SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO . A

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A

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- 19 FTERA ADVISORS, LLC, Plaintiff

- Respondent,

v. SCOTT CAPUTO, SCOTT STRAKA, ALTILIUM POWER DEVELOPMENT, LLC, N EW J ERSEY BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE PROJECT ONE, LLC, N EW J ERSEY BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE PROJECT 2, LLC, MSS CAPITAL, LLC and APD FLEMINGTON, LLC , Defendants

- Appellants , and
ALTILIUM POWER D EVELOPMENT, LLC,
T hird

- Party Plaintiff

/ Appellant ,

v. NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court

. " A lthough it is posted on the internet , this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited

. R

. 1:36

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ALEKSY N. KRYLOV, FTERA ENERGY APD FLEMINGTON, LLC and ALTILIUM ENERGY, LLC,
Third

- Party Defendants / Respondents

.

_______________________________ _

Submitted February 22, 2021

– April 28, 2021 Before Judges Fasciale and Rothstadt. On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, E ssex County, Docket No. C

000 199

- 18. Lindgren, Lindgren, Oehm, & You, LLP, attorneys for appellants Altilium Power De velopment, LLC and A DP Flemington, LLC (C hristian R. Oehm, on the brief s ). Greenberg Traurig, LLP, attorneys for appellants Scott Caputo, Scott Straka, New Jersey B atter y Energy St orage Pro

ject On e, LLC, New Jersey Batter y Energy Storage Project 2, LLC and MSS Capital, LLC ( Paul H. Schafhauser and Paige Nestel, of counsel and on the brief s ). Curcio, Mirzaian, Sirot, LLC , attorneys for respondent s (J ason S. Haller, of counsel and on the brief s ).
PER CURIAM
T hese two appeals , which we considered " back

- to

- back " and have now consolidated for the p urpose of writing one opinion, present a challenge to the Chancery Division's Jan ua ry 2, 2020 order that dis solv ed a previously entered3 A

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temporary restraint and denied preliminary inj un ctive relief to defendants

. Judge Jodi Lee Alper, t he Chancery judge , entered the order after determining
that defendants had extinguished their right of first refusal under a settlement agreement with plaintiff by not following the agreement's re q uir e ments for its exercise, thereby defeating their claim for injunctive relief under Crowe

. 1 A s described herein, on appeal defendants assert numerous reasons why they believe the Chancery judge erred. We reject their contentions and affirm , as w e conclude the judge properly determined defendants did not exercise their right s and failed to meet their burden under Crowe

. I.
In order to give context to our opinion, we are constrained to provide a detailed recitation of the facts from the record. At the outset, we identify the parties and their relationship s, the history of their transactions , the project they pursued, and their earlier litigation before we reach the settlement agreement upon which the parties ' claims and d ef enses are based.
The Parties Plaintiff FTERA Advisors, LLC (FAL), FTERA Energy AP D Flemington,
LLC (FE A PD ), and Altilium Energy , LLC (AEL), are companies managed by

1 Crowe v. De Gioia , 90 N.J. 126 (1982).4 A

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FAL's sole member , third

- party defendant Aleksy Krylov

. Defendants are Scott Caputo and Scot t Straka, and their related companies, defendants NJ Battery Energy Storage Project One, LLC, NJ Battery Energy Storage Proje ct 2, LLC (collectively, Battery), MSS Capital, LLC (MSS), third

- party plaintiff Altilium Power Development, LLC (A PD ) , and APD Flemington, LLC (APD Flemington)

. APD's members are MSS, Battery , and FAL

. Straka is the sole member of Battery 2 and Caputo is the sole member of MSS. All defendants and APD have appealed from the Chancery judge's order, which denied their application for injunctive relief restraining Krylov and his
entities from alienating FEA PD

. Their right to such relief turned on whether they had a right of first refusal to acquire FEA P D and the project that AP D , and later FEAPD , w ere formed to pursue or sell , and, if so, whether they exercised
it in accordance with the underlying contract, which was a settlement agreement that resolved the earlier litigation between the parties. The Project In February 2018, Caputo, Straka, and Krylov entered into discussions about constructing a battery energy storage facility in Flemington

