# Patent

## Title
Integrated torque limiter/no-back device

## Abstract

An integrated torque limiter/no-back device for use in an actuator with an input shaft, an output and gear reduction. The device includes an input ramp to receive torque from the input shaft; a combined ramp to transfer torque; an output ramp to transfer torque to the gear reduction; one or more balls between the input ramp and the combined ramp and between the combined ramp and the output ramp to transfer torque; and a brake for causing torque to be grounded and for preventing backdriving of the input shaft by preventing movement of one or more of the input ramp, the combined ramp and the output ramp when a torque threshold has been met. The input ramp and the output ramp are a no-back ramp and a torque limiter ramp, respectively, and the device also includes a pin between the combined ramp and one or more of the no-back ramp and the gear reduction for transferring torque.

## Background
BACKGROUND
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to actuators in a fixed-wing aircraft. More specifically, the subject matter disclosed herein relates to an integrated torque limiter for use in an actuator for such aircraft.
The term actuator refers to a member of a class of mechanisms whose primary function is to provide a controllable force for moving an actuated element to a desired position. An actuator system typically includes an actuator, an actuated element, connecting linkage and a power source. Some actuator systems must also perform a force limiting function to prevent damage should the system become jammed. This is sometimes done through torque limiting devices on the actuator input shaft.
An aircraft actuation system is an example of a system which may use a torque limiter as a force limiter for an actuator. In an aircraft actuation system, a high lift actuator can be used to lift and hold a flight surface in a particular position under a variety of conditions. A torque limiter on this can limit the torque applied to this flight surface.
SUMMARY
An integrated torque limiter/no-back device for use in an actuator with an input shaft, an output and gear reduction. The device includes an input ramp to receive torque from the input shaft; a combined ramp to transfer torque; an output ramp to transfer torque to the gear reduction; balls between the input ramp and the combined ramp and between the combined ramp and the output ramp to transfer torque; and a brake for causing torque to be grounded and for preventing backdriving of the input shaft by preventing movement of one or more of the input ramp, the combined ramp and the output ramp when a torque threshold has been met. The input ramp and the output ramp are a no-back ramp and a torque limiter ramp, respectively, and the device also includes a pin between the combined ramp and one or more of the no-back ramp and the gear reduction for transferring torque
A method of limiting torque and backdriving through an actuator includes receiving input torque at an input shaft; transmitting the input torque through an integrated torque limiter/no-back device with a torque limiter ramp connected to a combined ramp with balls and a no-back ramp connected to the combined ramp with balls and a pin; sensing torque transferred through the balls between the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp; engaging the torque limiter when the torque transferred between the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp reaches a predetermined value, causing the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp to separate and engage a brake; sensing torque transferred between the no-back ramp and the combined ramp; and engaging the no-back when the torque transferred between the no-back ramp and the combined ramp reaches a predetermined value, causing the pin to disengage one of the no-back ramp and combined ramp, causing the torque to be transferred through the balls and force the ramps to separate and engage a brake.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a typical slat actuation system on an aircraft.
FIG. 2A shows a first embodiment of an actuator with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device.
FIG. 2B shows views of two adjacent ball ramps of the integrated torque limiter/no-back device with no input torque.
FIG. 2C show views of two adjacent ball ramps of the integrated torque limiter/no-back device with input torque.
FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of an actuator with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device.
FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment of an actuator with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical slat actuation system 10 on an aircraft 11. The system is located on left wing 12a and right wing 12b of aircraft 11, and includes a position indicating device 14, power drive unit 16, slat panels 18, slat actuators 20, slat panel linkage 22 and torque shafting 30. Each slat panel 18 is connected to either wing 12a or 12b by two slat panel linkage mechanisms 22, with each linkage mechanism connected to slat actuation system 10 through a slat actuator 20. The power drive unit 16 connects to each slat actuator 20 through the torque shafting 30.
Prior to flight or upon landing, power drive unit 16 powers slat actuators 20 to extend slat panels 18 away from wings 12a and 12b and into the airstream. Slat panel linkages 22 are used to extend slat panels 18, and position indicating device 14 work with power drive unit 16 to hold slat panels 18 in place. Once airborne, power drive unit 16 powers slat actuators 20 to retract slat panels 18 toward wings 12a and 12b to cut down on drag during flight.
In some instances, there is a jam in slat panel linkage 22 when slat actuator 20 is driving the linkage 22 to extend or retract slat panel 18. When a jam occurs, power drive unit 16 could generate enough torque to damage the slat panel or structure of the aircraft. Therefore, a torque limiter is usually included in each slat actuator 20. The torque limiter senses the torque going through actuator 20 to slat panel 18. If the torque sensed gets too high, the torque limiter locks up and grounds any additional torque coming from power drive unit 16 to the wing with the lock up.
During flight, and especially when slat panels 18 are extended by slat actuators 20 into an airstream, slat panels 18 are exposed to many different forces. Some of these forces act on slat panels 18 to push in the direction opposite of the direction slat actuator 20 is extending panels 18. No-back systems prevent this load from actually driving actuator 20 backwards.
FIG. 2A shows a first embodiment of an actuator 20 with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Actuator 20 includes input shaft 30, gear reduction 32, actuator output 34 and integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 includes torque limiter ball ramp 38, combined ball ramp 40, no-back ball ramp 42, brake plates 44, cone brake 45, balls 46, 48 and pin 50. While only one ball 46, 48 is respectively shown, a plurality of balls 46, 48 can be used in actuator 20.
Actuator input shaft 30 is connected to torque limiter ball ramp 38. Torque limiter ball ramp 38 is in contact with balls 46, which are in contact with combined ball ramp 40. Gear reduction 32 is connected to output 34. Actuator gear reduction 32 can be any type of gear system including but not limited to a simple gear arrangement, epicyclic gearing, worm gearing, or wheel gearing. When no-back is not engaged ball ramp 40 pushes pin 50, which pushes no-back ball ramp 42 and gear reduction 32. When no-back is engaged, gear reduction 32 pushes no-back ball ramp 42, causing balls 48 to roll up no-back ball ramp 42 and combined ball ramp 40, separating them and engaging cone brake 45.
FIGS. 2B-2C show views of adjacent ball ramps 38, 40 with ball 46 of the integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. While ball ramps 38, 40 and ball 46 are shown, this is demonstrative of ball ramps 40 and 42 with ball 48 as well. FIG. 2B shows torque limiter ball ramp 38 and combined ball ramp 40 when no torque is acting on actuator 20. FIG. 2C shows torque being transferred from torque limiter ball ramp 38 to combined ball ramp 40 through ball 46, causing ball 46 to roll up ramp and move ramps 38, 40 away from each other.
Torque is applied to actuator 20 by rotating input shaft 30. This rotary motion is transferred from input shaft 30 to integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 to gear reduction 32, and then from gear reduction 32 to output 34. Output 34 is connected to a rack and pinion or other type of device to translate rotary motion from gear reduction 32 to linear motion to provide drive to extend or retract slat panels through linkage mechanisms as shown in FIG. 1. In alternative embodiments, actuator 20 is connected to the line of rotation of the surface.
When torque is transferred from torque limiter ball ramp 38 to combined ramp 40 through ball 46, this causes ball 46 to roll up ramps 38, 40, as shown in FIG. 2C. As ball 46 rolls up ramps 38, 40, the angle on ramps 38, 40 cause the torque to be transferred. As ball 48 rolls up ramps 38, 40, this also causes ramps 38, 40 to separate. At a certain point, when ramps 38, 40, separate sufficiently, ramps 38 and 40 encounter brake plates 44 and input torque limiter is engaged. This engagement means that torque has reached a critical point and must be transferred out of the system so as not to damage flight surfaces. Any additional torque going into the system at this point can be grounded into an actuator housing (not shown).
