# Patent

## Title
Light-emitting diode chip

## Abstract

A light-emitting diode (LED) chip is disclosed. The chip includes a light-emitting diode and an electrode layer on the light-emitting diode. The electrode layer includes a reflective metal layer. The reflective metal layer includes a first composition and a second composition. The first composition includes aluminum or silver, and the second composition includes copper, silicon, tin, platinum, gold or a combination thereof. The weight percentage of the second composition is greater than 0% and less than 20%.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority of Taiwan Patent Application No. 103107843 filed on Mar. 7, 2014, and the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light-emitting device, and more particularly to a light-emitting diode chip including a reflective metal layer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various light-emitting devices have advanced with development and advances in technology to satisfy consumers in the modern world. Among the various light-emitting devices, there has been a trend for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to gradually replace traditional illuminated devices (for example, fluorescent lamps and incandescent lights) due to advantages such as low heat generation, low power consumption, their long lifespan, and small size.
Generally, an LED chip includes an LED and an electrode layer electrically coupled to the LED. The electrode layer may include a reflective metal layer, which reflects light emitted from the LED to the outside environment, such that the light efficiency of the LED chip can be further improved.
Aluminum or silver is a common material for the reflective metal layer since it is highly reflective of visible light. Aluminum or silver, however, are prone to deterioration due to occurrence of electro-migration under high-current operation, which adversely impacts the light efficiency and the reliability of the LED chip.
Therefore, there is a need for a novel reflective metal layer that is capable of mitigating electro-migration therein while maintaining the reflectivity thereof, thereby improving the overdrive performance of the LED chip.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. A light-emitting diode chip is provided.
An exemplary embodiment of light-emitting diode (LED) chip comprises an LED and an electrode layer on the LED. The electrode layer comprises a reflective metal layer. The reflective metal layer comprises a first composition and a second composition, wherein the first composition comprises aluminum or silver, and the second composition comprises copper, silicon, tin, platinum, gold or a combination thereof. The weight percentage of the second composition is greater than 0% and less than 20%.
According to the embodiments of the invention, the grain size of the reflective metal layer can be reduced by adding a few second compositions therein, thereby increasing the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer and improving the light efficiency of the LED chip. Besides, it can be observed from the results of the high current aging test that electro-migration in the reflective metal layer occurs less, thus the overdrive performance of the LED chip can be improved. Furthermore, it is noted that the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time is decreased, according to the embodiments of the invention. Namely, the reliability of the LED chip can be maintained during long-term operation, according to the embodiments of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an LED chip according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an LED chip according to another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electrode layer according to some embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a Al—Cu alloy phase diagram.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating a comparison of the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer at various wavelengths with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer, according to some embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating a comparison of the resistivity of the reflective metal layer with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer, according to some embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating a comparison of the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer, according to some embodiments of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following description is of the best-contemplated mode of implementing the invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims.
Please refer to FIG. 1, which illustrates a cross-sectional view of an LED chip 10 according to an embodiment of the invention. The LED chip 10 includes a substrate 100, an LED 1000 composed of a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101, an active layer 102 and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103, an ohmic contact layer 107 and electrode layers 104 and 105 electrically coupled to the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 and the ohmic contact layer 107, respectively. In the embodiment, the LED chip 10 is a horizontal-type structure, in which the electrode layers 104 and 105 are provided on the same side of the LED chip 10.
In the embodiment, the substrate 100 comprises sapphire, SiC, Si or any known LED substrates, which may act as a growth substrate for forming the LED 1000.
In the embodiment, the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103 comprise a III-V type semiconductor, such as GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN, GaP, GaAsP, GaInP, AlGaInP, AlGaAs or a combination thereof. The first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103 may be formed by any suitable methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), molecular beam epitaxy, hydride vapor phase epitaxy or sputtering. In an embodiment, the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 is a N-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103 is a P-type semiconductor layer. In another embodiment, the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 is a P-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103 is a N-type semiconductor layer.
In the embodiment, the active layer 102 comprises a multiple quantum well (MQW) structure composed of a stack of barrier layers and quantum well layers (not shown) in an alternating arrangement. For example, the active layer 102 may comprise a stack of alternating GaN/InGaN, in which GaN acts as a material for the barrier layer and InGaN act as a material for the quantum well layer, but it is not limited thereto. The active layer 102 may be formed by methods similar to those for forming the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103, and are not described again in detail herein.
In the embodiment, the ohmic contact layer 107 may comprise indium tin oxide (ITO) or any suitable conducting materials, which may be formed by sputtering, evaporation or any suitable methods. The ohmic contact layer 107 is capable of reducing the energy barrier between the electrode layer 105 and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103, such that the electrode layer 105 is in an ohmic contact with the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103.
Please refer to FIG. 2, which illustrates a cross sectional view of an LED chip 20 according to another embodiment of the invention, wherein elements in FIG. 2 that are the same as those in FIG. 1 bear the same reference numbers. The LED chip 20 comprises an LED 1000 composed of a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101, an active layer 102 and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103, and electrode layers 104 and 105 electrically coupled to the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101 and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer 103, respectively. In the embodiment, the LED chip 20 is a vertical-type structure. The difference between the embodiment of FIG. 2 and that of FIG. 1 lies in that the electrode layers 104 and 105 of FIG. 2 being respectively disposed on the upper and lower sides of the LED chip 20 rather than on the same side.
