Slip Opinion 04-131

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

__________________________________________

:

NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION, :

NKK CORPORATION, :

KAWASAKI STEEL CORPORATION :

and :

TOYO KOHAN CO., LTD., :

:

Plaintiffs, :

:

v. : Court No. 00-09-00479

:

UNITED STATES, : Public Version

:

Defendant, :

:

WEIRTON STEEL CORPORATION, : 

:

Defendant-Intervenor. :

__________________________________________:

[ITC second remand determination remanded.]

Dated: October 14, 2004

Willkie Farr & Gallagher (William H. Barringer, Christopher Dunn, James P. Durling, Daniel L.

Porter, and Robert E. DeFrancesco) for plaintiffs. 

Lyn M. Schlitt, Director of Office of External Relations, James M. Lyons, General Counsel,

Marc A. Bernstein, Assistant General Counsel, United States International Trade Commission

(Laurent de Winter and Neil Joseph Reynolds) for defendant.

Schagrin Associates (Roger B. Schagrin) for defendant-intervenor.

OPINION

RESTANI, Chief Judge:

Before the court is the United States International Trade Commission’s (“Commission”

or “ITC”) second remand determination concerning tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 2

(“TCCSS”) imports from Japan. In its original determination, the Commission concluded that

the United States TCCSS industry was materially injured by reason of TCCSS imports from

Japan (“subject imports”) that were sold at less than fair value (“LTFV”). Tin- and ChromiumCoated Steel Sheet From Japan, 65 Fed. Reg. 50,005, USITC Pub. 3300, Inv. No. 731-TA-860

(final determ.) (Aug. 2000) (A.R. 2-148) [hereinafter Final Determination]. Although the court

found the Commission’s conclusions with respect to subject import volume supported by

substantial evidence, the court ordered the Commission to reevaluate its analysis of the effect of

subject imports on domestic pricing as well as its conclusions with respect to causation. Nippon

Steel Corp. v. United States, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1330, 1356 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2001) (“Nippon I”). 

On remand, the Commission again determined that the domestic industry was materially

injured by reason of subject imports. Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet from Japan, Inv.

No. 731-TA-860 (final determ.) (March 2002) (A.R. 2-261R) [hereinafter First Remand

Determination]. After reviewing the Commission’s explanations and the evidence, the court

found otherwise. Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 223 F. Supp. 2d 1349 (Ct. Int’l Trade

2002) (“Nippon II”). The court held that uncontested evidence established that LTFV subject

imports did not have a material effect on domestic prices and that there was no valid reason to

discount non-price factors or non-subject imports as the predominant cause of material injury. 

Id. Furthermore, the court found that a remand for reconsideration or recalculation was not

necessary because the Commission had “demonstrated an unwillingness or inability to address

the substantial claims made by the respondents or the concerns expressed by the court in 

Nippon I . . .” Id. at 1371–72. Instead, the court vacated the affirmative injury finding and

directed the Commission to enter a negative material injury determination. Id. at 1372.
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 3

1

 The Commission made this determination in a 4-2 vote. Chairman Okun, Vice

Chairman Hillman, and Commissioners Miller and Lane join in the majority views. 

Commissioners Koplan and Pearson dissent. Commissioner Koplan reaffirms his original

dissenting views, finding that an industry in the United States is not materially injured by reason

of subject imports from Japan. See Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet from Japan, Inv. No.

731-TA-860 (Final), Publication 3337 (Aug. 2000) at 21. Commissioner Pearson did not

participate in either the original vote or the vote on the first remand. He adopts as his own the

views of the Commission’s Original Determination in Sections I and II (“Domestic Like

Product” and “Conditions of Competition”) and the dissenting views of Commissioner Koplan. 

The Commission appealed the court’s decision in Nippon II. The Court of Appeals for

the Federal Circuit held that this court abused its discretion by not returning the case to the

Commission for further analysis. Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 345 F.3d 1379, 1381

(Fed. Cir. 2003) (“Nippon III”). The Federal Circuit explained that “to the extent that the Court

of International Trade engaged in refinding the facts (e.g., by determining witness credibility), or

interposing its own determinations on causation and material injury itself, [it] . . . exceeded its

authority.” Id. The Federal Circuit vacated the court’s decision in Nippon II and remanded the

case to the Commission to “attend to all the points made by the Court of International Trade,

especially those of [Nippon II] which the Commission [had] not yet had the opportunity to

address.” Id. at 1382.

Therefore, the Commission considered the case on a second remand. In its second

remand determination, the Commission determines that the domestic industry was materially

injured by reason of Japanese imports. Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet from Japan, Inv.

No. 731-TA-860 (Feb. 2004) (A.R. 2-263R) [hereinafter Second Remand Determination].1

Nippon Steel Corporation, NKK Corporation, Kawasaki Steel Corporation, and Toyo Kohan Co.,

Ltd., (collectively “Nippon” or “Plaintiffs”), challenge this determination on the grounds that the

Commission’s findings of price effects and causation remain unsupported by substantial
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2

 Other uses of TCCSS include oil filters, snuff containers, bottle tops, paint containers,

pails, furniture, aerosol cans, toys, household utilities, computer applications, film canisters, and

bake ware. Final Staff Report at I-6, II-1 (A.R. 2-145, 2-146) [hereinafter Staff Report]. 

3

 Domestic purchasers have recently become more concentrated. In 1990, the six largest

purchasers accounted for only [ ]% of tin mill consumption. Staff Report at V-6. In 1999,

however, they accounted for nearly [ ]% of apparent domestic consumption. Id. These six

purchasers have used this significant gain in market power to obtain lower prices from their

suppliers. Id. at V-7. Where necessary, the court will refer to these purchasers as follows:

Purchaser A is [ ]; Purchaser B is [ ]; Purchaser C is [ ]; Purchaser D is 

[ ]; Purchaser E is [ ]; and Purchaser F is [ ]. 

4

 Due to high transportation costs, most U.S. suppliers maximize shipments east of the

Rockies. Id. at II-1, n.1.

evidence. For the reasons set forth below, the Commission’s affirmative material injury

determination is remanded with instructions to issue a negative material injury determination. 

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000). The court will uphold

the Commission’s final determination in an antidumping investigation unless it is “unsupported

by substantial evidence on the record, or is otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. §

1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (2000). 

OVERVIEW

TCCSS is a tin-coated flat-rolled steel product, primarily used in the production of

containers for the food processing industry.2 The domestic TCCSS industry is characterized by

unique conditions of competition. For example, there are a relatively small number of buyers

and sellers: Seven domestic suppliers (“suppliers” or “producers”), two dozen importers, and six

major U.S. purchasers.3 In addition, the majority of U.S. suppliers are located in the Eastern and

Midwestern United States and typically supply facilities in those areas.4 Although Japanese
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 5

5

 Over the period of investigation, domestic producers accounted for approximately [ 

 ]% of U.S. consumption. Id. In addition, several major purchasers operate canning

facilities on the grounds of U.S. mills and commit to buy a minimum volume of steel from those

suppliers. Id.

suppliers compete more heavily in the West, they supply purchasers throughout the United

States. Id. at II-7, Table II-1. Non-subject imports, on the other hand, compete only in the East

and Midwest, and during the period of investigation entered the U.S. market in larger volumes

than Japanese imports. Id. at II-7, IV-5. Id. Nonetheless, domestic mills account for the

majority of U.S. consumption.5 Furthermore, TCCSS is almost always sold pursuant to annual

contracts that establish fixed prices and target volumes. Prior to entering into a contract,

however, the majority of purchasers require suppliers to demonstrate an ability to make reliable

deliveries, supply high-quality product and specialty items, and provide quality service. Id. at II10. These non-price considerations are important factors to TCCSS purchasers. Id.

DISCUSSION

In the final phase of an antidumping duty investigation, the Commission determines

whether an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of the imports under

investigation. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b). Material injury is defined as “harm which is not

inconsequential, immaterial, or unimportant.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(A). An affirmative material

injury determination requires the Commission to find that the volume, price effects, and impact

of the subject imports are significant, and that the material injury was by reason of the subject

imports. Id. § 1677(7)(B); see also Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 1009, 1012–13,

27 F. Supp. 2d 1351, 1354–55 (1998). In this case, the court previously upheld the

Commission’s determination of a small but significant volume, and Plaintiffs did not challenge
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 6

the Commission’s findings on impact. Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1340. Thus, the court now

reviews the Commission’s findings regarding (I) price effects, and (II) causation. 

I. Price Effects

In evaluating the effect of subject imports on domestic prices, the Commission must

consider whether there has been “significant price underselling by the imported merchandise,”

and whether the effect of such imports “otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or

prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.” 

19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii). In addition, the Commission must evaluate price effects within the

context of the “conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.” Id. §

1677(7)(C)(iii). In Nippon II, the court held that the Commission’s finding of significant price

effects was unsupported by substantial evidence. 223 F. Supp. 2d 1351–52. Specifically, the

court found that the Commission (A) failed to explain its selection and compilation of price

comparison data, (B) did not support its finding of significant underselling, (C) ignored evidence

contradicting a finding of domestic price depression, and (D) did not consider the industry’s

unique conditions of competition. Id. The Commission addresses these concerns in its Second

Remand Determination, however, the record as a whole continues to demonstrate that subject

imports did not have a significant effect on domestic prices. 

A. Selection and Compilation of Price Comparison Data

The Commission has “broad discretion in analyzing and assessing the significance of the

evidence on price undercutting.” Copperweld Corp. v. United States, 12 CIT 148, 161, 682 F.

Supp. 552, 565 (1988). It must, however, “provide a reasonable explanation as to why it chose

the evidence used to support its findings.” Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v. United States, No. 03-
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 7

6

 In its Second Remand Determination, the Commission also amended Purchaser B’s

pricing data, a portion of which was inadvertently omitted from the Staff Report. Second

Remand Determ. at 21. Plaintiffs argue that the Commission erroneously set out Purchaser B’s

data and submit their own version. Pl.’s Resp. at 14 n.2. The parties’ disagreement seems to

stem from how to round the numbers. While the Commission rounds the data to the first decimal

point, Plaintiffs round the data to the second. Because this slight discrepancy does not affect

price effects or causation analyses, the Commission’s compilation of Purchaser B’s data is

reasonable. See Second Remand Determ. at Revised Table V-9 (Revised); Pl.’s Resp. at

Corrected Table V-9 (Revised). 

7

 Table 3 compares Japanese and U.S. bids by listing the number of Japanese bids and the

total volume associated with those bids in the respective column: “Below all U.S. bids,” “within

the range of all U.S. bids,” “above all U.S. bids,” “no comparable final U.S. bid,” or “initial

Japanese bid but no final Japanese bid.” Second Remand Determ. at 24. 

00200, Slip Op. 04-75 at 10 (Ct. Int’l Trade June 22, 2004). In Nippon II, the court held that the

Commission failed to provide a reasonable explanation as to why it (1) separated out Purchaser

A’s different facilities and product types, (2) considered only bids that ultimately culminated in

final sales, and (3) analyzed underselling data for only 1999. 

1. Considering Purchaser A’s Data Separately

The court previously held that the Commission failed to explain its decision to keep

Purchaser A’s separate facilities and product types in disaggregated form. Nippon II, 223 F.

Supp. 2d at 1355. As a result, the Commission now calculates a single aggregate unit price for

Purchaser A’s facilities and products and then includes that data in its price comparison tables.6

Plaintiffs challenge the Commission’s aggregation of this data with respect to the bid and volume

comparison table, Table Second Remand 3 (“Table 3”).7 Plaintiffs point out that after the

Commission aggregated Purchaser A’s data, the number of subject underselling bids decreased

but the volumes associated with those bids increased. Pl.’s Resp. at 4. Therefore, Plaintiffs

argue that the Commission must have incorrectly calculated or erroneously listed volumes
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 8

8

 In particular, the total volume of Japanese bids “below all U.S. bids” in the

Commission’s First Remand Determination was [ ]. First Remand Determ. at 10. In

Table 3, however, that number increased to [ ]. Second Remand Determ. at 24. In

addition, the total Japanese volume associated with bids “above all U.S. bids” in the earlier

determination was [ ], but [ ] in Table 3. Although the Commission used Purchaser

B’s amended pricing data in Table 3, it does not attribute this volume discrepancy to Purchaser

B’s new data. 

associated with these underselling bids. Id. The Commission responds that it accurately

prepared Table 3 by aggregating the purchaser’s data, and listing the average annual Japanese

bids, and the volumes associated with those bids, in the appropriate column. ITC Reply at 5.

The Commission fails to address why aggregation of Purchaser A’s data altered Table 3’s

total volume calculation.8 Although the Commission notes that the actual number of bids

decreased due to aggregation, it fails to explain why the volumes associated with low bids

increased, while those with high bids decreased. Indeed, the Commission’s assertion that

“concerns over over-representation arise only with respect to the number of bids, and not with

respect to the volume of sales won by the Japanese suppliers,” seems to suggest that aggregation

would not alter total volume calculations. Second Remand Determ. at 24 n.97. Because the

Commission has failed to explain this volume discrepancy in Table 3, it is unreasonable for it to

rely on this data in its underselling analysis. See infra n.13. 

2. Considering Only Bids Resulting in Final Sales 

In addition, the court previously held that the Commission’s consideration of only those

bids that ultimately resulted in final sales might give skewed results. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d

at 1355. The Commission now explains that consideration of only final bids will not lead to

skewed results because only three purchasers submitted initial bid data, and even those were
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9

 Nonetheless, the Commission considers these initial bids in Table Second Remand 2

(simple averages) and in Table Second Remand 3 (bid and volume comparison). Second

Remand Determ. at 20, 24. 

10 Although Plaintiffs challenge the Commission’s use of this weighted average

underselling data on the grounds that it ignores the fact that some purchasers actually increased

their domestic volume even though Japanese prices decreased, the Commission compares

purchaser pricing and volume data elsewhere in its determination. See Second Remand Determ.

at Revised Table TCCSS-1. 

superseded by final bids.

