J-A18042-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: A.O., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: D.A.K., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 346 EDA 2018

Appeal from the Decree and Order Entered December 19, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County 

Family Court at No(s): CP-51-AP-0001023-2017 

 CP-51-DP-0002549-2016

BEFORE: STABILE, J., STEVENS, P.J.E.,* and STRASSBURGER, J.**

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 11, 2018

D.A.K. (Mother) appeals from the decree entered December 19, 2017, 

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, which terminated 

involuntarily her parental rights to her minor son, A.O. (Child), born in March 

2012.

1 Mother’s notice of appeal also challenges the order purportedly 

changing Child’s permanency goal to adoption. We affirm. 

In November 2016, Philadelphia Department of Human Services, Child 

and Youth Division (DHS) filed a dependency petition alleging the following 

facts: (1) it had become involved with the family in September 2016, after 

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

** Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The parental rights of Child’s putative father were terminated on March 13, 

2018. Child’s putative father did not file an appeal or participate in Mother’s 

appeal. 
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receiving a report that Mother was non-compliant with her methadone 

program, Mother had tested positive for cocaine, Mother was inconsistent 

with taking her mental health medication, and it was unknown who cared for 

then four-year-old Child while Mother used drugs; (2) while DHS was trying 

to ascertain the whereabouts of Mother and Child, DHS received a second 

report in October 2016 that Mother and Child were living in a boarding house 

and Mother used cocaine in front of Child; (3) DHS located Mother and Child 

in a different location, and Mother would not cooperate with providing the 

name of her methadone clinic, admitted she smoked cocaine, and stated she 

was on the way to drop Child off at Child’s adult sister’s house because the 

sister cares for Child while Mother is in treatment and uses drugs; (4) DHS 

ascertained that Mother has a lengthy history of substance abuse and lacked 

stable housing; and (5) Mother placed Child in the care of his adult sister in 

accordance with a safety plan developed by DHS.

2

 Dependency Petition, 

11/17/2016, at 3. 

On November 29, 2016, the family court adjudicated Child dependent

“based upon the allegations in the petition.” Order of Adjudication and 

____________________________________________

2 The family court opinion states that Child was placed with his sister 

pursuant to a safety plan on September 12, 2016. Family Court Opinion, 

3/8/2018, at 1. DHS averred the same in its dependency petition. 

Dependency Petition, 11/17/2016, at 3 (numbering supplied). It is likely 

that DHS made a typographical error and meant October 12, 2016, because 

DHS also avers in the dependency petition that it first received a report 

regarding Mother on September 20, 2016, but the agency was unable to 

make contact with Mother on that date. Id. 
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Disposition, 11/29/2016, at 1. The family court ordered DHS to place Child 

into foster care and permitted Mother to have weekly supervised visits. Id.

at 1-2. It also ordered Mother to undergo drug screening unless she entered 

treatment at Kirkbride,3 and referred Mother for a behavioral health 

assessment and monitoring, parenting instruction, and housing assistance. 

Id. at 2. 

At the first permanency review hearing on February 28, 2017, the 

family court found Mother to be in substantial compliance with the 

permanency plan, as she was enrolled in outpatient drug treatment at the 

Goldman Clinic at Girard Medical Center. Permanency Review Order, 

2/28/2017, at 1-2; DHS Exhibit 6, at 1. However, Mother tested positive for 

cocaine that same day. DHS Exhibit 6, at 1. She also tested positive for 

cocaine on March 31, 2017, and May 30, 2017. DHS Exhibit 6, at 1-2.

At the second permanency review hearing on August 3, 2017, the 

family court found Mother to be in minimal compliance with the permanency 

plan. Permanency Review Order, 8/3/2017, at 2. Mother had been 

discharged from parenting and housing services due to non-compliance. Id. 

At that time, her housing was not appropriate. Id. Mother was compliant 

with visitation, but it remained supervised. Id. 