. Caputo and

2 In or around September 2018, Straka transferred Battery 1's interest in APD to Battery 2.5 A

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Straka , who were familiar with the industry and had contacts in it, did not have funds to contribute so they approached Krylov who , upon hearing the pair's plans for the facility , agreed to provide the necessary financial backing

. The three formed APD on or about March 23, 2018, designating F AL , Battery, and
MSS as its members, in order to build "a battery energy storage system

. . . which would be connected to the electrical power grid , " (the Project). The plan called for APD to "ultimately generate revenue by providing certain balancing, frequency regulation [ , ] and other services to the power grid." Its operating agreement designated Krylov as Chief Executive Officer. The parties simultaneously formed APD Flemington with APD as its sole member in order to hold the rights to the land on which the P roject would be built

. A PD Flemington's operating agreement similarly designated Krylov as the managing director.
On Marc h 29, 2018, APD Flemington entered into a lease and purchase agreement with Raritan Parkway Properties, LLC ( RPP ) for a certain property in Raritan Township. APD estimated that it would need to raise between ten and fifteen million dollars in order to bui ld the Project on that property

. Alternatively, the plan was to sell the lease and rights to connect the facility to the electrical grid without having to raise the money to construct the Project

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In order to complete the P roject, A PD needed to apply to PJM Interconnection, LLC (PJM) for the purpose of connecting to the electrical power grid. 3 At some point, APD was issued a n "interconnection queue position" (IQP) for the P roject's connection to the electrical power grid

. APD's prim ary assets were therefore the IQP and APD Flemington's rights under the
RP P lease

. Soon thereafter , disputes arose between the individuals ove r whether to pursue development of the project or to sell it to a third party. One prospective buyer , Viridity E nergy Solutions, Inc. ( VES I ) , presented a term sheet outlining its offer to purchase the Project (First Term Sheet)

. The purchase price was to be $800,000 plus residual payments from operations

. Caputo and Strak a wanted to sell , but Krylov did not.
F ollowing Krylov's refusal t o sell the P roject to VESI pursuant to the First Term Sheet, APD held a member vote on September 22, 2018, at which Battery and MSS voted to remove Krylov as CEO of APD and replace him with Caputo

. On the same day , Caputo, as the newly appointed representative for A PD , executed the First Term Sheet with VESI. Days later, K rylov formed FE APD

3 According to the parties, PJM is "an entity that coordinates the interstate movement of wholesale electricity."7 A

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and, according to Caputo and Straka , purported ly transferred all of A PD ’s rights in the project to the new entity, including the IQP a nd the RP P lease. The Litigation , Settlement Agreement and Right of First Refusal Thereafter , in November 2018, FAL file d a complaint against Caputo, Straka, APD, Battery, MSS Capital, and APD Flemington

. The nex t month, Krylov allegedly formed AEL

. On January 29, 2019, APD filed an amended answer asserting affirmative defenses and counterclaims against FAL , a nd a third

- party complaint asserting claims against Krylov , FEAPD , and AEL

. On April 26, 2019, the parties resolved the litigation by enter ing into a settlement agree ment that contemplated a sale of the P roject to VESI . Paragraph

one of the agreement state d that , upon Krylov receiving the first $200,000 of the purchase price paid by VESI, defendants would re cei ve the balance of the purchase price and FEA P D would "assign all rights of payment, and , to the extent not required by VESI, all rights in the Lease with [RP P ] and to the [IQP with ] PJM to any Defendant other than [APD] or to a new entity to be design [ated] by the [d] efendants." Paragraph two of the settlement agreement addressed any " [d] efault by
VESI" and provided that if one occurred, defendants waived any rights or interest in FEAPD, except that they w ould have " a right o f first refusa l " to8 A

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acquire FEA P D from Krylov if certain conditions were met. It stated the following : In the event VESI fails to provide confirmation of the

initiation of a wire transfer to PJM by 12:00PM on April 26, 2019 or fails to close on the purchase of [ FEAPD, FEAPD ] has the right to repay V ESI any balance extended with respect to the PJM Facility Study Deposit which has not been refunded by PJM and to thereafter claim against VESI, to sell [ FEAPD ] or the Project to any purchaser of [ FE APD ] or the Project selected by [ FAL ] or [ FEAPD ] without any claim of any of the Defendants. In such default context, Defendants acknowledge and agree that they waive any right or interest with respect to [ FAL, FEAPD ], Krylov, or [A EL ], except that, in the event that Defendants pay their pro

