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October 30, 2014

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EXHIBIT C

EXPLANATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRACTS’ COMPLIANCE WITH

APPLICABLE CORE PRINCIPLES AND COMMISSION REGULATIONS

As required by Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“Commission”) Regulation 40.2(a), the 

following analysis, in narrative form, demonstrates that CDS Index Contract – European Crossover 

5Y Swaps and Swaptions (the “Contract”) is consistent with the requirements of the Commodity 

Exchange Act, as amended (the “Act”), and the Commission regulations and guidance thereunder (in 

particular, Appendix B to Part 37 and Appendix C to Part 38).

Appendix B to Part 37

CORE PRINCIPLE 3 OF SECTION 5H OF THE ACT—SWAPS NOT READILY SUSCEPTIBLE TO 

MANIPULATION; CORE PRINCIPLE 4 OF SECTION 5H OF THE ACT—MONITORING OF TRADING AND 

TRADE PROCESSING

The swap execution facility shall permit trading only in swaps that are not readily susceptible to 

manipulation.

(a) Guidance. 

(1) In general, a swap contract is an agreement to exchange a series of cash flows over a period of 

time based on some reference price, which could be a single price, such as an absolute level or a 

differential, or a price index calculated based on multiple observations. Moreover, such a reference 

price may be reported by the swap execution facility itself or by an independent third party. When 

listing a swap for trading, a swap execution facility shall ensure a swap’s compliance with Core 

Principle 3, paying special attention to the reference price used to determine the cash flow 

exchanges. Specifically, Core Principle 3 requires that the reference price used by a swap not be 

readily susceptible to manipulation. As a result, when identifying a reference price, a swap 

execution facility should either: Calculate its own reference price using suitable and wellestablished acceptable methods or carefully select a reliable third-party index.

(2) The importance of the reference price’s suitability for a given swap is similar to that of the final 

settlement price for a cash-settled futures contract. If the final settlement price is manipulated, then 

the futures contract does not serve its intended price discovery and risk management functions. 

Similarly, inappropriate reference prices cause the cash flows between the buyer and seller to differ 

from the proper amounts, thus benefitting one party and disadvantaging the other. Thus, careful 

consideration should be given to the potential for manipulation or distortion of the reference price.

Reference Index: iTraxx Indices Generally 

The reference index used to determine the exchange of cash flows for the Contract is Markit Group 

Limited’s (“Markit’s”) iTraxx Europe Crossover: Series 10 to Current. The iTraxx indices are owned, 

managed, compiled, and published by International Index Company Limited and Markit Group Limited 

(“Markit”). The iTraxx Europe Crossover index (Series 10 to Current), is, like the other iTraxx indices –

administered based on transparent, well-documented, and comprehensive rules.1

 In all the iTraxx indices, 

entities are weighted equally, and the entities are included on each index based on their “Entity Rating,” 

 1 See “Markit iTraxx Europe Index Rules.”
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which is defined as the lowest of: 

a) lowest of Issuer Rating, Senior Unsecured Debt Rating, and Corporate Family Ratings for 

Moody’s; 

b) lower of Long-term Issuer Credit Rating and Senior Unsecured Debt Rating for S&P; and 

c) lower of Issuer Default Ratings and Senior Unsecured Debt Rating for Fitch.2

iTraxx Europe Crossover

Specifically, the constituents on the iTraxx Europe Crossover index are selected by a process in which 

each market maker submits to Markit a list of European entities, both financial and nonfinancial, with the 

highest CDS trading volumes (i.e., the most liquid entities), as measured over the previous six (6) months. 

Markit uses clearly outlined, detailed criteria for inclusion, including that: 

a) entities with an Entity Rating of BBB-/Baa3/BBB- (Fitch/Moody’s/S&P) with stable outlook or 

higher are excluded; and 

b) only entities that have issued or guaranteed more than €100 million publicly traded debt securities 

at a certain date in a currency that is deliverable into a European CDS contract will be included.3

The reference obligations for the reference entities are then obtained from Markit’s Reference Entity 

Database in conjunction with input from iTraxx market makers.4

Reference Index is Not Readily Susceptible to Manipulation 

iTraxx Europe Crossover index is not readily susceptible to manipulation. First, as noted above, it is a 

broad index – containing fifty (50) entities. Second, all of the entities have equal, or approximately equal 

weightings, so that no entity disproportionately dominates the weighting of the index.5 Third, as noted 

above, the index is a highly liquid index as it is comprised of the one hundred fifty (50) European entities 

with the highest CDS trading volumes, that meet other specified criteria. And last, as noted above, the 

development and management of the index is rules-based, therefore making it extremely difficult for 

individuals or entities to change selection practices for purposes of manipulation.

(3) For swaps that are settled by physical delivery or by cash settlement refer to the guidance in 

Appendix C to Part 38 of this chapter—Demonstration of Compliance that a Contract is not 

Readily Susceptible to Manipulation, section b(2) and section c(4), respectively.

Please see below.

Appendix C to Part 38 - Demonstration of Compliance That a Contract Is Not Readily

Susceptible to Manipulation

(c) Futures Contracts Settled by Cash Settlement. (1) Cash settlement is a method of settling certain 

futures or option contracts whereby, at contract expiration, the contract is settled by cash payment 

in lieu of physical delivery of the commodity or instrument underlying the contract. An acceptable 

specification of the cash settlement price for commodity futures and option contracts would include 

rules that fully describe the essential economic characteristics of the underlying commodity (e.g., 

 2 Id. at 3. 3 Id. at 6. 4 Id.

5 Id. at 3.
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grade, quality, weight, class, growth, issuer, maturity, source, rating, description of the underlying 

index and index's calculation methodology, etc.), as well as how the final settlement price is 

calculated. In addition, the rules should clearly specify the trading months and hours of trading, the 

last trading day, contract size, minimum price change (tick size) and any limitations on price 

movements (e.g., price limits or trading halts).

Essential Economic Characteristics of the Contract Terms

The terms and conditions of the Contract match the terms of the 5Y European Crossover CDS Index 

contracts and are listed in Exhibit B.

Some terms of the Contract are fixed – for instance: (a) the index is the iTraxx Europe Crossover index, 

Series 10 to Current; (b) the currency is the Euro; (c) the swap tenor is 5Y; (d) the clearing venue is CME; 

and (e) the trading hours are twenty-three hours (ET), Sunday to Friday. Several terms, however, are 

flexible and determined by the counterparties (i.e., effective date and maturity date). This combination of 

standard and flexible terms allows the contract to have a basic consistent form, while allowing 

counterparties to tailor some aspects of the Contract to their economic needs. This structure follows 

industry convention; the terms of the Contract match the terms of credit default swaps and swaptions that 

are commonly offered in the market.

Calculation of Cash Settlement Price

The cash settlement process for the Contract includes the following payments: 

• Fixed Quarterly Cash Payments - These payments are reflected in basis points and paid by the 

protection buyer to the protection seller. 

• Upfront Fee Payment -This fee is a portion of the payments, which is expressed in percentage 

points of the notional. The fee is present valued and paid immediately to the seller. 

• Contingent Payment - If there is a credit event, payments related to the credit event settlement 

will be determined pursuant to the 2009 ISDA Credit Derivatives Determination Committees and 

Auction Settlement Supplement (i.e., the Big Bang Protocol). 

This cash settlement method often used for credit default swaps and thus widely accepted by market 

participants.

(2) Cash settled contracts may be susceptible to manipulation or price distortion. In evaluating the 

susceptibility of a cash-settled contract to manipulation, a designated contract market should 

consider the size and liquidity of the cash market that underlies the listed contract in a manner that 

follows the determination of deliverable supply as noted above in (b)(1). In particular, situations 

susceptible to manipulation include those in which the volume of cash market transactions and/or 

the number of participants contacted in determining the cash-settlement price are very low. Cashsettled contracts may create an incentive to manipulate or artificially influence the data from which 

the cash-settlement price is derived or to exert undue influence on the cash-settlement price's 

computation in order to profit on a futures position in that commodity. The utility of a cash-settled 

contract for risk management and price discovery would be significantly impaired if the cash 

settlement price is not a reliable or robust indicator of the value of the underlying commodity or 

instrument. Accordingly, careful consideration should be given to the potential for manipulation or 

distortion of the cash settlement price, as well as the reliability of that price as an indicator of cash 
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market values. Appropriate consideration also should be given to the commercial acceptability, 

public availability, and timeliness of the price series that is used to calculate the cash settlement 

price. Documentation demonstrating that the settlement price index is a reliable indicator of 

market values and conditions and is commonly used as a reference index by industry/market agents 

should be provided. Such documentation may take on various forms, including carefully 

documented interview results with knowledgeable agents.

The Contract is not readily susceptible to manipulation for a number of reasons. First, the underlying 

market for the Contract has considerable depth and liquidity, making manipulation very difficult to 

achieve. The iTraxx Europe Crossover is used by numerous market participants, and basing credit default 

swaps and swaptions on the iTraxx Europe Crossover index has been a longstanding, widely accepted 

practice. Second, as noted above, the method for calculating the cash settlement price – involving upfront 

fee payments, fixed quarterly cash payments, and (in the case of a credit event) a contingent payment – is 

widely used and generally accepted by market participants. Finally, tpSEF Inc. (“tpSEF”) has a robust 

market surveillance program that is effectively able to surveil this market, detect uncommon activity, and 

investigate any such activity for signs of manipulation (note that the foregoing also demonstrates 

compliance with Core Principle 4).

(3) Where an independent, private-sector third party calculates the cash settlement price series, a 

designated contract market should consider the need for a licensing agreement that will ensure the 

designated contract market's rights to the use of the price series to settle the listed contract. 

(i) Where an independent, private-sector third party calculates the cash settlement price series, the 

designated contract market should verify that the third party utilizes business practices that 

minimize the opportunity or incentive to manipulate the cash-settlement price series. Such 

safeguards may include lock-downs, prohibitions against derivatives trading by employees, or 

public dissemination of the names of sources and the price quotes they provide. Because a cashsettled contract may create an incentive to manipulate or artificially influence the underlying 

market from which the cash-settlement price is derived or to exert undue influence on the cashsettlement computation in order to profit on a futures position in that commodity, a designated 

contract market should, whenever practicable, enter into an information-sharing agreement with 

the third-party provider which would enable the designated contract market to better detect and 

prevent manipulative behavior.

Please see above regarding the calculation of the cash settlement price.

(ii) Where a designated contract market itself generates the cash settlement price series, the 

designated contract market should establish calculation procedures that safeguard against potential 

attempts to artificially influence the price. For example, if the cash settlement price is derived by 

the designated contract market based on a survey of cash market sources, the designated contract 

market should maintain a list of such entities which all should be reputable sources with knowledge 

of the cash market. In addition, the sample of sources polled should be representative of the cash 

market, and the poll should be conducted at a time when trading in the cash market is active.

Please see above regarding the robustness and widespread acceptance of the calculation method for the 

cash settlement price.

(iii) The cash-settlement calculation should involve computational procedures that eliminate or 

reduce the impact of potentially unrepresentative data.
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(iv) The cash settlement price should be an accurate and reliable indicator of prices in the 

underlying cash market. The cash settlement price also should be acceptable to commercial users of 

the commodity contract. The registered entity should fully document that the settlement price is 

accurate, reliable, highly regarded by industry/market agents, and fully reflects the economic and 

commercial conditions of the relevant designated contract market.

Please see above regarding the availability, reliability and widespread acceptance of the method 

used to generate the cash settlement price.

(v) To the extent possible, the cash settlement price should be based on cash price series that are 

publicly available and available on a timely basis for purposes of calculating the cash settlement 

price at the expiration of a commodity contract. A designated contract market should make the 

final cash settlement price and any other supporting information that is appropriate for release to 

the public, available to the public when cash settlement is accomplished by the derivatives clearing 

organization. If the cash settlement price is based on cash prices that are obtained from non-public 

sources (e.g., cash market surveys conducted by the designated contract market or by third parties 

on behalf of the designated contract market), a designated contract market should make available 

to the public as soon as possible after a contract month's expiration the final cash settlement price 

as well as any other supporting information that is appropriate or feasible to make available to the 

public.

Information on iTraxx Europe is available on Markit.com. 

(4) Contract terms and conditions requirements for futures contracts settled by cash

settlement.

(i) An acceptable specification of the terms and conditions of a cash-settled commodity contract will 

also set forth the trading months, last trading day, contract size, minimum price change (tick size) 

and daily price limits, if any.

Also as noted in the attached, the counterparties will begin calculating accrued obligations from the 

effective date to the maturity date (i.e., “last trading day”) of each contract – dates which are set by the 

counterparties. The minimum size is determined by the counterparties, as is customary for contracts of 

this type.

(A) Commodity Characteristics: The terms and conditions of a commodity contract should describe 

the commodity underlying the contract.

The terms and conditions of the Contract specifically note that the Contract is based on the basket of the 

most liquid sub-investment grade European corporate entities that comprise the iTraxx Europe Crossover 

index, Series 10 to Current.

(B) Contract Size and Trading Unit: An acceptable specification of the trading unit would be a 

contract size that is consistent with customary transactions in the cash market. A designated 

contract market may opt to set the contract size smaller than that of standard cash market 

transactions.

The size of the Contract is consistent with customary transaction sizes in the market.

(C) Cash Settlement Procedure: The cash settlement price should be reliable, acceptable, publicly 
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available, and reported in a timely manner as described in paragraphs (c)(3)(iv) and (c)(3)(v) of this 

appendix C.

The cash settlement procedure and an explanation of how it is reliable, acceptable, publicly available, and 

reported in a timely manner appears above.

(D) Pricing Basis and Minimum Price Fluctuation (Minimum Tick): The minimum price increment 

(tick) should be set a level that is equal to, or less than, the minimum price increment commonly 

observed in cash market transactions for the underlying commodity. Specifying a futures’ 

minimum tick that is greater than the minimum price increment in the cash market can undermine 

the risk management utility of the futures contract by preventing hedgers from efficiently 

establishing and liquidating futures positions that are used to hedge anticipated cash market 

transactions or cash market positions.

As noted above, the quoting convention and the minimum increment are, as determined by the 

counterparties.

(E) Maximum Price Fluctuation Limits: Designated contract markets may adopt price limits to: (1) 

Reduce or constrain price movements in a trading day that may not be reflective of true market 

conditions but might be caused by traders overreacting to news; (2) Allow additional time for the 

collection of margins in times of large price movements; and (3) Provide a “cooling-off” period for 

futures market participants to respond to bona fide changes in market supply and demand 

fundamentals that would lead to large cash and futures price changes. If price-limit provisions are 

adopted, the limits should be set at levels that are not overly restrictive in relation to price 

movements in the cash market for the commodity underlying the futures contract. For broad-based 

stock index futures contracts, rules should be adopted that coordinate with New York Stock 

Exchange (“NYSE”) declared Circuit Breaker Trading Halts (or other market coordinated Circuit 

Breaker mechanism) and would recommence trading in the futures contract only after trading in 

the majority of the stocks underlying the index has recommenced.

As agreed between the counterparties.

(F) Last Trading Day: Specification of the last trading day for expiring contracts should be 

established such that it occurs before publication of the underlying third-party price index or 

determination of the final settlement price. If the designated contract market chooses to allow 

trading to occur through the determination of the final settlement price, then the designated 

contract market should show that futures trading would not distort the final settlement price 

calculation.

The last trading day is the maturity date of the contract, in the case of credit default swaps, or its 

expiration date, in the case of swaptions, which is set by the counterparties.
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(G) Trading Months: Trading months should be established based on the risk management needs of 

commercial entities as well as the availability of price and other data needed to calculate the cash 

settlement price in the specified months. Specification of the last trading day should take into 

consideration whether the volume of transactions underlying the cash settlement price would be 

unduly limited by occurrence of holidays or traditional holiday periods in the cash market. 

Moreover, a contract should not be listed past the date for which the designated contract market 

has access to use a proprietary price index for cash settlement.

If there is no credit event, the protection buyer will pay the protection seller fixed quarterly cash payments

on the credit default swaps. Prior to exercise into credit default swaps, there are no ongoing payments on 

the swaptions.

(H) Speculative Limits: Specific rules and policies for speculative position limits are set forth in part 

150 and/or part 151, as applicable, of the Commission's regulations.

None required by Parts 150 or 151.

(I) Reportable Levels: Refer to § 15.03 of the Commission's regulations.

tpSEF will adhere to the applicable reporting levels set forth in § 15.03 of the Commission’s regulations.

(J) Trading Hours: Should be set by the designated contract market to delineate each trading day.

The Contract is traded twenty-three hours a day from Sunday to Friday Eastern Time. The Contract is not 

traded between 5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. Eastern Time.