IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2021-NCSC-83

No. 242A20-1

Filed 13 August 2021

NORTH CAROLINA FARM BUREAU MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, INC.

v.

JUDY LUNSFORD

Appeal from the opinion of a divided Court of Appeals panel, 271 N.C. App. 234 

(2020), affirming entry of Order and Declaratory Judgment in favor of the plaintiff

on 3 February 2019 by Judge Michael D. Duncan in Superior Court, Guilford County. 

Heard in the North Carolina Supreme Court on 17 May 2021.

William F. Lipscomb for the Plaintiff-Appellee. 

Burton Law Firm, PLLC, by Jason M. Burton, for the Defendant-Appellant.

Jon. R. Moore and C. Douglas Maynard, Jr., for North Carolina Advocates for 

Justice, amicus curiae.

Bailey & Dixon, LLP, by J.T. Crook, for North Carolina Association of Defense 

Attorneys, amicus curiae

EARLS, Justice.

¶ 1 Cars and people are, naturally, mobile. They regularly traverse state lines. 

Unfortunately, but inevitably, cars and people also get into accidents. When they do, 

it can raise issues regarding which state’s law governs the interpretation of various 

provisions of each of the involved parties’ insurance contracts. In this case, we must 
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determine whether a North Carolina resident is entitled to collect underinsured 

motor vehicle coverage benefits from her North Carolina insurer, after she was 

injured while traveling in Alabama in a car owned and operated by a Tennessee 

resident and insured by a Tennessee insurer. To answer that question, we must 

decide if North Carolina or Tennessee law applies when ascertaining whether the 

Tennessee vehicle is “underinsured” within the meaning of a contract executed in 

North Carolina between a North Carolina resident and a North Carolina insurer.

¶ 2 Judy Lunsford, a North Carolina resident, was a passenger in her sister

Levonda Chapman’s vehicle when a serious accident occurred as they were travelling 

through Alabama. Chapman negligently drove her vehicle across a highway median 

into oncoming traffic, where it collided with an 18-wheeler. As a result of the accident, 

Lunsford was severely injured. Chapman was tragically killed.

¶ 3 Chapman was insured by a Nationwide Insurance Company policy purchased 

in her home state of Tennessee. As a passenger in Chapman’s vehicle, Lunsford was 

entitled to recover from Nationwide, under the terms of Chapman’s bodily injury 

liability coverage. Nationwide offered—and Lunsford accepted—the full $50,000 

available under the policy’s per person bodily injury coverage limit. Lunsford also 

claimed she was entitled to coverage under the underinsured motorist (UIM) 

provision of her own insurance contract executed in North Carolina with a different 

insurer, North Carolina Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, Inc. (NC Farm 
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Bureau). NC Farm Bureau denied her claim and initiated a declaratory judgment 

action to establish its liability to Lunsford. The trial court agreed with NC Farm 

Bureau’s position, concluding that Chapman’s vehicle was not an “underinsured 

highway vehicle” as defined under North Carolina’s Financial Responsibility Act 

(FRA). A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed.

¶ 4 In its argument before this Court, NC Farm Bureau concedes that the majority 

below “employed incorrect reasoning” in reaching its conclusion that Lunsford was 

not entitled to coverage under the UIM provision of her insurance contract. Still, NC 

Farm Bureau argues the Court of Appeals “reached the correct result” in affirming 

the trial court’s entry of declaratory judgment for NC Farm Bureau, contending that 

Chapman’s vehicle is not an underinsured motor vehicle as defined by the terms of 

Chapman’s Nationwide insurance contract, which incorporates Tennessee law. 

¶ 5 However, in determining whether Lunsford is entitled to collect pursuant to 

the contract she entered into with NC Farm Bureau, we must apply North Carolina 

law to interpret the terms of a contract executed in North Carolina that necessarily 

incorporates North Carolina’s FRA. We need not interpret Chapman’s Nationwide 

insurance contract incorporating Tennessee law. Resolving this dispute does not 

require us to adjudicate any of Chapman’s or Nationwide’s rights, nor does it 

implicate any other state’s interest in enforcing its own laws regulating the provision 

and maintenance of motor vehicle insurance. 
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¶ 6 Applying North Carolina law, we affirm prior decisions of the Court of Appeals 

allowing interpolicy stacking when calculating the “applicable” policy limits as 

required under the relevant provision of the FRA, N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4) (2019). 