9

 In addition, the Commission explains that it is long-standing

Commission practice to rely on weighted averaging data to assess underselling margins, and

weighted averaging—which gives greater prominence to higher volume sales, and thus requires

that prices have some associated volume—cannot evaluate initial bids that were not awarded any

volume. 

Because the Commission provides reasonable explanations for its consideration of only

final bids and its reliance on weighted average pricing data to assess underselling margins, the

court upholds the Commission’s use of these methodologies.

10

 See Nucor Corp. v. United States,

318 F. Supp. 2d 1207, 1257 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2004) (quoting Mitsubishi Elec. Corp. v. United

States, 12 CIT 1025, 1050, 700 F. Supp. 538, 558 (1988)) (holding that it is within the

Commission’s “discretion to select a particular methodology and as long as substantial evidence

supports that choice, the [c]ourt reviewing such methodology will sustain the [agency’s]

decision”). 

3. Analyzing Underselling Data for Only 1999

The court also held that the Commission had dispensed with the use of a trend analysis of

underselling data, and was instead relying only on evidence of underselling in 1999. Nippon II,
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223 F. Supp. 2d at 1355. The court found that this focus on underselling data for only 1999 was

inconsistent with the Commission’s analysis of volume trends and domestic pricing patterns for

the entire period of investigation. See id. (“the Commission may not rely, as it has done in this

case, on trends in subject import market share and domestic pricing to substantiate the

significance of its one-year data on underselling”). As a result, the Commission now relies on

weighted average pricing and bid comparison data in its Second Remand Determination to

support its finding of a trend of significant underselling. Therefore, contrary to Plaintiffs’

assertion, the Commission addresses the court’s concern by assessing underselling trends over

the period of investigation. See discussion infra at Section I.B.1.

B. Significance of Underselling

 The statute requires the Commission to determine whether “there has been significant

price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like

products . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii)(I). In determining the significance of underselling,

“[i]t is within the Commission’s discretion to make reasonable interpretations of the 

evidence . . .” Maine Potato v. United States, 9 CIT 293, 300, 613 F. Supp. 1237, 1244 (1985). 

It must, however, “articulate a ‘rational connection between the facts found and the choice

made.’” Bowman Transp. Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974)

(quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168 (1962)). In this case, the

Commission fails to articulate a rational connection between the record evidence and its findings

with regards to underselling. In particular, its findings that (1) there was a trend of increased

underselling over the period of investigation, (2) underselling was significant in 1999, and (3)
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11 Purchaser B’s margins increased: [ 

 ], and Purchaser E’s margins increased: [ ]. 

Second Remand Determ. at 19.

12 Purchaser D’s margins decreased: [ ]. Similarly, [ 

 ] margins decreased: [ ]. Purchaser A’s data

shows a mixed pattern of underselling and overselling: [ 

 ]. [ ] data also shows a mixed pattern: [ 

 ]. And Purchasers C and F only list underselling margins for 1999. Id. 

underselling margins were not attributable to the domestic industry’s lead time advantage, are not

supported by substantial evidence. 

1. The ITC’s Finding of a Trend of Increased Underselling is not 

Supported by Substantial Evidence

As discussed above, the Commission relies on weighted average pricing and bid

comparison data to support its finding that there was a trend of significant underselling over the

period of investigation. Neither of these data, however, supports the Commission’s conclusion.

First, the Commission contends that the weighted average underselling data in Table

Second Remand 1 shows increasing levels of subject underselling over the period of

investigation. In fact, only two purchasers listed in that table experienced widening underselling

margins over the period of investigation.11 Two other purchasers experienced decreasing

margins, two had mixed patterns of underselling and overselling, and two only reported data for

1999.12 Two purchasers’ data out of eight is not substantial evidence of a trend of increased

underselling over the period of investigation. 

Second, the Commission asserts that Table 3 (a bid and volume comparison) shows a

pattern of increased underbidding over the period of investigation. Table 3 reveals that the

number of Japanese bids “below all U.S. bids” increased from 1997 to 1999, but decreased from

1999 to 2000. Second Remand Determ. at 24. The Table also shows that in 1997 and 1998 there
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13 In 1997, there were [ ] Japanese bids below, [ ] within the range of, and 

[ ] without a comparable U.S. bid. Id. In 1998, there were [ ] Japanese bids below, 

[ ] within the range of, and [ ] without a comparable U.S. bid. Id. In 1999, there were

[ ] Japanese bids below, [ ] within the range of, and [ ] without a comparable

U.S. bid. Id. In 2000, there were [ ] Japanese bids below, and [ ] within the range of

all U.S. bids. Id. Although the Commission also relies on the volume listed in Table 3 to

support its finding, it fails to explain discrepancies in this data. See discussion supra Section

I.A.1. As a result, the court will not address the Commission’s arguments in this regard. 

were more Japanese bids “within the range of all U.S. bids” than “below all U.S. bids.”13

Therefore, Table 3 does not support the Commission’s finding of a trend of increased

underbidding over the period of investigation.

2. The ITC’s Finding of Significant Underselling in 1999 is not Supported by

Substantial Evidence

In its First Remand Determination, the Commission focused its underselling analysis on

the margins of several large purchasers in 1999, the only year in which it found generally lower

Japanese prices. First Remand Determ. at 12–13. Specifically, the Commission evaluated

responses to Question IV-8, in which purchasers estimated the price differential that would

induce them to switch suppliers, and found that 1999 underselling margins were “generally near

or at the ranges found by responding purchasers to be significant. . . .” Id.

The court held that the Commission’s finding was unsupported by substantial evidence

because the wording of Question IV-8 was not relevant to underselling, and the Commission

ignored explanatory responses and individual purchasing histories in assessing purchasers’

estimates of price differentials. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1351. In its Second Remand

Determination, although the Commission provides a reasonable explanation for its continuing

reliance on Question IV-8 in assessing determinative price differentials, its conclusion that

underselling margins in 1999 were significant remains unsupported by substantial evidence.
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 13

14 The Commission attributes the lack of response to various problems, including that

some purchaser representatives no longer worked at the companies, some never responded to the

Commission’s inquires, and some no longer kept information from that time period. Id. at 3–4. 

a. The ITC’s Continuing Reliance on Question IV-8 for some 

Purposes is Reasonable

Question IV-8 asked purchasers to estimate “during 1999, approximately how much

higher would the price for the imported product have to have been before [they] would have

purchased U.S.-produced [TCCSS] instead.” Purchaser Questionnaires at IV-8. The court noted

that this question was not phrased to illicit responses relevant to underselling, and proposed that

a better question would ask purchasers “how much lower [subject] prices would have to be

before [they] would switch from a domestic to a Japanese producer.” Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d

at 1357 (emphasis in original).

In response to the court’s concern, the Commission reopened the record on remand and

asked purchasers a rephrased question. Notice and Scheduling of Remand Proceedings, 69 Fed.

Reg. 2361 (Jan. 15, 2004). The Commission asked purchasers “whether [they were] willing to

pay more for TCCSS from one source versus the other during the [period of investigation];” and

“if yes, how much more . . . and for what reason or reasons . . . .” Memo from De Filippo to the

Commission (Jan. 23, 2004), (A.R. 2-262R), at 3, ITC App., Tab 17, at 3. This questioning,

however, failed to generate any substantive responses.14

Although Plaintiffs argue that this rephrased question, like the original, does not address

how much lower subject merchandise would have to be to induce purchasers to switch from

domestic suppliers, it is unlikely that any question would have generated substantive responses,

considering that the relevant information is four years old. As a result, it is not unreasonable for
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 14

the Commission to continue to rely on responses to Question IV-8 to assess purchaser estimates

of price differentials in 1999. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1) (authorizing the Commission to rely

on facts otherwise available when necessary information is missing from the record). The

Commission also points out that the court in Acciai Speciali Terni, S.p.A. v. United States, 19

CIT 1051, 1059 (1995), found that purchaser responses to an almost identical question were

relevant to assessing the importance of price differentials between subject and domestic

merchandise on purchase decisions in the market. Because the Commission was unable to obtain

more relevant information, and because the Commission’s reliance on a similar question was

previously upheld by this court, the Commission’s continued reliance on Question IV-8 for some

purposes is reasonable.

b. Responses to Question IV-8 do not show that Underselling 

Margins in 1999 were Significant

Purchaser responses to Question IV-8 varied. Six purchasers provided a numerical

estimate of the price differential at which they would switch suppliers, one gave an estimate of

zero, and three gave explanatory responses indicating that price was not their most important

purchasing consideration. Based on the numerical responses, the Commission derived an overall

range—two to six percent—of a price differential that would induce a switch of suppliers for

1999, and concluded that underselling margins were generally within this range and therefore

significant. First Remand Determ. at 12–13. The court in Nippon II, however, criticized this

finding because the Commission ignored explanatory responses giving context to purchaser

estimates, and failed to determine the extent to which purchasers’ numerical responses were

actually borne out by individual purchasing history. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1351. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 15

15 [ ].

16 [ ].

17 [ ].

18 The Commission discusses, at length, other statements suggesting that these purchasers

considered price to be an important purchasing consideration. Because the Commission fails to

establish how these other statements, unlike purchaser responses to Question IV-8, relate to

determinative price differentials in 1999, they are not relevant here. Nevertheless, all of the

statements are discussed below. See discussion infra Section II.

i. Explanatory Responses 

Purchasers B, D, and A provided explanatory responses to Question IV-8 suggesting that

they did not switch suppliers in 1999 based on price. See Purchaser B Questionnaire Resp.15

(stating that it “[chose] steel suppliers based on 1) quality, 2) service, and 3) price, in that order

of importance . . . unique manufacturing capabilities of some off-shore sources drive us to

purchase from them irrespective of their prices which, in most cases, are higher than U.S.

producer prices”); Purchaser D Questionnaire Resp.16 (stating that it “did not select the Japanese

[suppliers] based on price, but on quality performance, and the[] ability to demonstrate this

quality to domestic suppliers, thereby proving that [Purchaser D’s] expectations for quality could

be achieved”); Purchaser A Questionnaire Resp.17 (stating that “pricing is not the main factor. 

[Purchaser A] is developing long-term global partners that have lowest cost and highest

performance. This decision can be more geographical driven than price driven.”). Nonetheless,

the Commission concludes that these explanatory responses do not undermine its finding of

significant underselling in 1999 because other record evidence shows that these purchasers

considered price to be an important factor in their purchasing decisions.18 Even without

consideration of these explanatory responses, however, the Commission fails to point to
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 16

19 In 1998, Purchaser B bought [ ] of Japanese TCCSS at a discount rate of 

[ ]%, and [ ] of U.S. TCCSS at a discount rate of [ ]%. In 1999,

Purchaser B bought [ ] of Japanese TCCSS at a discount rate of [ ]%, and 

[ ] of U.S. TCCSS at a discount rate of [ ]%. Second Remand Determ. at

Revised Table TCCSS-1. Therefore, Purchaser B continued to buy [ ]% of its TCCSS from

U.S. suppliers in 1999. The margin of underselling was [ ]% in 1998, and [ ]% in

1999. Id. at 19, Table Second Remand 1. This was the narrowest margin of all the large

purchasers in 1999. 

substantial evidence that Purchaser B, D, or A considered the margin at which they bought

subject imports in 1999 to be significant. 

First, the Commission contends that Purchaser B’s purchasing history shows a correlation

between underselling margins and purchasing decisions. Second Remand Determ. at 39. The

Commission notes that in 1999, Purchaser B increased its purchases of Japanese imports at the

same time prices decreased. A simple correlation between underselling and purchasing,

however, is insufficient to establish that underselling margins were significant. See Nippon I,

182 F. Supp. 2d at 1342 (“a rapid rate of increase nonetheless may be immaterial if, for example,

the margin never goes above a price differential that would cause purchasers to change suppliers

to any significant degree”) (emphasis added). In fact, notwithstanding lower Japanese prices in

1999, Purchaser B continued to obtain the vast majority of its TCCSS from U.S. suppliers.19

Therefore, 1999 underselling margins were not to such an extent to induce Purchaser B to change

suppliers to any significant degree. This evidence shows that Purchaser B did not consider 1999

margins to be significant. 

Second, the Commission asserts that Purchaser D’s purchasing patterns show that price

was an important part of its purchasing decisions because it purchased subject merchandise in

1999 at a price that was significantly lower than the lowest domestic bid. Second Remand
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20 In 1998, Purchaser D purchased only domestic TCCSS—[ ] at a price of 

$[ ]. Second Remand Determ. at Revised Table TCCSS-1. In 1999, Purchaser D

purchased [ ] Japanese TCCSS at a price of $[ ] and [ ] domestic TCCSS

at $[ ]. Id. This was an underselling margin of [ ]%. Id. at 19, Table Second

Remand 1. 

21 In 1998, Purchaser A bought [ ] of domestic TCCSS at a price of 

$[ ], and [ ] of Japanese TCCSS at a price of $[ ]. Id. In 1999, it

purchased [ ] of domestic TCCSS at a price of $[ ] and [ ] of

Japanese TCCSS at a price of $[ ]. Id. The margin of underselling narrowed from 

[ ]% in 1998 to [ ]% in 1999. Id. at 19, Table Second Remand 1.

Determ. at 32. Plaintiffs argue that Purchaser D’s purchasing history shows an increase in

purchases from domestic suppliers over the period of investigation. Pl.’s Resp. at 8. The issue is

whether Japanese underselling margins in 1999 were significant. In 1999, Purchaser D paid

approximately $70 less for Japanese imports than for U.S. merchandise.20 Notwithstanding this

price difference, however, Purchaser D obtained nearly ninety-nine percent of its TCCSS from

U.S. suppliers that year. See id. at Revised Table TCCSS-1. Similar to Purchaser B’s data, this

evidence indicates that Japanese underselling was not significant enough to induce Purchaser D

to substantially switch suppliers in 1999. It shows that Purchaser D did not consider 1999

underselling margins to be significant. 