- rata share of any r eimbursement to VESI (based upon their percentage voting ownership in [APD] ) , or, if no reimbursement is required, Defendants shall have a right of first refusal for a period of [thirty] days to buy out the interest of Krylov in [ FEAPD ] for a total of the greater of (a) $260,000 or (b) cash value of (i) 31.6% ownership in [ FEAPD ] based upon the highest available arms

- length independent third party offer to acquire [ FEAPD ] and (ii) related expenses incurred to date. [Emphasis added.] On the same day the parties entered into the settlement agreement,
FEAPD , through Krylov, and VESI executed a new summary term sheet (Second Term Sheet) detailing the contemplated sale to VESI of FEAPD , including the IQP and RP P lease. The Second Term She et called for a $ 6 00,000 purchase9 A

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price to be paid over time, and for VESI to deposit $50,000 with PJM for a "facilities study , " which it did shortly after execution of the term sheet. Three days later, the parties filed a stipulation of settlement which incorporated the settlement agreement by reference and stated that the claims, counterclaims, actions, and causes of action between the parties were "settled upon the terms set forth in " the settlement agreement.

Litigation Over the Settlement Agreement After executing the settlement agreement, Krylov continued negotiations with VESI. Eventually the parties reached an impasse and negotiations were terminated. O n October 17, 2019, Krylov forwarded Straka and Caputo an email from VESI attaching a Members hip Interest Purchase and Sale Agreement (MIPSA) and informing Krylov that if the terms in that agreement , which were different than the Second Term Sheet's, were not accepted by the end of the day on October 18, 2019, VESI would contact PJM to withdraw fr om the project. The next day , VESI emailed PJM notifying it that VESI's negotiations with
FEAPD had failed, and that it therefore sought reimbursement of their $50,000 facilities study deposit, destruction of the project drawings it supplied, and withdrawal of the IQP

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That same day , counsel for Caputo and Straka contacted Krylov regarding the lat ter's failure to close on the sale with VESI and informed him that Caputo and Straka intended to act on paragraph two of the settlement agreement under which they "ha[d] thirty (30) days to purchase [Krylov's] interest s in [FEAPD] ." Rather than paying the $260,000 contemplated by paragraph two of the settlement agreement, Caputo and Straka attempted several times to renegotiate the terms of a buyout of Krylov's interest in FEAPD

. In response, Krylov explained that defendants were not in a position to nego tiate buying out his interest in the company, as they had not paid the $34,000 to VESI in reimbursement as required to even obtain the right of first refusal. As such, Krylov refused to accept each of the proposed modified arrangements because they were n ot in compliance with the settlement agreement and informed defendants that their right to buy his interest in FEAPD only "kick[ed] in" after reimbursing their share of the VESI, whereupon they could then buy his interest for $260,000.
A week later , Kryl ov sent defendants an email indicating that VESI had threatened to "start filing lawsuits" and informed defendants that he would need "something in writing" that defendants would have a replacement for the ir share
of the $50,000 facilities study deposit VE SI had made . Counsel for Caputo and11 A

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Straka emailed Krylov to notify him that Caputo and Straka had deposited $34,000 into a trust account on October 28, 2019. Shortly thereafter, VESI filed a complaint against FEAPD seeking monetary damages from FEAPD and Krylov

. After its filing, t he parties again discussed Caputo and Straka's buyout of Krylov's interest in FEAPD under the settlement agreement in a series of emails they exchanged between November 4 and November 7, 2 019

. In one email, defendants offered to pay Krylov $155,400 for his interest in FEAPD , the RP P lease and the IQP, and an additional $155,400 to VESI in exchange for VESI dismissing its lawsuit against Krylov. Krylov rejected the offer. On November 13, 2019, five days before the expiration of the thirty

- day period s tated in the settlement agreement, Krylov emailed defendants to inform them that he was "inclined to let PJM cancel the facility study and refund the deposit to [VESI]

. . . unless [defendants ] [we] re willing to act on [the] rights available to them under the settlement agreement."

