FIRST DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

GOBEIL and PIPKIN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS

COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN

THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

January 28, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A20A1795. HARRIS v. THE STATE.

PIPKIN, Judge.

A jury found Charles Harris guilty of rape, child molestation, and false

imprisonment, and he wassentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

Following the denial of a motion for new trial, Harris appeals challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence and the trial court’s failure to fulfill its role as the

“Thirteenth Juror.” Harris also contends that the trial court erred in admitting

evidence and that he was entitled to a mistrial based upon a Brady violation. Finally,

Harris argues that the cumulative prejudicial effect of the errors warrants the grant of

a new trial. For the following reasons, we disagree with Harris’s contentions and

affirm.
1. As a threshold matter, we note that Harris’s brief fails to comply with this

Court’s rules, which require, among other things, that a brief “contain a succinct and

accurate statement of the proceedings below and the material facts relevant to the

appeal; a citation of the parts of the record or transcript essential to a consideration

of the errors.” See Court of Appeals Rule 25 (a) (1). Although Harris challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence, he provides no meaningfulstatement of facts. Rather, he

broadly contends that the evidence was insufficient and cites to the “Entire Trial

Transcript.” However, “[i]t is not the function of this Court to cull the record on

behalf of a party in search of instances of error. The burden is upon the party alleging

error to show it affirmatively in the record.” (Citation and punctuation omitted).

Patterson v. State, 327 Ga. App. 695, 696 (1) (761 SE2d 101) (2014). 

Our rules also require that a brief “contain the argument and citation of

authorities[.]” See Court of Appeals Rule 25 (a) (3). Harris attempts to satisfy this

rule, in part, by referring to “grounds, reasons and arguments as were stated,

articulated and developed by Defendant’s Trial Counsel on the record at Defendant’s

Jury Trial all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully restated herein.” Such

an attempt to bootstrap arguments raised below to an appellate brief does not satisfy

this Court’s requirement that a brief contain argument and citation to authority. See

2
All Fleet Refinishing v. W. Georgia Nat. Bank, 280 Ga. App. 676, 682 (6) (634 SE2d

802) (2006). 

Harris’sfailure to fully complywith thisCourt’srules has hampered our ability

to consider the merits of this appeal. We will nevertheless – to the extent we are able

– consider those arguments that were raised in the brief and supported by argument

and citation of authority.

2. Harris contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s

verdict. Specifically, he asserts that there was no evidence other than the victim’s

testimony in what he describes as a “he said-she said” case. 

On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, with the defendant no longer enjoying a

presumption of innocence. We neither weigh the evidence nor judge the

credibility of witnesses, but determine only whether the evidence was

sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the

charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

(Citation and punctuation omitted). Oates v. State, 355 Ga. App. 301, 301 (844 SE2d

239) (2020). 

Viewed in this light, the evidence shows that the victim lived with her mother

and younger sister and that Harris, who was a paternal uncle, lived with them. Harris

3
would babysit the children while the mother worked overnight shifts. When the

victim wasseven, Harris began molesting her. The first time, the victimwoke at night

to find Harris on top of her, “pushing up on” her. The victim felt extreme pain and

burning, and she began to cry. After Harris stopped, the victim went into the

bathroom to wipe herself and found a “clearish red” fluid on the tissue. After that

night, Harris forced himself on the victim on multiple occasions. According to the

victim, Harris would pin her arms over her head and kiss her; he went “in and out of

her privates” with his “privates,” which caused pain. Harris threatened to harm the

victim if she told anyone. 

The victim’s mother noticed changes in the victim’s behavior. The victim

began to say “mean and hateful things” to her mother and sister, and the mother asked

the victim what was happening. At first, the victim was unwilling to tell her mother

what was happening, but after Harris was arrested on unrelated charges,

1

the victim

told her mother that Harris had been “touching her” and had “kiss[ed] her between

her legs.” The mother called the police. 

Detective David Jones was assigned to the case, and he arranged a forensic

interview. During the interview, which wasrecorded on video and played for the jury,

1

 Harris was taken into custody for failing to register as a sex offender. 

4
the victim recounted the abuse she suffered at Harris’s hands. She gestured to show

how Harris would pin her arms over her head to try to kiss her. 