____________________________________________

3 Kirkbride appears to be a drug and alcohol treatment facility that provides 

inpatient treatment; as discussed infra, Mother did not begin inpatient 

treatment at Kirkbride until October 13, 2017, almost 11 months after this 

order.
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Despite being ordered to report to the Clinical Evaluation Unit (CEU)

forthwith for a drug screen, id., Mother did not report to CEU until 

September 27, 2017. DHS Exhibit 6, at 3. At that time, Mother reported 

continued treatment with the Goldman Clinic. Id. However, the Goldman 

Clinic did not provide an updated progress report despite CEU’s attempts to 

obtain one. Id. Nevertheless, even if Mother were attending treatment, she 

was continuing to use drugs, as evidenced by her testing positive for 

barbiturates and cocaine in late September 2017.4 Id. at 3-4.

Several weeks after her positive screen, on October 13, 2017, Mother 

began inpatient drug treatment at Kirkbride. She completed that treatment 

approximately one month later. She then enrolled in treatment at Girard 

Medical Center. Id. at 13, 19-20. 

Throughout the time Child was in foster care, DHS was never able to 

verify that Mother had appropriate or stable housing. By the time of the 

termination/goal change hearing in December 2017, Mother claimed to have 

moved in with a friend. She only informed DHS on the day of the hearing, 

leaving DHS unable to verify its appropriateness before the scheduled 

hearing. N.T., 12/17/2018, at 12-13. 

____________________________________________

4 DHS Exhibit 6, which consists of CEU’s progress reports, lists positive 

screens for barbiturates and cocaine on September 27 and 30, 2017. Id. at 

3-4. The DHS caseworker testified that Mother had only one positive screen 

in September, but did not provide an exact date. N.T., 12/19/2017, at 11. 
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While Mother struggled with her sobriety and obtaining stable housing, 

Child remained in foster care. He initially was placed with his adult sister, 

but the family court ordered DHS to move him to a non-kinship foster home 

in August 2017 if those residing in the kinship home continued to fail to 

comply with requirements for certification. Permanency Review Order, 

8/3/2017, at 2. Child moved to his current pre-adoptive foster home on 

August 17, 2017. N.T., 12/17/2018, at 14. Based upon her observations, 

the DHS caseworker believes that Child and his foster mother have a “loving 

bond.” Id. Child appears to be happy and foster mother is “teaching him.” 

Id. The DHS caseworker has observed an improvement with Child since 

being placed in his foster mother’s care. Id. Previously, Child would shut 

down and would not really talk to the caseworker. Id. Now, he is more 

open in school, always willing to talk to the caseworker, and is excited to 

show the caseworker things. Child started kindergarten in 2017, and it is his 

foster mother, not Mother, who ensures that all of his educational needs are 

being met. Id. at 15-16. 

Mother visited Child regularly, except when she was in inpatient 

treatment, but she never progressed to unsupervised or more frequent visits 

due to her continued use of drugs. Id. at 13, 18. Child separated easily 

from Mother at the end of visits, and Child did not ask about Mother or 

appear distressed during the month that Mother was unable to visit. Id. at 

14-15. The DHS caseworker assessed Mother and Child as having a “very 
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good bond,” but opined that adoption is in his best interest and termination 

of Mother’s rights would not cause him “irreparable harm.” Id. at 14, 16. 

The caseworker based her opinion upon Child’s not showing signs of 

problems despite his separation from Mother, his progress in the foster 

home, his bond and relationship with his foster mother, and his need for 

stability.5 Id. at 16. Child refers to Mother as “mother,” but he looks to his 

foster mother to meet his needs. Id. at 17, 23. Child asked to go home to 

Mother when he was first removed, but he has not expressed this wish to 

the caseworker since that time. Id. at 21-23.

DHS filed a petition to terminate involuntarily Mother’s rights on 

October 18, 2017. It also filed a petition to change Child’s permanency goal 

to adoption in his dependency matter. The family court conducted a

combined goal change and termination hearing on December 17, 2017, 

where DHS introduced the evidence summarized supra. The family court

entered a decree on the adoption docket on December 19, 2017, which 

terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2511(a)(1), 

____________________________________________

5 The caseworker’s exact response to the question of what made her believe 

that Child would not suffer irreparable harm if the family court were to 

terminate Mother’s rights was “[b]ecause he – his relationship and bond is 

good with – where he is. He is striving. There’s – he hasn’t shown signs of, 

really, detachment from her.” Id. at 16. She also testified that adoption is 

in his best interest because he needs stability. Id. at 17. Based upon the 

context of the caseworker’s testimony, it appears that the caseworker’s word 

choice may not have accurately reflected the message she was attempting 

to convey. 
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(2), (5), (8), and (b). Decree of Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, 

12/29/2017, at 1. The family court also entered a permanency review order 

on Child’s dependency docket, which kept Child’s permanency goal as 

reunification with a concurrent goal of adoption. Permanency Review Order, 

12/19/2017, at 1. Mother timely filed a notice of appeal, along with a 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. 

Mother now raises the following issues for our review: 

(1) Did the family court err in changing the goal to adoption 

and terminating [Mother’s] parental rights under [23 

Pa.C.S. § 2511 (a)(1), (2), (5), and (8)] as [DHS] failed to 

establish by clear and convincing evidence that [Mother] 

cannot or will not be able to remedy the incapacity and 

conditions which led to [Child’s] removal?

(2) Did the family court err in changing the goal to adoption 

and terminating [Mother’s] parental rights under [23 

Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)] because it failed to give primary 

consideration to the developmental, physical[,] and 

emotional needs and welfare of [Child] insofar as [Child] is 

bonded to [Mother]?

Mother’s Brief at 3.

We address Mother’s arguments regarding the December 19, 2017 

permanency review order first. Mother filed one notice of appeal purporting 

to challenge both the December 19, 2017 termination decree and the 

December 19, 2017 permanency review order, and included the docket 

numbers for Child’s dependency and adoption matters. We point out that 

the correct procedure in this circumstance is to file separate notices of 

appeal for each docket. See Pa.R.A.P. 341, Note (“Where ... one or more 
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orders resolves issues arising on more than one docket or relating to more 

than one judgment, separate notices of appeal must be filed.”). In a recent 

case, our Supreme Court held that the failure to file separate notices of 

appeal from an order resolving issues on more than one docket “requires the 

appellate court to quash the appeal.” Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 

A.3d 969, 977 (Pa. 2018). However, the Court clarified that it would apply 

its holding only “in future cases,” because of decades of prior case law that 

seldom quashed appeals for that reason, and because the citation to case 

law contained in the note to Rule 341 was unclear. Id. Thus, because 

Mother filed her notice of appeal prior to the filing of our Supreme Court’s 

decision in Walker, we do not quash her appeal. 

However, Mother has waived all arguments with respect to the 

December 19, 2017 permanency review order. Mother’s brief on appeal 

contains no substantive discussion of any issue pertaining to a change in 

Child’s permanency goal in the dependency matter.6 Accordingly, Mother 

has failed to preserve any challenge to the permanency review order for our 

review, and we address only the decree terminating Mother’s parental rights. 

____________________________________________

6 Although Mother claims that the family court changed Child’s permanency

goal to adoption, the order indicates otherwise. See Permanency Review 

Order, 12/17/2017, at 1. It is unclear whether this was an oversight by the 

family court or intentional (due to the continuance of the hearing as to 

Child’s recently identified putative father). We note that the family court 

may terminate parental rights even if the permanency goal remains 

reunification. In re Adoption of S.E.G., 901 A.2d 1017, 1029 (Pa. 2006). 
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See In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 339 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“Where an 

appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with citation to 

relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful 

fashion capable of review, that claim is waived.”). 

Before we turn to Mother’s challenge to the termination decree, we 

address whether Child’s statutory right to legal counsel was satisfied. 

Pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a), a child who is the subject of a contested 

involuntary termination proceeding has a statutory right to counsel who 

discerns and advocates for child’s legal interests, which our Supreme Court 

has defined as a child’s preferred outcome. In re T.S., __ A.3d __, 2018 

WL 4001825 at * 1 (Pa. 2018) (citing In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d 

172, 174 (Pa. 2017)). Because the right to counsel belongs to the child 

who is unable to address a deprivation of his or her right to counsel on his or 

her own behalf, we must address this issue sua sponte. See id. at *5 

(holding that the child’s statutory right to counsel is non-waivable); In re 

K.J.H., 180 A.3d 411 (Pa. Super. 2018) (holding that this Court must 

determine sua sponte whether 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a) was satisfied). 

