made and has not been satisfied,
discharged or quashed, a request for assistance is a request to the government
of the receiving country to secure that —
(a) any person is prohibited from dealing with realisable property;
(b) realisable property is realised and the proceeds are applied in
accordance with the law of the receiving country.

No request for assistance may be made for the purposes of this section in a case
where a confiscation order has been made and has been satisfied, discharged
or quashed.

If the Secretary of State believes it is appropriate to do so he may forward the
request for assistance to the government of the receiving country.

If property is realised in pursuance of a request under subsection (3) the
amount ordered to be paid under the confiscation order must be taken to be
reduced by an amount equal to the proceeds of realisation.

A certificate purporting to be issued by or on behalf of the requested
government is admissible as evidence of the facts it states if it states —
(a) that property has been realised in pursuance of a request under
subsection (3),
(b) _ the date of realisation, and
(c) the proceeds of realisation.

If the proceeds of realisation made in pursuance of a request under subsection
(3) are expressed in a currency other than sterling, they must be taken to be the
sterling equivalent calculated in accordance with the rate of exchange
prevailing at the end of the day of realisation.

Interpretation

Criminal lifestyle

A defendant has a criminal lifestyle if (and only if) the following condition is
satisfied.

The condition is that the offence (or any of the offences) concerned satisfies any
of these tests —
(a) it is specified in Schedule 5;
(b) it constitutes conduct forming part of a course of criminal activity;
(c) it is an offence committed over a period of at least six months and the
defendant has benefited from the conduct which constitutes the
offence.

Conduct forms part of a course of criminal activity if the defendant has
benefited from the conduct and —
(a) in the proceedings in which he was convicted he was convicted of three
or more other offences, each of three or more of them constituting
conduct from which he has benefited, or


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 12 — Repeals and revocations

Short title and chapter

Extent of repeal or revocation

Proceeds of Crime (Northern
Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I.
1996/1299 (N.1. 9))—cont.

Justices of the Peace Act 1997
(c. 25)

Crime and Punishment
(Scotland) Act 1997 (c. 48)

Crime and Disorder Act 1998
(c. 37)

Access to Justice Act 1999 (c. 22)

Powers of Criminal Courts
(Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6)

Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11)

Criminal Justice and Police Act
2001 (c. 16)

Financial Investigations
(Northern Ireland) Order
2001 (S.1. 2001/1866 (N.1. 1))

Land Registration Act 2002 (c.
9)

This Act

In Schedule 2—

(a) in paragraph 1(3) “3 or”;

(b) paragraph 3;

(c) in paragraphs 4(2), 5(1) and 6(1) “3”.
In Schedule 3, paragraphs 1 to 3 and 18.
In Schedule 5, paragraphs 23 and 36.

Section 15(3).
In Schedule 1, paragraph 20.

Section 83.

In Schedule 1, paragraphs 115 and 116.

In Schedule 8, paragraph 114.

In Schedule 9, paragraph 8.

In Schedule 2—
(a) in paragraph 2(2) the word “or” at the
end of paragraph (c);
(b) in paragraph 2(3) the word “or” at the
end of paragraph (j).

In Schedule 13, paragraphs 139 and 172.

In Schedule 9, paragraphs 105 to 113 and 163 to
173.

In Schedule 15, paragraphs 6, 10 and 11(2).

In section 55(5) paragraph (a) and the word
“and” after paragraph (b).

In section 60(4) paragraph (a) and the word “or”
after paragraph (b).

In section 64(3) the word “and” after paragraph

(a).

In Schedule 1, paragraphs 47 and 105.

Articles 3(2)(b) and 4(1)(a) and (c), (2), (3) and
(5).

In Schedule 11, paragraphs 22 and 32.

Section 248(2)(a) and (4).

© Crown copyright 2002

Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited
under the authority and superintendence of Carol Tullo, Controller of

Her Majesty's Stationery Office and Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) iii

51

52
53

58

60

67

68

69

70

72
73

74

Powers

Director's receivers

Appointment
Powers

Application of sums

Enforcement receivers

Sums received by justices’ chief executive
Director’s receivers

Sums received by Director

Restrictions

Restraint orders
Enforcement receivers
Director’s receivers

Receivers: further provisions

Protection

Further applications

Discharge and variation
Management receivers: discharge
Appeal to Court of Appeal
Appeal to House of Lords

Seized money

Seized money

Financial investigators

Applications and appeals

Exercise of powers

Powers of court and receiver

Committal

Committal by magistrates’ court
Sentencing by Crown Court

Compensation

Serious default
Order varied or discharged

Enforcement abroad

Enforcement abroad


236 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(4) There must be reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the information to be provided, having regard to the benefit likely to accrue
to the investigation if the information is obtained.

393 Offences

(1) A person commits an offence if without reasonable excuse he fails to comply
with a requirement imposed on him under a disclosure order.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary
conviction to—
(a) imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months,
(b) a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or
(c) both.

(3) A person commits an offence if, in purported compliance with a requirement
imposed on him under a disclosure order, he—
(a) makes a statement which he knows to be false or misleading in a
material particular, or
(b) recklessly makes a statement which is false or misleading in a material
particular.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (3) is liable—
(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two years or to a fine or to both.

394 Statements

(1) A statement made by a person in response to a requirement imposed on him
under a disclosure order may not be used in evidence against him in criminal
proceedings.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply —
(a) in the case of proceedings under Part 3,
(b) ona prosecution for an offence under section 393(1) or (3),
(c) ona prosecution for perjury, or
(d) ona prosecution for some other offence where, in giving evidence, the
person makes a statement inconsistent with the statement mentioned in
subsection (1).

(3) A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(d) against a person
unless —

(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or
(b) a question relating to it is asked,
by him or on his behalf in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.

395 Further provisions

(1) A disclosure order does not confer the right to require a person to answer any
question, provide any information or produce any document which he would
be entitled to refuse to answer, provide or produce on grounds of legal
privilege.


240

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(3)

400

401

In the case of a confiscation investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for
suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

In the case of a civil recovery investigation, there must be reasonable grounds
for suspecting that—
(a) the property specified in the application for the order is recoverable
property or associated property;
(b) the person specified in the application holds all or some of the property.

In the case of a money laundering investigation, there must be reasonable
grounds for suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order
has committed a money laundering offence.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that customer information which may be provided in compliance with the
order is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the order is sought.

In the case of any investigation there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that it is in the public interest for the customer information to be provided,
having regard to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the
information is obtained.

Offences

A financial institution commits an offence if without reasonable excuse it fails
to comply with a requirement imposed on it under a customer information
order.

A financial institution guilty of an offence under subsection (1) is liable on
summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

A financial institution commits an offence if, in purported compliance with a
customer information order, it—
(a) makes a statement which it knows to be false or misleading in a
material particular, or
(b) recklessly makes a statement which is false or misleading in a material
particular.

A financial institution guilty of an offence under subsection (3) is liable—

(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding the statutory
maximum, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine.

Statements

A statement made by a financial institution in response to a customer
information order may not be used in evidence against it in criminal
proceedings.

But subsection (1) does not apply —
(a) in the case of proceedings under Part 3,
(b) ona prosecution for an offence under section 400(1) or (3), or


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 265
Part 10 — Information

441
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

permitted person thinks appropriate; and the information must not be further
disclosed in contravention of the conditions.

Disclosure of information by Lord Advocate and by Scottish Ministers

Information obtained by or on behalf of the Lord Advocate in connection with
the exercise of any of his functions under Chapter 3 of Part 5 may be disclosed
to the Scottish Ministers in connection with the exercise of any of their
functions under that Part.

Information obtained by or on behalf of the Lord Advocate in connection with
the exercise of any of his functions under Part 3 or by or on behalf of the
Scottish Ministers in connection with the exercise of any of their functions
under Part 5 may be disclosed by him or by them if the disclosure is for the
purposes of any of the following —
(a) any criminal investigation which is being or may be carried out
whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere;
(b) any criminal proceedings which have been or may be started, whether
in the United Kingdom or elsewhere;
(c) the exercise of the functions of the Lord Advocate under Part 3;
d) the exercise of the functions of the Scottish Ministers under Part 5;
(e) _ the exercise by the prosecutor of functions under Parts 2, 3 and 4;
(f) the exercise of the Director’s functions;
(g) the exercise by a customs officer or a constable of his functions under
Chapter 3 of Part 5;
(h) safeguarding national security;
(i) investigations or proceedings outside the United Kingdom which have
led or may lead to the making of an external order within the meaning
of section 447;
(j)_ the exercise of a designated function.

If the Lord Advocate makes a disclosure of information for a purpose specified
in subsection (2) he may make any further disclosure of the information by the
person to whom he discloses it subject to such conditions as he thinks fit.

If the Scottish Ministers make a disclosure of information for a purpose
specified in subsection (2) they may make any further disclosure of the
information by the person to whom they disclose it subject to such conditions
as they think fit.

A person mentioned in subsection (3) or (4) must not further disclose the
information in contravention of the conditions.

A disclosure under this section is not to be taken to breach any restriction on
the disclosure of information (however imposed).

But nothing in this section authorises the making of a disclosure —
(a) which contravenes the Data Protection Act 1998 (c. 29);
(b) which is prohibited by Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers
Act 2000 (c. 23).

This section does not affect a power to disclose which exists apart from this
section.

A designated function is a function which the Scottish Ministers think is a
function of a public nature and which they designate by order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

(7)

204

(2)

First he must apply them in payment of such expenses incurred by a person
acting as an insolvency practitioner as —

(a) are payable under this subsection by virtue of section 432, but

(b) are not already paid under section 202(2)(a).

If the chief clerk received the sums under section 202 he must next apply
them —

(a) first, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of a receiver
appointed under section 196, to the extent that they have not been met
by virtue of the exercise by that receiver of a power conferred under
section 197(2)(d);

(b) second, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of the receiver
appointed under section 198.

If a direction was made under section 163(6) for an amount of compensation to
be paid out of sums recovered under the confiscation order, the chief clerk
must next apply the sums in payment of that amount.

If any amount remains after the chief clerk makes any payments required by
the preceding provisions of this section, the amount must be treated for the
purposes of section 20 of the Administration of Justice Act (Northern Ireland)
1954 (c. 9 (N.1.)) (application of fines) as if it were a fine.

Subsection (4) does not apply if the receiver is a member of the staff of the
Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland or of the Commissioners
of Customs and Excise; and it is immaterial whether he is a permanent or
temporary member or he is on secondment from elsewhere.

Director’s receivers

This section applies to sums which are in the hands of a receiver appointed
under section 200 if they are—
(a) the proceeds of the realisation of property under section 201;
(b) sums (other than those mentioned in paragraph (a)) in which the
defendant holds an interest.

The sums must be applied as follows —

(a) first, they must be applied in payment of such expenses incurred by a
person acting as an insolvency practitioner as are payable under this
subsection by virtue of section 432;

(b) second, they must be applied in making any payments directed by the
Crown Court;

(c) third, they must be applied on the defendant’s behalf towards
satisfaction of the confiscation order by being paid to the Director on
account of the amount payable under it.

If the amount payable under the confiscation order has been fully paid and any
sums remain in the receiver’s hands he must distribute them —
(a) among such persons who held (or hold) interests in the property
concerned as the Crown Court directs, and
(b) in such proportions as it directs.

Before making a direction under subsection (3) the court must give persons
who held (or hold) interests in the property concerned a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 93
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(11)

145

(4)

(a) which was obtained by the accused as a result of or in connection with
his general criminal conduct, or

(b) which (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly) represented
in the accused’s hands property obtained by him as a result of or in
connection with his general criminal conduct.

Subsection (5) applies if a court has decided that an accused does not have a
criminal lifestyle.

A gift is tainted if it was made by the accused at any time after —
(a) the date on which the offence concerned was committed, or
(b) if his particular criminal conduct consists of two or more offences and
they were committed on different dates, the earliest of those dates.

For the purposes of subsection (5) an offence which is a continuing offence is
committed on the first occasion when it is committed.

A gift may be a tainted gift whether it was made before or after the passing of
this Act.

The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with —
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were instituted
against the accused, or
(b) if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were
instituted on different days, the earliest of those days.

If the accused transfers property to another person (whether directly or
indirectly) for a consideration whose value is significantly less than the value
of the property at the time of the transfer, he is to be treated as making a gift.

If subsection (9) applies the property given is to be treated as such share in the
property transferred as is represented by the fraction —
(a) whose numerator is the difference between the two values mentioned
in subsection (9), and
(b) whose denominator is the value of the property at the time of the
transfer.

References to a recipient of a tainted gift are to a person to whom the accused
has (whether directly or indirectly) made the gift.

Value: the basic rule

This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value at any time of
property then held by a person.

Its value is the market value of the property at that time.

But if at that time another person holds an interest in the property its value, in
relation to the person mentioned in subsection (1), is the market value of his
interest at that time ignoring any charging order under a provision listed in
subsection (4).

The provisions are—
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 199/2588 (N.I. 17));


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 279
Schedule 3 — Administrators: further provision

(3) An administrator is entitled to have access to, and to copy, any document
relating to the property or to A’s assets, business or financial affairs and not
falling within sub-paragraph (2)(a).

(4) An administrator may bring, defend or continue any legal proceedings
relating to the property.

(5) An administrator may borrow money so far as it is necessary to do so to
safeguard the property and may for the purposes of such borrowing create
asecurity over any part of the property.

(6) An administrator may, if he considers that it would be beneficial for the
management or realisation of the property —
(a) carry on any business of A;
(b) exercise any right of A as holder of securities in a company;
(c) grant a lease of the property or take on lease any other property;
(d) enter into any contract, or execute any deed, as regards the property
or as regards A’s business.
(7) An administrator may, where any right, option or other power forms part of
A’s estate, make payments or incur liabilities with a view to—
(a) obtaining property which is the subject of, or
(b) maintaining,
the right, option or power.

(8) An administrator may effect or maintain insurance policies as regards the
property on A’s business.

(9) An administrator may, if appointed under section 128(3), complete any
uncompleted title which A has to any heritable estate; but completion of title
in A’s name does not validate by accretion any unperfected right in favour
of any person other than the administrator.

(10) An administrator may sell, purchase or exchange property or discharge any
security for an obligation due to A; but it is incompetent for the
administrator or an associate of his (within the meaning of section 74 of the
Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)) to purchase any of A’s property in
pursuance of this sub-paragraph.

(11) An administrator may claim, vote and draw dividends in the sequestration
of the estate (or bankruptcy or liquidation) of a debtor of A and may accede
to a voluntary trust deed for creditors of such a debtor.

(12) An administrator may discharge any of his functions through agents or
employees, but is personally liable to meet the fees and expenses of any such
agent or employee out of such remuneration as is payable to the
administrator on a determination by the accountant of court.

(13) An administrator may take such professional advice as he considers
necessary in connection with the exercise of his functions.

(14) An administrator may at any time apply to the court for directions as
regards the exercise of his functions.

(15) An administrator may exercise any power specifically conferred on him by
the court, whether conferred on his appointment or subsequently.
(16) An administrator may —
(a) enter any premises;
(b) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;


274

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 1 — Assets Recovery Agency

SCHEDULES

SCHEDULE 1 Section 1

ASSETS RECOVERY AGENCY

Director's terms of appointment

1

(1) The Director holds office for the period determined by the Secretary of State
on his appointment (or re-appointment) to the office.
(2) But—
(a) the Director may at any time resign by giving notice to the Secretary
of State;

(b) the Secretary of State may at any time remove the Director from
office if satisfied that he is unable or unfit to exercise his functions.

2 Subject to that, the Director holds office on the terms determined by the
Secretary of State with the approval of the Minister for the Civil Service.
Staff
3. (1) The members of staff of the Agency must include—

(a) adeputy to the Director who is to act as Director during any vacancy
in that office or if the Director is absent, subject to suspension or
unable to act, and

(b) an assistant to the Director with responsibilities in relation to the
exercise of the Director’s functions in Northern Ireland.

(2) But the Director must not appoint a person under sub-paragraph (1)(b)
unless he first consults the Secretary of State.
4 The members of staff of the Agency hold office on the terms determined by
the Director with the approval of the Minister for the Civil Service.
Finances
5 (1) These amounts are to be paid out of money provided by Parliament—

(a) the remuneration of the Director and the staff of the Agency;
(b) any expenses incurred by the Director or any of the staff in the
exercise of his or their functions.

(2) Subject to anything in this Act any sums received by the Director are to be

paid into the Consolidated Fund.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 53
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

82 Free property

Property is free unless an order is in force in respect of it under any of these
provisions —

(a) section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) (forfeiture orders);

(b) Article 11 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (5.1.
1994/2795 (N.1. 15)) (deprivation orders);

(c) Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43) (forfeiture of
property used in crime);

(d) section 143 of the Sentencing Act (deprivation orders);
section 23 or 111 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (forfeiture orders);
section 246, 266, 295(2) or 298(2) of this Act.

SE

83. Realisable property

Realisable property is —
(a) any free property held by the defendant;
(b) any free property held by the recipient of a tainted gift.

84 _— Property: general provisions

(1) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of real or personal property;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.

(2) The following rules apply in relation to property —

(a) property is held by a person if he holds an interest in it;

(b) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;

(c) property is transferred by one person to another if the first one transfers
or grants an interest in it to the second;

(d) references to property held by a person include references to property
vested in his trustee in bankruptcy, permanent or interim trustee
(within the meaning of the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)) or
liquidator;

(e) references to an interest held by a person beneficially in property
include references to an interest which would be held by him
beneficially if the property were not so vested;

(f) references to an interest, in relation to land in England and Wales or
Northern Ireland, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or power;

(g) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;

(h) _ references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

85 Proceedings

(1) Proceedings for an offence are started —

(a) when a justice of the peace issues a summons or warrant under section
1 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43) in respect of the offence;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 39
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3)

(4)

57

(5)

(a) first, they must be applied in payment of such expenses incurred by a
person acting as an insolvency practitioner as are payable under this
subsection by virtue of section 432;

(b) second, they must be applied in making any payments directed by the
Crown Court;

(c) third, they must be applied on the defendant’s behalf towards
satisfaction of the confiscation order by being paid to the Director on
account of the amount payable under it.

If the amount payable under the confiscation order has been fully paid and any
sums remain in the receiver’s hands he must distribute them—

(a) among such persons who held (or hold) interests in the property
concerned as the Crown Court directs, and
(b) in such proportions as it directs.

Before making a direction under subsection (3) the court must give persons
who held (or hold) interests in the property concerned a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

For the purposes of subsections (3) and (4) the property concerned is —
(a) the property represented by the proceeds mentioned in subsection
(fa);

(b) the sums mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

Sums received by Director

This section applies if the Director receives sums on account of the amount
payable under a confiscation order (whether the sums are received under
section 56 or otherwise).

The Director’s receipt of the sums reduces the amount payable under the
order, but he must apply the sums received as follows.

First he must apply them in payment of such expenses incurred by a person
acting as an insolvency practitioner as —

(a) are payable under this subsection by virtue of section 432, but

(b) are not already paid under section 56(2)(a).

If the Director received the sums under section 56 he must next apply them—
(a) first, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of a receiver
appointed under section 48, to the extent that they have not been met
by virtue of the exercise by that receiver of a power conferred under
section 49(2)(d);
(b) second, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of the receiver
appointed under section 52.

If a direction was made under section 13(6) for an amount of compensation to
be paid out of sums recovered under the confiscation order, the Director must
next apply the sums in payment of that amount.

Subsection (4) does not apply if the receiver is a member of the staff of the
Agency or a person providing services under arrangements made by the
Director.


264

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 10 — Information

440

(5)

(d) the Director of the Serious Fraud Office;

(e) the Commissioners of Inland Revenue;

(f) the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;

(g) the Director of Public Prosecutions;

(h) the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland.

The Scottish Ministers may by order designate as permitted persons other
persons who exercise functions which they believe are of a public nature.

But an order under subsection (6) must specify the functions in respect of
which the designation is made.

Information must not be disclosed under this section on behalf of the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue or on behalf of the Commissioners of
Customs and Excise unless the Commissioners concerned authorise the
disclosure.

The power to authorise a disclosure under subsection (8) may be delegated
(either generally or for a specified purpose) —

(a) in the case of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, to an officer of the
Board of Inland Revenue;

(b) in the case of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, to a customs
officer.

Further disclosure

Subsection (2) applies to information obtained under section 439 from the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue or from the Commissioners of Customs and
Excise or from a person acting on behalf of either of them.

Such information must not be further disclosed except—
(a) for a purpose connected with the exercise of the functions of the Lord
Advocate under Part 3 and of the Scottish Ministers under Part 5, and
(b) with the consent of the Commissioners concerned.

Consent under subsection (2) may be given —
(a) in relation to a particular disclosure;

(b) in relation to disclosures made in circumstances specified or described
in the consent.

The power to consent to further disclosure under subsection (2)(b) may be
delegated (either generally or for a specified purpose) —
(a) in the case of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, to an officer of the
Board of Inland Revenue;
(b) in the case of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, to a customs
officer.

Subsection (6) applies to information obtained under section 439 from a
permitted person other than the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise or a person acting on behalf of either of
them.

A permitted person who discloses such information to the Lord Advocate or to
the Scottish Ministers may make the disclosure subject to such conditions as to
further disclosure by the Lord Advocate or by the Scottish Ministers as the


160 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

263 Exclusion of property which is not recoverable etc.

(1) If the court decides that any property to which an interim administration order
applies is neither recoverable property nor associated property, it must vary
the order so as to exclude it.

(2) The court may vary an interim administration order so as to exclude from the
property to which the order applies any property which is alleged to be
associated property if the court thinks that the satisfaction of any right of the
enforcement authority to recover the property obtained through unlawful
conduct will not be prejudiced.

(3) The court may exclude any property within subsection (2) on any terms or
conditions, applying while the interim administration order has effect, which
the court thinks necessary or expedient.

264 Reporting

(1) An interim administration order must require the interim administrator to
inform the enforcement authority and the court as soon as reasonably
practicable if he thinks that —

(a) any property to which the order applies by virtue of a claim that it is
recoverable property is not recoverable property,

(b) any property to which the order applies by virtue of a claim that it is
associated property is not associated property,

(c) any property to which the order does not apply is recoverable property
(in relation to the same unlawful conduct) or associated property, or

(d) any property to which the order applies is held by a person who is
different from the person it is claimed holds it,

or if he thinks that there has been any other material change of circumstances.

(2) An interim administration order must require the interim administrator —
(a) to report his findings to the court,
(b) to serve copies of his report on the enforcement authority and on any
person who holds any property to which the order applies or who may
otherwise be affected by the report.

265 Arrestment of property affected by interim administration order

(1) On the application of the enforcement authority or the interim administrator
the Court of Session may, in relation to moveable recoverable property to
which an interim administration order applies (whether generally or such of it
as is specified in the application), grant warrant for arrestment.

(2) An application by the enforcement authority under subsection (1) may be
made at the same time as the application for the interim administration order
or at any time thereafter.

(3) Such a warrant for arrestment may be granted only if the property would be
arrestable if the person entitled to it were a debtor.

(4) A warrant under subsection (1) has effect as if granted on the dependence of an
action for debt at the instance of the enforcement authority or, as the case may
be, the interim administrator against the person and may be executed, recalled,
loosed or restricted accordingly.


88

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(3)

On an application under this section the court may make such order as it thinks
appropriate.

135 Recall and variation of order

(1)

(2)

The prosecutor, an administrator and any other person affected by an order
made under section 125 or 128 may apply to the court to vary or recall the
order.

On an application under this section the court —
(a) may vary the order;
(b) may recall the order.

But in the case of an order under section 125—

(a) _ if the condition in section 119 which was satisfied was that proceedings
were started or an application was made, the court must recall the order
on the conclusion of the proceedings or of the application (as the case
may be);

(b) if the condition which was satisfied was that an investigation was
started or an application was to be made, the court must recall the order
if within a reasonable time proceedings for the offence are not started
or the application is not made (as the case may be).

136 Appeals

(1)

(2)

If on an application for an order under section 125 or 128 the court decides not
to make one, the prosecutor may appeal to the Court of Session against the
decision.

If the court makes an order under section 125 or 128 the following persons may
appeal to the Court of Session in respect of the court’s decision—

(a) the prosecutor;
(b) any person affected by the order.

If on an application for an order under section 134 the court decides not to
make one, the person who applied for the order may appeal to the Court of
Session against the decision.

If the court makes an order under section 134, the following persons may
appeal to the Court of Session in respect of the court’s decision—

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order;
(c) the administrator.

The following persons may appeal to the Court of Session against a decision of
the court on an application under section 135 —

(a) the person who applied for the order in respect of which the application
was made;

(b) any person affected by the court’s decision;
(c) the administrator.

On an appeal under this section the Court of Session may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.


246 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 4 — Interpretation

(2) A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property or a pecuniary
advantage as a result of or in connection with the conduct.

(3) References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in
both that connection and some other.

(4) If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the property or pecuniary
advantage obtained as a result of or in connection with the conduct.

(5) It is immaterial —
(a) whether conduct occurred before or after the passing of this Act, and

(b) whether property or a pecuniary advantage constituting a benefit from
conduct was obtained before or after the passing of this Act.

414 Property

(1) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of property, real or personal, heritable or moveable;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.
(2) “Recoverable property” and “associated property” have the same meanings as
in Part 5.

(3) The following rules apply in relation to property —
(a) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;
(b) references to an interest, in relation to land in England and Wales or
Northern Ireland, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or power;

(c) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;

(d) references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

415 Money laundering offences
(1) An offence under section 327, 328 or 329 is a money laundering offence.

(2) Each of the following is a money laundering offence —
(a) an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to commit an offence specified in
subsection (1);
(b) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence
specified in subsection (1).

416 Other interpretative provisions

(1) These expressions are to be construed in accordance with these provisions of
this Part—
civil recovery investigation: section 341(2) and (3)
confiscation investigation: section 341(1)
money laundering investigation: section 341(4)


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 13.
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;
b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

(5) In section 10—
(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

(6) The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 6 is such amount as —
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 7.

(7) In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—
(a) the amount found under section 7;

(b) any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 9;

(d) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders).

(8) If an order for the payment of compensation under section 130 of the
Sentencing Act has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence
or offences concerned, section 13(5) and (6) above do not apply.

(9) The relevant date is —

(a) if the court made a decision not to proceed under section 6, the date of
the decision;

(b) if the court did not make such a decision, the date of conviction.

(10) The date of conviction is—

(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or

(b) _ if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

20 No order made: reconsideration of benefit
(1) This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that in proceeding under section 6 the court has decided
that—
(a) the defendant has a criminal lifestyle but has not benefited from his
general criminal conduct, or
(b) the defendant does not have a criminal lifestyle and has not benefited
from his particular criminal conduct.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 215
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(8)

(9)

(10)

(3)

355
(1)

(3)

(4)

In the case of a money laundering investigation, material falls within this
subsection if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—
(a) relates to the person specified in the application or the question
whether he has committed a money laundering offence, and

(b) is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.

The requirements are—

a) that it is not practicable to communicate with any person entitled to
P 'y P'
grant entry to the premises;

(b) that entry to the premises will not be granted unless a warrant is
produced;

(c) that the investigation might be seriously prejudiced unless an
appropriate person arriving at the premises is able to secure immediate
entry to them.

An appropriate person is—

(a) a constable or a customs officer, if the warrant is sought for the
purposes of a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation;

(b) amember of the staff of the Agency, if the warrant is sought for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

Further provisions: general

A search and seizure warrant does not confer the right to seize privileged
material.

Privileged material is any material which a person would be entitled to refuse
to produce on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in the
High Court.

A search and seizure warrant does not confer the right to seize excluded
material.

Further provisions: confiscation and money laundering

This section applies to—

(a) search and seizure warrants sought for the purposes of a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, and

(b) powers of seizure under them.
In relation to such warrants and powers, the Secretary of State may make an

order which applies the provisions to which subsections (3) and (4) apply
subject to any specified modifications.

This subsection applies to the following provisions of the Police and Criminal
Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60) —

(a) section 15 (search warrants - safeguards);

(b) section 16 (execution of warrants);
(c) section 21 (access and copying);
(d) section 22 (retention).

This subsection applies to the following provisions of the Police and Criminal
Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/1341 (N.1. 12))—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 223
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

368

369
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

370

by or on behalf of the financial institution in the proceedings arising out of the
prosecution.

Disclosure of information

A customer information order has effect in spite of any restriction on the
disclosure of information (however imposed).

Supplementary

An application for a customer information order may be made ex parte to a
judge in chambers.

Rules of court may make provision as to the practice and procedure to be
followed in connection with proceedings relating to customer information
orders.

An application to discharge or vary a customer information order may be
made to the court by —

(a) the person who applied for the order;

(b) any person affected by the order.

The court —
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

If an accredited financial investigator, a constable or a customs officer applies
for a customer information order, an application to discharge or vary the order
need not be by the same accredited financial investigator, constable or customs
officer.

References to a person who applied for a customer information order must be
construed accordingly.

An accredited financial investigator, a constable or a customs officer may not
make an application for a customer information order or an application to vary
such an order unless he is a senior appropriate officer or he is authorised to do
so by a senior appropriate officer.

Subsections (2) to (6) do not apply to orders made in England and Wales for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

Account monitoring orders

Account monitoring orders

A judge may, on an application made to him by an appropriate officer, make
an account monitoring order if he is satisfied that each of the requirements for
the making of the order is fulfilled.

The application for an account monitoring order must state that —
(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or
(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and a person specified in the application appears to hold
the property.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 9
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3)

(4)
(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

15
(1)

(2)

A period of postponement (including one as extended) must not end after the
permitted period ends.

But subsection (3) does not apply if there are exceptional circumstances.

The permitted period is the period of two years starting with the date of
conviction.

But if —

(a) the defendant appeals against his conviction for the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned, and
(b) the period of three months (starting with the day when the appeal is
determined or otherwise disposed of) ends after the period found
under subsection (5),
the permitted period is that period of three months.

A postponement or extension may be made—
(a) on application by the defendant;
(b) on application by the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be);
(c) _ by the court of its own motion.

If—

(a) proceedings are postponed for a period, and

(b) an application to extend the period is made before it ends,
the application may be granted even after the period ends.

The date of conviction is—
(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or

(b) _ if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

References to appealing include references to applying under section 111 of the
Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43) (statement of case).

A confiscation order must not be quashed only on the ground that there was a
defect or omission in the procedure connected with the application for or the
granting of a postponement.

But subsection (11) does not apply if before it made the confiscation order the
court—

(a) imposed a fine on the defendant;
(b) made an order falling within section 13(3);

(c) made an order under section 130 of the Sentencing Act (compensation
orders).

Effect of postponement

If the court postpones proceedings under section 6 it may proceed to sentence
the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned.

In sentencing the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned
in the postponement period the court must not—

(a) impose a fine on him,
(b) make an order falling within section 13(3), or


92

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

143
(1)

(3)

144
(1)

(a) benefit from conduct which constitutes the offence;

(b) benefit from any other conduct which forms part of the course of
criminal activity and which constitutes an offence of which the accused
has been convicted.

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (1)(c) is benefit from conduct
which constitutes the offence.

The Scottish Ministers may by order amend Schedule 4.

The Scottish Ministers may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (3).

Conduct and benefit

Criminal conduct is conduct which —
(a) constitutes an offence in Scotland, or
(b) would constitute such an offence if it had occurred in Scotland.

General criminal conduct of the accused is all his criminal conduct, and it is
immaterial —

(a) whether conduct occurred before or after the passing of this Act;

(b) whether property constituting a benefit from conduct was obtained
before or after the passing of this Act.

Particular criminal conduct of the accused is all his criminal conduct which
falls within the following paragraphs —

(a) conduct which constitutes the offence or offences concerned;

(b) conduct which constitutes offences of which he was convicted in the
same proceedings as those in which he was convicted of the offence or
offences concerned.

A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property as a result of or in
connection with the conduct.

If a person obtains a pecuniary advantage as a result of or in connection with
conduct, he is to be taken to obtain as a result of or in connection with the
conduct a sum of money equal to the value of the pecuniary advantage.

References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained both
in that connection and in some other.

If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the value of the property
obtained.
Tainted gifts and their recipients

Subsections (2) and (3) apply if—
(a) no court has made a decision as to whether the accused has a criminal
lifestyle, or

(b) acourt has decided that the accused has a criminal lifestyle.
A gift is tainted if it was made by the accused at any time after the relevant day.

A gift is also tainted if it was made by the accused at any time and was of
property —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 149
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(2) A confiscation order is subject to appeal until there is no further possibility of
an appeal on which the order could be varied or quashed; and for this purpose
any power to grant leave to appeal out of time must be ignored.

236 Other interpretative provisions

(1) A reference to the offence (or offences) concerned must be construed in
accordance with section 156(9).

2) A criminal investigation is an investigation which police officers or other
8 8 P
persons have a duty to conduct with a view to it being ascertained whether a
person should be charged with an offence.

(3) A defendant is a person against whom proceedings for an offence have been
started (whether or not he has been convicted).

(4) A reference to sentencing the defendant for an offence includes a reference to
dealing with him otherwise in respect of the offence.

(5) The following paragraphs apply to references to orders —
(a) aconfiscation order is an order under section 156;
(b) arestraint order is an order under section 190.

(6) Sections 223 to 235 and this section apply for the purposes of this Part.
General

237 Procedure on appeal to the Court of Appeal

(1) An appeal to the Court of Appeal under this Part lies only with the leave of that
Court.

(2) In relation to appeals to the Court of Appeal under this Part, the Secretary of
State may make an order containing provision corresponding to any provision
in the Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 (c. 47) (subject to any
specified modifications).

238 Procedure on appeal to the House of Lords

In relation to appeals to the House of Lords under this Part, the Secretary of
State may make an order containing provision corresponding to any provision
in the Criminal Appeal (Northern Ireland) Act 1980 (subject to any specified
modifications).

239 Crown Court Rules

In relation to—
(a) proceedings under this Part, or
(b) receivers appointed under this Part,
Crown Court Rules may make provision corresponding to provision in rules of

court (within the meaning of section 120(1) of the Judicature (Northern Ireland)
Act 1978 (c. 23).


296 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

(2) Instead, the proceeds from the balancing event are the sum of —
(a) any compensating payments made to any of the partners, and
(b) in the case of each partner to whom a compensating payment has not
been made, his share of the amount which is equal to the residue of
qualifying expenditure immediately before the Part 5 transfer.

(3) A partner’s share of that amount is to be determined according to the profit-
sharing arrangements for the twelve months ending immediately before the
date of the Part 5 transfer.

21 Paragraphs 18 to 20 have effect as if they were included in Part 3 of the
Allowances Act 2001.

Flat conversion

22 (1) If there is a Part 5 transfer of a relevant interest in a flat, Part 4A of the
Allowances Act 2001 is to have effect as if the transfer were a balancing event
within section 393N of that Act.

(2) But the Part 5 transfer is not to be treated as a balancing event for the
purposes of Part 4A of that Act other than by virtue of sub-paragraph (1).
23 (1) Ifa compensating payment is made to the transferor, the proceeds from the
balancing event are the amount of the payment.
(2) Otherwise, the proceeds from the balancing event are the amount which is
equal to the residue of qualifying expenditure immediately before the
transfer.

24 (1

Paragraph 23 does not apply to determine the proceeds from the balancing
event if —

(a) the relevant interest in the flat is partnership property, and
(b) compensating payments are made to one or more, but not both or all,
of the partners.

8

Instead, the proceeds from the balancing event are the sum of —
(a) any compensating payments made to any of the partners, and
(b) in the case of each partner to whom a compensating payment has not
been made, his share of the amount which is equal to the residue of
qualifying expenditure immediately before the transfer.

(3) A partner’s share of that amount is to be determined according to the profit-
sharing arrangements for the twelve months ending immediately before the
date of the transfer.

25 Paragraphs 22 to 24 have effect as if they were included in Part 4A of the
Allowances Act 2001.

Research and development

26 If there is a Part 5 transfer of an asset representing qualifying expenditure
incurred by a person, the disposal value he is required to bring into account
under section 443(1) of the Allowances Act 2001 for any chargeable period is
to be determined as follows (and not in accordance with subsection (4) of
that section).

7 (l

If a compensating payment is made to the transferor, the disposal value he
is required to bring into account is the amount of the payment.

(2) Otherwise, the disposal value he is required to bring into account is nil.


152

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

246

(7)

(8)

247
(1)

(c) if the recoverable property is a tenancy in common, the tenancy of the
other tenant,

(d) if (in Scotland) the recoverable property is owned in common, the
interest of the other owner,

(e) if the recoverable property is part of a larger property, but not a
separate part, the remainder of that property.

References to property being associated with recoverable property are to be
read accordingly.

No property is to be treated as associated with recoverable property consisting
of rights under a pension scheme (within the meaning of sections 273 to 275).

Interim receiving orders (England and Wales and Northern Ireland)

Application for interim receiving order

Where the enforcement authority may take proceedings for a recovery order in
the High Court, the authority may apply to the court for an interim receiving
order (whether before or after starting the proceedings).

An interim receiving order is an order for—
(a) the detention, custody or preservation of property, and
(b) the appointment of an interim receiver.

An application for an interim receiving order may be made without notice if
the circumstances are such that notice of the application would prejudice any
right of the enforcement authority to obtain a recovery order in respect of any
property.

The court may make an interim receiving order on the application if it is
satisfied that the conditions in subsections (5) and, where applicable, (6) are
met.

The first condition is that there is a good arguable case—
(a) that the property to which the application for the order relates is or
includes recoverable property, and
(b) _ that, if any of it is not recoverable property, it is associated property.

The second condition is that, if—
(a) the property to which the application for the order relates includes
property alleged to be associated property, and
(b) the enforcement authority has not established the identity of the person
who holds it,
the authority has taken all reasonable steps to do so.

In its application for an interim receiving order, the enforcement authority
must nominate a suitably qualified person for appointment as interim receiver,
but the nominee may not be a member of the staff of the Agency.

The extent of the power to make an interim receiving order is not limited by
sections 247 to 255.

Functions of interim receiver

An interim receiving order may authorise or require the interim receiver —


156 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

254 Exclusion of property which is not recoverable etc.

(1) If the court decides that any property to which an interim receiving order
applies is neither recoverable property nor associated property, it must vary
the order so as to exclude it.

(2) The court may vary an interim receiving order so as to exclude from the
property to which the order applies any property which is alleged to be
associated property if the court thinks that the satisfaction of any right of the
enforcement authority to recover the property obtained through unlawful
conduct will not be prejudiced.

(3) The court may exclude any property within subsection (2) on any terms or
conditions, applying while the interim receiving order has effect, which the
court thinks necessary or expedient.

255 Reporting

(1) An interim receiving order must require the interim receiver to inform the
enforcement authority and the court as soon as reasonably practicable if he
thinks that—

(a) any property to which the order applies by virtue of a claim that it is
recoverable property is not recoverable property,

(b) any property to which the order applies by virtue of a claim that it is
associated property is not associated property,

(c) any property to which the order does not apply is recoverable property
(in relation to the same unlawful conduct) or associated property, or

(d) any property to which the order applies is held by a person who is
different from the person it is claimed holds it,

or if he thinks that there has been any other material change of circumstances.

(2) An interim receiving order must require the interim receiver —
(a) to report his findings to the court,

(b) to serve copies of his report on the enforcement authority and on any
person who holds any property to which the order applies or who may
otherwise be affected by the report.

Interim administration orders (Scotland)

256 Application for interim administration order

(1) Where the enforcement authority may take proceedings for a recovery order in
the Court of Session, the authority may apply to the court for an interim
administration order (whether before or after starting the proceedings).

(2) An interim administration order is an order for—
(a) the detention, custody or preservation of property, and
(b) the appointment of an interim administrator.

(3) An application for an interim administration order may be made without
notice if the circumstances are such that notice of the application would
prejudice any right of the enforcement authority to obtain a recovery order in
respect of any property.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 21
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(6)

(7)

29
(1)

(3)

(a)

any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 6 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

the court must not make an order under section 6 unless the prosecutor
or the Director (as the case may be) has taken reasonable steps to
contact the defendant;

section 6(9) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (2) of this section;

sections 10, 16(4) and 17 to 20 must be ignored;

section 21 must be ignored while the defendant is still an absconder.

Once the defendant has ceased to be an absconder section 21 has effect as if
references to the date of conviction were to—

(a)
(b)

If—
(a)
(b)

the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or

if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.

the court makes an order under section 6 as applied by this section, and

the defendant is later convicted in proceedings before the Crown Court
of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned,

section 6 does not apply so far as that conviction is concerned.

Variation of order

This section applies if —

(a)

(e)

the court makes a confiscation order under section 6 as applied by
section 28,

the defendant ceases to be an absconder,

he is convicted of an offence (or any of the offences) mentioned in
section 28(2)(a),

he believes that the amount required to be paid was too large (taking
the circumstances prevailing when the amount was found for the
purposes of the order), and

before the end of the relevant period he applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence on which his belief is based.

If (after considering the evidence) the court concludes that the defendant’s
belief is well founded —

(a)

(b)

it must find the amount which should have been the amount required
to be paid (taking the circumstances prevailing when the amount was
found for the purposes of the order), and

it may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as it believes is just.

The relevant period is the period of 28 days starting with —

(a)
(b)

the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
mentioned in section 28(2)(a), or

if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

But in a case where section 28(2)(a) applies to more than one offence the court
must not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied that there is no


162

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(4)

In deciding whether it would be just and equitable to make the provision in the
recovery order where the conditions in subsection (4) or (as the case may be)
(5) are met, the court must have regard to—
(a) the degree of detriment that would be suffered by the respondent if the
provision were made,
(b) the enforcement authority’s interest in receiving the realised proceeds
of the recoverable property.

A recovery order may sever any property.

A recovery order may impose conditions as to the manner in which the trustee
for civil recovery may deal with any property vested by the order for the
purpose of realising it.

This section is subject to sections 270 to 278.

Functions of the trustee for civil recovery

The trustee for civil recovery is a person appointed by the court to give effect
to a recovery order.

The enforcement authority must nominate a suitably qualified person for
appointment as the trustee.

The functions of the trustee are—
(a) to secure the detention, custody or preservation of any property vested
in him by the recovery order,
(b) in the case of property other than money, to realise the value of the
property for the benefit of the enforcement authority, and
(c) to perform any other functions conferred on him by virtue of this
Chapter.

In performing his functions, the trustee acts on behalf of the enforcement
authority and must comply with any directions given by the authority.

The trustee is to realise the value of property vested in him by the recovery
order, so far as practicable, in the manner best calculated to maximise the
amount payable to the enforcement authority.

The trustee has the powers mentioned in Schedule 7.

References in this section to a recovery order include an order under section
276 and references to property vested in the trustee by a recovery order include
property vested in him in pursuance of an order under section 276.

Recording of recovery order (Scotland)

The clerk of the court must immediately after the making of a recovery order
which relates to heritable property situated in Scotland send a certified copy of
it to the keeper of the register of inhibitions and adjudications for recording in
that register.

Recording under subsection (1) is to have the effect, as from the date of the
recovery order, of an inhibition at the instance of the trustee for civil recovery
against the person in whom the heritable property was vest prior to that date.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 263
Part 10 — Information

(2)

(3)

439

(i) the exercise of a designated function.

Subsection (1) does not apply to information obtained by the Director or on his
behalf in connection with the exercise of his functions under Part 6.