The State also presented evidence from T. F., a similar transaction witness. In

the 1980s and 1990s, T. F. lived with Harris, who was the common-law husband of

T. F.’s grandmother. T. F. testified that, when she was five, Harris began molesting

her. The first time, Harris took T. F. from her bed as she was sleeping, and he

penetrated her anus with his penis. Two years later, Harris penetrated T. F.’s vagina.

From that point, Harris continued to molest T. F. until she was twelve, when he was

caught in an act of molestation. 

Harris was charged with numerous offenses, including rape, child molestation

based on kissing the victimon the mouth, false imprisonment, aggravated assault, and

possession of a knife during the commission of a felony. The jury found Harris guilty

of rape, childmolestation, and false imprisonment, but acquitted himof the remaining

charges.

2

On appeal, Harris argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

convictions because the only “eye witness” testimony came from the victim.

2 The trial court merged the convictions for kidnapping and rape during

sentencing. 

5
However, the victim’s testimony alone is sufficient to sustain Harris’s convictions.

See Torres v. State, 353 Ga. App. 470, 476 (1) (838 SE2d 137) (2020); West v. State,

339 Ga. App. 279, 281 (1) (793 SE2d 180) (2016); Roberson v. State, 327 Ga. App.

804, 806 (1) (761 SE2d 361) (2014). Furthermore, the victim’stestimony was not the

only evidence presented. The jury also heard testimony from a similar transaction

witness, which showed Harris’s propensity to commit the crime of child molestation.

Under these circumstances, the jury was authorized to find Harris guilty. See Tudor

v. State, 320 Ga. App. 487, 490 (1) (740 SE2d 231) (2013).

3. In a related claim of error, Harris contends that he is entitled to a new trial

based upon the trial court’s failure to fulfill its role as the “Thirteenth Juror.” 

In any case when the verdict of a jury is found contrary to evidence and

the principles of justice and equity, the judge presiding may grant a new

trial before another jury. The presiding judge may exercise a sound

discretion in granting or refusing new trials in cases where the verdict

may be decidedly and strongly against the weight of the evidence even

though there may appear to be some slight evidence in favor of the

finding. When properly raised in a timely motion, these grounds for a

new trial – commonly known asthe “general grounds” – require the trial

judge to exercise a broad discretion to sit as a “thirteenth juror.” In

exercising that discretion, the trial judge must consider some of the

thingsthat [he or]she cannot when assessing the legalsufficiency of the

6
evidence, including any conflicts in the evidence, the credibility of

witnesses, and the weight of the evidence.

(Citations and punctuation omitted). Massey v. State, 346 Ga. App. 233, 235-236 (2)

(816 SE2d 100) (2018).

The trial court’s order makes clear that the judge exercised discretion and

considered the weight of the evidence in concluding that Harris was not entitled to

a new trial on general grounds. Because the trial court acted within its discretion, we

will not interfere with its ruling on appeal. See Dixon v. State, 341 Ga. App. 255, 264

(2 ) (b) (800 SE2d 11) (2017) (“A motion for new trial on [general grounds] is not

properly addressed to this Court as such a decision is one that is solely within the

discretion of the trial court.”) (punctuation omitted).

4. Harris argues that the trial court erred in permitting T. F. to testify as a

similar transaction witness. According to Harris, the prior acts were too remote in

time and the prejudicial effect of admitting the evidence outweighed any probative

value.

“In a criminal proceeding in which the accused is accused of an offense of

child molestation, evidence of the accused’s commission of another offense of child

molestation shall be admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter

7
to which it is relevant.” OCGA § 24-4-414. Under this “rule of inclusion,” there is a

strong presumption in favor of admissibility of a prior act of molestation. See State

v. McPherson, 341 Ga. App. 871, 873 (800 SE2d 389) (2017). Such similar

transaction evidence is relevant to the issue of whether a defendant has a propensity

to commit certain sexual offenses. Id. However, a trial court may still exclude the

evidence “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations of

undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

(Citation and punctuation omitted). Sturgis v. State, 356 Ga. App. 219, 221 (842

SE2d 82) (2020). We review a trial court’s admission of such evidence under a clear

abuse of discretion standard. See id.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing T. F. to testify. The

similarity between the acts of molestation were marked; both involved Harris having

access to a young child through familial relations. In both instances, Harris’s initial

act of molestation involved waking the child in the middle of the night. Harris began

penetrating both victims vaginally when they were seven years old, and he molested

both victims multiple times. Under these circumstances, the similar transaction

evidence was admissible to show “Harris’s lustful disposition with respect to [seven8
year old] girls and his pattern of molesting young girls with whom he was living.”

