NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0037n.06 

Case No. 15-6307 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

SOUTHERN REHABILITATION GROUP, 

P.L.L.C., d/b/a Occupational Alternative & 

Rehabilitative Services, P.C., and JAMES P. 

LITTLE, M.D., 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 

SYLVIA M. BURWELL, Secretary of the United 

States Department of Health and Human Services, 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE 

O P I N I O N 

BEFORE: BOGGS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and BECKWITH, District Judge.*

 McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Southern Rehabilitation Group, P.L.L.C. and Dr. James 

Little brought this civil action to recover interest payments on Medicare claims voluntarily paid 

by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. On remand following an 

initial appeal, the district court held that the plaintiffs were not entitled to interest on the claims 

because the claims were not “clean” as required by the provision of the Medicare Act that 

authorizes interest payments. Accordingly, the court granted summary judgment to defendants. 

 *

 The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, United States District Judge for the Southern 

District of Ohio, sitting by designation. 
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Because the district court’s decision correctly applied the Medicare Act provision, and because 

the court did not commit any other error, we affirm. 

I 

 This is the second appeal in this matter. See S. Rehab. Grp v. Sec’y of HHS, 732 F.3d 

670, 672–76 (6th Cir. 2013). Although the dispute spans at least fifteen years, we begin with 

only that background relevant to the immediate appeal. 

In 2001, Dr. James Little became the medical director of Southern Rehabilitation Group, 

P.L.L.C. Collectively, the provider generated approximately 10,000 Medicare claims per year, 

representing 70% of its patients. Relevant here are some 6,200 such claims, generated between 

2001 and 2006. All of these claims were initially sent to a Medicare contractor, CIGNA, 

responsible for review and payment. 

During the same period, plaintiffs were under a Progressive Corrective Action plan, 

which led CIGNA to order “prepayment medical review” on 100% of the claims. The 

prepayment review was conducted by a subcontractor. Prepayment medical review involves a 

contractor individually evaluating claims for errors or discrepancies and may require the provider 

to submit additional documentation, if necessary. See Medicare Program Integrity Manual, CMS 

Pub. #100-08, Ch. 3, §§ 3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2. 

During prepayment review, the subcontractor denied or down-coded many of the claims. 

A complex series of administrative proceedings followed as plaintiffs challenged these 

determinations. The relevant claims here are those 6,200 claims which remained unpaid or 

down-coded when the administrative review process had been exhausted. See S. Rehab. Grp., 

732 F.3d at 684. Following administrative review, plaintiffs asserted they were still owed 

$107,171.07 on those claims. Id. 
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Accordingly, plaintiffs filed this civil action against the Secretary of the United States 

Department of Health and Human Services, in part seeking judicial review of the final agency 

decision and reimbursement for the 6,200 claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1).1

 See S. Rehab. 

Grp., 732 F. 3d at 674. Initially, the Secretary moved to dismiss, but followed this with a motion 

for partial remand on the 6,200 claims in order to voluntarily pay plaintiffs the $107,171.07 then 

in dispute on those claims. S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F. 3d at 674–75. The plaintiffs responded by 

arguing that the proposed payment was insufficient because it did not include interest and 

improperly relieved the Secretary of responsibility for filing the related administrative record. 

The district court granted the motion and the Secretary paid the plaintiffs the amount they had 

originally demanded on the claims—but no interest. 

Following this payment, the district court entered judgment for defendants on the 

remaining claims. In its opinion, the district court dismissed the claims for payment on the 

6,200 claims as moot and denied plaintiffs’ request for interest payments because, according to 

the Medicare Claims Manual, interest payments were not authorized on claims initially 

processed to denial. S. Rehab. Grp., P.L.L.C. v. Sebelius, 874 F. Supp. 2d 733, 742 (E.D. Tenn. 

2012). Plaintiffs timely appealed. S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 676. On appeal, in relevant part, 

this court considered whether plaintiffs were owed interest on the 6,200 claims voluntarily paid 

by the Secretary. Id. at 683–84. 

The plaintiffs claimed they were owed interest under the “clean claims” provision of the 

Medicare Act. Id. at 684. This provision provides that: 

(B)(i) The term ‘clean claim’ means a claim that has no defect or impropriety 

(including any lack of any required substantiating documentation) or particular 

 1

 Reimbursement for the 6,200 claims made up only part of plaintiffs’ complaint, but 

discussion of other claims has been left out of this background. See, S. Rehab. Grp., F.3d at 

672–77. At this stage, Secretary Sylvia M. Burwell is the only remaining defendant. 
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circumstance requiring special treatment that prevents timely payment from being 

made on this claim under this part. 

(ii) The term “applicable number of calendar days” means— 

(V) 30 calendar days. 

(C) If payment is not issued, mailed, or otherwise transmitted within [30 days] 

after a clean claim is received, interest shall be paid . . . for the period beginning 

on the day after the required payment date and ending on the date on which 

payment is made. 

42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B) and (C). 

 The Secretary read the provision to be entirely inapplicable to claims initially processed 

to denial and paid only after judicial review, which would mean no interest was owed on the 

relevant claims. S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 685. The court applied Skidmore deference to the 

Secretary’s interpretation, but found it unpersuasive. Id. at 685–86. The court read 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395u(c)(2)(B) and (C) to mean that: 

Congress placed only two limitations on the payment of interest under the cleanclaims provision. First, the claim must be clean, meaning it has “no defects or 

improprieties.” Second, if the claim is clean, interest is automatically due if the 

claim is not paid “within [30 days] after the . . . claim is received.” That’s it. 

There are no further limitations in Congress’s express language. 

Id. at 686 (internal citations omitted) (alterations in original). 

 The court found the Secretary’s interpretation unreasonable because excluding claims 

initially processed to denial “place[d] additional limitations” beyond the two named in the 

statute. Id. Thus, the court reversed the district court’s decision granting summary judgment to 

the Secretary on plaintiffs’ claims for interest and remanded for further proceedings.2 Id. at 686–

87. The district court was ordered on remand to determine whether “interest is due on some or 

all of the 6,200 claims.” Id. 

 2

 The court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ other claims for lack of 

subject matter jurisdiction. See id. at 680, 683. 
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The Secretary subsequently filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Her position 

was that prepayment review, to which the claims were subject, was a form of special treatment 

that exempted interest payments under the statute by making them not “clean.” Plaintiffs 

responded by arguing that this was not a proper interpretation of the statute and that the 

Secretary’s position was contrary to the Sixth Circuit’s earlier opinion. 

The district court granted summary judgment for the Secretary. S. Rehab. Grp., P.L.L.C. 

v. Burwell, 2015 WL 5703238, at *4 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 28, 2015). The court held that a claim is 

“clean” if it is “free of defects or improprieties OR [if] the claim involves a ‘particular 

circumstance requiring special treatment that prevents timely payment.’” Id. at *3 (quoting 

42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B)(i)). The court concluded that the prepayment medical review of 

claims is a type of treatment that precluded interest payments under the provision and, because 

all the relevant claims had been subject to prepayment medical review, they were not “clean.” 

Id. at *4. The court granted summary judgment to the Secretary. Id. This appeal followed. 

II 

 The district court had jurisdiction to consider the relevant claims under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395ff(b)(1)(A) and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). See also S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 684–85. This 

court has jurisdiction over the district court’s final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

A 

Plaintiffs argue that the district court considered arguments outside the scope of its 

mandate on remand. “When a case has been remanded by an appellate court, the trial court is 

bound to ‘proceed in accordance with the mandate and law of the case as established by the 

appellate court.’” Goldberg v. Maloney, 692 F.3d 534, 538 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Hanover 
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Ins. Co. v. Am. Eng'g Co., 105 F.3d 306, 312 (6th Cir. 1997)). This court reviews the scope of 

remand de novo. United States v. Hunter, 646 F.3d 372, 374 (6th Cir. 2011). 

Plaintiffs assert that this court remanded to the district court for the limited purpose “to 

address whether interest was due on [the relevant] claims,” and that, instead, the court 

impermissibly considered arguments they allege the Secretary had waived: whether those claims 

were actually “clean.” 

The relevant passage from the appellate court opinion is: 

On summary judgment, it was the Secretary’s burden to show that no genuine 

issue of material fact exists as to plaintiffs’ claim for interest. But she cannot rely 

on her unreasonable interpretation of the clean-claims statute as a basis for 

summary judgment. In order to be entitled to summary judgment, she would 

presumably have to show that plaintiffs’ claims were not clean claims denied 

outside of the 30–day window. On remand, the district court should address 

whether interest is due on some or all of the 6,200 claims for reimbursement that 

plaintiffs appropriately brought before the district court. 

S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 686–87 (emphasis added). In other words, we instructed the court to 

determine whether the claims were owed interest—noted they would be if both “clean” and 

unpaid after 30 days—and left it to the Secretary to prove they were not. See id. 

That is exactly what happened. On remand, the Secretary endeavored to show the claims 

were not clean. The district court agreed with her position and granted summary judgment. 

S. Rehab. Grp., P.L.L.C., 2015 WL 5703238, at *4. These proceedings on remand tracked this 

court’s order precisely. 

Further, despite plaintiffs’ contentions, the Secretary had not waived the argument that 

the relevant claims were not “clean” by failing to raise it in earlier proceedings. Indeed, the 

Secretary had included this position in a footnote on the first appeal. Case No. 12-5903, Doc. 

006111645361, at 46, n.15 (“clean claims do not entail investigation or development by the 

Medicare contractor on a prepayment basis”). But it was unnecessary at that stage for her to 
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make this argument more fully. On the first appeal she was arguing that the “clean claims” 

provision did not apply to these claims whatsoever—the question of whether or not these claims 

were “clean” was entirely irrelevant to the Secretary’s initial position. See id. at 47. However, 

once this court rejected her reading and held the clean-claims provision did apply, she prudently 

turned her full attention to the now-dispositive argument which she had left aside—whether the 

claims were “clean.” See S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 686–87. As she had not waived the 

argument, it would be doubly improper to preclude her from making it after instructing on 

remand that it would be grounds for summary judgment. 3 Id. 

Thus, the arguments made by the Secretary and considered by the district court were 

properly within the scope of remand. 

B 

Plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s procedural decision to sua sponte grant 

summary judgment on defendants’ post-remand Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Plaintiffs argue that this 

conversion denied them both notice and the opportunity for discovery as required by the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure. 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(d) requires that, upon conversion of a motion to 

dismiss to one for summary judgment, parties need only be given a “reasonable opportunity to 

present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.” However, a district court may enter 

summary judgment sua sponte if the losing party is “afforded notice and reasonable opportunity 

 3

 Nor can the Secretary be said to have waived this argument because she voluntarily paid 

interest on some of the claims subject to prepayment medical review. It is not clear whether 

those interest payments were made because they were “clean claims” not paid after thirty days or 

because a different applicable provision of the Medicare statute applied. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395l(j) (requiring payment of interest when a final determination is made that a claim was 

underpaid initially and the difference was not paid within 30 days of that determination). The 

fact that the Secretary made some interest payments on some claims does not mean she forfeited 

the right to challenge plaintiffs’ entitlement to interest on other claims. 
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to respond to all the issues to be considered by the court.” Shelby Cnty. Health Care Corp. v. 

S. Council of Indus. Workers Health & Welfare Trust Fund, 203 F.3d 926, 931 (6th Cir. 2000). 

Lack of formal notice “will be excused when it is harmless.” Tackett v. M & G Polymers, USA, 

LLC, 561 F.3d 478, 487–88 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting 5C C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice 

and Procedure § 1366, p. 198 (3d ed. 2004)). 

Our review is for abuse of discretion. Wysocki v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., 607 F.3d 1102, 

1104 (6th Cir. 2010). A decision will be reversed for abuse of discretion only if we have “a 

definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Barnes v. 

Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp., 201 F.3d 815, 820 (6th Cir. 2000). 

The district court’s decision to sua sponte convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into one for 

summary judgment was not an abuse of discretion. The district court’s final order had three 

necessary components. First, the clean-claims provision was read to mean a claim is not “clean” 

if it is subject to special treatment that prevents timely payment. S. Rehab. Grp., P.L.L.C., 2015 

WL 5703238, at *3. Second, prepayment medical review was deemed to constitute special 

treatment that prevents timely payment within the meaning of the statute. Id. *3. Third, the 

court held that all of the relevant claims had been subjected to prepayment medical review. Id. at 

*4. The first component is not genuinely disputed. Plaintiffs provided comprehensive counter 

arguments for the second component of the court’s eventual order in their response to the 

Secretary’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion. The order’s third necessary component, going all the way 

back to the first district court filing in 2009, has never been in dispute. Plaintiffs therefore had 

adequate opportunity to respond to the issues considered by the district court in granting 

summary judgment sua sponte and, indeed, fully took advantage of the opportunity. See Shelby 
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Cty. Health Care Corp., 203 F.3d at 932 (finding no abuse of discretion for sua sponte entry of 

summary judgment where both parties comprehensively addressed the argument for dismissal). 

Not only did plaintiffs have the opportunity to respond to the relevant issues prior to the 

conversion, they effectively caused it. Plaintiffs attached an affidavit to their response to the 

Secretary’s post-remand motion. It was the inclusion of this affidavit—identifying the relevant 

claims and again confirming they were subject to prepayment medical review—that necessitated 

the court’s conversion of the motion. See Mac Arnold & Sons, LLC v. W.L. Hailey & Co., 

452 F.3d. 494, 503 (6th Cir. 2006). Again, the lack of notice was harmless: plaintiffs cannot 

have been surprised the motion was converted when the conversion was due to the court’s 

reliance on the very affidavit they submitted. Therefore, the district court’s procedural decision 

to sua sponte convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment was not an abuse of 

discretion. 

C 

This court reviews a decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Gribcheck v. Runyon, 

245 F.3d 547, 500 (6th Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue 

as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party has the burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact 

exists. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). 

1 

Before considering the substance of the lower court’s interpretation of the statute, we 

dispose of what appears to be some friction between our initial reading of the “clean claims” 

provision and that adopted by the district court. Although this court had said that a “clean claim” 

means one with “no defects or improprieties” and went no further, the district court pointed out 
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that the statute includes a category we failed to mention: claims involving “particular 

circumstances requiring special treatment that prevents timely payment.” S. Rehab. Grp., 

P.L.L.C., 2015 WL 5703238, at *3. Such claims, the court held, are also not “clean” under the 

provision. Id at *4. The district court was not wrong. Reading the statute’s plain language 

shows two alternative categories of unclean claims, either those with defects or improprieties or 

those involving particular circumstances requiring special treatment that prevents timely 

payment. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B) and (C). Neither party genuinely disputes this 

reading. 

Nor does it contradict the substance of this court’s prior opinion. The necessary holding 

of that opinion was that the “clean claims” provision requires only two things for interest to 

attach: that claims are “clean” and that they are unpaid within a specified time after submission. 

It was not necessary for this court’s holding to determine what makes a claim “clean” under the 

provision. Thus, the district court correctly held that the clean-claims provision provides two 

categories of unclean claims: (1) those with defects or improprieties, or; (2) those subject to 

circumstances requiring special treatment that prevents timely payment. 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1395u(c)(2)(B). 

2 

No interest is payable by the federal government except where Congress has expressly 

authorized it. Library of Congress v. Shaw, 478 U.S. 310, 315 (1986). The “clean claims” 

provision in the Medicare Act is Congress’s express authorization of interest in this case. See S. 

Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 684. The provision requires the government to make interest payments 

on the relevant claims if two conditions are satisfied: first, that the claims are “clean” under the 
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statutory meaning; and second, that the claims have been unpaid for 30 days. See id at 685; 

42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B) and (C). 

The Secretary asserts that the 6,200 claims at issue are not clean as a matter of law and 

she is therefore not authorized to pay interest on them. Under the provision, a claim is “clean” 

unless it has “defects or improprieties” or it is “subject to particular circumstances requiring 

special treatment that prevents timely payment.” See id. The Secretary asserts that prepayment 

medical review constitutes special treatment preventing timely payments. The district court 

agreed. S. Rehab. Grp., P.L.L.C., 2015 WL 5703238, at *4. 

We employ the usual tools of statutory interpretation to determine if prepayment medical 

review is a type of “special treatment that prevents timely payment” under the clean-claims 

provision. We begin this analysis “by examining the language of the statute itself to determine if 

its meaning is plain.” Nat’l Air Traffic Controllers Ass’n v. Dep’t of Transp., 654 F.3d 654, 657 

(6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Plain meaning is examined by looking at the 

language and design of the statute as a whole.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The plain language of the statute supports a reading that claims subject to prepayment 

medical review are not “clean.” For a claim not to be clean under the relevant clause, two 

conditions must be satisfied. First, the claim must be “subject to particular circumstances 

requiring special treatment.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B). Second, that special treatment must 

“prevent[] timely payment.” Id.

Here, the provider was subject to an onerous Progressive Corrective Action plan under 

which all relevant claims were submitted to prepayment medical review. While most Medicare 

claims are paid upon receipt, prepayment medical review is an error prevention program 

applying “to those services and items that pose the greatest financial risk to the Medicare 
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program and that represent the best investment of resources.” See Medicare Program Integrity 

Manual, CMS Publication #100-08, ch. 3, § 3.2.1. In other words, prepayment medical review is 

atypical.4

 Indeed, 100 percent prepayment medical review of a provider’s claims, like that here, 

is used only in exceptional circumstances. See id. at § 3.1 (contractors “shall deal with serious 

problems using the most substantial administrative actions available, such as 100 percent 

prepayment review of claims”). The prepayment medical review process itself requires detailed, 

individualized consideration of the claims to ensure proper billing and avoid payment errors. 

See id. at §§ 3.3.1, 3.3.1.1–2. Thus, prepayment medical review constitutes a particular 

circumstance requiring special treatment of Medicare claims.5 

In addition to being subject to special treatment, however, that special treatment must 

also “prevent[] timely payment.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B). This condition can be read one of 

two ways. Either a treatment “prevents timely payment” in that it delays payment; or it 

“prevents timely payment” in that it causes payment to fall outside the 30-day, interest-free 

window. The phrase “timely payment” is not used elsewhere in the statute and is not defined. 

However, where Congress intended to refer to a specific timeline for payment in the section, it 

used the phrase “applicable number of calendar days.” See 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B)(ii), (C), 

and (3)(A). Accordingly, the phrase “prevents timely payment” should not be conflated to mean 

failure to pay by the statutory deadline as Congress was explicit when referring to those 

 4

 Indeed, it would not be practical to implement medical review of all claims. See id. at 

§ 3.2.1 (providing guidance for when medical review applies and noting that “the claims volume 

of the Medicare Program doesn’t allow for review of every claim”); See also United States v. 

Sanet, 666 F.2d 1370, 1372 (11th Cir. 1982) (noting “it would not be administratively feasible to 

routinely require, in advance of payment, full medical documentation of” claims). 

5

 We note, for the sake of clarity, that “prepayment medical review,” as applied, is both a 

“particular circumstance” and a “special treatment.” A claim placed under prepayment medical 

review—and so subject to a particular circumstance—is given special treatment—the additional, 

individualized scrutiny imposed by the review itself. 
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deadlines. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(C) (“[i]f payment is not issued, mailed, or 

otherwise transmitted within the applicable number of calendar days...”). Reading the phrase 

“prevents timely payment” to mean exactly the same thing as “payment not...transmitted within 

the applicable number of calendar days” would contravene the presumption that “when the 

legislature uses certain language in one part of the statute and different language in another, the 

court assumes different meanings were intended.” DePierre v. United States, 564 U.S. 70, 83 

(2011) (quoting Sosa v. Alvarez–Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 711, n. 9 (2004)). Therefore, in its 

statutory context, the phrase referring to treatment that “prevents timely” payment, refers to 

treatment that delays it. 

Prepayment medical review delays payment. First, it seems almost too obvious to note 

that prepayment medical review, as particularized review of claims before payment, will delay it. 

See Medicare Program Integrity Manual, CMS Publication #100-08, ch. 3, §§ 3.3.1, 3.3.1.1–2. 

Relatedly, prepayment review is conceptually distinct from post-payment review—an alternative 

treatment in which a contractor ensures proper billing only after payment. See id. at § 3.2. 

Finally, prepayment medical review includes various possibilities that, if triggered, would 

substantially delay processing. See e.g., id. at § 3.2.3.2 (providing 45 days for providers to 

respond to a request for additional documentation); id. at § 3.2.3 (requiring contractor to hold 

claims for 7–10 days upon notice of forthcoming unsolicited documentation and then requiring a 

determination within 30 days of receiving that documentation). 

In sum, under the statute’s plain meaning, claims subject to prepayment medical review 

are subject to particular circumstances requiring special treatment that prevents timely payment 

and are therefore not “clean” under the clean claims provision. 
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This reading is consistent with that adopted by other authorities. The Secretary’s 

interpretation has long been that “clean claims are defined as claims that do not require Medicare 

[contractors] to investigate or develop them outside of their Medicare operations on a 

prepayment basis.” 73 Fed. Reg. 36522, 362526 (June 27, 2008). Likewise, the Seventh Circuit 

has read the clean-claims provision to mean that claims subject to prepayment medical review 

were not clean. See Ctr. for Dermatology & Skin Cancer, Ltd. v. Burwell, 770 F.3d 586, 591 

(7th Cir. 2014). Moreover, this reading is consistent with the legislative history of the provision. 

See H.R. Rep. No. 99-727, at 440 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3607, 3837 (noting 

that claims are clean if they “do not require special treatment, such as medical review”). 

Considering this persuasive authority alongside the statute’s plain language, it can be said that 

claims subject to prepayment medical review are not “clean” as a matter of law. 

Plaintiffs insist this is a factual issue. They contend that the Secretary must show that the 

claims themselves both required prepayment medical review and that medical review, of some 

specificity, actually took place. These factual findings are unnecessary under a fair reading of 

the statute. Indeed, reading the statute to require the Secretary to show prepayment medical 

review was required due to some characteristic of a claim itself would be to read-out the statute’s 

disjunctive language that makes a claim unclean if it either has a defect or impropriety or if it is 

subject to particular circumstances requiring special treatment. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395u(c)(2)(B). 

Despite plaintiffs’ contentions, the provision’s second category would be made meaningless if it 

required a finding that a claim had some characteristic necessitating individualized review—

flaws in individual claims are already covered by the first category. Thus, in order for us to find 

the claims were not clean under a fair reading of the statute, the Secretary may merely show the 

claims were subject to a particular circumstance requiring special treatment. In this case, the 
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claims were subject to prepayment medical review—a particular circumstance requiring special 

treatment. 

Finally, this interpretation of the statute does not unduly conflict with its purpose. 

As stated in our previous opinion, the interest authorization in the Medicare statute is meant to 

incentivize the prompt payment of claims. See S. Rehab. Grp., 732 F.3d at 685–86. However, 

the requirement that claims be “clean” before interest attaches reflects Congress’s need to 

balance prompt payment with its interest in preventing fraud and overpayment. See H.R. Rep. 

No. 99-727, at 440 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3607, 3837. Prepayment medical 

review is designed to prevent overpayment and is atypical treatment that does not apply to the 

vast majority of claims. See Medicare Program Integrity Manual, CMS Pub. #100-08, Ch. 3, 

§ 3.1. The Secretary’s responsibility to pay only valid claims and do so promptly is fully 

consistent with a finding that, in the unusual case where prepayment medical review applies to a 

claim, the claim is not owed interest under the statute.6 This reading reflects the provision’s 

purpose of balancing the competing interests of prompt payment and preventing overpayment. 

As the claims at issue were subject to prepayment medical review, they are not “clean” 

under the clean-claims provision and the Secretary owes no interest. Accordingly, the district 

court did not err in granting summary judgment for the Secretary. 

V 

 For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court. 

 

 6

 Indeed, that prepayment medical review is atypical treatment is an essential element of 

our holding. Were the Secretary to submit all future Medicare claims from all providers to such 

review (say, in an attempt to avoid interest payments across-the-board), the treatment would no 

longer be “special” and would not fit within the exception to paying interest we find applies here. 
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BOGGS, Circuit Judge, Dissenting.

 The majority’s opinion echoes the Secretary’s position, in the abstract, that a claim 

cannot be “clean” if it is “subject to a particular circumstance requiring special treatment.” 

(Op. at 11–12 & n.5, 14). This would be a sensible reading, were it not for the Secretary’s 

explicit position that such a “particular circumstance” can be simply the Secretary’s assertion 

that a claim, category of claims, or claims from a particular provider, shall be subjected to such 

individualized review, and that no reason whatsoever need be supported, or even asserted. The 

distinction between “supported” and “asserted” is crucial, in that the Secretary’s position would 

be much stronger if it were only that the Secretary did not bear the burden of proving the 

necessity for such review in every instance. An alternative, and much lighter, burden would be 

the equivalent of the burden-shifting in McDonnell Douglas cases, e.g., 411 U.S. 792 (1972), 

where the defender of an action (in this case the Secretary) would need only to assert a 

“legitimate non-discriminatory reason” or something similar in order to shift the burden of 

production, or even persuasion or proof. 

Instead, the Secretary’s explicit position (which the majority does not advert to) is that 

the Secretary’s placing a claim or a category of claims under review prevents such claims from 

being “clean,” no matter the reason. The Secretary’s decision is still considered inviolate, when 

made for any reason or no reason—even, at the extreme, a discriminatory reason. See Def.’s 

Resp. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Leave to File Second Am. Compl. 4 (“Even in extreme cases 

when an intentional and invidious motivation—e.g., racial discrimination—is alleged to be the 

reason that a practitioner’s Medicare claims are placed on prepayment review, there is no 

potential relief [by way of interest payment].”). 
Case No. 15-6307, Southern Rehab. Grp., et. al v. Sec’y of HHS

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 I cannot agree with such an extreme interpretation, or its sanctification by this court’s 

opinion, and I therefore respectfully dissent.