When torque has not reached a critical point to engage torque limiter, and is still being transferred through actuator 20, torque transfers into no-back portion of integrated torque limiter and no-back device 36. Pin 50 engages no-back ramp 42, gear reduction 32 and combined ramp 40 so that ball 48 is not allowed to climb between ramps 40, 42, as shown in FIG. 2C. When torque through gear reduction 32 has reached a certain level pin 50 becomes disengaged from no-back ball ramp 42 and gear reduction 32, causing torque to be transferred through ball 48 (instead of pin 50). This causes balls 48 to move up ramps 40, 42, separating ramps 40, 42. Sufficient separation of ramps 40, 42 causes no-back ramp 42 to encounter cone brake 45, engaging no-back device to hold slat panels 18 steady and prevent backdriving of actuator 20.
Past actuators 20 included separate no-back and torque limiting devices. Past no-back devices typically included an inefficient gear set or two disks, balls and a set of brakes. Past torque limiting devices typically included two disks, balls and a set of brakes. Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 provides torque limiting and no-back features capabilities needed for actuator 20 while eliminating various parts of past systems by using combined ball ramp 40 for both torque limiting functions and no-back functions, resulting in an overall smaller envelope for torque limiting and no-back features as well as an overall smaller envelope for actuator 20. This results in weight and cost savings for actuator 20. Combining torque limiter/no-back device results in fewer parts, making a simpler and more efficient system as well.
FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of actuator 20 with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Similar parts have the same numbers as in FIG. 2A. Actuator 20 includes input shaft 30, gear reduction 32, actuator output 34 and integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 includes torque limiter ball ramp 38, combined ball ramp 40, no-back ball ramp 42, brake plates 44, cone brake 45, balls 46, 48 and pin 50.
Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 works in the same manner as in FIG. 2A, with ramps 38, 40 acting as a torque limiter, and ramps 40, 42 acting as the no-back device. In this embodiment, cone brake 45 for no-back is located between torque limiter ball ramp 38 and combined ramp 40. The placement of cone brake 45 between ramps 38, 40 can result in faster no-back braking by working to stop the movement of both no-back ramps, to ground torque more quickly. This can result in less backdriving, which enables more precise control of flight surfaces.
FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment of actuator 20 with an integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Similar parts have the same numbers as in FIGS. 2A and 3. Actuator 20 includes input shaft 30, gear reduction 32, actuator output 34 and integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36. Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 includes ball ramp 38, combined ball ramp 40, ball ramp 42, brake plates 44, balls 46, 48 and pin 50.
Torque is transferred through pin 50 initially to combined ramp 40, and then is transferred to ball ramp 42 through ball 48. Ball ramp 42 transfers torque to gear reduction 32. Brake plates 44 would work to engage no-back and torque limiting portions of integrated device 36.
Actuator 20 with integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 shown in FIG. 4 can provide additional space and weight savings by eliminating a set of brakes in actuator 20. This embodiment may result in a slower reaction time of integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36, and may be best used in systems with lower loads or which are less prone to jamming.
Integrated torque limiter/no-back device 36 provides actuator with no-back and torque limiting capabilities while reducing weight and space needed for past actuators which had separate torque limiting and no-back systems. Using combined ball ramp 40 to provide no-back and torque limiting system functions eliminates at least one disk, making an overall simpler actuator with fewer parts needed to provide no-back and torque limiting abilities for an aircraft system.
While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An integrated torque limiter/no-back device for use in an actuator with an input shaft driven by a power drive unit, an output and gear reduction for transmitting rotary motion from the input shaft to the output, the device comprising:
an input ramp, wherein the input shaft transfers torque to the input ramp, and wherein the input ramp is one of a no-back ramp and a torque limiter ball ramp;
a combined ramp to transfer torque, wherein the combined ramp comprises:
a unitary body having a first face and a second face opposite the first face;

