TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-05-00442-CR

Winona Lou Old, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF HAYS COUNTY

NO. 73622, HONORABLE LINDA A. RODRIGUEZ, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant Winona Lou Old guilty of assaulting her sixteen-year-old son,

Aaron Joseph, for which the court assessed a probated sentence of one year in jail and a $500 fine.

See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01 (West Supp. 2006). In three points of error, Old contends that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict, and that she did not receive

effective assistance of counsel. We will overrule these contentions and affirm the conviction.

This prosecution arose out of an incident at the residence of Debra Wilcox and her

daughter, Vonna, in Dripping Springs. Joseph was Vonna’s boyfriend. Old had recently moved

from Dripping Springs to Comal County, but with Old’s permission Joseph had remained in

Dripping Springs to attend school and was living with the Wilcoxes. On the night in question, Old

and her twin sister, Ramona James, and their boyfriends drove to the Wilcox house from Comal

County, ostensibly to pick up Joseph’s car, which needed work. While there, Old and James entered
 The word “papasan” is misspelled throughout the record. 1

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the residence and went to Vonna’s bedroom. What happened after that was a matter of dispute at

trial.

Vonna testified that she went to her room and demanded to know what Old and James

were doing there. Within moments, Joseph also entered the room. Old told Vonna that she was

looking for Joseph’s medicine. According to Vonna, Old began “yelling at us and saying that we

were all worthless.” Old then pushed Joseph, causing him to fall over a chair and onto a computer:

“She just reached out and pushed him down and he fell back on top of—on top of the poppazon chair

and on top of the computer that was sitting next to the poppazon chair.” Vonna also remembered 1

seeing Old slap Joseph, but she could not remember whether it was before or after Old pushed him.

Joseph’s testimony was similar to Vonna’s. He said that his mother pushed him

backwards “and I fell onto this poppazon chair; it’s like a bowl chair that sits on top of, like, a little

stand. And it rolled off of its stand and I fell onto the computer and hit my side on it.” Joseph

testified that when he tried to stand up, Old slapped him. Asked if he felt pain when Old slapped

and pushed him, Joseph answered that he felt “the most pain” when “the computer hit me in the hip.”

Old testified that Joseph has a serious kidney disease, and that she believed that he

should not be living with the Wilcoxes because of the unsanitary condition of their house. She told

Joseph this when he and Vonna confronted her in the bedroom. According to Old, Joseph cursed

her and shoved her hard against the frame of the door. She said, “I tried to push back. . . . I didn’t

have much strength, but I tried to push back.” Old denied slapping or pushing Joseph. James’s
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description of the incident was substantially similar to Old’s. She testified, “[Old] never struck

[Joseph]. She never touched him.”

The information alleged that Old intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly caused

bodily injury to Joseph by slapping his face and pushing him. See id. § 22.01(a)(1). Among other

things, “bodily injury” means physical pain. Id. § 1.07(a)(8). Old contends that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s finding that Joseph experienced physical pain

as a result of being slapped or pushed by her. She correctly points out that Joseph did not testify that

he experienced pain as a result of being slapped. As to the pain Joseph said he felt when he hit the

computer, Old argues that the evidence demonstrates that she merely pushed Joseph into the chair,

and that he struck the computer only when he tried to stand up. Old relies on the testimony of Debra

Wilcox, who testified that Joseph was in the chair when she entered the room after the fracas was

largely over.

In a legal sufficiency review, all the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable

to the verdict to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found all the elements of the

offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979); Swearingen v.

State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Viewed in this light, Vonna’s and Joseph’s

testimony is sufficient to support a finding that when Old pushed him, Joseph fell into the papasan

chair, which tipped over and spilled him onto the computer. Debra Wilcox did not witness the push,

and we must assume the jury disregarded her testimony to the extent that it contradicts Vonna’s or

Joseph’s. See Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (citing Jackson, 443

U.S. at 318-19). The evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Joseph suffered
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physical pain as a result of Old’s push. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 6.04(a) (West 2003) (causation).

Point of error one is overruled.

In a factual sufficiency review, all the evidence is considered equally, including the

testimony of defense witnesses and the existence of alternative hypotheses. Orona v. State, 836

S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no pet.). The evidence will be deemed factually

insufficient if the proof of guilt, standing alone, is too weak to support the jury’s finding beyond a

reasonable doubt or if the contrary evidence is so strong that the State could not have met its burden

of proof. Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). 

Although the testimony of the State’s witnesses was not in agreement as to all the

details, Old overstates the case when she asserts that the State’s evidence regarding causation was

“so tenuous as to be laughable.” Both Vonna and Joseph plainly testified that Old pushed Joseph,

causing him to fall into the unstable chair and then onto the computer. Old and her sister, on the

other hand, denied that Old pushed Joseph. The jury’s determination that the State’s witnesses were

more credible was not manifestly unjust. See Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). The evidence is factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Joseph suffered physical

pain as a result of Old’s push. Point of error two is overruled.