In this case, two attorneys represented Child, who was five years old 

at the time of the hearing: Patrice Langenbach, Esquire as guardian ad 

litem, and Craig Sokolow, Esquire, as legal counsel. At the hearing, 

Attorney Langenbach argued that it was in Child’s best interest to terminate 

parental rights; Attorney Sokolow, on the other hand, advocated that the 
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family court not terminate Mother’s parental rights due to the bond between 

Child and Mother. N.T., 12/19/2017, at 28. Appointment of Attorney 

Sokolow to advocate for Child’s legal interests in the termination matter 

satisfied subsection 2313(a). 

Nevertheless, we note with displeasure that Attorney Sokolow did not 

file a brief in this Court or otherwise advocate for Child’s interests on appeal. 

Counsel’s duty to represent a Child does not stop at the conclusion of the 

termination of parental rights hearing. In re Adoption of T.M.L.M., 184 

A.3d 585, 590 (Pa. Super. 2018); see also In re M.T., 607 A.2d 271, 276 

(Pa. Super. 1992) (observing that child’s counsel abdicated his legal 

responsibilities to his client because counsel, inter alia, failed to file a brief, 

indicate that he joined another party’s brief, or otherwise notify this Court of 

his client’s position). We caution Child’s legal counsel that it is his job to 

“represent [his client] with zeal and professionalism. [Child has] no say in 

[appointment of counsel] and deserve[s] to have the benefit of effective 

representation, particularly when a matter as important as [his] future 

relationship with a biological parent is at stake.” T.M.L.M., 184 A.3d at 590.

We also observe that following the March 2018 permanency review 

hearing, which was three months after Mother’s rights were terminated, an 

order appears in Child’s dependency docket revealing that the family court 

vacated Attorney Sokolow’s appointment in 31 days and permitted the 

guardian ad litem to continue in a dual role. Permanency Review Order, 
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3/31/2018, at 2. Presumably, the family court did this because it 

determined that there was no longer a conflict between Child’s best and 

legal interests, but no explanation appears in the record. However, even if 

the family court vacated Attorney Sokolow’s appointment as to the 

dependency matter, nothing appears in the docket of the termination matter 

that permitted Attorney Sokolow to be relieved of his duties to Child. 

Further, Attorney Sokolow received notice of all appellate filings in this 

Court, but never notified this Court of a belief that he no longer represents

Child. Nor does the guardian ad litem explain the procedural posture in this 

regard or indicate that she represents Child in a dual capacity because his 

best and legal interests now coincide. 

However, we are confined to the evidence in the record when 

reviewing the family court’s decision. We have reviewed the record 

thoroughly. Because Child received counsel who advocated for his legal 

interests at the time of the hearing, we need not remand for clarification of 

Child’s post-hearing position or a separate brief by Attorney Sokolow in this 

case. 

We turn now to Mother’s challenges to the termination decree, which 

we review mindful of our well-settled standard of review. 

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases 

requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and 

credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported 

by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate 

courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law 

or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an 
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abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest 

unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial 

court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely

because the record would support a different result. We have 

previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that often 

have first-hand observations of the parties spanning multiple 

hearings.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks 

omitted). 

Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the 

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, which requires a bifurcated 

analysis. 

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party 

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory 

grounds for termination delineated in [subs]ection 2511(a). 

Only if the court determines that the parent’s conduct warrants 

termination of his or her parental rights does the court engage in 

the second part of the analysis pursuant to [subs]ection 

2511(b): determination of the needs and welfare of the child[.] 

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).

In this case, the family court terminated Mother’s parental rights 

pursuant to subsections 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b). We need only 

agree with the court as to any one subsection of 2511(a), as well as 

subsection 2511(b), in order to affirm. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 

(Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). Here, we analyze the court’s decision to 

terminate under subsections 2511(a)(8) and (b), which provide as follows.

(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds:
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* * *

(8) The child has been removed from the care of the 

parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement 

with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed 

from the date of removal or placement, the 

conditions which led to the removal or placement of 

the child continue to exist and termination of 

parental rights would best serve the needs and 

welfare of the child. 

* * *

(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights 

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the 

child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on 

the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing, 

furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be 

beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition 

filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1) ... or (8), the court shall not 

consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions 

described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the 

giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511. 

We have summarized the requirements of subsection 2511(a)(8) as 

follows.