The Award of Temporary Restraints Also o n November 13, 2019, APD filed an application for entry of an order to show cause seeking temporary restraints on Krylov ' s ability to sell FEAPD, including its IQP and the RP P lease. It also sought an order12 A

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"[e]nforcing the parties' April 26, 2019 [s]ettlement [a]greement;" "[a]ppointing an independent agent to act on behalf of [FEAPD] and [Krylov] to facilitate the enforcement of the April 26, 2019 [s]ettlement [a]greement and to hold those necessary items obligated to be delivered by [d]efendants

. . . in escrow pending the outcome of the matter" between VESI and FE APD

. In support, APD submitted a certification from Caputo, wh ich stated that he and the other defendants were seeking emergent relief to protect their rights under the settlement agreement and to enforce the agreement. He explained that defendants had "substantially complied" with the settlement agreement and "tendered necessary items in fulfillment of their obligations." He certified that
FEAPD and Krylov failed to close on the terms sheet attached to VESI's complaint and following the failure to clos e, defendants "acted in accordance with and pursuant to the relevant provisions of the [s]ettlement [a]greement." Defen dants also represented that t hey had the funds necessary to make the purchase and had confirmed same to Krylov in emails that would be produced on the return date. Specifically, defendants' attorney advise d the Chancery judge that they " [ a ] bsolutely

. . . ha[d] all [ of ] the proof " that defendants had acted "within thirty days " to "buy out [Krylov's] interest [in F EAPD]

. . . for a
total of

. . . $260,000

. "13 A

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Based on defendants' representations, Judge Alper granted the temporary restraints on November 19, 2019, reasoning that "it appear [ed] that the [defendants we] re attempting to act under paragraph two of the settlement agreement and attempting to exercise their right of first refusal." She found that there could be irreparable harm to defendants if they were not permitted to exercise their right, but she made no findings on the ultimate success on the merits. She concluded that Krylov and FEAPD could not "take any action to sell, merge, convert, transfer, dissipate, encumber [ , ] or otherwise dispose of [ FEAPD] " pending the January 2, 2020 return date of the o rder to show cause

. The Dissolution of the Restraints and Denial of a Preliminary Injunction Following the hearing , defendants' counsel wrote to Krylov's attorney with yet another settlement proposal. He state d that defendants had "approximately $311,000" at their disposal and that Krylov could "divide the money between himself and VESI as he may." Krylov's attorney did not respond

. On December 13, 2019, FAL filed a motion to dissolve the temporary restraints. In a supporting certification, Krylov stated the parties' settlement agreement provided that FAL would receive the first $200,000 from the VESI sale, with the remaining right to payments assigned to defendants. According14 A

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to Krylov, after VESI emailed PJM for r eturn of their money and drawings and the withdrawal of the PJM IQP , he contacted PJM and instructed them not to follow VESI's instructions in order "[t]o save the project." He also stated that VESI sued him and FEAPD on November 4, 2019, but on December 5, 2019, he had a phone call with VESI's parent company, Ormat Technologies, Inc. (Ormat) , and they were "able to come to a [n]

. . . agreement

— conditioned on th [e trial c]ourt's dissolving the restraints

— that would allow the deal to close on the original t erms and the separate lawsuit against [him would ] be dismissed."
FAL also submitted a certification from Ormat's counsel, Jessica Woelfel who stated that pursuant to the Second Term Sheet , VESI had deposited $50,000 with PJM and obtained engineering studies to allow VESI to develop the FEAPD
proper ty for electrical storage. She added that VESI filed a complaint against
FEAPD and Krylov, and thereafter, a temporary restraining order was en tered against Krylov to enjoin him from selling his interest in FEAPD . She also explained that "the impasse between Krylov and VESI ha [d] been resolved." As such, VESI had drafted a final MIPSA, and had authorized the dismissal of its complaint without p rejudice upon the closing of the MIPSA deal. She also certified that VESI was "ready, willing[,] and able" to execute the MIPSA when the temporary restraints were dissolved.15 A

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During oral argument on the return date of both the order to show cause and the motion to dissolve the restraints, counsel for APD and APD Flemington explained th at defendants deposited $34,000 "representing their contribution to the $50,000.00 advanced by [VESI] to PJM in accordance with the terms of the [settlement agreement.] " However, counsel represented t hat defendants did not have "any actual verifiable means from [VESI] as to what [defendants'] contribution would actually be , " aside from " the word o f [ Krylov ] who has not acted in good faith and has not acted with clean hands throughout this entire proceeding." Instead, they asserted that Krylov was "causing conditions that [we]re preventing [defendants] from exercising their rights." In response to the judge's inquiry as to whether his clients " put $260,000.00 in escrow within thirty days of October 18th , " c ounsel responded, "[n]o" but explained that putting $260,000 in escrow was not a requirement of
the settlement , and defendants "di d everything that they were supposed to do." He added that defendants had a "letter of credit from [an] investor " in the amount
of $300,000. The letter of credit was not part of a ny submission to the judge. 4 In placing her decision on the record, Judg e Alper explained that the parties entered into a settlement agreement on April 26, 2019, and the agreement

4 This letter of credit is also not included in the record on appeal.16 A

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included a right of first refusal in paragraph two. She read from that paragraph and explained the following:

There is no condition in this languag e regarding the closing by [VESI] of its purchase of the project. The language clearly states simply that if [VESI] fails to close on the purchase then [FAL] here has the right to repay [VESI] the balance due for the facility study deposit and then [FAL]

. . . retains its right to take over the project without any claim of the defendants. As to defendants' right of first refusal, she explained that the agreement provided that defendants "shall have a right of first refusal for a period of thirty days to buy out the interest of [Krylov] and [ FEAPD] for a total of the greater of [(a)] $260,000.00 or [(b)] cash value of

. . . 31.6 percent ownership in [FEAPD] based upon the highest available arms

- length independent third party offer."
J udge Alper then e xplained that the relief sought sounded in both breach of contract and in equity. She stated that "[t]he relief that's being requested in the view of the [c]ourt is not at this point equitable relief , " noting that the parties agreed the settlement agreeme nt controlled the motions before her and that both parties "anchored their relief" in the settlement agreement. But then she added "[t]he [c]ourt also finds that the relief that's being requested is equitable relief." She then explained that defendants w ere seeking an injunction and that any17 A

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injunctive relief was "bound by the cases that are precedential for such relief , " such as Crowe

. The Chancery judge concluded that she would not enter a preliminary injunction and would set aside the temporary restr aints. She found that the relief defendants requested sound ed " firmly in a breach of contract" and they had not shown irreparable harm, but instead that the relief they were seeking was "strictly monetary and c[ould] be addressed through monetary damages." She added, "[a]s I understand the representations of the

. . . parties, the right of first refusal was required to be exercised within thirty days of October [18], 2019 [,] as specifically set forth in paragraph [tw o ] of the settlement agreement. " Applying the other Crowe factors, Judge Alper found that the right of first refusal was a well

- settled legal right , but she explained that she did not find that defendants exercised that right. She also found "it noteworthy that there were no conditio ns put on the obligation of [VESI] to purchase the project." She explained that "[t]he language is

. . . clear in the settlement agreement that if [VESI] fails to provide confirmation of the initiation of a wire transfer or fails to close on the purchase then [FEAPD] has the right to certain relief subject to the right of first refusal."18 A

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Additionally, the judge did not find that defendants established a reasonable probability of success because they did not demonstrate that they complied with the right o f first refusal and because the relief that was being requested "sound [ed] in monetary damages not in equity." As to balancing the hardships of the parties, she found that the balance was in favor of FAL and Krylov , who "negotiated the settlement agreemen t and defendants had the right to comply with the agreement" but failed to comply

. These two appeals followed. On appeal, defendants collectively , and some individually , raise various arguments. Essentially , they argue that the Chancery judge misinterpreted the settlement agreement, erred by finding they did not exercise their right of first refusal, and failed to consider Krylov's conduct that allegedly prevented them from exercising their right. Additional ly, they contend that the judge erred by finding they did not satisfy their burden for a temporary injunction and by failing to conduct a plenary hearing. In addition, AP D and AP D Flemington assert that the Chancery judge erred when she found no equitable relief was available to them and by failing to explain her reasons for dissolving the temporary restraints. Defendants also argue that it was an abuse of discretion for the judge to dissolve the restraints under the doctrine of unclean hands. Finally, s ome of19 A