Third, the Commission asserts that Purchaser A considered 1999 underselling margins to

be significant because it bought more TCCSS from domestic suppliers that year in response to

narrowing underselling margins. Plaintiffs argue that the purchasing history contradicts the

Commission’s underselling analysis. From 1998 to 1999, although Japanese prices fell and U.S.

prices rose, Purchaser A bought less Japanese merchandise and more U.S. product.21 Contrary to

the Commission assertion, this purchasing data indicates that Purchaser A shifted volume in
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 18

22 See Purchaser Questionnaire Responses at IV-8 [ 

 ]. 

23 The corresponding underselling margins for 1999 were as follows: [ 

 ]. Second Remand Determ. at 19, Table Second Remand 1. 

Therefore, the underselling margins for Purchasers E and F fell within their reported

determinative price differentials. 

1999 for reasons other than price. It does not support a finding of significant underselling 

that year.

Therefore, notwithstanding the explanatory responses, purchasing histories show that 

Purchasers B, D, and A did not consider the price at which Japanese imports undersold domestic

TCCSS in 1999 to be significant.

ii. Numerical Estimates 

Six purchasers responded to Question IV-8 with numerical price differentials.22 Of these

six, the underselling margins for two purchasers fell within their estimated price differentials,

indicating that they considered the margin at which they purchased Japanese imports in 1999 to

be significant.23 Two supportive responses out of nine is not substantial evidence showing that

1999 underselling margins were significant. Rather, it indicates the opposite. 

3. The ITC Fails to Substantially Support its Finding that Premiums Paid

for Superior Domestic Lead Times were Minimized by other Factors

Evidence of underselling has been found to be less significant where there are price

premiums for superior domestic lead times. See Committee for Fair Beam Imports v. United
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 19

States, No. 02-00531, Slip Op. 03-73 at 14 (Ct. Int’l Trade June 27, 2003) (noting that “the ITC

may discount incidences of underselling on account of [a] price premium, where appropriate, as

this price premium mitigates underselling that is observed”); Timkin Co. v. United States, 20

CIT 76, 87–88, 913 F. Supp. 580, 589–90 (1996) (discussing how ITC “concluded that factoring

in the price premium for domestic [products] made the relatively small margins of underselling

even less significant”); Trent Tube Div., Crucible Materials Corp. v. United States, 14 CIT 386,

402, 741 F. Supp. 921, 935 (1990) (according less weight to consistent underselling based on

domestic price premium due to customer preferences and lead time differences); Roses, Inc. v.

United States, 13 CIT 662, 665–66, 720 F. Supp. 180, 183 (1989) (finding 62 out of 110

instances of underselling insignificant because price premiums for locally-grown roses based on

freshness and an ability to supply the flowers on a short-term need basis). 

In Nippon I, the court held that the Commission failed to analyze whether the undisputed

lead-time advantage held by the domestic industry translated into price premiums over imports,

and accounted for the margin of overselling. 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1342. In its First Remand

Determination, the Commission responded that although the domestic lead time advantage “can

give purchasers more flexibility in modifying their purchase orders on shorter notice, which can

translate into a price premium,” it was diminished by other factors, and thus not responsible for

underselling margins. First Remand Determ. at 13. The court held, however, that even if the

price premium were somewhat diminished, it “may still eclipse the underselling margin.” 

Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1360. Without assessing the extent of the price premium in

relation to underselling margins, the court held that the Commission’s findings were unsupported

by substantial evidence. Id. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 20

24 The Commission asked purchasers “whether [they were] willing to pay more for

TCCSS from one source versus the other during the [period of investigation];” and “if yes, how

much more . . . and for what reason or reasons . . . .” Memo from DeFilippo to Commission at 3.

25 The Commission also contends that since the original record does not contain evidence

of a specific and consistent premium, it must not exist. In its First Remand Determination, in

contrast, the Commission cited purchaser testimony suggesting otherwise: “Japanese imports . . .

have historically been priced lower than U.S. supplies because of the flexibility U.S. can makers

must give up when they use imported product.” First Remand Determ. at 13 n.37 (quoting

Conference Tr. at 70). 

26 Contrary to the Commission’s assertion, neither Purchaser B nor [ ]

Questionnaire Responses are supportive of its conclusion. See Purchaser B Questionnaire

Resp. at IV (noting that “foreign mills” have unique capabilities); [

 ] (responding that Japanese TCCSS has

superior quality and U.S. producers have consistent supply and a lead time advantage). 

In response to the court’s concerns, the Commission reopened the record on its second

remand to obtain additional information regarding the existence and size of any such premium.24

As discussed above, however, it was unsuccessful in obtaining any substantive responses. 

See discussion supra Section I.B.2.a. As a result, the Commission continues to rely on the

original record to support its finding that a premium, if it did exist, was offset by premiums paid

for superior Japanese quality or other factors.25 Second Remand Determ. at 50–56. Plaintiffs

argue that the Commission again fails to assess the price premium in relation to underselling

margins. Pl.’s Resp. at 14.

Without evidence of the extent or size of price premiums, the Commission has no support

for its belief that premiums paid for faster domestic lead times were minimized by premiums

paid for superior Japanese quality or other factors, and thus did not translate into underselling

margins.26 An affirmative determination cannot be supported by speculation. The Commission

may rely on the less than perfect available information, but it must be actual information. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 21

C. Domestic Price Depression or Suppression 

An affirmative injury determination also requires a finding that subject imports “depress[]

prices to a significant degree or prevent[] price increases, which otherwise would have occurred,

to a significant degree.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii)(II). The Commission here bases its finding

of domestic price depression and suppression on the following evidence: (1) The domestic

industry’s cost-price squeeze, (2) a lost sale allegation, and (3) purchaser pricing data. This

evidence, however, does not substantially support the Commission’s finding of significant price

depression or suppression. 

1. The ITC’s Cost-Price Squeeze Analysis does not Substantially Support a

Finding of Price Depression or Suppression 

An industry is in a cost-price squeeze situation if it is unable to raise prices to cover the

cost of goods sold. Here, the Commission finds that the domestic industry experienced a costprice squeeze over the period of investigation because the industry’s overall cost of goods sold

increased in relation to its net sales. Second Remand Determ. at 26–27. Plaintiffs challenge this

finding on the grounds that the two domestic mills that compete most directly with Japanese

imports reported positive operating margins during the period of investigation. Pl.’s Resp. at 6. 

 Evidence of a cost-price squeeze generally supports a finding of domestic price

suppression. See Gerald Metals, Inc., 22 CIT at 1023, 27 F. Supp. 2d at 1362 (discussing how an

ITC Commissioner could not find “clear evidence of a cost-price squeeze, [and thus] conclude[d]

that price suppression could not be attributed to the LTFV imports to a significant degree”). In

this case, however, because of the particular conditions of competition, the court previously

instructed the Commission to assess individual purchaser data to determine whether a correlation

between subject imports and domestic pricing existed. Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1344. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 22

27 Although some domestic producers reported positive operating margins during the

period of investigation, the record shows that the industry’s overall cost of goods sold increased

in relation to its net sales values over the period and unit sales declined. The cost of goods sold in

relation to net sales values throughout the period was as follows: [ 

 ]. Staff Report at VI-2, Table VI-1. 

Unit sales declined from [ 

 ]. Id. at VI-3, Table VI-2. 

Therefore, although the record shows that the domestic industry generally may have been

experiencing a cost-price squeeze,27 the Commission’s finding of a correlation between subject

import pricing and U.S. pricing must be supported by individual pricing data. Id.; see also Altx,

Inc. v. United States, No. 00-08-00477, Slip Op. 02-65 at 43 (Ct. Int’l Trade July 12, 2002) (“It is

true that the Commission need not find an exact correlation between subject import pricing and

domestic pricing. Nevertheless, the Commission’s cursory look at general net declines over the

POI is insufficient.”). 

2. The ITC’s Reliance on a Lost Sale Allegation is Improper

The Commission also finds that evidence of a lost sale indicates that the domestic

industry’s prices were suppressed. A lost sales allegation refers to the situation in which the

domestic industry is unable to make a sale because of the presence of lower priced imports. 

Copperweld Corp., 12 CIT at 169 n.15, 682 F. Supp. at 572 n.15. Although evidence of a lost

sale may be probative of price suppression, the lack of such evidence ordinarily will not vitiate a

Commission’s determination. USX Corp. v. United States, 11 CIT 82, 86, 655 F. Supp. 487, 491

(1987). Where the Commission chooses to rely on findings of lost sales, however, it must

support such findings with substantial evidence. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1364–65. 

In Nippon II, the court held that the Commission improperly relied on the lost sale

allegation because it was unsupported by the record and undermined by evidence that the sale
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 23

28 [ ] alleges that it lost a $[ ] million sale to Purchaser A—a bid of 

$[ ] for [ ] short tons of TCCSS. Staff Report at V-23, Table V-14. 

29 Plaintiffs suggest that Purchaser A’s 1999 data is the proper place to find the alleged

lost sale because the bid was allegedly made in October 1998. Pl.’s Resp. at 23. Because

Purchaser A’s fiscal year 2000 covers the period from May 1999 to April 2000, however, it is

reasonable for the Commission to assume that a bid made in October 1998 would cover

shipments made in calendar year 1999. Staff Report at V-16, Table V-4. Nonetheless, the lost

sale is not reflected in Purchaser A’s 1999 or 2000 data. 

30 [ ] reported that it lost a bid for [ ] short tons of TCCSS in 2000, but

Purchaser A bought [ ] short tons of Japanese TCCSS that year, [ ] of which

(continued...)

was lost for non-price reasons. Id. at 1352. In its Second Remand Determination, the

Commission again cites this lost sale allegation as evidence of domestic price suppression. 

Second Remand Determ. at 81. Plaintiffs argue that the lost sale is unsupported by substantial

evidence. Pl.’s Resp. at 23. Because the record (a) does not correspond with the volume and

pricing data of this alleged lost sale, and (b) indicates that the lost sale, if it did occur, was due to

non-price reasons, the Commission’s reliance on this lost sale is improper. 

a. Purchaser A’s Data does not Support the Alleged Lost Sale

The lost sale at issue involves an allegation by a particular domestic producer, claiming

that it lost a sale in October 1998 to Purchaser A because of a lower Japanese bid.28 On its

second remand, the Commission finds that the lost sales allegation is confirmed by Purchaser A’s

2000 record data. Second Remand Determ. at 81. Plaintiffs correctly point out, however, that

the lost sales allegation is not reflected in Purchaser A’s volume or pricing data.29

First, Purchaser A’s volume data does not correspond to that of the alleged lost sale. In

2000, Purchaser A bought approximately 6,000 short tons more of Japanese TCCSS than was

alleged lost by the U.S. purchaser at the relevant facility.30 Contrary to the Commission’s
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 24

30(...continued)

was at its [ ] facility. Staff Report at V-12–V-16, Table V-4a–V-4c. Although

the Commission cites data from both Purchaser A’s [ ] facilities in

an attempt to verify the allegation, it argued in its First Remand Determination that the sale was

lost at Purchaser A’s [ ] facility. Neither facility’s data, however, supports the

allegation. 

31 In 2000, [ ] made a bid of $[ ] at Purchaser A’s [ ]

facility, which does not correspond to the alleged $[ ] lost bid. Id. at V-13, Table V-4a. 

32 In 2000, [ ] made a bid of $[ ] at Purchaser A’s [ ] facility. 

Purchaser A accepted that bid and bought [ ] tons of TCCSS at that price. Staff Report

at V-14, Table V-4b. 

assertion, these volumes are not “fully consistent.” Second, Purchaser A’s pricing data does not

correspond to that of the lost sale. The Commission concedes that the U.S. producer’s bid at the

relevant facility was “well above” the alleged price per ton.31 Second Remand Determ. at 83. As

a result, it alternatively points to a bid that the U.S. producer made at a different facility, which is

closer in price to the one allegedly lost. Id. The Commission fails to note that rather than losing

that bid, the U.S. producer was awarded that sale.32 The record simply does not support the

volume and price values of the alleged lost sale.

b. Purchaser A’s Comments Undermine the Commission’s Finding 

that the Lost Sale was due to Lower Japanese Prices

Apparently because the record does not support the alleged lost sale, the Commission

emphasizes the fact that Purchaser A agreed with the allegation. Although Purchaser A agreed

with the lost sale allegation, the court in Nippon II held that other statements by Purchaser A

indicated that the sale was lost because of non-price reasons. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1365–66. 

Specifically, the court noted that Purchaser A (1) emphasized non-price factors when agreeing

with the lost sale allegation, (2) testified that it had long-term commitments with its Japanese
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 25

33 “In [ ], we had a different competitive dynamic. The Japanese mills .

. . have long been our dominant suppliers at this location, reflecting the ease of shipping steel

from Japan to the west coast. [ ] was able to pick up a substantial portion of our business

at [ ] [in 1998] because [it] accepted our invitation to deepen the supplier

relationship and discuss multi-year supply commitments. We currently have a [ ] year

contract with [it] . . . . We also have been working with [ ] to develop new products . . . . 

Since [Purchaser A] was willing to deepen its commitment to [ ] as a long term purchaser,

[ ] was willing to offer more attractive prices to reflect that larger volume commitment. 

Note that much of [ ] gain came from our other Japanese supplier . . . .” Purchaser A

Questionnaire Resp., Decl. of [ ], at 5.

supplier at the relevant facility, and (3) noted that the particular U.S. producer did not bid

seriously for its West Coast business. Id. Although the Commission asserts otherwise, these

statements continue to show that if the sale was lost, it was because of non-price factors.