Old contends that her trial counsel’s performance was deficient in two respects. First,

she complains that her attorney failed to request a jury instruction on self-defense. See Tex. Pen.

Code Ann. § 9.31 (West 2003). She argues that the jury could have concluded from the testimony

that Joseph shoved her first, and that she pushed and slapped him to protect herself from further

attack. Second, Old asserts that her lawyer should have asked the court to authorize her conviction
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for the lesser included offense of assault by offensive contact. See id. § 22.01(a)(3) (West Supp.

2006). She argues that the jury could have believed that her conduct did not cause Joseph bodily

injury, but that it did constitute offensive contact carrying a lesser punishment. See id. §

22.01(b), (c).

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must show that

counsel made such serious errors that he was not functioning effectively as counsel and that these

errors prejudiced the appellant’s defense to such a degree that she was deprived of a fair trial.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 771-72

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance, we must indulge a strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.

Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

Old argues that the reasoning employed in Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992), applies to this appeal. In Vasquez, a prosecution for possession of a firearm by

a felon, defense counsel did not request an instruction on necessity even though the defendant’s

testimony raised the issue and it would have been error for the trial court to refuse the defensive

instruction. Id. at 951. The court said that counsel should have recognized that the defendant was

entitled to the instruction and that he had nothing to lose by requesting it. Id. The court concluded

that under the circumstances, counsel’s failure to request the instruction rendered his representation

constitutionally deficient. Id. Similarly, Old argues that she was legally entitled to the lesser

included offense and self-defense instructions, she had nothing to lose by requesting them, and that

counsel was therefore ineffective for failing to request them.
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A defendant is not entitled to a self-defense instruction if she denies committing the

assaultive acts alleged against her. Vanbrackle v. State, 179 S.W.3d 708, 715 (Tex. App.—Austin

2005, no pet.). Old testified that she “tried to push back” when Joseph allegedly shoved her into the

door frame, but did not have the strength. She also explicitly denied slapping Joseph or pushing him

into the chair or onto the computer. James, the other defense witness, testified that Old “never

touched” Joseph. There is no evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that Old

justifiably pushed or slapped Joseph in self-defense.

A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense when (1) the

lesser offense is included within the offense charged (which is not disputed here) and (2) there is

some evidence that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty, she is guilty

only of the lesser offense. Rousseau v. State, 885 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Old

argues that she was entitled to the offensive touching instruction byanalogy to the opinion in Bignall

v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). In that case, the issue was whether an aggravated

robbery defendant was entitled to an instruction on the lesser included offense of theft. Id. at 22.

The State’s evidence showed that Bignall and his codefendant entered a convenience store, picked

up cartons of beer and cigarettes, and began to leave; when the cashier asked Bignall for payment,

Bignall threatened him with a pistol. Id. at 22-23. Bignall and the codefendant testified, on the other

hand, that neither of them was armed. Id. at 23. The court of criminal appeals held that Bignall was

entitled to an instruction on the lesser offense because a rational jury could have believed that

Bignall and his companion were not armed while nevertheless finding that they were guilty of theft.

Id. at 24.
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Old argues that the jury in this case could have “selectively believed” the State’s

evidence and concluded that she pushed or slapped Joseph, but that this conduct did not result in

bodily injury. But for a lesser included offense to be raised, it is not enough that the jury might

disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense; there must be some evidence directly

germane to the lesser offense for the factfinder to consider. Id. In Bignall there was such evidence:

both defendants testified that they were not armed. There is no such evidence in the cause now

before us. Old and her sister testified that Old did not push, slap, or touch Joseph, offensively or

otherwise. Old’s claim that she was entitled to the lesser included offense instruction is based solely

on the possibility that the jury might have disbelieved Joseph’s testimony that Old’s conduct caused

him physical pain.

In his testimony at the hearing on Old’s motion for new trial, her trial counsel

testified, “I made a strategic decision not to [raise the lesser included offense] because my client told

me from the beginning of this case that she was not guilty of any offense and I did not want to give

the jury a chance to reach a compromise verdict.” In an affidavit introduced in evidence at the

hearing, counsel stated, “Self-defense was not a viable option because to invoke it one must first

admit doing the act . . . . Throughout this case and her testimony, Ms. Old was steadfast in her

assertion that she never touched [the complainant], only that he had assaulted her. That would be

a straight not guilty claim, not a self-defense claim.” This evidence demonstrates that counsel made

a considered decision not to request the two instructions in question. There is nothing in the record
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or in Old’s arguments that persuades us that in either case the decision was outside the broad range

of reasonable professional assistance. Point of error three is overruled.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

__________________________________________

Bea Ann Smith, Justice

Before Justices B. A. Smith, Puryear and Waldrop

Affirmed

Filed: October 12, 2006

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