But such information may be disclosed by the Director —
(a) to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue;

(b) to the Lord Advocate for the purpose of the exercise by the Lord
Advocate of his functions under Part 3.

Information disclosed to the Lord Advocate under subsection (3)(b) may be
further disclosed by him only to the Scottish Ministers for the purpose of the
exercise by them of their functions under Part 5.

If the Director makes a disclosure of information for a purpose specified in
subsection (1) he may make any further disclosure of the information by the
person to whom he discloses it subject to such conditions as he thinks fit.

Such a person must not further disclose the information in contravention of the
conditions.

A disclosure under this section is not to be taken to breach any restriction on
the disclosure of information (however imposed).

But nothing in this section authorises the making of a disclosure —
(a) which contravenes the Data Protection Act 1998 (c. 29);

(b) which is prohibited by Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers
Act 2000 (c. 23).

A designated function is a function which the Secretary of State thinks is a
function of a public nature and which he designates by order.

Scotland

Disclosure of information to Lord Advocate and to Scottish Ministers

Information which is held by or on behalf of a permitted person (whether it
was obtained before or after the coming into force of this section) may be
disclosed to the Lord Advocate in connection with the exercise of any of his
functions under Part 3 or to the Scottish Ministers in connection with the
exercise of any of their functions under Part 5.

A disclosure under this section is not to be taken to breach any restriction on
the disclosure of information (however imposed).

But nothing in this section authorises the making of a disclosure —
(a) which contravenes the Data Protection Act 1998;

(b) which is prohibited by Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers
Act 2000.

This section does not affect a power to disclose which exists apart from this
section.

These are permitted persons —
(a) aconstable;

(b) the Director General of the National Criminal Intelligence Service;
(c) the Director General of the National Crime Squad;


218 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(a) imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months,
(b) a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or
(c) both.

(3) A person commits an offence if, in purported compliance with a requirement
imposed on him under a disclosure order, he —

(a) makes a statement which he knows to be false or misleading in a
material particular, or

(b) recklessly makes a statement which is false or misleading in a material
particular.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (3) is liable —
(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or
(b) onconviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two years or to a fine or to both.

360 Statements

(1) A statement made by a person in response to a requirement imposed on him
under a disclosure order may not be used in evidence against him in criminal
proceedings.

(2) But subsection (1) does not apply —

(a) in the case of proceedings under Part 2 or 4,

(b) ona prosecution for an offence under section 359(1) or (3),

(c) ona prosecution for an offence under section 5 of the Perjury Act 1911
(c. 6) or Article 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (S.1.
1979/1714 (N.I. 19)) (false statements), or

(d) ona prosecution for some other offence where, in giving evidence, the
person makes a statement inconsistent with the statement mentioned in
subsection (1).

(3) A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(d) against a person
unless —
(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or
(b) a question relating to it is asked,
by him or on his behalf in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.

361 Further provisions

(1) A disclosure order does not confer the right to require a person to answer any
privileged question, provide any privileged information or produce any
privileged document, except that a lawyer may be required to provide the
name and address of a client of his.

(2) A privileged question is a question which the person would be entitled to
refuse to answer on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in
the High Court.

(3) Privileged information is any information which the person would be entitled
to refuse to provide on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings
in the High Court.


102

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

162
(1)

(2)

(4)

Interest on unpaid sums

If the amount required to be paid by a person under a confiscation order is not
paid when it is required to be paid, he must pay interest on the amount for the
period for which it remains unpaid.

The rate of interest is the same rate as that for the time being applying to a
money judgment of the High Court.

For the purposes of this section no amount is required to be paid under a
confiscation order if —

(a) an application has been made under section 161(4),
(b) the application has not been determined by the court, and

(c) the period of 12 months starting with the day on which the confiscation
order was made has not ended.

In applying this Part the amount of the interest must be treated as part of the
amount to be paid under the confiscation order.

163 Effect of order on court’s other powers

(1)

(2)

If the court makes a confiscation order it must proceed as mentioned in
subsections (2) and (4) in respect of the offence or offences concerned.

The court must take account of the confiscation order before —
(a) it imposes a fine on the defendant, or
(b) it makes an order falling within subsection (3).

These orders fall within this subsection —

(a) an order involving payment by the defendant, other than an order
under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994
(S.1L. 1994/2795 (N.1. 15)) (compensation orders);

(b) an order under section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)
(forfeiture orders);

(c) an order under Article 11 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland)
Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (deprivation orders);

(d) an order under section 23 or 111 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11)
(forfeiture orders).

Subject to subsection (2), the court must leave the confiscation order out of
account in deciding the appropriate sentence for the defendant.

Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) acourt makes both a confiscation order and an order for the payment
of compensation under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Northern
Treland) Order 1994 (5.1. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) against the same person in
the same proceedings, and

(b) the court believes he will not have sufficient means to satisfy both the
orders in full.

In such a case the court must direct that so much of the compensation as it
specifies is to be paid out of any sums recovered under the confiscation order;
and the amount it specifies must be the amount it believes will not be
recoverable because of the insufficiency of the person’s means.


252

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(3)

(4)

(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made
under section 41, 120 or 190 before the order adjudging him bankrupt;
(b) any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in

force;

(c) any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

(d) any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the order adjudging the person bankrupt.

If in the case of a debtor an interim receiver stands at any time appointed under
Article 259 of the 1989 Order and any property of the debtor is then subject to
a restraint order made under section 41, 120 or 190, the powers conferred on
the receiver by virtue of that Order do not apply to property then subject to the
restraint order.

424 Restriction of powers

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

If a person is adjudged bankrupt in Northern Ireland the powers referred to in
subsection (2) must not be exercised in relation to the property referred to in
subsection (3).

These are the powers —

(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

(c) the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

This is the property —

(a) property which is for the time being comprised in the bankrupt’s estate
for the purposes of Part 9 of the 1989 Order;

(b) property in respect of which his trustee in bankruptcy may (without
leave of the court) serve a notice under Article 280 or 281 of the 1989
Order (after-acquired property etc);

(c) property which is to be applied for the benefit of creditors of the
bankrupt by virtue of a condition imposed under Article 254(2)(c) of the
1989 Order;

(d) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 6 or
156 of this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of a receiver
appointed under section 50, 52, 198 or 200 of this Act after the amount
required to be paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid;

(e) in acase where a confiscation order has been made under section 92 of
this Act, any sums remaining in the hands of an administrator
appointed under section 128 of this Act after the amount required to be
paid under the confiscation order has been fully paid.

But nothing in the 1989 Order must be taken to restrict (or enable the restriction
of) the powers mentioned in subsection (2).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 181
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply if the cash or, as the case may be, the part to
which the suspicion relates is required as evidence of an offence or evidence in
proceedings under this Chapter.

297 Release of detained cash
(1) This section applies while any cash is detained under section 295.

(2) A magistrates’ court or (in Scotland) the sheriff may direct the release of the
whole or any part of the cash if the following condition is met.

(3) The condition is that the court or sheriff is satisfied, on an application by the
person from whom the cash was seized, that the conditions in section 295 for
the detention of the cash are no longer met in relation to the cash to be released.

(4) A customs officer, constable or (in Scotland) procurator fiscal may, after
notifying the magistrates’ court, sheriff or justice under whose order cash is
being detained, release the whole or any part of it if satisfied that the detention
of the cash to be released is no longer justified.

Forfeiture

298 Forfeiture

(1) While cash is detained under section 295, an application for the forfeiture of the
whole or any part of it may be made—

(a) toa magistrates’ court by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise or
a constable,

(b) (in Scotland) to the sheriff by the Scottish Ministers.

(2) The court or sheriff may order the forfeiture of the cash or any part of it if
satisfied that the cash or part—
(a) is recoverable property, or
(b) is intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.

(3) But in the case of recoverable property which belongs to joint tenants, one of
whom is an excepted joint owner, the order may not apply to so much of it as
the court thinks is attributable to the excepted joint owner’s share.

(4) Where an application for the forfeiture of any cash is made under this section,
the cash is to be detained (and may not be released under any power conferred
by this Chapter) until any proceedings in pursuance of the application
(including any proceedings on appeal) are concluded.

299 Appeal against forfeiture

(1) Any party to proceedings in which an order is made under section 298 for the
forfeiture of cash who is aggrieved by the order may appeal —
(a) in relation to England and Wales, to the Crown Court,
(b) in relation to Scotland, to the Court of Session,
(c) in relation to Northern Ireland, to a county court.

(2) An appeal under subsection (1) must be made within the period of 30 days
beginning with the date on which the order is made.

(3) The appeal is to be by way of a rehearing.


250 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

Sequestration in Scotland

420 Modifications of the 1985 Act
(1) This section applies if an award of sequestration is made in Scotland.
(2) The following property is excluded from the debtor’s estate for the purposes of

the 1985 Act —

(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made
under section 41, 120 or 190 before the award of sequestration;

(b) any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in

force;

(c) any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

(d) any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

(3) Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the award of sequestration.

(4) It shall not be competent to submit a claim in relation to a confiscation order to
the permanent trustee in accordance with section 48 of the 1985 Act; and the
reference here to a confiscation order is to any confiscation order that has been
or may be made against the debtor under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this Act.

(5) If at any time in the period before the award of sequestration is made an
interim trustee stands appointed under section 2(5) of the 1985 Act and any
property in the debtor’s estate is at that time subject to a restraint order made
under section 41, 120 or 190, the powers conferred on the trustee by virtue of
that Act do not apply to property then subject to the restraint order.

421 Restriction of powers

(1) If an award of sequestration is made in Scotland the powers referred to in
subsection (2) must not be exercised in relation to the property referred to in
subsection (3).

(2) These are the powers —

(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

(c) the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

(3) This is the property —
(a) property which is for the time being comprised in the whole estate of
the debtor within the meaning of section 31(8) of the 1985 Act;
(b) any income of the debtor which has been ordered under section 32(2) of
that Act to be paid to the permanent trustee;

c) any estate which under section 31(10) or 32(6) of that Act vests in the
'y
permanent trustee;


244 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland
General
409 Jurisdiction of sheriff

(1) Asheriff may grant a production order, search warrant, customer information
order or account monitoring order under this Act in relation to property
situated in any area of Scotland notwithstanding that it is outside the area of
that sheriff.

(2) Any such order or warrant may, without being backed or endorsed by another
sheriff, be executed throughout Scotland in the same way as it may be executed
within the sheriffdom of the sheriff who granted it.

(3) This section is without prejudice to any existing rule of law or to any other
provision of this Act.

410 Code of practice

(1) The Scottish Ministers must prepare a code of practice as to the exercise by
proper persons of functions they have under this Chapter.

(2) After preparing a draft of the code the Scottish Ministers —

(a) must publish the draft;
(b) must consider any representations made to them about the draft;
(c) may amend the draft accordingly.

(3) After the Scottish Ministers have proceeded under subsection (2) they must lay
the code before the Scottish Parliament.

(4) When they have done so, the Scottish Ministers may bring the code into
operation on such day as they may appoint by order.

(5) A proper person must compy with a code of practice which is in operation
under this section in the exercise of any function he has under this Chapter.

(6) If a proper person fails to comply with any provision of a code of practice
issued under this section he is not by reason only of that failure liable in any
criminal or civil proceedings.

(7) But the code of practice is admissible in evidence in such proceedings and a
court may take account of any failure to comply with its provisions in
determining any questions in the proceedings.

(8) The Scottish Ministers may from time to time revise a code previously brought
into operation under this section; and the preceding provisions of this section
apply to a revised code as they apply to the code as first prepared.

411 Performance of functions of Scottish Ministers by constables in Scotland

(1) In Scotland, a constable engaged in temporary service with the Scottish
Ministers in connection with their functions under this Part may perform
functions, other than those specified in subsection (2), on behalf of the Scottish
Ministers.

(2) The specified functions are the functions conferred on the Scottish Ministers

by—
(a) section 380(1) (production orders),


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 259
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(2)

(8)

and at the time of the seizure or disposal he believes on reasonable grounds
that he is entitled (whether in pursuance of an order of a court or otherwise) to
seize or dispose of the property.

He is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage resulting from
the seizure or disposal, except so far as the loss or damage is caused by his
negligence.

He has a lien on the property or the proceeds of its sale—

(a) for such of his expenses as were incurred in connection with the
liquidation, bankruptcy, sequestration or other proceedings in relation
to which he purported to make the seizure or disposal, and

(b) for so much of his remuneration as may reasonably be assigned to his
acting in connection with those proceedings.

Subsection (2) does not prejudice the generality of any provision of the 1985
Act, the 1986 Act, the 1989 Order or any other Act or Order which confers
protection from liability on him.

Subsection (7) applies if—
(a) property is subject to a restraint order made under section 41, 120 or
190,
(b) a person acting as an insolvency practitioner incurs expenses in respect
of property subject to the restraint order, and

(c) he does not know (and has no reasonable grounds to believe) that the
property is subject to the restraint order.

Subsection (7) also applies if —

(a) property is subject to a restraint order made under section 41, 120 or
190,

(b) a person acting as an insolvency practitioner incurs expenses which are
not ones in respect of property subject to the restraint order, and

(c) the expenses are ones which (but for the effect of the restraint order)
might have been met by taking possession of and realising property
subject to it.

Whether or not he has seized or disposed of any property, he is entitled to
payment of the expenses under—

(a) section 54(2), 55(3), 56(2) or 57(3) if the restraint order was made under
section 41;

(b) section 130(3) or 131(3) if the restraint order was made under section
120;

(c) section 202(2), 203(3), 204(2) or 205(3) if the restraint order was made
under section 190.

Subsection (10) applies if —

(a) property is subject to an interim receiving order made under section
246 or an interim administration order made under section 256,

(b) a person acting as an insolvency practitioner incurs expenses in respect
of property subject to the order, and

(c) he does not know (and has no reasonable grounds to believe) that the
property is subject to the order.

Subsection (10) also applies if —


212

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(5)

351
(1)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(b) any other officer of the department who is in receipt of the order must
also take all reasonable steps to bring it to the attention of the officer
concerned.

If the order is not brought to the attention of the officer concerned within the
period stated in the order (in pursuance of section 345(4)) the person on whom
it is served must report the reasons for the failure to—

(a) a judge entitled to exercise the jurisdiction of the Crown Court or (in
Northern Ireland) a Crown Court judge, in the case of an order made
for the purposes of a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation;

(b) a High Court judge, in the case of an order made for the purposes of a
civil recovery investigation.

An authorised government department is a government department, or a
Northern Ireland department, which is an authorised department for the
purposes of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 (c. 44).

Supplementary

An application for a production order or an order to grant entry may be made
ex parte to a judge in chambers.

Rules of court may make provision as to the practice and procedure to be
followed in connection with proceedings relating to production orders and
orders to grant entry.

An application to discharge or vary a production order or an order to grant
entry may be made to the court by —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

The court —
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

If an accredited financial investigator, a constable or a customs officer applies
for a production order or an order to grant entry, an application to discharge
or vary the order need not be by the same accredited financial investigator,
constable or customs officer.

References to a person who applied for a production order or an order to grant
entry must be construed accordingly.

Production orders and orders to grant entry have effect as if they were orders
of the court.

Subsections (2) to (7) do not apply to orders made in England and Wales for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 123
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(8)

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 172 and not concluded, or the court believes that such an
application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the
available amount exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

The second condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings, or
(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed.

If an application mentioned in the third, fourth or fifth condition has been
made the condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the application, or
(b) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) does not intend to
proceed.

If the first condition is satisfied —
(a) references in this Part to the defendant are to the alleged offender;
(b) references in this Part to the prosecutor are to the person the court
believes is to have conduct of any proceedings for the offence;
(c) section 225(9) has effect as if proceedings for the offence had been
started against the defendant when the investigation was started.

190 Restraint orders

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

If any condition set out in section 189 is satisfied the High Court may make an
order (a restraint order) prohibiting any specified person from dealing with
any realisable property held by him.

A restraint order may provide that it applies —
(a) to all realisable property held by the specified person whether or not
the property is described in the order;
(b) _ to realisable property transferred to the specified person after the order
is made.

A restraint order may be made subject to exceptions, and an exception may in
particular—
(a) make provision for reasonable living expenses and reasonable legal
expenses;

(b) make provision for the purpose of enabling any person to carry on any
trade, business, profession or occupation;

(c) be made subject to conditions.

But an exception to a restraint order may not make provision for any legal
expenses which —

(a) relate to an offence which falls within subsection (5), and

(b) are incurred by the defendant or by a recipient of a tainted gift.

These offences fall within this subsection —
(a) the offence mentioned in section 189(2) or (3), if the first or second
condition (as the case may be) is satisfied;


164

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

the recovery order may, instead of vesting the recoverable property in the
trustee for civil recovery, require the person who holds the associated property
or who is the excepted joint owner to make a payment to the trustee.

A recovery order which makes any requirement under subsection (1) may, so
far as required for giving effect to the agreement, include provision for vesting,
creating or extinguishing any interest in property.

The amount of the payment is to be the amount which the enforcement
authority and that person agree represents —
(a) in a case within section 270(2), the value of the recoverable property,
(b) inacase within section 270(3), the value of the recoverable property less
the value of the excepted joint owner’s share.

But if —
(a) an interim receiving order or interim administration order applied at
any time to the associated property or joint tenancy, and
(b) the enforcement authority agrees that the person has suffered loss as a
result of the interim receiving order or interim administration order,
the amount of the payment may be reduced by any amount the enforcement
authority and that person agree is reasonable, having regard to that loss and to
any other relevant circumstances.

If there is more than one such item of associated property or excepted joint
owner, the total amount to be paid to the trustee, and the part of that amount
which is to be provided by each person who holds any such associated
property or who is an excepted joint owner, is to be agreed between both (or
all) of them and the enforcement authority.

A recovery order which makes any requirement under subsection (1) must
make provision for any recoverable property to cease to be recoverable.

272 Associated and joint property: default of agreement

(1)

(2)

Where this section applies, the court may make the following provision if —
(a) there is no agreement under section 271, and
(b) the court thinks it just and equitable to do so.

The recovery order may provide—

(a) for the associated property to vest in the trustee for civil recovery or (as
the case may be) for the excepted joint owner’s interest to be
extinguished, or

(b) _ in the case of an excepted joint owner, for the severance of his interest.

A recovery order making any provision by virtue of subsection (2)(a) may
provide—
(a) for the trustee to pay an amount to the person who holds the associated
property or who is an excepted joint owner, or
(b) for the creation of interests in favour of that person, or the imposition
of liabilities or conditions, in relation to the property vested in the
trustee,
or for both.

In making any provision in a recovery order by virtue of subsection (2) or (3),
the court must have regard to—


276 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 2 — Lifestyle offences: England and Wales

SCHEDULE 2 Section 75

LIFESTYLE OFFENCES: ENGLAND AND WALES

Drug trafficking
1. (1) Anoffence under any of the following provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act
1971 (c. 38) —
(a) section 4(2) or (3) (unlawful production or supply of controlled
drugs);

(b) section 5(3) (possession of controlled drug with intent to supply);

(c) section 8 (permitting certain activities relating to controlled drugs);

(d) section 20 (assisting in or inducing the commission outside the UK of
an offence punishable under a corresponding law).

(2) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c.2) if it is committed in connection with a
prohibition or restriction on importation or exportation which has effect by
virtue of section 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971—

(a) section 50(2) or (3) (improper importation of goods);
(b) section 68(2) (exploration of prohibited or restricted goods);
(c) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).
(3) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Criminal Justice
(International Co-operation) Act 1990 (c. 5) —
(a) section 12 (manufacture or supply of a substance for the time being
specified in Schedule 2 to that Act);
(b) section 19 (using a ship for illicit traffic in controlled drugs).

Money laundering

2 An offence under either of the following provisions of this Act—
(a) section 327 (concealing etc criminal property);
(b) section 328 (assisting another to retain criminal property).

Directing terrorism

3 An offence under section 56 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (directing the
activities of a terrorist organisation).

People trafficking

4 An offence under section 25(1) of the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77) (assisting
illegal entry etc).

Arms trafficking

5 (1) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Customs and
Excise Management Act 1979 if it is committed in connection with a firearm
or ammunition —

(a) section 68(2) (exportation of prohibited goods);
(b) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).

(2) An offence under section 3(1) of the Firearms Act 1968 (c. 27) (dealing in
firearms or ammunition by way of trade or business).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 45
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(b) acustoms officer who is not below such grade as is designated by the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise as equivalent to that rank,

(c) an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description
specified in an order made for the purposes of this paragraph by the
Secretary of State under section 453.

(4) If such an application is made or appeal brought by an accredited financial
investigator any subsequent step in the application or appeal or any further
application or appeal relating to the same matter may be taken, made or
brought by a different accredited financial investigator who falls within
subsection (3).

(5) If—
(a) an application for a restraint order is made by an accredited financial
investigator, and
(b) acourt is required under section 58(6) to give the applicant for the order
an opportunity to be heard,
the court may give the opportunity to a different accredited financial
investigator who falls within subsection (3).

Exercise of powers

69 Powers of court and receiver

(1) This section applies to—
(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 60 and sections 62 to

(b) the powers of a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52.

(2) The powers—

(a) must be exercised with a view to the value for the time being of
realisable property being made available (by the property’s realisation)
for satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be made
against the defendant;

(b) must be exercised, in a case where a confiscation order has not been
made, with a view to securing that there is no diminution in the value
of realisable property;

(c) must be exercised without taking account of any obligation of the
defendant or a recipient of a tainted gift if the obligation conflicts with
the object of satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be
made against the defendant;

(d) may be exercised in respect of a debt owed by the Crown.

(3) Subsection (2) has effect subject to the following rules —

(a) the powers must be exercised with a view to allowing a person other
than the defendant or a recipient of a tainted gift to retain or recover the
value of any interest held by him;

(b) in the case of realisable property held by a recipient of a tainted gift, the
powers must be exercised with a view to realising no more than the
value for the time being of the gift;

(c) in a case where a confiscation order has not been made against the
defendant, property must not be sold if the court so orders under
subsection (4).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 99
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(a) a recovery order is in force under section 266, or
(b) a forfeiture order is in force under section 298(2),
must be ignored.

(5) If the court decides the available amount, it must include in the confiscation
order a statement of its findings as to the matters relevant for deciding that
amount.

158 Defendant’s benefit

(1) If the court is proceeding under section 156 this section applies for the purpose
of —
(a) deciding whether the defendant has benefited from conduct, and
(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.

(2) The court must—
(a) take account of conduct occurring up to the time it makes its decision;
(b) take account of property obtained up to that time.

(3) Subsection (4) applies if—
(a) the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct,
(b) aconfiscation order mentioned in subsection (5) has at an earlier time
been made against the defendant, and
(c) his benefit for the purposes of that order was benefit from his general
criminal conduct.

(4) His benefit found at the time the last confiscation order mentioned in
subsection (3)(c) was made against him must be taken for the purposes of this
section to be his benefit from his general criminal conduct at that time.

(5) If the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct the court must deduct the
aggregate of the following amounts —
(a) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against the defendant;
(b) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against him under any of the provisions listed in
subsection (7).
(6) But subsection (5) does not apply to an amount which has been taken into
account for the purposes of a deduction under that subsection on any earlier
occasion.

(7) These are the provisions —

(a) the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);

(b) Part 1 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 (c. 41);

(c) Part 6 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(d) the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990 (5.1.
1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(e) Part 1 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(f) Part 1 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43);

(g) the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/1299
(N.L. 9);

(h) Part 2 or 3 of this Act.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 63
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(10)

(11)

(5)

(a) the date on which the accused was convicted of the offence concerned,
or

(b) _ if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

A confiscation order must not be quashed only on the ground that there was a
defect or omission in the procedure connected with the application for or the
granting of a postponement.

But subsection (10) does not apply if before it made the confiscation order the
court has—

(a) imposed a fine on the accused;

(b) made an order falling within section 97(3);

(c) made an order under section 249 of the Procedure Act.

Effect of postponement

If the court postpones proceedings under section 92 it may proceed to sentence
the accused for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned.

Subsection (1) is without prejudice to sections 201 and 202 of the Procedure
Act.

In sentencing the accused for the offence (or any of the offences) concerned in
the postponement period the court must not —
(a) impose a fine on him,
(b) make an order falling within section 97(3), or
(c) make an order for the payment of compensation under section 249 of
the Procedure Act.

If the court sentences the accused for the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned in the postponement period, after that period ends it may vary the
sentence by —

(a) imposing a fine on him,

(b) making an order falling within section 97(3), or

(c) making an order for the payment of compensation under section 249 of
the Procedure Act.

But the court may proceed under subsection (4) only within the period of 28
days which starts with the last day of the postponement period.

Where the court postpones proceedings under section 92 following conviction
on indictment, section 109(1) of the Procedure Act (intimation of intention to
appeal against conviction or conviction and sentence) has effect as if the
reference to the final determination of the proceedings were a reference to the
relevant day.

Despite subsection (6), the accused may appeal under section 106 of the
Procedure Act against any confiscation order made, or any other sentence
passed, after the end of the postponement period, in respect of the conviction.

Where the court postpones proceedings under section 92 following
conviction on complaint —

(a) section 176(1) of the Procedure Act (stated case: manner and time of

appeal) has effect in relation to an appeal under section 175(2)(a) or (d)


300 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(b) applications under section 210 relating to action taken or
proposed to be taken by a receiver;

(c) applications under section 211 to vary or discharge an
order under any of sections 196 to 201 for the appointment
of or conferring powers on a receiver;

(d) applications under section 220 or 221 for the payment of
compensation;

(e) applications under sections 351(3), 362(3), 369(3) or 375(2)
to vary or discharge certain orders made under Part 8.

(2) But sub-paragraph (1) does not apply in relation to a defendant
(within the meaning of Part 4 of that Act) in the following
proceedings —

(a) proceedings mentioned in head (b) of that sub-paragraph;

(b) an application under section 221 for the payment of
compensation if the confiscation order was varied under
section 179.”

(3) In paragraph 3 (courts of summary jurisdiction), after sub-paragraph (i)
insert —
“(j) proceedings under sections 295, 297, 298, 301 and 302 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

(4) The amendments made by this paragraph are without prejudice to the
power to make regulations under Article 10(2) of the Legal Aid, Advice and
Assistance (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 amending or revoking the
provisions inserted by this paragraph.

Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (c. 27)

11 In section 18 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (enforcement
of United Kingdom judgments in other parts of the United Kingdom) in
subsection (3) (exceptions) insert after paragraph (c) —

“(d) an order made under Part 2, 3 or 4 of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002 (confiscation).”

Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 (c. 45)

12 (1) The Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 86A(3) (application of Part VITA) for “sections 21(2) and 28(1) of
the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995” substitute “section 21(2) of the
Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 and Part 3 of the Proceeds of Crime
Act 2002”.

(3) In paragraph 8 of Schedule 2A (interpretation) for the definition of “restraint
order” substitute —

““restraint order” means a restraint order made under Part 3 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48)
13 In Part 2 of Schedule 1 to the Criminal Justice Act 1982 (offences excluded

from early release provisions) after the entry relating to the Drug Trafficking
Act 1994 insert —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 15
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

10) The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 6 is such amount as—
purp
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 7.

(11) In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) the amount found under section 7;

(b) any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 9;

(d) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders).

(12) If an order for the payment of compensation under section 130 of the
Sentencing Act has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence
or offences concerned, section 13(5) and (6) above do not apply.

(13) The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 19(10).

21 Order made: reconsideration of benefit

(1) This section applies if —

(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,

(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor or the
Director at the relevant time,

(c) the prosecutor or the Director believes that if the court were to find the
amount of the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of this section it would
exceed the relevant amount,

(d) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(e) after considering the evidence the court believes it is appropriate for it
to proceed under this section.

(2) The court must make a new calculation of the defendant’s benefit from the
conduct concerned, and when it does so subsections (3) to (6) below apply.

(3) If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned section 6 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

(4) Section 8(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring up to the time it decided the
defendant’s benefit for the purposes of the confiscation order;

(b) take account of property obtained up to that time;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 81
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(2)

123
(1)

(4)

124

(2)

(3)

The prosecutor and any person affected by the order may reclaim or appeal to
the Court of Session against the decision of the court on an application under
section 121(5).

Inhibition of property affected by order

On the application of the Lord Advocate, the Court of Session may, in relation
to the property mentioned in subsection (2), grant warrant for inhibition
against any person specified in a restraint order.

That property is the heritable realisable property to which the restraint order
applies (whether generally or such of it as is specified in the application).

The warrant for inhibition —

(a) has effect as if granted on the dependence of an action for debt by the
Lord Advocate against the person and may be executed, recalled,
loosed or restricted accordingly, and

(b) has the effect of letters of inhibition and must forthwith be registered
by the Lord Advocate in the Register of Inhibitions and Adjudications.

Section 155 of the Titles to Land Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1868 (c. 101)
(effective date of inhibition) applies in relation to an inhibition for which
warrant is granted under subsection (1) as it applies to an inhibition by
separate letters or contained in a summons.

The execution of an inhibition under this section in respect of property does not
prejudice the exercise of an administrator’s powers under or for the purposes
of this Part in respect of that property.

An inhibition executed under this section ceases to have effect when, or in so
far as, the restraint order ceases to apply in respect of the property in relation
to which the warrant for inhibition was granted.

If an inhibition ceases to have effect to any extent by virtue of subsection (6) the
Lord Advocate must —
(a) apply for the recall or, as the case may be, the restriction of the
inhibition, and
(b) ensure that the recall or restriction is reflected in the Register of
Inhibitions and Adjudications.

Arrestment of property affected by order

On the application of the prosecutor the court may, in relation to moveable
realisable property to which a restraint order applies (whether generally or
such of it as is specified in the application), grant warrant for arrestment.

Such a warrant for arrestment may be granted only if the property would be
arrestable if the person entitled to it were a debtor.

A warrant under subsection (1) has effect as if granted on the dependence of an
action for debt at the instance of the prosecutor against the person and may be
executed, recalled, loosed or restricted accordingly.

The execution of an arrestment under this section in respect of property does
not prejudice the exercise of an administrator’s powers under or for the
purposes of this Part in respect of that property.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

xiii

341
342

343

351

352
353
354
355
356

357
358
359
360
361
362

363
364
365
366
367

PART 8
INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Investigations
Offences of prejudicing investigation

CHAPTER 2

ENGLAND AND WALES AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Judges and courts

Judges
Courts

Production orders

Production orders

Requirements for making of production order
Order to grant entry

Further provisions

Computer information

Government departments

Supplementary

Search and seizure warrants

Search and seizure warrants

Requirements where production order not available
Further provisions: general

Further provisions: confiscation and money laundering
Further provisions: civil recovery

Disclosure orders

Disclosure orders

Requirements for making of disclosure order
Offences

Statements

Further provisions

Supplementary

Customer information orders

Customer information orders

Meaning of customer information

Requirements for making of customer information order
Offences

Statements


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(10)

(11)

101
(1)

(2)

(5)

(6)

as if the reference to the final determination of the proceedings were a
reference to the relevant day, and

(b) the draft stated case in such an appeal must be prepared and issued
within 3 weeks of the relevant day.

Despite subsection (8), the accused may appeal under section 175(2)(b), and the
prosecutor may appeal under section 175(3)(b), of the Procedure Act against
any confiscation order made, or any other sentence passed, after the end of the
postponement period, in respect of the conviction.

The relevant day is—

(a) in the case of an appeal against conviction where the court has
sentenced the accused under subsection (1), the day on which the
postponement period commenced;

(b) in any other case, the day on which sentence is passed in open court.

The postponement period is the period for which proceedings under section 92
are postponed.

Statement of information

When the court is proceeding under section 92 the prosecutor must, within
such period as the court may order, give the court a statement of information.

If the prosecutor believes the accused has a criminal lifestyle the statement of
information is a statement of matters the prosecutor believes are relevant in
connection with deciding these issues —

(a) whether the accused has a criminal lifestyle;
(b) whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct;
(c) his benefit from the conduct.

A statement under subsection (2) must include information the prosecutor
believes is relevant —
(a) in connection with the making by the court of a required assumption
under section 96;
(b) for the purpose of enabling the court to decide if the circumstances are
such that it must not make such an assumption.

If the prosecutor does not believe the accused has a criminal lifestyle the
statement of information is a statement of matters the prosecutor believes are
relevant in connection with deciding these issues —

(a) whether the accused has benefited from his particular criminal
conduct;

(b) his benefit from the conduct.

If the prosecutor gives the court a statement of information —
(a) he may at any time give the court a further statement of information;

(b) he must give the court a further statement of information if it orders
him to do so, and he must give it within the period the court orders.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.


70 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
(8) In applying subsection (6)(b) the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) any fine imposed on the accused for the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned;

(b) any order which falls within section 97(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by a court in deciding what is the
free property held by the accused for the purposes of section 95;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 249 of the Procedure Act.

(9) But in applying subsection (6)(b) the court must not have regard to an order
falling within subsection (8)(c) if a court has made a direction under section
97(6).

(10) In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court
must take account of any change in the value of money.
(11) The relevant time is —

(a) when the court calculated the accused’s benefit for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) when the court last calculated the accused’s benefit in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

(12) The relevant amount is —

(a) the amount found as the accused’s benefit for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) the amount last found as the accused’s benefit in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

(13) The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 104(10).

107 Order made: reconsideration of available amount

(1)

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,
(b) the amount required to be paid was the amount found under section
93(2), and
(c) the prosecutor applies to the court to make a new calculation of the
available amount.

In a case where this section applies the court must make the new calculation,
and in doing so it must apply section 95 as if references to the time the
confiscation order is made were to the time of the new calculation and as if
references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date of the new
calculation.

If the amount found under the new calculation exceeds the relevant amount
the court may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as—
(a) it thinks is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found as the accused’s benefit from the
conduct concerned.

In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—


214

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(3)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(b)

(c)

in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property specified in the
application for the warrant is recoverable property or associated
property;

in the case of a money laundering investigation, the person specified in
the application for the warrant has committed a money laundering
offence.

The first set of conditions is that there are reasonable grounds for believing

that—

(a)

(b)

()

any material on the premises specified in the application for the
warrant is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to
the investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought,

it is in the public interest for the material to be obtained, having regard
to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the material is
obtained, and

it would not be appropriate to make a production order for any one or
more of the reasons in subsection (4).

The reasons are—

(a)
(b)
()

that it is not practicable to communicate with any person against whom
the production order could be made;

that it is not practicable to communicate with any person who would
be required to comply with an order to grant entry to the premises;
that the investigation might be seriously prejudiced unless an
appropriate person is able to secure immediate access to the material.

The second set of conditions is that—

(a)

(b)

(c)

there are reasonable grounds for believing that there is material on the
premises specified in the application for the warrant and that the
material falls within subsection (6), (7) or (8),

there are reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the material to be obtained, having regard to the benefit likely to
accrue to the investigation if the material is obtained, and

any one or more of the requirements in subsection (9) is met.

In the case of a confiscation investigation, material falls within this subsection
if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—

(a)

(b)

relates to the person specified in the application, the question whether
he has benefited from his criminal conduct or any question as to the
extent or whereabouts of his benefit from his criminal conduct, and

is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.

In the case of a civil recovery investigation, material falls within this subsection
if it cannot be identified at the time of the application but it—

(a)

relates to the property specified in the application, the question
whether it is recoverable property or associated property, the question
as to who holds any such property, any question as to whether the
person who appears to hold any such property holds other property
which is recoverable property, or any question as to the extent or
whereabouts of any property mentioned in this paragraph, and

is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the warrant is sought.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 305
Schedule 11 — Amendments

“(6) In this section “money laundering offence” means any offence which
by virtue of section 415 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money
laundering offence for the purposes of Part 8 of that Act.”

(6) In section 152(4) (remands of suspected drugs offenders to customs
detention) for the words after “means” substitute “any offence which is
specified in—

(a) paragraph 1 of Schedule 5 to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug
trafficking offences), or
(b) _ so far as it relates to that paragraph, paragraph 10 of that Schedule.”

Extradition Act 1989 (c. 33)

18 (1) The Extradition Act 1989 is amended as follows.
(2) In section 22 (extension of purposes of extradition for offences under Acts
giving effect to international conventions) in subsection (4)(h)—
(a) for sub-paragraph (i) substitute —
“(i) any offence which is specified in —
(a) paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug
trafficking offences), or
(b) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule;
(ia) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money
laundering offence for the purposes of Part 8
of that Act;”;
(b) for sub-paragraph (ii) substitute —
“(ii) any offence which is specified in—
(a) paragraph 2 of Schedule 4 to the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, or
(b) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule;
(iia) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money
laundering offence for the purposes of Part 8
of that Act;”;
(c) omit “and” after sub-paragraph (ii) and for sub-paragraph (iii)
substitute —
“(iii) any offence which is specified in—
(a) paragraph 1 of Schedule 5 to the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug
trafficking offences), or
(b) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule; and
(iv) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money
laundering offence for the purposes of Part 8
of that Act;”.

(3) In paragraph 15 of Schedule 1 (deemed extension of jurisdiction of foreign
states) —

(a) for paragraph (j) substitute —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236

237
238
239

240
241
242

243

245

246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

256

Value of property obtained from conduct
Value of tainted gifts

Free property

Realisable property

Property: general provisions
Proceedings

Applications

Confiscation orders

Other interpretative provisions

General

Procedure on appeal to the Court of Appeal
Procedure on appeal to the House of Lords
Crown Court Rules

ParT5
CIVIL RECOVERY OF THE PROCEEDS ETC. OF UNLAWFUL CONDUCT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTORY

General purpose of this Part
“Unlawful conduct”
“Property obtained through unlawful conduct”

CHAPTER 2

CIVIL RECOVERY IN THE HIGH COURT OR COURT OF SESSION

Proceedings for recovery orders

Proceedings for recovery orders in England and Wales or Northern Ireland
Proceedings for recovery orders in Scotland
“Associated property”

Interim receiving orders (England and Wales and Northern Ireland)

Application for interim receiving order

Functions of interim receiver

Registration

Registration (Northern Ireland)

Duties of respondent etc.

Supervision of interim receiver and variation of order
Restrictions on dealing etc. with property

Restriction on proceedings and remedies

Exclusion of property which is not recoverable etc.
Reporting

Interim administration orders (Scotland)

Application for interim administration order


306 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

“(j) any offence which is specified in—

(i) paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002 (drug trafficking
offences), or

(ii) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule;

(ja) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money laundering
offence for the purposes of Part 8 of that Act;”;

(b) for paragraph (k) substitute —

“(k) any offence which is specified in—

(i) paragraph 2 of Schedule 4 to the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002, or

(ii) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule;

(ka) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money laundering
offence for the purposes of Part 8 of that Act;”;

(c) for paragraph (m) substitute —
“(m) any offence which is specified in—

(i) paragraph 1 of Schedule 5 to the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002 (drug trafficking
offences), or

(ii) so far as it relates to that paragraph,
paragraph 10 of that Schedule;

(ma) any offence which by virtue of section 415 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 is a money laundering
offence for the purposes of Part 8 of that Act;”.

Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/1341 (N.1. 12))

19 (1) The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 is
amended as follows.

(2) In Article 57 (right to have someone informed when arrested) for paragraph
(5A) substitute —

“(5A) An officer may also authorise delay where he has reasonable
grounds for believing that —
(a) the person detained for the serious arrestable offence has
benefited from his criminal conduct, and
(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by telling the named person of the
arrest.

(5B) For the purposes of paragraph (5A) the question whether a person
has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(3) In Article 59 (access to legal advice) for paragraph (8A) substitute —
“(8A) An officer may also authorise delay where he has reasonable
grounds for believing that—

(a) the person detained for the serious arrestable offence has
benefited from his criminal conduct, and


98

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(4)

(4)

The first condition is that a defendant falls within either of the following
paragraphs —
(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences in proceedings before the
Crown Court;

(b) he is committed to the Crown Court in respect of an offence or offences
under section 218 below (committal with a view to a confiscation order
being considered).

The second condition is that —

(a) the prosecutor or the Director asks the court to proceed under this
section, or

(b) _ the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.

The court must proceed as follows —
(a) it must decide whether the defendant has a criminal lifestyle;

(b) _ if it decides that he has a criminal lifestyle it must decide whether he
has benefited from his general criminal conduct;

(c) if it decides that he does not have a criminal lifestyle it must decide
whether he has benefited from his particular criminal conduct.

If the court decides under subsection (4)(b) or (c) that the defendant has
benefited from the conduct referred to it must —

(a) decide the recoverable amount, and
(b) make an order (a confiscation order) requiring him to pay that amount.

But the court must treat the duty in subsection (5) as a power if it believes that
any victim of the conduct has at any time started or intends to start proceedings
against the defendant in respect of loss, injury or damage sustained in
connection with the conduct.

The court must decide any question arising under subsection (4) or (5) on a
balance of probabilities.

The first condition is not satisfied if the defendant absconds (but section 177
may apply).

References in this Part to the offence (or offences) concerned are to the offence
(or offences) mentioned in subsection (2).

Recoverable amount

The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 156 is an amount equal to
the defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned.

But if the defendant shows that the available amount is less than that benefit
the recoverable amount is —

(a) the available amount, or
(b) anominal amount, if the available amount is nil.

But if section 156(6) applies the recoverable amount is such amount as —
(a) the court believes is just, but

(b) does not exceed the amount found under subsection (1) or (2) (as the
case may be).

In calculating the defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned for the
purposes of subsection (1), any property in respect of which —


68 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
criminal conduct (as the case may be) if the evidence had been available
to it.
(4) If this section applies the court —

(a) must make a fresh decision under section 92(5)(b) or (c) as to whether
the accused has benefited from his general or particular criminal
conduct (as the case may be);

(b) may make a confiscation order under that section.

(5) Subsections (6) to (11) below apply if the court proceeds under section 92 in
pursuance of this section.

(6) If the court has already sentenced the accused for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned section 92(4) does not apply.

(7) Section 94(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must take account of —

(a) conduct occurring before the date of the original decision that the
accused had not benefited from his general or particular criminal
conduct;

(b) property obtained before that date;

(c) property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained as a result of
or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

(8) In relation to the assumptions that the court must make under section 96 —

(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the accused on or after the date of the original decision that
the accused had not benefited from his general or particular criminal
conduct;

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

(9) The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 92 is such amount as—

(a) the court believes is just, but

(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 93.

(10) In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) the amount found under section 93;

(b) any fine imposed on the accused in respect of the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 97(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by a court in deciding what is the
free property held by the accused for the purposes of section 95;

(d) any compensation order which has been made against him in respect of
the offence (or any of the offences) concerned under section 249 of the
Procedure Act.

(11) Ifan order for the payment of compensation under section 249 of the Procedure
Act has been made against the accused in respect of the offence or offences
concerned, section 97(5) and (6) do not apply.

(12) The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 104(10).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 175
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(3)

(5)

Proceedings under that Chapter are commenced when —

(a) the proceedings are served, or

(b) an application is made for an interim administration order,
whichever is the earlier.

The Scottish Ministers’ right of action accrues in respect of any
recoverable property —

(a) in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of
property obtained through unlawful conduct, when the
property is so obtained,

(b) in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of any
other recoverable property, when the property obtained
through unlawful conduct which it represents is so obtained.

Expressions used in this section and Part 5 of that Act have the same
meaning in this section as in that Part.”

(3) After Article 72 of the Limitation (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (SI 1989/1339
(N.I.11)) there is inserted —

“72A Actions for recovery of property obtained through unlawful conduct

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

etc.

