RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 10, 2021; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2020-CA-1286-MR

CECIL SIMPSON APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE LUCY ANNE VANMETER, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 19-CR-01183

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: ACREE, GOODWINE, AND JONES, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Cecil Simpson appeals his conviction and sentence following

the entry of his conditional guilty plea. He reserved his right to appeal the Fayette

Circuit Court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a 

vehicular stop. After reviewing the record and relevant case law, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Officer David Smith of the Lexington Police Department was working 

during the late evening hours on May 30, 2019, when he saw a Ford Fusion 
-2-

belonging to Paul McColor parked in front of 734 North Broadway in Lexington. 

This observation held particular significance for Officer Smith. Approximately 

three months before, he had arrested an individual in this neighborhood for 

narcotics possession. The arrestee told Officer Smith he bought the drugs at 734 

North Broadway, and he gave Officer Smith the street name of a dealer known as 

“City.” After conferring with a narcotics detective, Officer Smith learned that 

“City” was an alias for McColor, who was suspected of trafficking narcotics from 

Detroit to Lexington. The detective also suspected McColor supplied narcotics to 

the location at 734 North Broadway. Finally, the detective also informed Officer 

Smith that McColor drove a Ford Fusion and gave him the description and license 

plate number of the vehicle. 

Since that time, Officer Smith and several other patrol officers had 

made it a special assignment to watch 734 North Broadway. Officer Smith himself 

had succeeded in making several narcotics arrests of individuals driving away from 

this location. He also watched the location for the appearance of McColor’s Ford 

Fusion. Three months of continuing investigation followed until, on May 30, 

2019, Officer Smith finally observed the Fusion parked at 734 North Broadway. 

Officer Smith watched the parked vehicle for thirty minutes before 

two individuals entered the Fusion and began driving away. The officer followed 

the vehicle in his cruiser through a few turns; he wanted to avoid a traffic stop of 
-3-

the vehicle while it was too close to 734 North Broadway because he did not wish 

to interfere with other officers who might also be watching that location for 

criminal activity. Although he intended to perform an investigative stop of the 

Fusion in any event, Officer Smith saw the vehicle make an improper turn, a 

technical traffic violation of the Kentucky Revised Statutes, when it made a wide 

right-hand turn into the cross street’s left-hand lane.1 Officer Smith used this 

opportunity to initiate a traffic stop. Although he intended to perform an 

investigative stop, and he had already called for assistance from a K-9 unit to 

execute a sniff search of the vehicle, Officer Smith told the driver that the stop was 

due to the lane violation so he and his passenger would not get nervous. 

After verifying McColor as the Fusion’s driver and Simpson as his 

passenger, Officer Smith went back to his cruiser. He had not yet written the 

warning notice for McColor’s traffic violation when the K-9 unit arrived, 

approximately six minutes after the initial stop. Following a sniff search around 

the Fusion, the dog alerted at the passenger side of the vehicle. The officers 

searched the vehicle and discovered crack cocaine on the passenger-side 

floorboard. Simpson admitted the drugs were his and volunteered that he also had 

 

1

 Although the record does not specifically identify the violated statute, we assume Officer 

Smith observed a violation of Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 189.330, entitled “Turning and 

right-of-way at intersections.” Paragraph (6)(a) of the statute reads as follows: “The operator of 

a vehicle intending to turn shall do so as follows . . . [r]ight turns–both the approach for a right 

turn and a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the 

roadway[.]” Under KRS 189.990(1), this is a traffic violation punishable by a fine of “not less 

than twenty dollars ($20) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100) for each offense.”
-4-

a small packet of powder cocaine in his wallet. McColor was not arrested. 

Instead, Officer Smith gave him a warning notice for the traffic violation. Simpson 

was thereafter indicted for first-degree trafficking in a controlled substance and for

being a persistent felony offender.2

Prior to trial, Simpson moved the circuit court to suppress the

evidence of the drugs and his statement admitting that they belonged to him, 

arguing there was an insufficient basis for the warrantless stop of McColor’s 

vehicle and, therefore, the police violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment 

of the United States Constitution and Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution. In 

his motion, Simpson contended “police proceeded to make an investigatory stop 

despite not noting any illegal activity.” (Record (R.) at 32.) He also argued the 

duration of the traffic stop was unlawfully extended for the purpose of the K-9 

sniff search, in violation of Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 135 S. Ct. 

1609, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492 (2015). 

In a hearing on the motion, Simpson contended the information 

leading to the investigatory stop was stale, arguing it was entirely derived from a 

tip that was three months old. The Commonwealth asserted the stop was 

legitimate, as it was predicated on Officer Smith’s observing a traffic violation. 

 

2

 Officer Smith later clarified that Simpson was charged with trafficking because he had a large 

quantity of cash, over nine hundred dollars, in addition to the drugs in his possession; see, e.g., 

Commonwealth v. Rodefer, 189 S.W.3d 550, 553 (Ky. 2006) (holding “possession of an 

abnormally large amount of cash and illegal drugs” supports a conviction for trafficking).
-5-

Furthermore, the Commonwealth contended the tip Officer Smith received three

months prior to the stop was merely the starting point for the ongoing investigation

in this case. The circuit court ultimately denied the suppression motion, ruling that 

Officer Smith had reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot and that the 

investigatory stop did not violate Simpson’s Fourth Amendment rights. Simpson 

thereafter entered a conditional guilty plea reserving his right to appeal the 

suppression ruling. The circuit court thereafter sentenced Simpson to a term of 

three-years’ imprisonment, probated for three years, on a single count of firstdegree possession of a controlled substance.3

 This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

For his sole issue on appeal, Simpson contends the circuit court 

erroneously denied his motion to suppress, arguing Officer Smith did not have 

reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop of McColor’s Ford Fusion. 

“When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we utilize a clear 

error standard of review for factual findings and a de novo standard of review for 

conclusions of law.” Greer v. Commonwealth, 514 S.W.3d 566, 568 (Ky. App. 

2017) (quoting Jackson v. Commonwealth, 187 S.W.3d 300, 305 (Ky. 2006)). 

We begin by pointing out something which does not appear to be in 

dispute: Officer Smith observed a violation of the traffic laws, which he then used 

 

3

 KRS 218A.1415, a Class D felony punishable by a maximum term of three-years’ 

imprisonment.
-6-

as an explanation or a ruse to lull the suspicions of McColor and his passenger, 

Simpson, when he initiated a stop of the vehicle. Officer Smith went so far as to 

characterize the traffic violation as “no big deal” in the hearing on the suppression 

motion, although he admitted he used it as an excuse to initiate the stop. He also 

issued a warning notice to McColor based on the observed infraction. 

“[A]n officer who has probable cause to believe a civil traffic 

violation has occurred may stop a vehicle regardless of his or her subjective 

motivation in doing so.” Wilson v. Commonwealth, 37 S.W.3d 745, 749 (Ky. 

2001); see also Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774, 

135 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1996). The parties and the circuit court chose to frame this 

matter as an investigative stop, but “it is well-settled that an appellate court may 

affirm a lower court for any reason supported by the record.” McCloud v. 

Commonwealth, 286 S.W.3d 780, 786 n.19 (Ky. 2009). Despite Officer Smith’s 

own assertion that the traffic violation was “no big deal,” it was nonetheless a valid 

reason for a traffic stop. Based purely on the observed traffic infraction, Officer 

Smith’s stop of the Ford Fusion was proper. 

Nor does Simpson’s invocation of Rodriguez v. United States, supra,

before the circuit court help him argue against the traffic stop now. In his motion, 

Simpson asserted that the dog sniff search improperly extended the length of the 

traffic stop, and the circuit court briefly considered this argument during the 
-7-

suppression hearing. However, Simpson does not argue the point in his briefs

before this Court and thus waives the issue. “Questions . . . not argued in the 

briefs, will not be considered by the Court of Appeals.” Service Financial 

Company v. Ware, 473 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Ky. App. 2015) (quoting Herrick v. Wills, 

333 S.W.2d 275, 276 (Ky. 1959)). In any event, Officer Smith called for the K-9 

unit before he proceeded to the vehicle, and he was still in the process of issuing 

the traffic warning before the unit’s arrival and during its sniff of the vehicle. 

Thus, the evidence indicates that the “sniff search was conducted concurrently with 

the traffic stop and thus did not prolong the stop beyond what was reasonably 

required to conduct the traffic stop.” Commonwealth v. Lane, 553 S.W.3d 203, 

206 (Ky. 2018).

Nonetheless, even considering the issue as framed by the parties in 

their briefs, we affirm the circuit court’s determination that Officer Smith 

performed a valid investigatory stop of the vehicle. To determine whether an 

investigatory stop is lawful, the Kentucky Supreme Court has provided the 

following guidance:

In order to perform an investigatory stop of an 

automobile, there must exist a reasonable and articulable 

suspicion that a violation of the law is occurring. 

Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663, 99 S. Ct. 1391, 

1401, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660, 673 (1979). Complications arise 

when, as here, the information serving as the sole basis of 

the officer’s suspicion is provided by an anonymous 

informant, whose veracity, reputation, and basis of 
-8-

knowledge cannot be readily assessed. In situations such 

as these, we are required to examine the totality of the 

circumstances, and to determine whether the tip, once 

suitably corroborated, provides sufficient indicia of 

reliability to justify an investigatory stop. Alabama v. 

White, 496 U.S. 325, 332, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 2417, 110 L. 

Ed. 2d 301, 310 (1990).

Collins v. Commonwealth, 142 S.W.3d 113, 115 (Ky. 2004). 

An anonymous tip, even though accurate in its details, will not justify 

an investigatory stop unless “the investigating officer . . . independently observe[s]

any illegal activity, or any other indication that illegal conduct was afoot.” Brooks 

v. Commonwealth, 488 S.W.3d 18, 22 (Ky. App. 2016) (quoting Collins, 142 

S.W.3d at 116); see also Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270, 120 S. Ct. 1375, 1378, 

146 L. Ed. 2d 254 (2000). However, tips from “citizen informants who either (1) 

have face-to-face contact with the police; or (2) may be identified are generally 

competent to support a finding of reasonable suspicion (and in some cases, 

probable cause)[.]” Commonwealth v. Kelly, 180 S.W.3d 474, 478 (Ky. 2005). 

Finally, it is worth remembering that reasonable suspicion is a 

“relatively low” standard. Yopp v. Commonwealth, 562 S.W.3d 290, 294 (Ky.

App. 2018). “A reasonable suspicion is more than an unparticularized suspicion or 

hunch[,]” Bauder v. Commonwealth, 299 S.W.3d 588, 591 (Ky. 2009) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted), but it “is a significantly lower standard than 

the probable-cause standard.” Boyle v. Commonwealth, 245 S.W.3d 219, 220 (Ky.
-9-

App. 2007). All that is required for reasonable suspicion is that “in justifying the 

particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and 

articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, 

reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Yopp, 562 S.W.3d at 294 (quoting Terry v. 

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)).

Simpson argues the tip lacked indicia of reliability, citing Florida v. 

J.L., supra. However, Simpson’s discussion of that case is inapposite because it 

concerns analysis of an anonymous tip. Here, the tip was from a face-to-face 

encounter between Officer Smith and the individual he arrested for narcotics 

possession. “In cases involving identifiable informants who could be subject to 

criminal liability if it is discovered that the tip is unfounded or fabricated, such tips 

are entitled to a greater presumption of reliability as opposed to the tips of 

unknown anonymous informants (who theoretically have nothing to lose).” Kelly, 

180 S.W.3d at 477 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In the case of a 

known informant, “[w]hen determining whether a set of facts is sufficient to 

generate reasonable suspicion, we must look at the totality of the circumstances in 

each case.” Id. (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 

110 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1990)).

Simpson also argues the stop was predicated on what he characterizes 

as “stale” information, because Officer Smith received the tip three months 
-10-

beforehand. However, the Kentucky Supreme Court considered a similar fact 

pattern in Commonwealth v. Pride, 302 S.W.3d 43 (Ky. 2010). In that case, the 

Supreme Court determined that a tip received by police a year and a half 

beforehand was not stale because the information in the tip, once verified as 

reliable, became the starting point for an investigation. Id. at 50. Pride is 

instructive in this case. Officer Smith took the face-to-face tip from the informant 

and verified it through continuing investigation. He consulted with a narcotics 

detective and made successful narcotics arrests of individuals leaving 734 North 

Broadway, the premises identified by the informant as where he purchased drugs. 

This investigation continued until the evening he performed a traffic stop on

McColor’s Ford Fusion.

The circuit court correctly found Officer Smith had reasonable 

articulable suspicion to perform an investigative stop. Officer Smith’s informant 

told him he obtained narcotics at 734 North Broadway, and the officer made 

several narcotics arrests of individuals leaving those premises. A tip from a faceto-face informant may, of itself, be sufficient for reasonable suspicion. Kelly, 180 

S.W.3d at 478. Furthermore, “[t]he police are permitted to take into account their 

surroundings–and whether a particular location has a reputation for being a ‘known 

drug’ area–when forming a reasonable and articulable suspicion.” Commonwealth 

v. Marr, 250 S.W.3d 624, 627 (Ky. 2008). Finally, Officer Smith investigated the 
-11-

tip’s reference to “City” with a narcotics detective, who identified it as a reference 

to McColor. The detective provided McColor and his vehicle’s description to 

Officer Smith as subjects for further investigation. The collective knowledge of 

law enforcement officers may be taken into consideration in order to determine 

whether reasonable suspicion exists. Commonwealth v. Blake, 540 S.W.3d 369, 

373 (Ky. 2018).

Taken together, these facts meant that Officer Smith had more than an 

“unparticularized suspicion or hunch[,]” Bauder, 299 S.W.3d at 591, when he 

initiated the traffic stop. We must “take care not to view the factors upon which 

police officers rely to create reasonable suspicion in isolation” but instead 

“consider all of the officers’ observations, and give due weight to the inferences 

and deductions drawn by trained law enforcement officers.” Greene v. 

Commonwealth, 244 S.W.3d 128, 133-34 (Ky. App. 2008). The circuit court 

found the totality of evidence supported Officer Smith’s reasonable suspicion that 

criminal activity was afoot. We discern no error in the circuit court’s 

determination.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Fayette 

Circuit Court.

ALL CONCUR.
-12-

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Adam Meyer

Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron

Attorney General of Kentucky

Courtney J. Hightower

Assistant Attorney General

Frankfort, Kentucky