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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

SPENCER SHUMAKER,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

April 17, 2018

v No. 336866

Eaton Circuit Court

MERITT TOOL & DIE and

EUGENE D. MILLER,

LC No. 2016-000365-FH

Defendants-Appellants.

Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and CAVANAGH and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In this action alleging a claim under MCL 418.131(1), the intentional tort exception to the 

Worker’s Disability Compensation Act of 1969 (WDCA), MCL 418.101 et seq., defendants 

appeal by leave granted1 an order denying their motion for summary disposition under MCR 

2.116(C)(10). We reverse and remand for entry of an order granting defendants’ motion.

Plaintiff worked as a laborer at defendant Meritt Tool & Die (Meritt), owned by 

defendant Eugene Miller. On August 18, 2014, plaintiff was working on a Toledo 60-ton press, 

a “punch press” used for cutting steel. To use the press, the operator had to put a steel part into 

the machine with a die that punches out a certain shape. When the operator pushed the foot 

pedal, the ram would come down and stamp the part placed in the machine. If the operator 

pushed the foot pedal down too long, the machine could “double cycle,” or stamp twice in a row 

with a single press on the foot pedal. The operator could place the part into the machine using 

“tabs” on the side of the part, or by using a tool such as a screwdriver or pliers. If an operator 

used a tool or held the tabs on the part when placing the part into the press, the ram in the 

machine could not reach the operator’s hands if the press cycled. To avoid injury, employees 

were instructed to never put their hands on top of the part for any reason while it was in the 

machine.

 1 Shumaker v Merritt Tool & Die, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 27, 

2017 (Docket No. 366866).
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Plaintiff was injured when the machine double cycled while his hand was on top of a part 

that he was removing from the machine. He lost three fingers on his left hand. Plaintiff was not 

sure if the machine double cycled on its own or if something fell on the uncovered foot pedal, 

activating the machine to cycle again.

Defendant Miller’s son had been injured on the same press when he was about 13 years 

old, approximately 15 years before the incident in this case. Defendant Miller’s son was not 

authorized to use the machine and had not received any training. The injury he experienced was 

much less serious than plaintiff’s injury.

In 2012, another Meritt employee was injured while operating a 150-ton press similar to 

the press that injured plaintiff. However, the injury was of a different type and had a different 

cause. After that injury, the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration 

(MIOSHA) issued citations, including citations for failure to provide hand tools to place and 

remove parts and failure to cover the foot pedal of the 150-ton press.

Plaintiff filed a complaint under the intentional tort exception of the WDCA. Defendants 

filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that plaintiff was 

unable to prove that they engaged in an intentional tort because plaintiff knew how to operate the 

press safely, and it was his failure to do so that caused his injury. Plaintiff responded by arguing 

that defendants subjected plaintiff to a continuously operative dangerous condition. In support of 

that position, plaintiff alleged that defendants knew it was unsafe to have an uncovered foot 

pedal and that double cycling was a known risk of an uncovered foot pedal. Plaintiff also argued

that defendants knew that employees were taking insufficient precautions in using the machine

and defendants were previously cited by MIOSHA for failure to cover a foot pedal and for 

failure to provide hand tools to place and remove parts on another press. The trial court denied 

defendants’ motion, concluding that this case was a “close call” and that the “tie” should go to 

the nonmoving party.

We review de novo a lower court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. 

Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A motion brought under MCR 

2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support of a plaintiff’s claim and should be granted if, after 

consideration of the evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party, no genuine issue regarding any material fact exists. Quinto v Cross & Peters 

Co, 451 Mich 358, 362; 547 NW2d 314 (1996); Lakeview Commons v Empower Yourself, LLC, 

290 Mich App 503, 506; 802 NW2d 712 (2010).

In evaluating a claim under the intentional tort exception of the WDCA, the circuit court 

must “determine as a matter of law whether the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to sustain the 

intentional tort claim.” Johnson v Detroit Edison Co, 288 Mich App 688, 696; 795 NW2d 161 

(2010). If the court determines the facts alleged are sufficient, any questions of veracity, 

credibility, and weight of evidence are for the jury to decide. Id.

Generally, the WDCA provides the exclusive remedy when an employee sustains a 

workplace injury. MCL 418.131(1); Golec v Metal Exch Corp, 208 Mich App 380, 382; 528 

NW2d 756 (1995). The only exception to the “exclusive remedy” rule is in the case of an 

intentional tort. MCL 418.131(1) provides:
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An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result of a 

deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury.

An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had 

actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that 

knowledge.

To commit a “deliberate act” with the specific intent to injure, “an employer must have 

made a conscious choice to injure an employee and have deliberately acted or failed to act in 

furtherance of that intent.” Travis v Dreis & Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich 149, 180; 551 NW2d 132 

(1996) (BOYLE, J.). The Travis Court determined that the Legislature intended the second 

sentence to apply “when there is no direct evidence of intent to injure, and intent must be proved 

with circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 173. Intent to injure can be inferred “if the employer had 

actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur, under circumstances indicating deliberate 

disregard of that knowledge.” Id. at 180. But the act or omission of the employer must go 

beyond “mere negligence.” Id. at 178-179.