Harris v. State, 340 Ga. App. 865, 869 (1) (b) (798 SE2d 498) (2017).

The fact that the prior incident took place more than twenty years earlier does

not render the evidence inadmissible. As we have held,

Exclusion of proof of other acts that are too remote in time caters

principally to the dual concerns for relevance and reliability. The

evaluation of the proffered evidence in light of these concerns must be

made on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the significance of

the prior acts has become too attenuated and whether the memories of

the witnesses has likely become too frail. Neither Rule 403 nor any

analogous Rule provides any bright-line rule as to how old is too old.

(Footnote and punctuation omitted). Harris, 340 Ga. App. 865 at 868. Although the

acts to which T. F. testified happened years ago, the trial court was not required to

exclude the similar transaction evidence. McAllister v. State, 351 Ga. App. 76, 83-84

(1) (b) (830 SE2d 443) (2019); Peterson v. State, 337 Ga. App. 70, 74 (785 SE2d

905) (2016). 

5. According to Harris, the trial court erred in allowing Detective Jones – who

was not qualified as an expert – to offer expert testimony.

3 During trial, Jones

3

 The State did not seek to have Jones qualified as an expert.

9
testified that he asked the victim’s mother to take the victim to a children’s hospital

for a specialized medical exam. But the mother took the child to a local doctor

instead, and no medical personnel testified at trial. The prosecutor asked Jones:

“Based on your experience in sexual assault investigations, is there normally DNA

in these cases?” Harris objected on the basis that medical expertise was required to

answer the question. The trial court overruled the objection “to the extent” that Jones

had experience, and Jonesresponded: “In cases where we are within [sic]the 72-hour

window, it’s rare that we get . . . DNA. Oftentimes, it may be just epithelial or cell

DNA. Nothing like the kind that you probably hear about, the sperm or anything like

that.” Jones was then asked about injuries, and he said injuries were “also something

we don’t see too often, believe it or not, because of the tissue that is down there[;] it

healsrapidly.” Again, Harris objected thatJones was offering medical testimony, but

the court permitted the testimony to stand. On appeal, Jones assertsthat the trial court

abused its discretion in allowing Jones to testify as a medical expert. 

A trial court has broad discretion in determining evidence admissibility.

And under Georgia law, evidence which in connection with other

evidence tends, even slightly, to prove, explain, or illustrate a fact is

probative and relevant. Doubt as to relevancy should be resolved in

favor of admission and against exclusion, with the evidence’s weight

left to the jury.

10
(Citations and punctuation omitted). Martinez-Arias v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (1) (a)

(846 SE2d 448) (2020).

“[W]e have consistently held that a police officer may give opinion testimony

regarding his observations if an adequate foundation is laid with respect to his

experience and training, even if he is not formally tendered as an expert.” Goggins

v. State, 330 Ga. App. 350, 362 (4) (g) (767 SE2d 753) (2014). Here, Jones testified

that he had years of experience as an investigator with the special victims unit dealing

with child exploitation, and he testified regarding the procedures employed in

investigating child exploitation cases. The questions posed to him pertained to the

types of evidence normally collected in prosecuting sex crimes against children. Jones

was thus authorized to testify that it was common to have no DNA evidence and for

child victims of sex crimesto have no physical injury. See id. (investigator authorized

to testify regarding grooming techniques used by sexual predators); Martinez-Arias,

__ Ga. App. __, __ (1) (b) (Latin American school counselor could testify as to

Latino cultural norms based upon her first-hand experiences).

Even if Jones crossed a line into offering medical evidence when he testified

that “tissue down there . . . rapidly heals[,]” any error is harmless. Again, Jones was

permitted to testify that child molestation victims often had no physical injury. See

11
Goggins, 330 Ga. App. at 362-363 (4) (g). It is highly unlikely that Jones’ additional

statement regarding the reason for the lack of physical injury contributed to the

verdict. See Quedens v. State, 280 Ga. 355, 361-362 (5) (629 SE2d 197) (2006) (error

in admitting lay testimony was harmless where there was no reasonable probability

that the admission of the evidence contributed to the jury’s verdict).