None of the time limits fixed by Parts II and III applies to any
proceedings under Chapter 2 of Part 5 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002 (civil recovery of proceeds of unlawful conduct).

Proceedings under that Chapter for a recovery order in respect of any
recoverable property shall not be brought after the expiration of the
period of twelve years from the date on which the Director’s cause of
action accrued.

Proceedings under that Chapter are brought when—

(a) aclaim form is issued, or

(b) an application is made for an interim receiving order,
whichever is the earlier.

The Director’s cause of action accrues in respect of any recoverable
property —

(a) in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of
property obtained through unlawful conduct, when the
property is so obtained,

(b) _ in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of any
other recoverable property, when the property obtained
through unlawful conduct which it represents is so obtained.

(a) a person would (but for a time limit fixed by this Order) have a
cause of action in respect of the conversion of a chattel, and
(b) proceedings are started under that Chapter for a recovery order
in respect of the chattel,
Article 17(2) does not prevent his asserting on an application under
section 281 of that Act that the property belongs to him, or the court
making a declaration in his favour under that section.


94 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);
(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(5) This section has effect subject to sections 146 and 147.

146 Value of property obtained from conduct

(1) This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value of property obtained
by a person as a result of or in connection with his criminal conduct; and the
material time is the time the court makes its decision.

(2) The value of the property at the material time is the greater of the following —
(a) _ the value of the property (at the time the person obtained it) adjusted to

take account of later changes in the value of money;
(b) the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection

(3).

(3) The property found under this subsection is —
(a) if the person holds the property obtained, that property;
(b) if he holds no part of the property obtained, any property which
directly or indirectly represents it in his hands;
(c) if he holds part of the property obtained, that part and any property
which directly or indirectly represents the other part in his hands.

(4) The references in subsection (2)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 145.

147 Value of tainted gifts

(1) The value at any time (the material time) of a tainted gift is the greater of the
following—

(a) the value (at the time of the gift) of the property given, adjusted to take
account of later changes in the value of money;

(b) the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection
(2).
(2) The property found under this subsection is—
(a) if the recipient holds the property given, that property;

(b) _ if the recipient holds no part of the property given, any property which
directly or indirectly represents it in his hands;

(c) if the recipient holds part of the property given, that part and any
property which directly or indirectly represents the other part in his
hands.

(3) The references in subsection (1)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 145.

148 ‘Free property

Property is free unless an order is in force in respect of it under —
(a) section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) (forfeiture orders),

(b) Article 11 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (5.1.
1994/2795 (N.1. 15) (deprivation orders),


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 79
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(7)

(10)

available amount exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

The second condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —
(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the proceedings, or
(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed.

If an application mentioned in the third, fourth or fifth condition has been
made the condition is not satisfied if the court believes that —

(a) there has been undue delay in continuing the application, or

(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed.

If the first condition is satisfied —
(a) references in this Part to the accused are to the alleged offender;
(b) references in this Part to the prosecutor are to the person the court
believes is to have conduct of any proceedings for the offence;
(c) section 144(8) has effect as if proceedings for the offence had been
instituted against the accused when the investigation was instituted.

In this section, sections 120 to 140 and Schedule 3 “the court” means —

(a) the Court of Session, where a trial diet or a diet fixed for the purposes
of section 76 of the Procedure Act in proceedings for the offence or
offences concerned is to be, is being or has been held in the High Court
of Justiciary;

(b) the sheriff exercising his civil jurisdiction, where a diet referred to in
paragraph (a) is to be, is being or has been held in the sheriff court.

120 Restraint orders etc

(1)

(2)

(3)

If any condition set out in section 119 is satisfied the court may make an order
(a restraint order) interdicting any specified person from dealing with any
realisable property held by him.

A restraint order may provide that it applies —

(a) to all realisable property held by the specified person whether or not
the property is described in the order;

(b) to realisable property transferred to the specified person after the order
is made.

A restraint order may be made subject to exceptions, and an exception may in
particular —
(a) make provision for reasonable living expenses and reasonable legal
expenses;
(b) make provision for the purpose of enabling any person to carry on any
trade, business, profession or occupation;
(c) be made subject to conditions.

But an exception to a restraint order may not make provision for any legal
expenses which —
(a) relate to an offence which falls within subsection (5), and
(b) are incurred by a person against whom proceedings for the offence
have been instituted or by a recipient of a tainted gift.

These offences fall within this subsection —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 167
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

Ireland, Part 4 of the Welfare Reform and Pensions (Northern Ireland)
Order 1999),

(b) an annuity or insurance policy purchased, or transferred, for the
purpose of giving effect to rights under an occupational pension
scheme or a personal pension scheme,

(c) an annuity purchased, or entered into, for the purpose of discharging
any liability in respect of a pension credit under section 29(1)(b) of the
Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (c. 30) or, in relation to Northern
Ireland, Article 26(1)(b) of the Welfare Reform and Pensions (Northern
Ireland) Order 1999.

(7) References to the trustees or managers —

(a) in relation to a retirement annuity contract or other annuity, are to the
provider of the annuity,
(b) in relation to an insurance policy, are to the insurer.

(8) Subsections (3) to (7) have effect for the purposes of this group of sections (that
is, sections 273 and 274 and this section).

276 Consent orders

(1) The court may make an order staying (in Scotland, sisting) any proceedings for
a recovery order on terms agreed by the parties for the disposal of the
proceedings if each person to whose property the proceedings, or the
agreement, relates is a party both to the proceedings and the agreement.

(2) An order under subsection (1) may, as well as staying (or sisting) the
proceedings on terms —
a) make provision for any property which may be recoverable property to
Pp 'Yy property y property
cease to be recoverable,
b) make any further provision which the court thinks appropriate.
y P Ipprop

(3) Section 280 applies to property vested in the trustee for civil recovery, or
money paid to him, in pursuance of the agreement as it applies to property
vested in him by a recovery order or money paid under section 271.

277 Consent orders: pensions

(1) This section applies where recoverable property to which proceedings under
this Chapter relate includes rights under a pension scheme.

(2) An order made under section 276 —

(a) may not stay (in Scotland, sist) the proceedings on terms that the rights
are vested in any other person, but

(b) may include provision imposing the following requirement, if the
trustees or managers of the scheme are parties to the agreement by
virtue of which the order is made.

(3) The requirement is that the trustees or managers of the pension scheme —
(a) make a payment in accordance with the agreement, and

(b) give effect to any other provision made by virtue of this section in
respect of the scheme.


170 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

the enforcement authority’s right to recover the original property is satisfied
by the making of a recovery order in respect of either the original property or
the representative property.

(3) If-
(a) there is a part disposal of the original property, and
(b) other property (the representative property) is obtained in place of the
property disposed of,

the enforcement authority’s right to recover the original property is satisfied
by the making of a recovery order in respect of the remainder of the original
property together with either the representative property or the property
disposed of.

(4) In this section —
(a) a part disposal means a disposal to which section 314(1) applies,
(b) the original property has the same meaning as in section 278.

280 Applying realised proceeds

(1) This section applies to—

(a) sums which represent the realised proceeds of property which was
vested in the trustee for civil recovery by a recovery order or which he
obtained in pursuance of a recovery order,

(b) sums vested in the trustee by a recovery order or obtained by him in
pursuance of a recovery order.

(2) The trustee is to make out of the sums—
(a) _ first, any payment required to be made by him by virtue of section 272,

(b) second, any payment of expenses incurred by a person acting as an
insolvency practitioner which are payable under this subsection by
virtue of section 432(10),

and any sum which remains is to be paid to the enforcement authority.
Exemptions etc.

281 Victims of theft, etc.

(1) In proceedings for a recovery order, a person who claims that any property
alleged to be recoverable property, or any part of the property, belongs to him
may apply for a declaration under this section.

(2) If the applicant appears to the court to meet the following condition, the court
may make a declaration to that effect.

(3) The condition is that—

(a) the person was deprived of the property he claims, or of property
which it represents, by unlawful conduct,

(b) the property he was deprived of was not recoverable property
immediately before he was deprived of it, and

(c) the property he claims belongs to him.

(4) Property to which a declaration under this section applies is not recoverable
property.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 47
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

72

(6)

(b) may deal with the defendant in any way in which the magistrates’
court could deal with him if it had just convicted him of the offence.

Compensation

Serious default

If the following three conditions are satisfied the Crown Court may order the
payment of such compensation as it believes is just.

The first condition is satisfied if a criminal investigation has been started with
regard to an offence and proceedings are not started for the offence.

The first condition is also satisfied if proceedings for an offence are started
against a person and —
(a) they do not result in his conviction for the offence, or
(b) he is convicted of the offence but the conviction is quashed or he is
pardoned in respect of it.

If subsection (2) applies the second condition is that—
(a) in the criminal investigation there has been a serious default by a
person mentioned in subsection (9), and
(b) the investigation would not have continued if the default had not
occurred.

If subsection (3) applies the second condition is that —

(a) in the criminal investigation with regard to the offence or in its
prosecution there has been a serious default by a person who is
mentioned in subsection (9), and

(b) the proceedings would not have been started or continued if the default
had not occurred.

The third condition is that an application is made under this section by a
person who held realisable property and has suffered loss in consequence of
anything done in relation to it by or in pursuance of an order under this Part.

The offence referred to in subsection (2) may be one of a number of offences
with regard to which the investigation is started.

The offence referred to in subsection (3) may be one of a number of offences for
which the proceedings are started.

Compensation under this section is payable to the applicant and —

(a) _ if the person in default was or was acting as a member of a police force,
the compensation is payable out of the police fund from which the
expenses of that force are met;

(b) if the person in default was a member of the Crown Prosecution Service
or was acting on its behalf, the compensation is payable by the Director
of Public Prosecutions;

(c) if the person in default was a member of the Serious Fraud Office, the
compensation is payable by the Director of that Office;

(d) if the person in default was a customs officer, the compensation is
payable by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;

(e) if the person in default was an officer of the Commissioners of Inland
Revenue, the compensation is payable by those Commissioners.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 43
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(2) If the court makes an order under any of sections 48 to 51 or section 53, the
following persons may appeal to the Court of Appeal in respect of the court’s
decision —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(3) Ifon an application for an order under section 62 the court decides not to make
one, the person who applied for the order may appeal to the Court of Appeal
against the decision.

(4) If the court makes an order under section 62, the following persons may appeal
to the Court of Appeal in respect of the court’s decision —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order;
(c) the receiver.

(5) The following persons may appeal to the Court of Appeal against a decision of
the court on an application under section 63—

(a) the person who applied for the order in respect of which the application
was made or (if the order was made under section 52 or 53) the Director;

(b) any person affected by the court’s decision;
(c) the receiver.

(6) Onan appeal under this section the Court of Appeal may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

66 Appeal to House of Lords

(1) An appeal lies to the House of Lords from a decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 65.

(2) An appeal under this section lies at the instance of any person who was a party
to the proceedings before the Court of Appeal.

(3) Onan appeal under this section the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision of the Court of Appeal, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

Seized money

67 Seized money

(1) This section applies to money which—
(a) is held by a person, and
(b) is held in an account maintained by him with a bank or a building
society.
(2) This section also applies to money which is held by a person and which—
(a) has been seized by a constable under section 19 of the Police and
Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60) (general power of seizure etc), and
(b) is held in an account maintained by a police force with a bank or a
building society.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 5
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

8
(1)

(5)

(7)

9
(1)

Defendant’s benefit

If the court is proceeding under section 6 this section applies for the purpose
of —

(a) deciding whether the defendant has benefited from conduct, and

(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.

The court must—
(a) take account of conduct occurring up to the time it makes its decision;
(b) take account of property obtained up to that time.

Subsection (4) applies if—
(a) the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct,
(b) aconfiscation order mentioned in subsection (5) has at an earlier time
been made against the defendant, and
(c) his benefit for the purposes of that order was benefit from his general
criminal conduct.

His benefit found at the time the last confiscation order mentioned in
subsection (3)(c) was made against him must be taken for the purposes of this
section to be his benefit from his general criminal conduct at that time.

If the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct the court must deduct the
aggregate of the following amounts —

(a) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against the defendant;

(b) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against him under any of the provisions listed in
subsection (7).

But subsection (5) does not apply to an amount which has been taken into
account for the purposes of a deduction under that subsection on any earlier
occasion.

These are the provisions —
(a) the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
) Part 1 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 (c. 41);
(c) Part 6 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
) the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990 (S.1.
1990/2588 (N.I. 17));
(e) Part 1 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);
(f) Part 1 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43);
(g) the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/1299
(N.I. 9);
(h) Part 3 or 4 of this Act.

The reference to general criminal conduct in the case of a confiscation order
made under any of the provisions listed in subsection (7) is a reference to
conduct in respect of which a court is required or entitled to make one or more
assumptions for the purpose of assessing a person’s benefit from the conduct.

Available amount

For the purposes of deciding the recoverable amount, the available amount is
the aggregate of —


222

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(4)

(6)

366

(3)

367

(2)

(a) the property specified in the application for the order is recoverable
property or associated property;
(b) the person specified in the application holds all or some of the property.

In the case of a money laundering investigation, there must be reasonable
grounds for suspecting that the person specified in the application for the order
has committed a money laundering offence.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that customer information which may be provided in compliance with the
order is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the
investigation for the purposes of which the order is sought.

In the case of any investigation, there must be reasonable grounds for believing
that it is in the public interest for the customer information to be provided,
having regard to the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the
information is obtained.

Offences

A financial institution commits an offence if without reasonable excuse it fails
to comply with a requirement imposed on it under a customer information
order.

A financial institution guilty of an offence under subsection (1) is liable on
summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

A financial institution commits an offence if, in purported compliance with a
customer information order, it—
(a) makes a statement which it knows to be false or misleading in a
material particular, or
(b) recklessly makes a statement which is false or misleading in a material
particular.

A financial institution guilty of an offence under subsection (3) is liable—
(a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding the statutory
maximum, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine.

Statements

A statement made by a financial institution in response to a customer
information order may not be used in evidence against it in criminal
proceedings.
But subsection (1) does not apply —

(a) in the case of proceedings under Part 2 or 4,

(b) ona prosecution for an offence under section 366(1) or (3), or

(c) ona prosecution for some other offence where, in giving evidence, the
financial institution makes a statement inconsistent with the statement
mentioned in subsection (1).

A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(c) against a financial
institution unless —

(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or
(b) a question relating to it is asked,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

50
(1)

(2)

51

(3)

(5)

Enforcement receivers

Appointment

This section applies if —
(a) aconfiscation order is made,
(b) _ it is not satisfied, and
(c) itis not subject to appeal.

On the application of the prosecutor the Crown Court may by order appoint a
receiver in respect of realisable property.

Powers

If the court appoints a receiver under section 50 it may act under this section
on the application of the prosecutor.

The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to the realisable property —

(a) power to take possession of the property;
(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;
(c) power to realise the property, in such manner as the court may specify;
(d) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property.
The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
England and Wales and to do any of the following —
(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;

(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;

(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.

The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —
(a) hold property;
(b) enter into contracts;
(c) sue and be sued;
(d) employ agents;
(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;
f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.

The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
give possession of it to the receiver.

The court —

(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to make
to the receiver such payment as the court specifies in respect of a
beneficial interest held by the defendant or the recipient of a tainted
gift;

(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.


256

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(2)

SB

)

(4)

(6)

(9)

If an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a resolution
for its voluntary winding up, the functions of the liquidator (or any provisional
liquidator) are not exercisable in relation to the following property —

(a)

property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made
under section 41, 120 or 190 before the relevant time;

any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in
force;

any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the relevant time.

If an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a resolution
for its voluntary winding up the powers referred to in subsection (5) must not
be exercised in the way mentioned in subsection (6) in relation to any
property —

(a)
(b)

which is held by the company, and
in relation to which the functions of the liquidator are exercisable.

These are the powers —

the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

The powers must not be exercised —

(a)
(b)

so as to inhibit the liquidator from exercising his functions for the
purpose of distributing property to the company’s creditors;

so as to prevent the payment out of any property of expenses (including
the remuneration of the liquidator or any provisional liquidator)
properly incurred in the winding up in respect of the property.

But nothing in the 1989 Order must be taken to restrict (or enable the restriction
of) the exercise of the powers referred to in subsection (5).

The relevant time is —

(a)
(b)

()

if no order for the winding up of the company has been made, the time
of the passing of the resolution for voluntary winding up;

if such an order has been made, but before the presentation of the
petition for the winding up of the company by the court such a
resolution has been passed by the company, the time of the passing of
the resolution;

if such an order has been made, but paragraph (b) does not apply, the
time of the making of the order.

In a case where a winding up of acompany commenced or is treated as having
commenced before 1 October 1991, this section has effect with the substitution


304

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

a receiver or administrator under certain provisions of that
Act is in force),

a confiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act,

the amount payable under the confiscation order is fully
paid, and

any of the property remains in the hands of the receiver or
administrator (as the case may be).

(2) The property vests in the trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.
306C_ Property subject to certain orders where confiscation order
discharged or quashed
(1) This section applies where —
(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 417(2)(a), (b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002 (property in respect of which a restraint order or an
order for the appointment of a receiver or administrator
under that Act is in force),
(b) aconfiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act, and
(c) the confiscation order is discharged under section 30, 114 or

180 of that Act (as the case may be) or quashed under that Act
or in pursuance of any enactment relating to appeals against
conviction or sentence.

Any such property in the hands of a receiver appointed under Part 2
or 4 of that Act or an administrator appointed under Part 3 of that Act
vests in the trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.

But subsection (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver’s remuneration and
expenses).”

Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33)

17. (1) The Criminal Justice Act 1988 is amended as follows.

(2) The following provisions shall cease to have effect —
sections 71 to 102;
Schedule 4.

(3) In section 151(4) (Customs and Excise power of arrest) omit “and” after
paragraph (a), and after paragraph (b) insert —

(a)
(b)

“(c) amoney laundering offence;”

(4) In section 151(5) for the words after “means” substitute “any offence which
is specified in—

paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug

trafficking offences), or

so far as it relates to that paragraph, paragraph 10 of that Schedule.

(a)
(b)

(5) In section 151 after subsection (5) insert—


38

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(7)

55
(1)

56
(1)

(2)

The receiver applies sums as mentioned in subsection (2)(c) by paying them to
the appropriate justices’ chief executive on account of the amount payable
under the order.

The appropriate justices’ chief executive is the one for the magistrates’ court
responsible for enforcing the confiscation order as if the amount ordered to be
paid were a fine.

Sums received by justices’ chief executive

This section applies if a justices’ chief executive receives sums on account of the
amount payable under a confiscation order (whether the sums are received
under section 54 or otherwise).

The chief executive’s receipt of the sums reduces the amount payable under the
order, but he must apply the sums received as follows.

First he must apply them in payment of such expenses incurred by a person
acting as an insolvency practitioner as —

(a) are payable under this subsection by virtue of section 432, but

(b) are not already paid under section 54(2)(a).

If the justices’ chief executive received the sums under section 54 he must next
apply them—

(a) first, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of a receiver
appointed under section 48, to the extent that they have not been met
by virtue of the exercise by that receiver of a power conferred under
section 49(2)(d);

(b) second, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of the receiver
appointed under section 50.

If a direction was made under section 13(6) for an amount of compensation to
be paid out of sums recovered under the confiscation order, the justices’ chief
executive must next apply the sums in payment of that amount.

If any amount remains after the justices’ chief executive makes any payments
required by the preceding provisions of this section, the amount must be
treated for the purposes of section 60 of the Justices of the Peace Act 1997 (c. 25)
(application of fines etc) as if it were a fine imposed by a magistrates’ court.

Subsection (4) does not apply if the receiver is a member of the staff of the
Crown Prosecution Service or of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;
and it is immaterial whether he is a permanent or temporary member or he is
on secondment from elsewhere.

Director’s receivers

This section applies to sums which are in the hands of a receiver appointed
under section 52 if they are—

(a) the proceeds of the realisation of property under section 53;

(b) sums (other than those mentioned in paragraph (a)) in which the
defendant holds an interest.

The sums must be applied as follows —


248 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

PART9

INSOLVENCY ETC.
Bankruptcy in England and Wales

417 Modifications of the 1986 Act
(1) This section applies if a person is adjudged bankrupt in England and Wales.

(2) The following property is excluded from his estate for the purposes of Part 9 of
the 1986 Act—

(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made

under section 41, 120 or 190 before the order adjudging him bankrupt;

(b) any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in

force;

(c) any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

(d) any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

(3) Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the order adjudging the person bankrupt.

(4) If in the case of a debtor an interim receiver stands at any time appointed under
section 286 of the 1986 Act and any property of the debtor is then subject to a
restraint order made under section 41, 120 or 190 the powers conferred on the
receiver by virtue of that Act do not apply to property then subject to the
restraint order.

418 Restriction of powers

(1) Ifa person is adjudged bankrupt in England and Wales the powers referred to
in subsection (2) must not be exercised in relation to the property referred to in
subsection (3).

(2) These are the powers —

(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

(c) the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

(3) This is the property —
(a) property which is for the time being comprised in the bankrupt’s estate
for the purposes of Part 9 of the 1986 Act;
(b) property in respect of which his trustee in bankruptcy may (without
leave of the court) serve a notice under section 307, 308 or 308A of the
1986 Act (after-acquired property, tools, tenancies etc);


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 67
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(6)

(7)

(10)

(11)

The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 92 is such amount as —
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 93.

In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—
(a) the amount found under section 93;

(b) any fine imposed on the accused in respect of the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 97(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by a court in deciding what is the
free property held by the accused for the purposes of section 95;

(d) any compensation order which has been made against him in respect of
the offence (or any of the offences) concerned under section 249 of the
Procedure Act.

If an order for payment of compensation under section 249 of the Procedure
Act has been made against the accused in respect of the offence or offences
concerned, section 97(5) and (6) do not apply.

The relevant date is —

(a) if the court made a decision not to proceed under section 92, the date of
the decision;

(b) if the court did not make such a decision, the date of the conviction.

The date of conviction is—
(a) the date on which the accused was convicted of the offence concerned,
or
(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

In this section references to the court are to the court which had jurisdiction in
respect of the offence or offences concerned to make a confiscation order.

105 No order made: reconsideration of benefit

(1)
(2)

This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

The first condition is that in proceeding under section 92 the court has decided
that—
(a) the accused has a criminal lifestyle but has not benefited from his
general criminal conduct, or
(b) the accused does not have a criminal lifestyle and has not benefited
from his particular criminal conduct.

The second condition is that —

(a) the prosecutor has evidence which was not available to him when the
court decided that the accused had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct,

(b) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor applies to the court to consider the evidence,
and

(c) after considering the evidence the court concludes that it would have
decided that the accused had benefited from his general or particular


290

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 9 — Regulated sector and supervisory authorities
Part 1 — Regulated sector

(3) “Credit union” has the meaning given by the Credit Unions Act 1979 (c. 34)
or the Credit Unions (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (S.1. 1985/1205 (N.1. 12)).

(4) “European institution” means an EEA firm of the kind mentioned in
paragraph 5(b) or (c) of Schedule 3 to the Financial Services and Markets Act
2000 (c.8) which qualifies for authorisation for the purposes of that Act
under paragraph 12 of that Schedule.

(5) “Home-regulated activity” in relation to a European institution, means an
activity —

(a) which is specified in Annex 1 to the Banking Consolidation Directive
and in respect of which a supervisory authority in the home State of
the institution has regulatory functions, and

(b) if the institution is an EEA firm of the kind mentioned in paragraph
5(c) of Schedule 3 to the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000,
which the institution carries on in its home State.

(6) “Home State”, in relation to a person incorporated in or formed under the
law of another member State, means that State.

(7) The Banking Consolidation Directive is the Directive of the European
Parliament and Council relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business
of credit institutions (No. 2000/12 EC).

(8) The First Life Directive is the First Council Directive on the co-ordination of
laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking up
and pursuit of the business of direct life assurance (No. 79/267/EEC).

Excluded activities

3

4

A business is not in the regulated sector to the extent that it engages in any
of the following activities —

(a) _ the issue of withdrawable share capital within the limit set by section
6 of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965 (c. 12) by a
society registered under that Act;

(b) the acceptance of deposits from the public within the limit set by
section 7(3) of that Act by such a society;

(c) the issue of withdrawable share capital within the limit set by section
6 of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act (Northern Ireland)
1969 by a society registered under that Act;

(d) the acceptance of deposits from the public within the limit set by
section 7(3) of that Act by such a society;

(e) activities carried on by the Bank of England;

(f) any activity in respect of which an exemption order under section 38
of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 has effect if it is
carried on by a person who is for the time being specified in the order
or falls within a class of persons so specified.

PART 2
SUPERVISORY AUTHORITIES

(1) Each of the following is a supervisory authority —
(a) the Bank of England;
(b) the Financial Services Authority;
(c) the Council of Lloyd’s;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 303
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(c) the confiscation order is discharged under section 30, 114 or
180 of that Act (as the case may be) or quashed under that Act
or in pursuance of any enactment relating to appeals against
conviction or sentence.

(2) Any property in the hands of a receiver appointed under Part 2 or 4
of that Act or an administrator appointed under Part 3 of that Act
vests in the permanent trustee as part of the debtor’s estate.

(3) But subsection (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver’s remuneration and
expenses).”

(5) In section 55 (effect of discharge) after subsection (2) insert —

“(3) In subsection (2)(a) above the reference to a fine or other penalty due
to the Crown includes a reference to a confiscation order made under
Part 2, 3 or 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”.

Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45)

16 (1) The Insolvency Act 1986 is amended as follows.
(2) In section 281 (effect of discharge) after subsection (4) insert —

“(4A) In subsection (4) the reference to a fine includes a reference to a
confiscation order under Part 2, 3 or 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002.”

(3) After section 306 insert —

“306A Property subject to restraint order

(1) This section applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 417(2)(a) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (property
subject to a restraint order),

(b) an order under section 50, 52, 128, 198 or 200 of that Act has
not been made in respect of the property, and

(c) the restraint order is discharged.

(2) On the discharge of the restraint order the property vests in the
trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.

(3) But subsection (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver’s remuneration and
expenses).

306B Property in respect of which receivership or administration order
made

(1) This section applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 417(2)(b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
(property in respect of which an order for the appointment of


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 129
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

(9) The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

(10) Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;

(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;

(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.
Director's receivers

200 Appointment

(1) This section applies if —
(a) aconfiscation order is made, and
(b) the Director is appointed as the enforcement authority for the order
under section 184.

(2) But this section does not apply if —
(a) the confiscation order was made by the Court of Appeal, and

(b) when the Crown Court comes to proceed under this section the
confiscation order has been satisfied.

(3) If this section applies the Crown Court must make an order for the
appointment of a receiver in respect of realisable property.

(4) An order under subsection (3)—
(a) must confer power on the Director to nominate the person who is to be
the receiver, and
(b) _ takes effect when the Director nominates that person.
(5) The Director must not nominate a person under subsection (4) unless at the
time he does so the confiscation order —
(a) is not satisfied, and
(b) is not subject to appeal.

(6) A person nominated to be the receiver under subsection (4) may be—
(a) amember of the staff of the Agency;
(b) a person providing services under arrangements made by the Director.

(7) If this section applies section 198 does not apply.

201 Powers

(1) _ If the court makes an order for the appointment of a receiver under section 200
it may act under this section on the application of the Director.

(2) The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to the realisable property —

(a) power to take possession of the property;


122 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(3) Subsection (4) applies if paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1) apply but
paragraph (c) does not.

(4) In such a case the court may amend the term of imprisonment or detention
fixed in respect of the confiscation order under section 35(1)(c) of that Act.

(5) If the effect of section 162 is to increase the maximum period applicable in
relation to a confiscation order under section 35(2) of that Act, on the
application of the appropriate person the Crown Court may amend the term of
imprisonment or detention fixed in respect of the order under section 35(1)(c)
of that Act.

(6) The appropriate person is —

(a) the Director, if he was appointed as the enforcement authority for the
order under section 184;

(b) the prosecutor, in any other case.

Restraint orders
189 Conditions for exercise of powers

(1) The High Court may exercise the powers conferred by section 190 if any of the
following conditions is satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that—

(a) a criminal investigation has been started in Northern Ireland with
regard to an offence, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the alleged offender has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

(3) The second condition is that —

(a) proceedings for an offence have been started in Northern Ireland and
not concluded,

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant has benefited
from his criminal conduct.

(4) The third condition is that —

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 169, 170, 177 or 178 and not concluded, or the court believes that
such an application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant has benefited
from his criminal conduct.

(5) The fourth condition is that —

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 171 and not concluded, or the court believes that such an
application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the
defendant’s benefit exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

The fifth condition is that—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

xvii

446
447

448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455

456
457
458
459
460
461
462

Rules of court

Interpretation

Tax

PART 12

MISCELLANEOUS AND GENERAL

Miscellaneous

Agency staff: pseudonyms
Pseudonyms: Scotland

Customs and Excise prosecutions
Crown servants

References to financial investigators
Customs officers

Enactment
General
Amendments
Repeals and revocations
Commencement
Orders and regulations
Finance
Extent
Short title
Schedule 1 — Assets Recovery Agency
Schedule 2 — Lifestyle offences: England and Wales
Schedule 3 — Administrators: further provision
Schedule 4 — Lifestyle offences: Scotland
Schedule 5 — Lifestyle offences: Northern Ireland
Schedule 6 — Powers of interim receiver or administrator
Schedule 7 — Powers of trustee for civil recovery
Schedule 8 — Forms of declarations
Schedule 9 — Regulated sector and supervisory authorities
Part 1 — Regulated sector
Part 2 — Supervisory authorities
Part 3 — Power to amend
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 1 — General
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5
Schedule 11 — Amendments
Schedule 12 — Repeals and revocations


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 267
Part 11 — Co-operation

(4) An Order under this section may —

(a)
(b)

amend an enactment;
apply an enactment (with or without modifications).

444 External requests and orders

(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council—

(a)
(b)

make provision for a prohibition on dealing with property which is the
subject of an external request;

make provision for the realisation of property for the purpose of giving
effect to an external order.

(2) An Order under this section may include provision which (subject to any
specified modifications) corresponds to any provision of Part 2, 3 or 4 or Part 5
except Chapter 3.

(3) An Order under this section may include—

(a)

(b)
(c)

provision about the functions of the Secretary of State, the Lord
Advocate, the Scottish Ministers and the Director in relation to external
requests and orders;

provision about the registration of external orders;

provision about the authentication of any judgment or order of an
overseas court, and of any other document connected with such a
judgment or order or any proceedings relating to it;

provision about evidence (including evidence required to establish
whether proceedings have been started or are likely to be started in an
overseas court);

provision to secure that any person affected by the implementation of
an external request or the enforcement of an external order has an
opportunity to make representations to a court in the part of the United
Kingdom where the request is being implemented or the order is being
enforced.

445 External investigations

(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council make—

(a)

(b)

provision to enable orders equivalent to those under Part 8 to be made,
and warrants equivalent to those under Part 8 to be issued, for the
purposes of an external investigation;

provision creating offences in relation to external investigations which
are equivalent to offences created by Part 8.

(2) An Order under this section may include—

(a)
(b)

provision corresponding to any provision of Part 8 (subject to any
specified modifications);

provision about the functions of the Secretary of State, the Lord
Advocate, the Scottish Ministers, the Director, the Director General of
the National Criminal Intelligence Service, the Director of the Serious
Fraud Office, constables and customs officers;

provision about evidence (including evidence required to establish
whether an investigation is being carried out in a country or territory
outside the United Kingdom).


124 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(b) _ the offence (or any of the offences) concerned, if the third, fourth or fifth
condition is satisfied.

(6) Subsection (7) applies if—
(a) the court makes a restraint order, and

(b) the applicant for the order applies to the court to proceed under
subsection (7) (whether as part of the application for the restraint order
or at any time afterwards).

(7) The court may make such order as it believes is appropriate for the purpose of
ensuring that the restraint order is effective.

(8) A restraint order does not affect property for the time being subject to a charge
under any of these provisions —

(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (5.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(9) Dealing with property includes removing it from Northern Ireland.

191 Application, discharge and variation

(1) A restraint order—

(a) may be made only on an application by an applicant falling within
subsection (2);

(b) may be made on an ex parte application to a judge in chambers.

(2) These applicants fall within this subsection —
(a) the prosecutor;
(b) the Director;
(c) an accredited financial investigator.
(3) An application to discharge or vary a restraint order or an order under section
190(7) may be made to the High Court by —
(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(4) Subsections (5) to (7) apply to an application under subsection (3).

(5) The court—
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

(6) If the condition in section 189 which was satisfied was that proceedings were
started or an application was made, the court must discharge the order on the
conclusion of the proceedings or of the application (as the case may be).

(7) If the condition in section 189 which was satisfied was that an investigation
was started or an application was to be made, the court must discharge the
order if within a reasonable time proceedings for the offence are not started or
the application is not made (as the case may be).


42 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

63 Discharge and variation

(1) The following persons may apply to the Crown Court to vary or discharge an
order made under any of sections 48 to 53—
(a) the receiver;
(b) the person who applied for the order or (if the order was made under
section 52 or 53) the Director;
(c) any person affected by the order.

2) Onan application under this section the court —
PP.
(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

(3) But in the case of an order under section 48 or 49—

(a) _ if the condition in section 40 which was satisfied was that proceedings
were started or an application was made, the court must discharge the
order on the conclusion of the proceedings or of the application (as the
case may be);

(b) if the condition which was satisfied was that an investigation was
started or an application was to be made, the court must discharge the
order if within a reasonable time proceedings for the offence are not
started or the application is not made (as the case may be).

64 Management receivers: discharge

(1) This section applies if —
(a) a receiver stands appointed under section 48 in respect of realisable
property (the management receiver), and
(b) the court appoints a receiver under section 50 or makes an order for the
appointment of a receiver under section 52.

(2) The court must order the management receiver to transfer to the other receiver
all property held by the management receiver by virtue of the powers
conferred on him by section 49.

(3) But in a case where the court makes an order under section 52 its order under
subsection (2) above does not take effect until the order under section 52 takes
effect.

(4) Subsection (2) does not apply to property which the management receiver
holds by virtue of the exercise by him of his power under section 49(2)(d).

(5) If the management receiver complies with an order under subsection (2) he is
discharged —

(a) from his appointment under section 48;
(b) from any obligation under this Act arising from his appointment.

(6) If this section applies the court may make such a consequential or incidental
order as it believes is appropriate.
65 Appeal to Court of Appeal

(1) If onan application for an order under any of sections 48 to 51 or section 53 the
court decides not to make one, the person who applied for the order may
appeal to the Court of Appeal against the decision.


vi Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Enforcement abroad
141 Enforcement abroad
Interpretation
142 Criminal lifestyle
143 Conduct and benefit
144 Tainted gifts and their recipients
145 Value: the basic rule
146 Value of property obtained from conduct
147 Value of tainted gifts
148 Free property
149 Realisable property
150 Property: general provisions
151 Proceedings
152 Applications
153 Satisfaction of confiscation orders
154 Other interpretative provisions
General
155 Rules of court
Part4
CONFISCATION: NORTHERN IRELAND
Confiscation orders
156 Making of order
157 Recoverable amount
158 Defendant's benefit
159 Available amount
160 Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle
161 Time for payment
162 Interest on unpaid sums
163 Effect of order on court’s other powers
Procedural matters
164 Postponement
165 Effect of postponement
166 Statement of information
167  Defendant’s response to statement of information
168 Provision of information by defendant
Reconsideration
169 No order made: reconsideration of case
170 No order made: reconsideration of benefit
171 Order made: reconsideration of benefit
172 Order made: reconsideration of available amount
173 Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order
174 Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 161
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(5)

(6)

The execution of an arrestment under this section in respect of property does
not prejudice the exercise of an interim administrator’s powers under or for the
purposes of this Part in respect of that property.

An arrestment executed under this section ceases to have effect when, or in so
far as, the interim administration order ceases to apply in respect of the
property in relation to which the warrant for arrestment was granted.

If an arrestment ceases to have effect to any extent by virtue of subsection (6)
the enforcement authority or, as the case may be, the interim administrator
must apply to the Court of Session for an order recalling or, as the case may be,
restricting the arrestment.

Vesting and realisation of recoverable property

266 Recovery orders

(5)

If in proceedings under this Chapter the court is satisfied that any property is
recoverable, the court must make a recovery order.

The recovery order must vest the recoverable property in the trustee for civil
recovery.

But the court may not make in a recovery order—

(a) any provision in respect of any recoverable property if each of the
conditions in subsection (4) or (as the case may be) (5) is met and it
would not be just and equitable to do so, or

(b) any provision which is incompatible with any of the Convention rights
(within the meaning of the Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42)).

In relation to a court in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, the conditions
referred to in subsection (3)(a) are that—

(a) the respondent obtained the recoverable property in good faith,

(b) he took steps after obtaining the property which he would not have
taken if he had not obtained it or he took steps before obtaining the
property which he would not have taken if he had not believed he was
going to obtain it,

(c) when he took the steps, he had no notice that the property was
recoverable,

(d) if a recovery order were made in respect of the property, it would, by
reason of the steps, be detrimental to him.

In relation to a court in Scotland, the conditions referred to in subsection (3)(a)
are that—

(a) the respondent obtained the recoverable property in good faith,

(b) he took steps after obtaining the property which he would not have
taken if he had not obtained it or he took steps before obtaining the
property which he would not have taken if he had not believed he was
going to obtain it,

(c) when he took the steps, he had no reasonable grounds for believing that
the property was recoverable,

(d) if a recovery order were made in respect of the property, it would, by
reason of the steps, be detrimental to him.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 185
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

307 Recoverable property: accruing profits

(1)

(2)

This section applies where a person who has recoverable property obtains
further property consisting of profits accruing in respect of the recoverable

property.

The further property is to be treated as representing the property obtained
through unlawful conduct.

308 General exceptions

(1)

(6)

If—
(a) a person disposes of recoverable property, and
(b) the person who obtains it on the disposal does so in good faith, for
value and without notice that it was recoverable property,
the property may not be followed into that person’s hands and, accordingly, it
ceases to be recoverable.

If recoverable property is vested, forfeited or otherwise disposed of in
pursuance of powers conferred by virtue of this Part, it ceases to be
recoverable.

If—

(a) in pursuance of a judgment in civil proceedings (whether in the United
Kingdom or elsewhere), the defendant makes a payment to the
claimant or the claimant otherwise obtains property from the
defendant,

(b) the claimant’s claim is based on the defendant’s unlawful conduct, and

(c) apart from this subsection, the sum received, or the property obtained,
by the claimant would be recoverable property,

the property ceases to be recoverable.
In relation to Scotland, “claimant” and “defendant” are to be read as “pursuer”
and “defender”.

If—
(a) a payment is made to a person in pursuance of a compensation order
under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994
(S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)), section 249 of the Criminal Procedure
(Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46) or section 130 of the Powers of Criminal
Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6), and
(b) apart from this subsection, the sum received would be recoverable
property,
the property ceases to be recoverable.

If—

(a) apayment is made to a person in pursuance of a restitution order under
section 27 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 16 (N.I.)) or
section 148(2) of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
or a person otherwise obtains any property in pursuance of such an
order, and

(b) apart from this subsection, the sum received, or the property obtained,
would be recoverable property,

the property ceases to be recoverable.

If—


208

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 1 — Introduction

(2)

(4)

(5)

with a confiscation investigation, a civil recovery investigation or a money
laundering investigation which is being or is about to be conducted.

The person commits an offence if —
(a) he makes a disclosure which is likely to prejudice the investigation, or
(b) he falsifies, conceals, destroys or otherwise disposes of, or causes or
permits the falsification, concealment, destruction or disposal of,
documents which are relevant to the investigation.

A person does not commit an offence under subsection (2)(a) if—

(a) he does not know or suspect that the disclosure is likely to prejudice the
investigation,

(b) the disclosure is made in the exercise of a function under this Act or any
other enactment relating to criminal conduct or benefit from criminal
conduct or in compliance with a requirement imposed under or by
virtue of this Act, or

(c) he is a professional legal adviser and the disclosure falls within
subsection (4).

A disclosure falls within this subsection if it is a disclosure —
(a) _ to (or to a representative of) a client of the professional legal adviser in
connection with the giving by the adviser of legal advice to the client, or
(b) to any person in connection with legal proceedings or contemplated
legal proceedings.
But a disclosure does not fall within subsection (4) if it is made with the
intention of furthering a criminal purpose.

A person does not commit an offence under subsection (2)(b) if—
(a) he does not know or suspect that the documents are relevant to the
investigation, or
(b) he does not intend to conceal any facts disclosed by the documents
from any appropriate officer or (in Scotland) proper person carrying
out the investigation.
A person guilty of an offence under subsection (2) is liable —
(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or

(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
five years or to a fine or to both.

For the purposes of this section —
(a) “appropriate officer” must be construed in accordance with section 378;
(b) “proper person” must be construed in accordance with section 412.


150 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 1 — Introductory

PaRT5
CIVIL RECOVERY OF THE PROCEEDS ETC, OF UNLAWFUL CONDUCT
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTORY

240 General purpose of this Part

(1) This Part has effect for the purposes of —

(a) enabling the enforcement authority to recover, in civil proceedings
before the High Court or Court of Session, property which is, or
represents, property obtained through unlawful conduct,

(b) enabling cash which is, or represents, property obtained through
unlawful conduct, or which is intended to be used in unlawful conduct,
to be forfeited in civil proceedings before a magistrates’ court or (in
Scotland) the sheriff.

(2) The powers conferred by this Part are exercisable in relation to any property
(including cash) whether or not any proceedings have been brought for an
offence in connection with the property.

241 “Unlawful conduct”

(1) Conduct occurring in any part of the United Kingdom is unlawful conduct if it
is unlawful under the criminal law of that part.

(2) Conduct which—
(a) occurs in a country outside the United Kingdom and is unlawful under
the criminal law of that country, and
(b) if it occurred in a part of the United Kingdom, would be unlawful
under the criminal law of that part,
is also unlawful conduct.

(3) The court or sheriff must decide on a balance of probabilities whether it is
proved —
(a) that any matters alleged to constitute unlawful conduct have occurred,
or
(b) that any person intended to use any cash in unlawful conduct.

242 “Property obtained through unlawful conduct”

(1) A person obtains property through unlawful conduct (whether his own
conduct or another’s) if he obtains property by or in return for the conduct.

(2) In deciding whether any property was obtained through unlawful conduct —
(a) it is immaterial whether or not any money, goods or services were
provided in order to put the person in question in a position to carry
out the conduct,
(b) it is not necessary to show that the conduct was of a particular kind if it
is shown that the property was obtained through conduct of one of a
number of kinds, each of which would have been unlawful conduct.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 59
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(6) But subsection (5) does not apply to an amount which has been taken into
account for the purposes of a deduction under that subsection on any earlier
occasion.

(7) The reference to general criminal conduct in the case of a confiscation order
made under any of the provisions listed in subsection (5)(b) is a reference to
conduct in respect of which a court is required or entitled to make one or more
assumptions for the purpose of assessing a person’s benefit from the conduct.

95 Available amount

(1) For the purposes of deciding the recoverable amount, the available amount is
the aggregate of —

(a) the total of the values (at the time the confiscation order is made) of all
the free property then held by the accused minus the total amount
payable in pursuance of obligations which then have priority, and

(b) the total of the values (at that time) of all tainted gifts.