First, when Purchaser A agreed with the lost sale allegation, it emphasized that “price is

not the only factor in contract selection; quality and delivery time are also critical, and whether

the firm can supply globally.” Staff Report at V-25. The Commission interprets this statement

to mean that Purchaser A considered price to be a significant factor in its purchasing decisions,

and as a result, the sale was lost to lower priced Japanese imports. Second Remand Determ. at

86. The Commission’s interpretation of this statement stretches it beyond recognition. Rather it

appears that Purchaser A bought Japanese imports instead of this particular U.S. purchaser’s

merchandise because of quality, delivery, and global considerations. 

Second, Purchaser A noted that it had long-term commitments with its Japanese

supplier.33 The Commission argues that because Purchaser A also indicated that the Japanese

suppliers were willing to offer more attractive prices, the sale was lost because of lower-priced

Japanese imports. On the contrary, however, this statement clearly indicates that Purchaser A

awarded Japanese suppliers with tonnage because of deepening commitments and plans to

develop new products. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 26

34 A representative stated that “[ ] never really bid for [ ]

business. The [ ] bid index was always [ ] percent higher than the lowest bid,

and consistently one of the highest among the domestic mills. In addition, it has never been

willing to place a significant volume of steel on the west coast. [ ] has historically

refused to freight equalize – which places [it] at an impossible competitive disadvantage on the

west coast.” Id.

35 Relevant U.S. bids on tin-plate at Purchaser A’s [ ] facility were as

follows: [ 

 ].

Staff Report at V-13, Table V-4a. The U.S. supplier similarly over bid other U.S. suppliers for

other products at that facility. See id. at V-12, Table V-4a [ 

 ]. 

Third, Purchaser A stated that the particular U.S. supplier did not bid seriously for its

West Coast business, suggesting that the sale would have been lost to another domestic supplier

in the absence of Japanese competition.34 The Commission argues that purchasing history shows

that the U.S. supplier bid consistently and competitively on Purchaser A’s business at that facility

throughout the period. Purchaser A’s purchasing history reveals, however, that the U.S.

supplier’s bids were significantly higher than other U.S. bids, which were ultimately accepted.35

Purchaser A’s statement as well as its purchasing history do not support the Commission’s

conclusion that the lost sale was due to lower Japanese prices.

Therefore, Purchaser A’s statements undermine the Commission’s finding that the

alleged lost sale was due to lower Japanese prices.

3. Purchaser Pricing Data does not Substantially Support a Finding of

Domestic Price Depression or Suppression

In its Final Determination, the Commission linked a general decline in domestic prices to

overall underselling trends in Japanese pricing. Final Determ. at 15. As discussed above, the
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 27

36 Although the Commission did not evaluate Purchasers E and F for purposes of

determining domestic price depression and/or suppression, the court notes that their pricing data

supports the conclusion that domestic prices were generally depressed over the period of

investigation. Purchaser E’s pricing data reveals a general increase in discount rates: 1997 -

U.S. [ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 1998 - U.S. [ ]%, Japanese 

[ ]%; 1999 - U.S. [ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 2000 - U.S. [ ]%,

Japanese [ ]%. Second Remand Determ. at Revised Table TCCSS-1. Purchaser F’s

pricing data similarly reveals a general increase in discount rates: 1997 - U.S. [ ]%,

Japanese [ ]; 1998 - U.S. [ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 1999 - U.S. 

[ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 2000 - [ ]. Id. Further, the

estimated price differentials of Purchasers E and F fell within the margins at which they bought

subject TCCSS in 1999, indicating that those underselling margins were significant. See 

supra n.23.

court held that although the Commission is not required in all cases to determine the relationship

between subject imports and domestic prices on an individual purchaser basis, “where the other

data is mixed and where data is available to determine whether such a correlation existed for

particular purchasers, and is relied on by respondents, the Commission must address the

individual purchaser data in some manner.” Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1344. Nonetheless, in

its First Remand Determination, the Commission failed to do so. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at

1358–59. In its Second Remand Determination, the Commission evaluates the pricing data of

four of the six large purchasers and finds a correlation between Japanese imports and the price at

which they bought domestic TCCSS. Second Remand Determ. at 42–50. Plaintiffs argue that

purchasers’ pricing data reveal no such correlation. Pl.’s Resp. at 13. 

The four purchasers whose pricing data was evaluated by the Commission—Purchasers

A, C, D, and B—did not buy Japanese imports at significant margins of underselling.36 See

discussion supra Section I.B. These four purchasers apparently operated to some degree on the
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 28

37 Purchaser A had facilities in [ ]. Staff

Report at V-12–V-16. Purchaser C appears to have had locations in [ 

 ]. Purchaser D appears to have had locations in 

[ ]. Purchaser D Questionnaire Resp. at I-2. And

Purchaser B appears to have had locations in [ 

 ]. On the

other hand, Purchasers E and F appear to have had [ 

 ].

West Coast.37 As discussed below, the record as a whole indicates that Japanese imports did not

have a significant effect on domestic prices over the period of investigation. 

a. Purchaser A

The court in Nippon II held that the Commission failed to explain its finding of 

significant price depression in light of the fact that Purchaser A, which accounted for the bulk of

the instances of underselling, paid increasing domestic prices between 1997 and 1999. 223 F.

Supp. 2d at 1358. In response, the Commission evaluates the pricing data and finds that

Purchaser A did not pay increasing domestic prices throughout the period, and that Purchaser A’s

volume levels correlated with Japanese underselling margins over the period of investigation. 

Second Remand Determ. at 44. Plaintiffs argue that the pricing data shows that Japanese prices

did not affect domestic prices. Pl.’s Resp. at 12. 

Purchaser A’s pricing data indicates that U.S. suppliers were able to raise prices

notwithstanding lower Japanese prices. Specifically, Purchaser A paid more for domestic
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 29

38 Because of consolidation, Purchaser A’s pricing data is different from that in the First

Remand Determination. Nonetheless, the price at which Purchaser A bought U.S. TCCSS

generally increased: 1997- $[ ]; 1998 - $[ ]; 1999 - $[ ]; 2000 - 

$[ ]. Revised Table TCCSS-1. And the price at which Purchaser A bought Japanese

TCCSS generally decreased: 1997 - $[ ]; 1998 - $[ ]; 1999 - $[ ];

2000 - $[ ]. Id. 

TCCSS and less for Japanese TCCSS over the period of investigation.38 Although the

Commission argues that Purchaser A bought higher volumes of Japanese imports in response to

lower prices, the issue here is price effects. The Commission’s evaluation of volume shifts is not

relevant in this context. See Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1358 n.12 (“[t]he court . . . sustained

the Commission’s finding of low but significant subject import volume as an isolated finding and

does not revisit the issue, except as it affects the ultimate causation conclusion.”). Therefore,

Purchaser A’s pricing data shows a lack of correlation between subject imports and domestic

prices. 

b. Purchaser C

In Nippon II, the court also held that the Commission had not adequately explained its

finding of a correlation between Japanese imports and domestic prices, considering that

Purchaser C was able to secure domestic price decreases between 1997 and 1998 without making

any subject import purchases until 1999. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1358–59. The Commission now

explains that the link between Japanese imports and Purchaser C’s ability to secure domestic

price decreases was Purchaser F. Second Remand Determ. at 46–47. Because Purchaser F

bought Japanese imports in 1998 and was in a purchasing alliance with Purchaser C, the

Commission reasons that Purchaser F probably shared Japanese pricing information with
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 30

39 A purchaser representative explained how alliances work: “[I negotiate] with the U.S.

mills for [other purchasers] . . . . I would meet with each mill and come to some resolution on

pricing. . . . For all of the alliance member’s volumes. . . . Once I got that done, I would call a

meeting and inform the members of the alliance what the arrangement was for the upcoming

year.” Hearing Transcript (June 29, 2000), at 240, (A.R. 1-74), ITC App., Tab 19, at 22

[hereinafter Hr’g Tr.]. 

40 Although Plaintiffs also argue that the Commission’s discussion of purchasing alliances

is inconsistent with its findings regarding consolidation, purchasing alliances and consolidation

are different issues. In addition, Plaintiff’s argument regarding the effect of non-subject imports

is discussed below. See discussion infra Section II.B.

Purchaser C.39 Based on this information, the Commission finds a correlation between Japanese

imports and the price at which Purchaser C bought U.S. TCCSS. Plaintiffs argue that this

“possible indirect effect” does not establish a correlation between Japanese imports and U.S.

prices.40 Pl.’s Resp. at 13. 

In the absence of concrete record evidence, the Commission’s “belief” that Purchaser F

“likely” informed Purchaser C of Japanese pricing does not constitute substantial evidence. 

Moreover, Purchaser F did not buy Japanese imports until 1998, and reported that it was not until

“late ‘98” when it decided to take advantage of price variances it observed between foreign and

domestic mills. Purchaser F Questionnaire Resp. at II-2. Therefore, contrary to the

Commission’s conclusion, the record fails to demonstrate a connection between Japanese

imports and the 1997 and 1998 prices Purchaser C paid for domestic TCCSS. 

c. Purchaser D

In Nippon II, the court also held that the Commission failed to address why Purchaser D

bought more expensive domestic TCCSS between 1999 and 2000, despite lower Japanese prices. 

223 F. Supp. 2d at 1359. The Commission responds that this price increase was related to the
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 31

41 Purchaser F Memo [ 

 ] (stating that “Weirton’s successful petition with the ITC has halted

Japanese imports [ 

 ]; Purchaser F Memo [

 ] (regarding negotiation strategies with Nippon for 2000, “Off to a great

start in ‘99 only to have Weirton’s petition to the ITC terminate the flow of material for now”);

Purchaser B Memo [

 ] (noting that Purchaser B said it would not place business with

Weirton because of Weirton’s involvement in antidumping proceeding). 

filing of the antidumping petition. Second Remand Determ. at 49. Plaintiffs do not challenge

this explanation. 

Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(I), the Commission may consider whether any change in price

effects since the filing of the petition is related to the pendency of the investigation, and if so, it

may reduce the weight accorded to that data. In this case, the Commission points to evidence

indicating that the filing of the antidumping petition in October 1999 had an effect on domestic

pricing in 2000.41 Thus, the Commission’s decision to place less weight on data for 2000 is

reasonable. 

From 1998 to 1999, the price at which Purchaser D bought domestic merchandise

remained stable. The Commission contends that because of the domestic industry’s cost-price

squeeze, this stable pricing indicates that Japanese underselling prevented domestic price

increases that would have otherwise occurred. Second Remand Determ. at 48. Plaintiffs argue

that nothing in the record shows that U.S. suppliers would have raised Purchaser D’s prices in

1999. Pl.’s Resp. at 13. Although Purchaser D paid the same price for domestic TCCSS in 1998

and 1999, it did not buy Japanese imports until 1999. Given the insignificant levels of

underselling with regard to this purchaser, it is only the general cost-price squeeze analysis that

could support a finding of price suppression. The pricing to Purchaser D is not supportive. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 32

42 Purchaser B’s pricing data in over the period of investigation was as follows: 1997 -

U.S. [ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 1998 - U.S. [ ]%, Japanese 

[ ]%, 1999 - U.S. [ ]%, Japanese [ ]%; 2000 - U.S. 

[ ]%, Japanese [ ]%. Second Remand Determ. at Revised Table 

TCCSS-1. 

d. Purchaser B

Finally, the court in Nippon II found that the Commission failed to address Purchaser B’s

data. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1359. The Commission now examines the pricing data and finds a

correlation between Japanese underselling and domestic price depression. Plaintiffs argue that

there was no correlation because Purchaser B bought increasing volumes of domestic TCCSS

over the period of investigation. The issue here, however, is price effects. From 1997 to 2000,

Purchaser B obtained wider U.S. and Japanese discount rates.42 Although this evidence indicates

a correlation between Japanese imports and domestic price depression over the period of

investigation, Purchaser B did not consider underselling margins in 1999 to be significant and

there was not a significant trend of underselling over the period of investigation. Consequently,

this evidence is problematic. The most that can be said of the pricing data is that it pulls in two

directions. 

Thus, the Commission’s conclusion as to price depression or suppression is only

supported by the generalized sub-conclusion of a cost-price squeeze. Neither lost sales analysis

nor particularized pricing data positively correlates with Japanese import pricing. If the pricing

data is viewed in the context of particularized underselling data it supports a negative

determination. If viewed in the context of the generalized cost-price squeeze conclusion it is

slightly supportive of price suppression. Overall, it is not helpful to the question of price

depression or suppression. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 33

D. Conditions of Competition

The material injury statute directs the Commission to evaluate all relevant economic

factors, including price effects, “within the context of the . . . conditions of competition that are

distinctive to the affected industry.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C); Nucor Corp., 318 F. Supp. 2d at

1215. In its Final Determination, the Commission found that U.S. prices were affected by the

industry’s high degree of price sensitivity and by the use of Japanese prices in domestic

negotiations. Final Determ. at 8, 16. The court in Nippon II held that the Commission failed to

assess these findings in the context of the “peculiar conditions of competition” of the TCCSS

industry. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1350.

1. Price Sensitivity

An industry is price sensitive if small differences in price will induce purchasers to shift

from one supplier to another. Second Remand Determ. at 57–58. Price sensitivity is relevant to

a material injury analysis because the more price sensitive the market, the greater the ability of

lower-priced imports to impact the domestic industry’s sales and prices. Id. at 58. In this case,

the Commission previously found that the TCCSS market was characterized by a high degree of

price sensitivity. Final Determ. at 8. The court in Nippon II held that this finding was

unsupported by substantial evidence, noting that the record indicated that non-price factors

outrank the importance of price in purchasing decisions. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1361. In its Second

Remand Determination, although the Commission provides a somewhat plausible explanation for

its decision to give less weight to non-price factors highly ranked in purchaser questionnaires, the

record shows that the TCCSS market is only low to moderately price sensitive.
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 34

43 Higher ranking factors included product quality, availability, product consistency,

reliability of supply, delivery time, and technical support/service. Id.

44 Subsequent to this investigation, the Commission changed the wording in Question IV11 from “lowest price” to “price” to eliminate the discrepancy between how price is treated in

(continued...)

a. The ITC’s Decision to Give Less Weight to Purchaser Responses to 

Questions IV-11 and III-18 is Reasonable

In purchaser questionnaires, non-price factors, including quality and on-time delivery

were consistently ranked as more important than price. As a result, the court instructed the

Commission to consider these non-price factors in assessing whether the TCCSS market is price

sensitive. The Commission now explains that it accords less weight to the high ranking of nonprice factors in purchaser questionnaires because (1) the wording of Question IV-11 is

misleading, and (2) Questions IV-11 and III-18 do not take into account the qualification process

in the TCCSS industry. 

First, Question IV-11 asks purchasers to rate various factors as “very important,”

“somewhat important,” or “not important” to their purchasing decisions. Overall, “lowest price”

was ranked seventh of approximately ten factors.43 Staff Report at II-12, Table II-4. The

Commission gives less weight to this high ranking of non-price factors, however, because it finds

that the wording of question IV-11 is misleading. Specifically, Question IV-11 refers to “lowest

price” rather than simply “price.” The Commission contends that while price may be a key factor

to purchasers’ sourcing decisions, obtaining the “lowest price” may not be crucial if other factors

are not satisfactory. Second Remand Determ. at 61. Plaintiffs do not challenge this theory. 

Because price is the only factor in Question IV-11 to use a superlative modifier such as “lowest,” 

the wording may in fact be misleading.44 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 35

44(...continued)

relation to the other factors. Id. at n.259. 

45 Question III-18 asks purchasers to “[p]lease list, in order of their importance, the three

major factors generally considered by [their] firm in deciding from whom to purchase [TCCSS]

for any one order (examples include current availability, extension of credit, prearranged

contracts, price, quality of product, range of supplier’s product line, traditional supplier, etc.).” 

Purchaser Questionnaires at III-18. Price was identified in the top three considerations by 11 out

of 15 purchasers, more than any other factor other than quality. Staff Report at II-11, Table II-3. 

Second, the Commission explains that the high ranking of non-price factors in response

to Questions IV-11 and III-1845 may not be accurate because the questions do not take into

account the qualification process in the TCCSS industry. Plaintiffs argue that the Commission is

merely repeating its previous arguments and not addressing the court’s concerns. The

Commission, however, is directly responding to the court’s concern that it consider whether

Questions IV-11 and III-18 refer to the post-qualification stage. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at

1361 (noting that neither the Commission nor the Defendant-Intervenors attempted to rebut the

fact that “Questions III-18 and IV-11 of the purchaser questionnaires clearly ask purchasers to

rank the importance of ‘lowest price’ and other considerations in choosing among qualified

suppliers only”). Moreover, the court agrees with the Commission that because Questions IV-11

and III-18 do not reference a certain stage of the qualification process, their answers may not be

entirely accurate with regard to purchaser considerations. Nonetheless, the responses cannot be

discounted entirely.

The TCCSS industry is characterized by long-term relationships established through a

qualification process. Purchasers begin by buying limited quantities from suppliers, and only

after a potential supplier has proven that it can deliver the desired quality and quantity in a steady

and reliable manner does it become qualified as a supplier. Staff Report at II-10. Thus, when a
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 36

qualified supplier enters negotiations with a purchaser, the general quality and reliability of that

supplier’s product has been established, leaving price and volume the essential factors to be

negotiated. See Hr’g Tr. at 66–67 (“If you’re not through the qualification process, which is

determined by all these other non-price factors, you don’t get a chance to offer your price.”). 

Questions IV-11 and III-18, however, do not ask purchasers to rank the importance of these

factors at a certain stage of the qualification process, and do not reflect the fact that although

quality and on-time delivery may be important considerations at the pre-qualification stage, price

may be a more important factor after qualification. Thus, it is reasonable for the Commission to

accord somewhat less weight to the responses to Questions IV-11 and III-18, where purchasers

ranked non-price factors as more important than price in their purchasing decisions.

Even though the Commission has provided a credible explanation for its decision to give

less weight to these responses, it may not ignore the fact that quality and on-time delivery are

nonetheless critically important considerations to TCCSS purchasers. See Staff Report at II-10

(“quality was most frequently reported as the critical consideration in their purchasing

decisions”); Koplan Dissent at 2 (“reliable delivery is extremely important to purchasers . . .”);

Final Determ. at 8 (“The record indicates that non-price factors such as product quality, product

consistency, and on time delivery are very important in choosing suppliers.”).

b. The Record Shows that the TCCSS Market is Low to Moderately 

Price Sensitive

In its two prior determinations, the Commission found that the TCCSS market was

“highly” price sensitive. Final Determ. at 8; First Remand Determ. at 17. The Commission now

contends that the market is merely “price sensitive.” Second Remand Determ. at 63. Because

the four categories of evidence relied upon by the Commission support a finding of low to
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 37

46 Purchaser A stated that although a competitor made a bid that was two percent below a

current supplier, it nonetheless stayed with its current supplier. [ 

 ]. Purchaser A Questionnaire Resp., Decl. of [ 

 ], at 6. Purchaser A explained that winning its business is about “long term supplier

relationships . . . not about the lowest price.” Id.

moderate price sensitivity, the Commission’s analysis should reflect that less expensive subject

imports had a low to moderate ability to effect domestic sales and prices. 

First, the Commission contends that the record shows that most purchasers were likely to

shift suppliers based on small changes in price. Id. at 58. Evidence that purchasers shift

suppliers in response to small changes in price indicates that a market is price sensitive. 

Plaintiffs correctly point out, however, that the evidence cited by the Commission leads to

precisely the opposite conclusion. Pl.’s Resp. at 17. For example, a memo cited by the

Commission actually shows that Purchaser A was unwilling to shift volume in light of small

price changes.46 In addition, evidence that purchasers negotiated discount rates to the hundredth

percent does not indicate price sensitivity. See Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1345 (noting that “it

is [not] apparent why the degree of price specificity in negotiations would be necessarily

indicative of price sensitivity”). Finally, purchaser estimates of determinative price differentials

indicated that most purchasers were not likely to shift suppliers because of price differentials

ranging from two to six percent. See discussion supra Section I.B.2.b.ii. Therefore, this

evidence does not show that the domestic TCCSS market is price sensitive. 

Second, the degree of substitutability between products is relevant to whether the market

is price sensitive because “the more fungible the product, the more likely that purchasers will
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 38

47 Respondents specified that product specification distributions, non-price factors, timing

of price negotiations, competition-limiting regional factors, and [ ] supply agreements

decrease the products’ degree of substitutability. Staff Report at II-18. 

48 The Commission estimated the range to be [ ]. In other words, a one percent

change in price would induce a [ ] percent change in amount of product purchased. 

Id.

49 The percentage of cost accounted for by TCCSS in a range of end-use products is as

follows: tuna can [ ]%; food cans [ ]%; aerosol [ ]%; paint can ring/plugs 

[ ]%. Staff Report at II-5.

make decisions based on price differences. . . [but] when products are highly differentiated, price

is less likely to determine product selection.” General Motors Corp. v. United States, 17 CIT

697, 706, 827 F. Supp. 774, 784 (1993). Although the Commission claims that domestic and

Japanese TCCSS are highly substitutable, the record indicates that they actually have at best a

moderate degree of substitutability. Although producers reported that Japanese and U.S.

merchandise are “relatively close substitutes” with the exception of some Japanese

specifications, respondents reported that the two products were less fungible.47 As a result, the

Staff Report estimated the elasticity of substitution, or how easily purchasers switch suppliers

when prices change, to be low to moderate.48 Id. at II-17–II-18. 

Third, the Commission claims that the market is price sensitive because TCCSS accounts

for a large percent of the total cost of production of many purchaser operations, and thus

lowering the cost of TCCSS is the most effective way to increase profit margins. Depending on

the final product, however, TCCSS can be a very large or relatively small part of the final

product cost.49 Because purchaser questionnaires indicate that TCCSS accounts for

approximately half of their total cost of production, the evidence as a whole supports the

conclusion that the market is, at most, moderately price sensitive. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 39

Fourth, the Commission argues that the price sensitivity of the market is reflected by the

fact that purchasers consistently rated price as one of the three most important factors in their

purchasing decisions. As discussed above, however, purchasers generally rated price as third in

importance, after quality and on-time delivery. Therefore, this evidence does not support a

finding of high price sensitivity. 

In sum, the evidence relied upon by the Commission indicates that the TCCSS market

was low to moderately price sensitive—that lower priced subject imports had a low to moderate

ability to impact the domestic industry’s sales and prices. Contrary to the Commission’s

assertion, this evidence does not support an affirmative material injury determination. Rather, it

supports the opposite conclusion. See United States Steel Group v. United States, 18 CIT 1190,

1192, 1213, 873 F. Supp. 673, 680, 695 (1994) (holding that the Commission’s negative material

injury determination reasonably supported by finding that market was not highly price sensitive,

and imports were not greatly substitutable). 

2. Negotiation Practices

In its Final Determination, the Commission found that contrary to purchaser testimony,

importers often conduct negotiations simultaneously and use aggressive Japanese pricing in

domestic negotiations to leverage lower prices. Final Determ. at 16. The court held that even if

Japanese and domestic negotiations take place contemporaneously, the Commission must still

address other evidence indicating that these negotiations run on separate tracks according to

different procedures and criteria. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1352, 1361–62. Nonetheless, on

its first remand, the Commission again failed to address evidence indicating that (a) price

negotiations are bifurcated, (b) a division of major and minor tonnage keeps negotiations
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 40

50 The Commission no longer relies on its theory that purchasers reallocated volume after

entering into a contract. Second Remand Determ. at 66 n.277.

51 A Silgan representative testified, “I don’t look for the best price. That’s as simple as

that. . . . I buy around five percent from the Japanese. . . . I can get lower prices from several

other sources. I’m am not looking for the lowest price. I’m looking for the best value, which is

(continued...)

compartmentalized, (c) supply agreements prevent foreign price competition in domestic

negotiations, (d) different delivery times segregate negotiations, and (e) Weirton did not consider

Japanese competition when calculating its prices. Id. Although the Commission argues

otherwise, this evidence continues to indicate that Japanese and domestic negotiations are

compartmentalized. 

a. Price Negotiations are Bifurcated

The court held that the Commission failed to address the extent to which bifurcation of

price negotiations were representative of purchasers’ practices. Id. at 1362. In response, the

Commission finds that there is a “significant body of evidence on the record” to show that prices

of the Japanese product were in fact used to obtain lower prices from domestic producers.50

Second Remand Determ. at 66. Plaintiffs disagree. Pl.’s Resp. at 19. The evidence relied upon

by the Commission does not substantially support its position. 

First, the Commission continues to rely on internal negotiating memoranda from

Purchasers E and F, which the court previously held were irrelevant. Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d

at 1348, n.37 (noting that only Purchaser F’s memo indicates that lower priced Japanese imports

were taken into consideration during negotiations with domestic suppliers, but the price

discussion appeared incidental). Second, the testimonies of Silgan and U.S. Can actually cut

against the Commission’s finding that purchasers used subject pricing in domestic negotiations.51
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 41

51(...continued)

quality, service, and price.” Hr’g Tr. at 208. And, a U.S. Can representative testified that

“domestic mills do not recognize foreign mill prices as competitive situations that they can - -

they choose to meet or being asked to meet. They flatly, absolutely do not recognize it. . . .

[They] don’t compete with the foreign mills. It stops right there . . . .” Id. at 224–25. 

52 “In 1997 and 1998, [a Japanese supplier] supplied [ ]% of [Purchaser E’s]

requirements, which share has increased to [ ]% this year. During the period in question,

[the U.S. supplier] has been led to believe that the [Japanese] price was lower than its own, and

as a result, [it] lowered its price to maintain its share of this account.” [

 ].

53 The Commission concedes that [ ] specific instances of lost revenue

involved only four small purchasers. Second Remand Determ. at 66. Moreover, one out of four

purchasers disagreed with [ ] lost revenue allegations, and one suggested that 

[ ] lost revenue was due to non-price considerations. See Staff Report at V-25 

(quoting [ ] statement that “price is not the only consideration; customer orientation is

critical for the industry. [ ] has stringent specification requirements.”). 

Third, a U.S. supplier’s questionnaire response indicates that it believed that the Japanese price

was lower because Japanese volume increased, not because purchasers used aggressive pricing in

negotiations.52 Fourth, Weirton’s claims are undermined by the fact that it was unable to

document its allegations of Japanese price competition. See discussion infra Section I.D.2.e. 

Finally, although the Commission claims that six U.S. suppliers reported lost revenue, only three

actually responded affirmatively when asked whether they reduced prices or rolled back

announced price increases to avoid losing sales to Japanese competitors. See Producer

Questionnaires at IV-C. Of those three, only one reported specific instances of lost revenue.53

See Staff Report at V-22. Therefore, contrary to the Commission’s finding, there is not

significant record evidence indicating that purchasers used subject imports to obtain lower

domestic prices. Rather, price negotiations appear to be bifurcated. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 42

54 “We will continue to buy from [ ] but in reduced quantities. Plan is to get 

[ ] from [ ] and [ ] from [ ] and this WILL cut into tons avail[able] to

them. . . . [ ] is a good steady supplier but will likely lose volume due to foreign and

commercial issues.” Purchaser F Memo [ 

 ].

b. Purchasers Buy Major Domestic Tonnage and Minor 

Japanese Tonnage 

The court also held that the Commission failed to address the extent to which a division

of major and minor tonnage between domestic and subject suppliers kept negotiations on

separate tracks. Second Remand Determ. at 68–69. The Commission now finds that the fact that

purchasers buy more domestic product than subject imports does not mean that domestic

negotiations are sealed off from subject import pricing. Id. at 69. The Commission contends that

the record shows that purchasers developed negotiation strategies encompassing all of their

suppliers, domestic and foreign, before beginning negotiations with domestic mills. Plaintiffs

argue that the evidence cited by the Commission does not show that subject prices were used in

domestic negotiations. Pl.’s Resp. at 19–20. Although the evidence cited by the Commission

confirms that purchasers bought major tonnage from domestic suppliers and minor tonnage from

subject suppliers, it does not show that purchasers used foreign pricing to leverage lower

domestic prices. 

For example, although an internal memo indicates that Purchaser F planned to allocate

more volume from Japanese sources and less from domestic suppliers, it does not show that such

volume allocation affected price negotiations.54 Similarly, although another memo indicates

Purchaser F’s plan to buy more volume from foreign suppliers and less from domestic sources

would save the purchaser money, it does not show that subject pricing was used to leverage
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 43

55 “We attained an [ ] (domestic/foreign) mix in FY ‘99 and have targeted to

achieve a [ ] mix in FY ‘00. The average savings . . . is approximately $[ ] / ton.” 

Purchaser F Memo [ ].

56 Purchasers [ ] lease facilities from [ ], and 

[ ] leases a facility from [ ]. Staff Report at III-3.

57 For example, Purchaser E’s supply agreement with [ ] includes the following

provisions: “During the term of this supply agreement, [the supplier] agrees to sell to [Purchaser

E] [ ] percent of [Purchaser E’s ] annual prime requirements for Tin Mill Products

consumed or processed at the [leased] facility.” [

 ]. “The price for all Tin Mill Products sold by [the supplier] to

[Purchaser E] will be negotiated between the parties on an annual basis. [The supplier] is

expected to be competitive with [Purchaser E’s] lowest price . . . for domestically produced Tin

Mill Products . . .” Id. at 3. Therefore, although these agreements require purchasers to buy the

majority of their TCCSS from their supplier/lessors, they could buy minor amounts based on

price. 

lower domestic prices.55 Finally, the fact that subject import volume increased over the period of

investigation does not prove that subject prices were used by purchasers to obtain lower prices. 

The issue here is price effects. 

Therefore, although this evidence confirms that purchasers bought major volumes of

domestic product and minor volumes of subject imports and indicates that subject import volume

increased over the period of investigation, it does not show that purchasers used foreign pricing

to leverage lower domestic prices. 

c. Supply Agreements Limit Price Competition to Domestic Bids

Five purchasers lease facilities from two U.S. suppliers.56 As part of these leasing

arrangements, purchaser/lessees and supplier/lessors enter into supply agreements, which set

forth volume and pricing terms for extended periods of time. Staff Report at III-3, n.5. Although 

these supply agreements vary, most require purchasers to buy the majority of their TCCSS from

the supplier and require suppliers to compete only with other domestic prices.57 In Nippon II, the
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 44

58 On August 6, 2004, the Commission filed a Motion to Correct its May 11, 2004 Brief,

to which Plaintiffs did not respond. In that Motion, the Commission determined the percentage

of total apparent U.S. consumption associated with supply agreements to be [ ]% in 1997, 

[ ]% in 1998, and [ ]% in 1999. ITC Mot. to Correct Brief at Ex. 1. 

59 The following percentages were bought pursuant to supply agreements over the period

of investigation: [ 

 ]. Id. 

court held that the Commission did not address Plaintiffs arguments relating to the prevalence

and impact of these supply agreements. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1363. In response, the Commission

now finds that these supply agreements are not prevalent in the industry and do not preclude

purchasers from using foreign prices to negotiate lower domestic prices. Second Remand

Determ. at 72. Plaintiffs correctly assert that the Commission’s findings are unsupported by

substantial evidence. 

 First, the Commission finds that supply agreements are not prevalent in the industry

because the volume of TCCSS sold pursuant to such agreements over the period of investigation

was a small percentage of the total apparent U.S. consumption.58 The apparent U.S.

consumption, however, includes total domestic consumption from all sources. Moreover, the

Commission’s calculations reveal that the vast majority of TCCSS bought by purchaser/lessees

from supplier/lessors were pursuant to supply agreements.59 The fact that most of the TCCSS

bought by four large purchasers from two of the seven domestic suppliers was insulated from

Japanese price competition, weighs against the Commission’s conclusion that purchasers used

Japanese pricing in domestic negotiations.

In addition, the Commission’s finding that supply agreements do not preclude purchasers

from using foreign prices to negotiate lower domestic prices is unsupported by substantial
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 45

60 The Commission also argues that supply agreements do not prevent purchasers from

obtaining the benefit of lower foreign prices negotiated by other purchasers that are not subject to

the domestic pricing limitation. For support, the Commission cites a statement from Purchaser

A: “Although we are a captive customer of sorts, even [ ] has had to lower its prices to

us. We have a three year contract with [ ] for quantity, but renegotiate price annually. 

The decline in pricing is due entirely to domestic and European competition.” Purchaser A

Questionnaire Resp., Decl. of [ ], at 7. As Plaintiffs point out, this statement

establishes no link between Japanese and domestic prices or negotiations. Pl.’s Resp. at 21. 

evidence. The Commission contends that the language of supply agreements, which imposes an

obligation on the supplier, does not preclude a purchaser from using subject prices in

negotiations with suppliers. Second Remand Determ. at 72–73. Plaintiffs argue that this

argument is inconsequential because the record does not show that purchasers used subject

imports to leverage lower prices. Pl.’s Resp. at 21. The Commission is unable to cite an

instance when a purchaser, party to a supply agreement, used subject pricing to negotiate lower

domestic prices.60 Even if such a purchaser attempted to use subject pricing to negotiate lower

domestic prices, however, a supplier would be insulated, at least partly, from meeting those

prices. Indeed, the record shows that domestic suppliers simply refused to compete with foreign

prices. See Hr’g Tr. at 224 (“The domestic mills do not recognize foreign mill prices as

competitive situations that they can----they choose to meet or being asked to meet. They flatly,

absolutely do not recognize it.”). 

d. Domestic Producers Enjoyed a Lead Time Advantage

The court also held that the Commission failed to evaluate purchaser perceptions with

respect to the domestic industry’s lead time advantage as a potential explanation for keeping

negotiations compartmentalized. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1363. In response, the

Commission acknowledges that the proximity of domestic mills to their purchasers generally
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 46

61 The Commission also points out that purchasers used longer delivery times to negotiate

lower foreign prices. Id. at 77. This evidence also shows that different lead times led to

Japanese and U.S. negotiations being conducted pursuant to different criteria. 

gives them a lead time advantage, but it finds that this advantage is mitigated by several factors. 

Second Remand Determ. at 75. Specifically, the Commission cites evidence that purchasers

minimize (but concededly do not eliminate) longer delivery times by negotiating for core

specifications in advance of their production needs, and requiring Japanese suppliers to carry the

cost of larger consignment inventories at storage facilities in the United States. Id. at 75–77. 

Plaintiffs argue that this evidence cuts against the Commission’s conclusion. Pl.’s Resp. at 21. 

The fact that purchasers negotiate for advance specifications and for consignment inventories

with Japanese suppliers but not with domestic suppliers, undercuts the Commission’s finding

that U.S. and Japanese negotiations take place on equal footing.61

e. Weirton was Unable to Provide Documentation of Alleged

Japanese Price Competition

At the public hearing, the Commission requested that Weirton submit documentation to

support its claim that subject import pricing damaged its negotiating leverage. In response,

Weirton submitted “Competitive Price Allowance” sheets for several purchasers during the

period of investigation and conceded that “the competitors listed . . . are always other domestic

firms.” See Pet’r Posthr’g Br., Ex. 20, at 1, (A.R. 2-104), ITC App., Tab 1, at 4. Based on this

information, the court found that Weirton “apparently derives its pricing allowance range solely

according to pricing data of domestic producers submitted by its sales department.” Nippon I

182 F. Supp. 2d at 1348. The Commission disagreed and accorded little weight to Weirton’s

inability to evidence its Japanese price competition. First Remand Determ. at 22–23. The court
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 47

62 A Weirton representative explained, “Do I get specific quotes from Japanese

producers? No. Do I get specific quotes from customers saying well this is the Japanese price of

the product? No. I only know, just like I know that other competitors, domestic competitors, are

quoting different kinds of prices. I don’t know specifically who’s doing it, so consequently, I

could not identify that it was a specific Japanese product that was coming in and being

competitive or pulling down prices. You only know that after the fact.” Hr’g Tr. at 150–51.

in Nippon II held that the Commission failed to justify its decision to accord little weight to this

lack of evidence. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1364. Nonetheless, the Commission again finds that

Weriton’s lack of documentation should be accorded little weight. Second Remand Determ. at

78–80. Plaintiffs counter that since Weirton claimed to be highly sensitive to the alleged

competitive pressures of subject imports, this lack of documentation is significant. Pl.’s Resp. 

at 22. 

This court has held that “what a party says, or does not say, concerning its economic

condition can be important evidence of injury or lack thereof.” Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v.

United States, 24 CIT 858, 116 F. Supp. 2d 1276, 1299 (2000) (citing Sunamerica De Aleaciones

Laminadas, CA v. United States, 44 F.3d 978, 984 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). The Defendant-Intervenor

here, Weirton, alleges that it adjusted pricing because of Japanese competition. Nonetheless, it is

unable to back up this allegation with documentation. The Commission reasons that this lack of

documentation is insignificant because purchasers do not specify the identity of suppliers with

which they are negotiating, but generally mention offshore suppliers to obtain lower domestic

prices. For support, the Commission notes that Weirton only discovered “after the fact” that it

was competing with Japanese prices.62 Under this explanation, however, it is not clear why

Weirton had documentation regarding specific domestic competitors, did not document

“offshore” competition, and did not document Japanese competition “after the fact.” 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 48

Accordingly, the Commission’s explanation for according little weight to this lack of

documentation is unsupported by substantial evidence, and the fact that Weirton—a party to this

action and principal supporter of the petition—is unable to provide evidence supporting its

allegations, is important evidence of lack of injury.

II. Causation

After assessing whether the volume, price effects, and impact of the subject imports on

the domestic industry are significant, the statutory “by reason of” language implicitly requires the

Commission to “determine whether [these] factors as a whole indicate that the subject imports

themselves made a material contribution to the overall injury.” Taiwan Semiconductor v. United

States, 23 CIT 410, 414, 59 F. Supp. 2d 1324, 1329 (1999) (quoting Gerald Metals, Inc. v.

United States, 132 F.3d 716 (Fed. Cir. 1997)); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(1). This “by reason

of” language “mandates a showing of causal—not merely temporal—connection between the

[subject imports] and the material injury.” Gerald Metals, Inc., 132 F.3d at 720. To establish

this causal connection, a minimal or tangential contribution to the material harm is insufficient. 

Id. at 722. 

As part of this analysis, “the Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is

not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” Statement of Administrative

Action, H.R. Doc. No. 316, 103rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (1994), reprinted in Uruguay Round

Agreements Act, Legislative History, Vol. VI, at 851–52. Although the Commission need not

find that alternative causes entirely negate the likelihood of subject imports having any adverse

impact on domestic pricing, it must determine whether “their combined effect may dilute the

effect of the LTFV imports, preventing [them] from being a material factor.” Taiwan
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 49

Semiconductor v. United States, 93 F. Supp. 2d 1283, 1291 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2000) (quoting

Gerald Metals, Inc., 22 CIT at 1014, 27 F. Supp 2d at 1355 n.8). As explained by this court, 

Frequently, several events—each of which is a necessary antecedent and has an

appreciable effect—contribute to overall injury to an industry. In some cases,

another event may have such a predominant effect in producing the harm as to

make the effect of the LTFV imports insignificant and, therefore, to prevent the

LTFV imports from being a material factor. (This is not to say, however, that

there may not be more than one material factor to injury.) In addition, even if no

contributing factors independently have a predominant effect, their combined

effect may dilute the effect of the LTFV imports, preventing the LTFV imports

from being a material factor. The statute requires that the Commission determine

whether the LTFV imports themselves made a material contribution to the injury

suffered by the domestic industry. 

Gerald Metals, 22 CIT at 1015, 27 F. Supp. 2d at 1355.

In this case, the court held that the Commission had not sufficiently ensured that it was

accurately attributing the harmful effects to lower-priced subject imports because “[t]he record

reflects that the increased subject import volume must be attributed largely to purchaser priorities

that are unrelated to price.” Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1371. In particular, the court held that

the Commission had not reasonably explained why injury was not caused by (A) U.S. quality and

delivery problems, or (B) non-subject imports. 

A. The Record Consistently shows that Purchasers Bought Subject Imports Largely

because of U.S. Quality and Reliability Problems

Non-price factors such as product quality and reliable delivery are important

considerations to TCCSS purchasers. Many purchasers testified that they experienced U.S.

quality and on-time delivery problems over the period of investigation. Final Determ. at 26. 

Nonetheless, in its First Remand Determination, the Commission was not persuaded by this

evidence, which it found to be “inconsistent and contradictory” with other record evidence. First

Remand Determ. at 29–41. In contrast, the court held that the evidence was not inconsistent. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 50

Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1367–69. In its Second Remand Determination, the Commission

continues to find that evidence that purchasers turned to Japanese sourcing solely because of

domestic quality and delivery time problems is inconsistent with other evidence showing that

purchasers bought subject imports because of price. Second Remand Determ. at 87–117. 

Plaintiffs argue that the record consistently shows that purchasers turned to Japanese imports for

these non-price reasons. Pl.’s Resp. at 24. 

An agency has the discretion to weigh and judge the credibility of conflicting evidence.

Nippon III, 345 F.3d at 1381; Chung Ling Co. v. United States, 16 CIT 636, 648, 805 F. Supp.