In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.[] 

§ 2511(a)(8), the following factors must be demonstrated: (1) 

[t]he child has been removed from parental care for 12 months 

or more from the date of removal; (2) the conditions which led 

to the removal or placement of the child continue to exist; and 

(3) termination of parental rights would best serve the needs 

and welfare of the child.

In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1275-76 (Pa. Super. 2003). 
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Mother argues that the family court erred by terminating parental 

rights because she consistently visited Child and complied with drug 

treatment. Mother’s Brief at 11. She argues that she “is able to remedy her 

parental incapacity and the conditions that led to [Child’s] removal” because 

she “successfully completed inpatient treatment, [which was] her first 

attempt at inpatient treatment, and was consistently attending outpatient 

follow-up treatment.” Id.7 

The flaw in Mother’s argument is that subsection 2511(a)(8) “does not

require an evaluation of [a parent’s] willingness or ability to remedy the 

conditions that led to placement of [his or her] children.” In re Adoption 

of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 511 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations omitted) 

(emphasis in original). Subsection 2511(a)(8) represents the determination 

that “a parent’s basic constitutional right to the custody and rearing of his 

[or her] ... child is converted, upon the failure to fulfill ... parental duties, to 

the child’s right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of his or her 

potential in a permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In the Interest of 

K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759-60 (Pa. Super. 2008) (quoting In re B.N.M., 856 

A.2d 847, 856 (Pa. Super. 2004)). 

The record reveals that Child was removed and adjudicated dependent 

due to Mother’s struggles with drug addiction and lack of stable housing. 

____________________________________________

7 Mother poses no challenge to the first part of the analysis regarding the 

time Child has been out of her care. 
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Throughout the time Child was in foster care, Mother continued to struggle 

with the same concerns. Although she attempted treatment multiple times, 

she continued to test positive for cocaine, and did not achieve a sustained 

period of sobriety outside the structures of the inpatient program. Despite a 

referral for assistance in obtaining housing, Mother was never able to 

demonstrate to DHS that she had safe, stable, and appropriate housing. 

Further, she failed to complete a parenting course despite being court 

ordered to do so. Thus, the conditions, which led to the removal and

placement of Child, continued to exist. 

Mother also challenges the family court’s refusal to accept testimony 

regarding her alleged two negative drug screen results that occurred after 

she received notice of the filing of the involuntary termination petition.8 

____________________________________________

8 The family court did not address Mother’s claim that it erred by failing to 

admit post-petition evidence in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. Arguably, Mother 

has waived this issue by not including it in her concise statement of matters 

complained of on appeal. Mother phrased her concise statement in a similar 

manner to the issues she presents on appeal. Statement of Matters 

Complained on Appeal, 1/18/2018, at 1; Mother’s Brief at 3. Although we 

will deem each error identified in the statement to include “every subsidiary 

issue contained therein which was raised in the trial court[,]” the concise 

statement must “concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant 

intends to challenge with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for 

the judge.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii), (v). Issues that are not included in or 

suggested by an appellant’s statement of questions involved and concise 

statement of errors complained of on appeal are waived. In re M.Z.T.M.W., 

163 A.3d 462, 466 (Pa. Super. 2017). Although related, Mother’s 

evidentiary challenge arguably is a separate issue from her challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence under subsection 2511(a), and thus her concise 

statement did not identify her challenge with sufficient detail for the family 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Mother’s Brief at 11. Mother twice attempted to establish through crossexamination of the DHS caseworker that Mother had tested negative for 

drugs after she completed inpatient treatment. N.T., 12/19/2017, at 20-21; 

24. DHS objected, arguing that any testimony relating to Mother’s efforts 

after the petition was filed was inadmissible, and the family court sustained 

the objections. Id. 