Because the amount of the stacked UIM coverage limits exceeds the sum of the 

applicable bodily injury coverage limits, Chapman’s car is an “underinsured motor 

vehicle” as defined by the FRA for the purposes of giving effect to Lunsford’s contract 

with NC Farm Bureau. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals, 

vacate the trial court’s order entering declaratory judgment for NC Farm Bureau, 

and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Factual Background

¶ 7 At the time of the crash, both Lunsford and Chapman maintained motor 

vehicle accident insurance policies. Chapman’s Nationwide policy provided her and 

her vehicle with bodily injury liability coverage subject to limits of $50,000 per person 

and $100,000 per accident, and UIM coverage subject to the same limits. Lunsford’s 

NC Farm Bureau policy provided her with UIM coverage subject to the same limits 

as Chapman’s bodily injury liability coverage ($50,000 per person / $100,000 per 

accident). After the crash, Nationwide offered, and Lunsford accepted, the full 

$50,000 available under the Nationwide bodily injury liability policy per person limit.

Lunsford then sought an additional $50,000 in UIM coverage from her own insurer, 

NC Farm Bureau.
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¶ 8 NC Farm Bureau denied Lunsford’s claim and initiated a declaratory 

judgment action in Superior Court, Guilford County seeking a ruling establishing 

that “the UIM coverage of [the NC Farm Bureau policy] does not apply to [Lunsford’s] 

injuries from the . . . motor vehicle collision in question and that [Lunsford] is not 

entitled to recover any UIM coverage from said policy.” NC Farm Bureau contended 

that Chapman’s vehicle was not an “underinsured motor vehicle” under North 

Carolina law. Lunsford argued in response that, under the relevant provision of the 

FRA as interpreted by the Court of Appeals in Benton v. Hanford, 195 N.C. App. 88 

(2009), she was entitled to stack her NC Farm Bureau UIM coverage limit ($50,000) 

with the Nationwide UIM coverage limit ($50,000) for the purposes of determining 

whether “the applicable limits of underinsured motorist coverage for the vehicle 

involved in the accident and insured under the owner's policy” exceeded “the sum of 

the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds and insurance policies 

applicable at the time of the accident.” Id. at 92 (quoting N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4)).

After stacking the policies, Lunsford contended she would be entitled to recover UIM 

benefits from NC Farm Bureau because the stacked UIM limits ($100,000) would be 

greater than Nationwide’s bodily injury liability coverage limit ($50,000).

¶ 9 On 19 December 2018, the trial court entered judgment on the pleadings in NC 

Farm Bureau’s favor. The trial court reasoned that because the Nationwide insurance 

contract was executed in Tennessee, “Chapman’s policy is governed by Tennessee 
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law.” Under Tennessee law, an “uninsured1 motor vehicle does not include a motor 

vehicle . . . [i]nsured under the liability coverage of the same policy of which the 

uninsured motor vehicle coverage is a part.” Tenn. Code § 56-7-1201(2) (2016).

Because Chapman’s vehicle was “insured under the liability coverage of the same 

policy from which the claimant [Lunsford] is seeking UIM coverage,” the trial court 

concluded that Chapman’s vehicle “cannot be an underinsured motor vehicle under 

Chapman’s policy, the UIM coverage of Chapman’s policy does not apply to the 

accident in question and, therefore, it is not ‘applicable’ UIM coverage within the 

meaning of the North Carolina UIM statute’s definition of the ‘underinsured highway 

vehicle’ and [Benton].” Since the Nationwide UIM coverage was not “applicable,”

there was no limit for Lunsford to stack with her own NC Farm Bureau UIM coverage 

limit. Defined thusly, “Chapman’s vehicle does not satisfy [the FRA’s definition of an 

underinsured motor vehicle] because the liability coverage of Chapman’s policy 

($50,000 / $100,000) is equal to (not less than) the UIM coverage of Lunsford’s policy.” 

¶ 10 A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed, but on a different rationale 

than the one utilized by the trial court. The majority agreed with the trial court that 

Chapman’s Nationwide UIM policy was not “applicable at the time of an accident 

under [N.C.G.S.] § 20-279.21(b)(4).” North Carolina Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., Inc. 

1 Chapman’s contract uses the term “uninsured motor vehicle” in a manner which 

encompasses what would be termed an “underinsured motor vehicle” under North Carolina 

law. We use the latter throughout for ease of reading.
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v. Lunsford, 271 N.C. App. 234, 238 (2020). However, the majority’s conclusion that 

the Nationwide policy was not “applicable” rested upon its belief that Lunsford did 

not “qualif[y] as a ‘person insured’ [under the Nationwide policy] as that term is 

defined by [N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(3)].” Id. According to the majority, because 

Lunsford was neither “the named insured [nor], while resident of the same household, 

the spouse of the named insured [or] relatives of either,” she did not “qualif[y] as a 

‘person insured’ ” under Chapman’s Nationwide policy, precluding Lunsford from 

stacking the Nationwide UIM coverage limit. Id. at 237 (quoting Sproles v. Greene, 

329 N.C. 603, 608 (1991)).

¶ 11 Judge Murphy dissented based upon his interpretation of Chapman’s contract 

with Nationwide. According to Judge Murphy, Chapman’s Nationwide policy 

contained a “conformity clause” stating that the insurer would “adjust this policy to 

comply . . . [w]ith the financial responsibility law of any state or province which 

requires higher liability limits than those provided by this policy.” Id. at 242–43 

(Murphy, J., dissenting). Therefore, Judge Murphy read Chapman’s Nationwide 

policy as “explicitly incorporat[ing] our FRA,” requiring the court to apply the 

definition of an “underinsured motor vehicle” provided by N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4). 

Id. at 242. Under this definition of an underinsured motor vehicle, as interpreted by 

the Court of Appeals in Benton, Lunsford was entitled to “stack the $50,000.00 limit 

of UIM coverage in Chapman's Nationwide policy with the $50,000.00 limit of UIM 
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coverage in Lunsford's [NC Farm Bureau] policy.” Id. at 245. 

¶ 12 Judge Murphy also disputed the majority’s conclusion that Lunsford was not 

a “person[ ] insured” by Chapman’s Nationwide policy. He noted that in Sproles, this 

Court interpreted the relevant provision of the FRA, N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(3), to

essentially establish[ ] two “classes” of “persons insured”: 

(1) the named insured and, while resident of the same 

household, the spouse of the named insured and relatives 

of either and (2) any person who uses with the consent, 

express or implied, of the named insured, the insured 

vehicle, and a guest in such vehicle.

Id. at 244. Applying Sproles, Judge Murphy concluded that “Lunsford, as the named 

insured, is a class one insured with respect to the NCFB policy . . . . She is also a class 

two insured with respect to Chapman's Nationwide policy as a guest in the insured 

vehicle with consent of the named insured.” Id. 

II. Analysis

¶ 13 All insurers doing business in North Carolina are required to offer UIM 

coverage. See N.C.G.S § 20-279.21(b)(4) (stating that every insurer’s “policy of

liability insurance . . . [s]hall . . . provide underinsured motorist coverage”). “The 

purpose of underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage in our state is to serve as a 

safeguard when tortfeasors’ liability policies do not provide sufficient recovery—that 

is, when the tortfeasors are ‘under insured.’ ” Lunsford v. Mills, 367 N.C. 618, 632 

(2014) (Newby, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). UIM coverage kicks in when 

the insured is injured due to the tortious conduct of another driver. “Following an 
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automobile accident, a tortfeasor's liability coverage is called upon to compensate the 

injured plaintiff, who then turns to his own UIM coverage when the tortfeasor's 

liability coverage is exhausted.” Harris v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 332 N.C. 184, 

188 (1992) (emphasis added); see also Douglas R. Richmond, Issues and Problems in 

“Other Insurance,” Multiple Insurance, and Self-Insurance, 22 Pepp. L. Rev. 1373, 

1420 (1995) (“UIM policies provide first-party coverage” to insureds).

¶ 14 To determine whether Lunsford is entitled to access the UIM coverage she 

purchased from NC Farm Bureau, “[t]he threshold question . . . is whether the tortfeasor’s vehicle is an ‘underinsured highway vehicle’ as the term is used in N.C.G.S. 

§ 20–279.21(b)(4).” Harris, 332 N.C. at 187. Under N.C.G.S. § 20–279.21(b)(4), a 

vehicle is an “underinsured highway vehicle” if 

the sum of the limits of liability under all bodily injury 

liability bonds and insurance policies applicable at the time 

of the accident is less than the applicable limits of 

underinsured motorist coverage for the vehicle involved in 

the accident and insured under the owner's policy.

¶ 15 Everyone agrees that the only bodily injury liability insurance policy 

“applicable at the time of the accident” is Lunsford’s Nationwide policy, and that 

Lunsford’s NC Farm Bureau UIM policy is an “applicable” UIM coverage limit. The 

crux of the parties’ dispute is whether Chapman’s Nationwide UIM coverage limit is 

also an “applicable limit of underinsured motorist coverage for the vehicle involved 

in the accident and insured under the owner’s policy.” Lunsford says it is. NC Farm 
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Bureau says it is not.

¶ 16 Because of each policy’s respective limits, the answer to this question is 

dispositive in this case. If the Nationwide UIM coverage limit is “applicable,” then—

under Court of Appeals precedent which NC Farm Bureau does not challenge—

Lunsford is entitled to stack the Nationwide UIM coverage limit ($50,000) with the 

NC Farm Bureau coverage limit ($50,000). Benton, 195 N.C. App. at 92 (“UIM 

coverage may be stacked interpolicy to calculate the applicable limits of underinsured 

motorist coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident for the purpose of 

determining if the tortfeasor's vehicle is an ‘underinsured highway vehicle.’ ”). If 

Lunsford is entitled to stack the Nationwide and NC Farm Bureau UIM coverage 

limits, “the sum of the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds and 

insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident” (Nationwide’s $50,000 bodily 

injury coverage limit) would be “less than the applicable limits of underinsured 

motorist coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident and insured under the 

owner's policy” (the $100,000 in stacked UIM coverage limits), and Chapman’s vehicle 

would be “underinsured.” If the Nationwide UIM coverage limit is not “applicable,” 

then it cannot be stacked with Lunsford’s NC Farm Bureau coverage limit, the bodily 

injury liability coverage limit ($50,000) would be equal to the sum of the “applicable” 

UIM coverage limits ($50,000), and Chapman’s vehicle would not be “underinsured.”

¶ 17 Initially, we reject the distinction the majority below relied upon in arriving at 
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its conclusion that Chapman’s Nationwide coverage limit was not “applicable” within 

the meaning of N.C.GS. § 20-279.21(b)(4). As Judge Murphy’s dissent correctly 

explains, there are two “classes” of “persons insured” set forth in N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(b)(3), “Class I” insureds (named insureds and relatives who reside in the 

insured’s household) and “Class II” insureds (individuals using a vehicle with the 

driver’s consent). Lunsford is plainly a “Class I” insured with regards to the NC Farm 

Bureau policy and a “Class II” insured with regards to the Nationwide policy.

Therefore, the fact that Lunsford is not a relative who resides in Chapman’s

household is irrelevant. NC Farm Bureau acknowledges as much—in their 

presentation to this Court, they concede that “it is undisputed that Lunsford was an 

insured of Chapman’s UIM coverage . . . because she was occupying Chapman’s 

vehicle and the [c]ourt’s opinion does not explain why her status as a Class II insured 

of the Chapman policy prevents that policy from being applicable within the meaning 

of N.C.GS. § 20-279.21(b)(4).” 

¶ 18 Rather than defend the Court of Appeals’ reasoning—or ask this Court to 

overrule Benton and other cases recognizing the propriety of interpolicy stacking—

NC Farm Bureau contends that interpolicy stacking is not permitted in this case 

because Chapman was a Tennessee resident who entered into a contract with 

Nationwide in Tennessee. In NC Farm Bureau’s view, Chapman’s Nationwide 

contract does not incorporate North Carolina’s FRA, and it need not, because it was 
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executed in Tennessee and North Carolina lacks any substantial connection to 

Chapman or the accident at issue. By extension, NC Farm Bureau contends that the 

terms of the Nationwide contract, which incorporate Tennessee’s definition of an 

underinsured motor vehicle, supply the definition to be applied in determining 

whether Chapman’s vehicle is underinsured. It is uncontroverted that under the 

relevant Tennessee statute, Tenn. Code § 56-7-1201(2), Chapman’s vehicle cannot be 

underinsured.

¶ 19 To be clear, NC Farm Bureau does not dispute that (1) Lunsford is seeking 

UIM coverage under her own insurance policy issued by NC Farm Bureau pursuant 

to a contract entered into in North Carolina, (2) all automobile accident insurance 

policies executed in North Carolina necessarily incorporate North Carolina’s FRA, 

and (3) this Court must apply North Carolina law when interpreting an insurance 

policy issued in North Carolina to a North Carolina insured. What NC Farm Bureau 

appears to be arguing is that North Carolina law requires us to look to the terms of 

Chapman’s Nationwide policy to ascertain whether the UIM coverage limit contained 

therein is an “applicable limit[ ] of underinsured motorist coverage for the vehicle 

involved in the accident and insured under the owner's policy.” N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(b)(4) (emphasis added). As we understand it, NC Farm Bureau’s position can 

be articulated as follows: When an individual is injured by a driver’s tortious conduct, 

the driver’s UIM coverage limit is not an “applicable limit[ ] of underinsured motorist 
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coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident and insured under the owner's policy” 

which can be stacked with the injured party’s UIM coverage limit if, under the terms 

of the tortfeasor’s contract, the vehicle is not underinsured.

¶ 20 The essential question in this case is one of statutory interpretation: What did 

the General Assembly intend by using the phrase “applicable limits of underinsured 

motorist coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident and insured under the 

owner's policy” in N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4)? “The primary objective of statutory 

interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature.” Lunsford 

v. Mills, 367 N.C. at 623. “The intent of the General Assembly may be found first from 

the plain language of the statute, then from the legislative history, the spirit of the 

act and what the act seeks to accomplish.” Lenox, Inc. v. Tolson, 353 N.C. 659, 664 

(2001) (cleaned up). Thus, we begin with the statutory language the General 

Assembly selected. “If the language of a statute is clear, the court must implement 

the statute according to the plain meaning of its terms so long as it is reasonable to 

do so.” Id. If the language is ambiguous or susceptible to multiple meanings, we turn 

to the other sources to identify the General Assembly’s intent.

¶ 21 Read in context, the General Assembly’s choice of the term “applicable” does 

not unambiguously answer the question of whether an injured party is or is not 

permitted to stack the tortfeasor’s UIM coverage limit under these circumstances. 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines applicable as “1. Capable of being applied; fit and 
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right to be applied. 2. (Of a rule, regulation, law, etc.) affecting or relating to a 

particular person, group, or situation; having direct relevance.” Black’s Law 

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Citing a similar dictionary definition, NC Farm Bureau 

argues that “[t]he UIM coverage of Chapman’s policy is not capable of being applied 

to Lunsford’s claim because the policy provisions, and the applicable Tennessee 

statutes, preclude her vehicle from being an underinsured vehicle for the UIM 

coverage of her policy.” 

¶ 22 But this tautological proposition smuggles into the FRA the very premise NC 

Farm Bureau seeks to uncover in the statutory text. The provision does not state that 

“applicable” means “contained in a policy which would by its own terms define the 

tortfeasor’s vehicle as underinsured.” The text contains only the phrase “applicable 

limits.” The question before this Court is what meaning the General Assembly 

intended to communicate by including that phrase. NC Farm Bureau offers one 

possible answer, but that answer cannot be derived from the text alone, and we must 

not read into a statute “language that simply is not there.” Boseman v. Jarrell, 364 

N.C. 537, 554 (2010) (Hudson, J., dissenting); see also Borden v. United States, 141 

S.Ct. 1817, 1829 (2021) (“[W]e must construe the [statutory clause] as it is—without 

first inserting the word[s] that will (presto!) produce the dissent’s reading.”).

¶ 23 Benton and the other cases construing N.C.G.S. § 20–279.21(b)(4) to allow 

interpolicy stacking do not precisely define the phrase “applicable limits.” Still, 
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nothing in those cases supports NC Farm Bureau’s proposed construction. In 

Benton—which, we reiterate, NC Farm Bureau does not challenge—the Court of 

Appeals did not refer to the tortfeasor’s state of residence. The Court of Appeals 

explicitly rejected the tortfeasor’s insurer’s effort to define “underinsured motor 

vehicle” in accordance with the terms of the tortfeasor’s UIM policy, instead defining 

“underinsured motor vehicle” in accordance with the terms of the FRA. Benton, 195 

N.C. App. at 91–92 (“Because the [FRA] specifically defines ‘underinsured highway 

vehicle[,]’ . . . we turn to the Act and the cases interpreting it without regard to the 

definition of the term in the [tortfeasor’s] policy.”). In applying the definition supplied 

by the FRA, the Benton court without further explanation treated “the UIM coverage 

for the vehicle owned by the [tortfeasor] policy holder” as “applicable.” Id. at 97.

¶ 24 Even though Benton interpreted and applied N.C.G.S. § 20–279.21(b)(4), the 

decision contains no reference to the fact NC Farm Bureau and the dissent now claims 

was dispositive.2 Acknowledging this omission, NC Farm Bureau invites us to take 

2 Although Benton is not controlling, it is also not irrelevant, as the dissent suggests. 

In addition to not asking this Court to consider whether Benton was wrongly decided, NC 

Farm Bureau does not dispute that Benton was the governing law at the time it entered into 

an insurance contract with Lunsford. Thus, although we undoubtedly have the authority to 

displace Benton, doing so sua sponte would risk depriving the parties of the benefit of the 

bargain they struck. Further, we find it notable that the General Assembly has not acted in 

a way that evinces disagreement with Benton in the years since that case was decided. See, 

e.g., Brown v. Kindred Nursing Centers E., L.L.C., 364 N.C. 76, 83 (2010) (“[L]egislative 

acquiescence is especially persuasive on issues of statutory interpretation. When the 

legislature chooses not to amend a statutory provision that has received a specific 

interpretation, we assume lawmakers are satisfied with that interpretation.”).
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“judicial notice” that the record in Benton indicates the tortfeasor’s insurance contract 

was executed in North Carolina. We decline the invitation to read Benton as turning 

on a fact which, upon close examination of the decision itself, appears to have been 

entirely extraneous to the court’s reasoning and ultimate holding. We are 

unconvinced by NC Farm Bureau’s effort to find in Benton a legal rule the court did 

not propound.

¶ 25 Instead, we understand the General Assembly’s use of the phrase “applicable 

limits” to refer to the UIM coverage limits contained within the insurance policy

covering the tortfeasor’s vehicle, in a circumstance such as this one where the 

tortfeasor is the driver and the injured party is a passenger seeking to access the UIM 

coverage contained within his or her own policy incorporating North Carolina’s FRA. 

This interpretation is consistent with “the spirit of the [FRA] and what the [FRA] 

seeks to accomplish.” Lenox, 353 N.C. at 664 (cleaned up).

¶ 26 “The avowed purpose of the Financial Responsibility Act, of which N.C.G.S. 

