[Cite as State v. Allen, 2022-Ohio-3599.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

ALLEN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 1-21-59

 v.

JAMAREE ALLEN, O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court

Trial Court No. CR 2019 0261

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: October 11, 2022 

APPEARANCES:

William T. Cramer for Appellant

Jana E. Emerick for Appellee
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SHAW, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Jamaree Allen (“Allen”), brings this appeal from 

the November 18, 2021 judgment of the Allen County Common Pleas Court 

sentencing him to an aggregate, indefinite prison term of 30-34 years after he pled 

guilty to an 8-count indictment and all the accompanying specifications. On appeal, 

Allen argues that his guilty pleas were not knowing, intelligent and voluntary, that 

he received ineffective assistance of counsel, and that the Reagan Tokes Law is 

unconstitutional.

Background

{¶2} On August 15, 2019, Allen was indicted for the following offenses:

Count 1, participating in a criminal gang in violation of R.C. 2923.42(A), a second 

degree felony; Count 2, felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a 

second degree felony; Count 3, felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), 

a second degree felony; Count 4, discharge of firearm on or near prohibited premises 

in violation of R.C. 2923.162(A)(3), a third degree felony; Count 5, improperly 

discharging a firearm at or into a habitation or a school safety zone in violation of 

R.C. 2923.161(A)(1), a second degree felony; Count 6, having weapons while under 

disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a third degree felony; Count 7, 

improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B), a 

fourth degree felony; and Count 8, carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C.
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2923.12(A)(2), a fourth degree felony. In addition to the stated offenses, the first 5

counts in the indictment all had attached specifications as follows: Counts 1 through 

5 carried 3-year firearm specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.145(A); Counts 2, 3,

and 5 all carried criminal gang activity specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.142(A), 

and repeat violent offender specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.149(A). Allen 

originally pled not guilty to the charges.

{¶3} After a lengthy pretrial process, a jury trial commenced on November 

1, 2021. While the State was still conducting voir dire, court recessed for a break.

However, before jury selection resumed, the parties reached a negotiated plea 

agreement wherein Allen agreed to plead guilty to all counts in the indictment and 

the accompanying specifications and, in exchange, the State agreed not to 

recommend greater than an aggregate 30-year prison term at sentencing. Notably, 

Allen’s co-defendant had already been convicted by a jury and was sentenced to 

over 60 years in prison. See State v. Wilson, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-20-46, 2022-Ohio504. Allen’s plea agreement was reduced to writing and signed by the parties. 

{¶4} After being notified of the plea agreement, the trial court conducted a 

Crim.R. 11 hearing with Allen and determined that he was entering knowing, 

intelligent, and voluntary guilty pleas. The trial court ordered a pre-sentence 

investigation and sentencing was set for a later date.
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{¶5} On November 17, 2021 the case proceeded to sentencing. Per the plea 

agreement, the State recommended an aggregate 30-year prison term. Allen, through 

his attorney, argued for a lesser-sentence. Ultimately the trial court ordered Allen to 

serve an indefinite prison term of 30-34 years. A judgment entry memorializing his

sentence was filed November 18, 2021. It is from this judgment that he appeals, 

asserting the following assignments of error.

Assignment of Error No. 1

Appellant’s rights under the state and federal constitutions were 

violated by a guilty plea that was not knowing, intelligent, or 

voluntary.

Assignment of Error No. 2

Appellant was deprived of his state and federal constitutional 

rights to the effective assistance of counsel.

Assignment of Error No. 3

Indefinite prison terms imposed under the Reagan Tokes Law 

violate the jury trial guarantee, the doctrine of separation of 

powers, and due process principles under the federal and state 

constitutions.

First Assignment of Error

{¶6} In his first assignment of error, Allen argues that his guilty pleas were 

not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

Relevant Authority

{¶7} “All guilty pleas must be made knowingly, voluntarily, and 

intelligently.” State v. Moll, 3d Dist. Defiance Nos. 4-14-17 and 4-14-18, 2015-

Ohio-926, ¶ 9, citing State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527 (1996). “Failure on any 
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of those points renders enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the 

United States Constitution and the Ohio Constitution.” Engle at 527.

{¶8} Criminal Rule 11(C)(2), which governs guilty pleas for felony-level 

offenses, provides:

In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or a 

plea of no contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no 

contest without first addressing the defendant personally and 

doing all of the following:

(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea 

voluntarily, with understanding of the nature of the charges and 

of the maximum penalty involved, and if applicable, that the 

defendant is not eligible for probation or for the imposition of 

community control sanctions at the sentencing hearing.

(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the 

defendant understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no 

contest, and that the court, upon acceptance of the plea, may 

proceed with judgment and sentence.

(c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant 

understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights 

to jury trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have 

compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant's 

favor, and to require the state to prove the defendant's guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant 

cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.

{¶9} A trial court must strictly comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) and orally 

advise a defendant before accepting a felony plea that the plea waives the 

defendant’s constitutional rights. State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio5200, ¶ 31. When a trial court fails to strictly comply with this duty, the defendant’s 
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plea is invalid. Id. However, a trial court is only required to substantially comply 

with the non-constitutional notifications in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b). Id. at ¶ 14-

17.

{¶10} An appellate court reviews the substantial-compliance standard based 

upon the totality of the circumstances surrounding the defendant’s plea and 

determines whether he subjectively understood the implications of his plea and the 

rights he waived. State v. Sarkozy, 117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, ¶ 

20. “Furthermore, a defendant who challenges his guilty plea on the basis that it was 

not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made must show a prejudicial effect. * 

* * The test is whether the plea would have otherwise been made.” State v. Nero, 

56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108 (1990).

Analysis

{¶11} In his appeal, Allen does not contend that the trial court failed to 

comply with Crim.R. 11’s provisions.1 Rather, he contends that the trial court erred 

by accepting his guilty pleas without conducting an “Alford plea-type inquiry” 

because, he claims, he maintained his innocence throughout the plea process. More 

specifically, Allen argues that since he “maintained his innocence” the trial court 

should have conducted a more thorough plea colloquy, and that absent such a 

colloquy, his pleas were not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

1

In fact, a review of the record shows that the trial court fully complied with all of the provisions of Crim.R. 

11 when conducting the change-of-plea hearing.
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{¶12} Contrary to Allen’s argument on appeal, the record does not factually 

support his claim that he maintained his innocence throughout the plea process or 

that he was attempting to enter an Alford plea. Allen entered into a negotiated plea 

agreement during a break in voir dire before the jury was ever officially selected. 

The negotiated plea agreement was reduced to writing and signed by Allen. The 

written agreement, for guilty pleas to all the charges, was recited to the trial court 

and Allen indicated that he understood it.

{¶13} The trial court engaged in a thorough Crim.R. 11 dialogue with Allen, 

making sure he understood each individual charge, the specifications attached to the 

individual charges, and the maximum penalties for the charges and the 

specifications.2 The trial court also ensured that Allen understood the constitutional 

and non-constitutional rights he was waving by entering his guilty pleas. When 

prompted, Allen repeatedly and affirmatively stated that he understood the 

agreement he was making and the rights he was waving.3In fact, Allen repeated he 

understood five times that by pleading guilty he was giving up the specified rights 

when asked. He never once mentioned innocence or that he did not commit the 

crimes in the indictment.

2

Just before engaging in a Crim.R. 11 dialogue with Allen, the trial court told Allen to interrupt at any point 

if he did not understand anything.

3 At one point, Allen did indicate that he did not understand what the trial court meant when the trial court 

stated that it had discretion on whether it would impose a prison term on a certain specification. Due to 

Allen’s confusion, he was given further time to speak with his attorney. After Allen indicated that he 

understood what his attorney explained to him, the trial court offered further explanation but Allen indicated 

it was not necessary.
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{¶14} Moreover, the trial court specifically told Allen that he did not 

have to plead guilty. Your potential jurors should be back by now. 

We can carry on with the trial. But once we get done talking about 

everything if you still are desirous of entering into this plea 

agreement that’s a complete admission of your guilt as to these 

offenses and with that comes a number of constitutional rights that 

you’re giving up.

(Emphasis added.) (Tr. at 152-53). Even with the trial court’s statement, Allen 

proceeded with the plea hearing. This establishes that Allen did not maintain his 

innocence throughout the plea process, particularly when compounded with the 

written plea agreement, which said nothing about innocence.

{¶15} The only time that Allen stated anything at all that could be construed 

as challenging the process was during the following exchange with the trial court, 

late in the Crim.R. 11 dialogue:

THE COURT: Has anybody threatened you, coerced you, done 

anything you feel like is forcing you to plead here today?