(2) An obligation has priority if —

(a) it is an obligation of the accused to pay an amount due in respect of a
fine or other order of a court which was imposed or made on conviction
for an offence and at any time before the confiscation order is made, or

(b) it is an obligation of the accused to pay a sum which would be—

(i) apreferred debt if the accused’s estate were sequestrated on the
date of the confiscation order, or
(ii) a preferential debt if his winding up were ordered on that date.

(3) In subsection (2) —
“preferred debt” has the meaning given by section 51(2) of the Bankruptcy
(Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66);

“preferential debt” has the meaning given by section 386 of the Insolvency
Act 1986 (c. 45).

96 Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle

(1) Where the court decides under section 92 that the accused has a criminal
lifestyle it must make the following four assumptions for the purpose of —
(a) deciding whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct,
and
(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.

(2) The first assumption is that any property transferred to the accused at any time
after the relevant day was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and
(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

(3) The second assumption is that any property held by the accused at any time
after the date of conviction was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and
(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

(4) The third assumption is that any expenditure incurred by the accused at any
time after the relevant day was met from property obtained by him as a result
of his general criminal conduct.


14

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3)

(4)

(5)

If the court proceeded under section 6 because the Director asked it to, the
second condition is that —

(a) the Director has evidence which was not available to him when the
court decided that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct,

(b) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the Director applies to the Crown Court to consider the
evidence, and

(c) after considering the evidence the court concludes that it would have
decided that the defendant had benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct (as the case may be) if the evidence had been available
to it.

If the court proceeded under section 6 because the prosecutor asked it to or
because it believed it was appropriate for it to do so, the second condition is
that —

(a) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor when the
court decided that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct,

(b) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(c) after considering the evidence the court concludes that it would have
decided that the defendant had benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct (as the case may be) if the evidence had been available
to it.

If this section applies the court —
(a) must make a fresh decision under section 6(4)(b) or (c) whether the
defendant has benefited from his general or particular criminal conduct
(as the case may be);
(b) may make a confiscation order under that section.

Subsections (7) to (12) below apply if the court proceeds under section 6 in
pursuance of this section.

If the court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 6 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

Section 8(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the date of the original
decision that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct;

(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 10—

(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the date of the original decision
that the defendant had not benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 57
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(5)

(7)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

93
(1)

(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences, whether in solemn or
summary proceedings, or

(b) in the case of summary proceedings in respect of an offence (without
proceeding to conviction) an order is made discharging him absolutely.

The second condition is that the prosecutor asks the court to act under this
section.

The third condition is that the court decides to order some disposal in respect
of the accused; and an absolute discharge is a disposal for the purpose of this
subsection.

If the court acts under this section it must proceed as follows—
(a) it must decide whether the accused has a criminal lifestyle;
(b) if it decides that he has a criminal lifestyle it must decide whether he
has benefited from his general criminal conduct;
(c) if it decides that he does not have a criminal lifestyle it must decide
whether he has benefited from his particular criminal conduct.

If the court decides under subsection (5)(b) or (c) that the accused has benefited
from the conduct referred to—

(a) it must decide the recoverable amount, and

(b) it must make an order (a confiscation order) requiring him to pay that
amount.

But the court must treat the duty in subsection (6) as a power if it believes that
any victim of the conduct has at any time started or intends to start proceedings
against the accused in respect of loss, injury or damage sustained in connection
with the conduct.

Before making an order under this section the court must take into account any
representations made to it by any person whom the court thinks is likely to be
affected by the order.

The standard of proof required to decide any question arising under
subsection (5) or (6) is the balance of probabilities.

The first condition is not satisfied if the accused is unlawfully at large (but
section 111 may apply).

For the purposes of any appeal or review, an order under this section is a
sentence.

References in this Part to the offence (or offences) concerned are to the offence
(or offences) mentioned in subsection (2).

In this section and sections 93 to 118 “the court” means the High Court of
Justiciary or the sheriff.

Recoverable amount

The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 92 is an amount equal to
the accused’s benefit from the conduct concerned.

But if the accused shows that the available amount is less than that benefit the
recoverable amount is —

(a) the available amount, or

(b) anominal amount, if the available amount is nil.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 133
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

For the purposes of subsections (3) and (4) the property concerned is —
(a) the property represented by the proceeds mentioned in subsection
(Ma);

(b) the sums mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

205 Sums received by Director

(1)

(2)

(3)

This section applies if the Director receives sums on account of the amount
payable under a confiscation order (whether the sums are received under
section 204 or otherwise).

The Director’s receipt of the sums reduces the amount payable under the
order, but he must apply the sums received as follows.

First he must apply them in payment of such expenses incurred by a person
acting as an insolvency practitioner as —

(a) are payable under this subsection by virtue of section 432, but

(b) are not already paid under section 204(2)(a).

If the Director received the sums under section 204 he must next apply them—
(a) first, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of a receiver
appointed under section 196, to the extent that they have not been met
by virtue of the exercise by that receiver of a power conferred under
section 197(2)(d);
(b) second, in payment of the remuneration and expenses of the receiver
appointed under section 200.

If a direction was made under section 163(6) for an amount of compensation to
be paid out of sums recovered under the confiscation order, the Director must
next apply the sums in payment of that amount.

Subsection (4) does not apply if the receiver is a member of the staff of the
Agency or a person providing services under arrangements made by the
Director.

Restrictions

206 Restraint orders

(1)

Subsections (2) and (3) apply if a court makes a restraint order.

If the order applies to a tenancy of any premises, no landlord or other person
to whom rent is payable may exercise a right within subsection (3) except with
the leave of the High Court and subject to any terms the High Court may
impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court in which proceedings are pending in respect of any property is
satisfied that a restraint order has been applied for or made in respect of the
property, the court may either stay the proceedings or allow them to continue
on any terms it thinks fit.


50 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

76 Conduct and benefit

(1) Criminal conduct is conduct which —
(a) constitutes an offence in England and Wales, or
(b) would constitute such an offence if it occurred in England and Wales.

(2) General criminal conduct of the defendant is all his criminal conduct, and it is
immaterial —
(a) whether conduct occurred before or after the passing of this Act;
(b) whether property constituting a benefit from conduct was obtained
before or after the passing of this Act.

(3) Particular criminal conduct of the defendant is all his criminal conduct which
falls within the following paragraphs —

(a) conduct which constitutes the offence or offences concerned;

(b) conduct which constitutes offences of which he was convicted in the
same proceedings as those in which he was convicted of the offence or
offences concerned;

(c) conduct which constitutes offences which the court will be taking into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences
concerned.

(4) A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property as a result of or in
connection with the conduct.

(5) If a person obtains a pecuniary advantage as a result of or in connection with
conduct, he is to be taken to obtain as a result of or in connection with the
conduct a sum of money equal to the value of the pecuniary advantage.

(6) References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained both
in that connection and some other.

(7) If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the value of the property
obtained.

77 ‘Tainted gifts

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply if—
(a) nocourt has made a decision as to whether the defendant has a criminal
lifestyle, or
(b) acourt has decided that the defendant has a criminal lifestyle.

(2) A gift is tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time after the relevant
day.

3) A gift is also tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time and was of
8) y y
property —
(a) which was obtained by the defendant as a result of or in connection
with his general criminal conduct, or
(b) which (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly) represented
in the defendant’s hands property obtained by him as a result of or in
connection with his general criminal conduct.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if a court has decided that the defendant does not have
a criminal lifestyle.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 319
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(2) In section 55 (obligation to return excluded and special procedure material)
in subsection (5) (powers in relation to which section does not apply as
regards special procedure material) omit “and” after paragraph (b), and after
paragraph (c) insert —

“and
(d) section 352(4) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002,”.

(3) In section 60 (cases where duty to secure seized property arises) in
subsection (4) (powers in relation to which duty does not arise as regards
special procedure material) omit “or” after paragraph (b), and after
paragraph (c) insert —

“or
(d) section 352(4) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002,”.

(4) In section 64 (meaning of appropriate judicial authority) in subsection (3)
after paragraph (a) omit “and” and insert—
“(aa) the power of seizure conferred by section 352(4) of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, if the power is exercisable for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation (within the
meaning of Part 8 of that Act);”.

(5) In section 65 (meaning of “legal privilege”) —
(a) in subsection (1)(b) for the words “33 of the Criminal Law

(Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 39)” substitute “412 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”;

(b) after subsection (3) insert —

“(3A) In relation to property which has been seized in exercise, or
purported exercise, of —
(a) the power of seizure conferred by section 352(4) of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, or
(b) so much of any power of seizure conferred by section
50 as is exercisable by reference to that power,
references in this Part to an item subject to legal privilege
shall be read as references to privileged material within the
meaning of section 354(2) of that Act.”

(6) In Part 1 of Schedule 1 (powers of seizure to which section 50 applies) at the
end add—
“Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 00)

73A The power of seizure conferred by section 352(4) of the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002 (seizure of material likely to be of substantial
value to certain investigations).”

(7) In Part 3 of Schedule 1 (powers of seizure to which section 55 applies) at the
end add—
“Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 00)

110 The power of seizure conferred by section 352(4) of the Proceeds
of Crime Act 2002 (seizure of material likely to be of substantial
value to certain investigations).”


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 7
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(9) But if a confiscation order mentioned in section 8(3)(c) has been made against
the defendant at any time during the period mentioned in subsection (8) —
(a) the relevant day is the day when the defendant’s benefit was calculated
for the purposes of the last such confiscation order;
(b) the second assumption does not apply to any property which was held
by him on or before the relevant day.

(10) The date of conviction is—

(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or

(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

11 =‘ Time for payment

(1) The amount ordered to be paid under a confiscation order must be paid on the
making of the order; but this is subject to the following provisions of this
section.

(2) If the defendant shows that he needs time to pay the amount ordered to be
paid, the court making the confiscation order may make an order allowing
payment to be made in a specified period.

(3) The specified period —

(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed six months.

(4) If within the specified period the defendant applies to the Crown Court for the
period to be extended and the court believes there are exceptional
circumstances, it may make an order extending the period.

(5) The extended period —
(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed 12 months.

(6) An order under subsection (4) —
(a) may be made after the end of the specified period, but

(b) must not be made after the end of the period of 12 months starting with
the day on which the confiscation order is made.

(7) The court must not make an order under subsection (2) or (4) unless it gives —
(a) the prosecutor, or

(b) if the Director was appointed as the enforcement authority for the order
under section 34, the Director,
an opportunity to make representations.

12 Interest on unpaid sums

(1) If the amount required to be paid by a person under a confiscation order is not
paid when it is required to be paid, he must pay interest on the amount for the
period for which it remains unpaid.

(2) The rate of interest is the same rate as that for the time being specified in section
17 of the Judgments Act 1838 (c. 110) (interest on civil judgment debts).


24

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(7)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

On an appeal from a decision of the Court of Appeal to confirm, vary or make
a confiscation order the House of Lords may confirm, quash or vary the order.

On an appeal from a decision of the Court of Appeal to confirm the decision of
the Crown Court not to make a confiscation order or from a decision of the
Court of Appeal to quash a confiscation order the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) direct the Crown Court to proceed afresh under section 6 if it believes
the decision was wrong.

In proceeding afresh in pursuance of this section the Crown Court must
comply with any directions the House of Lords may make.

If a court varies a confiscation order under this section or makes a confiscation
order in pursuance of a direction under this section it must —

(a) have regard to any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned;

(b) have regard to any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been
made against him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned, unless the order has already been taken into account by a
court in deciding what is the free property held by the defendant for the
purposes of section 9.

If the Crown Court proceeds afresh under section 6 in pursuance of a direction
under this section subsections (8) to (12) apply.

If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 6 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

If an order has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders) —

(a) the Crown Court must have regard to it, and

(b) section 13(5) and (6) above do not apply.

Section 8(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the Crown
Court must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;

(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 10—
(a) the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;
(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

Section 26 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (1)
of that section.

The relevant date is —


144

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(7)

225
(

a

)

(2)

(4)

(6)

(7)

226

References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property ora pecuniary advantage obtained both
in that connection and some other.

If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the value of the property
obtained.

Tainted gifts

Subsections (2) and (3) apply if—
(a) nocourt has made a decision as to whether the defendant has a criminal
lifestyle, or
(b) acourt has decided that the defendant has a criminal lifestyle.

A gift is tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time after the relevant
day.
A gift is also tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time and was of
property —
(a) which was obtained by the defendant as a result of or in connection
with his general criminal conduct, or
(b) which (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly) represented
in the defendant’s hands property obtained by him as a result of or in
connection with his general criminal conduct.

Subsection (5) applies if a court has decided that the defendant does not have
a criminal lifestyle.

A gift is tainted if it was made by the defendant at any time after—
(a) the date on which the offence concerned was committed, or

(b) _ if his particular criminal conduct consists of two or more offences and
they were committed on different dates, the date of the earliest.

For the purposes of subsection (5) an offence which is a continuing offence is
committed on the first occasion when it is committed.

For the purposes of subsection (5) the defendant’s particular criminal conduct
includes any conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

A gift may be a tainted gift whether it was made before or after the passing of
this Act.

The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with—
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or

(b) if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.

Gifts and their recipients

If the defendant transfers property to another person for a consideration whose
value is significantly less than the value of the property at the time of the
transfer, he is to be treated as making a gift.

If subsection (1) applies the property given is to be treated as such share in the
property transferred as is represented by the fraction —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 231
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(3)

385
(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

a form in which it can be taken away by him and in which it is visible and
legible.

If the order is an order requiring a person to give a proper person access to the
material, it has effect as an order to give him access to the material in a form in
which it is visible and legible.

Government departments

A production order may be made in relation to material in the possession or
control of an authorised government department.

An order so made may require any officer of the department (whether named
in the order or not) who may for the time being be in possession or control of
the material to comply with it.

If an order contains such a requirement —
(a) the person on whom it is served must take all reasonable steps to bring
it to the attention of the officer concerned;
(b) any other officer of the department who is in receipt of the order must
also take all reasonable steps to bring it to the attention of the officer
concerned.

If the order is not brought to the attention of the officer concerned within the
period stated in the order (in pursuance of section 380(5)) the person on whom
it is served must report the reasons for the failure to—
(a) the sheriff in the case of an order made for the purposes of a
confiscation investigation or a money laundering investigation;
(b) _ the sheriff exercising a civil jurisdiction in the case of an order made for
the purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

In this section, “authorised government department” includes a government
department which is an authorised department for the purposes of the Crown
Proceedings Act 1947 (c. 44) and the Scottish Administration.

Supplementary

An application for a production order or an order to grant entry may be made
ex parte to a sheriff in chambers.

Provision may be made by rules of court as to the discharge and variation of
production orders and orders to grant entry.

Rules of court under subsection (2) relating to production orders and orders to
grant entry —

(a) made in a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation shall, without prejudice to section 305 of the Criminal
Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46) be made by act of adjournal;

(b) made in a civil recovery investigation shall, without prejudice to
section 32 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 (c. 58) be made by
act of sederunt.

An application to discharge or vary a production order or an order to grant
entry may be made to the sheriff by —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3) This section also applies to money which is held by a person and which—

(a)
(b)

has been seized by a customs officer under section 19 of the 1984 Act as
applied by order made under section 114(2) of that Act, and

is held in an account maintained by the Commissioners of Customs and
Excise with a bank or a building society.

(4) This section applies if the following conditions are satisfied —

(a)

a restraint order has effect in relation to money to which this section
applies;

a confiscation order is made against the person by whom the money is
held;

the Director has not been appointed as the enforcement authority for
the confiscation order;

a receiver has not been appointed under section 50 in relation to the
money;

any period allowed under section 11 for payment of the amount
ordered to be paid under the confiscation order has ended.

(5) In such a case a magistrates’ court may order the bank or building society to
pay the money to the justices’ chief executive for the court on account of the
amount payable under the confiscation order.

(6) If a bank or building society fails to comply with an order under subsection

65)-
(a)

(b)

the magistrates’ court may order it to pay an amount not exceeding
£5,000, and

for the purposes of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43) the sum is
to be treated as adjudged to be paid by a conviction of the court.

(7) In order to take account of changes in the value of money the Secretary of State
may by order substitute another sum for the sum for the time being specified
in subsection (6)(a).

(8) For the purposes of this section —

(a)
(b)

a bank is a deposit-taking business within the meaning of the Banking
Act 1987 (c. 22);

“building society” has the same meaning as in the Building Societies
Act 1986 (c. 53).

Financial investigators

68 Applications and appeals

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply to—

(a)
(b)

an application under section 41, 42, 48, 49 or 63;
an appeal under section 43, 44, 65 or 66.

(2) An accredited financial investigator must not make such an application or
bring such an appeal unless he falls within subsection (3).

(3) An accredited financial investigator falls within this subsection if he is one of
the following or is authorised for the purposes of this section by one of the
following —

(a)

a police officer who is not below the rank of superintendent,


230

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(5)

382
(1)

(2)

(3)

383

384

(2)

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that the person the application
specifies as appearing to be in possession or control of the material so specified
is in possession or control of it.

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that the material is likely to be
of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation for the
purposes of which the order is sought.

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the material to be produced or for access to it to be given, having regard
to—
(a) the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the material is
obtained,
(b) the circumstances under which the person the application specifies as
appearing to be in possession or control of the material holds it.

Order to grant entry

This section applies if a sheriff makes a production order requiring a person to
give a proper person access to material on any premises.

The sheriff may, on an application made to him by the appropriate person and
specifying the premises, make an order to grant entry in relation to the
premises.

An order to grant entry is an order requiring any person who appears to the
appropriate person to be entitled to grant entry to the premises to allow a
proper person to enter the premises to obtain access to the material.

Further provisions

A production order does not require a person to produce, or give access to, any
items subject to legal privilege.

A production order has effect in spite of any restriction on the disclosure of
information (however imposed).

A proper person may take copies of any material which is produced, or to
which access is given, in compliance with a production order.

Material produced in compliance with a production order may be retained for
so long as it is necessary to retain it (as opposed to copies of it) in connection
with the investigation for the purposes of which the order was made.

But if a proper person has reasonable grounds for believing that—
(a) the material may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and
(b) it might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
it may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.

Computer information

This section applies if any of the material specified in an application for a
production order consists of information contained in a computer.

If the order is an order requiring a person to produce the material to a proper
person for him to take away, it has effect as an order to produce the material in


10

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3)

(4)

(6)

(7)

16

(c) make an order for the payment of compensation under section 130 of
the Sentencing Act.

If the court sentences the defendant for the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned in the postponement period, after that period ends it may vary the
sentence by —
(a) imposing a fine on him,
(b) making an order falling within section 13(3), or
(c) making an order for the payment of compensation under section 130 of
the Sentencing Act.

But the court may proceed under subsection (3) only within the period of 28
days which starts with the last day of the postponement period.

For the purposes of —
(a) section 18(2) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19) (time limit for
notice of appeal or of application for leave to appeal), and
(b) paragraph 1 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33) (time
limit for notice of application for leave to refer a case under section 36
of that Act),
the sentence must be regarded as imposed or made on the day on which it is
varied under subsection (3).

If the court proceeds to sentence the defendant under subsection (1), section 6
has effect as if the defendant’s particular criminal conduct included conduct
which constitutes offences which the court has taken into consideration in
deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

The postponement period is the period for which proceedings under section 6
are postponed.

Statement of information

If the court is proceeding under section 6 in a case where section 6(3)(a) applies,
the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) must give the court a
statement of information within the period the court orders.

If the court is proceeding under section 6 in a case where section 6(3)(b) applies
and it orders the prosecutor to give it a statement of information, the
prosecutor must give it such a statement within the period the court orders.

If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) believes the defendant has
a criminal lifestyle the statement of information is a statement of matters the
prosecutor or the Director believes are relevant in connection with deciding
these issues —

(a) whether the defendant has a criminal lifestyle;

(b) whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct;

(c) his benefit from the conduct.

A statement under subsection (3) must include information the prosecutor or
Director believes is relevant —
(a) in connection with the making by the court of a required assumption
under section 10;
(b) for the purpose of enabling the court to decide if the circumstances are
such that it must not make such an assumption.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 131
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(10)

Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;
(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;
(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.

Application of sums

202. Enforcement receivers

(1)

(3)

(7)

This section applies to sums which are in the hands of a receiver appointed
under section 198 if they are—

(a) the proceeds of the realisation of property under section 199;

(b) sums (other than those mentioned in paragraph (a)) in which the
defendant holds an interest.

The sums must be applied as follows —

(a) first, they must be applied in payment of such expenses incurred by a
person acting as an insolvency practitioner as are payable under this
subsection by virtue of section 432;

(b) second, they must be applied in making any payments directed by the
Crown Court;

(c) third, they must be applied on the defendant’s behalf towards
satisfaction of the confiscation order.

If the amount payable under the confiscation order has been fully paid and any
sums remain in the receiver’s hands he must distribute them —
(a) among such persons who held (or hold) interests in the property
concerned as the Crown Court directs, and
(b) in such proportions as it directs.

Before making a direction under subsection (3) the court must give persons
who held (or hold) interests in the property concerned a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

For the purposes of subsections (3) and (4) the property concerned is —
(a) the property represented by the proceeds mentioned in subsection
(fa);
(b) the sums mentioned in subsection (1)(b).

The receiver applies sums as mentioned in subsection (2)(c) by paying them to
the appropriate chief clerk on account of the amount payable under the order.

The appropriate chief clerk is the chief clerk of the court at the place where the
confiscation order was made.

203 Sums received by chief clerk

(1)

(2)

This section applies if a chief clerk receives sums on account of the amount
payable under a confiscation order (whether the sums are received under
section 202 or otherwise).

The chief clerk’s receipt of the sums reduces the amount payable under the
order, but he must apply the sums received as follows.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 77
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(2)

(3)

as if the amount ordered to be paid were a fine imposed on the accused by the
court making the confiscation order.

Those provisions are—

(d)
(e)

(i)
(k)

section 211(3) to (6);

section 214(4) to (6), but as if the references in subsection (4) to payment
by instalments were omitted;

section 216, but as if subsection (1) —

(i) gave the prosecutor an opportunity to be heard at any enquiry
under that subsection; and

(ii) applied whether the offender was in prison or not;

section 217;
section 218(2) and (3);
section 219, provided that —

(i) where a court imposes a period of imprisonment in respect of
both a fine and a confiscation order the amounts in respect of
which the period is imposed must, for the purposes of
subsection (2), be aggregated;

(ii) before imposing a period of imprisonment by virtue of that
section the court must require a report from any administrator
appointed in relation to the confiscation order as to whether
and how he is likely to exercise his powers and duties under this
Part and must take that report into account; and the court may,
pending such exercise, postpone any decision as to such
imposition; and

(iii) where an administrator has not been appointed in relation to
the confiscation order, or where the accused does not ask under
section 116 for time for payment of any confiscation order
imposed by the court, the prosecutor may apply to the court to
postpone the imposition of any period of imprisonment for a
period not exceeding 3 months to enable the prosecutor to
apply to the court for the appointment of an administrator;

section 220, but as if the reference in subsection (1) to payment of asum
by the person included a reference to payment of the sum in respect of
the person by an administrator appointed in relation to the confiscation
order;

section 221, except where an administrator is appointed in relation to
the confiscation order;

section 222, except that for the purposes of that section “confiscation
order” in subsection (1) above must be construed as including such an
order within the meaning of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37), the
Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990 (S.I.
1990/2588 (N.I. 17)), the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order
1996 (S.I. 1996/1299 (N.1. 9)) or of Part 2 or 4 of this Act;

section 223;

section 224.

Where a court, by virtue of subsection (1), orders the amount ordered to be
paid under a confiscation order to be recovered by civil diligence under section
221 of the Procedure Act, any arrestment executed by a prosecutor under
subsection (3) of section 124 of this Act is to be treated as having been executed
by the court as if that subsection authorised such execution.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 307
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by the exercise of the right conferred
by paragraph (1).

(8B) For the purposes of paragraph (8A) the question whether a person
has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(4) In Article 87 (meaning of serious arrestable offence) in paragraph (2) for sub-
paragraph (aa) substitute —
“(aa) any offence which is specified in paragraph 1 of Schedule 5 to
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug trafficking offences);
(ab) any offence under section 327, 328 or 329 of that Act (certain
money laundering offences);”.

Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19))

20 (1) The Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 is amended as follows.
(2) In Article 255 (effect of discharge) after paragraph (4) insert —

“(4A) In paragraph (4) the reference to a fine includes a reference to a
confiscation order under Part 2, 3 or 4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002.”

(3) After Article 279 insert —

“279A _ Property subject to restraint order

(1) This Article applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 423(2)(a) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (property
subject to a restraint order),

(b) an order under section 50, 52, 128, 198 or 200 of that Act has
not been made in respect of the property, and

(c) the restraint order is discharged.

(2) On the discharge of the restraint order the property vests in the
trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.

(3) But paragraph (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver’s remuneration and
expenses).

279B_ Property in respect of which receivership or administration order
made

(1) This Article applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 423(2)(b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
(property in respect of which an order for the appointment of
a receiver or administrator under certain provisions of that
Act is in force),

(b) aconfiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act,


270

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 12 — Miscellaneous and general

(2)

(3)

(4)

451

(5)

if it is necessary or expedient for the person to identify himself by name for that
purpose.

The Scottish Ministers may direct that such a person may for that purpose
identify himself by means of a pseudonym.

For the purposes of any proceedings or application under this Act, a certificate
signed by the Scottish Ministers which sufficiently identifies the person by
reference to the pseudonym is conclusive evidence that the person is
authorised to use the pseudonym.

In any proceedings or application under this Act a person in respect of whom
a direction under this section is in force must not be asked (and if asked is not
required to answer) any question which is likely to reveal his true identity.

Customs and Excise prosecutions

Proceedings for a specified offence may be started by order of the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise (the Commissioners).

Such proceedings must be brought in the name of a customs officer.

If the customs officer in whose name the proceedings are brought —
(a) dies,
(b) is removed or discharged, or
(c) is absent,

the proceedings may be continued by a different customs officer.

If the Commissioners investigate, or propose to investigate, any matter to help
them to decide —

(a) whether there are grounds for believing that a specified offence has
been committed, or

(b) whether a person is to be prosecuted for such an offence,

the matter must be treated as an assigned matter within the meaning of the
Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2).

This section —

(a) does not prevent any person (including a customs officer) who has
power to arrest, detain or prosecute a person for a specified offence
from doing so;

(b) does not prevent a court from dealing with a person brought before it
following his arrest by a customs officer for a specified offence, even if
the proceedings were not started by an order under subsection (1).

The following are specified offences —
(a) an offence under Part 7;
(b) an offence under section 342;
(c) an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to commit an offence specified in
paragraph (a) or (b);
(d) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence
specified in paragraph (a) or (b).

This section does not apply to proceedings on indictment in Scotland.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 159
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(2)

261

(3)

262

(3)

Before giving any directions under subsection (1), the court must (as well as
giving the parties to the proceedings an opportunity to be heard) give such an
opportunity to the interim administrator and to any person who may be
interested in the application.

The court may at any time vary or recall an interim administration order.

Before exercising any power under this Chapter to vary or set aside an interim
administration order, the court must (as well as giving the parties to the
proceedings an opportunity to be heard) give such an opportunity to the
interim administrator and to any person who may be affected by the court’s
decision.

Restrictions on dealing etc. with property

An interim administration order must, subject to any exclusions made in
accordance with this section, prohibit any person to whose property the order
applies from dealing with the property.

Exclusions may be made when the interim administration order is made or on
an application to vary the order.

An exclusion may, in particular, make provision for the purpose of enabling
any person—

(a) to meet his reasonable living expenses, or

(b) to carry on any trade, business, profession or occupation,
and may be made subject to conditions.

But an exclusion may not be made for the purpose of enabling any person to
meet any legal expenses in respect of proceedings under this Part.

If the excluded property is not specified in the order it must be described in the
order in general terms.

The power to make exclusions must be exercised with a view to ensuring, so
far as practicable, that the satisfaction of any right of the enforcement authority
to recover the property obtained through unlawful conduct is not unduly
prejudiced.

Restriction on proceedings and remedies

While an interim administration order has effect, the court may sist any action,
execution or other legal process in respect of the property to which the order
applies.

If a court (whether the Court of Session or any other court) in which
proceedings are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that an interim
administration order has been applied for or made in respect of the property,
the court may either sist the proceedings or allow them to continue on any
terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by this section, the court must (as well
as giving the parties to any of the proceedings in question an opportunity to be
heard) give such an opportunity to the interim administrator (if appointed)
and any person who may be affected by the court’s decision.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 31
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

43 Appeal to Court of Appeal

(1) If on an application for a restraint order the court decides not to make one, the
person who applied for the order may appeal to the Court of Appeal against
the decision.

(2) If an application is made under section 42(3) in relation to a restraint order or
an order under section 41(7) the following persons may appeal to the Court of
Appeal in respect of the Crown Court’s decision on the application —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(3) Onan appeal under subsection (1) or (2) the Court of Appeal may —
(a) confirm the decision, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

44 Appeal to House of Lords

(1) An appeal lies to the House of Lords from a decision of the Court of Appeal on
an appeal under section 43.

(2) An appeal under this section lies at the instance of any person who was a party
to the proceedings before the Court of Appeal.

(3) Onan appeal under this section the House of Lords may —
(a) confirm the decision of the Court of Appeal, or
(b) make such order as it believes is appropriate.

45 Seizure

(1) If a restraint order is in force a constable or a customs officer may seize any
realisable property to which it applies to prevent its removal from England and
Wales.

(2) Property seized under subsection (1) must be dealt with in accordance with the
directions of the court which made the order.

46 Hearsay evidence

(1) Evidence must not be excluded in restraint proceedings on the ground that it
is hearsay (of whatever degree).

(2) Sections 2 to 4 of the Civil Evidence Act 1995 (c. 38) apply in relation to restraint
proceedings as those sections apply in relation to civil proceedings.

(3) Restraint proceedings are proceedings —
(a) fora restraint order;
(b) for the discharge or variation of a restraint order;
(c) onan appeal under section 43 or 44.
(4) Hearsay is a statement which is made otherwise than by a person while giving

oral evidence in the proceedings and which is tendered as evidence of the
matters stated.

(5) Nothing in this section affects the admissibility of evidence which is admissible
apart from this section.


72 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

109 Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order

(1) This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,
(b) the prosecutor applies to the court to discharge the order under this
section, and
(c) the amount remaining to be paid under the order is less than £1,000.

(2) Insuch a case the court must calculate the available amount, and in doing so it
must apply section 95 as if references to the time the confiscation order is made
were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

(3) If the court—
(a) finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate to meet
the amount remaining to be paid, and
(b) is satisfied that the inadequacy is due wholly to a specified reason or a
combination of specified reasons,
it may discharge the confiscation order.

(4) The specified reasons are—

(a) in a case where any of the realisable property consists of money in a
currency other than sterling, that fluctuations in currency exchange
rates have occurred;

(b) any reason specified by the Scottish Ministers.

(5) The Scottish Ministers may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (1)(c).

110 Information

(1) This section applies if —

(a) the court proceeds under section 92 in pursuance of section 104 or 105,
or

(b) the prosecutor applies under section 106.

(2) In such acase—
(a) the prosecutor must give the court a statement of information within
such period as the court may specify;
(b) section 101 applies accordingly (with appropriate modifications where
the prosecutor applies under section 106);
(c) sections 102 and 103 apply accordingly.

Accused unlawfully at large

111 Conviction or other disposal of accused

(1) This section applies if an accused is unlawfully at large after —
(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences, whether in solemn or
summary proceedings, or
(b) in the case of summary proceedings in respect of an offence (without
proceeding to conviction) an order is made discharging him absolutely.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 241
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(c) ona prosecution for some other offence where, in giving evidence, the
financial institution makes a statement inconsistent with the statement
mentioned in subsection (1).

(3) A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(c) against a financial
institution unless —

(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or
(b) a question relating to it is asked,

by or on behalf of the financial institution in the proceedings arising out of the
prosecution.

402 Further provisions

A customer information order has effect in spite of any restriction on the
disclosure of information (however imposed).

403 Supplementary

(1) An application for a customer information order may be made ex parte to a
sheriff in chambers.

(2) Provision may be made by rules of court as to the discharge and variation of
customer information orders.

(3) Rules of court under subsection (2) relating to customer information orders —
(a) made in a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation shall, without prejudice to section 305 of the Criminal

Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 46), be made by act of adjournal;

(b) made in a civil recovery investigation shall, without prejudice to
section 32 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 (c. 58), be made by
act of sederunt.

(4) An application to discharge or vary a customer information order may be
made to the sheriff by —
(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

(5) The sheriff may —
(a) discharge the order;
(b) vary the order.

Account monitoring orders

404 Account monitoring orders

(1) The sheriff may, on an application made to him by the appropriate person,
make an account monitoring order if he is satisfied that each of the
requirements for the making of the order is fulfilled.

(2) In making an account monitoring order in relation to property subject to a civil
recovery investigation, the sheriff shall act in the exercise of his civil
jurisdiction.

(3) The application for an account monitoring order must state that —


308 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(c) the amount payable under the confiscation order is fully
paid, and

(d) any of the property remains in the hands of the receiver or
administrator (as the case may be).

(2) The property vests in the trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.

279C Property subject to certain orders where confiscation order
discharged or quashed

(1) This Article applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the bankrupt’s estate by virtue of
section 423(2)(a), (b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002 (property in respect of which a restraint order or an
order for the appointment of a receiver or administrator
under that Act is in force),

(b) aconfiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act, and

(c) the confiscation order is discharged under section 30, 114 or
180 of that Act (as the case may be) or quashed under that Act
or in pursuance of any enactment relating to appeals against
conviction or sentence.

(2) Any such property in the hands of a receiver appointed under Part 2
or 4 of that Act or an administrator appointed under Part 3 of that Act
vests in the trustee as part of the bankrupt’s estate.

(3) But paragraph (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver’s remuneration and
expenses).”

Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (c. 5)

21 In section 13(6) of the Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990
(information not to be disclosed except for certain purposes) —
(a) omit “the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 or the Criminal Justice
(Scotland) Act 1987”;
(b) at the end insert “or of proceedings under Part 2, 3 or 4 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

Pension Schemes Act 1993 (c. 48)

22 (1) The Pension Schemes Act 1993 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 10 (protected rights and money purchase benefits), after
subsection (5) insert—

“(6) Where, in the case of a scheme which makes such provision as is
mentioned in subsection (2) or (3), any liability of the scheme in
respect of a member’s protected rights ceases by virtue of a civil
recovery order, his protected rights are extinguished or reduced
accordingly.”

(3) In section 14 (earner’s guaranteed minimum), after subsection (2) insert —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 271
Part 12 — Miscellaneous and general

452 Crown servants

(1) The Secretary of State may by regulations provide that any of the following
provisions apply to persons in the public service of the Crown.

(2) The provisions are—
(a) the provisions of Part 7;
(b) section 342.

453 References to financial investigators

(1) The Secretary of State may by order provide that a specified reference in this
Act to an accredited financial investigator is a reference to such an investigator
who falls within a specified description.

(2) A description may be framed by reference to a grade designated by a specified
person.
454 Customs officers

For the purposes of this Act a customs officer is a person commissioned by the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise under section 6(3) of the Customs and
Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2).

455 Enactment

In this Act (except in section 460(1)) a reference to an enactment includes a
reference to—

(a) an Act of the Scottish Parliament;
(b) Northern Ireland legislation.

General

456 Amendments

Schedule 11 contains miscellaneous and consequential amendments.

457  Repeals and revocations

Schedule 12 contains repeals and revocations.

458 Commencement

(1) The preceding provisions of this Act (except the provisions specified in
subsection (3)) come into force in accordance with provision made by the
Secretary of State by order.

(2) But no order may be made which includes provision for the commencement of
Part 5, 8 or 10 unless the Secretary of State has consulted the Scottish Ministers.

(3) The following provisions come into force in accordance with provision made
by the Scottish Ministers by order after consultation with the Secretary of
State —

(a) Part 3;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 163
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

269 Rights of pre-emption, etc.

(1)

(5)

A recovery order is to have effect in relation to any property despite any
provision (of whatever nature) which would otherwise prevent, penalise or
restrict the vesting of the property.

A right of pre-emption, right of irritancy, right of return or other similar right
does not operate or become exercisable as a result of the vesting of any
property under a recovery order.

A right of return means any right under a provision for the return or reversion
of property in specified circumstances.

Where property is vested under a recovery order, any such right is to have
effect as if the person in whom the property is vested were the same person in
law as the person who held the property and as if no transfer of the property
had taken place.

References to rights in subsections (2) and (3) do not include any rights in
respect of which the recovery order was made.

This section applies in relation to the creation of interests, or the doing of
anything else, by a recovery order as it applies in relation to the vesting of

property.

270 Associated and joint property

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

Sections 271 and 272 apply if the court makes a recovery order in respect of any
recoverable property in a case within subsection (2) or (3).

A case is within this subsection if —

(a) the property to which the proceedings relate includes property which
is associated with the recoverable property and is specified or
described in the claim form or (in Scotland) application, and

(b) if the associated property is not the respondent’s property, the claim
form or application has been served on the person whose property it is
or the court has dispensed with service.

A case is within this subsection if —
(a) the recoverable property belongs to joint tenants, and
(b) one of the tenants is an excepted joint owner.

An excepted joint owner is a person who obtained the property in
circumstances in which it would not be recoverable as against him; and
references to the excepted joint owner’s share of the recoverable property are
to so much of the recoverable property as would have been his if the joint
tenancy had been severed.

Subsections (3) and (4) do not extend to Scotland.

271 Agreements about associated and joint property

(1)

Where —
(a) this section applies, and

(b) the enforcement authority (on the one hand) and the person who holds
the associated property or who is the excepted joint owner (on the
other) agree,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 199
Part 7 — Money Laundering

329 Acquisition, use and possession

(1)

(2)

(3)

A person commits an offence if he—
(a) acquires criminal property;
(b) uses criminal property;
(c) has possession of criminal property.

But a person does not commit such an offence if —

(a) he makes an authorised disclosure under section 338 and (if the
disclosure is made before he does the act mentioned in subsection (1))
he has the appropriate consent;

(b) he intended to make such a disclosure but had a reasonable excuse for
not doing so;

(c) he acquired or used or had possession of the property for adequate
consideration;

(d) the act he does is done in carrying out a function he has relating to the
enforcement of any provision of this Act or of any other enactment
relating to criminal conduct or benefit from criminal conduct.

For the purposes of this section —

(a) a person acquires property for inadequate consideration if the value of
the consideration is significantly less than the value of the property;

(b) a person uses or has possession of property for inadequate
consideration if the value of the consideration is significantly less than
the value of the use or possession;

(c) the provision by a person of goods or services which he knows or
suspects may help another to carry out criminal conduct is not
consideration.

330 Failure to disclose: regulated sector

(1)

(2)

(5)

A person commits an offence if each of the following three conditions is
satisfied.

The first condition is that he—

(a) knows or suspects, or

(b) has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting,
that another person is engaged in money laundering.

The second condition is that the information or other matter —

(a) on which his knowledge or suspicion is based, or

(b) which gives reasonable grounds for such knowledge or suspicion,
came to him in the course of a business in the regulated sector.

The third condition is that he does not make the required disclosure as soon as
is practicable after the information or other matter comes to him.

The required disclosure is a disclosure of the information or other matter —
(a) to a nominated officer or a person authorised for the purposes of this
Part by the Director General of the National Criminal Intelligence
Service;

(b) in the form and manner (if any) prescribed for the purposes of this
subsection by order under section 339.

But a person does not commit an offence under this section if —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 189
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

(g) section 287(2) (financial threshold),
(h) section 293(1) (code of practice),

(i) section 298(1) (forfeiture),

(j) section 303(1) (minimum amount).

313 Restriction on performance of Director’s functions by police

(1) _ In spite of section 1(6), nothing which the Director is authorised or required to
do for the purposes of this Part may be done by —
(a) amember of a police force,
(b) amember of the Police Service of Northern Ireland,

(c) a person appointed as a police member of the National Criminal
Intelligence Service under section 9(1)(b) of the Police Act 1997 (c. 50),

(d) a person appointed as a police member of the National Crime Squad
under section 55(1)(b) of that Act.

(2) In this section —

(a) “member of a police force” has the same meaning as in the Police Act
1996 (c. 16) and includes a person who would be a member of a police
force but for section 97(3) of that Act (police officers engaged on service
outside their force),

(b) “member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland” includes a person
who would be a member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland but
for section 27(3) of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (c. 32)
(members of that service engaged on other police service).

Interpretation

314 Obtaining and disposing of property

(1) References to a person disposing of his property include a reference —
(a) to his disposing of a part of it, or
(b) to his granting an interest in it,

(or to both); and references to the property disposed of are to any property
obtained on the disposal.

(2) A person who makes a payment to another is to be treated as making a disposal
of his property to the other, whatever form the payment takes.

(3) Where a person’s property passes to another under a will or intestacy or by
operation of law, it is to be treated as disposed of by him to the other.

(4) A person is only to be treated as having obtained his property for value in a
case where he gave unexecuted consideration if the consideration has become
executed consideration.

315 Northern Ireland courts

In relation to the practice and procedure of courts in Northern Ireland,
expressions used in this Part are to be read in accordance with rules of court.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 49
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(8)

75
(1)

(2)

(4)

(5)

3

(c) the proceeds of realisation.

If the proceeds of realisation made in pursuance of a request under subsection
(3) are expressed in a currency other than sterling, they must be taken to be the
sterling equivalent calculated in accordance with the rate of exchange
prevailing at the end of the day of realisation.

Interpretation

Criminal lifestyle

A defendant has a criminal lifestyle if (and only if) the following condition is
satisfied.

The condition is that the offence (or any of the offences) concerned satisfies any
of these tests —
(a) itis specified in Schedule 2;
(b) it constitutes conduct forming part of a course of criminal activity;
(c) it is an offence committed over a period of at least six months and the
defendant has benefited from the conduct which constitutes the
offence.

Conduct forms part of a course of criminal activity if the defendant has
benefited from the conduct and —

(a) in the proceedings in which he was convicted he was convicted of three
or more other offences, each of three or more of them constituting
conduct from which he has benefited, or

(b) in the period of six years ending with the day when those proceedings
were started (or, if there is more than one such day, the earliest day) he
was convicted on at least two separate occasions of an offence
constituting conduct from which he has benefited.

But an offence does not satisfy the test in subsection (2)(b) or (c) unless the
defendant obtains relevant benefit of not less than £5000.

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) is—

(a) benefit from conduct which constitutes the offence;

(b) benefit from any other conduct which forms part of the course of
criminal activity and which constitutes an offence of which the
defendant has been convicted;

(c) benefit from conduct which constitutes an offence which has been or
will be taken into consideration by the court in sentencing the
defendant for an offence mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (2)(c) is—
(a) benefit from conduct which constitutes the offence;

(b) benefit from conduct which constitutes an offence which has been or
will be taken into consideration by the court in sentencing the
defendant for the offence mentioned in paragraph (a).

The Secretary of State may by order amend Schedule 2.

The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (4).


262 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 10 — Information

(b) in the case of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, to a customs
officer.

437 Further disclosure

(1) Subsection (2) applies to information obtained under section 436 from the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue or from the Commissioners of Customs and
Excise or from a person acting on behalf of either of them.

(2) Such information must not be further disclosed except —

(a) for a purpose connected with the exercise of the Director’s functions,
and

(b) with the consent of the Commissioners concerned.