45, 55 (1992). While the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the agency, the

agency’s findings must be reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. Bratsk Aluminum

Smelter, Slip Op. 04-75 at 10. In this case, because the evidence cited by the Commission

reinforces purchaser testimony by showing that purchasers bought subject imports because of

quality and delivery considerations, the Commission’s finding that they are inconsistent is

unreasonable and unsupported by substantial evidence. Contrary to the Commission’s

implication, the fact that some of the same evidence indicates that purchasers also considered

price when making purchasing decisions does not establish a conflict. Indeed, most purchasers

reported that several factors drive their purchasing decisions. The question is whether subject

imports made a material contribution to the injury, or whether the combined effect of other

factors were of such a magnitude as to prevent subject imports from being a material factor in the

injury. See Taiwan Semiconductor, 23 CIT at 416, 59 F. Supp. 2d at 1331. 

Although some evidence indicates that price was a purchasing factor, the record on the

whole consistently shows that purchasers bought subject imports largely because of U.S. quality
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 51

and reliability problems. In light of this consistent evidence, the Commission cannot reasonably

ensure that it accurately attributed harm to lower priced subject imports rather than to these other

problems. Moreover, the combined effect of these problems may have prevented lower-priced

Japanese imports from being a material factor in the injury. Indeed, the record shows neither that

price was a material factor, nor that subject imports had a significant effect on domestic prices. 

See discussion supra Section I; see also Gerald Metals, Inc., 22 CIT at 1014, 27 F. Supp. 2d at

1356 (noting that factors as a whole must indicate that LTFV imports themselves made a material

contribution to the injury). Consequently, the record fails to show that harm was by reason of

subject imports. 

1. BWAY

At the public hearing, a BWAY representative testified that due to “a series of delivery

and quality disappointments with certain U.S. mills,” BWAY made “a strategic decision to

diversify its sourcing including additional sourcing [of TCCSS] from abroad.” Hr’g Tr. at 190. 

Nonetheless, the Commission finds that other record evidence contradicts BWAY’s testimony

and shows that BWAY purchased subject imports based on price. Second Remand Determ. at

95. The court agrees with Plaintiffs, however, that the record does not support the Commission’s

conclusion. Pl.’s Resp. at 25. 

First, BWAY’s questionnaire response is consistent with its testimonial evidence. 

Although the Commission notes that BWAY’s questionnaire response states that it decided to

take advantage of price differences offered by foreign suppliers over the period of investigation,

the next sentence states that BWAY had concerns with domestic supply disruptions and quality
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 52

63 [

 ].

64 [ 

 ]. Id. at 

III-15. 

65 Question IV-10 asks purchasers to compare various aspects of U.S. and Japanese

TCCSS, including availability, delivery terms and time, price, packaging, consistency, quality,

reliability, and service. The fact that BWAY rated U.S. “delivery time” as superior to Japanese is

not necessarily inconsistent with its testimony that it was experiencing delivery disappointments

with U.S. mills, considering that U.S. mills enjoyed an undisputed lead-time advantage. Id. at

IV-10.

problems.

63 Similarly, BWAY stated elsewhere in its questionnaire that although it dropped two

U.S. suppliers due to price and commercial terms, it cut two others because of poor performance

related to quality and delivery.64 Therefore, BWAY’s questionnaire and testimony do not

contradict the quality and delivery representations. 

Second, BWAY’s comparison of domestic and Japanese product corresponds with its

hearing testimony, that it considered quality an important purchasing consideration. In its

comparison, although BWAY rated U.S. delivery time as superior to the Japanese,65 it rated the

quality of Japanese TCCSS as superior to the U.S. 

Third, although the Commission suggests otherwise, BWAY’s failure to report any

quality or delivery problems with some U.S. suppliers is not inconsistent with its hearing

testimony. In the hearing, the BWAY representative stated that BWAY had problems “with

certain U.S. mills.” Hr’g Tr. at 190. In addition, the Commission even concedes that this
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 53

66 As it did in its First Remand Determination, the Commission argues that BWAY’s

purchasing history with [ ] is inconsistent with its hearing testimony. Second Remand

Determ. at 97–98; First Remand Determ. at 33–34. Because the court previously held that this

evidence is not inconsistent, it will not address this issue again. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at

1367. 

67 In its questionnaire response, Crown specified that there was [ 

 ]. 

68 [ ] has a production facility in [ ], where the majority of its

purchasers are located. Staff Report at III-2. Because the court in Nippon II held that Crown’s

qualification of [ ] was not necessarily inconsistent with its stated quality concerns,

this issue will not be addressed again here. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1368. In addition, although the

(continued...)

testimony is backed up by BWAY’s questionnaire, in which it reported that it shifted volumes

from a certain U.S. supplier because of quality and delivery concerns.66

Therefore, the evidence cited by the Commission consistently indicates that BWAY

purchased subject imports because of U.S. quality and reliable delivery concerns. 

2. Crown 

Crown indicated that it increased purchases of Japanese imports in 1999 because of

quality and performance problems, and a shortage of West Coast supply.67 Although the

Commission rejects the credibility of Crown’s assertion on the grounds that it is inconsistent

with other record evidence, the Commission again fails to provide evidence that contradicts

Crown’s explanation for its shift to Japanese imports. 

First, the evidence cited by the Commission does not contradict Crown’s explanation that

it shifted to Japanese imports due to a lack of alternate East Coast suppliers. Although the

Commission notes that a certain East Coast supplier had ample available capacity that could have

been used to supply the volumes Crown sourced from Japan in 1999,68 it fails to point out that
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 54

68(...continued)

Commission asserts otherwise, Crown’s failure to criticize five other domestic suppliers’ quality

and on-time delivery does not constitute substantial evidence that these five domestic suppliers

provided Crown with reliable service and high quality product. 

69 The Commission also contends that although six other East Coast producers prefer to

keep their shipments within the Eastern U.S. because of freight equalization charges, they could

theoretically ship their products to the Western United States. Second Remand Determ. at

102–03. The court agrees with Plaintiffs, however, that the theoretical ability to supply West

Coast facilities does not undermine Crown’s explanation for its shift to Japanese sources. Pl.’s

Resp. at 27–28. 

70 The U.S. producer is [ 

 ].

this supplier reported on-time delivery problems associated with railway complications from

June 1999 to 2000. Staff Report at III-2 n.2. Therefore, even assuming that this supplier had

available capacity, the record indicates that it could not meet Crown’s West Coast on-time 

delivery requirements in 1999.69 Indeed, Crown noted that “delivery performance” was a factor

in its decision to buy Japanese imports that year.

Second, Crown’s comparison of Japanese and U.S. merchandise bolsters its explanation

that it shifted to Japanese imports because of quality considerations. In the comparison, although

Crown rated U.S. availability and delivery time as superior to that of the Japanese suppliers, it

rated Japanese quality and consistency superior to that of the U.S. Crown Questionnaire Resp.

at IV-10. In addition, the fact that Crown rated Japanese and U.S. prices as comparable suggests

that it purchased from these sources based on factors other than price. Id.

Third, evidence that Crown informed a U.S. producer that Japanese prices were lower

than U.S. prices neither contradicts its explanation for why it purchased subject imports, nor

constitutes substantial evidence that Crown bought subject imports because of price.70 It is
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 55

undisputed that Japanese prices were lower than U.S. prices in 1999. The fact that “economic

harm to domestic industry occurred when LTFV imports [we]re also on the market is not enough

to show that the imports caused a material injury.” Gerald Metals, Inc., 132 F.3d at 719. 

In sum, the Commission fails to provide substantial evidence to discredit Crown’s

explanation that it shifted to subject imports because of inadequate U.S. quality and reliable

delivery problems. 

3. Silgan

Silgan testified that it purchased Japanese imports for specialized applications that were

either not available from the domestic industry or of a “quality level” not obtainable from U.S.

producers. Hr’g Tr. at 200–02. Silgan also attributed its increase in Japanese imports to its

acquisition of Campbell’s Soup, which used small quantities of TCCSS produced by Nippon

because of superior quality and unique specifications not available from U.S. producers. Id. at

202. In addition, Silgan testified that it terminated Weirton as a supplier for failing to meet

Silgan’s quality and service requirements. Id. at 200–01. Finally, Silgan stated that if it were to

purchase according to price, it would purchase from Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. Although the

Commission finds that this testimony is undermined by other record statements indicating that

Silgan based its purchasing decisions on price, it fails to support this finding with substantial

evidence.

First, the fact that Silgan increased its purchases of Japanese imports at the same time

Japanese producers were underbidding domestic producers is not inconsistent with Silgan’s

testimony. In fact, it corresponds with Silgan testimony that it increased its purchases of subject
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 56

71 In addition, Silgan’s purchasing history, which shows an increase in purchases from

Nippon in 1999 is fully consistent with Silgan’s testimony that it increased Japanese purchases

when it acquired Campbell’s Soup in 1998. Contrary to the Commission’s assertion, Silgan did

not testify that it began, but rather that it “continued using” Nippon, and “increased” its

purchases from Japan because of this acquisition. Id. at 202. 

72 The Commission also points out that Silgan [ 

 ]. That Silgan noted problems with [ 

 ] does not suggest any inconsistencies. [ 

(continued...)

imports during the period of investigation due to its acquisition of Campbell’s Soup.71

Moreover, as discussed above, a temporal connection between LTFV imports and material harm

is insufficient to establish causation. Gerald Metals, Inc., 132 F.3d at 719 (citing United States

Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 1996)) (“To claim that the temporal

link between these events proves that they are causally related is . . . fallacy . . . .”). 

Second, the Commission concedes that Silgan’s questionnaire response and hearing

testimony verify that Silgan discontinued buying from Weirton because of quality problems. 

Second Remand Determ. at 114–15. In a weak attempt to discredit this consistent evidence, the

Commission reasons that “Silgan made no other comments on this issue in its questionnaire

response, did not describe these failures in any detail, and provided no documents to the

Commission showing what quality or delivery problems Weirton was having prior to 1998.” Id.

at 115. This lack of particular types of evidence, however, does not undermine otherwise

consistent evidence.72
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 57

72(...continued)

 ]. 

73 The Commission also asserts that price is an important factor in Silgan’s sourcing

decisions. The court in Nippon II already addressed this argument, holding that “[t]he

Commission is correct to perceive that Silgan’s priorities appear to be [ 

 ], in that order, but fails to recognize that the same ranking of priorities explains why

Silgan chose not to purchase from Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan, and explains why Silgan would

shift its purchases toward subject imports.” 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1369. The Commission offers no

contrary evidence here. 

Third, other statements by Silgan support its testimony that it purchased Japanese imports

because U.S. suppliers were unable to meet certain specifications. A Silgan representative

testified, “we purchased . . . wide tin-free steel from Japan . . . because our equipment is designed

to run . . . wide coils . . . . No U.S. mill can provide . . . wide tin-free steel. If we buy U.S.

produced narrower coils, we lost [a percentage] of our output. This not only affects our costs,

but it constrains our capacity.” Hr’g Tr. at 201. The Commission claims that this statement

contradicts its testimony by proving that “Silgan was able to, and did, use the domestic product

in place of the wider product supplied by the Japanese.” Second Remand Determ. at 117. On the

contrary, this statement is consistent with Silgan’s testimony that U.S. suppliers could not meet

Silgan’s “specialized applications.”73 Hr’g Tr. at 202. 

Accordingly, the record consistently shows that Silgan purchased subject imports largely

because of non-price concerns. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 58

74 The Commission’s lengthy discussion regarding an alleged correlation between low

U.S. prices and U.S. Can’s domestic purchasing patterns is similarly off point. Nonetheless, the

evidence cited by the Commission parallels U.S. Can’s hearing testimony by emphasizing [ 

(continued...)

4. U.S. Can

U.S. Can testified that it increased its volume of Japanese imports because of U.S. quality

and on-time delivery problems, and because of the desire to source TCCSS on a more global

basis to serve its increasingly international operations. Hr’g Tr. at 196–97. Although the

Commission concedes that this testimony is consistent with U.S. Can’s testimony at the

preliminary staff conference, it finds that it is undermined by other record evidence. The court

agrees with Plaintiffs, however, that the statements cited by the Commission are neither

inconsistent nor contradictory.

First, purchasing data for 1999 substantiates U.S. Can’s hearing testimony that it

increased its purchases of Japanese imports while decreasing its purchases of U.S. TCCSS. The 

Commission asserts that this purchasing history conflicts with another U.S. Can statement: 

“[U.S. Can] did not favor the Japanese mills and take tons away from Weirton Steel. . . .

Japanese tonnage [was] reduced [during certain months in 1999] for reasons of inventory

control.” Id. at 199. Evidence indicating that U.S. Can increased its total 1999 Japanese tonnage

is not necessarily inconsistent with testimony that U.S. Can decreased Japanese tonnage during

certain months of 1999. Moreover, as Plaintiffs point out this evidence is not relevant to

causation. It is undisputed that U.S. Can increased its purchases of Japanese imports in 1999; the

issue is whether or not it did so by reason of Japanese pricing.74 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 59

74(...continued)

 ]. 

75 Memo to file from [ 

 ] (“U.S. Can monthly tonnage . . . has been reduced due to service.”). 

Memo to file from [ 

 ] (“While we missed [ ] in one quarter in 1997, [ ] did not bring this up as a

complaint because of the recognition of their continuing poor service performance. . . . We

covered with them that we still are intent with [ ] (and a few other mills with service

issues, but not as bad as [ ] to have . . . [penalties] . . . apply when service falls.”). 

76 Because the court previously held that “U.S. Can’s internal documents indicate that

quality problems persisted with the domestic supplier ‘for a long period of time,’ a fact that is not

negated by statements in the same document that the problems had improved over this time,”

Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1369, this issue will not be reexamined here.

Second, two internal memos regarding U.S. Can’s negotiations with a particular U.S.

supplier reinforce U.S. Can’s hearing testimony that it increased purchases from Japan due to

U.S. reliability problems. Although noting that foreign suppliers were offering “aggressive

pricing,” both memos emphasized that U.S. Can was experiencing on-time performance

problems with U.S. suppliers and reduced volumes accordingly.75 Therefore, these internal

memos reinforce U.S. Can’s hearing testimony.

Third, U.S. Can’s rating of U.S. and Japanese TCCSS also supports its hearing testimony. 

Although U.S. Can rated U.S. delivery time and availability as superior to that of the Japanese, it

rated Japanese quality, consistency, and reliability superior to the that of the U.S. suppliers. U.S.

Can Questionnaire Resp. at IV-10. This supports U.S. Can’s testimony that it increased its

purchases of Japanese imports due to U.S. quality and reliability problems.

76

 

Therefore, the evidence cited by the Commission is fully consistent with U.S. Can’s

hearing testimony that it increased its purchases of subject imports for reasons other than price.
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 60

77 [ 

 ]. Staff

Report at IV-5, Table IV-4. 

B. The Record indicates that Non-Subject Imports were a Significant Factor in 

the U.S. Market

During the period of investigation, non-subject imports accounted for a greater proportion

of total U.S. market share than Japanese imports.

77

 Final Determ. at 10. Nonetheless, the

Commission rejected the contention that non-subject imports accounted for declines in domestic

pricing, finding that “[a]lthough non-subject imports were a significant factor in the domestic

market during the period of investigation, subject imports grew more rapidly and were generally

priced more aggressively.” Id. at 22. The court in Nippon I held that this finding was

unsupported by substantial evidence because the Commission failed to consider whether nonsubject imports were predominant in the regions where the majority of domestic shipments were

concentrated, and failed to compile its price comparison data in a manner to facilitate the court’s

review. 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1354–55. On its first remand, the Commission did not comply with

the court’s instructions. Nippon II, 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1369–71. In its Second Remand

Determination, the Commission again finds that non-subject imports were not the predominant

cause of injury to the domestic industry during the period of investigation. Second Remand

Determ. at 127. In making this determination, however, the Commission fails to (1) evaluate

whether non-subject import volume was predominant in regions where the majority of domestic

shipments were concentrated, and (2) reasonably interpret non-subject import pricing data. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 61

78 The court in Nippon II dismissed the Commission’s finding that subject imports were

the source of the domestic industry’s harm because of the declining performance of West Coast

TCCSS producers. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1370. The court noted that “[t]o find subject imports a

material cause, even on the West Coast where non-subject imports were not the predominant

(continued...)

1. The ITC Fails to Evaluate whether Non-subject Import Volume was

Predominant in Regions where the Majority of Domestic Shipments 

were made

The majority of U.S. producers are located in the East and Midwest and supply

purchasers in those regions. Staff Report at II-1. Japanese producers, while competing heavily

in the West, supply purchasers throughout the United States. Final Determ. at 10. Non-subject

producers compete only in the Eastern and Midwestern United States. Id. In light of this

regional competition, the court instructed the Commission to evaluate whether non-subject

imports were predominant in regions where the majority of domestic shipments were

concentrated. The court explained that “[e]ven if subject and non-subject market share levels are

‘comparable’ on the whole, non-subject imports are not necessarily precluded from constituting

the predominant source of injury where, as in this case, they are concentrated in regions to which

most domestic shipments were made.” Nippon I, 182 F. Supp. 2d at 1355. 

In its Second Remand Determination, the Commission finds a correlation between the

increased volumes of subject imports to the West Coast, and the apparent financial declines of

the domestic West Coast producers. Second Remand Determ. at 122. Plaintiffs argue that

because the majority of domestic TCCSS shipments and non-subject import volumes are

concentrated on the East Coast, non-subject imports constituted the predominant source of injury

during the period. Pl.’s Resp. at 34–35. The Commission once again refuses to comply with the

court’s instructions.78 By refusing to assess non-subject import volumes in the East and
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 62

78(...continued)

imports, the Commission needed to determine whether there is a correlation between the

supposedly declining U.S. mills’ West Coast revenues, specific instances of underbidding by

producers of subject imports, and a subsequent shift in volume to those subject imports.” Id.

(emphasis added). The Commission relies on this statement to justify its continuing focus on the

West Coast even after the court clearly instructed it, in both previous opinions, to assess the East

Coast and Midwest regions. A link between subject imports and West Coast revenues is not

sufficient to show that subject imports’ contribution to the overall harm was material. 

See Taiwan Semiconductor, 23 CIT at 416, 59 F. Supp. 2d at 1330–31 (holding that the

Commission must “reasonably find[] that the subject imports’ contribution to the overall harm is

material”). 

Midwest, the Commission has no basis for ensuring that it did not attribute the harmful effects

from non-subject imports to the subject imports. 

2. The ITC Fails to Reasonably Interpret Non-subject Import Pricing Data

In Nippon II, the court criticized the Commission’s analysis of the underselling patterns

of subject imports compared to non-subject imports. 223 F. Supp. 2d at 1370–71. The court

held that by collapsing the data into two-year increments, the Commission obscured the fact that

there is no clear pattern when analyzed from year to year. Id. On its second remand, the

Commission prepared new charts and re-presented the data. Based on the revised data, the

Commission finds that underselling by non-subject imports and subject imports over the period

of investigation was “mixed.” Second Remand Determ. at 125. This mixed data, the

Commission contends, establishes that subject imports had more than a minimal or tangential

amount of injury on the domestic industry. Id. at 126. Plaintiffs argue, on the other hand, that

the data is not mixed, but rather when analyzed on an individual purchaser basis, shows that nonsubject imports almost always undersold subject imports. Pl.’s Resp. at 35. 

The Commission presents two charts. The first chart compares the weighted average

prices that six large purchasers paid for Japanese and non-subject merchandise over the period of
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 63

79 In 1999, Purchaser F paid less for non-subject merchandise: Japanese [ ]%

discount rate and non-subject at [ ]% discount rate. Id. at 124, Table Second Remand 4.

Similarly, in 1997 Purchaser A paid less for non-subject TCCSS: Japanese $[ ] and nonsubject $[ ]. In 1997, Purchaser E paid less for non-subject merchandise: Japanese 

[ ]% and non-subject [ ]% discount rate; and in 1999, the discount rates were both 

[ ]%. On the other hand, Purchaser C paid less for Japanese TCCSS in 1999: Japanese 

[ ]%, non-subject [ ]% discount rates. Purchaser B paid less for Japanese TCCSS:

1997 - Japanese [ ]%, non-subject [ ]%; 1998 - Japanese [ ]%, non-subject

[ ]%; 1999 - Japanese [ ]%, non-subject [ ]%; 2000 - Japanese [ ]%,

non-subject [ ]%. Finally, in 1997 and 1998, [ ] paid less for Japanese, but more

in 1999: 1997 - Japanese $[ ], non-subject $[ ]; 1998 - Japanese $[ ], nonsubject $[ ]; 1999 - Japanese $[ ], non-subject $[ ]. Id. This data is mirrored by

individual purchasing data in the Staff Report. See Staff Report V-10–V-21. 

investigation. Second Remand Determ. at 124. It reveals that over the period of investigation,

three purchasers paid less for non-subject TCCSS, two paid less for Japanese TCCSS, and one

paid less for Japanese TCCSS in 1997 and 1998, but more in 1999.79

The second chart compares non-subject bids to Japanese bids. Although there were more

total non-subject bids “above” than “below” all Japanese bids over the entire period of

investigation, from 1997 to 1999, the number of non-subject bids “below all Japanese bids”

steadily increased. In addition, in 1999, the year in which the Commission finds the most

instances of subject underselling, there were more non-subject bids “below all Japanese bids”

than “within” or “above.” Second Remand Determ. at 125, Table Second Remand 5.

Although subject imports need not be the sole or principal cause of injury, Nippon III, at

1381, “a positive correlation concerning non-subject import[s] . . . in conjunction with other

factors, may be sufficient to cut the causal connection between subject imports and any harm

suffered by the domestic industry.” Altx, Inc. v. United States, 167 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1361–63

(Ct. Int’l Trade 2001). In this case, the record not only indicates that non-subject imports
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 64

potentially had a significant effect on U.S. prices, but it also affirmatively demonstrates that

quality and delivery problems affected the domestic industry. These aspects of the record

indicate a gap in the causal connection between lower priced imports and material harm to the

domestic industry. See Gerald Metals, Inc., 132 F.3d at 721. The record simply does not support

a finding that subject imports caused injury to the domestic industry. 

CONCLUSION

The Commission’s affirmative injury determination is unsupported by substantial

evidence. As indicated previously, the record does show some increase in the volume of subject

imports, but despite some isolated fragments of positive evidence, the record does not show that

subject imports had a significant effect on domestic prices, or that purchasers bought significant

volumes of subject imports by reason of lower prices. On the contrary, because the record shows

that the effect of subject imports on domestic prices was insignificant and that harm suffered by

the domestic industry was not caused by lower-priced Japanese TCCSS, it compels a negative

material injury determination. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (“To reverse

the [agency’s] finding we must find that the evidence not only supports that conclusion, but

compels it . . .”) (emphasis in original).

Regarding price effects, not only was Japanese underselling and domestic price

depression or suppression insignificant over the period of investigation, but certain conditions of

competition also minimized any effect subject imports could have had on domestic prices. 

Specifically, lower-priced imports had only a low to moderate ability to impact the domestic

industry’s sales and prices; Japanese and U.S. price negotiations were compartmentalized; the
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 65

majority of the industry’s product was supplied by domestic producers; several large purchasers

bought U.S. TCCSS pursuant to supply agreements that limit price competition domestically;

superior domestic lead times seem to translate into price premiums and segregate Japanese and

U.S. price negotiations; and the principal supporter of the petition had no documentary evidence

of Japanese price competition. Therefore, the record indicates that the effect of subject imports

on domestic prices was not significant. 

With respect to causation, the record does not show that lower-priced Japanese imports

were a material factor in the domestic industry’s harm. On the other hand, it does show that

purchasers bought increased volumes of Japanese imports because of concerns with domestic

producers’ product quality and reliable delivery, and that non-subject imports were an important

competitive factor in the domestic market during the period of investigation. Thus, the record

shows that the harm suffered by the domestic industry was not by reason of subject imports. 

In sum, the record fully supports a negative determination and will not support an

affirmative one. The court has considered whether to leave to the Commission’s discretion, as it

ordinarily would, the issue of reopening the record for further investigation, particularly because

non-subject imports were not fully studied, but such information would not change the result. It

likely would be more support for a negative determination. The agency has had three

opportunities to investigate this matter and its attempts to obtain new supportive information on

price effects have not been successful. Further, it is not fair to Plaintiffs to delay this matter

when lack of adequate investigation is not the primary problem. While flawed, the investigation

gathered most of the relevant material. It simply does not support an affirmative determination. 
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 66

80 The Federal Circuit recently cited Nippon III in a footnote, stating that “Section 1516a

limits the Court of International Trade to affirmances and remand orders; an outright reversal

without a remand does not appear to be contemplated by the statute.” Altx, Inc. v. United States,

370 F.3d 1108, 1111 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The Federal Circuit’s statement must be read in the

context of the principles of administrative law. See e.g. 5 U.S.C. § 706 (2000) (Administrative

Procedure Act instructing reviewing court to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or

unreasonably delayed,” and “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and

conclusions found to be . . . unsupported by substantial evidence . . .”); Ammex Inc. v. United

States, No.02-00361, Slip Op. 2004-89 at 5 (Ct. Int’l Trade July 20, 2004) (quoting McDonnell

Douglas Corp. v. NASA, 895 F. Supp. 316, 319 (D.D.C. 1995)) (holding that remand would be

inappropriate because “the record was inadequate to support the agency’s ‘erroneous decision’

[which] is different from its ‘being inadequate to support any decision or from suffering a

procedural deficiency that might necessitate remand.’ Otherwise, ‘administrative law would be a

never ending loop from which aggrieved parties would never receive justice.’”). Moreover,

language of § 1516a leaves the nature of any remand open. Neither Congress nor the appellate

court could have intended endlessly futile remands. Rather, a remand with specific instructions

would appear consistent with case law and the statute. 

Accordingly, the court concludes that because the Commission is unable to obtain new

evidence to significantly supplement the record, due to the passage of time and other reasons,

further investigation or reconsideration in this matter is futile. The Commission’s Second

Remand Determination is remanded with instructions to issue a negative material injury

determination.80 See 19 U.S.C. §1516a (“If the [court’s] final disposition of an action brought

under this section is not in harmony with the published determination of . . . the Commission, the

matter shall be remanded to . . . the Commission, as appropriate, for disposition consistent with

the final disposition of the court.”).

The court has previously declined to remand this matter for a determination of threat of

material injury, largely on the basis that Weirton neither raised the issue of threat before the

court, nor presented a viable threat case in its post-hearing brief before the Commission. Nippon
COURT NO. 00-09-00479 PAGE 67

Steel Corp. v. United States, No. 00-09-00479, Slip Op. 02-116 (Ct. Int’l Trade Sept. 26, 2002). 

Upon further review of Nippon III, the court concludes that it is better practice for the agency in

the first instance to determine whether a threat of injury dispute remains. 

The remand determination is to issue within sixty days hereof. Objections thereto may be

filed within eleven days thereafter.

 /s/ Jane A. Restani 

 Jane A. Restani

 Chief Judge

Dated: New York, New York

 This 14th day of October, 2004 
ERRATA

Please make the following changes to Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, No. 00-09-00479,

Slip Op. 04-131, October 14, 2004:

• Page 3, line 3: Replace “Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States” with “Nippon Steel Corp.

v. International Trade Commission”

• Page 5, line 4: Replace “Id. at II-7, IV-5. Id.” with “Id. at II-7, IV-5.”

October 21, 2004