MR. ALLEN: No, Ma’am. I just feel it won’t be fair, so I just –

THE COURT: Okay. So you um are doing this of your own 

freewill?

MR. ALLEN: Yes, Ma’am.

(Tr. at 157).

{¶16} Allen cites this lone incident from the plea colloquy of him stating that 

he felt “it” would not be “fair” in an attempt to establish that he maintained his 

innocence through the plea process. However, a plain reading of Allen’s minimal 
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words in this cited passage reveals nothing about “innocence.” Rather, Allen 

questioned the “fairness” of something unspecified because he never spoke further 

on the topic at the hearing.

{¶17} However, Allen argues that his statement at the plea hearing 

questioning “fairness” was further explained in the pre-sentence investigation, 

wherein Allen stated that he was actually innocent but he felt he had to plead guilty 

because his attorney indicated he would not get a fair trial with an “all-white jury.” 

We find this statement specious for multiple reasons. First, Allen’s jury had not 

even been selected when he entered his guilty pleas, thus his statement in the presentence investigation was factually inaccurate.

{¶18} Second, we emphasize that after a defendant has entered a plea and the 

plea has been accepted, courts are not required to inquire into a defendant’s 

reasoning for pleading guilty despite later assertions of innocence. State v. Wynn, 

1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150051, 2015-Ohio-4646, ¶ 12. Crim.R. 32.1 provides a 

defendant with the opportunity to make a motion to withdraw a plea of before a 

sentence is imposed. Allen could have made such a motion but elected not to do so.

{¶19} Third, Allen’s claims in his pre-sentence investigation conflict with 

his earlier, unequivocal statements at the plea hearing that he understood the 

possible penalties, the rights he was waving, and his statements that he understood 

that he was entering guilty pleas. We have previously held that statements made 
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after the plea hearing did not render a guilty plea to be less than knowing, intelligent 

and voluntary. State v. Swoveland, 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-17-14, 2018-Ohio2875, ¶ 23. Thus any after-the-fact statements by Allen do not somehow 

retroactively produce a claim of innocence at the plea hearing.

{¶20} In sum, the record does not demonstrate that Allen’s pleas were 

anything less than knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Similarly, the record does

not support Allen’s claim on appeal that he was attempting to enter an Alford plea

at the time he entered his guilty pleas.

4 Based on our review of the record, Allen’s 

first assignment of error is overruled.

Second Assignment of Error

{¶21} In his second assignment of error, Allen argues that he received 

ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Standard of Review

{¶22} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must 

establish: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under the 

circumstances; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. State v. 

Kole, 92 Ohio St.3d 303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 

687, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). In order to show counsel’s conduct was deficient or 

4 Notably, all pleas, including Alford pleas, must meet the general requirement that the defendant knowingly, 

voluntarily, and intelligently waived his right to a trial. State v. Short, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-19-19, 2019-

Ohio-3322, ¶ 11.
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unreasonable, the defendant must overcome the presumption that counsel provided 

competent representation and must show that counsel’s actions were not trial 

strategies prompted by reasonable professional judgment. Strickland at 689; State 

v. Harris, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-21-30, 2021-Ohio-4559, ¶ 6. 

Analysis

{¶23} Allen contends that his counsel was ineffective in this case because his 

counsel purportedly had a conflict of interest. More specifically, Allen claims that 

in early 2021, he retained the attorney that he proceeded to trial with, Anthony 

VanNoy.5 According to Allen, at the time he retained VanNoy, other individuals in 

the VanNoy law firm were representing Allen’s co-defendant on appeal. Allen’s codefendant had been convicted at trial in October of 2020. See State v. Wilson, 3d 

Dist. Allen No. 1-20-46, 2022-Ohio-504. Importantly, Allen does not contend that 

VanNoy’s law firm represented the co-defendant at the trial level.

{¶24} In reviewing Allen’s argument, we note that a “conflict of interest” 

refers to a “circumstance[ ] in which regard for one duty tends to lead to disregard of 

another duty * * *.” State v. Hathaway, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2014-CA-13, 2015-

Ohio-5488, ¶ 14. The Supreme Court of Ohio has held:

A possible conflict of interest exists where the ‘interests of the 

defendants may diverge at some point so as to place the attorney 

under inconsistent duties.’ * * * State v. Dillon (1995), 74 Ohio 

St.3d 166, 168, 657 N.E.2d 273, 275-276, quoting Cuyler[ v. 

5 Prior to retaining VanNoy, Allen was represented by two appointed attorneys.
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Sullivan], 446 U.S. [335,] 356, 100 S.Ct. [1708,] 1722, 64 L.Ed.2d 

[333,] 351-352, fn. 3. It follows, then, that 

an actual conflict of interest exists if, ‘during the course of the 

representation, the defendants’ interests do diverge with respect 

to a material factual or legal issue or to a course of action.’ * * 

* Id. at 169, 657 N.E.2d at 276, quoting Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 356, 

100 S.Ct. at 1722, 64 L.Ed.2d at 351–352, fn. 3; see, 

also, Winkler[ v. Keane], 7 F.3d [304,] 307 [(C.A. 2 1993)]. Indeed, 

we have said that a lawyer represents conflicting interests ‘when, 

on behalf of one client, it is his duty to contend for that which duty 

to another client requires him to oppose.’ [State v.] Manross, 40 

Ohio St.3d [180,] 182, 532 N.E.2d [735,] 738 [(1988)].

(Emphasis sic.) State v. Gillard, 78 Ohio St.3d 548, 1997-Ohio-183, 679 N.E.2d 

276 (1997).

{¶25} A defendant who claims he was denied the right to conflict-free 

counsel must demonstrate an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected his 

lawyer’s performance. State v. Wilson, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-20-46, 2022-Ohio-504, 

¶ 137. A possible conflict is insufficient. State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio St.3d 180, 187 

(1998).

{¶26} After reviewing the matter, we emphasize that the record before this 

Court contains no indication whatsoever that Allen’s retained attorney, VanNoy,

had anything to do with his co-defendant’s case. In fact, VanNoy was not even 

retained by Allen until after Allen’s codefendant was convicted.

{¶27} Allen claims that attorneys from VanNoy’s firm worked on his 

codefendant’s appeal, but we also have no indication of this in our record 

whatsoever. The only information our record contains is that Allen retained 
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VanNoy, and that Allen affirmatively stated that he was satisfied with VanNoy’s 

counsel at the plea hearing. Because our record contains no information at all that 

could establish an actual conflict of interest for his attorney, let alone one that 

adversely impacted his attorney’s performance, Allen’s second assignment of error 

is overruled.

Third Assignment of Error

{¶28} In his third assignment of error, Allen argues that the Reagan Tokes 

Law is unconstitutional for violating the jury trial guarantee, for violating the 

separation of powers, and for violating due process principles.

Analysis

{¶29} Allen did not challenge the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law 

before the trial court. For this reason, we apply the plain-error standard of review in 

this case. State v. Ball, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-21-16, 2022-Ohio-1549, ¶ 57. “An error 

qualifies as ‘plain error’ only if it is obvious and but for the error, the outcome of 

the proceeding clearly would have been otherwise.” State v. Barnhart, 3d Dist. 

Putnam No. 12-20-08, 2021-Ohio-2874, ¶ 8, citing State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio 

St.3d 227, 245, 2002-Ohio-2126, ¶ 32.

{¶30} As this Court noted in Ball, challenges to the Reagan Tokes Law do 

not present a matter of first impression in this Court.6 Ball at ¶ 59. “Since the 

6 Allen does acknowledge that he is primarily preserving this argument for further review.
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indefinite sentencing provisions of the Reagan Tokes Law went into effect in March 

2019, we have repeatedly been asked to address the constitutionality of these 

provisions. We have invariably concluded that the indefinite sentencing provisions 

of the Reagan Tokes Law do not * * * infringe on defendants’ due process 

rights.” Id. citing e.g., State v. Crawford, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-20-05, 2021-Ohio547, ¶ 10-11; State v. Hacker, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-20-01, 2020-Ohio-5048, ¶ 

22; State v. Wolfe, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-21-16, 2022-Ohio-96, ¶ 21. We have also 

rejected constitutional challenges related to the jury trial issue and the separation of 

powers issue. See Ball at ¶ 63. On the basis of Ball and our prior precedent, this 

Court finds no merit to Allen’s contention. Therefore, his third assignment of error 

is overruled.

Conclusion

{¶31} For the foregoing reasons Allen’s assignments of error are overruled 

and the judgment and sentence of the Allen County Common Pleas Court is 

affirmed.

Judgment Affirmed

ZIMMERMAN, P.J. and MILLER, J., concur.

/jlr