IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1268

Filed June 15, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF N.C.,

Minor Child,

E.K., Guardian,

Petitioner-Appellant,

D.C., Father,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Wapello County, William Owens, 

Associate Juvenile Judge.

A guardian appeals the dismissal of her petition to terminate parental rights 

under Iowa Code chapter 600A (2020). REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS.

Carly M. Schomaker of Gaumer, Emanuel, Carpenter & Goldsmith, P.C., 

Ottumwa, for appellant.

Cynthia D. Hucks of Box and Box Attorneys at Law, Ottumwa, for appellee.

Ryan J. Mitchell of Orsborn, Mitchell, Goedken, & Larson, PC, Ottumwa, 

attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Heard by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

A child’s legal guardian appeals the juvenile court order dismissing her 

petition to terminate the parental rights of the father, D.C. The guardian, E.K., 

contends the father has abandoned the child and termination of his parental rights 

is in the best interests of the child. We reverse the juvenile court order and remand 

with instructions to enter an order terminating the parental rights of both parents.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings.

E.K. is the maternal grandmother of the child, N.C., and has been the child’s 

primary caregiver since his birth in early 2017. E.K. became the child’s temporary 

guardian in November 2017 and permanent legal guardian in May 2018 with the 

parents’ consent. E.K. maintained the same residence from 2011 until February 

2021, has had the same phone number since 2008, and has maintained her social 

media accounts. The father knew the location of the guardian’s home and her 

phone number, and he had also contacted her via Facebook in the past.

The mother and father were in and out of a relationship from before the 

child’s birth through June 2018. During that period, the father attended visits with 

the child, often set up through the mother, but sometimes he directly

communicated with the guardian. The father’s visits stopped when he left town for 

work in the summer of 2018. He returned to town permanently in December 2018 

but made no attempt to contact the guardian or see the child until after the 

termination had been filed in September 2020. He said it was “weird” to contact 

the guardian and later thought “so much time had passed” since he had seen the 

child that he would not be welcome. The father’s court-ordered child support 

payments are garnished from his wages.
3

After he returned to town, the father maintained some contact with the 

mother, but their relationship was “pretty rocky.” The mother has mental-health 

issues, impacting her behavior with the guardian and the father over the years.1 

She admitted to having fights with the guardian when her behavior was out of 

control. She also admitted misleading the father about setting up a visit and 

challenging the guardianship. The mother threatened violence against “her ex” on 

social media in 2019, and the father ended contact with her. When asked if he 

contacted the guardian during 2019, the father said, “No. I kept my distance after 

the [mother’s] death threats,” indicating he believed she was serious. 

The father married in 2019 and had a baby with his new wife; he adopted 

his wife’s two young children in 2020. The father blocked most contact from the 

mother in 2019, and his new wife became the point of communication with the 

mother, primarily using a parenting app. Since 2019, the father has become 

“family friends” with the child’s maternal grandfather and step-grandmother,2

inviting them to the birthday parties of his children with his wife. The father 

purchased a Christmas gift for the child for Christmas 2019, and he left it with the

child’s grandfather.

3

 When asked why he did not arrange to give the gift through 

the guardian, the father answered, 

I just didn’t—At that point I did not feel like I was welcome to be a 

part of his life, you know, because it had been a while since—I mean, 

it had been a long time since I had actually been a part of his life. I 

 

1 The mother has maintained regular visits with the child and helps with his care. 

She testified termination of her and the father’s parental rights and adoption by the 

guardian would be in the child’s best interests.

2 The guardian and grandfather divorced many years ago.

3 There is no evidence the guardian knew of the gift, or whether it was given to the 

child. The child’s grandfather testified he was told there were gifts from the father 

to the child, but he did not personally see them.
4

didn’t—I at least wanted to buy him something. I was purchasing 

gifts for the other kids. I just felt that it was right to buy him something 

as well.

In January 2020, the father’s wife and the child’s mother arranged a video 

chat with the mother, the child, and the father’s new family. In April, the mother 

said she was setting up a visit for the father with the child but cancelled it just 

before it was supposed to happen. The mother and father had discussed ending 

the guardianship—once in 2018, and again in 2020. No action was taken after 

either of those discussions.

The child has assorted developmental, behavioral, and medical issues. As 

a result, the child has frequent medical and therapy appointments. In the past, the 

guardian limited the contact of the child’s grandfather’s family after they ignored

the child’s dietary allergies, with the child suffering gastrointestinal results. The 

father and his wife expressed doubt to the child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) that 

some of the medical issues existed or were serious, and the father opined some 

of the child’s developmental and behavioral symptoms “could be just because he 

wasn’t socialized enough throughout his childhood so far. . . . I haven’t been 

around to know for myself.” The father accepted—with significant doubts—the 

mother’s accounts of the child’s medical needs; he did not talk with the guardian, 

request any of the child’s medical records, or let the guardian know about a 

hereditary disease in his family—a form of which the child was recently diagnosed

with. The father expressed a willingness to learn how to care for the child and his 

special needs, but he also dismissed the hereditary disease as “not a real big deal” 

and admitted he had not educated himself about the disease.
5

On September 4, 2020, the guardian filed a petition to terminate the parental 

rights of both parents. The mother consented to termination on the condition the 

father’s rights were also terminated. On September 23, the father was served with 

the petition and order setting the date and time of the hearing. The court issued a 

second order on October 1, stating the parties could appear in person or via 

GoToMeeting (and providing the appropriate link). The father was not served with 

the order regarding how to appear for the hearing—a service attempt was made 

at the same address and the affidavit of service attested to a diligent search, noting

“Defendant avoiding service.” The father did not appear or attempt to call in to the 

termination hearing in October.4 The juvenile court found him in default and 

entered an order terminating his parental rights. A month later, the father filed a 

motion to set aside default and vacate the termination. After a hearing, the court 

granted the motion, finding it was not clear whether the father received adequate 

notice to appear for the hearing.5 The father requested visitation after the hearing 

on his motion to vacate the termination, which the guardian refused “because [the 

child] doesn’t know [the father]” and his presence would just be confusing to the 

child.

Trial on the petition for termination of parental rights occurred on April 2, 

May 26, and June 3, 2021. 

 

4

In the period of time between service of the petition and the termination hearing, 

the father participated in a virtual hearing to adopt his wife’s children at his 

attorney’s office.

5 The court’s order noted the father “waited about two weeks after discovering his 

mistake to meet with his attorney.”
6

When asked why she wanted to adopt the child instead of remaining as 

guardian, the guardian stated, 

I want this to end, being in court every single year. I want to be able 

to move forward and give him a stable home that we don’t have to 

constantly keep doing this and having questions and looking over our 

shoulder, you know, because people are driving past my house all 

the time. I don’t want to have to keep wondering, “When am I going 

to get ripped back into court again?” I want to have our family. I 

want this done and over with and move on.

The guardian listed a number of upcoming appointments for the child and stated 

she did not want the father at the appointments or to have visits at this point 

reiterating “[the child] doesn’t know [the father]” and opining his presence would 

just be more confusing for the child if the termination went through.

The GAL submitted a report and recommendations to the court. The GAL 

expressed concern that during a home visit, the father and his wife “made light of 

the child’s medical conditions” and thought the conditions were made up, but they 

had not contacted the child’s medical providers. The GAL termed the father’s 

contact with the child “sporadic at best” and opined “the father has not assumed 

the duties encompassed by the role of being a parent” and “has not demonstrated 

significant interest in being a parent to the child.” The GAL recommended, “[I]t is 

in the best interests of the child that parental rights be terminated.”

In its final ruling, the juvenile court concluded the guardian failed to establish 

abandonment or intent to abandon by the father based on the payment of child 

support and the mother’s misleading and misdirecting actions to limit the father’s 

contact with the child. The court determined a consistent schedule of visitation for 

the father to resume a relationship with the child was in the child’s best interests. 

The court dismissed the guardian’s petition, observing it was “simply an attempt to 
7

permanently shut [the father] out of [the child]’s life while continuing to allow [the 

mother] to maintain a relationship with [the child].”. The guardian’s subsequent 

motion to amend, enlarge, and reconsider was denied in August. The guardian 

appeals. 

II. Standard of Review.

“Private termination proceedings under chapter 600A [(2020)] are reviewed 

de novo.” In re B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d 227, 232 (Iowa 2020). We give weight to the 

trial court’s findings of fact, especially on the credibility of witnesses, but are not 

bound by them. Id.

III. Analysis.

Termination proceedings under Iowa Code chapter 600A are 

a two-step process. In the first step, the petitioner seeking 

termination must first show by clear and convincing evidence a 

threshold event has occurred that opens the door for potential 

termination of parental rights. Once that threshold showing has been 

made, the petitioner next must show by clear and convincing 

evidence termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the 

child.

In re Q.G., 911 N.W.2d 761, 770 (Iowa 2018) (internal citations omitted). The 

guardian challenges the juvenile court’s ruling on both steps.

Abandonment.

Iowa Code chapter 600A authorizes the juvenile court to terminate a 

parent’s rights if the parent has abandoned the child. Iowa Code § 600A.8(3). 