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them contend the judge erred and abused her discretion in allowing the forfeiture of defendants ' settled contractual right of first refusal

. We are not persuaded by any of their contentions.
II. When determining whether a party is entitled to prel iminary injunctive relief, a court must consider the four Crowe factors. See Garden State Equal. v.
Dow , 216 N.J. 314, 320 (2013) (reiterating the factors outlined in Crowe , 90
N.J. at 132

- 34). First, "a preliminary injunction should not issue except when necessary to prevent irreparable harm." Crowe , 90 N.J. at 132. As the Crowe Court explained, harm is "generally considered irreparable in equity if it cannot be redresse d adequately by monetary damages." Id. at 132

- 33. Second, "temporary relief should be withheld when the legal right underlying plaintiff's claim is unsettled." Id. at 133. Third, a "preliminary injunction should not issue where all material facts are c ontroverted." Ibid. Under the third factor, "to prevail on an application for [preliminary] relief, a plaintiff must make a preliminary showing of a reasonable probability of ultimate success on the merits." Ibid. Fourth and finally, a court must consi der the "relative hardship to the parties in granting or denying relief." Id. at 134.20 A

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T he moving party has the burden to establish each of the Crowe factors by clear and convincing evidence. Brown v. City of Paterson , 424 N.J. Super. 176, 183 (App. Div

. 2012) . However, "'a court may take a less rigid view' of the Crowe factors and the general rule that all factors favor injunctive relief 'when the interlocutory injunction is merely designed to preserve the status quo.'" Waste Mgmt. of N.J. , Inc. v. Mo rris Cnty. Mun. Utils. Auth. , 433 N.J. Super. 445 , 453 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Waste Mgmt. of N.J., Inc. v. Union Cnty. Utils. Auth. , 399 N.J. Super. 508, 520 (App. Div. 2008) ). We review a trial court's decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 451 ; see also Rinaldo v. RLR Inv., LLC , 387
N.J. Super. 387, 395 (App. Div. 2006) . A court abuses its discretion "when a decision is 'made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis.'" State v. R.Y. , 242
N.J. 48, 65 (2020) (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecut or , 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002) ). However, where the decision to grant or deny injunctive relief turns on
t he construction and interpretation of a settlement agreement , which is a matter of law , our review is de novo

. Kaur v. Assured Lending Corp. , 405 N.J. Super. 468, 474 (App. Div. 2009). As such, "[a] 'trial court's interpretation of the law21 A

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and the legal consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference.'" Ibid. (quoting Alfano v. BDO Seidman, LLP , 393 N. J. Super. 560, 573 (App. Div. 2007)). We " give ' no special deference to the trial court's interpretation and look at the contract with fresh eyes.'" Manahawkin Convalescent v. O'Neill , 217 N.J. 99, 115 (2014) (quoting Kieffer v. Best Buy , 205 N.J. 213, 22 3 (2011)).
III. We first address defend ant s ' contention that the Chancery judge misinterpreted the settlement agreement and therefore found they had not exercised their right of first refusal in light of t he fact they posted their share of the reimb ursement to be paid to VESI. They argue that their furth er performance of the purchase was excused by " [p]laintiff clearly express[ing ] his intent not to honor [their] rights and interests unless they paid him $400,000." We disagree wi th their contention s . 5

5 Defendants also argue for the first time on appeal that Krylov's d emands for more money excused their performance under the doctrines of impossibility and frustration of purpose by virtue of VESI filing suit against Krylov. Because these doctrines were not argued before the Chancery judge we do not consider them on appe al. Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. , 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973) ; Correa v. Grossi , 458 N.J. Super. 571, 576 n.2 (App. Div. 2019) . Even if we did, we find the contention has no merit, as the settlement agreement clearly contemplated a situation where VESI would not go through with the purchase. See Capparelli v. Lopatin , 459 N.J. Super. 584, 60 6

- 07 (App. Div. 2019)

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At the outset, we n o t e that "[g]enerally, a settlement agreement is governed by principles of contract law." Brundage v. Est. of Carambio , 195 N.J. 575, 600