§ 20–279.21(b)(4) is a part, is to compensate the innocent victims of financially 

irresponsible motorists. It is a remedial statute to be liberally construed so that the 

beneficial purpose intended by its enactment may be accomplished.” Sutton v. Aetna 

Cas. & Sur. Co., 325 N.C. 259, 265 (1989) (citation omitted). Interpreting the 

ambiguous language contained in N.C.G.S. § 20–279.21(b)(4) to permit interpolicy 

stacking in this circumstance is “[i]n keeping with the purpose of the [FRA]” because 
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it allows injured North Carolina insureds to access the UIM coverage they paid for in 

a greater number of circumstances, reducing the likelihood that the costs of the 

damage caused by an underinsured tortfeasor will be borne by the insured alone.

Benton, 195 N.C. App. at 92; see also Proctor v. North Carolina Farm Bureau Mut. 

Ins. Co., 324 N.C. 221, 225 (1989) (“[T]he statute's general purpose, which has not 

been changed, is best served when the statute is interpreted to provide the innocent 

victim with the fullest possible protection.”). The magnitude of North Carolina’s 

interest in protecting insureds in no way depends upon the state in which the 

tortfeasor executed his or her insurance contract. Nor is there any reason to look to 

another state’s law in defining the circumstances under which a North Carolina 

insured can access UIM coverage under his or her own insurance policy.

¶ 27 Further, NC Farm Bureau’s proposed interpretation does not reflect the way

UIM coverage functions. UIM coverage becomes available to an insured from his or 

her own insurer when the damage caused by a tortfeasor exceeds the tortfeasor’s 

bodily injury liability coverage limits. The circumstances under which an insured will 

be able to claim UIM benefits are dictated by the terms and limits of the insured’s 

own contract with his or her insurer—and, by extension when the insurance contract 

is executed in North Carolina, the provisions of the FRA. See, e.g., Lunsford v. Mills, 

367 N.C. at 635 (2014) (Newby, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (“[A]n 

insured plaintiff's UIM recovery ‘is controlled contractually by the amount of the UIM 
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policy limits purchased and available to her.’ ”) (quoting Nikiper v. Motor Club of Am. 

Cos., 232 N.J. Super. 393, 398–99, certification denied, 117 N.J. 139 (1989)). It follows 

logically that the availability of UIM coverage to the insured—which hinges upon the 

threshold determination of whether a vehicle is underinsured—should be dictated by 

the terms of the bargain struck by the insured and the insurer, not by the terms of 

the bargain struck by the tortfeasor with his or her insurer. The availability of the 

UIM coverage Lunsford obtained should not be contingent on the tortfeasor 

fortuitously residing in a state whose elected officials share the North Carolina 

General Assembly’s concern for protecting injured insureds to the same extent.

¶ 28 If it were Chapman seeking to recover UIM benefits from Nationwide after an 

accident caused by Lunsford’s tortious driving, then the terms of the Nationwide 

contract would supply the definition of an “underinsured vehicle.”

3 But the very 

reason an insurance contract includes a UIM coverage provision is to define the 

circumstances under which another vehicle (the one driven by the tortfeasor) is to be 

considered underinsured, for the purpose of establishing when the insurer’s 

obligation to disburse UIM benefits is triggered. The definition of an underinsured 

3 If this circumstance were presented to this Court, we would be called upon to 

interpret a contract executed in Tennessee incorporating Tennessee law, and NC Farm 

Bureau’s argument that the Full Faith and Credit Clause of Art IV. § 1 of the United States 

Constitution might be relevant. However, in this case, we are called upon to interpret a 

contract executed in North Carolina ordering the relations between two North Carolina 

residents which incorporated North Carolina law.
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Opinion of the Court

motor vehicle that a North Carolina insured agrees to with his or her insurer does 

not incorporate or in any way depend upon the definition that would be operative if 

it were the tortfeasor who was seeking to recover under his or her own insurance 

policy.

¶ 29 It is not at all anomalous that a vehicle might be considered “underinsured” as 

that term is defined in a North Carolina contract incorporating the FRA, but not 

“underinsured” as that term is defined in an out-of-state contract incorporating that 

state’s insurance laws. Out of concern for the consequences of leaving North Carolina 

insureds vulnerable to financial ruin, or even simply being undercompensated, when 

they are harmed by irresponsible drivers, North Carolina has chosen to mandate that 

insurers make UIM coverage available in a circumstance where Tennessee has not. 