Please referring to FIG. 3, which illustrates a cross sectional view of an electrode layer 104 according to some embodiments of the invention. It is appreciated that the electrode layer structure described below may apply to the electrode layer 105 or electrode layers for other types of the LED chips. In the embodiment, the electrode layer 104 comprises a first adhesive layer 200, a reflective metal layer 201, a second adhesive layer 202, a diffusion barrier layer 203 and a bonding layer 204 stacked sequentially.
In the embodiment, the first adhesive layer 200 comprises Cr, Ti, Pd, Pt, Ni, Au, Ag or a combination thereof, which may reduce the energy barrier between the electrode layer 104 and the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101, such that the electrode layer 104 is in an ohmic contact with the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer 101.
In the embodiment, the reflective metal layer 201 comprises a first composition. The first composition comprises the metal with high reflectivity with respect to the light having a specific wavelength (e.g., visible light), such that the light emitted to the electrode layer 104 can be reflected toward the outside environment and therefore the light efficiency of the LED chip can be improved. In an embodiment, the first composition comprises Al or Ag.
In the embodiment, the reflective metal layer 201 further comprises a second composition comprising Cu, Si, Sn, Pt, Au or a combination thereof. According to the experimental results described below, the electro-migration in the reflective metal layer 201 is mitigated by adding the second composition therein. Furthermore, as compared with the reflective metal layer 201 without adding the second composition (e.g., pure aluminum or pure silver), the reflective metal layer 201 with the second composition added has a relatively smaller grain size, such that the reflectivity thereof can be increased.
In an embodiment, the percentage of the second composition in the reflective metal layer 201 is less than 20% to prevent the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer 201 from decreasing due to the proportion of the first composition in the reflective metal layer 201 becoming too low.
In an embodiment, the first composition of the reflective metal layer 201 comprises Al, and the second composition of the reflective metal layer 201 comprises Cu. In this embodiment, the reflective metal layer 201 may comprise an Al—Cu or Al—Si—Cu alloy. In another embodiment, the first composition of the reflective metal layer 201 comprises Ag, and the second composition of the reflective metal layer 201 comprises Cu. In this embodiment, the reflective metal layer 201 may comprise an Ag—Cu or Ag—Si—Cu alloy. In the subsequent description, the Al—Cu alloy is selected as an example to describe the embodiment of the disclosure. It is appreciated, however, that the present invention is not limited thereto.
In an embodiment, the weight percentage (wt %) of Cu of the second composition is in a range of about 0.1%-2%. For example, the weight percentage of Cu of the second composition may be 1.5%. With respect to the Al—Cu phase diagram shown in FIG. 4, in the case where the reflective metal layer 201 is an Al—Cu alloy, the above-mentioned range of the weight percentage of Cu allows Cu to be stabilized in the α-phase alloy, in which Al is the major composition, under a temperature lower than 700° C.
Referring to FIG. 5, which illustrates a comparison of the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer 201 at various wavelengths with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer 201, according to some embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the Al—Cu alloy with 0.5% or 1.5% Cu content has a higher reflectivity to visible light compared to pure aluminum without adding Cu therein. For example, for the wavelength of light ranged between 440 nm-460 nm, the reflectivity of the pure aluminum is 88%, while the reflectivity of the Al—Cu alloy with 0.5% or 1.5% Cu content can be increased to 91%.
In the embodiments mentioned above, the increase of the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer 201 results from the reduction of the grain size. For pure aluminum, the root mean square (RMS) grain size is about 12 nm. However, when 0.5% or 1.5% Cu is added into aluminum, the RMS grain size can be reduced to 0.8 nm. Therefore, the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer 201 can be increased.
Referring to FIG. 6, which illustrates a comparison of the resistivity of the reflective metal layer 201 with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer 201, according to some embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, there is only a slight increase in the resistivity of the Al—Cu alloy with 0.5% or 1.5% Cu content compared to pure aluminum without adding Cu therein (i.e., 0% Cu). Such a slight increase will not adversely affect the operation of the LED chip.
Referring to FIG. 7, which illustrates a comparison of the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time with respect to different Cu content in the reflective metal layer, according to the results of high current aging test. As shown in FIG. 7, as compared to the embodiment of the pure aluminum, the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time becomes lower when Cu is added into the reflective metal layers 201. Moreover, as Cu content in the reflective metal layer 201 is increased, the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time is suppressed as well.
As observed by the electron microscopy in the high current aging test, the crystal structure of the reflective metal layer 201 with Cu added therein is less damaged compared to that of the reflective metal layer 201 without adding Cu therein (e.g., pure aluminum). Namely, the reflective metal layer 201 with Cu added has better electro-migration resistance.
Please refer to FIG. 3. In the embodiment, the diffusion barrier layer 203 comprises Pt, Ti, W, Ni, Pd or a combination thereof, which can prevent compositions in the bonding layer 204 from diffusing to underlying layers (e.g., reflective metal layer 201). In an embodiment, the second adhesive layer 202 comprising Cr, Ti, Ni or any suitable adhesive material may be disposed between the diffusion barrier layer 203 and the reflective metal layer 201, such that the diffusion barrier layer 203 is readily bonded to the reflective metal layer 201.
In the embodiment, the bonding layer 204 comprises Au, Sn, Zn, In, Ag or a combination thereof, which is used for bonding and electrically connecting the LED to the external components (e.g., wire, conductive bump or solder).
According to the embodiments of the invention, the grain size of the reflective metal layer can be reduced by adding a few second compositions therein, thereby increasing the reflectivity of the reflective metal layer and improving the light efficiency of the LED chip. Besides, it can be observed from the results of the high current aging test that electro-migration in the reflective metal layer occurs less, thus the overdrive performance of the LED chip can be improved. Furthermore, it is noted that the variation of the operating voltage of the LED chip with time is decreased, according to the embodiments of the invention. Namely, the reliability of the LED chip can be maintained during long-term operation, according to the embodiments of the invention.
While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.