(3) Consent under subsection (2) may be given —
(a) in relation to a particular disclosure;
(b) in relation to disclosures made in circumstances specified or described
in the consent.

(4) The power to consent to further disclosure under subsection (2)(b) may be
delegated (either generally or for a specified purpose) —
(a) in the case of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, to an officer of the
Board of Inland Revenue;
(b) in the case of the Commissioners of Customs and Excise, to a customs
officer.

(5) Subsection (6) applies to information obtained under section 436 from a
permitted person other than the Commissioners of Inland Revenue or the
Commissioners of Customs and Excise or a person acting on behalf of either of
them.

(6) A permitted person who discloses such information to the Director may make
the disclosure subject to such conditions as to further disclosure by the Director
as the permitted person thinks appropriate; and the information must not be
further disclosed in contravention of the conditions.

438 Disclosure of information by Director

(1) Information obtained by or on behalf of the Director in connection with the
exercise of any of his functions may be disclosed by him if the disclosure is for
the purposes of any of the following —

(a) any criminal investigation which is being or may be carried out,
whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere;

(b) any criminal proceedings which have been or may be started, whether
in the United Kingdom or elsewhere;

(c) the exercise of the Director’s functions;

(d) the exercise by the prosecutor of functions under Parts 2, 3 and 4;

(e) _ the exercise by the Scottish Ministers of their functions under Part 5;

(f) the exercise by a customs officer or a constable of his functions under
Chapter 3 of Part 5;

(g) safeguarding national security;

(h) investigations or proceedings outside the United Kingdom which have
led or may lead to the making of an external order within the meaning
of section 447;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 73
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(2) If this section applies the court may, on the application of the prosecutor and if
it believes it is appropriate for it to do so, proceed under section 92 in the same
way as it must proceed if the conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (3).

(3) If the court proceeds under section 92 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —

(a) any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 92 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

(b) the court must not make an order under section 92 unless the
prosecutor has taken reasonable steps to contact the accused;

(c) section 92(12) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (1) of this section;

(d) sections 96, 101(3), 102 and 103 do not apply;

(e) sections 104, 105 and 106 do not apply while the accused is still
unlawfully at large.

(4) Once the accused has ceased to be unlawfully at large, section 104 has effect as
if subsection (1)(a) read —

“(a) in a case where section 111 applies the court did not proceed
under section 92,”.

112 Accused neither convicted nor acquitted

(1) This section applies if —
(a) proceedings for an offence or offences are instituted against an accused
but are not concluded,
(b) he is unlawfully at large, and
(c) the period of two years (starting with the day the court believes he first
became unlawfully at large) has ended.

(2) If this section applies the court may, on an application by the prosecutor and if
it believes it is appropriate for it to do so, proceed under section 92 in the same
way as it must proceed if the conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (3).

(3) If the court proceeds under section 92 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —

(a) any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 92 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

(b) the court must not make an order under section 92 unless the
prosecutor has taken reasonable steps to contact the accused;

(c) section 92(12) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (1) of this section;

(d) sections 96, 101(3), 102, 103, 104 and 105 do not apply;

(e) section 106 does not apply while the accused is still unlawfully at large.

(4) Once the accused has ceased to be unlawfully at large, section 106 has effect as
if references to the date of conviction were to—
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence were instituted against the
accused, or


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 277
Schedule 2 — Lifestyle offences: England and Wales

(3) In this paragraph “firearm” and “ammunition” have the same meanings as
in section 57 of the Firearms Act 1968 (c. 27).

Counterfeiting

6 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Forgery and
Counterfeiting Act 1981 (c. 45) —

(a) section 14 (making counterfeit notes or coins);

(b) section 15 (passing etc counterfeit notes or coins);

(c) section 16 (having counterfeit notes or coins);

(d) section 17 (making or possessing materials or equipment for
counterfeiting).

So

Intellectual property

7 (1) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48) —

(a) section 107(1) (making or dealing in an article which infringes
copyright);

(b) section 107(2) (making or possessing an article designed or adapted
for making a copy of a copyright work);

(c) section 198(1) (making or dealing in an illicit recording);

(d) section 297A (making or dealing in unauthorised decoders).

(2) An offence under section 92(1), (2) or (3) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 (c. 26)
(unauthorised use etc of trade mark).

Pimps and brothels

8 (1) Anoffence under any of the following provisions of the Sexual Offences Act
1956 (c. 69) —

(a) section 2 (procuring a woman by threats);
(b) section 3 (procuring a woman by false pretences);

(c) section 9 (procuring a defective woman to have sexual intercourse);
(d) section 22 (procuring a woman for prostitution);
(e) section 24 (detaining a woman in a brothel);
(f) section 28 (causing or encouraging prostitution etc of girl under 16);
(g) section 29 (causing or encouraging prostitution of defective woman);
(h) _ section 30 (man living on earnings of prostitution);
(i) section 31 (woman exercising control over prostitute);

)

(j) section 33 (keeping a brothel);
(k) _ section 34 (letting premises for use as brothel).

(2) An offence under section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 (c. 60) (living on
the earnings of male prostitute).

Blackmail

9 An offence under section 21 of the Theft Act 1968 (c. 60) (blackmail).


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 309
Schedule 11 — Amendments

“(2A) Where any liability of a scheme in respect of an earner’s guaranteed
minimum pension ceases by virtue of a civil recovery order, his
guaranteed minimum in relation to the scheme is extinguished or
reduced accordingly.”

(4) In section 47 (further provisions relating to guaranteed minimum pensions),
in subsection (6), after “but for” insert “section 14(2A) and”.

(5) In section 68B (safeguarded rights), at the end insert “including provision for
such rights to be extinguished or reduced in consequence of a civil recovery
order made in respect of such rights”.

(6) In section 181(1) (general interpretation), after the definition of “Category A
retirement pension” insert —

““civil recovery order” means an order under section 266 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 or an order under section 276
imposing the requirement mentioned in section 277(3).”

Pension Schemes (Northern Ireland) Act 1993 (c. 49)

23 (1) The Pension Schemes (Northern Ireland) Act 1993 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 6 (protected rights and money purchase benefits), after subsection
(5) insert —

“(6) Where, in the case of a scheme which makes such provision as is
mentioned in subsection (2) or (3), any liability of the scheme in
respect of a member’s protected rights ceases by virtue of a civil
recovery order, his protected rights are extinguished or reduced
accordingly.”

(3) In section 10 (earner’s guaranteed minimum), after subsection (2) insert —

“(2A) Where any liability of a scheme in respect of an earner’s guaranteed
minimum pension ceases by virtue of a civil recovery order, his
guaranteed minimum in relation to the scheme is extinguished or
reduced accordingly.”

(4) In section 43 (further provisions relating to guaranteed minimum pensions),
in subsection (6), after “but for” insert “section 10(2A) and”.

(5) In section 64B (safeguarded rights), at the end insert “including provision for
such rights to be extinguished or reduced in consequence of a civil recovery
order made in respect of such rights”.

(6) In section 176(1) (general interpretation), after the definition of “Category A
retirement pension” insert —

civil recovery order” means an order under section 266 of the
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 or an order under section 276
imposing the requirement mentioned in section 277(3).”

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 31)

24 In section 139(12) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (search
powers) in paragraph (b) of the definition of “items subject to legal
privilege” for “section 40 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987”
substitute “section 412 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.


108

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(10)

The date of conviction is—
(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or

(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

170 No order made: reconsideration of benefit

(1)
(2)

(4)

(5)

This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

The first condition is that in proceeding under section 156 the court has decided
that —
(a) the defendant has a criminal lifestyle but has not benefited from his
general criminal conduct, or
(b) the defendant does not have a criminal lifestyle and has not benefited
from his particular criminal conduct.

If the court proceeded under section 156 because the Director asked it to, the
second condition is that —

(a) the Director has evidence which was not available to him when the
court decided that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct,

(b) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the Director applies to the Crown Court to consider the
evidence, and

(c) after considering the evidence the court concludes that it would have
decided that the defendant had benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct (as the case may be) if the evidence had been available
to it.

If the court proceeded under section 156 because the prosecutor asked it to or
because it believed it was appropriate for it to do so, the second condition is
that —

(a) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor when the
court decided that the defendant had not benefited from his general or
particular criminal conduct,

(b) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(c) after considering the evidence the court concludes that it would have
decided that the defendant had benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct (as the case may be) if the evidence had been available
to it.

If this section applies the court —

(a) must make a fresh decision under section 156(4)(b) or (c) whether the
defendant has benefited from his general or particular criminal conduct
(as the case may be);

(b) may make a confiscation order under that section.

Subsections (7) to (12) below apply if the court proceeds under section 156 in
pursuance of this section.

If the court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 156 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct


182 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

(4) The court hearing the appeal may make any order it thinks appropriate.

(5) If the court upholds the appeal, it may order the release of the cash.

300 Application of forfeited cash

(1) Cash forfeited under this Chapter, and any accrued interest on it—
(a) if forfeited by a magistrates’ court in England and Wales or Northern
Ireland, is to be paid into the Consolidated Fund,

(b) _ if forfeited by the sheriff, is to be paid into the Scottish Consolidated
Fund.

(2) But it is not to be paid in—
(a) before the end of the period within which an appeal under section 299
may be made, or
(b) if a person appeals under that section, before the appeal is determined
or otherwise disposed of.

Supplementary

301 Victims and other owners

(1) A person who claims that any cash detained under this Chapter, or any part of
it, belongs to him may apply to a magistrates’ court or (in Scotland) the sheriff
for the cash or part to be released to him.

(2) The application may be made in the course of proceedings under section 295 or
298 or at any other time.

(3) If it appears to the court or sheriff concerned that —

(a) the applicant was deprived of the cash to which the application relates,
or of property which it represents, by unlawful conduct,
(b) the property he was deprived of was not, immediately before he was
deprived of it, recoverable property, and
(c) that cash belongs to him,
the court or sheriff may order the cash to which the application relates to be
released to the applicant.

(4) If-
(a) the applicant is not the person from whom the cash to which the
application relates was seized,
(b) it appears to the court or sheriff that that cash belongs to the applicant,
(c) the court or sheriff is satisfied that the conditions in section 295 for the
detention of that cash are no longer met or, if an application has been
made under section 298, the court or sheriff decides not to make an
order under that section in relation to that cash, and
(d) no objection to the making of an order under this subsection has been
made by the person from whom that cash was seized,
the court or sheriff may order the cash to which the application relates to be
released to the applicant or to the person from whom it was seized.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) Ww
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(b) any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 159;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.1. 1994/2795 (N.1. 15)) (compensation
orders).

But in applying subsection (7)(b) the court must not have regard to an order
falling within subsection (9)(c) if a court has made a direction under section
163(6).

In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court
must take account of any change in the value of money.

The relevant time is —

(a) when the court calculated the defendant’s benefit for the purposes of
the confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) when the court last calculated the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of
this section, if this section has applied previously.

The relevant amount is —

(a) the amount found as the defendant’s benefit for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) the amount last found as the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

The date of conviction is the date found by applying section 169(10).

172 Order made: reconsideration of available amount

(1)

(3)

(4)

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,
(b) the amount required to be paid was the amount found under section
157(2), and

(c) an applicant falling within subsection (2) applies to the Crown Court to
make a new calculation of the available amount.

These applicants fall within this subsection —
(a) the prosecutor;
(b) the Director;
(c) areceiver appointed under section 198 or 200.

In a case where this section applies the court must make the new calculation,
and in doing so it must apply section 159 as if references to the time the
confiscation order is made were to the time of the new calculation and as if
references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date of the new
calculation.

If the amount found under the new calculation exceeds the relevant amount
the court may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid
such amount as—

(a) _ it believes is just, but


18

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

23
(1)

(4)

(5)

(6)

24
(1)

(2)

(a) the amount so found when the confiscation order was made, or

(b) if one or more new calculations of the defendant’s benefit have been
made under section 21 the amount found on the occasion of the last
such calculation.

Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order, and
(b) the defendant, or a receiver appointed under section 50 or 52, applies to
the Crown Court to vary the order under this section.

In such a case the court must calculate the available amount, and in doing so it
must apply section 9 as if references to the time the confiscation order is made
were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

If the court finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate for
the payment of any amount remaining to be paid under the confiscation order
it may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid such
smaller amount as the court believes is just.

If a person has been adjudged bankrupt or his estate has been sequestrated, or
if an order for the winding up of acompany has been made, the court must take
into account the extent to which realisable property held by that person or that
company may be distributed among creditors.

The court may disregard any inadequacy which it believes is attributable
(wholly or partly) to anything done by the defendant for the purpose of
preserving property held by the recipient of a tainted gift from any risk of
realisation under this Part.

In subsection (4) “company” means any company which may be wound up
under the Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45) or the Insolvency (Northern Ireland)
Order 1989 (S.1. 1989/2405 (N.I. 19)).

Inadequacy of available amount: discharge of order

This section applies if —
(a) acourt has made a confiscation order,

(b) a justices’ chief executive applies to the Crown Court for the discharge
of the order, and

(c) the amount remaining to be paid under the order is less than £1,000.

In such a case the court must calculate the available amount, and in doing so it
must apply section 9 as if references to the time the confiscation order is made
were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

If the court —

(a) finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate to meet
the amount remaining to be paid, and

(b) is satisfied that the inadequacy is due wholly to a specified reason or a
combination of specified reasons,

it may discharge the confiscation order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 12 — Repeals and revocations

321

Short title and chapter

Extent of repeal or revocation

Drug Trafficking Act 1994
(c. 37)

Proceeds of Crime Act 1995
(c. 11)

Criminal Law (Consolidation)
(Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 39)

Criminal Procedure
(Consequential Provisions)
(Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 40)

Private International Law
(Miscellaneous Provisions)
Act 1995 (c. 42)

Proceeds of Crime (Scotland)
Act 1995 (c. 43)

Sections 1 to 54.

In sections 55(4)(a) and 56(3)(a) and (4)(a) the
words “or has benefited from”.

In section 59, subsections (1) to (10) and in
subsection (11) the words “An order under
subsection (1) above, and”.

In section 60(6), in the definition of “specified
offence”, , in paragraph (a) the words “Part IIT
or” and paragraph (c) an the word “or
immediately preceding it

In section 60(6), the words from “and references
to the institution of proceedings” to the end.

Section 60(7) and (8).

Section 61(2) to (4).

Sections 62, 63(1), (2) and (3)(a) and 64.

In section 68(2), paragraphs (a) to (c) and in
paragraph (g) the words “1, 41, 62” and “64”.
In section 68 fp paragraph (a) a) and in paragraph

(d) the word “64”.

In Schedule 1, paragraphs 3,

Sections 1 to 13.

Section 15(1) to (3).

Section 16(2), (5) and (6).

Schedule 1.

Part V.

4(a), 8, 21 and 26.

In Schedule 3, paragraph 4(2).
In Schedule 4, paragraphs 69 and 94.

Section 4(3).

Part I, except section 2(7).

In section 28, subsections (1)(a) and (2) and in
subsection (5) the words “(including a
restraint order made under and within the
meaning of the 1994 Act)”.

Section 29.

In section 31, subsection (2), in subsection (4) the
words “or (2)”.

Sections 35 to 39.

In section 40, subsections (1)(a), (2) and (4).

In section 42, subsections (1)(a) and (b).

In section 43, in subsection (1) the words
“confiscation order”, subsection (2).

Section 45(1)(a).

Section 47,

In section 49, in subsection (1) the definitions of
“the 1988 Act”, “the 1994 Act” and
“confiscation order” and subsection (4).



Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 143
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(4)

(5)

(7)

224
(1)

(4)

(b) in the period of six years ending with the day when those proceedings
were started (or, if there is more than one such day, the earliest day) he
was convicted on at least two separate occasions of an offence
constituting conduct from which he has benefited.

But an offence does not satisfy the test in subsection (2)(b) or (c) unless the
defendant obtains relevant benefit of not less than £5000.

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (2)(b) is—

(a) benefit from conduct which constitutes the offence;

(b) benefit from any other conduct which forms part of the course of
criminal activity and which constitutes an offence of which the
defendant has been convicted;

(c) benefit from conduct which constitutes an offence which has been or
will be taken into consideration by the court in sentencing the
defendant for an offence mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).

Relevant benefit for the purposes of subsection (2)(c) is—
(a) benefit from conduct which constitutes the offence;

(b) benefit from conduct which constitutes an offence which has been or
will be taken into consideration by the court in sentencing the
defendant for the offence mentioned in paragraph (a).

The Secretary of State may by order amend Schedule 5.

The Secretary of State may by order vary the amount for the time being
specified in subsection (4).

Conduct and benefit

Criminal conduct is conduct which—
(a) constitutes an offence in Northern Ireland, or
(b) would constitute such an offence if it occurred in Northern Ireland.

General criminal conduct of the defendant is all his criminal conduct, and it is
immaterial —
(a) whether conduct occurred before or after the passing of this Act;
(b) whether property constituting a benefit from conduct was obtained
before or after the passing of this Act.

Particular criminal conduct of the defendant is all his criminal conduct which
falls within the following paragraphs —

(a) conduct which constitutes the offence or offences concerned;

(b) conduct which constitutes offences of which he was convicted in the
same proceedings as those in which he was convicted of the offence or
offences concerned;

(c) conduct which constitutes offences which the court will be taking into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences
concerned.

A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property as a result of or in
connection with the conduct.

If a person obtains a pecuniary advantage as a result of or in connection with
conduct, he is to be taken to obtain as a result of or in connection with the
conduct a sum of money equal to the value of the pecuniary advantage.


166

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

274
(1)

(2)

275

(b) any provision of any enactment (whenever passed or made)
corresponding to any of the provisions mentioned in paragraph (a),

(c) any provision of the pension scheme in question corresponding to any
of those provisions.

Consequential adjustment of liabilities under pension schemes

A recovery order made by virtue of section 273(2) must require the trustees or
managers of the pension scheme to make such reduction in the liabilities of the
scheme as they think necessary in consequence of the payment made in
pursuance of that subsection.

Accordingly, the order must require the trustees or managers to provide for the
liabilities of the pension scheme in respect of the respondent’s recoverable
property to which section 273 applies to cease.

So far as the trustees or managers are required by the recovery order to provide
for the liabilities of the pension scheme in respect of the respondent’s
recoverable property to which section 273 applies to cease, their powers
include (in particular) power to reduce the amount of —
(a) any benefit or future benefit to which the respondent is or may be
entitled under the scheme,
(b) any future benefit to which any other person may be entitled under the
scheme in respect of that property.

Pension schemes: supplementary

Regulations may make provision as to the exercise by trustees or managers of
their powers under sections 273 and 274, including provision about the
calculation and verification of the value at any time of rights or liabilities.

The power conferred by subsection (1) includes power to provide for any
values to be calculated or verified —
(a) in a manner which, in the particular case, is approved by a prescribed
person, or
(b) in accordance with guidance from time to time prepared by a
prescribed person.

Regulations means regulations made by the Secretary of State after
consultation with the Scottish Ministers; and prescribed means prescribed by
regulations.

A pension scheme means an occupational pension scheme or a personal
pension scheme; and those expressions have the same meaning as in the
Pension Schemes Act 1993 (c. 48) or, in relation to Northern Ireland, the
Pension Schemes (Northern Ireland) Act 1993 (c. 49).

In relation to an occupational pension scheme or a personal pension scheme,
the trustees or managers means —

(a) in the case of a scheme established under a trust, the trustees,

(b) in any other case, the managers.

References to a pension scheme include —

(a) a retirement annuity contract (within the meaning of Part 3 of the
Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 (c. 30) or, in relation to Northern


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

Seizure and detention

294 Seizure of cash

295 Detention of seized cash
296 Interest

297 Release of detained cash

Forfeiture
298 Forfeiture
299 Appeal against forfeiture
300 Application of forfeited cash

Supplementary
301 Victims and other owners
302 Compensation
303 “The minimum amount”
CHAPTER 4
GENERAL

Recoverable property

304 Property obtained through unlawful conduct
305 Tracing property, etc.

306 Mixing property

307 Recoverable property: accruing profits

308 General exceptions

309 Other exemptions

310 Granting interests

Insolvency

311 Insolvency

Delegation of enforcement functions

312 Performance of functions of Scottish Ministers by constables in Scotland
313 Restriction on performance of Director’s functions by police

Interpretation
314 Obtaining and disposing of property
315 Northern Ireland courts
316 General interpretation
PART 6
REVENUE FUNCTIONS

General functions

317 Director’s general Revenue functions


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 193
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(a) “self-employed earner” has the meaning given by section 2(1)(b) of the
Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (c. 4);

(b) “Class 2 contributions” must be construed in accordance with section
1(2)(c) of that Act.

(6) In this section in its application to Northern Ireland —
(a) “self-employed earner” has the meaning given by section 2(1)(b) of the
Social Security Contributions and Benefits (Northern Ireland) Act 1992
(c. 7);
(b) “Class 2 contributions” must be construed in accordance with section
1(2)(c) of that Act.

319 Source of income

(1) For the purpose of the exercise by the Director of any function vested in him by
virtue of this Part it is immaterial that he cannot identify a source for any
income.

(2) An assessment made by the Director under section 29 of the Taxes
Management Act 1970 (c. 9) (assessment where loss of tax discovered) in
respect of income charged to tax under Case 6 of Schedule D must not be
reduced or quashed only because it does not specify (to any extent) the source
of the income.

(3) If the Director serves on the Board a notice of withdrawal under section 317(4),
any assessment made by him under section 29 of the Taxes Management Act
1970 is invalid to the extent that it does not specify a source for the income.

(4) Subsections (2) and (3) apply in respect of years of assessment whenever
occurring.

320 Appeals

(1) An appeal in respect of the exercise by the Director of general Revenue
functions shall be to the Special Commissioners.

(2) The Presiding Special Commissioner may nominate one or more assessors to
assist the Special Commissioners in any appeal to be heard by them in respect
of the exercise by the Director of any of his Revenue functions.

(3) An assessor nominated under subsection (2) —
(a) must have special knowledge and experience of the matter to which the
appeal relates, and
(b) must be selected from a panel of persons appointed for the purposes of
this section by the Lord Chancellor after consultation with the Scottish
Ministers.

(4) Regulations made under section 56B of the Taxes Management Act 1970 may
include provision as to the manner in which an assessor nominated under
subsection (2) is to assist the Special Commissioners.

(5) The remuneration of an assessor nominated under subsection (2) must be paid
by the Lord Chancellor and must be at such rate as he decides.


126 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(4) Where a restraint order has been protected by an entry registered under the
Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 or the Registration of Deeds
Acts, an order discharging the restraint order may require that the entry be
vacated.

(5) In this section—

“Registrar” and “entry” have the same meanings as in the Land
Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970; and

“Registration of Deeds Acts” has the meaning given by section 46(2) of the
Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 (c. 33 (N.1.)).

Management receivers

196 Appointment

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) the High Court makes a restraint order, and

(b) the applicant for the restraint order applies to the court to proceed
under subsection (2) (whether as part of the application for the restraint
order or at any time afterwards).

2) The High Court may by order appoint a receiver in respect of any realisable
8) ly by PP P y
property to which the restraint order applies.

197 Powers

(1) If the court appoints a receiver under section 196 it may act under this section
on the application of the person who applied for the restraint order.

(2) The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to any realisable property to which the restraint order applies —

(a) power to take possession of the property;

(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;

(c) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property;

(d) power to realise so much of the property as is necessary to meet the
receiver’s remuneration and expenses.

(3) The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
Northern Ireland and to do any of the following —
(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;
(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;
(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.

(4) The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —
(a) hold property;
(b) enter into contracts;
(c) sue and be sued;
(d) employ agents;
(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;


280 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 3 — Administrators: further provision

(c) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;

(d) remove anything which the administrator is required or authorised
to take possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.

(17) An administrator may do anything incidental to the powers and duties
listed in the previous provisions of this paragraph.

Consent of accountant of court

4 An administrator proposing to exercise any power conferred by paragraph
3(4) to (17) must first obtain the consent of the accountant of court.

Dealings in good faith with administrator

5 (1) A person dealing with an administrator in good faith and for value is not
concerned to enquire whether the administrator is acting within the powers
mentioned in paragraph 3.

(2) Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply where the administrator or an associate
& y
purchases property in contravention of paragraph 3(10).

(3) The validity of any title is not challengeable by reason only of the
administrator having acted outwith the powers mentioned in paragraph 3.

(4) The exercise of a power mentioned in paragraph 3(4) to (11) must be in A’s
name except where and in so far as an order made by the court under this
sub-paragraph vests the property in the administrator (or in a previous
administrator).

(5) The court may make an order under sub-paragraph (4) on the application of
the administrator or on its own motion.

Money received by administrator

6 (1) All money received by an administrator in the exercise of his functions must
be deposited by him, in the name (unless vested in the administrator by
virtue of paragraph 5(4)) of the holder of the property realised, in an
appropriate bank or institution.

(2) But the administrator may at any time retain in his hands a sum not
exceeding £200 or such other sum as may be prescribed by the Scottish
Ministers by regulations.

(3) In sub-paragraph (1), “appropriate bank or institution” means a bank or
institution mentioned in section 3(1) of the Banking Act 1987 (c. 22) or for the
time being specified in Schedule 2 to that Act.

Effect of appointment of administrator on diligence

7 (1) An arrestment or poinding of realisable property executed on or after the
appointment of an administrator does not create a preference for the arrester
or poinder.

(2) Any realisable property so arrested or poinded, or (if the property has been
sold) the proceeds of sale, must be handed over to the administrator.

(3) A poinding of the ground in respect of realisable property on or after such
appointment is ineffectual in a question with the administrator except for
the interest mentioned in sub-paragraph (4).


134

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

207

(2)

(3)

(4)

208
(1)

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (4), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—
(a) the applicant for the restraint order, and
(b) any receiver appointed in respect of the property under section 196, 198
or 200.

Enforcement receivers

Subsections (2) and (3) apply if a court makes an order under section 198
appointing a receiver in respect of any realisable property.

If the receiver is appointed in respect of a tenancy of any premises, no landlord
or other person to whom rent is payable may exercise a right within subsection
(3) except with the leave of the Crown Court and subject to any terms the
Crown Court may impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court in which proceedings are pending in respect of any property is
satisfied that an order under section 198 appointing a receiver in respect of the
property has been applied for or made, the court may either stay the
proceedings or allow them to continue on any terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (4), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the prosecutor, and

(b) the receiver (if the order under section 198 has been made).

Director’s receivers

Subsections (2) and (3) apply if—
(a) the Crown Court has made an order under section 200 for the
appointment of a receiver in respect of any realisable property, and
(b) the order has taken effect.

If the order is for the appointment of a receiver in respect of a tenancy of any
premises, no landlord or other person to whom rent is payable may exercise a
right within subsection (3) except with the leave of the Crown Court and
subject to any terms the Crown Court may impose.

A right is within this subsection if it is a right of forfeiture by peaceable re-entry
in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the tenant to comply with
any term or condition of the tenancy.

If a court (whether the Crown Court or any other court) in which proceedings
are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that an order under section
200 for the appointment of a receiver in respect of the property has taken effect,
the court may either stay the proceedings or allow them to continue on any
terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (4), the court must give
an opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the Director, and
(b) the receiver.


232 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(5) The sheriff may —
(a) discharge the order;
(b) vary the order.

Search warrants

387 Search warrants

(1) The sheriff may, on an application made to him by the appropriate person,
issue a search warrant if he is satisfied that either of the requirements for the
issuing of the warrant is fulfilled.

(2) In issuing a search warrant in relation to property subject to a civil recovery
investigation, the sheriff shall act in the exercise of his civil jurisdiction.

(3) The application for a search warrant must state that—

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation.

(4) A search warrant is a warrant authorising a proper person —
(a) to enter and search the premises specified in the application for the
warrant, and

(b) to seize and retain any material specified in the warrant which is found
there and which is likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by
itself) to the investigation for the purposes of which the application is
made.

(5) The requirements for the issue of a search warrant are—

(a) that a production order made in relation to material has not been
complied with and there are reasonable grounds for believing that the
material is on the premises specified in the application for the warrant,
or

(b) that section 388 is satisfied in relation to the warrant.

(6) An application for a search warrant may be made ex parte to a sheriff in
chambers.

388 Requirements where production order not available

(1) This section is satisfied in relation to a search warrant if —
(a) subsection (2) applies, and
(b) either the first or the second set of conditions is complied with.

(2) This subsection applies if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that —

(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person specified in the
application for the warrant has benefited from his criminal conduct;

(b) in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property specified in the
application for the warrant is recoverable property or associated
property;

(c) in the case of a money laundering investigation, the person specified in
the application for the warrant has committed a money laundering
offence.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 301
Schedule 11 — Amendments

“PROCEEDS OF CRIME ACT 2002
Section 327 (concealing criminal property etc).
Section 328 (arrangements relating to criminal property).
Section 329 (acquisition, use and possession of criminal
property).”

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60)

14 (1) The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 56 (right to have someone informed when arrested) for subsection
(5A) substitute —

“(5A) An officer may also authorise delay where he has reasonable
grounds for believing that —
(a) the person detained for the serious arrestable offence has
benefited from his criminal conduct, and
(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by telling the named person of the
arrest.

(5B) For the purposes of subsection (5A) above the question whether a
person has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(3) In section 58 (access to legal advice) for subsection (8A) substitute —

“(8A) An officer may also authorise delay where he has reasonable
grounds for believing that —
(a) the person detained for the serious arrestable offence has
benefited from his criminal conduct, and
(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by the exercise of the right conferred
by subsection (1) above.

(8B) For the purposes of subsection (8A) above the question whether a
person has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(4) In section 116 (meaning of serious arrestable offence) in subsection (2) for
paragraph (c) and the word “and” immediately preceding it substitute —
“(c) any offence which is specified in paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (drug trafficking offences),
(d) any offence under section 327, 328 or 329 of that Act (certain
money laundering offences).”

Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)

15 (1) The Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 is amended as follows.

(2) In section 5(4) (meaning of “qualified creditor”) for the words from “has the
meaning” to “1995” substitute “means a confiscation order under Part 2, 3 or
4 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

(3) In section 7(1) (meaning of “apparent insolvency”) for the words from “has
the meaning assigned” where second occurring to “said Act of 1994” where
second occurring substitute “ “confiscation order” and “restraint order”


140 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland
(b) may commit him to the Crown Court in respect of any other offence
falling within subsection (3).
(3) An offence falls within this subsection if —
(a) the defendant has been convicted of it by the magistrates’ court or any
other court, and
(b) the magistrates’ court has power to deal with him in respect of it.
(4) Ifa committal is made under this section in respect of an offence or offences —
(a) section 156 applies accordingly, and
(b) the committal operates as a committal of the defendant to be dealt with
by the Crown Court in accordance with section 219.
(5) A committal under this section may be in custody or on bail.
219 Sentencing by Crown Court
(1) Ifa defendant is committed to the Crown Court under section 218 in respect of
an offence or offences, this section applies (whether or not the court proceeds
under section 156).
(2) The Crown Court—
(a) must inquire into the circumstances of the case, and
(b) may deal with the defendant in any way in which the magistrates’
court could deal with him if it had just convicted him of the offence.
Compensation
220 Serious default
(1) __ If the following three conditions are satisfied the Crown Court may order the
payment of such compensation as it believes is just.
(2) The first condition is satisfied if a criminal investigation has been started with
regard to an offence and proceedings are not started for the offence.
(3) The first condition is also satisfied if proceedings for an offence are started
against a person and —
(a) they do not result in his conviction for the offence, or
(b) he is convicted of the offence but the conviction is quashed or he is
pardoned in respect of it.
(4) If subsection (2) applies the second condition is that—
(a) in the criminal investigation there has been a serious default by a
person mentioned in subsection (9), and
(b) the investigation would not have continued if the default had not
occurred,
(5) If subsection (3) applies the second condition is that —

(a) in any criminal investigation with regard to the offence or in its
prosecution there has been a serious default by a person who is
mentioned in subsection (9), and

(b) the proceedings would not have been started or continued if the default
had not occurred.


314

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(5)

(6)

(1)

a
&

(15)

(c) in sub-paragraph (b) after “and who is” insert “an accredited
financial investigator”.
In Article 49(1A) —

(a) after “application made by” insert “the Director of the Assets
Recovery Agency or”;

(b) for “county court” substitute “Crown Court”;

(c) in sub-paragraph (a) for the words from “an investigation” to the end
of head (ii) substitute “a confiscation investigation”;

(d) in sub-paragraph (b) after “if” insert “the Director or”;

(e) after “authorise” insert “the Director or”;

(f) for “paragraphs 3 and 3A” where it twice occurs substitute

“paragraph 3A”.
In Article 49(5) insert at the appropriate place in alphabetical order —

““accredited financial investigator” has the meaning given by
section 3(5) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002;

“confiscation investigation” has the same meaning as it has for
the purposes of Part 8 of that Act by virtue of section 341(1);”.
In Article 50(1) (order to make material available) —
(a) for sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) substitute “drug trafficking”;
(b) for “county court” substitute “Crown Court”.

In Article 50(4)(a), for heads (i) to (iii) substitute “has carried on drug
trafficking”.

In Article 50(8) for “county court” substitute “Crown Court”.
In Article 51(1) (authority for search) —
(a) for sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) substitute “drug trafficking”;
(b) for “county court” substitute “Crown Court”.
In Article 51(3)(a) for heads (i) to (iii) substitute “has carried on drug
trafficking”.
In Article 51(4)—
(a) in sub-paragraph (a) for heads (i) to (iii) substitute “has carried on
drug trafficking”;
(b) in sub-paragraph (b)(i) for the words from “the question” to the end
substitute “drug trafficking”.

In Article 52(1)(a) (supplementary provisions), for heads (i) to (ii) substitute
“drug trafficking”.

In Article 54 (disclosure of information held by government departments) in
paragraph (12)(b) for “referred to in paragraph (1)” substitute “specified in
an order under Article 50(2)”.

After Article 54 insert the following Article—

“54A Construction of Articles 49 to 54

(1) This Article has effect for the purposes of Articles 49 to 54.
(2) A reference to a constable includes a reference to a customs officer.

(3) A customs officer is a person commissioned by the Commissioners
of Customs and Excise under section 6(3) of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 33
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(10)

(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;

(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.

The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —

(a) hold property;

(b) enter into contracts;

(c) sue and be sued;

(d) employ agents;

(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;
(f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.

The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
which the restraint order applies to give possession of it to the receiver.

The court—

(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to which
the restraint order applies to make to the receiver such payment as the
court specifies in respect of a beneficial interest held by the defendant
or the recipient of a tainted gift;

(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.

Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));
(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (d) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;

(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;

(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.


234

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

(9)

The requirements are—

(a) that it is not practicable to communicate with any person entitled to
grant entry to the premises;

(b) that entry to the premises will not be granted unless a warrant is
produced;

(c) that the investigation might be seriously prejudiced unless a proper
person arriving at the premises is able to secure immediate entry to
them.

389 Further provisions: general

A search warrant does not confer the right to seize any items subject to legal
privilege.

390 Further provisions: confiscation, civil recovery and money laundering

(1)

This section applies to search warrants sought for the purposes of confiscation
investigations, civil recovery investigations or money laundering
investigations.

A warrant continues in force until the end of the period of one month starting
with the day on which it is issued.

A warrant authorises the person executing it to require any information which
is held in a computer and is accessible from the premises specified in the
application for the warrant, and which the proper person believes relates to
any matter relevant to the investigation, to be produced in a form—

(a) in which it can be taken away, and
(b) in which it is visible and legible.

Copies may be taken of any material seized under a warrant.

A warrant issued in relation to a civil recovery investigation may be issued
subject to conditions.

A warrant issued in relation to a civil recovery investigation may include
provision authorising the person executing it to do other things which —

(a) are specified in the warrant, and

(b) need to be done in order to give effect to it.

Material seized under a warrant issued in relation to a civil recovery
investigation may be retained for so long as it is necessary to retain it (as
opposed to copies of it) in connection with the investigation for the purposes
of which the warrant was issued.

But if the Scottish Ministers have reasonable grounds for believing that —
(a) the material may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and
(b) it might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
it may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 195
Part 6 — Revenue Functions

(a) may at any time serve on the Board a notice of withdrawal of the notice
under subsection (2);

(b) must serve such a notice of withdrawal on the Board if the qualifying
condition ceases to be satisfied.

(5) Service of a notice under subsection (4) divests the Director of the Revenue
inheritance tax functions in relation to the settlement for the period.

(6) The vesting of a function in the Director under this section does not divest the
Board or an officer of the Board of the function.

(7) It is immaterial whether the settlement is commenced or a charge to tax arises
or a period or any part of it falls before or after the passing of this Act.

General

323 Functions

(1) The general Revenue functions are such of the functions vested in the Board or
in an officer of the Board as relate to any of the following matters —

(a) income tax;

(b) capital gains tax;

(c) corporation tax;

(d) national insurance contributions;
(e) statutory sick pay;

(f) statutory maternity pay;

(g) statutory paternity pay;

(h) statutory adoption pay;

(i) student loans.

(2) The Revenue inheritance tax functions are such functions vested in the Board
or in an officer of the Board as relate to inheritance tax.

(3) But the general Revenue functions and the Revenue inheritance tax functions
do not include any of the following functions —

(a) functions relating to the making of subordinate legislation (within the
meaning given by section 21(1) of the Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30));

(b) _ the function of the prosecution of offences;

(c) the function of authorising an officer for the purposes of section 20BA
of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (c.9) (orders for delivery of
documents);

(d) the function of giving information under that section;

(e) the function of approving an officer’s application for the purposes of
section 20C of the Taxes Management Act 1970 (warrant to enter and
search premises);

(f) the function of applying under that section.

(4) For the purposes of this section in its application to Great Britain—
(a) national insurance contributions are contributions payable under Part
1 of the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (c. 4);
(b) “statutory sick pay” must be construed in accordance with section
151(1) of that Act;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 213
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

Search and seizure warrants

352 Search and seizure warrants

(1)

(2)

(6)

A judge may, on an application made to him by an appropriate officer, issue a
search and seizure warrant if he is satisfied that either of the requirements for
the issuing of the warrant is fulfilled.

The application for a search and seizure warrant must state that —

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation.

The application must also state —
(a) that the warrant is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) that the warrant is sought in relation to the premises specified in the
application;
(c) that the warrant is sought in relation to material specified in the
application, or that there are reasonable grounds for believing that
there is material falling within section 353(6), (7) or (8) on the premises.

A search and seizure warrant is a warrant authorising an appropriate person —
(a) to enter and search the premises specified in the application for the
warrant, and
(b) to seize and retain any material found there which is likely to be of
substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation for the
purposes of which the application is made.

An appropriate person is—

(a) a constable or a customs officer, if the warrant is sought for the
purposes of a confiscation investigation or a money laundering
investigation;

(b) anamed member of the staff of the Agency, if the warrant is sought for
the purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

The requirements for the issue of a search and seizure warrant are—

(a) that a production order made in relation to material has not been
complied with and there are reasonable grounds for believing that the
material is on the premises specified in the application for the warrant,
or

(b) that section 353 is satisfied in relation to the warrant.

353 Requirements where production order not available

(1)

(2)

This section is satisfied in relation to a search and seizure warrant if —
(a) subsection (2) applies, and
(b) either the first or the second set of conditions is complied with.

This subsection applies if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that—

(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person specified in the
application for the warrant has benefited from his criminal conduct;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

257 Functions of interim administrator

258 Inhibition of property affected by order

259 Duties of respondent etc.

260 Supervision of interim administrator and variation of order

261 Restrictions on dealing etc. with property

262 Restriction on proceedings and remedies

263 Exclusion of property which is not recoverable etc.

264 Reporting

265 Arrestment of property affected by interim administration order

Vesting and realisation of recoverable property

266 Recovery orders

267 Functions of the trustee for civil recovery

268 Recording of recovery order (Scotland)

269 Rights of pre-emption, etc.

270 Associated and joint property

271 Agreements about associated and joint property

272 Associated and joint property: default of agreement
273 Payments in respect of rights under pension schemes
274 Consequential adjustment of liabilities under pension schemes
275 Pension schemes: supplementary

276 Consent orders

277 Consent orders: pensions

278 Limit on recovery

279 Section 278: supplementary

280 Applying realised proceeds

Exemptions etc.

281 Victims of theft, etc.
282 Other exemptions

Miscellaneous

283 Compensation

284 Payment of interim administrator or trustee (Scotland)
285 Effect on diligence of recovery order (Scotland)

286 Scope of powers (Scotland)

287 Financial threshold

288 Limitation

CHAPTER 3

RECOVERY OF CASH IN SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS

Searches

289 Searches

290 Prior approval

291 Report on exercise of powers
292 Code of practice

293 Code of practice (Scotland)


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 227
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

377
(1)

378
(1)

Code of practice

Code of practice

The Secretary of State must prepare a code of practice as to the exercise by all
of the following of functions they have under this Chapter —

(a) the Director;

(b) members of the staff of the Agency;
(c) accredited financial investigators;
(d) constables;

(e) customs officers.

After preparing a draft of the code the Secretary of State—
(a) must publish the draft;
(b) must consider any representations made to him about the draft;
(c) may amend the draft accordingly.

After the Secretary of State has proceeded under subsection (2) he must lay the
code before Parliament.

When he has done so the Secretary of State may bring the code into operation
on such day as he may appoint by order.

A person specified in subsection (1)(a) to (e) must comply with a code of
practice which is in operation under this section in the exercise of any function
he has under this Chapter.

If such a person fails to comply with any provision of such a code of practice
he is not by reason only of that failure liable in any criminal or civil
proceedings.

But the code of practice is admissible in evidence in such proceedings and a
court may take account of any failure to comply with its provisions in
determining any question in the proceedings.

The Secretary of State may from time to time revise a code previously brought
into operation under this section; and the preceding provisions of this section
apply to a revised code as they apply to the code as first prepared.

The following provisions do not apply to an appropriate officer in the exercise
of any function he has under this Chapter —

(a) section 67(9) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60)
(application of codes of practice under that Act to persons other than
police officers);

(b) Article 66(8) of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland)
Order 1989 (S.I. 1989/1341 (N.I. 12)) (which makes similar provision for
Northern Ireland).

Interpretation

Officers

In relation to a confiscation investigation these are appropriate officers —
(a) the Director;
(b) an accredited financial investigator;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 27
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

Act the same proportion as the amount remaining to be paid bears to the
amount ordered to be paid.

38 Provisions about imprisonment or detention

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) a warrant committing the defendant to prison or detention is issued for
a default in payment of an amount ordered to be paid under a
confiscation order in respect of an offence or offences, and
(b) at the time the warrant is issued the defendant is liable to serve a term
of custody in respect of the offence (or any of the offences).

(2) In such a case the term of imprisonment or of detention under section 108 of
the Sentencing Act (detention of persons aged 18 to 20 for default) to be served
in default of payment of the amount does not begin to run until after the term
mentioned in subsection (1)(b) above.

(3) The reference in subsection (1)(b) to the term of custody the defendant is liable
to serve in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) is a reference to the
term of imprisonment, or detention in a young offender institution, which he
is liable to serve in respect of the offence (or any of the offences).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) consecutive terms and terms which are
wholly or partly concurrent must be treated as a single term and the following
must be ignored —

(a) any sentence suspended under section 118(1) of the Sentencing Act
which has not taken effect at the time the warrant is issued;

(b) in the case of a sentence of imprisonment passed with an order under
section 47(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1977 (c. 45) (sentences of
imprisonment partly served and partly suspended) any part of the
sentence which the defendant has not at that time been required to
serve in prison;

(c) any term of imprisonment or detention fixed under section 139(2) of the
Sentencing Act (term to be served in default of payment of fine etc) for
which a warrant committing the defendant to prison or detention has
not been issued at that time.