In attempting to prove that an employer had “actual knowledge,” it is not enough to show 

that an employer had “constructive, implied, or imputed knowledge.” Id. at 173; see also 

Palazzola v Karmazin Prod Corp, 223 Mich App 141, 149; 565 NW2d 868 (1997). Likewise, it 

is not enough “to allege that the employer should have known, or had reason to believe, that 

injury was certain to occur.” Travis, 453 Mich at 173.

An injury is “certain to occur” when there is “no doubt” that the injury will occur. Id. at 

174. This is an “extremely high standard,” and neither the probability that something will 

happen nor the fact that something has happened in the past is enough to show that it is “certain 

to occur.” Id. Conversely, the absence of previous injury does not eliminate the certainty that an 

injury will occur. Id. To be “certain,” the injury must arise from the employee’s duties, and 

there must be no opportunity for the employee to exercise volition. Bagby v Detroit Edison Co, 

308 Mich App 488, 495; 865 NW2d 59 (2014) (citation omitted).

In this case, plaintiff argues that defendants subjected him to a “continuously operative 

dangerous condition.” A continuously operative dangerous condition can be the basis for 

establishing that an employer had knowledge that an injury was “certain to occur” if the 

employer knows the condition will cause injury and fails to inform the employee about the 

condition. Travis, 453 Mich at 178; Alexander v Demmer Corp, 468 Mich 896, 896-897; 660 

NW2d 67 (2003). Defendants argue that there was no continuously operative dangerous 

condition because the press double cycled only intermittently, no trained employee had been 

seriously injured before, and plaintiff had been able to operate the press safely for approximately 

45 minutes on the day of his injury without incident.

In Travis, our Supreme Court held that the plaintiff was not subjected to a continuously 

operative dangerous condition such that the employer had knowledge that an injury was “certain 

to occur” because: (1) the press at issue double cycled only intermittently; (2) the supervisor had 

shown that he was willing to operate the press himself; (3) previous adjustments had allowed the 

press to run for “at least one or two days” before double cycling again, and (4) all prior operators 

were able to withdraw their hands in time if the machine double cycled. Travis, 453 Mich at 

182.
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Conversely, in Fries v Mavrick Metal Stamping, Inc, 285 Mich App 706; 777 NW2d 205 

(2009), this Court held that there was a genuine issue of material fact whether the press operation 

constituted a continuously operative dangerous condition because every encounter between an 

operator’s loose clothing and the press’s light sensors “inherently embodied the potential for 

inadvertent, unexpected cycling of the machine” and the defendant made no effort to install 

available safety equipment that could have avoided such a trigger. Id. at 717. Similarly to Fries, 

this Court held in Johnson that a genuine issue of material fact existed concerning whether the 

plaintiff proved the existence of a continually operative dangerous condition when a boiler was 

in disrepair, which led to “dangerous ash spews for at least a year,” causing burn injuries. 

Johnson, 288 Mich App at 700, 702.

In this case, plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether 

the press constituted a continuously operative dangerous condition. There is a dispute about how 

often the machine double cycled. Regardless of how often the machine actually double cycled, it 

is clear the machine only double cycled intermittently and previous operators were able to avoid 

injury when the machine double cycled. It is also true that not every push of the foot pedal 

carried the inherent risk of double cycling.

However, even if the machine had double cycled regularly without additional pressure on 

the foot pedal, this would not have constituted a continuously operative dangerous condition

because there were safe methods to complete the job. Three other employees testified that there 

were safe methods of placing parts into the machine. Employees could either use the “tabs” on 

the part itself or a tool, such as a screwdriver or pliers, to safely place and remove the part. If an

employee used the “tabs” or used tools, there was no need to place his or her hand on top of the 

part in the machine, and the employee’s hand would be out of the way of the ram if a double 

cycle were to occur. There is no evidence that injury ever occurred while using either of these 

safe methods. Despite knowledge of these safe alternatives, plaintiff had his hand on the part 

when the injury occurred. There is no dispute that the only way to experience the injury that 

plaintiff suffered would have been to put his hand on the part while it was in the press. 

Considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, a reasonable jury could 

not conclude that plaintiff was subjected to a continuously operative dangerous condition.

Even if the press were a continuously operative dangerous condition, this could only form 

the basis of a claim under the intentional tort exception if the employer knew that the condition 

would cause injury and did not inform the employee about the condition. See Alexander, 468 

Mich at 896. Plaintiff cannot satisfy this requirement because there is no dispute that plaintiff 

was aware of the machine’s potential to double cycle.

Moreover, regardless of whether there was a continuously operative dangerous condition,

injury was still not “certain to occur” in this case. Defendants argue that injury was not certain 

to occur because defendant Miller had trained plaintiff on how to safely place and remove the 

parts. In Golec, this Court held that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether 

injury was certain to occur when the defendants knew that the scrap the plaintiff was loading 

contained hazardous materials that could cause explosions, the plaintiff had to use a loader that 

did not have a protective shield, the plaintiff did not have protective clothing, and the plaintiff 

had experienced a minor injury earlier in the shift while loading the scrap but was told to resume 

working. Golec, 208 Mich App at 384-385. This Court held that a reasonable jury could 
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conclude that the defendants knew that an injury was certain to occur under these conditions. Id. 

at 388.

