116TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 2426 

AN ACT 

To amend title 17, United States Code, to establish an 

alternative dispute resolution program for copyright 

small claims, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

2 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Copyright Alternative 

3 in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019’’ or the ‘‘CASE 

4 Act of 2019’’. 

5 SEC. 2. COPYRIGHT SMALL CLAIMS. 

6 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title 17, United States Code, is 

7 amended by adding at the end the following: 

8 ‘‘CHAPTER 15—COPYRIGHT SMALL 

9 CLAIMS 

‘‘Sec. 

‘‘1501. Definitions. 

‘‘1502. Copyright Claims Board. 

‘‘1503. Authority and duties of the Copyright Claims Board. 

‘‘1504. Nature of proceedings. 

‘‘1505. Registration requirement. 

‘‘1506. Conduct of proceedings. 

‘‘1507. Effect of proceeding. 

‘‘1508. Review and confirmation by district court. 

‘‘1509. Relationship to other district court actions. 

‘‘1510. Implementation by Copyright Office. 

‘‘1511. Funding. 

10 ‘‘§ 1501. Definitions 

11 ‘‘In this chapter— 

12 ‘‘(1) the term ‘party’— 

13 ‘‘(A) means a party; and 

14 ‘‘(B) includes the attorney of a party, as 

15 applicable; 

16 ‘‘(2) the term ‘claimant’ means the real party 

17 in interest that commences a proceeding before the 

18 Copyright Claims Board under section 1506(e), pur19 suant to a permissible claim of infringement brought 

20 under section 1504(c)(1), noninfringement brought 
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1 under section 1504(c)(2), or misrepresentation 

2 brought under section 1504(c)(3); 

3 ‘‘(3) the term ‘counterclaimant’ means a re4 spondent in a proceeding before the Copyright 

5 Claims Board that— 

6 ‘‘(A) asserts a permissible counterclaim 

7 under section 1504(c)(4) against the claimant 

8 in the proceeding; and 

9 ‘‘(B) is the real party in interest with re10 spect to the counterclaim described in subpara11 graph (A); and 

12 ‘‘(4) the term ‘respondent’ means any person 

13 against whom a proceeding is brought before the 

14 Copyright Claims Board under section 1506(e), pur15 suant to a permissible claim of infringement brought 

16 under section 1504(c)(1), noninfringement brought 

17 under section 1504(c)(2), or misrepresentation 

18 brought under section 1504(c)(3). 

19 ‘‘§ 1502. Copyright Claims Board 

20 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—There is established in the Copy21 right Office the Copyright Claims Board, which shall serve 

22 as an alternative forum in which parties may voluntarily 

23 seek to resolve certain copyright claims regarding any cat24 egory of copyrighted work, as provided in this chapter. 

25 ‘‘(b) OFFICERS AND STAFF.— 
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1 ‘‘(1) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS OFFICERS.—The Reg2 ister of Copyrights shall recommend three full-time 

3 Copyright Claims Officers to serve on the Copyright 

4 Claims Board in accordance with paragraph (3)(A). 

5 The Officers shall be appointed by the Librarian of 

6 Congress to such positions after consultation with 

7 the Register of Copyrights. 

8 ‘‘(2) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS ATTORNEYS.—The 

9 Register of Copyrights shall hire not fewer than two 

10 full-time Copyright Claims Attorneys to assist in the 

11 administration of the Copyright Claims Board. 

12 ‘‘(3) QUALIFICATIONS.— 

13 ‘‘(A) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS OFFICERS.— 

14 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Each Copyright 

15 Claims Officer shall be an attorney who 

16 has not fewer than 7 years of legal experi17 ence. 

18 ‘‘(ii) EXPERIENCE.—Two of the Copy19 right Claims Officers shall have— 

20 ‘‘(I) substantial experience in the 

21 evaluation, litigation, or adjudication 

22 of copyright infringement claims; and 

23 ‘‘(II) between those two Officers, 

24 have represented or presided over a 

25 diversity of copyright interests, includ-
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1 ing those of both owners and users of 

2 copyrighted works. 

3 ‘‘(iii) ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLU4 TION.—The Copyright Claims Officer not 

5 described in clause (ii) shall have substan6 tial familiarity with copyright law and ex7 perience in the field of alternative dispute 

8 resolution, including the resolution of liti9 gation matters through that method of res10 olution. 

11 ‘‘(B) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS ATTORNEYS.— 

12 Each Copyright Claims Attorney shall be an at13 torney who has not fewer than 3 years of sub14 stantial experience in copyright law. 

15 ‘‘(4) COMPENSATION.— 

16 ‘‘(A) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS OFFICERS.— 

17 ‘‘(i) DEFINITION.—In this subpara18 graph, the term ‘senior level employee of 

19 the Federal Government’ means an em20 ployee, other than an employee in the Sen21 ior Executive Service, the position of whom 

22 is classified above GS–15 of the General 

23 Schedule. 

24 ‘‘(ii) PAY RANGE.—Each Copyright 

25 Claims Officer shall be compensated at a 
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1 rate of pay that is not less than the min2 imum, and not more than the maximum, 

3 rate of pay payable for senior level employ4 ees of the Federal Government, including 

5 locality pay, as applicable. 

6 ‘‘(B) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS ATTORNEYS.— 

7 Each Copyright Claims Attorney shall be com8 pensated at a rate of pay that is not more than 

9 the maximum rate of pay payable for level 10 

10 of GS–15 of the General Schedule, including lo11 cality pay, as applicable. 

12 ‘‘(5) TERMS.— 

13 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subpara14 graph (B), a Copyright Claims Officer shall 

15 serve for a renewable term of 6 years. 

16 ‘‘(B) INITIAL TERMS.—The terms for the 

17 first Copyright Claims Officers appointed under 

18 this chapter shall be as follows: 

19 ‘‘(i) The first such Copyright Claims 

20 Officer appointed shall be appointed for a 

21 term of 4 years. 

22 ‘‘(ii) The second Copyright Claims Of23 ficer appointed shall be appointed for a 

24 term of 5 years. 
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1 ‘‘(iii) The third Copyright Claims Of2 ficer appointed shall be appointed for a 

3 term of 6 years. 

4 ‘‘(6) VACANCIES AND INCAPACITY.— 

5 ‘‘(A) VACANCY.— 

6 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—If a vacancy oc7 curs in the position of a Copyright Claims 

8 Officer, the Librarian of Congress shall, 

9 upon the recommendation of and in con10 sultation with the Register of Copyrights, 

11 act expeditiously to appoint a Copyright 

12 Claims Officer for that position. 

13 ‘‘(ii) VACANCY BEFORE EXPIRA14 TION.—An individual appointed to fill a 

15 vacancy occurring before the expiration of 

16 the term for which the predecessor of the 

17 individual was appointed shall be appointed 

18 to serve a 6-year term. 

19 ‘‘(B) INCAPACITY.—If a Copyright Claims 

20 Officer is temporarily unable to perform the du21 ties of the Officer, the Librarian of Congress 

22 shall, upon recommendation of and in consulta23 tion with the Register of Copyrights, act expedi24 tiously to appoint an interim Copyright Claims 
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1 Officer to perform such duties during the pe2 riod of such incapacity. 

3 ‘‘(7) SANCTION OR REMOVAL.—Subject to sec4 tion 1503(b), the Librarian of Congress may sanc5 tion or remove a Copyright Claims Officer. 

6 ‘‘(8) ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT.—The Register 

7 of Copyrights shall provide the Copyright Claims Of8 ficers and Copyright Claims Attorneys with nec9 essary administrative support, including techno10 logical facilities, to carry out the duties of the Offi11 cers and Attorneys under this chapter. 

12 ‘‘(9) LOCATION OF COPYRIGHT CLAIMS

13 BOARD.—The offices and facilities of the Copyright 

14 Claims Officers and Copyright Claims Attorneys 

15 shall be located at the Copyright Office. 

16 ‘‘§ 1503. Authority and duties of the Copyright Claims 

17 Board 

18 ‘‘(a) FUNCTIONS.— 

19 ‘‘(1) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS OFFICERS.—Subject 

20 to the provisions of this chapter and applicable regu21 lations, the functions of the Copyright Claims Offi22 cers shall be as follows: 

23 ‘‘(A) To render determinations on the civil 

24 copyright claims, counterclaims, and defenses 
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1 that may be brought before the Officers under 

2 this chapter. 

3 ‘‘(B) To ensure that claims, counterclaims, 

4 and defenses are properly asserted and other5 wise appropriate for resolution by the Copyright 

6 Claims Board. 

7 ‘‘(C) To manage the proceedings before the 

8 Officers and render rulings pertaining to the 

9 consideration of claims, counterclaims, and de10 fenses, including with respect to scheduling, dis11 covery, evidentiary, and other matters. 

