T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E N IN T H C IR C U IT S A M S O N IL I, P la in tif

f - A p p e lla n t, v. A M ERI CA N SEA FO O D S CO . , LLC, A M ERI CA N TRI U M PH , LCC, D efen d an t s - A p p el l ees. N o. 09- 35000 D . C . N o . 2 : 0 7 -C V -0 1 2 7 5 -M JP ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe W e s t e rn D i s tr i c tof W a s hi ngt on M a r s haJ . P e c hm a n, D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d N ove m be r6, 2009

S e a tt l e , W a s hi ngt on B efo re: A L A R C Ó N , K L E IN F E L D an d C L IF T O N , C i rcu i tJu d g es. S a m s on I l i ha s tw o c aus e s of a c t i on a ti s s ue on appe a l : ne gl i ge nc e unde rthe J o n e s Ac t , 4 6 U. S . C . § 3 0 1 0 4 , a n d u n s e a wo r th i n e s s u n d e rm a r i t i m e c o m m o n l a w, 

# FI LED NO V 25 2009 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

M itc h e ll v . T r a w le rR a c e r , I n c ., 3 6 2 U .S . 5 3 9 , 5 4 7 - 5 0 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . T h e r e a r e tr iab le i ssu es o f m at eri al fact s as t o w h eth er req u i ri n g a 1 6 -h o u r w o rkd ay, sev en d ays a w e e k, f orm onths a tat i m e , i s ne gl i ge ntorc r e a t e s a n uns e a w or thy c ondi t i on; a nd w hether s uch n egl i gence or unseaw orthi ness caused Il i t o fal l w hen the shi p rol l ed du ri ng the l as tho ur of hi s 16-ho ur shi ft . T he di stri ctcourtgrant ed A m er i ca n S e a f oods ’ m ot i on f

ors um m a ry j udgm e nton the s e c l a i m s . W e r e ve r s e a nd r e m a nd.

Il i ’ s J on es A ctcl ai m has f ou r e l em ent s: (1) the em pl oyer ’ s duty t o p rovi de a s a f e w ork e nvi r onm e ntt o i t s s e a m a n e m pl oy e e ; ( 2) br e a c h of tha tduty ; ( 3) the em pl oyer ’ s a w ar enes s of the un sa fe cond i t i on ; and (4) a causal l i nk , ho w ever s l i ght , be tw e e n the br e a c h a nd the s e a m a n’ s i nj ury . R i bi t z ki v. C a nm a rR e a di ng & B at es, L t d . , 1 1 1 F . 3 d 6 5 8 , 6 6 2 -6 4 (9 th C i r. 1 9 9 7 ). T h ere i s n o d i sp u t e th atIl i i s a se am an and thatA m er i ca n S ea food s ow es hi m a duty t o p rovi de a s af e w ork e n v ir o n m e n t. I t is a ls o u n d is p u te d th a t A m e r ic a n S e a f o o d s w a s a w a r e th a t it r e qui r e d 16- hours hi f

t s , w i th no da y s of

f , f orm onths a tat i m e , on I l i ’ s boa t , the F / T A m er i ca n T ri um ph . T he di sput ed i ss ues a re w hether the shi ftl ength cre at ed an un sa fe w ork env i ronm entand w hether the l on g shi ftw as a c ause , ho w ever sl i g h t , o f Il i ’ s i n

j u ry.3

I n hi s oppos i t i on t o s um m a ry j udgm e nt , I l i poi nt e d t o the de pos i t i on of A m e r i c a n S e a f

oods e m pl oy e e A l a n D a vi s . D a vi s s t a t e d tha tothe rboa t s us e 12- ho ur and 1 4-ho ur shi ft s a nd thatthe com pany w as experi m ent i ng w i th sho rt er s hi f t s t o s e e i f

thos e s hi f

t s a r e be tt e rf

orthe s e a m e n. D a vi s a l s o s t a t e d tha tthe 16- hours hi f t s w e r e s hoc ki ng t o hi m w he n he f i r s te nt e r e d the i ndus try buttha the grew t o acc eptthem as i nd ustryst andard. E ven i f 16-ho ur shi fti s i nd ustry s t a nda r d, tha tdoe s note s t abl i s h al a c k of ne gl i ge nc e a s am a tt e rof l a w . S e e T he T . J. H oo per, 60 F . 2d 73 7, 74 0 (2d C i r. 19 32 ) ( L . H and, J. ). A re as on abl e j ury coul d con cl ud e thatre qu i ri ng Il i t o w ork a 16 -hou r s hi ftw as a bre ac h o f A m er i ca n S e a f oods ’ dutyt o pr ovi de as a f e w ork e nvi r onm e nt . P oi nt i ng t o D a vi s ’ s de pos i t i on te s tim o n y is s u f

f ic ie n t to s u rv iv e s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t.

I l i e s t abl i s he d s uf

f i c i e ntc aus a t i on t o s urvi ve s um m a ry j udgm e nton the Jones A ctcl ai m as w el l . T he st andard for causat i on i n Jon es A ctcl ai m s i s very lo w , a n d r e q u ir e s o n ly th a t th e n e g lig e n c e b e ac au s e , h o w e v e rs lig h t, o f th e in ju ry . R oge r s v. M i s s our i P a c i f i c R a i l w a y C o. , 352 U . S . 500, 506 ( 1957) . I l i f e l l dur i ng the fi nal ho ur of hi s 16-ho ur shi ft . H e had previ ou sl y c om pl ai ned t o A m er i ca n S e a f oods tha thi s s hi f

tw a s t oo l ong a nd c aus e d hi m t o be e xhaus t e d. H i s j ob in v o lv e d lif

tin g a n d f

lip p in g 7 0 - p o u n d tr a y s o f f r o z e n f is h . A t th e tim e o f

h is4

i nj ury, the bo atrol l ed and Il i tri ed t o shi fthi s w ei gh tw hen h i s l egs gave outun der hi m . T hi s i s s uf

f i c i e ntt o e s t abl i s h age nui ne i s s ue of m a t e r i a l f

a c tw he the rthe le n g th o f h is s h if t p la y e d a n y r o le , h o w e v e rs lig h t, in c au s in g h is f a ll a n d h is s ubs e que nti nj ury . T hi s di s tr i c tc our te rr e d i n gr a nt i ng s um m a ryj udgm e nton the J o n e s A c tc l a i m.

I l i ’ s uns e a w or thi ne s s c l a i m ha s f oure l e m e nt s : ( 1) s e a m a n s t a tus tr i gge r i ng th e w a rr a n ty o f

s e a w o r th in e s s ; ( 2 ) a n in ju ry a r is in g f

r o m th e c o n d itio n o f

th e s h ip ori t s c r e w ; ( 3) the uns e a w or thi ne s s of tha tc ondi t i on; a nd ( 4) pr oxi m a t e c aus a t i on b e tw e e n th e u n s e a w o r th y c o n d itio n a n d th e in ju ry . R ib itz k i, 1 1 1 F .3 d a t 6 6 4 . A ga i n, i ti s undi s put e d tha tI l i i s as e a m a n a nd thus e nt i t l e d t o aw a rr a nty of se aw orthi ness . T he di sput ed i ss ues a re w hether the l ength o f I l i ’ s s hi fti s an u n seaw o rth y co n d i t i o n an d w h eth er th e sh i ftl en g th p ro x i m at el y cau sed Il i ’ s i n j u ry.

L ac k o f a dequ at e c re w i s abasi s f or un se aw orthi ness . Id. ; A m er i ca n P r e s i de ntL i ne s , L t d. v. W e l c h, 377 F . 2d 501, 504 ( 9th C i r . 1967) . R e qui r i ng a shi p’ s c re w t o w ork 1 6 h ou rs a day , every day , for m on ths on end can i nd i ca t e that the s hi p i s nota de qua t e l y m a nne d w i th c r e w t o pe r f orm i t s dut i e s i n as e a w or thy m a n n e r . W h e th e rth e le n g th o f s h if t a n d s iz e o f

th e c r e w a r e u n s e a w o r th y is5

de c i de d by the tr i e rof

f a c t . E . g. , P a s hby v. U ni ve r s a l D r e dgi ng C orp. , 608 F . 2d 13 12 , 13 13 -14 (9th C i r. 19 79 ) ( per c uri am ). T he tri erof fa cti n thi s c as e i s aj ury be c aus e I l i i nvoke d hi s r i ghtt o aj ury tr i a l unde rthe J one s A c t . S e e F i t z ge r a l d v. U . S . L i nes, C o. , 37 4 U . S . 16 , 20 -21 (19 63 ).

U nsea w orthi ness re qu i re s ahi gh erdegree of c ausa t i on than d oes aJones A ct negl i gence cl ai m . S ee R i bi t zki , 11 1 F . 3d at66 4. W hether the al l eged u n seaw o rth i n ess o f req u i ri n g th e crew t o w o rk1 6 -h o u r sh i ft s ev ery d ay w as a subst ant i al fa ct or i n causi ng Il i ’ s f al l i s aqu es t i on for the j ury. T he sa m e e vi dence tha ts uppor t s I l i ’ s J one s A c tc l a i m a l s o s uppor t s hi s uns e a w or thi ne s s c l a i m . T he d i s tr i c tc o u r te rr e d i n g r a n t i n g s u mma ry j u d g me n to n th e u n s e a w o r th i n e s s c l a i m.

B e c aus e the J one s A c ta nd uns e a w or thi ne s s c l a i m s c oul d be ba s e d on a c om bi na t i on of

i ngr e di e nt s , a nd f

ur the ra na l y s i s a nd f

a c tua l de ve l opm e ntby c o u n s e l m a y p u t th e f

a c ts in ad if

f e r e n t lig h t, w e r e v e r s e th e s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t in fu l l , rath er th an p arsi n g i tan d affi rm i n g i n p art s.

T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n w h e n it r e je c te d I li’s r e q u e s t to e x te n d th e tim e to f

ile e x p e r t r e p o r ts . T h e m o tio n to e x te n d tim e w a s f ile d in6

S e p te m b e r2 0 0 8 , b u t th e d e a d lin e f o rf ilin g e x p e r t r e p o r ts w a s in J u n e 2 0 0 8 . H ow e ve r , gi ve n tha tw e r e m a nd f orf ur the rpr oc e e di ngs , the di s tr i c tc our tm a y f i nd i tapprop ri at e t o al l ow Il i t o fi l e hi s e xp ertre po rt s and for the part i es t o p er form an y ad d i t i o n al d i sco v ery n ecessary to resp o n d t o th o se rep o rt s.

RE V E RS E D a n d RE MAND E D.