To give effect to the public policy considerations motivating the General Assembly’s 

legislative choice, and to honor the bargains struck by North Carolinians with their 

insurers in light of the North Carolina FRA, we must apply the definition of an 

“underinsured motor vehicle” chosen by the representatives of the people of North 

Carolina, not the one chosen by the representatives of the people of Tennessee. See 

Fortune Ins. Co. v. Owens, 351 N.C. 424, 428 (2000) (“[A]n automobile insurance 

contract should be interpreted and the rights and liabilities of the parties thereto 

determined in accordance with the laws of the state where the contract was 

entered.”). Therefore, we hold that the UIM coverage limit contained in Chapman’s 
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Opinion of the Court

Nationwide policy is an “applicable” limit within the meaning of N.C.G.S. § 20–

279.21(b)(4).4

III. Conclusion

¶ 30 When a passenger who has previously obtained UIM coverage pursuant to a 

contract executed in North Carolina is injured while travelling in a vehicle driven by 

someone else, and the injury results from that driver’s tortious conduct, the driver’s 

UIM coverage limits are “applicable” within the meaning of N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(b)(4). Under these circumstances, the injured passenger is entitled to stack 

the driver’s UIM coverage limit with the limits contained in the passenger’s own 

policy for the purposes of determining whether the vehicle is an “underinsured motor 

vehicle” within the meaning of his or her own policy, which necessarily incorporates 

North Carolina’s FRA. In this case, after stacking the applicable Nationwide and NC 

Farm Bureau coverage limits, Chapman’s vehicle is “underinsured” as that term is 

defined in N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4). Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the 

Court of Appeals and remand to the trial court for entry of an order granting a 

declaratory judgment in favor of Judy Lunsford.

REVERSED.

4 Because we reach this conclusion based upon our interpretation of Lunsford’s NC 

Farm Bureau insurance contract and the North Carolina FRA, we do not reach the question 

of whether the “conformity clause” in Chapman’s Nationwide insurance contract incorporates 

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4).
Justice BARRINGER, dissenting.

¶ 31 This matter concerns the underinsured motorist bodily injury coverage in the 

insurance policy between North Carolina Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, 

Inc. (Farm Bureau) and Judy Lunsford (Lunsford Policy). The material facts are 

undisputed and the law well-established. However, the majority assumes the role of 

the legislature in this matter and ignores our well-established principles for the 

construction of insurance policies and the determination of what law applies to 

insurance policies. Applying the plain language of the statute enacted by the North 

Carolina legislature to a policy entered in North Carolina and Tennessee law to a 

policy entered in Tennessee, consistent with our precedent, clearly leads to affirming 

the trial court’s granting of judgment on the pleadings in Farm Bureau’s favor. 

Therefore, I respectfully dissent.1

I. Background

¶ 32 Lunsford, while a resident of North Carolina, applied in North Carolina for and 

was issued in North Carolina the Lunsford Policy from Farm Bureau. The named 

insured for the Lunsford Policy was Lunsford, and the Lunsford Policy covered a 2016 

Toyota RAV4, which at all relevant times, was titled and registered to Lunsford in 

1 However, we agree with the majority and the parties to this appeal that the Court 

of Appeals erred in its application of the classes of insured. N.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 

Inc. v. Lunsford, 271 N.C. App. 234, 238–39 (2020). In this matter, it is undisputed that 

Lunsford was an insured under Chapman’s underinsured motorist coverage.
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North Carolina. The Lunsford Policy provided uninsured and underinsured motorist 

bodily injury coverage of $50,000 per person/$100,000 per accident.

¶ 33 While a passenger in a 2015 Chevrolet Silverado (Silverado) owned by and 

being driven by Levonda Chapman, a resident of Tennessee, Lunsford was seriously 

injured as a result of Chapman’s negligent driving. The accident occurred in 

Alabama. At the time of the accident, Chapman’s Silverado was covered by an 

automobile insurance policy between Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 

(Nationwide) and Chapman (Chapman Policy), which provided bodily injury liability 

coverage of $50,000 per person/$100,000 per occurrence and underinsured motorist 

coverage of $50,000 per person/$100,000 per occurrence. The Chapman Policy was 

entered into in Tennessee. Nationwide offered the policy limit of the Chapman Policy 

bodily injury liability coverage, $50,000, to Lunsford.

¶ 34 The dispute between Lunsford and Farm Bureau concerns whether Chapman’s 

vehicle was an underinsured highway vehicle. As relevant to this appeal, the 

underinsured motorist coverage under the Lunsford Policy applies when “[Lunsford] 

is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an underinsured [highway] 

vehicle because of bodily injury sustained by [her] and caused by the accident.” 

Recognizing that the definition of underinsured highway vehicle in the Lunsford 

Policy is narrower than the applicable subsection of the statute, N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(b)(4), enacted by the North Carolina legislature, Farm Bureau conceded that 

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4) prevails over the narrower policy provision in the Lunsford 
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Policy. Subsection 20-279.21(b)(4) of the General Statutes of North Carolina defines 

underinsured highway vehicle as

a highway vehicle with respect to the ownership, 

maintenance, or use of which, the sum of the limits of 

liability under all bodily injury liability bonds and 

insurance policies applicable at the time of the accident is 

less than the applicable limits of underinsured motorist 

coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident and 

insured under the owner’s policy. For purposes of an 

underinsured motorist claim asserted by a person injured 

in an accident where more than one person is injured, a 

highway vehicle will also be an “underinsured highway 

vehicle” if the total amount actually paid to that person 

under all bodily injury liability bonds and insurance 

policies applicable at the time of the accident is less than 

the applicable limits of underinsured motorist coverage for 

the vehicle involved in the accident and insured under the 

owner’s policy. Notwithstanding the immediately 

preceding sentence, a highway vehicle shall not be an 

“underinsured motor vehicle” for purposes of an 

underinsured motorist claim under an owner’s policy 

insuring that vehicle unless the owner’s policy insuring 

that vehicle provides underinsured motorist coverage with 

limits that are greater than that policy’s bodily injury 

liability limits.