## Claims

1. A light-emitting diode (LED) chip, comprising:
an LED; and
an electrode layer disposed on the LED and comprising a reflective metal layer, wherein the reflective metal layer comprises:
a first composition comprising Al or Ag; and
a second composition comprising Cu, Si, Sn, Pt, Au or a combination thereof,
wherein a weight percentage of the second composition is greater than 0% and less than 20%, and

wherein the electrode layer comprises:
a first adhesive layer;
a second adhesive layer disposed on the first adhesive layer;
a diffusion barrier layer disposed on the second adhesive layer; and
a bonding layer disposed on the diffusion barrier layer,
wherein the reflective metal layer is disposed between the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer.

2. The chip as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second composition comprises Cu, and the weight percentage of Cu ranges between 0.1%-2%.

3. The chip as claimed in claim 2, wherein the weight percentage of Cu is 1.5%.

4. The chip as claimed in claim 2, wherein the reflective metal layer is an Al—Cu or Al—Si—Cu alloy.

5. The chip as claimed in claim 2, wherein the reflective metal layer is an Ag—Cu or Ag—Si—Cu alloy.

6. The chip as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer comprise Cr, Ti or Ni.

7. The chip as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diffusion barrier layer comprises Pt.

8. The chip as claimed in claim 1, herein the bonding layer comprises Au.

9. The chip as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an ohmic contact layer sandwiched between the LED and the electrode layer, wherein the ohmic contact layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO).