SECOND DI VI SI ON

M I LLER, P. J.

, RI C K M A N and REESE, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

Nov em ber 25, 2019



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 9 A2 41 1 . J U

NG v . THE STATE.

M I LLE R , Pres i d i n g J u d g e.

In t h is in t erl o cu to ry ap peal

, J ae Su n J u n g s eek s rev iew of t he t ri al co urt ’ s o rd er

d en y i n g h i s m o t i o n to d i s m is s t h e cri m i nal ch a r g e s ag ai n s t h im d u e t o an al l eg ed

v i o l at i o n o f h is ri g h t t o a s p e ed y t ri al

. H e arg u es th at t h e t ri al co u rt erro n eo u s l y

ap p li ed th e fo u r-fact o r b al an ci n g t es t ap p li cab le t o s p eed y -t ri al cl ai m s an d t h at t h e

t ri al co u rt fai l ed t o p ro p erl y acco u n t fo r t h e fo u r-y ear d el ay bet ween t h e t im e o f t h e

cri m i n al accu s at i o n an d h i s m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s

. Aft er co n s i d eri n g t he d e l i c at e fo u rf a c t o r b al an ci n g tes t ap p l i cab l e t o m o t i o n s t o d i s m i s s on s p eed y t ri al g ro u n d s

, w e

co n cl u d e t h at t h e t ri al co u rt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n i n d en y i n g J u n g ’ s m o t i o n to

d i s m i s s . W e t h erefo re affi rm

.W e rev i ew a t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g o n a m o t i o n to d i s m i s s o n s peed y t ri al g ro u nd s

fo r an ab u s e o f d i s cret i o n

. Tea s l ey v. S t a te , 3 0 7 G a. Ap p. 1 5 3

, 1 57 (7 0 4 SE2 d 2 4 8 )

(2 0 1 0).

In Oct o b er 2 0 1 4

, a po l i ce o ffi cer arres t ed J un g fo r d ri v i n g u nd er t h e i n fl u en ce

(“ DUI”) an d fo l l o wi n g t oo cl o sel y

. A b reat h t es t co n d u ct ed at t he scen e sh o wed t h at

J u n g ’ s b l o o d al co h o l co n t en t was 0 .2 1 1 g ram s

, wh i ch was ab ov e t h e l eg al l i m i t o f .0 8

g ram s s et o u t i n OCGA § 4 0 -6 -3 9 1 (a) (5 ).

On Feb ru ary 2 4

, 2 0 15

, th e St at e fi l ed an accu s at i o n ag ai n st J u n g i n st at e co u rt

,

ch arg i n g h im wi t h on e co u n t o f DUI l es s safe (OCGA § 40 -6 -3 91 (a) (1 )), o n e co u nt

o f DUI per s e (OCGA § 4 0 -6 -3 9 1 (a) (5 )), an d o n e co u n t o f fo l l o w i ng t o o cl o s el y

(OCGA § 4 0 -6 -4 9). Pri o r to t h e co u rt a r r a i g n m e n t

, i n M arch 2 0 1 5

, J u ng fi l ed a

wai v er o f arrai gn m en t

, en tered a p l ea o f n o t g u i lt y

, an d d em an ded a ju ry t ri al

. In J u n e

2 0 1 5

, J u n g fi l ed an am en d ed s u p p l em en tal m ot i o n, s eekin g t o s u p p res s t h e t es t res u l t s

fro m t h e s t at e-ad m i n i s t e r e d b reat h tes t

. T h e t ri al co u rt g ran t ed t he m o t i o n o n

Sep tem b er 1 0

, 2 0 1 5

. T h e S t a t e ap p eal ed

, an d th i s Co u rt affi rm ed th e t ri al co urt ’ s

d eci s i o n

. S t a t e v. Ju n g

, 3 3 7 G a

. Ap p

. 7 99 (7 8 8 SE2 d 8 84 ) (2 0 1 6 ). Th e cas e was

rem i t t ed t o t h e t ri al co u rt i n l at e J u l y 2 01 6

.

2Th e cas e d id n o t reap p ear o n a t ri al cal en d ar u n ti l Feb ru ary 2

, 2 0 1 7 , an d was

t h en s et o n fi ve co n s ecu t i ve cal en d ars fro m Feb ru ary t h ro u g h J u n e 20 1 7

. J u n g

a n n o u n ced read y or ap p eared at al l fi v e cal en d ars

. In Ap ri l 2 0 1 7

, t he St at e fi l ed a

m o ti o n i n l im i ne reg ard in g arg u m en t s m ad e b y J u ng ’ s co u n s el at a p rev i ou s

e v id en t i ary h eari n g

. Th e tri al co u rt h eard arg u m en t co n cern i n g th at m ot io n i n J u n e

2 0 1 7 an d d en i ed t he m o ti on i n l i m i n e o n Au g us t 1 1 , 2 0 1 7

.

Th e St at e fi l ed a m o t i o n fo r reco n s i d erat i o n of th e o rd er t o s up p res s o n Ap ri l

2 3

, 2 0 18

, an d a s eco n d m ot i o n fo r reco ns i d era t i o n o n d i fferen t g ro u n d s o n J u l y 5,

2 0 1 8

. W h en t h e p art i es ap p eared t o arg u e t he Ap ri l 2 3 m o t i o n

, J u ng as k ed fo r t i m e

t o res p o n d t o t h e seco n d m o t i on fo r reco n s i d erat i o n, wh i ch t h e t ri al co u rt g ran t ed

.

Th e t ri al co u rt h eard t h e m o t i on s i n Sep t em b er 2 0 18 an d d en i ed t h em on O ct o b er 3 1,

2 0 1 8

.

On J an u ary 8

, 2 0 1 9

, J u n g fi l ed h is p lea in b ar an d m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s b as ed

u p o n a v i o l at i o n o f h is co n s t i t u t i o n al ri g h t t o a s p eed y t ri al

. Fo l l o wi n g a h eari n g

, t h e

t ri al co u rt d en i ed J u n g ’s m o t i o n i n an am en d ed o rd er en t ered o n J an u ary 3 0

, 2 0 1 9.

Th e t ri al co u rt co n cl u ded t h at t h e fi rs t t wo fact o rs o f t h e s p eed y -t ri al b al an ci n g t es t

wei g h ed a g ai n st t h e St at e, b u t t h at t h e fo u rt h fact o r w ei g h ed ag ai n st J un g an d t h e

t h i rd fact o r wei g h ed h eav i l y ag ai n s t J u ng

. Co n s i d eri n g th e fo u r fact o rs to g et h er, t h e

3t ri al co urt co n cl u d ed th at J u ng h ad fai l ed to d em o n s t rat e t h at t h e d i s m i s s al o f t h e

ch arg es ag ai n s t hi m was warran t ed

. Th e t ri al co u rt cert ifi ed i t s d eci si on fo r i m m ed i at e

rev i ew. W e g ran t ed J u n g ’ s a p p l i cat io n fo r an in t erl o cu t o ry ap p eal

, an d t h i s ap p eal

fo l l o w ed

.

J u n g ’ s s ol e en u m erat i on o f erro r i s t h at t h e tri al co u r t a b u s e d i t s d i s cret i o n

wh en i t d en i ed h i s m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s o n s p eed y t ri al g ro u nd s

. W e ad d res s each fact o r

o f t h e b al an ci n g tes t an d co n cl u d e t h at t h e t ri al co u rt as s ig n ed t h e p ro per wei g ht to

each fact or an d t h at i t d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d is cret i o n i n d en y i n g J un g ’ s m ot i o n

.

“ T h e d e t erm i n at i o n o f wh et h er t h e co n s t i t u t i o n al ri g h t t o a s p eed y t ri al h as

b een v i o l at ed h as t wo s tag es

. Th e co u rt fi rs t d et erm i n es wh et h er t h e i n t erv al b et ween

t h e accu s ed ’ s arres t

, i n d ict m en t

, o r o t h er fo rm al accu s at io n t o th e t ri al i s s u ffi ci en t l y

l o n g t o b e conside r e d ‘ pr e sum ptive ly preju d ici al .’ ” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Tea s l ey

, s u p ra,

3 0 7 Ga. A p p

. at 1 5 7 (1 ). If s o , t h en t h e co urt “ p ro ceed s t o ap pl i cat i o n o f a d el i cat e,

co n tex t

- s e n s i t i v e, fo u r-fact o r b al an ci n g t es t t o d et erm i n e wh et h er th e accu s ed h as

b een d ep ri ved o f t h e ri g h t t o a s p eed y t ri al

. (Ci t at i o n om i t t ed .) Id

. Th e fo u r fact o rs are

(1 ) wh et h er d el ay b efo re t r i al was u n co m m on l y l o ng ; (2 ) wh et h er th e

g o v ern m en t o r t h e cri m i n al d efen d an t i s m o re t o b l am e fo r t h e d el ay ; (3 )

wh et h er, i n d u e co u rs e, t he d efen d an t as s ert ed t h e ri g h t t o a s peed y tri al ;

an d (4 ) wh et her [h e] s uffered preju d ice as t h e d el ay ’ s res ul t

. Un d er th e

4t es t

, n o n e o f t h e s e f act o rs are a n eces s ary

, o r s u ffi ci en t co n di t i o n t o a

fi nd in g o f d ep ri v at i on of t h e ri g h t to a s peed y t ri al

, b u t rat h er s h ou l d be

co n s i d ered as p art o f a b al an ci n g t es t

. T h u s

, we m u s t ap pl y a n d wei g h

t h es e fact o rs t o get h er t o d et erm i n e i f t h e d efen d an t ’ s co n s t i t u t i on al ri g h t

t o a s p eed y t ri al h as b een ab ri d g ed

. T h e a n a ly s is req u i res co u rt s t o

en g ag e i n a di ffi cu lt an d s en si t i v e b al a n c i n g p ro ces s an d n eces s ari l y

co m p el s t h em t o ap p ro ach s p eed y t ri al cas es o n an ad h o c b as i s

.

( C i t a t i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n om i t t ed .) Id

. at 1 5 7 -1 5 8 (2 ). See al s o Do g g et t v. Un i t ed

S t a t es

, 5 0 5 U. S. 6 4 7

, 6 5 1 (II) ( 1 1 2 SCt 2 6 86

, 12 0 LE2 d 5 2 0 ) (1 9 9 2 ); Ba r ker v.

W i n go , 4 0 7 U. S. 5 14 , 5 3 0 (IV) (9 2 SCt 2 18 2 , 3 3 LE2 d 1 0 1 ) (1 9 72 ).

As an i n it i al m at t er, t h e St at e co n ced ed at th e h eari n g b el o w t h at t h e l en g th o f

t h e p ret ri al d el ay h ere creat ed a p res u m p t i o n o f p reju d i ce. Acco rd in g l y

, we m o v e o n

t o d i s cu s s t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f t h e fo u r-fact or B a r ker

- Do g g et t tes t

.

(a) Len g t h o

f d el a y u n co mmo n l

y l o n g

As t o t h e fi rs t fact o r, J u n g as s ert s t hat t he tri al co u rt s h o u l d h av e wei g h ed t h i s

fact or “ h eav i ly

ag ai n s t t h e St at e.” W e fi n d n o ab u s e o f d i s cret i o n as t o t hi s fact o r.

“ [T] h e l en g t h of d el ay t h at can b e t o l erat ed i n a p art i cu lar cas e d ep en d s t o s o m e

ex t en t o n t h e co m

p lex i t y an d s eri o u s n es s o f t h e ch arg es i n th at cas e. An d th ere i s n o

b ri g h t -l i n e ru l e t h at al l u n co m m o n l y l o n g d el ay s m

u st b e wei g h ed h eav i l y ag ai n s t t h e

St at e.” (Ci tat io n s o m i t t ed .) Ta yl o r v. S t at e

, 3 3 8 Ga. A p p

. 8 0 4

, 8 0 7 (1 ) (a) (7 9 2 SE2 d

51 0 1 ) (2 01 6). “ Th e d el ay t h at can b e t ol erat ed fo r an o rd i n ary st reet c r i m e i s

co n si d erab l y l es s th an fo r a s eri o u s

, co m p l ex co n s pi racy ch arg e.” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .)

Ro g er s v. S t a t e , 2 8 6 Ga. 3 8 7 , 3 8 8 (6 8 8 SE2 d 3 4 4 ) (2 0 1 0 ).

W h en wei g hi n g t h e fo u r fact o rs

, t h e t ri al co u rt fo u n d t h e l en g t h o f del ay i n t h i s

cas e “ wei g h ed ag ai n st t h e St at e,” w i t h o u t fu rt her an al y si s. Al th o u g h Ju n g was n ot

ch arg ed wi t h t he m o st co m p le x o f cri m es

, t h e cas e d i d p res en t a tri ck y ev i d en ti ary

i s su e th at res u l t ed i n a pu b l i s h ed d eci s i o n fro m t h is Co urt

. See Ju n g

, s u p ra, 3 3 7 Ga.

Ap p

. at 8 0 1 -8 0 4

. As s u ch

, we can n o t co n cl u de t h at i t wa s a n a b u s e o f d i s cret i o n

i n s o far as t h e t ri al co u rt d ecl i n ed t o wei g h t h is fact or “ h eav i l y ” ag ai n s t t h e St at e. See

Ca wl ey v. S t a t e

, 3 3 0 Ga. Ap p

. 2 2 , 2 5 (2 ) (a) (7 6 6 SE2 d 5 8 1 ) (2 0 1 4 ) (t ri al co u rt d id

n o t ab u s e i t s d is cret i on i n wei g h i n g a 5 7

- m o n t h d el ay ag ai n s t th e St at e i n a s i m p l e

DUI cas e, ev en th o u g h s u ch d el ay w as n o t wei g hed heav i l y ); S t ewa r t v

. S t a t e

, 3 1 0

Ga. Ap p

. 5 5 1

, 5 5 4 (2 ) (a) (7 1 3 SE2 d 7 0 8 ) (2 0 11 ) (t ri al co u rt d i d n o t a b u s e i t s

d i s cret i o n i n d ecl in in g t o wei g h a p ret ri al d el ay o f o ver fi v e y ears “ h eav il y ” ag ai n s t

t h e St at e).

(b ) Rea s o n f

o r d el a y

As t o t h e s eco n d fact o r, Ju n g as s ert s t h at t h e t ri al co u rt ab u sed i t s d i s cret i o n in

fai l i n g to an al y ze t h e reas o n s fo r an d t i m i n g o f t h e d el ay s

, wh ich he arg u es s h o u ld

6h av e b een “ wei g ht ed h eav i l y ” ag ai n s t t h e S t a t e. W e d i s cern n o s u ch ab u s e o f

d i s cret i o n

.

“ Wh i l e a del i b erat e at t em p t t o d el ay t h e t ri al i n o rd er to h am p er t h e d efen s e

s h o u ld b e wei g h t ed h eav i l y ag ai n s t t h e g o v ern m en t

, an u n i n t en t i o n al d el ay

, s u ch as

t h at cau sed b y t he m ere n eg l ig en ce o f t h e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey s o r t h e o v ercro wd ed

d o ck et of t h e t ri al co u rt

, s h o u l d b e wei g ht ed l es s h eav i ly .” S t a t e v. Bu ckn er

, 2 9 2 Ga.

3 9 0 , 3 9 4 (3 ) (b ) (7 3 8 SE2 d 6 5 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (p un ct u at i o n o m it t ed ).

In i t s o rd er, t h e t ri al co urt fo u n d t h at b o t h p art ies h ad p ro m p t ed t h e d el ay s

. Th e

t ri al co u rt n o t ed t h at b o t h part i es fi l ed m u l t i p le m o t i o n s

, wh i ch l ed t o peri o d s o f t i m e

d u ri n g w h i ch t h e t ri al co u rt t o o k t h o se m o t i on s un d er ad v i s em en t

, an d th at th e d el ay

was al s o acco u nt ed fo r b y an ap p eal

, m o t i o n s fo r reco ns i d era t i o n

, r eq u es t s fo r

co n ti n u an ce, an d l eav es o f ab s en ce. Th e t ri al co u rt d i d at t ri bu t e t o t h e St at e th e d el ay s

fro m t h e J u l y

2 0 1 6 rem i t t u r u n ti l t h e cas e reap p eared o n t h e t ri al cal en d ar Feb ru ary

2

, 2 0 1 7

, an d t h e ti m e p eri o d fro m t h e d en i al o f th e St at e’ s m o ti o n i n l i m i n e u n t i l Ap ri l

1 8

, 2 0 1 8

, wh en t h e cas e was p l aced o n t h e ju ry t ri a l cal en d ar. Bu t

, t h e t ri al co u rt

fo u n d t h a t n o n e o f t h e d el ay s at t ri b u t ab l e to t h e St at e were d el ib erat el y im p o s ed to

h am p er t h e d efen se an d

, th u s

, were n o t wei g h t ed “ as h eav i l y ag ai ns t th e St a t e as

i n t en t i o n al d el ay s wo u l d b e.”

7W h i l e J u n g p oi n t s o u t th e t im i n g o f t h e d el ay s

, h e has n o t s h o wn o r arg u ed

wh y t h o s e d el ay s s h ou l d h av e b een wei g ht ed “ h eav i l y ” ag ai n s t t h e St at e. Th e t ri al

co u rt here d i d an al y ze t h e d el ay s

, an d i t u lt i m at el y an d co rrect l y fo un d t h at t h i s fact o r

was wei g h t ed ag ai n s t t h e St at e, b u t n o t “ as h eav i l y ” si n ce b o t h p art i es p art i ci p a t e d

i n cau s i n g t h e d el ay s . See W il ki e v. S t a te

, 2 90 Ga. 4 5 0 , 4 5 2 (7 2 1 SE2 d 8 3 0 ) (2 0 1 2 )

(“ [D] el ay d u e t o n eg l i g e n ce o r wo rk l o ad s is wei g h ed li g h t l y ag ai n s t t he St at e.”)

(ci t at i o n o m i t t ed ). Cru ci al l y

, “ [n ] o wh ere i n t h e reco rd

. . . i s t here an y ev i d en ce t h at

t h e d el ay was t h e res u l t o f b ad fai t h

. No t a b l y

, t h ere i s n o ev i d en ce t h at [t h e St at e]

d el i b erat el y

d el ay ed t h e t ri al i n an effo rt to g ai n a t act i cal ad van t ag e, o r i n an effo rt

t o ham p er t h e defen s e.” (Ci tat i o n s an d p u n ct uat i o n o m i tt ed

. ) S t ewa r t

, su p ra, 3 1 0 Ga.

Ap p

. at 55 6 (2 ) (b ). Th u s

, i t d o es n o t ap p ear t h at J u n g has s h o wn t h at th e t ri al co u rt

ab u sed i t s d i scret i on w h en i t wei g h ed t h i s fact or. See id

. at 5 5 5 -5 5 6 (2 ) (b ) (t ri al co u rt

d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d is cret i o n i n fai l i n g t o wei g h t h e seco n d fact or “ h eav i l y ” ag ai n s t t h e

St at e).

(c) As s er t io n o

f Ri g h t t o S p eed y Tr i a l

W i t h res p ect t o t h e t h i rd fact or, J u n g arg u es t h at t h e d em an d fo r a ju ry t ri al t h at

h e fi l ed at t h e s am e t i m e t h at h e en t ered a p l ea s ho u l d h av e co un t ed as an i n v o cat i o n

8o f hi s ri g h t t o a s p eed y t ri al an d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n co n cl u d i ng ot h erwi s e. W e

d i s ag ree.

“ It i s t h e d efen d an t ’ s res po n s i b i l i t y t o as s ert t h e ri g h t t o t ri al

, an d t h e fai l u re to

e x erci s e t h at ri g h t is en t i t l ed t o s t ro n g ev i den t i ary w ei g h t ag ai n s t t h e d efen d a n t

. ”

(Ci t at i o n s an d p u nct u at i o n om i t t ed .) B r a n n en v. S ta t e

, 2 7 4 Ga. 4 5 4, 4 5 6 (5 5 3 SE2 d

8 1 3 ) (2 0 0 1 ). Th e “ fai l u re t o as s ert t h e ri g h t wi l l m ak e i t di ffi cu l t fo r a d efen d an t to

p ro v e t h at h e was d en i ed a s p eed y t ri al .” (Ci t at i o n o m it t ed .) Id

.

Th e t r i a l c o u rt n o t ed t h at J u n g d i d no t as s ert h i s s p eed y t ri al ri g h t u n t i l

ap p ro x i m at el y fo u r y ears aft er hi s arrai g n m en t. Al t h o u g h J u ng d i d fi l e a d em an d fo r

a ju ry t ri al i n Ap ri l 2 01 5 ju st aft er t h e accu s at i o n w as fi l ed

, th e tri al co u rt co rrect l y

n o t ed t hat t h e fi l i n g of a d em an d fo r a ju ry t ri al d o es no t al so in v o k e a d efen d an t ’ s

co n st i t u t io n al ri g ht t o a s peed y t ri al

. Nu s s er v. St a t e

, 27 5 G a

. A p p

. 89 6

, 8 9 9 (6 2 2

SE2 d 1 0 5 ) (2 0 0 5). In ad di t i o n , t h e fact t h at J u ng ap p eared read y fo r t ri al at v ari ou s

p o i n t s i n t h e pro ceed i n g s al so d i d n o t co n s t i t u t e an as s ert i o n o f h i s ri g h t t o a s p eed y

t ri al

. Br a n n en

, s u p ra, 2 74 Ga. at 4 5 6

. Th u s

, t h e t ri al co u rt p ro p erl y wei g hed t h e t h i rd

fact or h eav i l y ag ai ns t J un g b ecau s e h e d i d n o t rai se h i s co n s t i t u t i o n a l ri g h t t o a

s p eed y t ri al u n ti l fo ur y ears aft er h i s arrai g n m en t

. See Bu ckn er

, s u pra, 29 2 Ga. at 3 9 7

(3 ) (c) (t ri al co u rt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n i n w ei g hi n g t h e t h i rd fact o r h e a v i l y

9ag ai n s t th e d efen d an t wh en t h e d efen d an t wai t ed fo ur ye ars aft er t h e i n d i ct m en t to

i n v o k e h i s s p eed y

t ri al ri g h t ).

(d ) Pr ej u di ce t o Def

en da n t

As t o t h e fi n al fact o r, J u n g fi r s t a s s e r t s t hat t h e t ri al co u rt s h o u l d h av e

p res u m ed p reju d i ce g i v en t h e l en g t h of t h e d e l a y, w h i ch h e m ai n tai n s was

“ eg reg i o u s .” W e are n ot p ers u ad ed

.

W h i l e we m ay p res u m e act u al p r e j u d i c e i f a d el ay i s s u ffi ci en t ly l o n g

, “ t h e

[fo rt y -s ev en ] m on t h del ay i n t h i s cas e fal l s a f u l l [t h i rt een ] m o n th s s h y o f t h e fi v e

y ears t h at we h av e p rev i o u sl y h el d g i v es ri s e t o a p res u m p t i o n o f act u al p reju d i ce.”

(Ci t at i o n o m i t ted .) S t a t e v

. Mo s es

, 3 0 1 Ga. A p p

. 3 1 5

, 3 2 1 (2 ) (d ) (6 9 2 SE2 d 1 )

(2 0 0 9). Ho wev er,

t h e f a c t t h a t t h e del ay i n t h i s cas e was l es s t h an fi ve y ears d o es n o t

au t o m at i cal l y fo recl o s e a p res u m pt i o n of act u al p reju d i ce. Rat her

, i n

d et erm i ni n g wh et h er a p re-t ri al d el ay gi v es r i se t o a p res u m pt i o n o f

act u al p reju d i ce, t h e t ri al co u rt m u s t ex am i n e th e d el ay r e l a t i v e t o al l

o t h er fact o rs

, i n cl u d i n g t h e co m p lex i t y o f t h e cas e an d t h e e v i d e n ce

ex i s ti n g o n t h e d at e t h e St at e i ni t iat ed t h e p ro s ecu t i on

.

(Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Id

.

10Fi rs t

, we ag ai n n o t e t h a t al t h o u g h n o n e o f t h e t h ree ch arg es b y t h ei r n at u re

were p art i cu l arl y

co m p l ex

, t h e cas e d i d p res en t an ev i d en t iary i s s u e t h at ev en t u al l y

res u l ted i n a s u cces s fu l s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e b reat h t es t res u l t

, a cru ci al p i ece o f

ev i d en ce i n t h is cas e. See Ju n g

, s u p ra, 3 3 7 Ga. Ap p

. at 8 01 -8 0 4

. Becau s e o f t h i s

s u p p res s i o n

, t h e St at e had t o ch an g e t h e co u rs e o f i t s p ro secu t i o n aft er i t s ap p eal

, as

ev i d en ced b y t h e n u m

b er o f m o t i o ns th at were fi l ed i n t h is cas e aft erward s

. W e

can n ot s ay t h at t h e St at e u n reas o n ab l y ab an d on ed i t s p u rs u i t o f t h e ch arg es ag ai n s t

J u n g

, an d s o we can n ot co n cl u d e t h at t h e t ri a l c o u r t a b u s ed it s d i s cret i on i n n ot

fi nd i ng a p res u m

p t i o n o f act u al p reju d i ce b as ed o n t h e l en g t h o f t h e d el ay

.

J u n g fu rt h er arg u es t hat t h e reco rd s h ows t h at h e s u ffered act u al p reju d i ce by

t h e d el ay i n t h i s cas e in t h at he l o s t m u l t i p l e b u s i nes s o p p o rt u ni t i es d ue t o t h e p en d i n g

ch arg es . W e d i s ag ree.

“ Th e t y p es o f p reju d i ce t hat m ay res u l t fro m an u n reas on ab l e d el ay b efo re t ri al

i n cl u d e o p p res s i v e p ret ri al in carcerat i o n

, an x i et y an d co n cern o f t h e accu s ed

, an d t h e

p o s s i b i l i ty th at t h e accu s ed ’ s d efen s e wi l l be i m p ai red by d i m

m i n g m em o ri es an d l o ss

o f ex cu l p at o ry ev i d en ce.” (Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed .) Ca wl ey

, s u p ra, 3 3 0 Ga.

Ap p

. at 2 7 (2 ) (d ). “ Of t h es e fo rm s o f p reju d i ce, t h e m o s t s eri o us i s t h e l as t

, b ecau s e

t h e i n ab i l i t y o f a d efen d an t ad eq u at el y t o p rep are h i s cas e s k ews t he fai rn es s o f t h e

11en t i re s y s t em .” (Ci t at io n an d p un ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ). Id

. O n t h e o t h er h an d

, “ [a] n x i et y

an d co n cern o f t h e accu s ed are al way s p res en t t o s o m e ex ten t

, an d t h u s, ab s en t s o m e

u n u s ual sh o w i n g

, are n o t l ik el y t o b e d et erm i n at i v e i n t h e d efen dan t ’ s fav o r.”

(Ci t at i o n an d p u nct u at io n o m i tt ed .) Id . at 2 8 (2 ) (d ).

Here, J u n g d i d n o t an d d o es n o t arg u e t h at h e s u ffered an o p p res s i v e p ret ri al

i n carcerat i on

. Li kewi s e, h e d i d n o t an d d oes n o t arg u e t h at h e s u ffered an y

d em o n s t rab l e i m

p ai rm en t t o h i s d efen s e as a res u l t o f t h e p ret ri al del ay . In st ead , h e

arg u es t h at h e was p reju d i ced as a res u l t o f an x i et y an d co n cern b ecau se th e p en d i n g

ch arg es ag a i n st h i m i nt erfered wi t h h i s bu s in es s ex pan s i on p l an s. Ho wev er, “ t h e

reco rd [o n ap p eal ] co nt ai n s n o t es t i m o n y from [ Jung] r eg ard i n g an y pu rp o rt ed an x i et y

h e m i g h t h av e s u ffered

, n o r d o es i t co nt ai n an y o t her ev i d en ce s u p p o rt in g [h i s ]

co n ten t i o n s o n t h i s i s su e. 1 In an y ev en t

, [J u n g] ch o s e n ot to al l ev i at e h is an x i et y an d

co n cern b y wai t i n g o v er [fo ur] y ears t o as s ert h i s s p eed y t ri al d em an d .” (Ci t at i o n s an d

p u n ct u at i o n o m it t ed .) S t ewa r t , s u p ra, 3 1 0 Ga. Ap p . at 5 5 8 (2 ) (d ) (i i). Acco rd i n g l y

,

we co n cl u d e t h at t h e t ri al co u rt d i d n o t err i n co n cl u di n g t h at Ju n g di d n o t s h o w an y

u n u s ual o r p art i cu lar an x i et y o r co n cern

. See i d. (d efen d an t t ru ck d ri v er’ s

1 W h i le t h e tri al co u rt h el d a h eari n g o n th e m o t i on t o d is m i s s

, i t w a s n o t

t ran s cri b ed o r m ad e p art o f t h e ap p el l at e reco rd

, an d s o an y ev id en ce t hat m i g h t h av e

b een pres en t ed at t h at h eari n g i s n o t av ai l ab l e fo r u s t o rev i ew.

12u n s u pp o rt e d a l l e gat i o n s t h at t h e p en d i n g ch arg es ag ai n st h i m i n terfered wi t h h i s

ab i l i t y to t ak e o n wo rk an d s up p o rt h i s fam i l y di d n o t ri s e t o t h e l ev el o f ex t rao rd i n ary

an x iet y an d co ncern ); Nu s s er

, s u p ra, 2 7 5 G a

. A p p

. at 9 00 -9 0 1 (d efen d an t ’ s

al l eg at i o n s t h at th e d el ay h ad neg at i v e effect s o n h i s em p l oy m en t an d ab i l i t y t o d ri v e

t o wo rk an d s ch o o l fai l ed t o d em o n s t rat e an “ u n u s ual s h o wi n g ” of an x i et y an d

co n cern ).

(e) Ba l a n ci n g t h e f

a ct o r s

As s et o ut m o re fu l ly ab o v e, we co n cl u de t h at t h e t ri al co u rt d id n o t ab u s e i t s

d i s cret i o n w h en i t d et erm i n ed t h e am o u n t of wei g h t t o b e g i v en t o each o f t h e fo u r

Ba r ker -Do g g et t fact o rs

. Lo o k i ng at t h e fact o rs as a wh o le, we al so can n o t co n cl u d e

t h at t h e t ri al co u rt ab u s ed it s wi d e d i s cret io n i n co m i n g t o t h e co ncl u s io n t h at J u n g ’ s

s p eed y t ri al cl ai m

s h o u l d b e d en i ed . See Ru f f i n v. S t a t e

, 2 8 4 Ga. 5 2

, 6 5 -6 6 (3 ) (6 6 3

SE2 d 18 9 ) (2 0 0 8 ) (t ri al co urt d i d n ot ab u se it s di s cret io n b y d en y i n g d efen d an t ’ s

s p eed y t ri al cl ai m

wh en d efen d an t d el ay ed i n as s ert i n g h i s ri gh t an d co u l d s h o w n o

act u al p reju d i ce res u l t i n g f ro m t h e d el ay

, d es p i t e t h e fact th at t h e fi rs t t wo fact o rs

wei g h ed ag ai n s t t h e St at e); Nu s s er , s up ra, 2 7 5 Ga. Ap p . at 9 0 2 (s am e).

13Acco rd i ng l y

, we co n cl u d e t h at t he t ri al co u rt di d no t ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n in

ev al u at i ng Ju n g ’ s s p eed y -t ri al cl ai m u n der t he Ba r ker

- Do g g et t t es t

, an d we affi rm t h e

d en ial o f J un g’ s m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s. 2

Ju d g men t a f f i r m ed . Ri ckma n a n d

Rees e, JJ., co n cu r

.

2 Al t h o u g h we u l t i m at el y affi rm t h e d en i al o f J u n g’ s m o t i o n t o di s m i s s

, t h e

ex t en t o f t h e d e l a y i n t h i s cas e co m p el s u s t o t ak e t h e o p p o rt u n i t y t o rep eat t h e

Su p rem e Co u rt ’ s ex h o rt at i o n t h at

t h e cl o ck i s s t i l l t i c k i n g

. It h as n ow been wel l o v er [fo u r] y ears s in ce

[J u n g] was [fo rm al l y accu s ed ]

, an d t h e v i g o r an d fo rm al i t y wi th wh ich

h e h as p res s ed h i s co n s t i t u t i o n al s peed y tri al cl ai m are n o l on g er s u b ject

t o ch al l en g e. T h e D i s t r i ct At t o rn ey sh o u l d b e aware th at an y fu rt h er

d el ay in b ri ng i n g [J u ng ] t o t ri al n o t at t ri bu t ab le t o [J u n g ] ru n s a s eri o u s

ri sk of v i o l at in g [J u n g’ s ] ri g h t t o a sp eed y tri al g uaran t eed by t h e Si x t h

Am en dm en t an d th e Geo rg i a Co ns t i t u t i o n. If t h at were t o h ap p en

, t h en

u n d er co n t ro l l i n g Un i t ed St at es Su p rem e Co u rt p reced en t

, di s m i s s al o f

t h e ch arg es ag ai n s t [J u n g ] wo u l d b e co n s t i t ut i o n al l y req u i red

.

Ru f f i n , s u p ra, 2 8 4 Ga. at 6 6 (3 ).

14