Abandonment of a child occurs when “a parent . . . rejects the duties imposed by 

the parent-child relationship, . . . which may be evinced by the person, while being 

able to do so, making no provision or making only a marginal effort to provide for 

the support of the child or to communicate with the child.” Id. § 600A.2(20). The 
8

legislature explained further: a parent is deemed to have abandoned a child six 

months of age or older,

unless the parent maintains substantial and continuous or repeated 

contact with the child as demonstrated by contribution toward 

support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the parent’s 

means, and as demonstrated by any of the following:

(1) Visiting the child at least monthly when physically and 

financially able to do so and when not prevented from doing so by 

the person having lawful custody of the child.

(2) Regular communication with the child or with the person 

having the care or custody of the child, when physically and 

financially unable to visit the child or when prevented from visiting 

the child by the person having lawful custody of the child.

(3) Openly living with the child for a period of six months within 

the one-year period immediately preceding the termination of 

parental rights hearing and during that period openly holding himself 

or herself out to be the parent of the child.

Id. § 600A.8(3)(b) (emphasis added). Thus, to avoid a finding of abandonment, 

the parent must both provide a reasonable amount of support and maintain contact 

with the child or guardian. Id.

The juvenile court found the father’s court-ordered support payments were 

not unreasonable and the financial factor of abandonment had not been shown. 

The guardian does not contest this factor. The father made his court-ordered child 

support payments, meeting the first element of “substantial and continuous or 

repeated contact with the child.” See id. § 600A.8(3)(b) (requiring “repeated 

contact with the child as demonstrated by contribution toward support of the child 

of a reasonable amount”). 

Proceeding to the actions prong, the court found, 

There is no dispute in the record [the father] did not live with [the 

child] for a period of six months within the one-year period 

immediately preceding the termination of parental rights hearing. 

There is also no dispute [the father] did not visit [the child] at least 
9

monthly in the last two years, and nor did he communicate regularly 

with [him] during that time.

The court then examined the father’s communications with the mother and his 

reliance on her to facilitate his contact with the child. While the court found the 

father could have done more to see the child—including initiating an action to 

modify the guardianship—it found his actions “were not unreasonable” in light of 

the guardian’s limits on the mother’s and child’s grandfather’s visitation.

Yet, on our de novo review, we find after June 2018, the father did not 

perform any of the statutory actions that would suggest he sought actual contact 

with the child. By his own admission he did not visit the child, have regular 

communication with the child or the guardian, or openly live with the child within a 

year preceding the termination hearing. See id. § 600A.8(3)(b)(1)-(3). The father

does not contend the guardian prevented him from visiting or communicating with 

the child or that he was physically or financially unable to visit the child. See id.

§ 600A.8(2)(b). And he knew the guardian had custody of the child and where and 

how to contact her. We conclude clear and convincing evidence establishes the 

elements of abandonment under section 600A.8(3)(b).

The father asserts his subjective intent was to be a parent to the child and 

his intent was supported by his actions. A parent’s subjective intent alone “does 

not preclude a determination that he parent has abandoned the child.” Id.

§ 600A.8(3)(c); see In re G.A., 826 N.W.2d 125, 130 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012) 

(“Although the father asserts an interest in G.A., the legislature has specifically 

directed that a subjective interest in the child, ‘unsupported by evidence of acts 

specified in paragraph “a” or “b” [monthly visitation and regular communication] 
10

manifesting such intent, does not preclude a determination that the parent has 

abandoned the child.’ Parental responsibility demands ‘affirmative parenting to the 

extent it is practicable and feasible under the circumstances.’” (alteration in 

original) (internal citations omitted));

6 see also In re B.G.B., No. 19-1403, 2020 WL 

4201004, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. July 22, 2020) (“[S]ection 600A.8(3)(c) does not 

prohibit the court from considering a parent’s intent; it only prohibits the court from 

determining that a parent has not abandoned a child based solely on the parent’s 

subjective intent without taking the parent’s acts into account.”). “In making [its]

determination, the court shall not require a showing of diligent efforts by any person 

to encourage the parent to perform the acts specified in paragraph ‘a’ or ‘b.’” Iowa 

Code § 600A.8(3)(c). 

The question of abandonment comes down to whether the father’s 

interactions with the mother are sufficient to manifest his subjective intent to 

maintain a substantial and continuous place in the child’s life or if he made “only a 

marginal effort . . . to communicate with the child. See id. §§ 600A.2(20), 

600A.8(3). 

Over the years of the guardianship, the mother sometimes exaggerated the 

degree to which she had care of the child and led the father to believe she would 

facilitate his contact with the child. But the father stopped all contact with the 

mother for eight months in 2019, blocking communications with her on social 

media platforms, and after that leaving almost all contact with the mother to occur 

via his wife. He had direct contact with the child’s grandfather—including inviting 

 

6 See G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 128 n.3 (examining a legislative change in the intent 

requirement).
11

him to birthday parties for his new children—but he never tried to contact the 

guardian for information about the child, to talk with the child, or to arrange a visit.