- 01 (2008) (quoting Thompson v. City of Atl. City , 190 N.J. 359, 379 (2007)). "Fundamental to our jurisprudence relating to settlements is the principle that '[ t]he settlement of litigation ranks high in our public policy. ' " Id.
at 601 (alteration in original) (quoting Jannarone v. W.T. Co. , 65 N.J. Super. 472, 476 (App. Div. 1961) )

. T herefore , "absent a demonstration of 'fraud or other compelling circumstances , ' [we] should honor and enforce " them

. Pascarella v. Bruck , 190 N.J. Super. 118, 124

- 25 (App. Div. 1983) (quoting Honeywell v. Bubb , 130 N.J. Super. 130, 136 (App. Div. 1974)). According to well

- settled principals of contract law, " [c]ourts enforce
contracts ' based on the intent of the parties, the express terms of the contract, surrounding circumstances and the underlying purpose of the contract.'" Matter of Cnty. of Atl. , 230 N.J. 237, 254 (2017) (alteration in original)

. Courts interpreting contracts are g enerally required to give the terms "their plain and ordinary meaning." E. Brunswick Sewerage Auth. v. E. Mill Assocs., Inc. , 365 N.J. Super. 120, 125 (App. Div. 2004). If the contract language is clear, it must be enforced as written. Ibid. But if the language is "ambiguous, 'courts will consider the parties' practical construction of the contract as evidence of their23 A

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intention and as controlling weight in determining a contract's interpretation.'" Matter of Cnty. of Atl. , 230 N.J. at 255 (quoting Cnt y. of Morris v. Fauver , 153 N.J. 80, 103 (1998)). As with any contract, a reviewing court may not rewrite a settlement agreement "to provide a better bargain than contained in [the parties'] writing."
Kaur , 405 N.J. Super. at 477 (quoting Grow Co. v. Ch okshi , 403 N.J. Super. 443, 464 (App. Div. 2008)). But, court s of equity are not required to enforce contracts when doing so would result in a manifest injustice or would impose a great hardship. E. Brunswick Sewerage Auth. , 365 N.J. Super. at 125

. Als o guiding our review in this action is the fact that the parties ' dispute is over what the parties labeled as a right of first refusal , which upon closer look is more akin to an option to purchase. The primary difference lies in the holder of the right's ability to compel a sale. "A privilege of first refusal does not give the holder of the privilege the power to compel the owner to sell. It merely requires the owner, if and when he decides to sell , to offer the property to the holder at a stipulated price. " Madison Indus., Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co. , 243 N.J. Super. 578, 586

- 87 (App. Div. 1990)

. "An option is a binding unilateral contract whereby the owner offers to sell to the optionee at a spec ified price in the event the latter exercises the option,24 A

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whether the owner is willing to part with ownership or not.

. . . The option is unilateral because the owner is bound by his offer, but no obligation is imposed upon the optionee." Id. at 587 ( emphasis omitted)

. Typically, the buyout price under a right of first refusal is simply the price offered by a third

- party offeror ; but here, the price was set by the settlement agreement

— further persuading us that the so

- called right of first refusal is , in fact, an option. See Mazzeo v. Kartman , 234 N.J. Super. 223, 229

- 30 (App. Div. 1989) ( " Very often it is clearly provided that B shall have a Right of First Refusal at the same price and on the same terms as those of an offer by a third
person that O is willing to accept. " ( quoting 1A Corbin on Contracts § 261 at
470 (1963) ) )

. The exercise of a right of first refusal must await a seller's tender of the property after receiving an offer from a third party. See Id. at 229 (" [T] he right of first refusal has no binding effect unless the offeror decides to sell.

. . . It limits the right of the owner to dispose freely of his property by compelling him to offer it first to the party who has the first right to buy." (quoting 11 Williston on Con tracts § 1441A at 948

- 50 (Jaeger ed., 3d ed. 1968) ) )

. With an option, "[b]ecause the property owner cannot withdraw the offer, we require the option holder, who is ' free to accept or reject, ' to adhere strictly to the terms of the contract. " Brunswick Hills Racquet Club, Inc. v. Route 18 Shopping Ctr.25 A

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Assocs. , 182 N.J. 210, 223 (2005) ; see also Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Kin Props., Inc. , 276 N.J. Super. 96, 105 (App. Div. 1994)