6. Harris alleges that the trial court was required to declare a mistrial based

upon the State’s failure to provide exculpatory evidence as required by Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U. S. 83 (83 SCt 1194, 10 LEd2d 215) (1963). During closing

argument, the prosecutor argued that the victim’s younger sister had been

interviewed, but she did not know anything. The State had not previously disclosed

to Harris that the sister had been interviewed. According to Harris, the evidence was

exculpatory because the victim had said her sister saw Harris remove the victim’s

underwear. Specifically,Harris argued that the evidence could be used to impeach the

victim’s testimony.

4

 The trial court denied the motion for mistrial. 

The Supreme Court’s Brady holding requires the State to disclose to the

defendant evidence that is both favorable to the accused and material to guilt or

4 According to the State, although the prosecutor spoke to the sister, no

statement wastaken. The sister wasincluded on the list of potential witnesses, butshe

was not called by the State. 

12
punishment. Moclaire v. State, 215 Ga. App. 360, 360 (1) (451 SE2d 68) (1994).

“Impeachment evidence, as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the Brady rule.

Such evidence is evidence favorable to an accused, so that, if disclosed and used

effectively, it may make the difference between conviction and acquittal.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Id.

To prevail on a Brady claim, [Harris]mustshow that the State possessed

evidence favorable to him, that he did not possess the evidence and

could not obtain it himself with reasonable diligence, that the State

suppressed the favorable evidence, and that, if the evidence had been

disclosed to him, a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the

proceeding would have been different.

(Citation omitted). Grant v. State, 295 Ga. 126, 127 (2) (757 SE2d 831) (2014).

Harris is unable to meet this burden. Harris knew that the victim’s allegations

involved acts of molestation in a room the victim shared with her sister, and the sister

had been listed as a potential witness at trial. Nothing prevented Harris from

interviewing the sister to ascertain what – if anything – she knew. The fact that the

State did not call the sister to testify suggests that the sister knew nothing about the

alleged abuse. Where, as here, Harris could have discovered the alleged impeachment

evidence through the exercise of due diligence, he hasshown noBrady violation. See,

13
State v. James, 292 Ga. 440, 441-442 (2) (738 SE2d 601) (2013) (no Brady violation

where State failed to provide a page from a report; the pagination made clear the page

was missing, and a co-defendant was able to obtain the full report).

Furthermore, because the State disclosed the information during closing

argument, thisis not a case in which the evidence wassuppressed or in which the jury

was unaware of evidence. Cf. Dodd v. State, 293 Ga. App. 816, 820 (2) (668 SE2d

311) (2008) (no Brady violation where allegedly exculpatory evidence was

introduced at trial). We fail to see how the disclosure of the information before trial

would have resulted in a different result. 

Finally, Harris has not shown that he was prejudiced by the State’s failure to

disclose the evidence sooner. The sister was only five years old when the molestation

took place. She may have seen Harris remove the victim’s underwear and not

recognized the act as sinister. Indeed, the victim testified that she attempted to shield

her sister from the abuse in order to protect her. Although there is a possibility that

the sister’s statement may have undermined the victim’s credibility, the mere

possibility that the evidence might have aided the defense is notsufficient to establish

a Brady violation. See Belins v. State, 210 Ga. App. 259, 260 (2) (435 SE2d 675)

(1993). Accordingly, this argument presents no basis for reversal.

14
7. Harris contends that he is entitled to a new trial given the “collective and

cumulative prejudice” of the trial court’s errors. Georgia has recently adopted a

cumulative error rule, stating that “Georgia courts considering whether a criminal

defendant is entitled to a new trial should consider collectively the prejudicial effect

of trial court errors and any deficient performance by counsel – at least where those

errors by the court and counsel involve evidentiary issues.” See State v. Lane, 308 Ga.

10, 14 (1) (838 SE2d 808) (2020). Here, Harris has not alleged ineffective assistance

of counsel, and we have found that the sole error the trial court may have committed

in not curtailing Detective Jones’s testimony did not contribute to the verdict.

Accordingly, Harris has not shown entitlement to a new trial based upon cumulative

error. Showers v. State, 353 Ga. App. 754, 761 (2) (d) (839 SE2d 245) (2020).

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Gobeil, J., concur.

15