(5) If the defendant serves a term of imprisonment or detention in default of
paying any amount due under a confiscation order, his serving that term does
not prevent the confiscation order from continuing to have effect so far as any
other method of enforcement is concerned.

39 Reconsideration etc: variation of prison term

(1) Subsection (2) applies if—
(a) acourt varies a confiscation order under section 21, 22, 23, 29, 32 or 33,
(b) the effect of the variation is to vary the maximum period applicable in
relation to the order under section 139(4) of the Sentencing Act, and
(c) the result is that that maximum period is less than the term of

imprisonment or detention fixed in respect of the order under section
139(2) of the Sentencing Act.

(2) In such a case the court must fix a reduced term of imprisonment or detention
in respect of the confiscation order under section 139(2) of the Sentencing Act
in place of the term previously fixed.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 313
Schedule 11 — Amendments

““drug trafficking offence” means an offence specified in paragraph 2
or (so far as it relates to that paragraph) paragraph 10 of Schedule 4
to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002;”.
(4) In section 219(8)(b) (fines: imprisonment for non-payment) for “14(2) of the

Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995” substitute “118(2) of the Proceeds of
Crime Act 2002”.

Police Act 1996 (c. 16)

30 (1) Section 97 of the Police Act 1996 (police officers engaged on service outside
their force) is amended as follows.
(2) In subsection (1) after paragraph (cc) insert —

“(cd) temporary service with the Assets Recovery Agency on
which a person is engaged with the consent of the
appropriate authority;”.

(3) In subsection (6)(a) after “(cc)” insert “(cd)”.
(4) In subsection (8) after “(cc)” insert “(cd)”.

Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1. 1996/1299 (N.I. 9)

31 (1) The Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 is amended as
follows.

(2) Parts II and III shall cease to have effect.

(3) The following provisions shall also cease to have effect —

(a) in Article 2 (interpretation) in paragraph (2) from the definition of
“charging order” to the definition of “external confiscation order”
and from the definition of “modifications” to the definition of
“restraint order” and paragraphs (3) to (10) and (12);

(b) Article 3 (definition of “property” etc.);

(c) in Article 49 (additional investigation powers), in paragraph (1) sub-
paragraph (c) and the word “and” immediately preceding it, in
paragraph (1A) sub-paragraph (c) and the word “and” immediately
preceding it, paragraph (4) and in paragraph (5) the definitions of
“customs officer” and “relevant property”;

(d) in Article 52 (supplementary provisions) in paragraph (2) sub-
paragraph (b) and the word “and” immediately preceding it, and
paragraph (3);

(e) in Article 54 (disclosure of information held by government
departments) paragraphs (1) to (10) and (13) and in paragraph (11)
the words “An order under paragraph (1) and,”;

(f) in Article 55 (Customs and Excise prosecution powers), in paragraph
(6) in the definition of “specified offence” in paragraph (a) the words
“Part III or” and paragraph (c) and the word “or” immediately
preceding it, and paragraph (7);

(g) Article 56(2) to (4) (extension of certain offences to the Crown);

(h) in Schedule 2 paragraph 3.

(4) In Article 49(1) (additional investigation powers) —
(a) for “county court” substitute “Crown Court”;

(b) in sub-paragraph (a) for the words from “an investigation” to the end
of head (ii) substitute “a confiscation investigation”;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 107
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(4)

(5)

(c) before the end of the period of six years starting with the date of
conviction the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to
consider the evidence, and

(d) after considering the evidence the court believes it is appropriate for it
to proceed under section 156.

If this section applies the court must proceed under section 156, and when it
does so subsections (3) to (8) below apply.

If the court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 156 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

Section 158(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the court
must —

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;
(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 160—

(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 156 is such amount as—
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under section 157.

In arriving at the just amount the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) the amount found under section 157;

(b) any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned;

(c) any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 159;

(d) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation
orders).

If an order for the payment of compensation under Article 14 of the Criminal
Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 has been made against the defendant in
respect of the offence or offences concerned, section 163(5) and (6) above do not
apply.
The relevant date is —

(a) if the court made a decision not to proceed under section 156, the date

of the decision;
(b) if the court did not make such a decision, the date of conviction.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 201
Part 7 — Money Laundering

(3)

(8)

332
(1)

(2)

that another person is engaged in money laundering.

The second condition is that the information or other matter —

(a) on which his knowledge or suspicion is based, or

(b) which gives reasonable grounds for such knowledge or suspicion,
came to him in consequence of a disclosure made under section 330.

The third condition is that he does not make the required disclosure as soon as
is practicable after the information or other matter comes to him.

The required disclosure is a disclosure of the information or other matter —
(a) to a person authorised for the purposes of this Part by the Director
General of the National Criminal Intelligence Service;
(b) in the form and manner (if any) prescribed for the purposes of this
subsection by order under section 339.

But a person does not commit an offence under this section if he has a
reasonable excuse for not disclosing the information or other matter.

In deciding whether a person committed an offence under this section the court
must consider whether he followed any relevant guidance which was at the
time concerned —

(a) issued by asupervisory authority or any other appropriate body,

(b) approved by the Treasury, and

(c) published in a manner it approved as appropriate in its opinion to
bring the guidance to the attention of persons likely to be affected by it.

Schedule 9 has effect for the purpose of determining what is a supervisory
authority.

An appropriate body is a body which regulates or is representative of a trade,
profession, business or employment.

Failure to disclose: other nominated officers

A person nominated to receive disclosures under section 337 or 338 commits
an offence if the conditions in subsections (2) to (4) are satisfied.

The first condition is that he knows or suspects that another person is engaged
in money laundering.

The second condition is that the information or other matter on which his
knowledge or suspicion is based came to him in consequence of a disclosure
made under section 337 or 338.

The third condition is that he does not make the required disclosure as soon as
is practicable after the information or other matter comes to him.

The required disclosure is a disclosure of the information or other matter —
(a) to a person authorised for the purposes of this Part by the Director
General of the National Criminal Intelligence Service;
(b) in the form and manner (if any) prescribed for the purposes of this
subsection by order under section 339.

But a person does not commit an offence under this section if he has a
reasonable excuse for not disclosing the information or other matter.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(2)

(3)

10
(1)

(a) the total of the values (at the time the confiscation order is made) of all
the free property then held by the defendant minus the total amount
payable in pursuance of obligations which then have priority, and

(b) the total of the values (at that time) of all tainted gifts.

An obligation has priority if it is an obligation of the defendant —

(a) to pay an amount due in respect of a fine or other order of a court which
was imposed or made on conviction of an offence and at any time
before the time the confiscation order is made, or

(b) to pay asum which would be included among the preferential debts if
the defendant’s bankruptcy had commenced on the date of the
confiscation order or his winding up had been ordered on that date.

“Preferential debts” has the meaning given by section 386 of the Insolvency Act
1986 (c. 45).

Assumptions to be made in case of criminal lifestyle

If the court decides under section 6 that the defendant has a criminal lifestyle
it must make the following four assumptions for the purpose of —
(a) deciding whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct,
and
(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.

The first assumption is that any property transferred to the defendant at any
time after the relevant day was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and

(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

The second assumption is that any property held by the defendant at any time
after the date of conviction was obtained by him—

(a) asa result of his general criminal conduct, and
(b) at the earliest time he appears to have held it.

The third assumption is that any expenditure incurred by the defendant at any
time after the relevant day was met from property obtained by him as a result
of his general criminal conduct.

The fourth assumption is that, for the purpose of valuing any property
obtained (or assumed to have been obtained) by the defendant, he obtained it
free of any other interests in it.

But the court must not make a required assumption in relation to particular
property or expenditure if —

(a) the assumption is shown to be incorrect, or
(b) there would be a serious risk of injustice if the assumption were made.

If the court does not make one or more of the required assumptions it must
state its reasons.

The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with—
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or
(b) if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.


ELIZABETH II c. 29

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002

2002 CHAPTER 29

An Act to establish the Assets Recovery Agency and make provision about the
appointment of its Director and his functions (including Revenue functions), to
provide for confiscation orders in relation to persons who benefit from criminal
conduct and for restraint orders to prohibit dealing with property, to allow the recovery
of property which is or represents property obtained through unlawful conduct or
which is intended to be used in unlawful conduct, to make provision about money
laundering, to make provision about investigations relating to benefit from criminal
conduct or to property which is or represents property obtained through unlawful
conduct or to money laundering, to make provision to give effect to overseas requests
and orders made where property is found or believed to be obtained through criminal
conduct, and for connected purposes. [24th July 2002]

E IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and
consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present
Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: —

ParRT1

ASSETS RECOVERY AGENCY

1 The Agency and its Director

(1) There shall be an Assets Recovery Agency (referred to in this Act as the
Agency).

(2) The Secretary of State must appoint a Director of the Agency (referred to in this
Act as the Director).

(3) The Director is a corporation sole.

(4) The Director may —
(a) appoint such persons as members of staff of the Agency, and


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

vii

175
176

177
178
179
180

181
182
183

184

185
186
187
188

189
190
191
192
193
194
195

196
197

198
199

200
201

Small amount outstanding: discharge of order
Information

Defendant absconds

Defendant convicted or committed
Defendant neither convicted nor acquitted
Variation of order

Discharge of order

Appeals

Appeal by prosecutor or Director
Court’s powers on appeal
Appeal to House of Lords

Enforcement authority

Enforcement authority

Enforcement as fines etc

Enforcement as fines etc

Director’s application for enforcement
Provisions about imprisonment or detention
Reconsideration etc: variation of prison term

Restraint orders

Conditions for exercise of powers
Restraint orders

Application, discharge and variation
Appeal to Court of Appeal

Appeal to House of Lords

Seizure

Supplementary

Management receivers

Appointment
Powers

Enforcement receivers

Appointment
Powers

Director's receivers

Appointment
Powers


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 119
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(7)

(8)

(10)

(11)

If the Crown Court proceeds afresh under section 156 in pursuance of a
direction under this section subsections (8) to (12) apply.

If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 156 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

If an order has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (SI. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation
orders) —

(a) the Crown Court must have regard to it, and

(b) section 163(5) and (6) above do not apply.

Section 158(2) does not apply, and the rules applying instead are that the
Crown Court must—

(a) take account of conduct occurring before the relevant date;
(b) take account of property obtained before that date;

(c) take account of property obtained on or after that date if it was obtained
as a result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that date.

In section 160—
(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant on or after the relevant date;
(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him on or after that date;
(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him on or after that date.

Section 176 applies as it applies in the circumstances mentioned in subsection
(1) of that section.

The relevant date is —
(a) in acase where the Crown Court made a confiscation order which was
quashed by the Court of Appeal, the date on which the Crown Court
made the order;

(b) in any other case, the date on which the Crown Court decided not to
make a confiscation order.

Enforcement authority

184 Enforcement authority

(1)

Subsection (2) applies if a court makes a confiscation order and any of the
following paragraphs applies —
(a) the court proceeded under section 156 after being asked to do so by the
Director;
(b) the court proceeded under section 156 by virtue of an application by the
Director under section 169, 170, 177 or 178;
(c) the court proceeded under section 156 as a result of an appeal by the
Director under section 181(2) or 183;
(d) before the court made the order the Director applied to the court to
appoint him as the enforcement authority for the order.


320 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

Schedule 12 — Repeals and revocations

SCHEDULE 12 Section 457

REPEALS AND REVOCATIONS

Short title and chapter

Extent of repeal or revocation

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)

Criminal Appeal (Northern
Ireland) Act 1980 (c. 47)

Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984 (c. 60)

Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33)

Housing Act 1988 (c. 50)
Extradition Act 1989 (c. 33)

Police and Criminal Evidence
(Northern Ireland) Order
1989 (S.I. 1989/1341 (N.I. 12))

Criminal Justice (International
Co-operation) Act 1990 (c. 5)

Criminal Justice (Confiscation)
(Northern Ireland) Order
1990 (S.1. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17))

Criminal Justice Act 1993 (c. 36)

Criminal Justice and Public
Order Act 1994 (c. 33)

In section 21 the words “or section 49 of the
Drug Trafficking Act 1994”.

In section 23(3A) the words “or section 49 of the
Drug Trafficking Act 1994”.

In section 30(3) the word “and” after paragraph
(b).
In section 65 —

(a) the definitions of “drug trafficking” and
“drug trafficking offence”;

(b) the words from “references in this Part”
to “in accordance with the Drug Trafficking
Act 1994”.

Sections 71 to 102.

In section 151(4) the word “and” after paragraph
(a).

In section 172—
(a) in subsection (2) the words from “section
76(3)” to “extending to Scotland”;
(b) in subsection (4) the words
“sections 90” to “section 93E”.

Schedule 4.

In Schedule 17, paragraphs 83 and 84.

In section 22(4)(h) the word “and” after sub-
paragraph (ii).

In Article 53—
(a) the definitions of “drug trafficking” and
“drug trafficking offence”;
(b) the words from “References in this Part”
to “Order 1996”.

In section 13(6) the words “the Drug Trafficking
Act 1994 or”.

Section 14.

In Schedule 4, paragraph 1.

In Article 37—
(a) paragraph (2);
(b) in paragraphs (3) and (4) sub-paragraph
(b) and the word “and” before it;
(c) paragraph (5).

Section 21(3)(e) to (g).
Sections 27 to 35.

In Schedule 4, paragraph 3.
In Schedule 5, paragraph 14.

from

In Schedule 9, paragraph 36.



Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 281
Schedule 3 — Administrators: further provision

(4) That interest is—
(a) interest on the debt of a secured creditor for the current half-yearly
term, and
(b) arrears of interest on that debt for one year immediately before the
commencement of that term.

(5) On and after such appointment no other person may raise or insist in an
adjudication against realisable property or be confirmed as executor-
creditor on that property.

(6) An inhibition on realisable property which takes effect on or after such
appointment does not create a preference for the inhibitor in a question with
the administrator.

(7) This paragraph is without prejudice to sections 123 and 124.

(8) In this paragraph, the reference to an administrator is to an administrator
appointed under section 128(3).

Supervision

8 (1) If the accountant of court reports to the court that an administrator has failed
to perform any duty imposed on him, the court may, after giving the
administrator an opportunity to be heard as regards the matter —

(a) remove him from office,
(b) censure him, or
(c)_ make such other order as it thinks fit.

(2) Section 6 of the Judicial Factors (Scotland) Act 1889 (c. 39) (supervision of
judicial factors) does not apply in relation to an administrator.

Accounts and remuneration

9 (1) Not later than two weeks after the issuing of any determination by the
accountant of court as to the remuneration and expenses payable to the
administrator, the administrator or the Lord Advocate may appeal against it
to the court.

(2) The amount of remuneration payable to the administrator must be
determined on the basis of the value of the work reasonably undertaken by
him, regard being had to the extent of the responsibilities involved.

(3) The accountant of court may authorise the administrator to pay without
taxation an account in respect of legal services incurred by the administrator.

Discharge of administrator
10 (1) After an administrator has lodged his final accounts under paragraph 9(1),

he may apply to the accountant of court to be discharged from office.

(2) A discharge, if granted, frees the administrator from all liability (other than
liability arising from fraud) in respect of any act or omission of his in
exercising his functions as administrator.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 97
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

under the order, on the completion of that term of imprisonment or
detention.

(2) A confiscation order is subject to appeal until there is no further possibility of
an appeal on which the order could be varied or quashed; and for this purpose
any power to grant leave to appeal out of time must be ignored.

154 Other interpretative provisions

(1) In this Part—

“accused” means a person against whom proceedings for an offence have
been instituted (whether or not he has been convicted);

“clerk of court” includes the sheriff clerk;

“confiscation order” means an order under section 92;

“conviction”, in relation to an offence, includes a finding that the offence
has been committed;

“court” must be construed in accordance with sections 92(13) and 119(10);

“criminal investigation” means an investigation which police officers or
other persons have a duty to conduct with a view to it being ascertained
whether a person should be charged with an offence;

“the Procedure Act” means the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995
(c. 46);

“restraint order” means an order under section 120.

(2) A reference to the offence (or offences) concerned must be construed in
accordance with section 92(12).

(3) A reference to sentencing the accused for an offence includes a reference to
dealing with him otherwise in respect of the offence.

General

155 Rules of court

(1) Provision may be made by act of sederunt as to—
(a) giving notice or serving any document for the purposes of this Part;
(b) the accountant of court’s functions under Schedule 3;
(c) the accounts to be kept by the administrator in relation to the exercise
of his functions.

(2) Subsection (1) is without prejudice to section 32 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland)
Act 1971 (c. 58) or section 5 of the Court of Session Act 1988 (c. 36).

ParT4

CONFISCATION: NORTHERN IRELAND
Confiscation orders

156 Making of order

(1) The Crown Court must proceed under this section if the following two
conditions are satisfied.


56 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(6) The following paragraphs apply to references to orders —
(a) aconfiscation order is an order under section 6;
(b) a restraint order is an order under section 41.

(7) Sections 75 to 87 and this section apply for the purposes of this Part.
General

89 Procedure on appeal to the Court of Appeal

(1) An appeal to the Court of Appeal under this Part lies only with the leave of that
Court.

(2) Subject to rules of court made under section 53(1) of the Supreme Court Act
1981 (c. 54) (distribution of business between civil and criminal divisions) the
criminal division of the Court of Appeal is the division —

(a) to which an appeal to that Court under this Part is to lie, and
(b) which is to exercise that Court’s jurisdiction under this Part.

(3) In relation to appeals to the Court of Appeal under this Part, the Secretary of
State may make an order containing provision corresponding to any provision
in the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19) (subject to any specified modifications).

90 ‘Procedure on appeal to the House of Lords

(1) Section 33(3) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (limitation on appeal from
criminal division of the Court of Appeal) does not prevent an appeal to the
House of Lords under this Part.

(2) In relation to appeals to the House of Lords under this Part, the Secretary of
State may make an order containing provision corresponding to any provision
in the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (subject to any specified modifications).

91 Crown Court Rules

In relation to—

(a) proceedings under this Part, or

(b) receivers appointed under this Part,
Crown Court Rules may make provision corresponding to provision in Civil
Procedure Rules.

PART3

CONFISCATION: SCOTLAND
Confiscation orders

92 Making of order

(1) The court must act under this section where the following three conditions are
satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that an accused falls within either of the following
paragraphs —


194 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 6 — Revenue Functions
Inheritance tax functions
321 Director’s functions: transfers of value
(1) For the purposes of this section the qualifying condition is that the Director has
reasonable grounds to suspect that —
(a) _ there has been a transfer of value within the meaning of the Inheritance
Tax Act 1984 (c. 51), and
(b) the value transferred by it is attributable (in whole or part) to criminal
property.
(2) If the qualifying condition is satisfied the Director may serve on the Board a
notice which —
(a) specifies the transfer of value, and
(b) _ states that the Director intends to carry out the Revenue inheritance tax
functions in relation to the transfer.
(3) Service of a notice under subsection (2) vests in the Director the Revenue
inheritance tax functions in relation to the transfer.
(4) The Director—
(a) may at any time serve on the Board a notice of withdrawal of the notice
under subsection (2);
(b) must serve such a notice of withdrawal on the Board if the qualifying
condition ceases to be satisfied.
(5) Service of a notice under subsection (4) divests the Director of the Revenue
inheritance tax functions in relation to the transfer.
(6) The vesting of a function in the Director under this section does not divest the
Board or an officer of the Board of the function.
(7) It is immaterial whether a transfer of value is suspected to have occurred before
or after the passing of this Act.
322 Director’s functions: certain settlements
(1) For the purposes of this section the qualifying condition is that the Director has
reasonable grounds to suspect that—
(a) all or part of the property comprised in a settlement is relevant
property for the purposes of Chapter 3 of Part 3 of the Inheritance Tax
Act 1984 (settlements without interest in possession), and
(b) the relevant property is (in whole or part) criminal property.
(2) If the qualifying condition is satisfied the Director may serve on the Board a
notice which—
(a) specifies the settlement concerned,
(b) states that the Director intends to carry out the Revenue inheritance tax
functions in relation to the settlement, and
(c) states the period for which he intends to carry them out.
(3) Service of a notice under subsection (2) vests in the Director the Revenue

inheritance tax functions in relation to the settlement for the period.

The Director—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) V1
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(5)

18
(1)

If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) does not believe the
defendant has a criminal lifestyle the statement of information is a statement of
matters the prosecutor or the Director believes are relevant in connection with
deciding these issues —
(a) whether the defendant has benefited from his particular criminal
conduct;
(b) his benefit from the conduct.

If the prosecutor or the Director gives the court a statement of information —
(a) he may at any time give the court a further statement of information;
(b) he must give the court a further statement of information if it orders

him to do so, and he must give it within the period the court orders.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

Defendant’s response to statement of information

If the prosecutor or the Director gives the court a statement of information and
a copy is served on the defendant, the court may order the defendant —
(a) to indicate (within the period it orders) the extent to which he accepts
each allegation in the statement, and
(b) so far as he does not accept such an allegation, to give particulars of any
matters he proposes to rely on.

If the defendant accepts to any extent an allegation in a statement of
information the court may treat his acceptance as conclusive of the matters to
which it relates for the purpose of deciding the issues referred to in section
16(3) or (5) (as the case may be).

If the defendant fails in any respect to comply with an order under subsection
(1) he may be treated for the purposes of subsection (2) as accepting every
allegation in the statement of information apart from—
(a) any allegation in respect of which he has complied with the
requirement;
(b) any allegation that he has benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct.

For the purposes of this section an allegation may be accepted or particulars
may be given in a manner ordered by the court.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

No acceptance under this section that the defendant has benefited from
conduct is admissible in evidence in proceedings for an offence.

Provision of information by defendant

This section applies if —
(a) the court is proceeding under section 6 in a case where section 6(3)(a)
applies, or
(b) it is proceeding under section 6 in a case where section 6(3)(b) applies
or it is considering whether to proceed.


130 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland
(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;
(c) power to realise the property, in such manner as the court may specify;
(d) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property.
(3) The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
Northern Ireland and to do any of the following —
(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;
(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;
(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.
(4) The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —
(a) hold property;
(b) enter into contracts;
(c) sue and be sued;
(d) employ agents;
(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;
(f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.
(5) The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
give possession of it to the receiver.
(6) The court—
(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to make
to the receiver such payment as the court specifies in respect of a
beneficial interest held by the defendant or the recipient of a tainted
gift;
(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.
(7) Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));
(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);
(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).
(8) The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (c) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.
(9) The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is

subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.


226

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(7)

376
(1)
(2)

This section does not apply to orders made in England and Wales for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

Evidence overseas

Evidence overseas
This section applies if the Director is carrying out a confiscation investigation.

A judge on the application of the Director or a person subject to the
investigation may issue a letter of request if he thinks that there is evidence in
acountry or territory outside the United Kingdom —

(a) that such a person has benefited from his criminal conduct, or

(b) of the extent or whereabouts of that person’s benefit from his criminal
conduct.

The Director may issue a letter of request if he thinks that there is evidence in
a country or territory outside the United Kingdom—
(a) that a person subject to the investigation has benefited from his
criminal conduct, or

(b) of the extent or whereabouts of that person’s benefit from his criminal
conduct.

A letter of request is a letter requesting assistance in obtaining outside the
United Kingdom such evidence as is specified in the letter for use in the
investigation.

The person issuing a letter of request must send it to the Secretary of State.

If the Secretary of State believes it is appropriate to do so he may forward a
letter received under subsection (5)—
(a) toacourt or tribunal which is specified in the letter and which exercises
jurisdiction in the place where the evidence is to be obtained, or

(b) to an authority recognised by the government of the country or
territority concerned as the appropriate authority for receiving letters
of request.

But in a case of urgency the person issuing the letter of request may send it
directly to the court or tribunal mentioned in subsection (6)(a).

Evidence obtained in pursuance of a letter of request must not be used —

(a) by any person other than the Director or a person subject to the
investigation;

(b) for any purpose other than that for which it is obtained.

Subsection (8) does not apply if the authority mentioned in subsection (6)(b)
consents to the use.

Evidence includes documents and other articles.

Rules of court may make provision as to the practice and procedure to be
followed in connection with proceedings relating to the issue of letters of
request by a judge under this section.


XIV Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

368 Disclosure of information
369 Supplementary

Account monitoring orders

370 Account monitoring orders

371 Requirements for making of account monitoring order
372 Statements

373 Applications

374 Disclosure of information

375 Supplementary

Evidence overseas

376 Evidence overseas

Code of practice
377 Code of practice

Interpretation
378 Officers
379 Miscellaneous
CHAPTER 3
SCOTLAND

Production orders

380 Production orders

381 Requirements for making of production order
382 Order to grant entry

383 Further provisions

384 Computer information

385 Government departments

386 Supplementary

Search warrants

387 Search warrants

388 Requirements where production order not available

389 Further provisions: general

390 Further provisions: confiscation, civil recovery and money laundering

Disclosure orders

391 Disclosure orders

392 Requirements for making of disclosure order
393 Offences

394 Statements

395 Further provisions

396 Supplementary


128

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

199 Powers
(1) If the court appoints a receiver under section 198 it may act under this section
on the application of the prosecutor.
(2) The court may by order confer on the receiver the following powers in relation
to the realisable property —
(a) power to take possession of the property;
(b) power to manage or otherwise deal with the property;
(c) power to realise the property, in such manner as the court may specify;
(d) power to start, carry on or defend any legal proceedings in respect of
the property.
(3) The court may by order confer on the receiver power to enter any premises in
Northern Ireland and to do any of the following —
(a) search for or inspect anything authorised by the court;
(b) make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
authorised;
(c) remove anything which the receiver is required or authorised to take
possession of in pursuance of an order of the court.
(4) The court may by order authorise the receiver to do any of the following for the
purpose of the exercise of his functions —
(a) hold property;
(b) enter into contracts;
(c) sue and be sued;
(d) employ agents;
(e) execute powers of attorney, deeds or other instruments;
(f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.
(5) The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
give possession of it to the receiver.
(6) The court—
(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to make
to the receiver such payment as the court specifies in respect of a
beneficial interest held by the defendant or the recipient of a tainted
gift;
(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.
(7) Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));
(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);
(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).
(8) The court must not—

(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (c) in respect of
property, or


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 171
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

282 Other exemptions

(1) Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken against any person in
circumstances of a prescribed description; and the circumstances may relate to
the person himself or to the property or to any other matter.

In this subsection, prescribed means prescribed by an order made by the
Secretary of State after consultation with the Scottish Ministers.

(2) Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken in respect of cash found at
any place in the United Kingdom unless the proceedings are also taken in
respect of property other than cash which is property of the same person.

(3) Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken against the Financial
Services Authority in respect of any recoverable property held by the
authority.

(4) Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken in respect of any property
which is subject to any of the following charges —

(a) a collateral security charge, within the meaning of the Financial
Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) Regulations 1999 (S.I.
1999/2979),

(b) a market charge, within the meaning of Part 7 of the Companies Act
1989 (c. 40),

(c) a money market charge, within the meaning of the Financial Markets
and Insolvency (Money Market) Regulations 1995 (S.I. 1995/2049),

(d) a system charge, within the meaning of the Financial Markets and
Insolvency Regulations 1996 (S.I. 1996/1469) or the Financial Markets
and Insolvency Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1996 (S.R. 1996/252).

(5) Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken against any person in
respect of any recoverable property which he holds by reason of his acting, or
having acted, as an insolvency practitioner.

Acting as an insolvency practitioner has the same meaning as in section 433.
Miscellaneous

283 Compensation

(1) If, in the case of any property to which an interim receiving order or interim
administration order has at any time applied, the court does not in the course
of the proceedings decide that the property is recoverable property or
associated property, the person whose property it is may make an application
to the court for compensation.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the court—
(a) has made a declaration in respect of the property by virtue of section
281, or

(b) makes an order under section 276.

(3) If the court has made a decision by reason of which no recovery order could be
made in respect of the property, the application for compensation must be
made within the period of three months beginning —

(a) in relation to a decision of the High Court in England and Wales, with
the date of the decision or, if any application is made for leave to
appeal, with the date on which the application is withdrawn or refused


316 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(3) In section 40 (fine defaulters) in subsection (1)(a) after “Drug Trafficking Act
1994” insert “or section 6 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997 (c. 48)

33 The following provisions of the Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997
shall cease to have effect —

(a) section 15(3),
(b) in Schedule 1, paragraph 20.

Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (c. 32)

34 (1) Section 27 of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 (members of the Police
Service engaged on other police service) is amended as follows.
(2) In subsection (1) after paragraph (c) insert —
“(ca) temporary service with the Assets Recovery Agency on
which a member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland is
engaged with the consent of the Chief Constable;”.

(3) In subsection (5)(b) after “(c)” insert “(ca)”.
(4) In subsection (7) for “or (c)” there is substituted “(c) or (ca)”.

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37)

35 In Schedule 8 to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 paragraphs 115 and 116
shall cease to have effect.

Access to Justice Act 1999 (c. 22)

36 (1) Schedule 2 to the Access to Justice Act 1999 (services excluded from the
Community Legal Service) is amended as follows.
(2) In paragraph 2(2), after paragraph (d) insert “or
(e) under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 to the extent
specified in paragraph 3,”
and omit the “or” at the end of paragraph (c).
(3) In paragraph 2(3) (magistrates courts), after “2001” insert —
“(l) for an order or direction under section 295, 297, 298, 301 or
302 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002,”
and omit the “or” at the end of paragraph (j).

(4) After paragraph 2 insert —

“3 (1) These are the proceedings under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 —

(a) an application under section 42(3) to vary or discharge a
restraint order or an order under section 41(7);

(b) proceedings which relate to a direction under section 54(3)
or 56(3) as to the distribution of funds in the hands of a
receiver;

(c) an application under section 62 relating to action taken or
proposed to be taken by a receiver;

(d) an application under section 63 to vary or discharge an
order under any of sections 48 to 53 for the appointment of
or conferring powers on a receiver;


16 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(c) take account of property obtained after that time if it was obtained as a

result of or in connection with conduct occurring before that time.
(5) In applying section 8(5) the confiscation order must be ignored.
(6) In section 10—

(a) _ the first and second assumptions do not apply with regard to property
first held by the defendant after the time the court decided his benefit
for the purposes of the confiscation order;

(b) the third assumption does not apply with regard to expenditure
incurred by him after that time;

(c) the fourth assumption does not apply with regard to property obtained
(or assumed to have been obtained) by him after that time.

(7) If the amount found under the new calculation of the defendant’s benefit
exceeds the relevant amount the court —

(a) must make a new calculation of the recoverable amount for the
purposes of section 6, and

(b) if it exceeds the amount required to be paid under the confiscation
order, may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be
paid such amount as it believes is just.

(8) In applying subsection (7)(a) the court must—

(a) take the new calculation of the defendant’s benefit;

(b) apply section 9 as if references to the time the confiscation order is
made were to the time of the new calculation of the recoverable amount
and as if references to the date of the confiscation order were to the date
of that new calculation.

(9) In applying subsection (7)(b) the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) any fine imposed on the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;

(b) any order which falls within section 13(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 9;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
(compensation orders).

10) But in applying subsection ‘b) the court must not have regard to an order

pplying cf

falling within subsection (9)(c) if a court has made a direction under section
13(6).

11) In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court

&

must take account of any change in the value of money.

(12) The relevant time is —

(a) when the court calculated the defendant’s benefit for the purposes of
the confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) when the court last calculated the defendant’s benefit in pursuance of
this section, if this section has applied previously.

(13) The relevant amount is —

(a) the amount found as the defendant’s benefit for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 153
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(a) to exercise any of the powers mentioned in Schedule 6,

(b) to take any other steps the court thinks appropriate,
for the purpose of securing the detention, custody or preservation of the
property to which the order applies or of taking any steps under subsection (2).

(2) An interim receiving order must require the interim receiver to take any steps
which the court thinks necessary to establish —

(a) whether or not the property to which the order applies is recoverable
property or associated property,

(b) whether or not any other property is recoverable property (in relation
to the same unlawful conduct) and, if it is, who holds it.

(3) If-
(a) the interim receiver deals with any property which is not property to
which the order applies, and
(b) at the time he deals with the property he believes on reasonable
grounds that he is entitled to do so in pursuance of the order,

the interim receiver is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage
resulting from his dealing with the property except so far as the loss or damage
is caused by his negligence.

248 = Registration

(1) The registration Acts —

(a) apply in relation to interim receiving orders as they apply in relation to
orders which affect land and are made by the court for the purpose of
enforcing judgements or recognisances,

(b) apply in relation to applications for interim receiving orders as they
apply in relation to other pending land actions.

(2) The registration Acts are—
(a) the Land Registration Act 1925 (c. 21),
(b) the Land Charges Act 1972 (c. 61), and
(c) the Land Registration Act 2002 (c. 9).

(3) But no notice may be entered in the register of title under the Land Registration
Act 2002 in respect of an interim receiving order.

(4) A person applying for an interim receiving order must be treated for the
purposes of section 57 of the Land Registration Act 1925 (inhibitions) as a
person interested in relation to any registered land to which—

(a) the application relates, or
(b) an interim receiving order made in pursuance of the application relates.

249 Registration (Northern Ireland)

(1) A person applying for an interim receiving order must be treated for the
purposes of section 66 of the Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 (c.
8 (N.1.)) (cautions) as a person interested in relation to any registered land to
which —
(a) the application relates, or
(b) an interim receiving order made in pursuance of the application relates.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 261
Part 10 — Information

435

436

PART 10

INFORMATION
England and Wales and Northern Ireland

Use of information by Director

Information obtained by or on behalf of the Director in connection with the
exercise of any of his functions may be used by him in connection with his
exercise of any of his other functions.

Disclosure of information to Director

Information which is held by or on behalf of a permitted person (whether it
was obtained before or after the coming into force of this section) may be
disclosed to the Director for the purpose of the exercise by the Director of his
functions.

A disclosure under this section is not to be taken to breach any restriction on
the disclosure of information (however imposed).

But nothing in this section authorises the making of a disclosure —
(a) which contravenes the Data Protection Act 1998 (c. 29);

(b) which is prohibited by Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers
Act 2000 (c. 23).

This section does not affect a power to disclose which exists apart from this
section.

These are permitted persons —
(a) aconstable;
(b) the Director General of the National Criminal Intelligence Service;
(c) the Director General of the National Crime Squad;
(d) the Director of the Serious Fraud Office;
(e) the Commissioners of Inland Revenue;

(f) the Commissioners of Customs and Excise;
(g) the Director of Public Prosecutions;
(h) the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland.

The Secretary of State may by order designate as permitted persons other
persons who exercise functions which he believes are of a public nature.

But an order under subsection (6) must specify the functions in respect of
which the designation is made.

Information must not be disclosed under this section on behalf of the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue or on behalf of the Commissioners of
Customs and Excise unless the Commissioners concerned authorise the
disclosure.

The power to authorise a disclosure under subsection (8) may be delegated
(either generally or for a specified purpose) —
(a) inthe case of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, to an officer of the
Board of Inland Revenue;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 173
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

(5)

(6)

287

288
(1)

On and after such appointment no other person may raise or insist in an
adjudication against recoverable property or be confirmed as an executor-
creditor on that property.

An inhibition on recoverable property shall cease to have effect in relation to
any heritable property comprised in the recoverable property on such
appointment.

The provisions of this section apply in relation to—
(a) an action of maills and duties, and
(b) an action for sequestration of rent,
as they apply in relation to an arrestment or poinding.

Scope of powers (Scotland)

Orders under this Chapter may be made by the Court of Session in respect of
a person wherever domiciled, resident or present.

Such an order may be made by the Court of Session in respect of moveable
property wherever situated.

But such an order in respect of a person’s moveable property may not be made
by the Court of Session where —

(a) the person is not domiciled, resident or present in Scotland, and

(b) the property is not situated in Scotland,
unless the unlawful conduct took place in Scotland.

Financial threshold

At any time when an order specifying an amount for the purposes of this
section has effect, the enforcement authority may not start proceedings for a
recovery order unless the authority reasonably believes that the aggregate
value of the recoverable property which the authority wishes to be subject to a
recovery order is not less than the specified amount.

The power to make an order under subsection (1) is exercisable by the
Secretary of State after consultation with the Scottish Ministers.

If the authority applies for an interim receiving order or interim administration
order before starting the proceedings, subsection (1) applies to the application
instead of to the start of the proceedings.

This section does not affect the continuation of proceedings for a recovery
order which have been properly started or the making or continuing effect of
an interim receiving order or interim administration order which has been
properly applied for.

Limitation

After section 27 of the Limitation Act 1980 (c. 58) there is inserted —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 257
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

for references to the 1989 Order of references to the Companies (Northern
Ireland) Order 1986 (S.1. 1986/1032 (N.I. 6)).

429 Tainted gifts

(1) In this section “company” means any company which may be wound up under
the 1989 Order.

(2) This section applies if —

(a) an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a
resolution for its voluntary winding up, and

(b) it has made a tainted gift (whether directly or indirectly).

(3) No order may be made under Article 202, 203 or 367 of the 1989 Order
(avoidance of certain transactions) in respect of the making of the gift at any
time when—

(a) any property of the recipient of the tainted gift is subject to a restraint
order under section 41, 120 or 190, or

(b) there is in force in respect of such property an order under section 50,
52, 128(3), 198 or 200,

(4) Any order made under Article 202, 203 or 367 of the 1989 Order after an order
mentioned in subsection (3)(a) or (b) is discharged must take into account any
realisation under Part 2, 3 or 4 of this Act of property held by the recipient of
the tainted gift.

(5) A person makes a tainted gift for the purposes of this section if he makes a
tainted gift within the meaning of Part 2, 3 or 4.

Floating charges

430 Floating charges

(1) In this section “company” means a company which may be wound up under
(a) the 1986 Act, or
(b) the 1989 Order.

(2) If a company holds property which is subject to a floating charge, and a
receiver has been appointed by or on the application of the holder of the
charge, the functions of the receiver are not exercisable in relation to the
following property —

(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made
under section 41, 120 or 190 before the appointment of the receiver;
(b) any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in

force;

(c) any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

(d) any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

(3) Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the appointment of the receiver.


254

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 9 — Insolvency etc.

(3)

(4)

(7)

(9)

(a) property for the time being subject to a restraint order which was made
under section 41, 120 or 190 before the relevant time;

(b) any property in respect of which an order under section 50 or 52 is in

force;

(c) any property in respect of which an order under section 128(3) is in
force;

(d) any property in respect of which an order under section 198 or 200 is in
force.

Subsection (2)(a) applies to heritable property in Scotland only if the restraint
order is recorded in the General Register of Sasines or registered in the Land
Register of Scotland before the relevant time.

If an order for the winding up of a company is made or it passes a resolution
for its voluntary winding up the powers referred to in subsection (5) must not
be exercised in the way mentioned in subsection (6) in relation to any
property —

(a) which is held by the company, and

(b) in relation to which the functions of the liquidator are exercisable.

These are the powers —

(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 41 to 67 and the powers of
a receiver appointed under section 48, 50 or 52;

(b) the powers conferred on a court by sections 120 to 136 and Schedule 3
and the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or
128(3);

(c) the powers conferred on a court by sections 190 to 215 and the powers
of a receiver appointed under section 196, 198 or 200.

The powers must not be exercised —
(a) so as to inhibit the liquidator from exercising his functions for the
purpose of distributing property to the company’s creditors;
(b) so as to prevent the payment out of any property of expenses (including
the remuneration of the liquidator or any provisional liquidator)
properly incurred in the winding up in respect of the property.

But nothing in the 1986 Act must be taken to restrict (or enable the restriction
of) the exercise of the powers referred to in subsection (5).

For the purposes of the application of Parts 4 and 5 of the 1986 Act (winding
up) to a company which the Court of Session has jurisdiction to wind up, a
person is not a creditor in so far as any sum due to him by the company is due
in respect of a confiscation order made under section 6, 92 or 156.

The relevant time is —

(a) if no order for the winding up of the company has been made, the time
of the passing of the resolution for voluntary winding up;

(b) if such an order has been made, but before the presentation of the
petition for the winding up of the company by the court such a
resolution has been passed by the company, the time of the passing of
the resolution;

(c) if such an order has been made, but paragraph (b) does not apply, the
time of the making of the order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 85
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(2) The court must order the management administrator to transfer to the other
administrator all property held by him by virtue of the powers conferred on
him by section 125.

(3) If the management administrator complies with an order under subsection (2)
he is discharged —
(a) from his appointment under that section,
(b) from any obligation under this Act arising from his appointment.

130 Application of sums by enforcement administrator

(1) This section applies to sums which —
(a) are in the hands of an administrator appointed under section 128(3),
and
(b) fall within subsection (2).

(2) These sums fall within this subsection —
(a) the proceeds of the realisation of property under section 128(6)(c);

(b) any sums (other than those mentioned in paragraph (a)) in which the
accused holds an interest.

(3) The sums must be applied as follows —

(a) first, they must be applied in payment of such expenses incurred by a
person acting as an insolvency practitioner as are payable under this
subsection by virtue of section 432;

(b) second, they must be applied in making any payments as directed by
the court;

(c) third, they must be applied on the accused’s behalf towards satisfaction
of the confiscation order.

(4) If the amount payable under any confiscation order has been fully paid and
any sums remain in the administrator’s hands he must distribute them —
(a) among such persons who held (or hold) interests in the property
concerned as the court directs, and
(b) in such proportions as it directs.

(5) Before making a direction under subsection (4) the court must give persons
who held (or hold) interests in the property concerned a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

(6) For the purposes of subsections (4) and (5) the property concerned is —
(a) the property represented by the proceeds mentioned in subsection
(2)(a);

(b) the sums mentioned in subsection (2)(b).

(7) The administrator applies sums as mentioned in subsection (3)(c) by paying
them to the appropriate clerk of court on account of the amount payable under
the order.

(8) The appropriate clerk of court is the sheriff clerk of the sheriff court responsible
for enforcing the confiscation order under section 211 of the Procedure Act as
applied by section 118(1) of this Act.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 127
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

(6)

(9)

(10)

(f) take any other steps the court thinks appropriate.

The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
which the restraint order applies to give possession of it to the receiver.

The court—

(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to which
the restraint order applies to make to the receiver such payment as the
court specifies in respect of a beneficial interest held by the defendant
or the recipient of a tainted gift;

(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.

Subsections (2), (5) and (6) do not apply to property for the time being subject
to a charge under any of these provisions —

(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);

(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.I. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (5.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (d) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;

(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;

(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.

Enforcement receivers

198 Appointment

(1)

(2)

This section applies if —
(a) aconfiscation order is made,
(b) _ it is not satisfied, and
(c) itis not subject to appeal.

On the application of the prosecutor the Crown Court may by order appoint a
receiver in respect of realisable property.


278 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 2 — Lifestyle offences: England and Wales

Inchoate offences

10 (1) An offence of attempting, conspiring or inciting the commission of an
offence specified in this Schedule.

(2) An offence of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of
such an offence.

SCHEDULE 3 Section 137
ADMINISTRATORS: FURTHER PROVISION
General

1 In this Schedule, unless otherwise expressly provided —

(a) references to an administrator are to an administrator appointed
under section 125 or 128(3);

(b) references to realisable property are to the realisable property in
respect of which the administrator is appointed.