The father maintained contact with the mother because of the child. He 

believed he had provided a gift for the child for Christmas 2019 and the child’s 

2020 birthday. He had a brief video chat with the child in January 2020 while the 

child was visiting the mother. He made arrangements with the mother to visit the 

child in person, and they discussed starting the process to end the guardianship. 

The juvenile court found these efforts reasonable in light of his characterization of 

the relationships between the guardian, the mother, and the child’s grandfather. 

But, most of the actions cited as proof of continued interest were initiated 

by the mother—the father took minimal affirmative action of his own to be a part of 

the child’s life, much less “maintain[ ] substantial and continuous or repeated 

contact with the child.” See Iowa Code § 600A.3(b). When he received notice of 

the termination petition, he took no action until weeks after the termination 

hearing—not calling the guardian to ask any questions, not notifying his attorney 

of the petition (though he met with the attorney during the relevant period to adopt 

his wife’s children), avoiding service for the order on how to appear, not appearing 

at the hearing, and then waiting thirty days before asking to set aside the default 

order.

“[P]arental responsibilities include more than subjectively maintaining an 

interest in a child. The concept requires affirmative parenting to the extent it is 

practical and feasible in the circumstances.” In re Goettsche, 311 N.W.2d 104, 

106 (Iowa 1981). While he may have been interested in the child, we find the 

father’s meager efforts to demonstrate his parental responsibilities and maintain a 
12

place in the child’s life are insufficient. The guardian showed abandonment by 

clear and convincing evidence for termination under section 600A.8(3)(b). The 

guardian has met the threshold requirement for private termination. See Q.G., 911 

N.W.2d at 770.

Best Interests. Because a ground for termination has been established, 

we must next determine if termination of the father’s parental rights is in the child’s 

best interests. See id. The child’s best interests is our “paramount consideration”

in the private termination of parental rights, but the parents’ interests are also 

“given due consideration.” B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d at 232. 

For private termination proceedings, 

The best interest of a child requires that each biological parent 

affirmatively assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a 

parent. In determining whether a parent has affirmatively assumed 

the duties of a parent, the court shall consider, but is not limited to 

consideration of, the fulfillment of financial obligations, 

demonstration of continued interest in the child, demonstration of a 

genuine effort to maintain communication with the child, and 

demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a place of 

importance in the child’s life.

Iowa Code § 600A.1(2). We also consider “the child’s ‘physical, mental, and 

emotional condition and needs’ and the ‘closeness of the parent-child 

relationship.’” Q.G., 911 N.W.2d at 771 (quoting Iowa Code § 232.116(2)-(3)). 

“[W]e look to the child’s long-range as well as immediate interests” in light of the 

parent’s past performance and ability to provide the child with a safe, stable home. 

B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d at 233 (quoting In re Dameron, 306 N.W.2d 743, 745 (Iowa 

1981)). 

The guardian cites as reasons termination is in the child’s best interests the 

lack of a relationship between the father and the child, the father’s lack of 
13

knowledge of and doubts expressed about the child’s medical conditions, the 

child’s struggle with change, and the benefit of permanency for the child. The 

father again notes the mother’s behavior and defers to the juvenile court’s analysis.

Considering the statutory factors of section 600A, we recognize the father 

did fulfill his court-ordered financial obligations. He also demonstrated minimal 

continued interest in the child as demonstrated by maintaining some contact with 

the mother. See Iowa Code § 600A.1(2). However, the father falls short on the 

factors where he would demonstrate a “genuine effort to maintain communication” 

or establishing and maintaining an important place in the child’s life. See id. The 

mother, his wife, and the child’s grandfather have at times each been the driving 

force behind his efforts to assume a role in the child’s life, not his own interest. 

Our evaluation of the child’s needs and the parent-child bond also does not 

weigh in the father’s favor. The father has expressed disbelief about the child’s 

medical and behavioral conditions without seeking any firsthand knowledge or 

asking questions of the guardian or any treating professionals. He has shown little 

interest in discovering and addressing the child’s needs. The father has no 

emotional bond or connection with the child. Termination of the father’s rights is 

in the child’s best interests.

Considering the mother’s consent to termination of her parental rights if the 

father’s rights are terminated, we reverse and remand with instructions to enter an 

order terminating the parental rights of both parents.

Attorney Fees. The father requests payment of attorney fees on appeal. 

Iowa Code section 600A.6B governs the payment of attorney fees in a private 

termination action, but only applies to appointed counsel and does not mention 
14

private counsel. “Only those costs or attorney fees authorized by statute are 

taxable.” In re R.S.N., 706 N.W.2d 705, 708 (Iowa 2005). Father’s counsel is 

privately retained, not appointed, and therefore the attorney fee statute does not 

apply.

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.