12 ‘‘(D) To request, from participants and 

13 nonparticipants in a proceeding, the production 

14 of information and documents relevant to the 

15 resolution of a claim, counterclaim, or defense. 

16 ‘‘(E) To conduct hearings and conferences. 

17 ‘‘(F) To facilitate the settlement by the 

18 parties of claims and counterclaims. 

19 ‘‘(G)(i) To award monetary relief; and 

20 ‘‘(ii) to include in the determinations of 

21 the Officers a requirement that certain activi22 ties under section 1504(e)(2) cease or be miti23 gated, if the party to undertake the applicable 

24 measure has so agreed. 
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1 ‘‘(H) To provide information to the public 

2 concerning the procedures and requirements of 

3 the Copyright Claims Board. 

4 ‘‘(I) To maintain records of the pro5 ceedings before the Officers, certify official 

6 records of such proceedings as needed, and, as 

7 provided in section 1506(t), make the records 

8 in such proceedings available to the public. 

9 ‘‘(J) To carry out such other duties as are 

10 set forth in this chapter. 

11 ‘‘(K) When not engaged in performing the 

12 duties of the Officers set forth in this chapter, 

13 to perform such other duties as may be as14 signed by the Register of Copyrights. 

15 ‘‘(2) COPYRIGHT CLAIMS ATTORNEYS.—Subject 

16 to the provisions of this chapter and applicable regu17 lations, the functions of the Copyright Claims Attor18 neys shall be as follows: 

19 ‘‘(A) To provide assistance to the Copy20 right Claims Officers in the administration of 

21 the duties of those Officers under this chapter. 

22 ‘‘(B) To provide assistance to members of 

23 the public with respect to the procedures and 

24 requirements of the Copyright Claims Board. 
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1 ‘‘(C) To provide information to potential 

2 claimants contemplating bringing a permissible 

3 action before the Copyright Claims Board about 

4 obtaining a subpoena under section 512(h) for 

5 the sole purpose of identifying a potential re6 spondent in such an action. 

7 ‘‘(D) When not engaged in performing the 

8 duties of the Attorneys set forth in this chapter, 

9 to perform such other duties as may be as10 signed by the Register of Copyrights. 

11 ‘‘(b) INDEPENDENCE IN DETERMINATIONS.— 

12 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Copyright Claims 

13 Board shall render the determinations of the Board 

14 in individual proceedings independently on the basis 

15 of the records in the proceedings before it and in ac16 cordance with the provisions of this title, judicial 

17 precedent, and applicable regulations of the Register 

18 of Copyrights. 

19 ‘‘(2) CONSULTATION.—The Copyright Claims 

20 Officers and Copyright Claims Attorneys— 

21 ‘‘(A) may consult with the Register of 

22 Copyrights on general issues of law; and 

23 ‘‘(B) subject to section 1506(x), may not 

24 consult with the Register of Copyrights with re25 spect to— 
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1 ‘‘(i) the facts of any particular matter 

2 pending before the Officers and the Attor3 neys; or 

4 ‘‘(ii) the application of law to the 

5 facts described in clause (i). 

6 ‘‘(3) PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS.—Notwith7 standing any other provision of law or any regula8 tion or policy of the Library of Congress or Register 

9 of Copyrights, any performance appraisal of a Copy10 right Claims Officer or Copyright Claims Attorney 

11 may not consider the substantive result of any indi12 vidual determination reached by the Copyright 

13 Claims Board as a basis for appraisal except to the 

14 extent that result may relate to any actual or alleged 

15 violation of an ethical standard of conduct. 

16 ‘‘(c) DIRECTION BY REGISTER.—Subject to sub17 section (b), the Copyright Claims Officers and Copyright 

18 Claims Attorneys shall, in the administration of their du19 ties, be under the general direction of the Register of 

20 Copyrights. 

21 ‘‘(d) INCONSISTENT DUTIES BARRED.—A Copyright 

22 Claims Officer or Copyright Claims Attorney may not un23 dertake any duty that conflicts with the duties of the Offi24 cer or Attorney in connection with the Copyright Claims 

25 Board. 
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1 ‘‘(e) RECUSAL.—A Copyright Claims Officer or Copy2 right Claims Attorney shall recuse himself or herself from 

3 participation in any proceeding with respect to which the 

4 Copyright Claims Officer or Copyright Claims Attorney, 

5 as the case may be, has reason to believe that he or she 

6 has a conflict of interest. 

7 ‘‘(f) EX PARTE COMMUNICATIONS.—Except as may 

8 otherwise be permitted by applicable law, any party to a 

9 proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board shall re10 frain from ex parte communications with the Copyright 

11 Claims Officers and the Register of Copyrights concerning 

12 the substance of any active or pending proceeding before 

13 the Copyright Claims Board. 

14 ‘‘(g) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Actions of the Copyright 

15 Claims Officers and Register of Copyrights under this 

16 chapter in connection with the rendering of any deter17 mination are subject to judicial review as provided under 

18 section 1508(c) and not under chapter 7 of title 5. 

19 ‘‘§ 1504. Nature of proceedings 

20 ‘‘(a) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION.—Participation in 

21 a Copyright Claims Board proceeding shall be on a vol22 untary basis in accordance with this chapter and the right 

23 of any party to instead pursue a claim, counterclaim, or 

24 defense in a district court of the United States, any other 

25 court, or any other forum, and to seek a jury trial, shall 
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1 be preserved. The rights, remedies, and limitations under 

2 this section may not be waived except in accordance with 

3 this chapter. 

4 ‘‘(b) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A proceeding may not be 

6 maintained before the Copyright Claims Board un7 less the proceeding is commenced, in accordance 

8 with section 1506(e), before the Copyright Claims 

9 Board within 3 years after the claim accrued. 

10 ‘‘(2) TOLLING.—Subject to section 1507(a), a 

11 proceeding commenced before the Copyright Claims 

12 Board shall toll the time permitted under section 

13 507(b) for the commencement of an action on the 

14 same claim in a district court of the United States 

15 during the period in which the proceeding is pend16 ing. 

17 ‘‘(c) PERMISSIBLE CLAIMS, COUNTERCLAIMS, AND

18 DEFENSES.—The Copyright Claims Board may render de19 terminations with respect to the following claims, counter20 claims, and defenses, subject to such further limitations 

21 and requirements, including with respect to particular 

22 classes of works, as may be set forth in regulations estab23 lished by the Register of Copyrights: 

24 ‘‘(1) A claim for infringement of an exclusive 

25 right in a copyrighted work provided under section 
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1 106 by the legal or beneficial owner of the exclusive 

2 right at the time of the infringement for which the 

3 claimant seeks damages, if any, within the limita4 tions set forth in subsection (e)(1). 

5 ‘‘(2) A claim for a declaration of noninfringe6 ment of an exclusive right in a copyrighted work 

7 provided under section 106, consistent with section 

8 2201 of title 28. 

9 ‘‘(3) A claim under section 512(f) for misrepre10 sentation in connection with a notification of claimed 

11 infringement or a counter notification seeking to re12 place removed or disabled material, except that any 

13 remedies relating to such a claim in a proceeding be14 fore the Copyright Claims Board shall be limited to 

15 those available under this chapter. 

16 ‘‘(4) A counterclaim that is asserted solely 

17 against the claimant in a proceeding— 

18 ‘‘(A) pursuant to which the counterclaim19 ant seeks damages, if any, within the limita20 tions set forth in subsection (e)(1); and 

21 ‘‘(B) that— 

22 ‘‘(i) arises under section 106 or sec23 tion 512(f) and out of the same trans24 action or occurrence that is the subject of 

25 a claim of infringement brought under 
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1 paragraph (1), a claim of noninfringement 

2 brought under paragraph (2), or a claim of 

3 misrepresentation brought under para4 graph (3); or 

5 ‘‘(ii) arises under an agreement per6 taining to the same transaction or occur7 rence that is the subject of a claim of in8 fringement brought under paragraph (1), 

9 if the agreement could affect the relief 

10 awarded to the claimant. 

11 ‘‘(5) A legal or equitable defense under this title 

12 or otherwise available under law, in response to a 

13 claim or counterclaim asserted under this subsection. 

14 ‘‘(6) A single claim or multiple claims permitted 

15 under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) by one or more 

16 claimants against one or more respondents, but only 

17 if all claims asserted in any one proceeding arise out 

18 of the same allegedly infringing activity or contin19 uous course of infringing activities and do not, in 

20 the aggregate, result in the recovery of such claim 

21 or claims for damages that exceed the limitations 

22 under subsection (e)(1). 

23 ‘‘(d) EXCLUDED CLAIMS.—The following claims and 

24 counterclaims are not subject to determination by the 

25 Copyright Claims Board: 
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1 ‘‘(1) A claim or counterclaim that is not a per2 missible claim or counterclaim under subsection (c). 

3 ‘‘(2) A claim or counterclaim that has been fi4 nally adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdic5 tion or that is pending before a court of competent 

6 jurisdiction, unless that court has granted a stay to 

7 permit that claim or counterclaim to proceed before 

8 the Copyright Claims Board. 

9 ‘‘(3) A claim or counterclaim by or against a 

10 Federal or State governmental entity. 

11 ‘‘(4) A claim or counterclaim asserted against a 

12 person or entity residing outside of the United 

13 States, except in a case in which the person or entity 

14 initiated the proceeding before the Copyright Claims 

15 Board and is subject to counterclaims under this 

16 chapter. 

17 ‘‘(e) PERMISSIBLE REMEDIES.— 

18 ‘‘(1) MONETARY RECOVERY.— 

19 ‘‘(A) ACTUAL DAMAGES, PROFITS, AND

20 STATUTORY DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT.— 

21 With respect to a claim or counterclaim for in22 fringement of copyright, and subject to the limi23 tation on total monetary recovery under sub24 paragraph (D), the Copyright Claims Board 

25 may award either of the following: 
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1 ‘‘(i) Actual damages and profits deter2 mined in accordance with section 504(b), 

3 with that award taking into consideration, 

4 in appropriate cases, whether the infring5 ing party has agreed to cease or mitigate 

6 the infringing activity under paragraph 

7 (2). 

8 ‘‘(ii) Statutory damages, which shall 

9 be determined in accordance with section 

10 504(c), subject to the following conditions: 

11 ‘‘(I) With respect to works timely 

12 registered under section 412, so that 

13 the works are eligible for an award of 

14 statutory damages in accordance with 

15 that section, the statutory damages 

16 may not exceed $15,000 for each 

17 work infringed. 

18 ‘‘(II) With respect to works not 

19 timely registered under section 412, 

20 but eligible for an award of statutory 

21 damages under this section, statutory 

22 damages may not exceed $7,500 per 

23 work infringed, or a total of $15,000 

24 in any one proceeding. 
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1 ‘‘(III) The Copyright Claims 

2 Board may not make any finding 

3 that, or consider whether, the in4 fringement was committed willfully in 

5 making an award of statutory dam6 ages. 

7 ‘‘(IV) The Copyright Claims 

8 Board may consider, as an additional 

9 factor in awarding statutory damages, 

10 whether the infringer has agreed to 

11 cease or mitigate the infringing activ12 ity under paragraph (2). 

13 ‘‘(B) ELECTION OF DAMAGES.—With re14 spect to a claim or counterclaim of infringe15 ment, at any time before final determination is 

16 rendered, and notwithstanding the schedule es17 tablished by the Copyright Claims Board under 

18 section 1506(k), the claimant or counterclaim19 ant shall elect— 

20 ‘‘(i) to recover actual damages and 

21 profits or statutory damages under sub22 paragraph (A); or 

23 ‘‘(ii) not to recover damages. 

24 ‘‘(C) DAMAGES FOR OTHER CLAIMS.— 

25 Damages for claims and counterclaims other 
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1 than infringement claims, such as those 

2 brought under section 512(f), shall be subject 

3 to the limitation under subparagraph (D). 

4 ‘‘(D) LIMITATION ON TOTAL MONETARY

5 RECOVERY.—Notwithstanding any other provi6 sion of law, a party that pursues any one or 

7 more claims or counterclaims in any single pro8 ceeding before the Copyright Claims Board may 

9 not seek or recover in that proceeding a total 

10 monetary recovery that exceeds the sum of 

11 $30,000, exclusive of any attorneys’ fees and 

12 costs that may be awarded under section 

13 1506(y)(2). 

14 ‘‘(2) AGREEMENT TO CEASE CERTAIN ACTIV15 ITY.—In a determination of the Copyright Claims 

16 Board, the Board shall include a requirement to 

17 cease conduct if, in the proceeding relating to the 

18 determination— 

19 ‘‘(A) a party agrees— 

20 ‘‘(i) to cease activity that is found to 

21 be infringing, including removing or dis22 abling access to, or destroying, infringing 

23 materials; or 

24 ‘‘(ii) to cease sending a takedown no25 tice or counter notice under section 512 to 
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1 the other party regarding the conduct at 

2 issue before the Board if that notice or 

3 counter notice was found to be a knowing 

4 material misrepresentation under section 

5 512(f); and 

6 ‘‘(B) the agreement described in subpara7 graph (A) is reflected in the record for the pro8 ceeding. 

9 ‘‘(3) ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS.—Notwith10 standing any other provision of law, except in the 

11 case of bad faith conduct as provided in section 

12 1506(y)(2), the parties to proceedings before the 

13 Copyright Claims Board shall bear their own attor14 neys’ fees and costs. 

15 ‘‘(f) JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY.—Parties to a 

16 proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board may be 

17 found jointly and severally liable if all such parties and 

18 relevant claims or counterclaims arise from the same ac19 tivity or activities. 

20 ‘‘(g) PERMISSIBLE NUMBER OF CASES.—The Reg21 ister of Copyrights may establish regulations relating to 

22 the permitted number of proceedings each year by the 

23 same claimant under this chapter, in the interests of jus24 tice and the administration of the Copyright Claims 

25 Board. 
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1 ‘‘§ 1505. Registration requirement 

2 ‘‘(a) APPLICATION OR CERTIFICATE.—A claim or 

3 counterclaim alleging infringement of an exclusive right 

4 in a copyrighted work may not be asserted before the 

5 Copyright Claims Board unless— 

6 ‘‘(1) the legal or beneficial owner of the copy7 right has first delivered a completed application, a 

8 deposit, and the required fee for registration of the 

9 copyright to the Copyright Office; and 

10 ‘‘(2) a registration certificate has either been 

11 issued or has not been refused. 

12 ‘‘(b) CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION.—Notwith13 standing any other provision of law, a claimant or counter14 claimant in a proceeding before the Copyright Claims 

15 Board shall be eligible to recover actual damages and prof16 its or statutory damages under this chapter for infringe17 ment of a work if the requirements of subsection (a) have 

18 been met, except that— 

19 ‘‘(1) the Copyright Claims Board may not 

20 render a determination in the proceeding until— 

21 ‘‘(A) a registration certificate with respect 

22 to the work has been issued by the Copyright 

23 Office, submitted to the Copyright Claims 

24 Board, and made available to the other parties 

25 to the proceeding; and 
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1 ‘‘(B) the other parties to the proceeding 

2 have been provided an opportunity to address 

3 the registration certificate; 

4 ‘‘(2) if the proceeding may not proceed further 

5 because a registration certificate for the work is 

6 pending, the proceeding shall be held in abeyance 

7 pending submission of the certificate to the Copy8 right Claims Board, except that, if the proceeding is 

9 held in abeyance for more than 1 year, the Copy10 right Claims Board may, upon providing written no11 tice to the parties to the proceeding, and 30 days to 

12 the parties to respond to the notice, dismiss the pro13 ceeding without prejudice; and 

14 ‘‘(3) if the Copyright Claims Board receives no15 tice that registration with respect to the work has 

16 been refused, the proceeding shall be dismissed with17 out prejudice. 

18 ‘‘(c) PRESUMPTION.—In a case in which a registra19 tion certificate shows that registration with respect to a 

20 work was issued not later than 5 years after the date of 

21 the first publication of the work, the presumption under 

22 section 410(c) shall apply in a proceeding before the Copy23 right Claims Board, in addition to relevant principles of 

24 law under this title. 
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1 ‘‘(d) REGULATIONS.—In order to ensure that actions 

2 before the Copyright Claims Board proceed in a timely 

3 manner, the Register of Copyrights shall establish regula4 tions allowing the Copyright Office to make a decision, 

5 on an expedited basis, to issue or deny copyright registra6 tion for an unregistered work that is at issue before the 

7 Board. 

8 ‘‘§ 1506. Conduct of proceedings 

9 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.— 

10 ‘‘(1) APPLICABLE LAW.—Proceedings of the 

11 Copyright Claims Board shall be conducted in ac12 cordance with this chapter and regulations estab13 lished by the Register of Copyrights under this chap14 ter, in addition to relevant principles of law under 

15 this title. 

16 ‘‘(2) CONFLICTING PRECEDENT.—If it appears 

17 that there may be conflicting judicial precedent on 

18 an issue of substantive copyright law that cannot be 

19 reconciled, the Copyright Claims Board shall follow 

20 the law of the Federal jurisdiction in which the ac21 tion could have been brought if filed in a district 

22 court of the United States, or, if the action could 

23 have been brought in more than one such jurisdic24 tion, the jurisdiction that the Copyright Claims 
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1 Board determines has the most significant ties to 

2 the parties and conduct at issue. 