“[T]he decision of whether to admit or exclude evidence is within the 

sound discretion of the [family] court. A reviewing court will not disturb 

these rulings absent an abuse of discretion. Discretion is abused if, inter 

alia, the [family] court overrides or misapplies the law.” In re A.J.R.-H., __ 

A.3d __, 2018 WL 3455417 at *7 (Pa. 2018). Relevant to Mother’s case, the 

statutory prohibition against admission of evidence regarding efforts first 

initiated after a parent received notice of the petition only applies to 

petitions filed under subsections 2511(a)(1) and (8). 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) 

(“With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1) ... or (8), 

the court shall not consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the 

conditions described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the giving 

of notice of the filing of the petition.”). Thus, because DHS was also seeking 

to terminate Mother’s rights under subsections (a)(2) and (a)(5), the family 

court misapplied the law in sustaining DHS’s objection. This line of cross-

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

court to have addressed her issue. Nevertheless, we will address Mother’s 

challenge on the merits.
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examination was relevant to and admissible regarding subsections (a)(2) 

and (a)(5), even if the Adoption Act prohibited the family court from 

considering the testimony as part of its analysis of subsections (a)(1) and 

(a)(8).

Mother argues that the family court should have admitted the 

testimony and considered it as part of its (a)(8) analysis because Mother’s 

efforts towards sobriety began prior to the notice of the petition, and the 

testimony regarding her achievement and maintenance of sobriety postpetition is confirmation that her efforts worked. Mother’s Brief at 11. 

Mother entered inpatient treatment four days prior to the filing of the 

petition.9 We agree with Mother that under these circumstances, the trial 

court misapplied the law by failing to consider any evidence that Mother’s 

inpatient treatment helped her achieve sobriety because she initiated such 

efforts before the petition was filed, albeit with only days to spare. 

Nevertheless, we conclude that the family court’s failure to consider 

indications of Mother’s more recent sobriety is harmless under the facts of 

this case. In a termination case, an error is harmless if “the evidentiary 

error could not have had any impact upon the [family] court’s decision.” 

A.J.R.-H., 2018 WL 3455417, at *14. It is clear that here it could not have 

____________________________________________

9 The record does not reveal the exact date on which Mother received notice

of DHS’s filing of the petition, but our analysis in the instant case does not 

change even assuming arguendo that she received notice on the same day 

that DHS filed the petition. 
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had an impact. Child has been in foster care for over a year. Even if Mother 

managed to be clean on two occasions as she alleges, this does not 

demonstrate a stable period of sustained sobriety. Mother had completed 

inpatient treatment in mid-November 2017, and was living in the community 

for only approximately one month prior to the termination hearing. She still 

required outpatient treatment, and unfortunately, Mother has failed multiple 

times to maintain sobriety even while she was in treatment. In fact, over 

the year Child was in foster care, Mother never had a sustained period of 

sobriety that was stable enough to progress to unsupervised or extended 

visitation. 

Once a parent has been given a sufficient opportunity to rectify the 

conditions that brought his or her child into care, the family court may not 

give a parent “further opportunity to [attempt to] cultivate an environment 

where [the parent] can care for [a child]” because doing so would subject 

the child who has been waiting for permanency “to a state of proverbial 

limbo in anticipation of a scenario that is speculative at best.” In re C.L.G., 

956 A.2d 999, 1008 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc). Remaining drug-free in 

the confines of a structured program does not prove that a parent can 

“maintain that status among the external pressures of the outside world[.]” 

See id. This is particularly the case when a parent has not been sober long 

enough to progress to unsupervised visits and demonstrate that the parent 

can handle the pressures of parenting during recovery. See id. 
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As this Court has expressed previously, 

[w]e recognize that the application of [subs]ection (a)(8) may 

seem harsh when the parent has begun to make progress 

toward resolving the problems that had led to removal of her 

children. ... However, by allowing for termination when the 

conditions that led to removal of a child continue to exist after a 

year, the statute implicitly recognizes that a child’s life cannot be 

held in abeyance while a parent attempts to attain the [sobriety 

and stability] necessary to assume parenting responsibilities. 

The court cannot and will not subordinate indefinitely a child’s 

need for permanence and stability to a parent’s claims of 

progress and hope for the future. Indeed, we work under 

statutory and case law that contemplates only a short period of 

time, to wit [18] months, in which to complete the process of 

either reunification or adoption for a child who has been placed 

in foster care. 

In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 513 (Pa. Super. 2006). 