Appointment etc

2. (1) If the office of administrator is vacant, for whatever reason, the court must
appoint a new administrator.

(2) Any property vested in the previous administrator by virtue of paragraph
5(4) vests in the new administrator.

(3) Any order under section 125 or 128(7) in relation to the previous
administrator applies in relation to the new administrator when he gives
written notice of his appointment to the person subject to the order.

(4) The administration of property by an administrator must be treated as
continuous despite any temporary vacancy in that office.

(5) The appointment of an administrator is subject to such conditions as to
caution as the accountant of court may impose.

(6) The premium of any bond of caution or other security required by such
conditions must be treated as part of the administrator’s expenses in the
exercise of his functions.

Functions

3. (1) An administrator —
(a) may, if appointed under section 125, and
(b) must, if appointed under section 128(3),
as soon as practicable take possession of the realisable property and of the
documents mentioned in sub-paragraph (2).
(2) Those documents are any document which —

(a) is in the possession or control of the person (“A”) in whom the
property is vested (or would be vested but for an order made under
paragraph 5(4)), and

(b) relates to the property or to A’s assets, business or financial affairs.


78 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
(4) Subsection (5) applies where —

(a) a warrant for apprehension of the accused is issued for a default in
payment of the amount ordered to be paid under a confiscation order
in respect of an offence or offences, and

(b) at the time the warrant is issued the accused is liable to serve a period
of imprisonment or detention (other than one of life imprisonment or
detention for life) in respect of the offence (or any of the offences).

(5) In such a case any period of imprisonment or detention to which the accused
is liable by virtue of section 219 of the Procedure Act runs from the expiry of
the period of imprisonment or detention mentioned in subsection (4)(b).

Restraint orders etc
119 Conditions for exercise of powers

(1) The court may exercise the powers conferred by section 120 if any of the
following conditions is satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that—

(a) acriminal investigation has been instituted in Scotland with regard to
an offence, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the alleged offender has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

(3) The second condition is that —

(a) proceedings for an offence have been instituted in Scotland and not
concluded, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the accused has benefited from
his criminal conduct.

(4) The third condition is that—

(a) an application by the prosecutor has been made under section 104, 105,
111 or 112 and not concluded, or the court believes that such an
application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the accused has benefited from
his criminal conduct.

(5) The fourth condition is that —

(a) an application by the prosecutor has been made under section 106 and
not concluded, or the court believes that such an application is to be
made, and

(b) _ there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the
accused’s benefit exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

(6) The fifth condition is that —

(a) an application by the prosecutor has been made under section 107 and
not concluded, or the court believes that such an application is to be
made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the


302 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

mean a confiscation order or a restraint order made under Part 2, 3 or 4 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

(4) After section 31 (vesting of estate at date of sequestration) insert —

“31A Property subject to restraint order

(1) This section applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the debtor’s estate by virtue of
section 420(2)(a) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (property
subject to a restraint order),

(b) an order under section 50, 52, 128, 198 or 200 of that Act has
not been made in respect of the property, and

(c) the restraint order is discharged.

(2) On the discharge of the restraint order the property vests in the
permanent trustee as part of the debtor’s estate.

(3) But subsection (2) does not apply to the proceeds of property realised
by a management receiver under section 49(2)(d) or 197(2)(d) of that
Act (realisation of property to meet receiver's remuneration and
expenses).

31B Property in respect of which receivership or administration order is
made

(1) This section applies where—

(a) property is excluded from the debtor’s estate by virtue of
section 420(2)(b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
(property in respect of which an order for the appointment of
a receiver or administrator under certain provisions of that
Act is in force), and

(b) aconfiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act,

(c) the amount payable under the confiscation order is fully
paid, and

(d) any of the property remains in the hands of the receiver or
administrator (as the case may be).

(2) The property vests in the permanent trustee as part of the debtor’s
estate.

31C Property subject to certain orders where confiscation order discharged
or quashed

(1) This section applies where —

(a) property is excluded from the debtor’s estate by virtue of
section 420(2)(a), (b), (c) or (d) of the Proceeds of Crime Act
2002 (property in respect of which a restraint order or an
order for the appointment of a receiver or administrator
under that Act is in force),

(b) aconfiscation order is made under section 6, 92 or 156 of that
Act, and


206 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 7 — Money Laundering
(7) Subsection (2) does not apply to a disclosure made to a nominated officer.
Interpretation
340 Interpretation
(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
(2) Criminal conduct is conduct which—
(a) constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom, or
(b) would constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it
occurred there.

(3) Property is criminal property if—

(a) it constitutes a person’s benefit from criminal conduct or it represents
such a benefit (in whole or part and whether directly or indirectly), and

(b) the alleged offender knows or suspects that it constitutes or represents
such a benefit.

(4) It is immaterial —

(a) who carried out the conduct;
(b) who benefited from it;
(c) whether the conduct occurred before or after the passing of this Act.

(5) A person benefits from conduct if he obtains property as a result of or in
connection with the conduct.

(6) If a person obtains a pecuniary advantage as a result of or in connection with
conduct, he is to be taken to obtain as a result of or in connection with the
conduct a sum of money equal to the value of the pecuniary advantage.

(7) References to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in connection with
conduct include references to property or a pecuniary advantage obtained in
both that connection and some other.

(8) If a person benefits from conduct his benefit is the property obtained as a result
of or in connection with the conduct.

(9) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —

(a) money;
(b) all forms of property, real or personal, heritable or moveable;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.
(10) The following rules apply in relation to property —
(a) property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it;
(b) references to an interest, in relation to land in England and Wales or
Northern Ireland, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or power;
(c) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;
(d) references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).
(11) Money laundering is an act which—

(a) constitutes an offence under section 327, 328 or 329,


180 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

(a) beyond the end of the period of three months beginning with the date
of the order,

(b) in the case of any further order under this section, beyond the end of the
period of two years beginning with the date of the first order.

(3) A justice of the peace may also exercise the power of a magistrates’ court to
make the first order under subsection (2) extending the period.

(4) An application for an order under subsection (2) —

(a) in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, may be made
by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise or a constable,

(b) in relation to Scotland, may be made by the Scottish Ministers in
connection with their functions under section 298 or by a procurator
fiscal,

and the court, sheriff or justice may make the order if satisfied, in relation to
any cash to be further detained, that either of the following conditions is met.

(5) The first condition is that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the
cash is recoverable property and that either—

(a) its continued detention is justified while its derivation is further
investigated or consideration is given to bringing (in the United
Kingdom or elsewhere) proceedings against any person for an offence
with which the cash is connected, or

(b) proceedings against any person for an offence with which the cash is
connected have been started and have not been concluded.

(6) The second condition is that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that
the cash is intended to be used in unlawful conduct and that either —

(a) its continued detention is justified while its intended use is further
investigated or consideration is given to bringing (in the United
Kingdom or elsewhere) proceedings against any person for an offence
with which the cash is connected, or

(b) proceedings against any person for an offence with which the cash is
connected have been started and have not been concluded.

(7) An application for an order under subsection (2) may also be made in respect
of any cash seized under section 294(2), and the court, sheriff or justice may
make the order if satisfied that —

(a) the condition in subsection (5) or (6) is met in respect of part of the cash,
and

(b) it is not reasonably practicable to detain only that part.

(8) An order under subsection (2) must provide for notice to be given to persons
affected by it.

296 Interest

(1) If cash is detained under section 295 for more than 48 hours, it is at the first
opportunity to be paid into an interest-bearing account and held there; and the
interest accruing on it is to be added to it on its forfeiture or release.

(2) In the case of cash detained under section 295 which was seized under section

294(2), the customs officer or constable must, on paying it into the account,
release the part of the cash to which the suspicion does not relate.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

xv

397
398
399
400
401
402
403

404
405
406
407
408

409
410
411
412

413
414
415
416

417
418
419

420
421
422

423
424
425

Customer information orders

Customer information orders

Meaning of customer information

Requirements for making of customer information order
Offences

Statements

Further provisions

Supplementary

Account monitoring orders

Account monitoring orders

Requirements for making of account monitoring order
Statements

Further provisions

Supplementary

General

Jurisdiction of sheriff
Code of practice

Performance of functions of Scottish Ministers by constables in Scotland

Interpretation
CHAPTER 4
INTERPRETATION

Criminal conduct

Property

Money laundering offences
Other interpretative provisions

PART9

INSOLVENCY ETC.

Bankruptcy in England and Wales

Modifications of the 1986 Act
Restriction of powers
Tainted gifts

Sequestration in Scotland

Modifications of the 1985 Act
Restriction of powers
Tainted gifts

Bankruptcy in Northern Ireland

Modifications of the 1989 Order
Restriction of powers
Tainted gifts


84 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
(c) power to realise any realisable property, in such manner as the court

may specify.

(7) The court may order any person who has possession of realisable property to
give possession of it to an administrator referred to in subsection (5).

(8) The clerk of court must notify the accused and any person subject to an order
under subsection (7) of the making of the order.

(9) Any dealing of the accused or any such person in relation to property to which
the order applies is of no effect in a question with the administrator unless the
accused or, as the case may be, that person had no knowledge of the
administrator’s appointment.

(10) The court—
(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to make
to the administrator such payment as the court specifies in respect of a
beneficial interest held by the accused or the recipient of a tainted gift;
(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.
(11) The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (6)(b) or (c) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (10) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.
(12) Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;
(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;
(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.
13) The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
y P y
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.
(14) Subsection (6) does not apply to property for the time being subject to a charge

under—
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (5.1. 199/2588 (N.I. 17));
(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

129 Management administrators: discharge

(1)

This section applies if —

(a) an administrator stands appointed under section 125 in respect of
realisable property (the management administrator), and

(b) the court appoints an administrator under section 128.


174

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

“27A Actions for recovery of property obtained through unlawful conduct

(1)

(2)

(3)

(6)

(7)

etc.

None of the time limits given in the preceding provisions of this Act
applies to any proceedings under Chapter 2 of Part 5 of the Proceeds of
Crime Act 2002 (civil recovery of proceeds of unlawful conduct).

Proceedings under that Chapter for a recovery order in respect of any
recoverable property shall not be brought after the expiration of the
period of twelve years from the date on which the Director’s cause of
action accrued.

Proceedings under that Chapter are brought when —

(a) aclaim form is issued, or

(b) an application is made for an interim receiving order,
whichever is the earlier.

The Director’s cause of action accrues in respect of any recoverable
property —

(a) in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of
property obtained through unlawful conduct, when the
property is so obtained,

(b) in the case of proceedings for a recovery order in respect of any
other recoverable property, when the property obtained
through unlawful conduct which it represents is so obtained.

(a) a person would (but for the preceding provisions of this Act)
have a cause of action in respect of the conversion of a chattel,
and

(b) proceedings are started under that Chapter for a recovery order
in respect of the chattel,

section 3(2) of this Act does not prevent his asserting on an application
under section 281 of that Act that the property belongs to him, or the
court making a declaration in his favour under that section.

If the court makes such a declaration, his title to the chattel is to be
treated as not having been extinguished by section 3(2) of this Act.

Expressions used in this section and Part 5 of that Act have the same
meaning in this section as in that Part.”

(2) After section 19A of the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973 (c. 52)
there is inserted —

“19B Actions for recovery of property obtained through unlawful conduct

(1)

(2)

etc.

None of the time limits given in the preceding provisions of this Act
applies to any proceedings under Chapter 2 of Part 5 of the Proceeds of
Crime Act 2002 (civil recovery of proceeds of unlawful conduct).

Proceedings under that Chapter for a recovery order in respect of any
recoverable property shall not be commenced after the expiration of the
period of twelve years from the date on which the Scottish Ministers’
right of action accrued.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 89
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

137 Administrators: further provision

Schedule 3, which makes further provision about administrators appointed
under section 125 and 128(3), has effect.

138 Administrators: restriction on proceedings and remedies

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

Where an administrator is appointed under section 128, the court may sist any
action, execution or other legal process in respect of the property to which the
order appointing the administrator relates.

If a court (whether the Court of Session or any other court) in which
proceedings are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that an
application has been made for the appointment of an administrator or that an
administrator has been appointed in relation to that property, the court may
either sist the proceedings or allow them to continue on any terms it thinks fit.

Before exercising any power conferred by subsection (2) the court must give an
opportunity to be heard to—

(a) the prosecutor;

(b) if appointed, the administrator.

Compensation

Serious default

If the following three conditions are satisfied the court may order the payment
of such compensation as it thinks is just.

The first condition is satisfied if a criminal investigation has been instituted
with regard to an offence and proceedings are not instituted for the offence.

The first condition is also satisfied if proceedings for an offence are instituted
against a person and —
(a) they do not result in his conviction for the offence, or
(b) he is convicted of the offence but the conviction is quashed or he is
pardoned in respect of it.

If subsection (2) applies the second condition is that —
(a) in the criminal investigation there has been a serious default by a
person mentioned in subsection (9), and
(b) the investigation would not have continued if the default had not
occurred.

If subsection (3) applies the second condition is that —

(a) in the criminal investigation with regard to the offence or in its
prosecution there has been a serious default by a person mentioned in
subsection (9), and

(b) the proceedings would not have been instituted or continued if the
default had not occurred.

The third condition is that an application is made under this section by a
person who held realisable property and has suffered loss in consequence of
anything done in relation to it by or in pursuance of an order under this Part.


210 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2 — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(b) requiring that person to give an appropriate officer access to the
material,
within the period stated in the order.

(5) The period stated in a production order must be a period of seven days
beginning with the day on which the order is made, unless it appears to the
judge by whom the order is made that a longer or shorter period would be
appropriate in the particular circumstances.

346 Requirements for making of production order
(1) These are the requirements for the making of a production order.

(2) There must be reasonable grounds for suspecting that —

(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person the application for
the order specifies as being subject to the investigation has benefited
from his criminal conduct;

(b) in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property the application
for the order specifies as being subject to the investigation is
recoverable property or associated property;

(c) in the case of a money laundering investigation, the person the
application for the order specifies as being subject to the investigation
has committed a money laundering offence.

(3) There must be reasonable grounds for believing that the person the application
specifies as appearing to be in possession or control of the material so specified
is in possession or control of it.

(4) There must be reasonable grounds for believing that the material is likely to be
of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation for the
purposes of which the order is sought.

(5) There must be reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest
for the material to be produced or for access to it to be given, having regard
to—

(a) the benefit likely to accrue to the investigation if the material is
obtained;

(b) the circumstances under which the person the application specifies as
appearing to be in possession or control of the material holds it.

347 Order to grant entry

1) This section applies if a judge makes a production order requiring a person to
PP: Juag, P q gap
give an appropriate officer access to material on any premises.

(2) The judge may, on an application made to him by an appropriate officer and
specifying the premises, make an order to grant entry in relation to the
premises.

(3) An order to grant entry is an order requiring any person who appears to an
appropriate officer to be entitled to grant entry to the premises to allow him to
enter the premises to obtain access to the material.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 297
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

28 (1) Paragraph 27 does not apply to determine the disposal value to be brought
into account if —
(a) the asset is partnership property, and
(b) compensating payments are made to one or more, but not both or all,
of the partners.

(2) Instead, the disposal value to be brought into account is equal to the sum of
any compensating payments.

29 Paragraphs 26 to 28 have effect as if they were included in Part 6 of the
Allowances Act 2001.

EMPLOYEE ETC. SHARE SCHEMES
Share options
30 Section 135(6) of the Taxes Act 1988 (gains by directors and employees) does
not make any person chargeable to tax in respect of any gain realised by the
trustee for civil recovery.
Conditional acquisition of shares
31 Section 140A (4) of the Taxes Act 1988 (disposal etc. of shares) does not make
the transferor chargeable to income tax in respect of a Part 5 transfer of
shares or an interest in shares.
Shares acquired at an undervalue
32 Section 162(5) of the Taxes Act 1988 (employee shareholdings) does not
make the transferor chargeable to income tax in respect of a Part 5 transfer
of shares.
Shares in dependent subsidiaries
33 Section 79 of the Finance Act 1988 (c. 39) (charge on increase in value of

shares) does not make the transferor chargeable to income tax in respect of
a Part 5 transfer of shares or an interest in shares.

SCHEDULE 11 Section 456
AMENDMENTS
Introduction
1 The amendments specified in this Schedule shall have effect.

Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (c. 13)

2 (1) The Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 is amended as follows.

(2) In Schedule 2 (Departments etc. subject to investigation) at the appropriate
place insert—

“Director of the Assets Recovery Agency.”
(3) In the Notes to that Schedule before paragraph 1 insert —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 287
Schedule 6 — Powers of interim receiver or administrator

(a) to carry out a search for or inspection of anything described in the
order,

(b) to make or obtain a copy, photograph or other record of anything so
described,

(c) to remove anything which he is required to take possession of in
pursuance of the order or which may be required as evidence in the
proceedings under Chapter 2 of Part 5.

(3) The order may describe anything generally, whether by reference to a class
or otherwise.

Supplementary

4 (1) An order making any provision under paragraph 2 or 3 must make
provision in respect of legal professional privilege (in Scotland, legal
privilege within the meaning of Chapter 3 of Part 8).

(2) An order making any provision under paragraph 3 may require any
person —

(a) to give the interim receiver or administrator access to any premises
which he may enter in pursuance of paragraph 3,

(b) to give the interim receiver or administrator any assistance he may
require for taking the steps mentioned in that paragraph.

Management

5 (1) Power to manage any property to which the order applies.
(2) Managing property includes —
(a) selling or otherwise disposing of assets comprised in the property

which are perishable or which ought to be disposed of before their
value diminishes,

(b) where the property comprises assets of a trade or business, carrying
on, or arranging for another to carry on, the trade or business,

(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.

SCHEDULE 7 Section 267

POWERS OF TRUSTEE FOR CIVIL RECOVERY

Sale

1 Power to sell the property or any part of it or interest in it.
Expenditure

2 Power to incur expenditure for the purpose of —

(a) acquiring any part of the property, or any interest in it, which is not
vested in him,

(b) discharging any liabilities, or extinguishing any rights, to which the
property is subject.


188

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

(5)

(6)

(7)

312
(1)

An application under this section, or under any provision of the 1986 Act or the
1989 Order, for leave to take proceedings for a recovery order may be made
without notice to any person.

Subsection (4) does not affect any requirement for notice of an application to be
given to any person acting as an insolvency practitioner or to the official
receiver (whether or not acting as an insolvency practitioner).

References to the provisions of the 1986 Act in sections 420 and 421 of that Act,
or to the provisions of the 1989 Order in Articles 364 or 365 of that Order,
(insolvent partnerships and estates of deceased persons) include subsections
(1) to (8) above.

In this section —

(a) the 1985 Act means the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66),

(b) the 1986 Act means the Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45),

(c) the 1989 Order means the Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989

(S.1. 1989/2405 (N.1. 19),

and in subsection (8) “the applicable enactment” means whichever enactment
mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (c) is relevant to the resolution, arrangement,
order or trust deed mentioned in subsection (3).

In this section —

(a) an asset means any property within the meaning of the applicable
enactment or, where the 1985 Act is the applicable enactment, any
property comprised in an estate to which the 1985 Act applies,

(b) the appropriate court means the court which, in relation to the
resolution, arrangement, order or trust deed mentioned in subsection
(3), is the court for the purposes of the applicable enactment or, in
relation to Northern Ireland, the High Court,

(c) acting as an insolvency practitioner has the same meaning as in section
433,

(d) other expressions used in this section and in the applicable enactment
have the same meaning as in that enactment.

Delegation of enforcement functions

Performance of functions of Scottish Ministers by constables in Scotland

In Scotland, a constable engaged in temporary service with the Scottish
Ministers in connection with their functions under this Part may perform
functions, other than those specified in subsection (2), on behalf of the Scottish
Ministers.

The specified functions are the functions conferred on the Scottish Ministers
by—
(a) sections 244(1) and (2) and 256(1) and (7) (proceedings in the Court of
Session),
(b) section 267(2) (trustee for civil recovery),
c) sections 271(3) and (4) and 272(5) (agreements about associated and
joint property),

(d) section 275(3) (pension schemes),
(e) section 282(1) (exemptions),
(f) section 283(5) and (8) (compensation),


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 179
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 3 — Recovery of cash in summary proceedings

293
(1)

(2)

294

Code of practice (Scotland)

The Scottish Ministers must make a code of practice in connection with the
exercise by constables in relation to Scotland of the powers conferred by virtue
of section 289.

Where they propose to issue a code of practice they must —
(a) publish a draft,
(b) consider any representations made to them about the draft,
(c) if they think it appropriate, modify the draft in the light of any such
representations.
They must lay a draft of the code before the Scottish Parliament.

When they have laid a draft of the code before the Scottish Parliament they
may bring it into operation by order.

They may revise the whole or any part of the code issued by them and issue the
code as revised; and subsections (2) to (4) apply to such a revised code as they
apply to the original code.

A failure by a constable to comply with a provision of the code does not of itself
make him liable to criminal or civil proceedings.

The code is admissible in evidence in criminal or civil proceedings and is to be
taken into account by a court or tribunal in any case in which it appears to the
court or tribunal to be relevant.

Seizure and detention

Seizure of cash

A customs officer or constable may seize any cash if he has reasonable grounds
for suspecting that it is—

(a) recoverable property, or

(b) intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.

A customs officer or constable may also seize cash part of which he has
reasonable grounds for suspecting to be—

(a) recoverable property, or

(b) intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct,
if it is not reasonably practicable to seize only that part.

This section does not authorise the seizure of an amount of cash if it or, as the
case may be, the part to which his suspicion relates, is less than the minimum
amount.

Detention of seized cash

While the customs officer or constable continues to have reasonable grounds
for his suspicion, cash seized under section 294 may be detained initially for a
period of 48 hours.

The period for which the cash or any part of it may be detained may be
extended by an order made by a magistrates’ court or (in Scotland) the sheriff;
but the order may not authorise the detention of any of the cash—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 105
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

(7)

prosecutor or the Director believes are relevant in connection with deciding
these issues —

(a) whether the defendant has a criminal lifestyle;

(b) whether he has benefited from his general criminal conduct;

(c) his benefit from the conduct.

A statement under subsection (3) must include information the prosecutor or
Director believes is relevant —
(a) in connection with the making by the court of a required assumption
under section 160;
(b) for the purpose of enabling the court to decide if the circumstances are
such that it must not make such an assumption.

If the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) does not believe the
defendant has a criminal lifestyle the statement of information is a statement of
matters the prosecutor or the Director believes are relevant in connection with
deciding these issues —
(a) whether the defendant has benefited from his particular criminal
conduct;
(b) his benefit from the conduct.

If the prosecutor or the Director gives the court a statement of information —
(a) he may at any time give the court a further statement of information;

(b) he must give the court a further statement of information if it orders
him to do so, and he must give it within the period the court orders.

If the court makes an order under this section it may at any time vary it by
making another one.

167 Defendant’s response to statement of information

(1)

If the prosecutor or the Director gives the court a statement of information and
a copy is served on the defendant, the court may order the defendant —
(a) to indicate (within the period it orders) the extent to which he accepts
each allegation in the statement, and
(b) so far as he does not accept such an allegation, to give particulars of any
matters he proposes to rely on,

If the defendant accepts to any extent an allegation in a statement of
information the court may treat his acceptance as conclusive of the matters to
which it relates for the purpose of deciding the issues referred to in section
166(3) or (5) (as the case may be).

If the defendant fails in any respect to comply with an order under subsection
(1) he may be treated for the purposes of subsection (2) as accepting every
allegation in the statement of information apart from—
(a) any allegation in respect of which he has complied with the
requirement;
(b) any allegation that he has benefited from his general or particular
criminal conduct.

For the purposes of this section an allegation may be accepted or particulars
may be given in a manner ordered by the court.


52 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(5) This section has effect subject to sections 80 and 81.

80 Value of property obtained from conduct

(1) This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value of property obtained
by a person as a result of or in connection with his criminal conduct; and the
material time is the time the court makes its decision.

(2) The value of the property at the material time is the greater of the following —

(a) _ the value of the property (at the time the person obtained it) adjusted to
take account of later changes in the value of money;

(b) the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection
(3).

(3) The property found under this subsection is as follows —

(a) if the person holds the property obtained, the property found under
this subsection is that property;

(b) if he holds no part of the property obtained, the property found under
this subsection is any property which directly or indirectly represents
it in his hands;

(c) if he holds part of the property obtained, the property found under this
subsection is that part and any property which directly or indirectly
represents the other part in his hands.

(4) The references in subsection (2)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 79.

81 ‘Value of tainted gifts

(1) The value at any time (the material time) of a tainted gift is the greater of the
following —
(a) the value (at the time of the gift) of the property given, adjusted to take
account of later changes in the value of money;
(b) the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection

Q).

(2) The property found under this subsection is as follows —

(a) _ if the recipient holds the property given, the property found under this
subsection is that property;

(b) if the recipient holds no part of the property given, the property found
under this subsection is any property which directly or indirectly
represents it in his hands;

(c) if the recipient holds part of the property given, the property found
under this subsection is that part and any property which directly or
indirectly represents the other part in his hands.

(3) The references in subsection (1)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 79.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 229
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

CHAPTER 3

SCOTLAND

Production orders

380 Production orders

(1)

(2)

(3)

(6)

The sheriff may, on an application made to him by the appropriate person,
make a production order if he is satisfied that each of the requirements for the
making of the order is fulfilled.

In making a production order in relation to property subject to a civil recovery
investigation, the sheriff shall act in the exercise of his civil jurisdiction.

The application for a production order must state that—
(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or
(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation.

The application must also state that —
(a) _ the order is sought for the purposes of the investigation;
(b) the order is sought in relation to material, or material of a description,
specified in the application;
(c) a person specified in the application appears to be in possession or
control of the material.

A production order is an order either —

(a) requiring the person the application for the order specifies as appearing
to be in possession or control of material to produce it to a proper
person for him to take away, or

(b) requiring that person to give a proper person access to the material,

within the period stated in the order.

The period stated in a production order must be a period of seven days
beginning with the day on which the order is made, unless it appears to the
sheriff that a longer or shorter period would be appropriate in the particular
circumstances.

381 Requirements for making of production order

()
(2)

These are the requirements for the making of a production order.

There must be reasonable grounds for suspecting that —

(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person the application for
the order specifies as being subject to the investigation has benefited
from his criminal conduct;

(b) in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property the application
for the order specifies as being subject to the investigation is
recoverable property or associated property;

(c) in the case of a money laundering investigation, the person the
application for the order specifies as being subject to the investigation
has committed a money laundering offence.


58 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland
(3) But if section 92(7) applies the recoverable amount is such amount as—
(a) the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under subsection (1) or (2) (as the
case may be).

(4) In calculating the accused’s benefit from the conduct concerned for the
purposes of subsection (1), any property in respect of which —

(a) a recovery order is in force under section 266, or
(b) a forfeiture order is in force under section 298(2),
must be ignored.

(5) If the court decides the available amount, it must include in the confiscation
order a statement of its findings as to the matters relevant for deciding that
amount.

94 ~Accused’s benefit
(1) If the court is acting under section 92 this section applies for the purpose of —
(a) deciding whether the accused has benefited from conduct, and
(b) deciding his benefit from the conduct.
(2) The court must take account of —
(a) conduct occurring up to the time it makes its decision;
(b) property obtained up to that time.
(3) Subsection (4) applies if—
(a) the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct,
(b) aconfiscation order mentioned in subsection (5) has at an earlier time
been made against the accused, and
(c) his benefit for the purposes of that order was benefit from his general
criminal conduct.

(4) His benefit found at the time the last confiscation order mentioned in
subsection (3)(c) was made against him must be taken for the purposes of this
section to be his benefit from his general criminal conduct at that time.

(5) If the conduct concerned is general criminal conduct the court must deduct the

aggregate of the following amounts —
(a) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against the accused;

(b) the amount ordered to be paid under each confiscation order
previously made against him under—
(i) the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
Part 1 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 (c. 41);
Part 6 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);
the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland) Order
1990 (S.1. 1990/2588 (N.1.17));
(v) Part 1 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);
Part 1 of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 43);
the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/
1299 (N.1.9)); or
Part 2 or 4 of this Act.

(vii)

(viii)


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 187
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 4 — General

(4)

310
(1)

(2)

311

may relate to the property or disposal itself or to a person who holds or has
held the property or to any other matter.

In this section, an order means an order made by the Secretary of State after
consultation with the Scottish Ministers, and prescribed means prescribed by
the order.

Granting interests

If a person grants an interest in his recoverable property, the question whether
the interest is also recoverable is to be determined in the same manner as it is
on any other disposal of recoverable property.

Accordingly, on his granting an interest in the property (“the property in
question”) —

(a) where the property in question is property obtained through unlawful
conduct, the interest is also to be treated as obtained through that
conduct,

(b) where the property in question represents in his hands property
obtained through unlawful conduct, the interest is also to be treated as
representing in his hands the property so obtained.

Insolvency

Insolvency

Proceedings for a recovery order may not be taken or continued in respect of
property to which subsection (3) applies unless the appropriate court gives
leave and the proceedings are taken or (as the case may be) continued in
accordance with any terms imposed by that court.

An application for an order for the further detention of any cash to which
subsection (3) applies may not be made under section 295 unless the
appropriate court gives leave.

This subsection applies to recoverable property, or property associated with it,
if—

(a) itis an asset of acompany being wound up in pursuance of a resolution
for voluntary winding up,

(b) it is an asset of acompany and a voluntary arrangement under Part 1 of
the 1986 Act, or Part 2 of the 1989 Order, has effect in relation to the
company,

(c) an order under section 2 of the 1985 Act, section 286 of the 1986 Act or
Article 259 of the 1989 Order (appointment of interim trustee or interim
receiver) has effect in relation to the property,

(d) it is an asset comprised in the estate of an individual who has been
adjudged bankrupt or, in relation to Scotland, of a person whose estate
has been sequestrated,

(e) it is an asset of an individual and a voluntary arrangement under Part
8 of the 1986 Act, or Part 8 of the 1989 Order, has effect in relation to
him, or

(f) in relation to Scotland, it is property comprised in the estate of a person
who has granted a trust deed within the meaning of the 1985 Act.


292

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

(4) Ifthe recovery order provides or (as the case may be) the terms on which the
order under section 276 is made provide for the creation of any interest in
favour of a person who holds the property immediately before the vesting,
he is to be treated instead as receiving (in addition to any payment referred
to in sub-paragraph (3)) a compensating payment of an amount equal to the
value of the interest.

(5) Where the property belongs to joint tenants immediately before the vesting
and a compensating payment is made to one or more (but not both or all) of
the joint tenants, this Part has effect separately in relation to each joint
tenant.

(6) Expressions used in this paragraph have the same meaning as in Part 5 of
this Act.

(7) “The Taxes Act 1988” means the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
(c. 1), and “the Allowances Act 2001” means the Capital Allowances Act 2001
(c. 2).

(8) This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part.
CAPITAL GAINS TAX

(1) If a gain attributable to a Part 5 transfer accrues to the transferor, it is not a
chargeable gain.
(2) But if a compensating payment is made to the transferor —
(a) sub-paragraph (1) does not apply, and
(b) the consideration for the transfer is the amount of the compensating
payment.
(3) If a gain attributable to the forfeiture under section 298 of property
consisting of —
(a) notes or coins in any currency other than sterling,

(b) anything mentioned in section 289(6)(b) to (d), if expressed in any
currency other than sterling, or
(c) bearer bonds or bearer shares,
accrues to the person who holds the property immediately before the
forfeiture, it is not a chargeable gain.

(4) This paragraph has effect as if it were included in Chapter 1 of Part 2 of the
Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (c. 12).

INCOME TAX AND CORPORATION TAX

Accrued income scheme

4

If a Part 5 transfer is a transfer of securities within the meaning of sections
711 to 728 of the Taxes Act 1988 (transfers with or without accrued interest),
sections 713(2) and (3) and 716 of that Act do not apply to the transfer.

Discounted securities

5

In the case of a Part 5 transfer of property consisting of a relevant discounted
security (within the meaning of Schedule 13 to the Finance Act 1996 (c. 8)), it
is not to be treated as a transfer for the purposes of that Schedule.


318 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 11 — Amendments

(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by —

(i) informing the named person of the detained
person’s detention (in the case of an authorisation
under sub-paragraph (1)(a)), or

(ii) the exercise of the right under paragraph 7 (in the
case of an authorisation under sub-paragraph
(1)(b)).

(5A) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (5) the question whether a
person has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 2 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(3) In paragraph 17(3) (grounds for authorising delay or requiring presence of
senior officer), in paragraph (d) for “Part VI of the Criminal Justice Act 1988,
Part I of the Proceeds of Crime (Scotland) Act 1995” substitute “Part 2 or 3 of
the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002”.

(4) For paragraph 17(4) (further grounds for authorising delay in exercise of
detained person’s rights) substitute —

“(4) This sub-paragraph applies where an officer mentioned in
paragraph 16(4) or (7) has reasonable grounds for believing that —
(a) the detained person has benefited from his criminal
conduct, and
(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit will be hindered by —

(i) informing the named person of the detained
person’s detention (in the case of an authorisation
under paragraph 16(4)), or

(ii) the exercise of the entitlement under paragraph
16(6) (in the case of an authorisation under
paragraph 16(7)).

(4A) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4) the question whether a
person has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 3 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”

(5) In paragraph 34 (authorisation for withholding information from detained
person) for sub-paragraph (3) substitute —

“(3) A judicial authority may also make an order under sub-paragraph
(1) in relation to specified information if satisfied that there are
reasonable grounds for believing that —

(a) the detained person has benefited from his criminal
conduct, and

(b) the recovery of the value of the property constituting the
benefit would be hindered if the information were
disclosed.

(3A) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) the question whether a
person has benefited from his criminal conduct is to be decided in
accordance with Part 2 or 3 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.”
Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (c. 16)

40 (1) The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 is amended as follows.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 3
Part 1 — Assets Recovery Agency

(5) A reference in this Act to an accredited financial investigator is to be construed
accordingly.
(6) The Director may charge a person—
(a) for being accredited as a financial investigator, and

(b) for the monitoring of his performance as an accredited financial
investigator.

(7) The Director must make provision for the training of persons in—
(a) financial investigation, and
(b) the operation of this Act.

(8) The Director may charge the persons who receive the training.

4 Co-operation

(1) Persons who have functions relating to the investigation or prosecution of
offences must co-operate with the Director in the exercise of his functions.

(2) The Director must co-operate with those persons in the exercise of functions
they have under this Act.

5 Advice and assistance

The Director must give the Secretary of State advice and assistance which he
reasonably requires and which—

(a) relate to matters connected with the operation of this Act, and
(b) are designed to help the Secretary of State to exercise his functions so as
to reduce crime.

PART 2

CONFISCATION: ENGLAND AND WALES
Confiscation orders

6 Making of order

(1) The Crown Court must proceed under this section if the following two
conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that a defendant falls within any of the following
paragraphs—

(a) he is convicted of an offence or offences in proceedings before the
Crown Court;

(b) he is committed to the Crown Court for sentence in respect of an
offence or offences under section 3, 4 or 6 of the Sentencing Act;

(c) he is committed to the Crown Court in respect of an offence or offences
under section 70 below (committal with a view to a confiscation order
being considered).

(3) The second condition is that —
(a) the prosecutor or the Director asks the court to proceed under this
section, or


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 147
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

233
(1)

(c) property is transferred by one person to another if the first one transfers
or grants an interest in it to the second;

(d) references to property held by a person include references to property
vested in his trustee in bankruptcy, permanent or interim trustee
(within the meaning of the Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c. 66)) or
liquidator;

(e) references to an interest held by a person beneficially in property
include references to an interest which would be held by him
beneficially if the property were not so vested;

(f) references to an interest, in relation to land in Northern Ireland or
England and Wales, are to any legal estate or equitable interest or
power;

(g) references to an interest, in relation to land in Scotland, are to any
estate, interest, servitude or other heritable right in or over land,
including a heritable security;

(h) _ references to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

Proceedings

Proceedings for an offence are started —

(a) when a justice of the peace issues a summons or warrant under Article
20 of the Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (8.1. 1981/
1675 (N.1. 26)) in respect of the offence;

(b) when a person is charged with the offence after being taken into
custody without a warrant;

(c) when an indictment is preferred under section 2(2)(c), (e) or (f) of the
Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c. 15 (N.I.)).

If more than one time is found under subsection (1) in relation to proceedings
they are started at the earliest of them.

If the defendant is acquitted on all counts in proceedings for an offence, the
proceedings are concluded when he is acquitted.

If the defendant is convicted in proceedings for an offence and the conviction
is quashed or the defendant is pardoned before a confiscation order is made,
the proceedings are concluded when the conviction is quashed or the
defendant is pardoned.

If a confiscation order is made against the defendant in proceedings for an
offence (whether the order is made by the Crown Court or the Court of Appeal)
the proceedings are concluded —

(a) when the order is satisfied or discharged, or

(b) when the order is quashed and there is no further possibility of an
appeal against the decision to quash the order.

If the defendant is convicted in proceedings for an offence but the Crown Court
decides not to make a confiscation order against him, the following rules
apply —
(a) if an application for leave to appeal under section 181(2) is refused, the
proceedings are concluded when the decision to refuse is made;
(b) if the time for applying for leave to appeal under section 181(2) expires
without an application being made, the proceedings are concluded
when the time expires;


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 219
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(9)

we
ron
a

Privileged material is any material which the person would be entitled to
refuse to produce on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in
the High Court.

A disclosure order does not confer the right to require a person to produce
excluded material.

A disclosure order has effect in spite of any restriction on the disclosure of
information (however imposed).

The Director may take copies of any documents produced in compliance with
a requirement to produce them which is imposed under a disclosure order.

Documents so produced may be retained for so long as it is necessary to retain
them (as opposed to a copy of them) in connection with the investigation for
the purposes of which the order was made.

But if the Director has reasonable grounds for believing that—

(a) the documents may need to be produced for the purposes of any legal
proceedings, and

(b) they might otherwise be unavailable for those purposes,
they may be retained until the proceedings are concluded.

Supplementary

An application for a disclosure order may be made ex parte to a judge in
chambers.

Rules of court may make provision as to the practice and procedure to be
followed in connection with proceedings relating to disclosure orders.

An application to discharge or vary a disclosure order may be made to the
court by —

(a) the Director;

(b) any person affected by the order.

The court—

(a) may discharge the order;
(b) may vary the order.

Subsections (2) to (4) do not apply to orders made in England and Wales for the
purposes of a civil recovery investigation.

Customer information orders

Customer information orders

A judge may, on an application made to him by an appropriate officer, make a
customer information order if he is satisfied that each of the requirements for
the making of the order is fulfilled.

The application for a customer information order must state that —

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation or a money laundering investigation, or


86

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

131 Sums received by clerk of court

(1)

(2)

This section applies if a clerk of court receives sums on account of the amount
payable under a confiscation order (whether the sums are received under
section 130 or otherwise).

The clerk of court’s receipt of the sums reduces the amount payable under the
order, but he must apply the sums received as follows.

First he must apply them in payment of such expenses incurred by a person
acting as an insolvency practitioner as —

(a) are payable under this subsection by virtue of section 432, but
(b) are not already paid under section 130(3)(a).

If the Lord Advocate has reimbursed the administrator in respect of
remuneration or expenses under section 133 the clerk of court must next apply
the sums in reimbursing the Lord Advocate.

If the clerk of court received the sums under section 130 he must next apply
them in payment of the administrator’s remuneration and expenses.

If a direction was made under section 97(6) for an amount of compensation to
be paid out of sums recovered under the confiscation order, the clerk of court
must next apply the sums in payment of that amount.

If any amount remains after the clerk of court makes any payments required by
the preceding provisions of this section, the amount must be disposed of in
accordance with section 211(5) or (6) of the Procedure Act as applied by section
118(1) of this Act.

Exercise of powers

132 Powers of court and administrator

(1)

(2)

(3)

This section applies to —
(a) the powers conferred on a court by sections 119 to 131, 134 to 136 and
Schedule 3;
(b) the powers of an administrator appointed under section 125 or 128(3).

The powers —

(a) must be exercised with a view to the value for the time being of
realisable property being made available (by the property’s realisation)
for satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be made
against the accused;

(b) must be exercised, in a case where a confiscation order has not been
made, with a view to securing that there is no diminution in the value
of realisable property or of the proceeds of realisation;

(c) must be exercised without taking account of any obligation of the
accused or a recipient of a tainted gift if the obligation conflicts with the
object of satisfying any confiscation order that has been or may be made
against the accused;

(d) may be exercised in respect of a debt owed by the Crown.

Subsection (2) has effect subject to the following rules —


8 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(3) For the purposes of this section no amount is required to be paid under a
confiscation order if —

(a) an application has been made under section 11(4),

(b) the application has not been determined by the court, and

(c) the period of 12 months starting with the day on which the confiscation
order was made has not ended.

(4) In applying this Part the amount of the interest must be treated as part of the
amount to be paid under the confiscation order.

13‘ Effect of order on court’s other powers

(1) If the court makes a confiscation order it must proceed as mentioned in
subsections (2) and (4) in respect of the offence or offences concerned.

(2) The court must take account of the confiscation order before —

(a) it imposes a fine on the defendant, or

(b) it makes an order falling within subsection (3).

(3) These orders fall within this subsection —

(a) an order involving payment by the defendant, other than an order
under section 130 of the Sentencing Act (compensation orders);

(b) an order under section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38)
(forfeiture orders);

(c) an order under section 143 of the Sentencing Act (deprivation orders);

(d) an order under section 23 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (forfeiture
orders).

(4) Subject to subsection (2), the court must leave the confiscation order out of
account in deciding the appropriate sentence for the defendant.

(5) Subsection (6) applies if—

(a) the Crown Court makes both a confiscation order and an order for the
payment of compensation under section 130 of the Sentencing Act
against the same person in the same proceedings, and

(b) the court believes he will not have sufficient means to satisfy both the
orders in full.

(6) In such a case the court must direct that so much of the compensation as it
specifies is to be paid out of any sums recovered under the confiscation order;
and the amount it specifies must be the amount it believes will not be
recoverable because of the insufficiency of the person’s means.

Procedural matters
14 Postponement

(1) The court may—

(a) proceed under section 6 before it sentences the defendant for the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned, or

(b) postpone proceedings under section 6 for a specified period.

(2) A period of postponement may be extended.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 37
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(8) The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (2)(b) or (c) in respect of
property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (6) in respect of
property,
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

(9) The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

(10) Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;
(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;
(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.

Application of sums

54 Enforcement receivers

(1) This section applies to sums which are in the hands of a receiver appointed
under section 50 if they are—

(a) the proceeds of the realisation of property under section 51;

(b) sums (other than those mentioned in paragraph (a)) in which the
defendant holds an interest.

(2) The sums must be applied as follows —

(a) first, they must be applied in payment of such expenses incurred by a
person acting as an insolvency practitioner as are payable under this
subsection by virtue of section 432;

(b) second, they must be applied in making any payments directed by the
Crown Court;

(c) third, they must be applied on the defendant’s behalf towards
satisfaction of the confiscation order.

(3) If the amount payable under the confiscation order has been fully paid and any
sums remain in the receiver’s hands he must distribute them —
(a) among such persons who held (or hold) interests in the property
concerned as the Crown Court directs, and
(b) in such proportions as it directs.

(4) Before making a direction under subsection (3) the court must give persons
who held (or hold) interests in the property concerned a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

(5) For the purposes of subsections (3) and (4) the property concerned is —
(a) the property represented by the proceeds mentioned in subsection

(fa);

(b) the sums mentioned in subsection (1)(b).