In this case, plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence to indicate that there was “no 

doubt” that injury would occur. See Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697. It is true that previous 

injuries can be a factor in determining whether injury was certain to occur, Golec, 208 Mich App 

at 387. In this case, however, although another employee had been injured while operating a

different press, the injury was not caused by putting a hand in the press, and the injury involved a 

fingernail rather than partial amputation. Further, although defendant Miller’s son was injured 

on the same press that injured plaintiff, there is no indication that the injury was serious, nor is 

there any indication that defendant Miller’s son had any training or knowledge about how to use 

the press. Additionally, defendants did not force plaintiff to work without safeguards. Plaintiff 

had plenty of opportunity to exercise his volition by using safe methods to place and remove 

parts. See Bagby, 308 Mich App at 495. Therefore, regardless of whether the press could be 

considered a continuously operative dangerous condition, a reasonable jury could not conclude 

that injury was certain to occur.

Plaintiff further argues that knowledge of the double cycling coupled with failure to 

install safety devices on plaintiff’s 150-ton press as required by MIOSHA constitute knowledge 

that an injury was certain to occur. In Palazzola, 223 Mich App at 151-152, MIOSHA had cited 

the defendants for a violation in the past that was similar to the violation cited after the subject

injury. However, Palazzola held that the MIOSHA violations did not constitute actual 

knowledge that injury was certain to occur in a different situation because liability cannot be 

premised upon “constructive, imputed, or implied knowledge” and “conclusory statements by 

experts are insufficient” to prove certainty. Id. at 152. In this case, MIOSHA cited defendant for 

failure to provide hand tools or cover a foot pedal on a 150-pound press after an employee was 

injured on that press. However, the injury was a different kind of injury with a different cause on 

a different press. Here, knowledge that a different injury with a different cause occurred on a 

similar press in 2012 is not actual knowledge that this injury would occur on this press when it 

double cycled.

Even if plaintiff could establish that defendants had actual knowledge that injury was 

certain to occur, plaintiff cannot establish that defendants willfully disregarded that knowledge. 

In Johnson, this Court held that a reasonable jury could conclude that the defendant willfully 

disregarded its knowledge that injury was certain to occur because, despite knowledge of 

dangerous ash spews for at least a year that had caused burns, the defendant failed to do anything 

to remedy the situation. Johnson, 288 Mich App at 704. In Fries, this Court held that a 

reasonable jury could conclude that the defendant “willfully disregarded” knowledge that injury 

was certain to occur because the defendant knew that loose clothing had triggered the machine in 

the past, yet ordered the plaintiff to work the machine without installing any safety devices or 

warning the plaintiff of the potential trigger. Fries, 285 Mich App at 718. Conversely, in Travis, 

this Court held that the employer did not willfully disregard actual knowledge where adjustments 

to the machine had temporarily corrected the double cycling in the past, the employer had made 

adjustments to the machine that day, and the employer had thereafter operated the machine 

himself. Travis, 453 Mich at 182-183.
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In this case, even if injury was certain to occur, plaintiff cannot show that defendants 

willfully disregarded actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur. The press cycled only 

intermittently and defendant Miller watched plaintiff the day of the injury to make sure he could 

operate the press safely. Additionally, methods of safe operation would have prevented injury 

even if the press double cycled, and there was no inherent risk of double cycling every time the 

operator pushed the foot pedal.

Although employees had reported double cycling in the past, defendant Miller had 

responded that they could use tools to place the parts in the machine in order to avoid injury. 

Multiple employees confirmed that there was no need to put a hand where plaintiff had his hand 

when the injury occurred. Plaintiff was aware that he should never put his hand on the part, as 

he did in this case, and plaintiff was aware that the machine could double cycle. It is true that 

MIOSHA cited defendants for failure to cover the foot pedal on a different press, and it is true 

that defendants replaced the foot pedal on this press with hand buttons after this injury occurred. 

However, while replacing the foot pedal with hand buttons may have made the machine safer, 

safe operation was possible even in the face of double cycling if the employee followed 

defendant Miller’s instructions. Defendant Miller’s failure to replace the foot pedal with the 

safer hand buttons may have been negligent, but there is no indication that this failure met the 

high standard of willful disregard of actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur.

Reviewing all evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, plaintiff has failed to meet 

his burden to establish a genuine issue of material fact. Although defendants had actual 

knowledge that the machine could double cycle, plaintiff failed to meet the “extremely high 

standard” required to show that there is a genuine issue of material fact about whether an injury 

was certain to occur. See id. at 174. Further, even if plaintiff could establish that defendants had 

actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur, plaintiff produced no evidence to show that 

defendants willfully disregarded this knowledge. Because no genuine issue of material fact 

exists regarding whether defendants committed an intentional tort, the trial court erred in denying 

defendants’ motion for summary disposition.

Reversed and remanded for entry of an order granting defendants’ motion for summary 

disposition. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens