United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted August 26, 2020*

Decided November 4, 2020

Before

MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge

**

No. 19-2990

MARK GIRTLER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

BRADLEY FEDIE, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Wisconsin.

No. 19-cv-358-bbc

Barbara B. Crabb,

Judge.

O R D E R

While Mark Girtler was in segregation pending the investigation of an attack on

him by another inmate, the district court denied his request for a preliminary injunction 

* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and 

record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not 

significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).

** Circuit Judge Barrett was a member of the panel when this case was submitted 

but did not participate in the decision and judgment. The appeal is resolved by a 

quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §46(d).

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 19-2990 Page 2

compelling his transfer to another prison. He filed this interlocutory appeal to contest 

that ruling. Given Girtler’s assertion that officials had separated him from hostile 

inmates at the time of his request, the deference that courts owe prison officials, and the 

deference that we owe district courts in ruling on requests for injunctions, the district 

court reasonably denied the request. We thus affirm. 

Girtler was a prisoner at the Wisconsin Secure Program Facility when he clashed 

with another inmate in 2019. In January, prison officials moved him from Unit D to 

Unit C over his protests that he “had enemies” there. On his arrival, Girtler told officers 

that he needed to be moved elsewhere because Charles Banister, a known gang leader

housed in that unit, had threatened him for rebuffing an extortion attempt. He reported 

more threats over the next few days, but a lieutenant told him he would not be moved 

unless he filed a written request for separation. Girtler did not do so then, and three 

days later, Banister punched him at breakfast. Officials placed Girtler in segregation 

while they investigated the incident. They released him to Unit D, his original unit, after

concluding that the clash was not his fault. In the meantime, Girtler says, Banister’s 

gang had labeled him a snitch for revealing Banister as the culprit.

Although in Unit D he was separated from Banister, Girtler contends that he 

continued to receive threats from Banister’s gang members, so he filed a written request

for separation. In it he said he needed to be moved to different unit or prison because 

Banister and his gang were trying to extort him. Lieutenant Taylor then conducted an 

investigation to determine whether the request for separation should be granted. He 

concluded that there was no evidence in the incident reports that Girtler was targeted or 

that there is an existing threat to safety. Taylor further interviewed staff and 

confidential informants to assess the threat to Girtler, but could not interview specific 

individuals that were allegedly extorting Girtler because Girtler did not provide the 

names of those persons. Following the investigation, Taylor recommended denying the 

request. Security Director Mark Kartman then reviewed that recommendation, and 

agreed with it because the evidence did not provide any clear and convincing reason to 

believe that the alleged threats would be carried out. Girtler nonetheless remained 

separated from Banister: For reasons not in the record, he went to segregation for about 

six weeks and was later released to Unit C, while Banister moved to Unit D. But he still 

did not feel safe. He continued to report threats from inmates housed in both Units C 

and D and appealed the denial of his written separation request

This lawsuit and the request for a preliminary injunction came later. Girtler

asked the court to order the defendants to transfer him to another prison because he 
No. 19-2990 Page 3

was in “imminent” danger from Banister. He later supplemented his request, attesting 

that in March 2019 a member of Banister’s gang attacked him, that he was then placed 

in segregation, and that he will be returned to Unit C and remains in danger. 

The district court denied his request for a preliminary injunction, holding that 

Girtler failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success or irreparable harm. Girtler’s suit 

continued after this ruling. In successfully opposing the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment, Girtler asserted that since the denial he has left segregation, at 

times shared the same unit as Banister, received more threats, and again requested (but 

not received) a separation order. He has not renewed his request for a preliminary 

injunction with these assertions.

We begin our analysis by first discussing appellate jurisdiction. The defendants 

argue that we must dismiss Girtler’s appeal because he failed to file a timely notice of 

appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3. Girtler initiated his appeal

incorrectly, they say, by filing a document styled as a petition for permission to appeal 

under Rule 5 in this court. They believe that we recognized this error in a related 

appeal, docketed a month later when he filed a renewed petition for permission to 

appeal. See Order, Girtler v. Fedie, No. 19-8020 (7th Cir. Nov. 12, 2019). But they concede 

that, had Girtler cited Rule 3 instead of Rule 5, his filing would been timely, despite

coming to this court instead of the district court, because his envelope reflects that he 

mailed it within 30 days of the ruling. FED. R. APP. P. 4(c), 4(d); Saxon v. Lashbrook, 

873 F.3d 982, 986–87 (7th Cir. 2017). 

Girtler’s filing suffices as a notice of appeal. To function as a notice of appeal, a 

document need only (1) identify the party or parties taking the appeal, (2) designate the 

judgment or order appealed, and (3) name the court to which the appeal is taken. 

FED. R. APP. P. 3(c)(1); see Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248 (1992). Despite the harmless 

citation error, Girtler’s filing contained all that and more. Further, in his related appeal, 

we explained that the second petition was “unnecessary because [he could] appeal the 

order denying his request for a preliminary injunction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)”

without our permission, which we noted he was already doing. Order, Girtler v. Fedie, 

No. 19-8020 (7th Cir. Nov. 12, 2019). Our jurisdiction is thus secure.

On the merits, Girtler maintains that the district court improperly denied his 

request for a prison transfer. He emphasizes that he has already suffered two attacks at

Banister’s behest and that the defendants have denied his requests for separation. 

Therefore, he argues, he has demonstrated both a reasonable likelihood of success and a 
No. 19-2990 Page 4

possibility that he will suffer irreparable harm because he may again be housed with 

Banister or his affiliates and attacked unless he receives a transfer.

We review Girtler’s appeal through a lens of double discretion. First, in 

addressing a request for an order regarding a prison assignment, federal courts must

accord “wide-ranging deference” to the reasonable decisions that prison officials make

regarding housing, internal order, and security. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 547 (1979); 

Godinez v. Lane, 733 F.2d 1250, 1260 (7th Cir. 1984); Shango v. Jurich, 681 F.2d 1091, 1102 

(7th Cir. 1982) (emphasizing that prison transfers are “the business of penologists and 

not the business of federal judges” (internal citations omitted)). Next, further deference 

is required in our review of a denial of a preliminary injunction. We review legal 

rulings de novo and factual findings for clear error. Bontrager v. Ind. Family & Soc. Servs. 

Admin., 697 F.3d 604, 607 (7th Cir. 2012). But we review the district court’s balancing of 

the competing factors favoring the opposing sides (including institutional operations 

and irreparable harm to Girtler) for abuse of discretion. See id. 

With this dual deference in mind, we conclude that the district court permissibly 

denied Girtler’s request for a preliminary injunction. We need only consider the first 

basis identified by the court, which is the failure to demonstrate a likelihood of success 

on the merits. To establish an Eighth Amendment violation based on a violation of the 

duty to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of others, a prisoner must show 

“that the prison official was deliberately indifferent to an excessive risk to the prisoner's 

health or safety, which includes both an objective and subjective component.” LaBrec v. 

Walker, 948 F.3d 836, 841 (7th Cir. 2020). The harm to which the prisoner was exposed 

must be objectively serious, and the prison official must have had actual knowledge of 

the risk. Id. Moreover, “[b]ecause a prison official's duty under the Eighth Amendment 

is to ensure ‘reasonable safety,’ prison officials who actually knew of a substantial risk 

to inmate health or safety can nevertheless escape liability if they responded reasonably 

to the risk, whether or not the harm was ultimately averted.” Id. The district court in 

this case noted that Girtler’s request for separation was investigated by Taylor and 

reviewed by Kartman, and that they “reasonably determined that there was insufficient 

evidence from which to conclude that the altercation between plaintiff and Banister rose 

to the level of requiring the separation of plaintiff and Banister.” Dist. Ct. Order, Doc. 

22, at 4-5. The court further held that “[t]here is no evidence that the investigation was a 

sham or was not based on legitimate security and administrative concerns.” Id. at 5.

That determination by the district court is supported in the record. Girtler’s complaint 

of the risk of violence was not ignored by prison officials, but rather was investigated 

and both staff and confidential informants were interviewed prior to the denial of his 
No. 19-2990 Page 5

request for separation. Girtler’s disagreement with the conclusions reached does not 

demonstrate that the prison officials were deliberately indifferent. As the district court 

noted, there is no evidence that the investigation was a sham or based on improper 

factors, and therefore no basis to conclude that the officials’ response was not 

reasonable and constituted deliberate indifference. Nor is there a reason to believe that 

the process would be ineffective to address subsequent threats to Girtler. Because 

Girtler has failed to show a likelihood of success in demonstrating that the prison 

officials are acting with deliberate indifference, the court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying the request for a preliminary injunction. 

Girtler remains free to renew his request for injunctive relief in the district court 

based on changes in his circumstances. For present purposes, however, given the

deference applicable to his appeal and the record before the district court at the time of 

his request, the district court did not “exceed[] the bounds of permissible choice.”

Roland Mach. Co. v. Dresser Indus., 749 F. 2d 380, 390 (7th Cir. 1984). 

AFFIRMED