82

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(6)

125
(1)

(6)

(8)

An arrestment executed under this section ceases to have effect when, or in so
far as, the restraint order ceases to apply in respect of the property in relation
to which the warrant for arrestment was granted.

If an arrestment ceases to have effect to any extent by virtue of subsection (5)
the prosecutor must apply to the court for an order recalling, or as the case may
be, restricting the arrestment.

Management administrators

If the court makes a restraint order it may at any time, on the application of the
prosecutor —

(a) appoint an administrator to take possession of any realisable property
to which the order applies and (in accordance with the court’s
directions) to manage or otherwise deal with the property;

(b) order a person who has possession of property in respect of which an
administrator is appointed to give him possession of it.

An appointment of an administrator may be made subject to conditions or
exceptions.

Where the court makes an order under subsection (1)(b), the clerk of court must
notify the accused and any person subject to the order of the making of the
order.

Any dealing of the accused or any such person in relation to property to which
the order applies is of no effect in a question with the administrator unless the
accused or, as the case may be, that person had no knowledge of the
administrator’s appointment.

The court —

(a) may order a person holding an interest in realisable property to which
the restraint order applies to make to the administrator such payment
as the court specifies in respect of a beneficial interest held by the
accused or the recipient of a tainted gift;

(b) may (on the payment being made) by order transfer, grant or
extinguish any interest in the property.

The court must not—
(a) confer the power mentioned in subsection (1) to manage or otherwise
deal with the property, or
(b) exercise the power conferred on it by subsection (5),
unless it gives persons holding interests in the property a reasonable
opportunity to make representations to it.

The court may order that a power conferred by an order under this section is
subject to such conditions and exceptions as it specifies.

Managing or otherwise dealing with property includes —
(a) selling the property or any part of it or interest in it;
(b) carrying on or arranging for another person to carry on any trade or
business the assets of which are or are part of the property;
(c) incurring capital expenditure in respect of the property.

Subsections (1)(b) and (5) do not apply to property for the time being subject to
a charge under—


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 225
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 2. — England and Wales and Northern Ireland

372 Statements

(1)

(2)

A statement made by a financial institution in response to an account
monitoring order may not be used in evidence against it in criminal
proceedings.

But subsection (1) does not apply —
(a) in the case of proceedings under Part 2 or 4,
(b) in the case of proceedings for contempt of court, or
(c) ona prosecution for an offence where, in giving evidence, the financial
institution makes a statement inconsistent with the statement
mentioned in subsection (1).

A statement may not be used by virtue of subsection (2)(c) against a financial
institution unless —

(a) evidence relating to it is adduced, or

(b) a question relating to it is asked,

by or on behalf of the financial institution in the proceedings arising out of the
prosecution.

373 Applications

An application for an account monitoring order may be made ex parte to a
judge in chambers.

374 Disclosure of information

An account monitoring order has effect in spite of any restriction on the
disclosure of information (however imposed).

375 Supplementary

(1)

(2)

Rules of court may make provision as to the practice and procedure to be
followed in connection with proceedings relating to account monitoring
orders.

An application to discharge or vary an account monitoring order may be made
to the court by —

(a) the person who applied for the order;
(b) any person affected by the order.

The court—

(a) may discharge the order;

(b) may vary the order.
If an accredited financial investigator, a constable or a customs officer applies
for an account monitoring order, an application to discharge or vary the order

need not be by the same accredited financial investigator, constable or customs
officer.

References to a person who applied for an account monitoring order must be
construed accordingly.

Account monitoring orders have effect as if they were orders of the court.


20 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(a) the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to proceed
under this section, and
(b) _ the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.

(4) If this section applies the court must proceed under section 6 in the same way
as it must proceed if the two conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (5).

(5) If the court proceeds under section 6 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —

(a) any person the court believes is likely to be affected by an order under
section 6 is entitled to appear before the court and make
representations;

(b) the court must not make an order under section 6 unless the prosecutor
or the Director (as the case may be) has taken reasonable steps to
contact the defendant;

(c) section 6(9) applies as if the reference to subsection (2) were to
subsection (2) of this section;

(d) sections 10, 16(4), 17 and 18 must be ignored;

(e) sections 19, 20 and 21 must be ignored while the defendant is still an
absconder.

(6) Once the defendant ceases to be an absconder section 19 has effect as if
subsection (1)(a) read —
“(a) at atime when the first condition in section 27 was satisfied the
court did not proceed under section 6,”.

(7) If the court does not believe it is appropriate for it to proceed under this section,
once the defendant ceases to be an absconder section 19 has effect as if
subsection (1)(b) read —

“(b) there is evidence which was not available to the prosecutor or
the Director on the relevant date,”.

28 Defendant neither convicted nor acquitted
(1) This section applies if the following two conditions are satisfied.

(2) The first condition is that—
(a) proceedings for an offence or offences are started against a defendant
but are not concluded,

(b) he absconds, and

(c) the period of two years (starting with the day the court believes he
absconded) has ended.

(3) The second condition is that —
(a) the prosecutor or the Director applies to the Crown Court to proceed
under this section, and

(b) the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.
(4) If this section applies the court must proceed under section 6 in the same way

as it must proceed if the two conditions there mentioned are satisfied; but this
is subject to subsection (5).

(5) If the court proceeds under section 6 as applied by this section, this Part has
effect with these modifications —


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 155
Part 5 — Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
Chapter 2 — Civil recovery in the High Court or Court of Session

an opportunity to be heard) give such an opportunity to the interim receiver
and to any person who may be affected by the court’s decision.

252 Restrictions on dealing etc. with property

(1)

An interim receiving order must, subject to any exclusions made in accordance
with this section, prohibit any person to whose property the order applies from
dealing with the property.

Exclusions may be made when the interim receiving order is made or on an
application to vary the order.

An exclusion may, in particular, make provision for the purpose of enabling
any person —

(a) to meet his reasonable living expenses, or

(b) to carry on any trade, business, profession or occupation,
and may be made subject to conditions.

But an exclusion may not be made for the purpose of enabling any person to
meet any legal expenses in respect of proceedings under this Part.

If the excluded property is not specified in the order it must be described in the
order in general terms.

The power to make exclusions must be exercised with a view to ensuring, so
far as practicable, that the satisfaction of any right of the enforcement authority
to recover the property obtained through unlawful conduct is not unduly
prejudiced.

253 Restriction on proceedings and remedies

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

While an interim receiving order has effect —
(a) the court may stay any action, execution or other legal process in
respect of the property to which the order applies,
(b) no distress may be levied against the property to which the order
applies except with the leave of the court and subject to any terms the
court may impose.

If a court (whether the High Court or any other court) in which proceedings
are pending in respect of any property is satisfied that an interim receiving
order has been applied for or made in respect of the property, the court may
either stay the proceedings or allow them to continue on any terms it thinks fit.

If the interim receiving order applies to a tenancy of any premises, no landlord
or other person to whom rent is payable may exercise any right of forfeiture by
peaceable re-entry in relation to the premises in respect of any failure by the
tenant to comply with any term or condition of the tenancy, except with the
leave of the court and subject to any terms the court may impose.

Before exercising any power conferred by this section, the court must (as well
as giving the parties to any of the proceedings in question an opportunity to be
heard) give such an opportunity to the interim receiver (if appointed) and any
person who may be affected by the court’s decision.


120

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(2)

186

In any such case the court must appoint the Director as the enforcement
authority for the order.

Enforcement as fines etc

Enforcement as fines etc
This section applies if a court makes a confiscation order.

Section 35(1)(c), (2), (4) and (5) of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland)
1945 (c. 15) (functions of court as to fines) apply as if the amount ordered to be
paid were a fine imposed on the defendant by the Crown Court.

An amount payable under a confiscation order is not a fine, costs, damages or
compensation for the purposes of Article 35 of the Criminal Justice (Northern
Ireland) Order 1998 (S.1. 1998/1504 (N.I. 9)) (parent or guardian to pay fine etc.
instead of child).

Director’s application for enforcement

If the Director believes that the conditions set out in subsection (2) are satisfied
he may make an ex parte application to the Crown Court for the issue of a
summons against the defendant.

The conditions are that —
(a) aconfiscation order has been made;
(b) the Director has been appointed as the enforcement authority for the
order;
c) the order is not satisfied;
(d) the order is not subject to appeal;
(e) the Director has done all that is practicable (apart from this section) to
enforce the order.

If it appears to the Crown Court that the conditions are satisfied it may issue a
summons ordering the defendant to appear before the court at the time and
place specified in the summons.

If the defendant fails to appear before the Crown Court in pursuance of the
summons the court may issue a warrant for his arrest.

If—
(a) the defendant appears before the Crown Court in pursuance of the
summons or of a warrant issued under subsection (4), and
(b) the court is satisfied that the conditions set out in subsection (2) are
satisfied,
it may issue a warrant committing the defendant to prison or to detention
under section 5 of the Treatment of Offenders Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (c.
29 (N.1.)) for default in payment of the amount ordered to be paid by the
confiscation order.

Subsection (7) applies if the amount remaining to be paid under the
confiscation order when the warrant under subsection (5) is issued is less than
the amount ordered to be paid.

In such a case the court must substitute for the term of imprisonment or
detention fixed in respect of the order under section 35(1) of the Criminal


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(4)

(5)

(6)

(4)

(b) _ the court believes it is appropriate for it to do so.

The court must proceed as follows —
(a) it must decide whether the defendant has a criminal lifestyle;
(b) _ if it decides that he has a criminal lifestyle it must decide whether he
has benefited from his general criminal conduct;

(c) if it decides that he does not have a criminal lifestyle it must decide
whether he has benefited from his particular criminal conduct.

If the court decides under subsection (4)(b) or (c) that the defendant has
benefited from the conduct referred to it must —

(a) decide the recoverable amount, and
(b) make an order (a confiscation order) requiring him to pay that amount.

But the court must treat the duty in subsection (5) as a power if it believes that
any victim of the conduct has at any time started or intends to start proceedings
against the defendant in respect of loss, injury or damage sustained in
connection with the conduct.

The court must decide any question arising under subsection (4) or (5) on a
balance of probabilities.

The first condition is not satisfied if the defendant absconds (but section 27 may
apply).

References in this Part to the offence (or offences) concerned are to the offence
(or offences) mentioned in subsection (2).

Recoverable amount

The recoverable amount for the purposes of section 6 is an amount equal to the
defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned.

But if the defendant shows that the available amount is less than that benefit
the recoverable amount is —

(a) the available amount, or
(b) anominal amount, if the available amount is nil.

But if section 6(6) applies the recoverable amount is such amount as —
(a) _ the court believes is just, but
(b) does not exceed the amount found under subsection (1) or (2) (as the
case may be).

In calculating the defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned for the
purposes of subsection (1), any property in respect of which —

(a) a recovery order is in force under section 266, or

(b) a forfeiture order is in force under section 298(2),
must be ignored.

If the court decides the available amount, it must include in the confiscation
order a statement of its findings as to the matters relevant for deciding that
amount.


282 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 4 — Lifestyle offences: Scotland

SCHEDULE 4 Section 142
LIFESTYLE OFFENCES: SCOTLAND
Money laundering

1 An offence under either of the following provisions of this Act —
(a) section 327 (concealing etc. criminal property);
(b) section 328 (assisting another person to retain criminal property).

Drug trafficking

2 (1) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act
1971 (c, 38) —

(a) section 4(2) or (3) (unlawful production or supply of controlled
drugs);

(b) section 5(3) (possession of controlled drug with intent to supply);

(c) section 8 (permitting certain activities relating to controlled drugs);

(d) section 20 (assisting in or inducing the commission outside the UK of
an offence punishable under a corresponding law).

(2) An offence under any of the following provisions of the Customs and Excise
Management Act 1979 (c.2) if it is committed in connection with a
prohibition or restriction on importation or exportation which has effect by
virtue of section 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971—

(a) section 50(2) or (3) (improper importation of goods);
(b) section 68(2) (exploration of prohibited or restricted goods);
(c) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).
(3) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Criminal Justice
(International Co-operation) Act 1990 (c. 5) —
(a) section 12 (manufacture or supply of a substance for the time being
specified in Schedule 2 to that Act);
(b) section 19 (using a ship for illicit traffic in controlled drugs).

Directing terrorism

3 An offence under section 56 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (c. 11) (directing the
activities of a terrorist organisation).

People trafficking

4 An offence under section 25(1) of the Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77) (assisting
illegal entry etc).

Arms trafficking

5 (1) An offence under either of the following provisions of the Customs and
Excise Management Act 1979 if it is committed in connection with a firearm
or ammunition —

(a) section 68(2) (exportation of prohibited goods);
(b) section 170 (fraudulent evasion).
(2) An offence under section 3(1) of the Firearms Act 1968 (c. 27)(dealing in
firearms or ammunition by way of trade or business).


48

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

73
(1)

74
(1)

(3)

Order varied or discharged

This section applies if —
(a) the court varies a confiscation order under section 29 or discharges one
under section 30, and
(b) an application is made to the Crown Court by a person who held
realisable property and has suffered loss as a result of the making of the
order.

The court may order the payment of such compensation as it believes is just.

Compensation under this section is payable—
(a) to the applicant;
(b) by the Lord Chancellor.

Enforcement abroad

Enforcement abroad

This section applies if —

(a) any of the conditions in section 40 is satisfied,

(b) the prosecutor or the Director believes that realisable property is
situated in a country or territory outside the United Kingdom (the
receiving country), and

(c) the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be) sends a request for
assistance to the Secretary of State with a view to it being forwarded
under this section.

In acase where no confiscation order has been made, a request for assistance is
a request to the government of the receiving country to secure that any person
is prohibited from dealing with realisable property.

In a case where a confiscation order has been made and has not been satisfied,
discharged or quashed, a request for assistance is a request to the government
of the receiving country to secure that —
(a) any person is prohibited from dealing with realisable property;
(b) realisable property is realised and the proceeds are applied in
accordance with the law of the receiving country.

No request for assistance may be made for the purposes of this section in a case
where a confiscation order has been made and has been satisfied, discharged
or quashed.

If the Secretary of State believes it is appropriate to do so he may forward the
request for assistance to the government of the receiving country.

If property is realised in pursuance of a request under subsection (3) the
amount ordered to be paid under the confiscation order must be taken to be
reduced by an amount equal to the proceeds of realisation.

A certificate purporting to be issued by or on behalf of the requested
government is admissible as evidence of the facts it states if it states —
(a) that property has been realised in pursuance of a request under
subsection (3),
(b) the date of realisation, and


204

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 7 — Money Laundering

(6)

(7)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b) before the end of the notice period he receives notice from such a
person that consent to the doing of the act is refused, and
(c) the moratorium period has expired.

A person who is a nominated officer commits an offence if —

(a) he gives consent to a prohibited act in circumstances where none of the
conditions in subsections (2), (3) and (4) is satisfied, and

(b) he knows or suspects that the act is a prohibited act.

A person guilty of such an offence is liable—

(a) onsummary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or to both, or

(b) onconviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
five years or to a fine or to both.

The notice period is the period of seven working days starting with the first
working day after the nominated officer makes the disclosure.

The moratorium period is the period of 31 days starting with the day on which
the nominated officer is given notice that consent to the doing of the act is
refused.

A working day is a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, Christmas Day, Good
Friday or a day which is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial
Dealings Act 1971 (c. 80) in the part of the United Kingdom in which the
nominated officer is when he gives the appropriate consent.

References to a prohibited act are to an act mentioned in section 327(1), 328(1)
or 329(1) (as the case may be).

A nominated officer is a person nominated to receive disclosures under section
338.

Disclosures

Protected disclosures

A disclosure which satisfies the following three conditions is not to be taken to
breach any restriction on the disclosure of information (however imposed).

The first condition is that the information or other matter disclosed came to the
person making the disclosure (the discloser) in the course of his trade,
profession, business or employment.

The second condition is that the information or other matter —
(a) causes the discloser to know or suspect, or
(b) gives him reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting,
that another person is engaged in money laundering.

The third condition is that the disclosure is made to a constable, a customs
officer or a nominated officer as soon as is practicable after the information or
other matter comes to the discloser.

A disclosure to a nominated officer is a disclosure which —

(a) is made to a person nominated by the discloser’s employer to receive
disclosures under this section, and


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 117
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(5)

181

182
(1)

(2)

(3)

(7)

(b) the prosecutor does not intend to proceed with the prosecution.

If the court discharges a confiscation order under this section it may make such
a consequential or incidental order as it believes is appropriate.

Appeals

Appeal by prosecutor or Director

If the Crown Court makes a confiscation order the prosecutor or the Director
may appeal to the Court of Appeal in respect of the order.

If the Crown Court decides not to make a confiscation order the prosecutor or
the Director may appeal to the Court of Appeal against the decision.

Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to an order or decision made by virtue of
section 169, 170, 177 or 178.

Court’s powers on appeal

On an appeal under section 181(1) the Court of Appeal may confirm, quash or
vary the confiscation order.

On an appeal under section 181(2) the Court of Appeal may confirm the
decision, or if it believes the decision was wrong it may —

(a) itself proceed under section 156 (ignoring subsections (1) to (3)), or

(b) direct the Crown Court to proceed afresh under section 156.

In proceeding afresh in pursuance of this section the Crown Court must
comply with any directions the Court of Appeal may make.

If a court makes or varies a confiscation order under this section or in
pursuance of a direction under this section it must —

(a) have regard to any fine imposed on the defendant in respect of the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned;

(b) have regard to any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been
made against him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences)
concerned, unless the order has already been taken into account by a
court in deciding what is the free property held by the defendant for the
purposes of section 159.

If the Court of Appeal proceeds under section 156 or the Crown Court proceeds
afresh under that section in pursuance of a direction under this section
subsections (6) to (10) apply.

If a court has already sentenced the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned, section 156 has effect as if his particular criminal conduct
included conduct which constitutes offences which the court has taken into
consideration in deciding his sentence for the offence or offences concerned.

If an order has been made against the defendant in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (SI. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation
orders) —

(a) the court must have regard to it, and

(b) section 163(5) and (6) above do not apply.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 101
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(7)

(8)

(10)

If the court does not make one or more of the required assumptions it must
state its reasons.

The relevant day is the first day of the period of six years ending with —
(a) the day when proceedings for the offence concerned were started
against the defendant, or
(b) _ if there are two or more offences and proceedings for them were started
on different days, the earliest of those days.

But if a confiscation order mentioned in section 158(3)(c) has been made
against the defendant at any time during the period mentioned in subsection
(8)-
(a) _ the relevant day is the day when the defendant’s benefit was calculated
for the purposes of the last such confiscation order;
(b) the second assumption does not apply to any property which was held
by him on or before the relevant day.

The date of conviction is—
(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or
(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

161 Time for payment

(1)

The amount ordered to be paid under a confiscation order must be paid on the
making of the order; but this is subject to the following provisions of this
section.

If the defendant shows that he needs time to pay the amount ordered to be
paid, the court making the confiscation order may make an order allowing
payment to be made in a specified period.

The specified period —
(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed six months.

If within the specified period the defendant applies to the Crown Court for the
period to be extended and the court believes there are exceptional
circumstances, it may make an order extending the period.

The extended period —
(a) must start with the day on which the confiscation order is made, and
(b) must not exceed 12 months.

An order under subsection (4) —
(a) may be made after the end of the specified period, but

(b) must not be made after the end of the period of 12 months starting with
the day on which the confiscation order is made.

The court must not make an order under subsection (2) or (4) unless it gives —
(a) the prosecutor, or
(b) _ if the Director was appointed as the enforcement authority for the order
under section 184, the Director,

an opportunity to make representations.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 247
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 4 — Interpretation

(2)

(3)

(5)

In the application of this Part to England and Wales and Northern Ireland,
these expressions are to be construed in accordance with these provisions of
this Part—

account information: section 370(4)

account monitoring order: section 370(6)

appropriate officer: section 378

customer information: section 364

customer information order: section 363(5)

disclosure order: section 357(4)

document: section 379

order to grant entry: section 347(3)

production order: section 345(4)

search and seizure warrant: section 352(4)

senior appropriate officer: section 378.

In the application of this Part to Scotland, these expressions are to be construed
in accordance with these provisions of this Part —

account information: section 404(5)
account monitoring order: section 404(7)
customer information: section 398
customer information order: section 397(6)
disclosure order: section 391(4)
production order: section 380(5)

proper person: section 412

search warrant: section 387(4).

“Financial institution” means a person carrying on a business in the regulated
sector.

But a person who ceases to carry on a business in the regulated sector (whether
by virtue of paragraph 5 of Schedule 9 or otherwise) is to continue to be treated
as a financial institution for the purposes of any requirement under —

(a) acustomer information order, or
(b) an account monitoring order,

to provide information which relates to a time when the person was a financial
institution.

References to a business in the regulated sector must be construed in
accordance with Schedule 9.

“Recovery order”, “interim receiving order” and “interim administration
order” have the same meanings as in Part 5.

References to notice in writing include references to notice given by electronic
means.

This section and sections 413 to 415 apply for the purposes of this Part.


268 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 11 — Co-operation

(3) But an Order under this section must not provide for a disclosure order to be
made for the purposes of an external investigation into whether a money
laundering offence has been committed.

446 Rules of court

Rules of court may make such provision as is necessary or expedient to give
effect to an Order in Council made under this Part (including provision about
the exercise of functions of a judge conferred or imposed by the Order).

447 Interpretation

(1) An external request is a request by an overseas authority to prohibit dealing
with relevant property which is identified in the request.

(2) An external order is an order which—

(a) is made by an overseas court where property is found or believed to
have been obtained as a result of or in connection with criminal
conduct, and

(b) _ is for the recovery of specified property or a specified sum of money.

(3) An external investigation is an investigation by an overseas authority into—
(a) whether property has been obtained as a result of or in connection with
criminal conduct, or
(b) whether a money laundering offence has been committed.

(4) Property is all property wherever situated and includes —
(a) money;
(b) all forms of property, real or personal, heritable or moveable;
(c) things in action and other intangible or incorporeal property.

(5) Property is obtained by a person if he obtains an interest in it.

(6) References to an interest, in relation to property other than land, include
references to a right (including a right to possession).

(7) Property is relevant property if there are reasonable grounds to believe that it
may be needed to satisfy an external order which has been or which may be
made.

(8) Criminal conduct is conduct which —
(a) constitutes an offence in any part of the United Kingdom, or

(b) would constitute an offence in any part of the United Kingdom if it
occurred there.

(9) A money laundering offence is conduct carried out in a country or territory
outside the United Kingdom and which if carried out in the United Kingdom
would constitute any of the following offences —

(a) an offence under section 327, 328 or 329;

(b) an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to commit an offence specified in
paragraph (a);

(c) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence
specified in paragraph (a).

(10) An overseas court is a court of a country or territory outside the United
Kingdom.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 103
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

Procedural matters

164 Postponement

(1) The court may —

(a) proceed under section 161 before it sentences the defendant for the
offence (or any of the offences) concerned, or

(b) postpone proceedings under section 161 for a specified period.
2) A period of postponement may be extended.
Pp postp' y

3) A period of postponement (including one as extended) must not end after the
Pp Postp 8
permitted period ends.

(4) But subsection (3) does not apply if there are exceptional circumstances.

(5) The permitted period is the period of two years starting with the date of
conviction.

(6) But if—
(a) the defendant appeals against his conviction for the offence (or any of
the offences) concerned, and

(b) the period of three months (starting with the day when the appeal is
determined or otherwise disposed of) ends after the period found
under subsection (5),

the permitted period is that period of three months.

(7) A postponement or extension may be made—
(a) on application by the defendant;
(b) on application by the prosecutor or the Director (as the case may be);
(c) by the court of its own motion.

(8) If
(a) proceedings are postponed for a period, and
(b) an application to extend the period is made before it ends,
the application may be granted even after the period ends.

(9) The date of conviction is—

(a) the date on which the defendant was convicted of the offence
concerned, or

(b) if there are two or more offences and the convictions were on different
dates, the date of the latest.

(10) References to appealing include references to applying under Article 146 of the
Magistrates’ Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (S.1. 1981/1675 (N.I. 26))
(statement of case).

(11) Aconfiscation order must not be quashed only on the ground that there was a
defect or omission in the procedure connected with the application for or the
granting of a postponement.

(12) But subsection (11) does not apply if before it made the confiscation order the
court —

(a) imposed a fine on the defendant;
(b) made an order falling within section 163(3);


266 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 10 — Information

Overseas purposes

442 Restriction on disclosure for overseas purposes

(1) Section 18 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (c. 24)
(restrictions on disclosure of information for overseas purposes) applies to a
disclosure of information authorised by section 438(1)(a) or (b) or 441(2)(a) or

(b).
(2) In the application of section 18 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act

2001 by virtue of subsection (1) section 20 of that Act must be ignored and the
following subsection is substituted for subsection (2) of section 18 of that Act—

“(2) In subsection (1) the reference, in relation to a direction, to a relevant
disclosure is a reference to a disclosure which—
(a) is made for a purpose authorised by section 438(1)(a) or (b) or
441(2)(a) or (b) of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and
(b) is of any such information as is described in the direction.”.

PART 11

CO-OPERATION

443 Enforcement in different parts of the United Kingdom

(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council make provision —
(a) for an order made by a court under Part 2 to be enforced in Scotland or
Northern Ireland;

(b) for an order made by a court under Part 3 to be enforced in England and
Wales or Northern Ireland;

(c) for an order made by a court under Part 4 to be enforced in England and
Wales or Scotland;

(d) for an order made under Part 8 in one part of the United Kingdom to be
enforced in another part;

(e) fora warrant issued under Part 8 in one part of the United Kingdom to
be executed in another part.

2) Her Majesty may by Order in Council make provision —
yesty may by P
(a) for a function of a receiver appointed in pursuance of Part 2 to be
exercisable in Scotland or Northern Ireland;

(b) for a function of an administrator appointed in pursuance of Part 3 to
be exercisable in England and Wales or Northern Ireland;

(c) for a function of a receiver appointed in pursuance of Part 4 to be
exercisable in England and Wales or Scotland.

(3) An Order under this section may include—

(a) provision conferring and imposing functions on the prosecutor and the
Director;

(b) provision about the registration of orders and warrants;

(c) provision allowing directions to be given in one part of the United
Kingdom about the enforcement there of an order made or warrant
issued in another part;

(d) provision about the authentication in one part of the United Kingdom
of an order made or warrant issued in another part.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 235
Part 8 — Investigations
Chapter 3 — Scotland

391
(1)

(4)

(6)

Disclosure orders

Disclosure orders

The High Court of Justiciary, on an application made to it by the Lord
Advocate in relation to confiscation investigations, or the Court of Session, on
an application made to it by the Scottish Ministers in relation to civil recovery
investigations, may make a disclosure order if it is satisfied that each of the
requirements for the making of the order is fulfilled.

No application for a disclosure order may be made in relation to a money
laundering investigation.

The application for a disclosure order must state that—

(a) a person specified in the application is subject to a confiscation
investigation and the order is sought for the purposes of the
investigation, or

(b) property specified in the application is subject to a civil recovery
investigation and the order is sought for the purposes of the
investigation.

A disclosure order is an order authorising the Lord Advocate or the Scottish
Ministers to give to any person the Lord Advocate considers or the Scottish
Ministers consider has relevant information, notice in writing requiring him to
do, with respect to any matter relevant to the investigation for the purposes of
which the order is sought, any or all of the following —
(a) answer questions, either at a time specified in the notice or at once, at a
place so specified;
(b) provide information specified in the notice, by a time and in a manner
so specified;
(c) produce documents, or documents of a description, specified in the
notice, either at or by a time so specified or at once, and in a manner so
specified.

Relevant information is information (whether or not contained in a document)
which the Lord Advocate considers or the Scottish Ministers consider to be
relevant to the investigation.

A person is not bound to comply with a requirement imposed by a notice given
under a disclosure order unless evidence of authority to give the notice is
produced to him.

392 Requirements for making of disclosure order

(1)
(2)

These are the requirements for the making of a disclosure order.

There must be reasonable grounds for suspecting that —
(a) in the case of a confiscation investigation, the person specified in the
application for the order has benefited from his criminal conduct;
(b) in the case of a civil recovery investigation, the property specified in the
application for the order is recoverable property or associated property.

There must be reasonable grounds for believing that information which may
be provided in compliance with a requirement imposed under the order is
likely to be of substantial value (whether or not by itself) to the investigation
for the purposes of which the order is sought.


294

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Schedule 10 — Tax
Part 2 — Provisions relating to Part 5

Plant and machinery

12

14

15

(1) If there is a Part 5 transfer of plant or machinery, Part 2 of the Allowances
Act 2001 is to have effect as if a transferor who has incurred qualifying
expenditure were required to bring the disposal value of the plant or
machinery into account in accordance with section 61 of that Act for the
chargeable period in which the transfer occurs.

(2) But the Part 5 transfer is not to be treated as a disposal event for the purposes
of Part 2 of that Act other than by virtue of sub-paragraph (1).

(1) If a compensating payment is made to the transferor, the disposal value to
be brought into account is the amount of the payment.

(2) Otherwise, the disposal value to be brought into account is the amount

which would give rise neither to a balancing allowance nor to a balancing
charge.

(1) Paragraph 13(2) does not apply if the qualifying expenditure has been
allocated to the main pool or a class pool.

(2) Instead, the disposal value to be brought into account is the notional written-

down value of the qualifying expenditure incurred by the transferor on the
provision of the plant or machinery.

(3) The notional written-down value is—

QE-A

where—

QE is the qualifying expenditure incurred by the transferor on the provision
of the plant or machinery,

Ais the total of all allowances which could have been made to the transferor
in respect of the expenditure if —

(a) that expenditure had been the only expenditure that had ever been
taken into account in determining his available qualifying
expenditure, and

(b) all allowances had been made in full.

(4) But if—

(a) the Part 5 transfer of the plant or machinery occurs in the same
chargeable period as that in which the qualifying expenditure is
incurred, and

(b) a first-year allowance is made in respect of an amount of the
expenditure,

the disposal value to be brought into account is that which is equal to the
balance left after deducting the first year allowance.
(1) Paragraph 13 does not apply if—

(a) a qualifying activity is carried on in partnership,

(b) the Part 5 transfer is a transfer of plant or machinery which is
partnership property, and

(c) compensating payments are made to one or more, but not both or all,
of the partners.


viii

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)

202
203

205

206
207
208

209
210
211
212
213
214

215

216

217

218
219

220
221

222

223
224
225
226
227

Application of sums

Enforcement receivers

Sums received by chief clerk
Director’s receivers

Sums received by Director

Restrictions

Restraint orders
Enforcement receivers
Director’s receivers

Receivers: further provisions

Protection

Further applications

Discharge and variation
Management receivers: discharge
Appeal to Court of Appeal
Appeal to House of Lords

Seized money

Seized money

Financial investigators

Applications and appeals

Exercise of powers

Powers of court and receiver

Committal

Committal by magistrates’ court
Sentencing by Crown Court

Contpensation

Serious default
Order varied or discharged

Enforcement abroad

Enforcement abroad

Interpretation

Criminal lifestyle
Conduct and benefit
Tainted gifts

Gifts and their recipients
Value: the basic rule


80

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(6)

(7)

121

122
(1)

(a) the offence mentioned in section 119(2) or (3), if the first or second
condition (as the case may be) is satisfied;

(b) _ the offence (or any of the offences) concerned, if the third, fourth or fifth
condition is satisfied.

The court may make such order as it believes is appropriate for the purpose of
ensuring that the restraint order is effective.

A restraint order does not affect property subject to a charge under—
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32),
(b) Part 6 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33),

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (S.1. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17)),

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37), or

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.1. 9)).

Dealing with property includes removing the property from Scotland.

Application, recall and variation
This section applies to a restraint order.

An order may be made on an ex parte application by the prosecutor, which
may be heard in chambers.

The prosecutor must intimate an order to every person affected by it.
Subsection (3) does not affect the time when the order becomes effective.

The prosecutor and any other person affected by the order may apply to the
court to recall an order or to vary it; and subsections (6) to (9) apply in such a
case.

If an application under subsection (5) in relation to an order has been made but
not determined, realisable property to which the order applies must not be
realised.

The court may —
(a) recall the order;
(b) vary the order.

In the case of a restraint order, if the condition in section 119 which was
satisfied was that proceedings were instituted or an application was made, the
court must recall the order on the conclusion of the proceedings or of the
application (as the case may be).

In the case of a restraint order, if the condition in section 119 which was
satisfied was that an investigation was instituted or an application was to be
made, the court must recall the order if within a reasonable time proceedings
for the offence are not instituted or the application is not made (as the case may
be).

Appeals

If on an application for a restraint order the court decides not to make one, the
prosecutor may reclaim or appeal to the Court of Session against the decision.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 25
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(a) in acase where the Crown Court made a confiscation order which was
quashed by the Court of Appeal, the date on which the Crown Court
made the order;

(b) in any other case, the date on which the Crown Court decided not to
make a confiscation order.

Enforcement authority

34 Enforcement authority

(1) Subsection (2) applies if a court makes a confiscation order and any of the
following paragraphs applies —

(a) the court proceeded under section 6 after being asked to do so by the
Director;

(b) the court proceeded under section 6 by virtue of an application by the
Director under section 19, 20, 27 or 28;

(c) the court proceeded under section 6 as a result of an appeal by the
Director under section 31(2) or 33;

(d) before the court made the order the Director applied to the court to
appoint him as the enforcement authority for the order.

(2) In any such case the court must appoint the Director as the enforcement
authority for the order.

Enforcement as fines etc

35‘ Director not appointed as enforcement authority

(1) This section applies if a court —
(a) makes a confiscation order, and

(b) does not appoint the Director as the enforcement authority for the
order.

(2) Sections 139(2) to (4) and (9) and 140(1) to (4) of the Sentencing Act (functions
of court as to fines and enforcing fines) apply as if the amount ordered to be
paid were a fine imposed on the defendant by the court making the
confiscation order.

(3) In the application of Part 3 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43) to an
amount payable under a confiscation order—

(a) ignore section 75 of that Act (power to dispense with immediate
payment);

(b) such an amount is not a sum adjudged to be paid by a conviction for the
purposes of section 81 (enforcement of fines imposed on young
offenders) or a fine for the purposes of section 85 (remission of fines) of
that Act;

(c) in section 87 of that Act ignore subsection (3) (inquiry into means).

36 Director appointed as enforcement authority

(1) This section applies if a court —
(a) makes a confiscation order, and
(b) appoints the Director as the enforcement authority for the order.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 145
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(a) whose numerator is the difference between the two values mentioned
in subsection (1), and

(b) whose denominator is the value of the property at the time of the
transfer.

(3) References to a recipient of a tainted gift are to a person to whom the defendant
has made the gift.

227 Value: the basic rule

(1) This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value at any time of
property then held by a person.

(2) Its value is the market value of the property at that time.

(3) But if at that time another person holds an interest in the property its value, in
relation to the person mentioned in subsection (1), is the market value of his
interest at that time, ignoring any charging order under a provision listed in
subsection (4).

(4) The provisions are—
(a) section 9 of the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (c. 32);
(b) section 78 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33);

(c) Article 14 of the Criminal Justice (Confiscation) (Northern Ireland)
Order 1990 (5.1. 1990/2588 (N.I. 17));

(d) section 27 of the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37);

(e) Article 32 of the Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.1.
1996/1299 (N.I. 9)).

(5) This section has effect subject to sections 228 and 229.

228 Value of property obtained from conduct

(1) This section applies for the purpose of deciding the value of property obtained
by a person as a result of or in connection with his criminal conduct; and the
material time is the time the court makes its decision.

(2) The value of the property at the material time is the greater of the following —
(a) the value of the property (at the time the person obtained it) adjusted to

take account of later changes in the value of money;
(b) _ the value (at the material time) of the property found under subsection

(3).

(3) The property found under this subsection is as follows —

(a) if the person holds the property obtained, the property found under
this subsection is that property;

(b) if he holds no part of the property obtained, the property found under
this subsection is any property which directly or indirectly represents
it in his hands;

(c) if he holds part of the property obtained, the property found under this
subsection is that part and any property which directly or indirectly
represents the other part in his hands.

(4) The references in subsection (2)(a) and (b) to the value are to the value found
in accordance with section 227.


112 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 4 — Confiscation: Northern Ireland

(b) does not exceed the amount found as the defendant’s benefit from the
conduct concerned.

(5) In deciding what is just the court must have regard in particular to—

(a) any fine imposed on the defendant for the offence (or any of the
offences) concerned;

(b) any order which falls within section 163(3) and has been made against
him in respect of the offence (or any of the offences) concerned and has
not already been taken into account by the court in deciding what is the
free property held by him for the purposes of section 159;

(c) any order which has been made against him in respect of the offence (or
any of the offences) concerned under Article 14 of the Criminal Justice
(Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15)) (compensation
orders).

(6) But in deciding what is just the court must not have regard to an order falling
within subsection (5)(c) if a court has made a direction under section 163(6).

(7) In deciding under this section whether one amount exceeds another the court
must take account of any change in the value of money.

(8) The relevant amount is —

(a) the amount found as the available amount for the purposes of the
confiscation order, if this section has not applied previously;

(b) the amount last found as the available amount in pursuance of this
section, if this section has applied previously.

(9) The amount found as the defendant’s benefit from the conduct concerned is —

(a) the amount so found when the confiscation order was made, or

(b) if one or more new calculations of the defendant’s benefit have been
made under section 171 the amount found on the occasion of the last
such calculation.

173 Inadequacy of available amount: variation of order

(1) This section applies if —

(a) acourt has made a confiscation order, and

(b) the defendant, or a receiver appointed under section 198 or 200, applies
to the Crown Court to vary the order under this section.

(2) Insuch a case the court must calculate the available amount, and in doing so it
must apply section 159 as if references to the time the confiscation order is
made were to the time of the calculation and as if references to the date of the
confiscation order were to the date of the calculation.

(3) If the court finds that the available amount (as so calculated) is inadequate for
the payment of any amount remaining to be paid under the confiscation order
it may vary the order by substituting for the amount required to be paid such
smaller amount as the court believes is just.

(4) Ifa person has been adjudged bankrupt or his estate has been sequestrated, or

if an order for the winding up of a company has been made, the court must take
into account the extent to which realisable property held by that person or that
company may be distributed among creditors.


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 269
Part 11 — Co-operation

(11) An overseas authority is an authority which has responsibility in a country or
territory outside the United Kingdom—

(a) for making a request to an authority in another country or territory
(including the United Kingdom) to prohibit dealing with relevant
property,

(b) for carrying out an investigation into whether property has been
obtained as a result of or in connection with criminal conduct, or

(c) for carrying out an investigation into whether a money laundering
offence has been committed.

(12) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
PART 12

MISCELLANEOUS AND GENERAL
Miscellaneous

448 Tax

Schedule 10 contains provisions about tax.

449 Agency staff: pseudonyms

(1) This section applies to a member of the staff of the Agency if —
(a) he is authorised (generally or specifically) by the Director to do
anything for the purposes of this Act, and
(b) it is necessary or expedient for the purpose of doing the thing for the
member of the staff of the Agency to identify himself by name.

(2) The Director may direct that such a member of the staff of the Agency may for
that purpose identify himself by means of a pseudonym.

(3) For the purposes of any proceedings or application under this Act a certificate
signed by the Director which sufficiently identifies the member of the staff of
the Agency by reference to the pseudonym is conclusive evidence that that
member of the staff of the Agency is authorised to use the pseudonym.

(4) In any proceedings or application under this Act a member of the staff of the
Agency in respect of whom a direction under this section is in force must not
be asked (and if asked is not required to answer) any question which is likely
to reveal his true identity.

(5) Section 1(6) does not apply to anything done by the Director under this section.

450 Pseudonyms: Scotland

(1) This section applies to—
(a) any person named by the Scottish Ministers for the purpose of a civil
recovery investigation under Part 8, or
(b) any person authorised by the Scottish Ministers for the purpose of such
a civil recovery investigation to receive relevant information under
section 391,


Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29) 87
Part 3 — Confiscation: Scotland

(a) the powers must be exercised with a view to allowing a person other
than the accused or a recipient of a tainted gift to retain or recover the
value of any interest held by him;

(b) in the case of realisable property held by a recipient of a tainted gift, the
powers must be exercised with a view to realising no more than the
value for the time being of the gift;

(c) in a case where a confiscation order has not been made against the
accused, property must not be realised if the court so orders under
subsection (4).

(4) If onan application by the accused or by the recipient of a tainted gift the court
decides that property cannot be replaced it may order that it must not be sold.

(5) An order under subsection (4) may be revoked or varied.
Administrators: general

133 Protection of administrators

(1) Ifan administrator appointed under section 125 or 128(3) —
(a) takes action in relation to property which is not realisable property,
(b) would be entitled to take the action if it were realisable property, and
(c) believes on reasonable grounds that he is entitled to take the action,
he is not liable to any person in respect of any loss or damage resulting from
the action, except so far as the loss or damage is caused by his negligence.

(2) Subsection (3) applies if an administrator incurs expenses in the exercise of his
functions at a time when—

(a) aconfiscation order has not been made, or

(b) aconfiscation order has been made but the administrator has recovered
no money.

(3) As soon as is practicable after they have been incurred the expenses must be
reimbursed by the Lord Advocate.

(4) Subsection (5) applies if—
(a) an amount is due in respect of the administrator’s remuneration and
expenses, but

(b) nothing (or not enough) is available to be applied in payment of them
under section 131(4).

(5) The remuneration and expenses must be paid (or must be paid to the extent of
the shortfall) by the Lord Advocate.

134 Protection of persons affected

(1) This section applies where an administrator is appointed under section 125 or
128(3).
(2) The following persons may apply to the court—
(a) any person affected by action taken by the administrator;

(b) any person who may be affected by action the administrator proposes
to take.


28

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (c. 29)
Part 2 — Confiscation: England and Wales

(6)

40

(2)

(5)

Subsection (4) applies if paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1) apply but
paragraph (c) does not.
In such a case the court may amend the term of imprisonment or detention

fixed in respect of the confiscation order under section 139(2) of the Sentencing
Act.

If the effect of section 12 is to increase the maximum period applicable in
relation to a confiscation order under section 139(4) of the Sentencing Act, on
the application of the appropriate person the Crown Court may amend the
term of imprisonment or detention fixed in respect of the order under section
139(2) of that Act.

The appropriate person is —

(a) the Director, if he was appointed as the enforcement authority for the
order under section 34;

(b) the prosecutor, in any other case.
Restraint orders

Conditions for exercise of powers

The Crown Court may exercise the powers conferred by section 41 if any of the
following conditions is satisfied.

The first condition is that—
(a) a criminal investigation has been started in England and Wales with
regard to an offence, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the alleged offender has
benefited from his criminal conduct.

The second condition is that —
(a) proceedings for an offence have been started in England and Wales and
not concluded, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant has benefited
from his criminal conduct.

The third condition is that —

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 19, 20, 27 or 28 and not concluded, or the court believes that
such an application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant has benefited
from his criminal conduct.

The fourth condition is that—

(a) an application by the prosecutor or the Director has been made under
section 21 and not concluded, or the court believes that such an
application is to be made, and

(b) there is reasonable cause to believe that the court will decide under that
section that the amount found under the new calculation of the
defendant’s benefit exceeds the relevant amount (as defined in that
section).

The fifth condition is that—