Moreover, even if Mother achieved sobriety, she has not fully 

addressed her housing and parenting issues. It was unclear whether

Mother’s housing was safe and stable, as she only told the caseworker on 

the day of the hearing that she had moved in with a friend. Further, Mother 

was noncompliant with housing and parenting services that could have 

assisted her in making more progress. Thus, it is apparent that the 

conditions that led to Child’s removal continued to exist, and the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant 

to subsection 2511(a)(8).10

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10 As our analysis of the last prong of subsection 2511(a)(8) is similar to our 

analysis under subsection 2511(b), we will address the last prong infra.
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We turn now to Mother’s argument regarding Child’s needs and 

welfare. Mother argues that, due to the bond that she and Child share, the 

family court erred by determining that termination serves Child’s needs and 

welfare. Mother’s Brief at 13. She further argues that the family court 

should have preserved their relationship due to her recent progress. Id.

We have explained the analysis under subsection 2511(b) as follows.

[Subs]ection 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental 

rights would best serve the developmental, physical, and 

emotional needs and welfare of the child. As this Court has 

explained, [subs]ection 2511(b) does not explicitly require a 

bonding analysis and the term “bond” is not defined in the 

Adoption Act. Case law, however, provides that analysis of the 

emotional bond, if any, between parent and child is a factor to 

be considered as part of our analysis. While a parent’s 

emotional bond with his or her child is a major aspect of the 

subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is nonetheless only 

one of many factors to be considered by the court when 

determining what is in the best interest of the child.

[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court 

can equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, 

and should also consider the intangibles, such as the 

love, comfort, security, and stability the child might 

have with the foster parent. Additionally, this Court 

stated that the trial court should consider the 

importance of continuity of relationships and whether 

any existing parent-child bond can be severed 

without detrimental effects on the child.

In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d 1212, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2015) 

(quotation marks and citations omitted). 

Parental rights may be terminated notwithstanding the existence of a 

parent-child bond. When examining the effect upon a child of severing a 

bond, courts must examine whether termination of parental rights will 
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destroy a “necessary and beneficial relationship,” thereby causing a child to 

suffer “extreme emotional consequences.” In re E.M., 620 A.2d 481, 484-

85 (Pa. 1992). 

Here, as we explained supra, if Mother had indeed made recent 

progress, this is a step in the right direction, but it came too late and is far 

from secure. The family court acknowledged the bond between Mother and 

Child, but credited the opinion of the DHS caseworker that Child would not 

suffer irreparable or detrimental harm if his bond with Mother was severed. 

Family Court Opinion, 3/8/2018, at 5. The caseworker explained that Child 

no longer asks about Mother and did not experience detrimental effects 

when Mother was unable to visit in October. N.T., 12/19/2017, at 14-17, 

21-23. Furthermore, Child is making progress in his foster home, is bonded 

to his foster mother11 and looks to her to meet his daily needs, and is in 

need of stability. Id. Thus, nothing in the record indicates that terminating 

parental rights will destroy an existing relationship that is “necessary and 

beneficial” to Child, or cause him significant emotional distress. C.f. In re 

Adoption of G.L.L., 124 A.3d 344, 347 (Pa. Super. 2015) (affirming court’s 

refusal to terminate parental rights when the evidence indicated that parent 

____________________________________________

11 The family court states in its opinion that Child’s foster mother is his 

sister. This finding is not supported by the record, as Child was moved from 

his sister’s kinship home to a non-kinship foster home. N.T., 12/17/2018, at 

14. Nevertheless, Mother does not raise this as a claim of error, and the 

trial court’s finding is not integral to its analysis and does not affect the 

outcome.
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and child had a necessary and beneficial bond, which, if severed, would 

cause permanent damage to the child). Based on the evidence in the 

record, the family court did not err by prioritizing Child’s developmental, 

physical, and security needs over his relationship with Mother. See In re 

M.M., 106 A.3d 114, 119 (Pa. Super. 2014) (determining that the detriment 

to the children in severing their bond with mother was outweighed by their 

safety and security needs). 

While this is a close case, we must defer to the family court because 

the record supports its factual findings, and its ultimate legal conclusion in 

terminating rights pursuant to subsections 2511(a)(8) and (b) is not the 

result of error or an abuse of discretion. See In re Adoption of S.P., 47 

A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012). Therefore, we affirm the December 19, 2017 

permanency review order and the family court’s decree terminating Mother’s 

parental rights involuntarily. 

Order and decree affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 9/11/18