. Here, a lthough defendants argue their performance was excused by Krylov's alleged demands for more money, the plain language of the settlement agreement clearly stated once VESI did not proceed with the purchase by making the required payments, defendants had a right to purchase Kry lov's interest in FEAPD during the thirty days following VESI's default at a specific price, the minimum of which was $260,000. If not exercised durin g that time, defendants' right to purchase expired. That language created an option , and as
such , defendants were bound to exercise it in strict accordance with the settlement agreement.
As Judge Alper found, defendant s failed to do so by not ever tendering to Krylov the $260,000, which was required in light of the fact there were no other purchasers offering a higher price. Defendants not only failed to tender the purchase price, they also failed to even deposit the am ount in trust to demonstrate their ability to perform. Contrary to defendants' argument, the fact that they placed the $34,000 to
reimburse VESI in escrow did not constitute an exercise of the option. That26 A

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$34,000 payment, according to the agreement's p lain language , only gave rise to their option. Had they not made that payment, no right to purchase existed. Under these circumstances, and contrary to defendants ' contention on appeal, w ithout any proof that they tendered the purchase price and Krylov rejected the payment , it did not matter what Krylov allegedly otherwise did or
said about what he wanted that was inconsistent with the terms of the settlement agreement. In any event, Krylov acknowledged defend ants ' right to purchase when he wrote to them five days before the option period expired seeking payment in accordance with the settlement agreement. Without even an attempt to tender the purchase price within the specified time period, defendants did not have any settled rights , nor could they demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits that warranted the imposition
of preliminary restraints

. See C rowe , 90 N.J. 133

- 34; Brown , 424 N.J. Super.
at 183. Contrary to defendants ' argument on appeal, the imposition of injunctive relief to p r ese r ve their interest in the RP P lease was un warranted

. W ithout exercising the option to purchase, they had no rights

— having expressly waived them in paragraph two of the settlement agreement

— except for their right t o purchase , which , again, they did not exercise

.27 A

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Fina l ly, we find no merit to defen dants' cl aim that t h e doctrine of u nclean
h ands applied to Krylov's demands for more money than required in the settlement agreement or to his con d uct that led to VESI initially withdrawing
fr o m the purchase

. T he doctrine of u nclean h ands provides "that a court should not grant relief to one who is a wrongdoer with respect to the subject matter in
suit." Borough of Princeton v. Bd. of Chosen Freeho lders of Mercer , 169 N.J. 135 , 158 (2001) (quoting Faustin v. Lewis , 85 N.J. 5 07 , 511 (1981) ). Although the record certainly contains multiple examples of Krylov sending defendants proposals to buy out his interest for amounts well above those contemplated by the settlement agreement, it also demonstrates defendants ' offer s to pay less than the contract amount

. T hese negotiations do not evidence any interfer ence with the exercise of defendants' right of first
refusal n or an unambiguous repudiation of Krylov's contractual duties which would justify defendants' nonperformance

. Spring Creek Holding Co. v. Shinnihon U.S.A. Co. , 399 N.J. Super. 158, 178 (App. Div. 2008) (citing Ross Sys

. v. Linden Dari

- Delite, Inc. , 35 N.J. 329, 340

- 41 (19 6 1 ) )

. To the contrary, as late as five days before the thirty

- day period expire d , Krylov expressly recognized defendants' rights and , significantly , he never indicated he would

re ject the $260,000 price stipulated in the settlement agreement if it was offered

.28 A

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We conclude that , in light of the undisputed fact that defendants did not perform in strict compliance with th e settlement agreement, Judge Alper
pr o p er ly denied injunctive relief and was justified in not conducting a plenary hearing before doing so. See Jacoby v. Jacoby , 427 N.J. Super. 109, 123 (App. Div. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Shaw v. Shaw , 138 N.J. Super. 436, 440 (App. Div . 1976)) ( stating plenary hearings should be ordered

" only where the affidavits show that there is a genuine issue as to a material fact, and

. . . the trial judge determines that a plenary hearing would be helpful in deciding such factual issues" ). To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of defendants' remaining arguments, we conclude they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11

- 3(e)(1)(E). We only observe that , as Judge Alper found, to the extent that Krylov proceeded with a sale, defendants
may have a claim for breach of contract and perhaps other causes of action that , if proven , can adequately be remedied through an award of damages. Affirmed.