an output ramp to transfer torque to the gear reduction, wherein the output ramp is the other of the no-back ramp and the torque limiter ball ramp;
one or more balls between the input ramp and the first face of the unitary body to transfer torque from the input ramp to the combined ramp;
one or more balls between the output ramp and the second face of the unitary body to transfer torque from the combined ramp to the output ramp;
a pin extending from the combined ramp to the output ramp for transferring torque;
a brake for causing torque to be grounded by preventing movement of one or more of the input ramp, the combined ramp and the output ramp when a torque threshold has been met; and
a second brake for preventing backdriving of the input shaft by preventing movement of one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp, the combined ball ramp and the no-back ball ramp when the torque threshold has been met.

2. The integrated torque limiter/no-back device of claim 1, wherein the pin connects the combined ramp and one or more of the no-back ramp and the gear reduction to transfer torque between the no-back ramp and/or the gear reduction and the combined ramp when the torque threshold has not yet been met.

3. The integrated torque limiter/no-back device of claim 1, wherein the first brake engages one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp and the combined ball ramp to perform a torque limiting function, and the second brake engages one or more of the no-back ball ramp and the combined ball ramp to perform a no-back function.

4. The integrated torque limiter/no-back device of claim 1, wherein the first brake and the second brake comprise one of brake plates and a cone brake.

5. The integrated torque limiter/no-back device of claim 1, wherein the torque limiter ramp is the input ramp.

6. The integrated torque limiter/no-back device of claim 1, wherein when the torque threshold has been met, the torque limiter ramp engages the brakes, and any additional torque is not transferred to the gear reduction.

7. An actuator comprising:
an input shaft driven by a power drive unit;
an output;
a gear reduction for transmitting rotary motion from the input shaft to the output; and
an integrated torque limiter/no-back device to ground additional torque from the power drive unit when engaged and to prevent backdriving of the input shaft, wherein the integrated torque limiter/no-back device comprises:
an input ramp, wherein the input shaft transfers torque to the input ramp, and wherein the input ramp is one of a no-back ramp and a torque limiter ball ramp;
a combined ball ramp that transmits torque, wherein the combined ball ramp comprises:
a unitary body having a first face and a second face opposite the first face;

one or more balls between the input ramp and the first face to transfer torque from the input ramp to the combined ball ramp;
an output ramp that transfers torque to the gear reduction, wherein the output ramp is the other of the no-back ramp and the torque limiter ball ramp;
one or more balls between the output ramp and the second face to transfer torque from the combined ball ramp to the output ramp; and
a first brake to prevent movement of one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp, the combined ball ramp, and the no-back ball ramp when a torque threshold has been met;
and a second brake to prevent movement of one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp, the combined ball ramp and the no-back ball ramp when the torque threshold has been met.

8. The actuator of claim 7, wherein the input ramp is the torque limiter ball ramp and the output ramp is the no-back ramp, and wherein the integrated torque limiter/no-back device further comprises:
a pin that connects the combined ball ramp to the no-back ball ramp and the gear reduction, wherein the no-back ball ramp connects to the gear reduction.

9. The actuator of claim 7, wherein the first brake engages one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp and the combined ball ramp to perform a torque limiting function, and the second brake engages one or more of the no-back ball ramp and the combined ball ramp to perform a no-back function.

10. The actuator of claim 7, wherein the first brake and the second brake comprise one of brake plates and a cone brake.

11. A method of limiting torque and backdriving through an actuator, the method comprising:
receiving input torque at an input shaft;
transmitting the input torque through an integrated torque limiter/no-back device, wherein the integrated torque limiter/no-back device comprises:
an input ramp, wherein the input shaft transfers torque to the input ramp, and wherein the input ramp is one of a no-back ramp and a torque limiter ball ramp;
a combined ramp to transfer torque, wherein the combined ramp comprises:
a unitary body having a first face and a second face opposite the first face;

an output ramp to transfer torque to the gear reduction, wherein the output ramp is the other of the no-back ramp and the torque limiter ball ramp;
one or more balls between the input and the first face of the unitary body to transfer torque from the input ramp to the combined ramp;
one or more balls between the output ramp and the second face of the unitary body to transfer torque from the combined ramp to the output ramp;
a pin extending from the combined ramp to the output ramp for transferring torque;
a first brake for causing torque to be grounded by preventing movement of one or more of the input ramp, the combined ramp and the output ramp when a torque threshold has been met; and
a second brake for preventing backdriving of the input shaft by preventing movement of one or more of the torque limiter ball ramp, the combined ball ramp and the no-back ramp when the torque threshold has been met;

sensing torque transferred through the one or more balls between the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp;
engaging the torque limiter when the torque transferred between the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp reaches the torque threshold, causing the torque limiter ramp and the combined ramp to separate and engage the first brake;
sensing torque transferred between the no-back ramp and the combined ramp; and
engaging the no-back device when the torque transferred between the no-back ramp and the combined ramp reaches the torque threshold, causing the pin to disengage one of the no-back ramp and combined ramp, causing the torque to be transferred through the one or more balls and force the no-back ramp and the combined ramp to separate and engage the second brake.