3 ‘‘(b) RECORD.—The Copyright Claims Board shall 

4 maintain records documenting the proceedings before the 

5 Board. 

6 ‘‘(c) CENTRALIZED PROCESS.—Proceedings before 

7 the Copyright Claims Board shall— 

8 ‘‘(1) be conducted at the offices of the Copy9 right Claims Board without the requirement of in10 person appearances by parties or others; and 

11 ‘‘(2) take place by means of written submis12 sions, hearings, and conferences carried out through 

13 internet-based applications and other telecommuni14 cations facilities, except that, in cases in which phys15 ical or other nontestimonial evidence material to a 

16 proceeding cannot be furnished to the Copyright 

17 Claims Board through available telecommunications 

18 facilities, the Copyright Claims Board may make al19 ternative arrangements for the submission of such 

20 evidence that do not prejudice any other party to the 

21 proceeding. 

22 ‘‘(d) REPRESENTATION.—A party to a proceeding be23 fore the Copyright Claims Board may be, but is not re24 quired to be, represented by— 

25 ‘‘(1) an attorney; or 
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1 ‘‘(2) a law student who is qualified under appli2 cable law governing representation by law students 

3 of parties in legal proceedings and who provides 

4 such representation on a pro bono basis. 

5 ‘‘(e) COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDING.—In order to 

6 commence a proceeding under this chapter, a claimant 

7 shall, subject to such additional requirements as may be 

8 prescribed in regulations established by the Register of 

9 Copyrights, file a claim with the Copyright Claims Board, 

10 that— 

11 ‘‘(1) includes a statement of material facts in 

12 support of the claim; 

13 ‘‘(2) is certified under subsection (y)(1); and 

14 ‘‘(3) is accompanied by a filing fee in such 

15 amount as may be prescribed in regulations estab16 lished by the Register of Copyrights. 

17 ‘‘(f) REVIEW OF CLAIMS AND COUNTERCLAIMS.— 

18 ‘‘(1) CLAIMS.—Upon the filing of a claim under 

19 subsection (e), the claim shall be reviewed by a 

20 Copyright Claims Attorney to ensure that the claim 

21 complies with this chapter and applicable regula22 tions, subject to the following: 

23 ‘‘(A) If the claim is found to comply, the 

24 claimant shall be notified regarding that com-
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1 pliance and instructed to proceed with service of 

2 the claim under subsection (g). 

3 ‘‘(B) If the claim is found not to comply, 

4 the claimant shall be notified that the claim is 

5 deficient and be permitted to file an amended 

6 claim not later than 30 days after the date on 

7 which the claimant receives the notice, without 

8 the requirement of an additional filing fee. If 

9 the claimant files a compliant claim within that 

10 30-day period, the claimant shall be so notified 

11 and be instructed to proceed with service of the 

12 claim. If the claim is refiled within that 30-day 

13 period and still fails to comply, the claimant 

14 shall again be notified that the claim is defi15 cient and shall be provided a second oppor16 tunity to amend the claim within 30 days after 

17 the date of that second notice, without the re18 quirement of an additional filing fee. If the 

19 claim is refiled again within that second 30-day 

20 period and is compliant, the claimant shall be 

21 so notified and shall be instructed to proceed 

22 with service of the claim, but if the claim still 

23 fails to comply, upon confirmation of such non24 compliance by a Copyright Claims Officer, the 

25 proceeding shall be dismissed without prejudice. 
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1 The Copyright Claims Board shall also dismiss 

2 without prejudice any proceeding in which a 

3 compliant claim is not filed within the applica4 ble 30-day period. 

5 ‘‘(C)(i) Subject to clause (ii), for purposes 

6 of this paragraph, a claim against an online 

7 service provider for infringement by reason of 

8 the storage of or referral or linking to infring9 ing material that may be subject to the limita10 tions on liability set forth in subsection (b), (c), 

11 or (d) of section 512 shall be considered non12 compliant unless the claimant affirms in the 

13 statement required under subsection (e)(1) of 

14 this section that the claimant has previously no15 tified the service provider of the claimed in16 fringement in accordance with subsection 

17 (b)(2)(E), (c)(3), or (d)(3) of section 512, as 

18 applicable, and the service provider failed to re19 move or disable access to the material expedi20 tiously upon the provision of such notice. 

21 ‘‘(ii) If a claim is found to be noncompliant 

22 under clause (i), the Copyright Claims Board 

23 shall provide the claimant with information con24 cerning the service of such a notice under the 

25 applicable provision of section 512. 
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1 ‘‘(2) COUNTERCLAIMS.—Upon the filing and 

2 service of a counterclaim, the counterclaim shall be 

3 reviewed by a Copyright Claims Attorney to ensure 

4 that the counterclaim complies with the provisions of 

5 this chapter and applicable regulations. If the coun6 terclaim is found not to comply, the counterclaimant 

7 and the other parties to the proceeding shall be noti8 fied that the counterclaim is deficient, and the 

9 counterclaimant shall be permitted to file and serve 

10 an amended counterclaim within 30 days after the 

11 date of such notice. If the counterclaimant files and 

12 serves a compliant counterclaim within that 30-day 

13 period, the counterclaimant and such other parties 

14 shall be so notified. If the counterclaim is refiled and 

15 served within that 30-day period but still fails to 

16 comply, the counterclaimant and such other parties 

17 shall again be notified that the counterclaim is defi18 cient, and the counterclaimant shall be provided a 

19 second opportunity to amend the counterclaim with20 in 30 days after the date of the second notice. If the 

21 counterclaim is refiled and served again within that 

22 second 30-day period and is compliant, the counter23 claimant and such other parties shall be so notified, 

24 but if the counterclaim still fails to comply, upon 

25 confirmation of such noncompliance by a Copyright 
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1 Claims Officer, the counterclaim, but not the pro2 ceeding, shall be dismissed without prejudice. 

3 ‘‘(3) DISMISSAL FOR UNSUITABILITY.—The 

4 Copyright Claims Board shall dismiss a claim or 

5 counterclaim without prejudice if, upon reviewing 

6 the claim or counterclaim, or at any other time in 

7 the proceeding, the Copyright Claims Board con8 cludes that the claim or counterclaim is unsuitable 

9 for determination by the Copyright Claims Board, 

10 including on account of any of the following: 

11 ‘‘(A) The failure to join a necessary party. 

12 ‘‘(B) The lack of an essential witness, evi13 dence, or expert testimony. 

14 ‘‘(C) The determination of a relevant issue 

15 of law or fact that could exceed either the num16 ber of proceedings the Copyright Claims Board 

17 could reasonably administer or the subject mat18 ter competence of the Copyright Claims Board. 

19 ‘‘(g) SERVICE OF NOTICE AND CLAIMS.—In order to 

20 proceed with a claim against a respondent, a claimant 

21 shall, within 90 days after receiving notification under 

22 subsection (f) to proceed with service, file with the Copy23 right Claims Board proof of service on the respondent. In 

24 order to effectuate service on a respondent, the claimant 

25 shall cause notice of the proceeding and a copy of the 
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1 claim to be served on the respondent, either by personal 

2 service or pursuant to a waiver of personal service, as pre3 scribed in regulations established by the Register of Copy4 rights. Such regulations shall include the following re5 quirements: 

6 ‘‘(1) The notice of the proceeding shall adhere 

7 to a prescribed form and shall set forth the nature 

8 of the Copyright Claims Board and proceeding, the 

9 right of the respondent to opt out, and the con10 sequences of opting out and not opting out, includ11 ing a prominent statement that, by not opting out 

12 within 60 days after receiving the notice, the re13 spondent— 

14 ‘‘(A) loses the opportunity to have the dis15 pute decided by a court created under article 

16 III of the Constitution of the United States; 

17 and 

18 ‘‘(B) waives the right to a jury trial re19 garding the dispute. 

20 ‘‘(2) The copy of the claim served on the re21 spondent shall be the same as the claim that was 

22 filed with the Copyright Claims Board. 

23 ‘‘(3) Personal service of a notice and claim may 

24 be effected by an individual who is not a party to 

25 the proceeding and is older than 18 years of age. 
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1 ‘‘(4) An individual, other than a minor or in2 competent individual, may be served by— 

3 ‘‘(A) complying with State law for serving 

4 a summons in an action brought in courts of 

5 general jurisdiction in the State where service is 

6 made; 

7 ‘‘(B) delivering a copy of the notice and 

8 claim to the individual personally; 

9 ‘‘(C) leaving a copy of the notice and claim 

10 at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of 

11 abode with someone of suitable age and discre12 tion who resides there; or 

13 ‘‘(D) delivering a copy of the notice and 

14 claim to an agent designated by the respondent 

15 to receive service of process or, if not so des16 ignated, an agent authorized by appointment or 

17 by law to receive service of process. 

18 ‘‘(5)(A) A corporation, partnership, or unincor19 porated association that is subject to suit in courts 

20 of general jurisdiction under a common name shall 

21 be served by delivering a copy of the notice and 

22 claim to its service agent. If such service agent has 

23 not been designated, service shall be accomplished— 

24 ‘‘(i) by complying with State law for serv25 ing a summons in an action brought in courts 
33 

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1 of general jurisdiction in the State where serv2 ice is made; or 

3 ‘‘(ii) by delivering a copy of the notice and 

4 claim to an officer, a managing or general 

5 agent, or any other agent authorized by ap6 pointment or by law to receive service of proc7 ess in an action brought in courts of general ju8 risdiction in the State where service is made 

9 and, if the agent is one authorized by statute 

10 and the statute so requires, by also mailing a 

11 copy of the notice and claim to the respondent. 

12 ‘‘(B) A corporation, partnership or unincor13 porated association that is subject to suit in courts 

14 of general jurisdiction under a common name may 

15 elect to designate a service agent to receive notice of 

16 a claim against it before the Copyright Claims 

17 Board by complying with requirements that the Reg18 ister of Copyrights shall establish by regulation. The 

19 Register of Copyrights shall maintain a current di20 rectory of service agents that is available to the pub21 lic for inspection, including through the internet, 

22 and may require such corporations, partnerships, 

23 and unincorporated associations designating such 

24 service agents to pay a fee to cover the costs of 

25 maintaining the directory. 
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1 ‘‘(6) In order to request a waiver of personal 

2 service, the claimant may notify a respondent, by 

3 first class mail or by other reasonable means, that 

4 a proceeding has been commenced, such notice to be 

5 made in accordance with regulations established by 

6 the Register of Copyrights, subject to the following: 

7 ‘‘(A) Any such request shall be in writing, 

8 shall be addressed to the respondent, and shall 

9 be accompanied by a prescribed notice of the 

10 proceeding, a copy of the claim as filed with the 

11 Copyright Claims Board, a prescribed form for 

12 waiver of personal service, and a prepaid or 

13 other means of returning the form without cost. 

14 ‘‘(B) The request shall state the date on 

15 which the request is sent, and shall provide the 

16 respondent a period of 30 days, beginning on 

17 the date on which the request is sent, to return 

18 the waiver form signed by the respondent. The 

19 signed waiver form shall, for purposes of this 

20 subsection, constitute acceptance and proof of 

21 service as of the date on which the waiver is 

22 signed. 

23 ‘‘(7)(A) A respondent’s waiver of personal serv24 ice shall not constitute a waiver of the respondent’s 

25 right to opt out of the proceeding. 
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1 ‘‘(B) A respondent who timely waives personal 

2 service under paragraph (6) and does not opt out of 

3 the proceeding shall be permitted a period of 30 

4 days, in addition to the period otherwise permitted 

5 under the applicable procedures of the Copyright 

6 Claims Board, to submit a substantive response to 

7 the claim, including any defenses and counterclaims. 

8 ‘‘(8) A minor or an incompetent individual may 

9 only be served by complying with State law for serv10 ing a summons or like process on such an individual 

11 in an action brought in the courts of general juris12 diction of the State where service is made. 

13 ‘‘(9) Service of a claim and waiver of personal 

14 service may only be effected within the United 

15 States. 

16 ‘‘(h) NOTIFICATION BY COPYRIGHT CLAIMS

17 BOARD.—The Register of Copyrights shall establish regu18 lations providing for a written notification to be sent by, 

19 or on behalf of, the Copyright Claims Board to notify the 

20 respondent of a pending proceeding against the respond21 ent, as set forth in those regulations, which shall— 

22 ‘‘(1) include information concerning the re23 spondent’s right to opt out of the proceeding, the 

24 consequences of opting out and not opting out, and 

25 a prominent statement that, by not opting out with-
36 

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1 in 60 days after the date of service under subsection 

2 (g), the respondent loses the opportunity to have the 

3 dispute decided by a court created under article III 

4 of the Constitution of the United States and waives 

5 the right to a jury trial regarding the dispute; and 

6 ‘‘(2) be in addition to, and separate and apart 

7 from, the notice requirements under subsection (g). 

8 ‘‘(i) OPT-OUT PROCEDURE.—Upon being properly 

9 served with a notice and claim, a respondent who chooses 

10 to opt out of the proceeding shall have a period of 60 days, 

11 beginning on the date of service, in which to provide writ12 ten notice of such choice to the Copyright Claims Board, 

13 in accordance with regulations established by the Register 

14 of Copyrights. If proof of service has been filed by the 

15 claimant and the respondent does not submit an opt-out 

16 notice to the Copyright Claims Board within that 60-day 

17 period, the proceeding shall be deemed an active pro18 ceeding and the respondent shall be bound by the deter19 mination in the proceeding to the extent provided under 

20 section 1507(a). If the respondent opts out of the pro21 ceeding during that 60-day period, the proceeding shall 

22 be dismissed without prejudice, except that, in exceptional 

23 circumstances and upon written notice to the claimant, the 

24 Copyright Claims Board may extend that 60-day period 

25 in the interests of justice. 
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1 ‘‘(j) SERVICE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS.—Documents 

2 submitted or relied upon in a proceeding, other than the 

3 notice and claim, shall be served in accordance with regu4 lations established by the Register of Copyrights. 

5 ‘‘(k) SCHEDULING.—Upon confirmation that a pro6 ceeding has become an active proceeding, the Copyright 

7 Claims Board shall issue a schedule for the future conduct 

8 of the proceeding. The schedule shall not specify a time 

9 that a claimant or counterclaimant is required make an 

10 election of damages that is inconsistent with section 

11 1504(e). A schedule issued by the Copyright Claims Board 

12 may be amended by the Copyright Claims Board in the 

13 interests of justice. 

14 ‘‘(l) CONFERENCES.—One or more Copyright Claims 

15 Officers may hold a conference to address case manage16 ment or discovery issues in a proceeding, which shall be 

17 noted upon the record of the proceeding and may be re18 corded or transcribed. 

19 ‘‘(m) PARTY SUBMISSIONS.—A proceeding of the 

20 Copyright Claims Board may not include any formal mo21 tion practice, except that, subject to applicable regulations 

22 and procedures of the Copyright Claims Board— 

23 ‘‘(1) the parties to the proceeding may make re24 quests to the Copyright Claims Board to address 
38 

•HR 2426 EH

1 case management and discovery matters, and submit 

2 responses thereto; and 

3 ‘‘(2) the Copyright Claims Board may request 

4 or permit parties to make submissions addressing 

5 relevant questions of fact or law, or other matters, 

6 including matters raised sua sponte by the Copy7 right Claims Officers, and offer responses thereto. 

8 ‘‘(n) DISCOVERY.—Discovery in a proceeding shall be 

9 limited to the production of relevant information and doc10 uments, written interrogatories, and written requests for 

11 admission, as provided in regulations established by the 

12 Register of Copyrights, except that— 

13 ‘‘(1) upon the request of a party, and for good 

14 cause shown, the Copyright Claims Board may ap15 prove additional relevant discovery, on a limited 

16 basis, in particular matters, and may request spe17 cific information and documents from participants in 

18 the proceeding and voluntary submissions from non19 participants, consistent with the interests of justice; 

20 ‘‘(2) upon the request of a party, and for good 

21 cause shown, the Copyright Claims Board may issue 

22 a protective order to limit the disclosure of docu23 ments or testimony that contain confidential infor24 mation; and 
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•HR 2426 EH

1 ‘‘(3) after providing notice and an opportunity 

2 to respond, and upon good cause shown, the Copy3 right Claims Board may apply an adverse inference 

4 with respect to disputed facts against a party who 

5 has failed to timely provide discovery materials in 

6 response to a proper request for materials that could 

7 be relevant to such facts. 

8 ‘‘(o) EVIDENCE.—The Copyright Claims Board may 

9 consider the following types of evidence in a proceeding, 

10 and such evidence may be admitted without application 

11 of formal rules of evidence: 

12 ‘‘(1) Documentary and other nontestimonial 

13 evidence that is relevant to the claims, counter14 claims, or defenses in the proceeding. 

15 ‘‘(2) Testimonial evidence, submitted under 

16 penalty of perjury in written form or in accordance 

17 with subsection (p), limited to statements of the par18 ties and nonexpert witnesses, that is relevant to the 

19 claims, counterclaims, and defenses in a proceeding, 

20 except that, in exceptional cases, expert witness tes21 timony or other types of testimony may be permitted 

22 by the Copyright Claims Board for good cause 

23 shown. 

24 ‘‘(p) HEARINGS.—The Copyright Claims Board may 

25 conduct a hearing to receive oral presentations on issues 
40 

•HR 2426 EH

1 of fact or law from parties and witnesses to a proceeding, 

2 including oral testimony, subject to the following: 

3 ‘‘(1) Any such hearing shall be attended by not 

4 fewer than two of the Copyright Claims Officers. 

5 ‘‘(2) The hearing shall be noted upon the record 

6 of the proceeding and, subject to paragraph (3), may 

7 be recorded or transcribed as deemed necessary by 

8 the Copyright Claims Board. 

9 ‘‘(3) A recording or transcript of the hearing 

10 shall be made available to any Copyright Claims Of11 ficer who is not in attendance. 

12 ‘‘(q) VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL.— 

13 ‘‘(1) BY CLAIMANT.—Upon the written request 

14 of a claimant that is received before a respondent 

15 files a response to the claim in a proceeding, the 

16 Copyright Claims Board shall dismiss the pro17 ceeding, or a claim or respondent, as requested, 

18 without prejudice. 

19 ‘‘(2) BY COUNTERCLAIMANT.—Upon written re20 quest of a counterclaimant that is received before a 

21 claimant files a response to the counterclaim, the 

22 Copyright Claims Board shall dismiss the counter23 claim, such dismissal to be without prejudice. 

24 ‘‘(3) CLASS ACTIONS.—Any party in an active 

25 proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board who 
41 

•HR 2426 EH

1 receives notice of a pending or putative class action, 

2 arising out of the same transaction or occurrence, in 

3 which that party is a class member may request in 

4 writing dismissal of the proceeding before the Board. 

5 Upon notice to all claimants and counterclaimants, 

6 the Copyright Claims Board shall dismiss the pro7 ceeding without prejudice. 

8 ‘‘(r) SETTLEMENT.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—At any time in an active 

10 proceeding, some or all of the parties may— 

11 ‘‘(A) jointly request a conference with a 

12 Copyright Claims Officer for the purpose of fa13 cilitating settlement discussions; or 

14 ‘‘(B) submit to the Copyright Claims 

15 Board an agreement providing for settlement 

16 and dismissal of some or all of the claims and 

17 counterclaims in the proceeding. 

18 ‘‘(2) ADDITIONAL REQUEST.—A submission 

19 under paragraph (1)(B) may include a request that 

20 the Copyright Claims Board adopt some or all of the 

21 terms of the parties’ settlement in a final determina22 tion in the proceeding. 

23 ‘‘(s) FACTUAL FINDINGS.—Subject to subsection 

24 (n)(3), the Copyright Claims Board shall make factual 

25 findings based upon a preponderance of the evidence. 
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1 ‘‘(t) DETERMINATIONS.— 

2 ‘‘(1) NATURE AND CONTENTS.—A determina3 tion rendered by the Copyright Claims Board in a 

4 proceeding shall— 

5 ‘‘(A) be reached by a majority of the Copy6 right Claims Board; 

7 ‘‘(B) be in writing, and include an expla8 nation of the factual and legal basis of the de9 termination; 

10 ‘‘(C) set forth any terms by which a re11 spondent or counterclaim respondent has 

12 agreed to cease infringing activity under section 

13 1504(e)(2); 

14 ‘‘(D) to the extent requested under sub15 section (r)(2), set forth the terms of any settle16 ment agreed to under subsection (r)(1); and 

17 ‘‘(E) include a clear statement of all dam18 ages and other relief awarded, including under 

19 subparagraphs (C) and (D). 

20 ‘‘(2) DISSENT.—A Copyright Claims Officer 

21 who dissents from a decision contained in a deter22 mination under paragraph (1) may append a state23 ment setting forth the grounds for that dissent. 

24 ‘‘(3) PUBLICATION.—Each final determination 

25 of the Copyright Claims Board shall be made avail-
43 

•HR 2426 EH

1 able on a publicly accessible website. The Register 

2 shall establish regulations with respect to the publi3 cation of other records and information relating to 

4 such determinations, including the redaction of 

5 records to protect confidential information that is 

6 the subject of a protective order under subsection 

7 (n)(2). 

8 ‘‘(4) FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT.—All in9 formation relating to proceedings of the Copyright 

10 Claims Board under this title is exempt from disclo11 sure to the public under section 552(b)(3) of title 5, 

12 except for determinations, records, and information 

13 published under paragraph (3). 

14 ‘‘(u) RESPONDENT’S DEFAULT.—If a proceeding has 

15 been deemed an active proceeding but the respondent has 

16 failed to appear or has ceased participating in the pro17 ceeding, as demonstrated by the respondent’s failure, 

18 without justifiable cause, to meet one or more deadlines 

19 or requirements set forth in the schedule adopted by the 

20 Copyright Claims Board under subsection (k), the Copy21 right Claims Board may enter a default determination, in22 cluding the dismissal of any counterclaim asserted by the 

23 respondent, as follows and in accordance with such other 

24 requirements as the Register of Copyrights may establish 

25 by regulation: 
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1 ‘‘(1) The Copyright Claims Board shall require 

2 the claimant to submit relevant evidence and other 

3 information in support of the claimant’s claim and 

4 any asserted damages and, upon review of such evi5 dence and any other requested submissions from the 

6 claimant, shall determine whether the materials so 

7 submitted are sufficient to support a finding in favor 

8 of the claimant under applicable law and, if so, the 

9 appropriate relief and damages, if any, to be award10 ed. 

11 ‘‘(2) If the Copyright Claims Board makes an 

12 affirmative determination under paragraph (1), the 

13 Copyright Claims Board shall prepare a proposed 

14 default determination, and shall provide written no15 tice to the respondent at all addresses, including 

16 email addresses, reflected in the records of the pro17 ceeding before the Copyright Claims Board, of the 

18 pendency of a default determination by the Copy19 right Claims Board and of the legal significance of 

20 such determination. Such notice shall be accom21 panied by the proposed default determination and 

22 shall provide that the respondent has a period of 30 

23 days, beginning on the date of the notice, to submit 

24 any evidence or other information in opposition to 

25 the proposed default determination. 
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1 ‘‘(3) If the respondent responds to the notice 

2 provided under paragraph (2) within the 30-day pe3 riod provided in such paragraph, the Copyright 

4 Claims Board shall consider respondent’s submis5 sions and, after allowing the other parties to address 

6 such submissions, maintain, or amend its proposed 

7 determination as appropriate, and the resulting de8 termination shall not be a default determination. 

9 ‘‘(4) If the respondent fails to respond to the 

10 notice provided under paragraph (2), the Copyright 

11 Claims Board shall proceed to issue the default de12 termination as a final determination. Thereafter, the 

13 respondent may only challenge such determination to 

14 the extent permitted under section 1508(c), except 

15 that, before any additional proceedings are initiated 

16 under section 1508, the Copyright Claims Board 

17 may, in the interests of justice, vacate the default 

18 determination. 

19 ‘‘(v) CLAIMANT’S FAILURE TO PROCEED.— 

20 ‘‘(1) FAILURE TO COMPLETE SERVICE.—If a 

21 claimant fails to complete service on a respondent 

22 within the 90-day period required under subsection 

23 (g), the Copyright Claims Board shall dismiss that 

24 respondent from the proceeding without prejudice. If 

25 a claimant fails to complete service on all respond-
46 

•HR 2426 EH

1 ents within that 90-day period, the Copyright Claims 

2 Board shall dismiss the proceeding without preju3 dice. 

4 ‘‘(2) FAILURE TO PROSECUTE.—If a claimant 

5 fails to proceed in an active proceeding, as dem6 onstrated by the claimant’s failure, without justifi7 able cause, to meet one or more deadlines or require8 ments set forth in the schedule adopted by the Copy9 right Claims Board under subsection (k), the Copy10 right Claims Board may, upon providing written no11 tice to the claimant and a period of 30 days, begin12 ning on the date of the notice, to respond to the no13 tice, and after considering any such response, issue 

14 a determination dismissing the claimants’ claims, 

15 which shall include an award of attorneys’ fees and 

16 costs, if appropriate, under subsection (y)(2). There17 after, the claimant may only challenge such deter18 mination to the extent permitted under section 

19 1508(c), except that, before any additional pro20 ceedings are initiated under section 1508, the Copy21 right Claims Board may, in the interests of justice, 

22 vacate the determination of dismissal. 

23 ‘‘(w) REQUEST FOR RECONSIDERATION.—A party 

24 may, within 30 days after the date on which the Copyright 

25 Claims Board issues a final determination in a proceeding 
47 

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1 under this chapter, submit a written request for reconsid2 eration of, or an amendment to, such determination if the 

3 party identifies a clear error of law or fact material to 

4 the outcome, or a technical mistake. After providing the 

5 other parties an opportunity to address such request, the 

6 Copyright Claims Board shall either deny the request or 

7 issue an amended final determination. 

8 ‘‘(x) REVIEW BY REGISTER.—If the Copyright 

9 Claims Board denies a party a request for reconsideration 

10 of a final determination under subsection (w), that party 

11 may, within 30 days after the date of such denial, request 

12 review of the final determination by the Register of Copy13 rights in accordance with regulations established by the 

14 Register. Such request shall be accompanied by a reason15 able filing fee, as provided in such regulations. The review 

16 by the Register shall be limited to consideration of whether 

17 the Copyright Claims Board abused its discretion in deny18 ing reconsideration of the determination. After providing 

19 the other parties an opportunity to address the request, 

20 the Register shall either deny the request for review, or 

21 remand the proceeding to the Copyright Claims Board for 

22 reconsideration of issues specified in the remand and for 

23 issuance of an amended final determination. Such amend24 ed final determination shall not be subject to further con25 sideration or review, other than under section 1508(c). 
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1 ‘‘(y) CONDUCT OF PARTIES AND ATTORNEYS.— 

2 ‘‘(1) CERTIFICATION.—The Register of Copy3 rights shall establish regulations requiring certifi4 cation of the accuracy and truthfulness of state5 ments made by participants in proceedings before 

6 the Copyright Claims Board. 

7 ‘‘(2) BAD FAITH CONDUCT.—Notwithstanding 

8 any other provision of law, in any proceeding in 

9 which a determination is rendered and it is estab10 lished that a party pursued a claim, counterclaim, or 

11 defense for a harassing or other improper purpose, 

12 or without a reasonable basis in law or fact, then, 

13 unless inconsistent with the interests of justice, the 

14 Copyright Claims Board shall in such determination 

15 award reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees to any 

16 adversely affected party of in an amount of not more 

17 than $5,000, except that— 

18 ‘‘(A) if an adversely affected party ap19 peared pro se in the proceeding, the award to 

20 that party shall be for costs only, in an amount 

21 of not more than $2,500; and 

22 ‘‘(B) in extraordinary circumstances, such 

23 as where a party has demonstrated a pattern or 

24 practice of bad faith conduct as described in 

25 this paragraph, the Copyright Claims Board 
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1 may, in the interests of justice, award costs and 

2 attorneys’ fees in excess of the limitations 

3 under this paragraph. 

4 ‘‘(3) ADDITIONAL PENALTY.—If the Board 

5 finds that on more than one occasion within a 12- 

6 month period a party pursued a claim, counterclaim, 

7 or defense before the Copyright Claims Board for a 

8 harassing or other improper purpose, or without a 

9 reasonable basis in law or fact, that party shall be 

10 barred from initiating a claim before the Copyright 

11 Claims Board under this chapter for a period of 12 

12 months beginning on the date on which the Board 

13 makes such a finding. Any proceeding commenced 

14 by that party that is still pending before the Board 

15 when such a finding is made shall be dismissed with16 out prejudice, except that if a proceeding has been 

17 deemed active under subsection (i), the proceeding 

18 shall be dismissed under this paragraph only if the 

19 respondent provides written consent thereto. 

20 ‘‘(z) REGULATIONS FOR SMALLER CLAIMS.—The 

21 Register of Copyrights shall establish regulations to pro22 vide for the consideration and determination, by at least 

23 one Copyright Claims Officer, of any claim under this 

24 chapter in which total damages sought do not exceed 

25 $5,000 (exclusive of attorneys’ fees and costs) that are 
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1 otherwise consistent with this chapter. A determination 

2 issued under this subsection shall have the same effect as 

3 a determination issued by the entire Copyright Claims 

4 Board. 

5 ‘‘§ 1507. Effect of proceeding 

6 ‘‘(a) DETERMINATION.—Subject to the reconsider7 ation and review processes provided under subsections (w) 

8 and (x) of section 1506 and section 1508(c), the issuance 

9 of a final determination by the Copyright Claims Board 

10 in a proceeding, including a default determination or de11 termination based on a failure to prosecute, shall, solely 

12 with respect to the parties to such determination, preclude 

13 relitigation before any court or tribunal, or before the 

14 Copyright Claims Board, of the claims and counterclaims 

15 asserted and finally determined by the Board, and may 

16 be relied upon for such purpose in a future action or pro17 ceeding arising from the same specific activity or activi18 ties, subject to the following: 

19 ‘‘(1) A determination of the Copyright Claims 

20 Board shall not preclude litigation or relitigation as 

21 between the same or different parties before any 

22 court or tribunal, or the Copyright Claims Board, of 

23 the same or similar issues of fact or law in connec24 tion with claims or counterclaims not asserted or not 

25 finally determined by the Copyright Claims Board. 
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1 ‘‘(2) A determination of ownership of a copy2 righted work for purposes of resolving a matter be3 fore the Copyright Claims Board may not be relied 

4 upon, and shall not have any preclusive effect, in 

5 any other action or proceeding before any court or 

6 tribunal, including the Copyright Claims Board. 

7 ‘‘(3) Except to the extent permitted under this 

8 subsection and section 1508, any determination of 

9 the Copyright Claims Board may not be cited or re10 lied upon as legal precedent in any other action or 

11 proceeding before any court or tribunal, including 

12 the Copyright Claims Board. 

13 ‘‘(b) CLASS ACTIONS NOT AFFECTED.— 

14 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A proceeding before the 

15 Copyright Claims Board shall not have any effect on 

16 a class action proceeding in a district court of the 

17 United States, and section 1509(a) shall not apply 

18 to a class action proceeding in a district court of the 

19 United States. 

20 ‘‘(2) NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION.—Any party to 

21 an active proceeding before the Copyright Claims 

22 Board who receives notice of a pending class action, 

23 arising out of the same transaction or occurrence as 

24 the proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board, 

25 in which the party is a class member shall either— 
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•HR 2426 EH

1 ‘‘(A) opt out of the class action, in accord2 ance with regulations established by the Reg3 ister of Copyrights; or 

4 ‘‘(B) seek dismissal under section 

5 1506(q)(3) of the proceeding before the Copy6 right Claims Board. 

7 ‘‘(c) OTHER MATERIALS IN PROCEEDING.—Except 

8 as permitted under this section and section 1508, a sub9 mission or statement of a party or witness made in connec10 tion with a proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board, 

11 including a proceeding that is dismissed, may not be cited 

12 or relied upon in, or serve as the basis of, any action or 

13 proceeding concerning rights or limitations on rights 

14 under this title before any court or tribunal, including the 

15 Copyright Claims Board. 

16 ‘‘(d) APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 512(g).—A claim 

17 or counterclaim before the Copyright Claims Board that 

18 is brought under subsection (c)(1) or (c)(4) of section 

19 1504, or brought under subsection (c)(6) of section 1504 

20 and that relates to a claim under subsection (c)(1) or 

21 (c)(4) of such section, qualifies as an action seeking an 

22 order to restrain a subscriber from engaging in infringing 

23 activity under section 512(g)(2)(C) if— 

24 ‘‘(1) notice of the commencement of the Copy25 right Claims Board proceeding is provided by the 
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1 claimant to the service provider’s designated agent 

2 before the service provider replaces the material fol3 lowing receipt of a counter notification under section 

4 512(g); and 

5 ‘‘(2) the claim brought alleges infringement of 

6 the material identified in the notification of claimed 

7 infringement under section 512(c)(1)(C). 

8 ‘‘(e) FAILURE TO ASSERT COUNTERCLAIM.—The 

9 failure or inability to assert a counterclaim in a proceeding 

10 before the Copyright Claims Board shall not preclude the 

11 assertion of that counterclaim in a subsequent court action 

12 or proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board. 

13 ‘‘(f) OPT-OUT OR DISMISSAL OF PARTY.—If a party 

14 has timely opted out of a proceeding under section 1506(i) 

15 or is dismissed from a proceeding before the Copyright 

16 Claims Board issues a final determination in the pro17 ceeding, the determination shall not be binding upon and 

18 shall have no preclusive effect with respect to that party. 

19 ‘‘§ 1508. Review and confirmation by district court 

20 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—In any proceeding in which a 

21 party has failed to pay damages, or has failed otherwise 

22 to comply with the relief, awarded in a final determination 

23 of the Copyright Claims Board, including a default deter24 mination or a determination based on a failure to pros25 ecute, the aggrieved party may, not later than 1 year after 
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1 the date on which the final determination is issued, any 

2 reconsideration by the Copyright Claims Board or review 

3 by the Register of Copyrights is resolved, or an amended 

4 final determination is issued, whichever occurs last, apply 

5 to the United States District Court for the District of Co6 lumbia or any other appropriate district court of the 

7 United States for an order confirming the relief awarded 

8 in the final determination and reducing such award to 

9 judgment. The court shall grant such order and direct 

10 entry of judgment unless the determination is or has been 

11 vacated, modified, or corrected under subsection (c). If the 

12 United States District Court for the District of Columbia 

13 or other district court of the United States, as the case 

14 may be, issues an order confirming the relief awarded by 

15 the Copyright Claims Board, the court shall impose on the 

16 party who failed to pay damages or otherwise comply with 

17 the relief, the reasonable expenses required to secure such 

18 order, including attorneys’ fees, that were incurred by the 

19 aggrieved party. 

20 ‘‘(b) FILING PROCEDURES.— 

21 ‘‘(1) APPLICATION TO CONFIRM DETERMINA22 TION.—Notice of the application under subsection 

23 (a) for confirmation of a determination of the Copy24 right Claims Board and entry of judgment shall be 

25 provided to all parties to the proceeding before the 
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1 Copyright Claims Board that resulted in the deter2 mination, in accordance with the procedures applica3 ble to service of a motion in the district court of the 

4 United States where the application is made. 

5 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS OF APPLICATION.—The appli6 cation shall include the following: 

7 ‘‘(A) A certified copy of the final or 

8 amended final determination of the Copyright 

9 Claims Board, as reflected in the records of the 

10 Copyright Claims Board, following any process 

11 of reconsideration or review by the Register of 

12 Copyrights, to be confirmed and rendered to 

13 judgment. 

14 ‘‘(B) A declaration by the applicant, under 

15 penalty of perjury— 

16 ‘‘(i) that the copy is a true and cor17 rect copy of such determination; 

18 ‘‘(ii) stating the date it was issued; 

19 ‘‘(iii) stating the basis for the chal20 lenge under subsection (c)(1); and 

21 ‘‘(iv) stating whether the applicant is 

22 aware of any other proceedings before the 

23 court concerning the same determination 

24 of the Copyright Claims Board. 

25 ‘‘(c) CHALLENGES TO THE DETERMINATION.— 
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1 ‘‘(1) BASES FOR CHALLENGE.—Not later than 

2 90 days after the date on which Copyright Claims 

3 Board issues a final or amended final determination 

4 in a proceeding, or not later than 90 days after the 

5 date on which the Register of Copyrights completes 

6 any process of reconsideration or review of the deter7 mination, whichever occurs later, a party may seek 

8 a court order vacating, modifying, or correcting the 

9 determination of the Copyright Claims Board in the 

10 following cases: 

11 ‘‘(A) If the determination was issued as a 

12 result of fraud, corruption, misrepresentation, 

13 or other misconduct. 

14 ‘‘(B) If the Copyright Claims Board ex15 ceeded its authority or failed to render a final 

16 determination concerning the subject matter at 

17 issue. 

18 ‘‘(C) In the case of a default determination 

19 or determination based on a failure to pros20 ecute, if it is established that the default or fail21 ure was due to excusable neglect. 

22 ‘‘(2) PROCEDURE TO CHALLENGE.— 

23 ‘‘(A) NOTICE OF APPLICATION.—Notice of 

24 the application to challenge a determination of 

25 the Copyright Claims Board shall be provided 
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1 to all parties to the proceeding before the Copy2 right Claims Board, in accordance with the pro3 cedures applicable to service of a motion in the 

4 court where the application is made. 

5 ‘‘(B) STAYING OF PROCEEDINGS.—For 

6 purposes of an application under this sub7 section, any judge who is authorized to issue an 

8 order to stay the proceedings in an any other 

9 action brought in the same court may issue an 

10 order, to be served with the notice of applica11 tion, staying proceedings to enforce the award 

12 while the challenge is pending. 

13 ‘‘§ 1509. Relationship to other district court actions 

14 ‘‘(a) STAY OF DISTRICT COURT PROCEEDINGS.— 

15 Subject to section 1507(b), a district court of the United 

16 States shall issue a stay of proceedings or such other relief 

17 as the court determines appropriate with respect to any 

18 claim brought before the court that is already the subject 

19 of a pending or active proceeding before the Copyright 

20 Claims Board. 

21 ‘‘(b) ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROC22 ESS.—A proceeding before the Copyright Claims Board 

23 under this chapter shall qualify as an alternative dispute 

24 resolution process under section 651 of title 28 for pur-
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1 poses of referral of eligible cases by district courts of the 

2 United States upon the consent of the parties. 

3 ‘‘§ 1510. Implementation by Copyright Office 

4 ‘‘(a) REGULATIONS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IMPLEMENTATION GENERALLY.—The Reg6 ister of Copyrights shall establish regulations to 

7 carry out this chapter. Such regulations shall include 

8 the fees prescribed under subsections (e) and (x) of 

9 section 1506. The authority to issue such fees shall 

10 not limit the authority of the Register of Copyrights 

11 to establish fees for services under section 708. All 

12 fees received by the Copyright Office in connection 

13 with the activities under this chapter shall be depos14 ited by the Register of Copyrights and credited to 

15 the appropriations for necessary expenses of the Of16 fice in accordance with section 708(d). In estab17 lishing regulations under this subsection, the Reg18 ister of Copyrights shall provide for the efficient ad19 ministration of the Copyright Claims Board, and for 

20 the ability of the Copyright Claims Board to timely 

21 complete proceedings instituted under this chapter, 

22 including by implementing mechanisms to prevent 

23 harassing or improper use of the Copyright Claims 

24 Board by any party. 

25 ‘‘(2) LIMITS ON MONETARY RELIEF.— 
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1 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subpara2 graph (B), not earlier than 3 years after the 

3 date on which Copyright Claims Board issues 

4 the first determination of the Copyright Claims 

5 Board, the Register of Copyrights may, in order 

6 to further the goals of the Copyright Claims 

7 Board, conduct a rulemaking to adjust the lim8 its on monetary recovery or attorneys’ fees and 

9 costs that may be awarded under this chapter. 

10 ‘‘(B) EFFECTIVE DATE OF ADJUST11 MENT.—Any rule under subparagraph (A) that 

12 makes an adjustment shall take effect at the 

13 end of the 120-day period beginning on the 

14 date on which the Register of Copyrights sub15 mits the rule to Congress and only if Congress 

16 does not, during that 120-day period, enact a 

17 law that provides in substance that Congress 

18 does not approve the rule. 

19 ‘‘(b) NECESSARY FACILITIES.—Subject to applicable 

20 law, the Register of Copyrights may retain outside vendors 

21 to establish internet-based, teleconferencing, and other fa22 cilities required to operate the Copyright Claims Board. 

23 ‘‘(c) FEES.—Any filing fees, including the fee to com24 mence a proceeding under section 1506(e), shall be pre25 scribed in regulations established by the Register of Copy-
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1 rights. The sum total of such filing fees shall be in an 

2 amount of at least $100, may not exceed the cost of filing 

3 an action in a district court of the United States, and shall 

4 be fixed in amounts that further the goals of the Copyright 

5 Claims Board. 

6 ‘‘§ 1511. Funding 

7 ‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated such sums 

8 as may be necessary to pay the costs incurred by the Copy9 right Office under this chapter that are not covered by 

10 fees collected for services rendered under this chapter, in11 cluding the costs of establishing and maintaining the 

12 Copyright Claims Board and its facilities.’’. 

13 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of chapters 

14 for title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding 

15 after the item relating to chapter 14 the following: 

‘‘15. Copyright Small Claims ........................................................ 1501’’. 

16 SEC. 3. IMPLEMENTATION. 

17 Not later 1 year after the date of enactment of this 

18 Act, the Copyright Claims Board established under section 

19 1502 of title 17, United States Code, as added by section 

20 2 of this Act, shall begin operations. 

21 SEC. 4. STUDY. 

22 Not later than 3 years after the date on which Copy23 right Claims Board issues the first determination of the 

24 Copyright Claims Board under chapter 15 of title 17, 

25 United States Code, as added by section 2 of this Act, 
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1 the Register of Copyrights shall conduct, and report to 

2 Congress on, a study that addresses the following: 

3 (1) The use and efficacy of the Copyright 

4 Claims Board in resolving copyright claims, includ5 ing the number of proceedings the Copyright Claims 

6 Board could reasonably administer. 

7 (2) Whether adjustments to the authority of the 

8 Copyright Claims Board are necessary or advisable, 

9 including with respect to— 

10 (A) eligible claims, such as claims under 

11 section 1202 of title 17, United States Code; 

12 and 

13 (B) works and applicable damages limita14 tions. 

15 (3) Whether greater allowance should be made 

16 to permit awards of attorneys’ fees and costs to pre17 vailing parties, including potential limitations on 

18 such awards. 

19 (4) Potential mechanisms to assist copyright 

20 owners with small claims in ascertaining the identity 

21 and location of unknown online infringers. 

22 (5) Whether the Copyright Claims Board 

23 should be expanded to offer mediation or other non24 binding alternative dispute resolution services to in25 terested parties. 
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1 (6) Such other matters as the Register of Copy2 rights believes may be pertinent concerning the 

3 Copyright Claims Board. 

4 SEC. 5. SEVERABILITY. 

5 If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by 

6 this Act, or the application of such provision or amend7 ment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconsti8 tutional, the remainder of this Act and the amendments 

9 made by this Act, and the application of the provision or 

10 the amendment to any other person or circumstance, shall 

11 not be affected. 

Passed the House of Representatives October 22, 

2019. 

Attest: 

Clerk. 

116TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 2426 

AN ACT 

To amend title 17, United States Code, to establish 

copyright small claims, and for other purposes. an alternative dispute resolution program for