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4) (2019).

¶ 35 Farm Bureau also acknowledges that the Court of Appeals has construed the 

legislature’s use of the plural “limits” in the phrase “less than the applicable limits” 

to allow interpolicy stacking of applicable policies and does not challenge this holding

in this matter. See Benton v. Hanford, 195 N.C. App. 88, 92–93 (2009); N.C. Farm 

Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bost, 126 N.C. App. 42, 50–51 (1997). Instead, Farm Bureau 

contends that the Chapman Policy is not an applicable policy. Specifically, the 
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Chapman Policy excludes from the definition of underinsured highway vehicle2 the 

Silverado—as both a vehicle insured under the liability coverage of the Chapman 

Policy and a vehicle operated by the insured, Chapman. This exclusion is consistent 

with the statutes enacted by the Tennessee legislature defining an uninsured 

highway vehicle for purposes of uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage. See

Tenn. Code §§ 56-7-1201, -1202 (2016).

¶ 36 Lunsford does not dispute that the Chapman Policy is an insurance contract 

entered into in Tennessee by a Tennessee resident or the construction of the 

Chapman Policy under Tennessee law presented by Farm Bureau. Instead, Lunsford, 

relying on Benton, appears to contend that the definition of underinsured highway 

vehicle in the statute enacted by the North Carolina legislature applies to every 

policy, including the Chapman Policy. Thus, according to Lunsford, we ignore the 

plain language of the Chapman Policy and Tennessee law. Lunsford also argues 

Tennessee law does not apply because injury to a North Carolina resident is sufficient 

to establish a close connection with North Carolina and require the application of 

North Carolina law to the construction of the policy as in Collins & Aikman Corp. v. 

Hartford Acc. & Indemnity Co., 335 N.C. 91 (1993). Lastly, Lunsford raised in her 

reply before the Court of Appeals and her brief with this Court that a financial 

2 The Chapman Policy and the Tennessee statutes use the term “uninsured motor 

vehicle.” Because the distinction in the terms is not significant and to aid the reader, the 

term “underinsured highway vehicle” is also used when referring to the Chapman Policy and 

the Tennessee statutes.
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responsibility provision in the Chapman Policy dictates the application of North 

Carolina law in this matter.

II. Construction of Insurance Policies

¶ 37 “This Court has long recognized its duty to construe and enforce insurance 

policies as written, without rewriting the contract or disregarding the express 

language used.” Fid. Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Dortch, 318 N.C. 378, 380 (1986). 

“However, when a statute is applicable to the terms of an insurance policy, the 

provisions of the statute become a part of the policy as if written into it.” Bray v. N.C. 

Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 341 N.C. 678, 682 (1995). Thus, the policy is construed 

in accordance with its written terms unless a binding statute, regulation, or order 

requires a different construction. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Shelby Mut. Ins. Co., 269 N.C. 

341, 345 (1967). When unambiguous, the plain language of the policy controls, N.C. 

Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Martin, 376 N.C. 280, 286 (2020), or if superseded by a 

binding statute, the plain language of the statute controls, see generally Fid. Bank v. 

N.C. Dep’t of Revenue, 370 N.C. 10, 20 (2017).

Where a policy defines a term, that definition is to be used. 

If no definition is given, non-technical words are to be given 

their meaning in ordinary speech, unless the context 

clearly indicates another meaning was intended. The 

various terms of the policy are to be harmoniously 

construed, and if possible, every word and every provision 

is to be given effect.

Woods v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 295 N.C. 500, 505–06 (1978). This Court regularly 

looks to non-legal dictionaries to determine plain meaning for policies and statutes. 
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See, e.g., Raleigh Hous. Auth. v. Winston, 376 N.C. 790, 2021-NCSC-16, ¶ 8 (2021); 

Martin, 376 N.C. at 287.

¶ 38 When a provision of an insurance policy is ambiguous, the provision will be 

given the meaning most favorable to the insured. Shelby Mut., 269 N.C. at 346.

However, “[t]he terms of another contract between different parties cannot affect the 

proper construction of the provisions of an insurance policy.” Id. Rather,

[t]he existence of the second contract, whether an 

insurance policy or otherwise, may or may not be an event 

which sets in operation or shuts off the liability of the 

insurance company under its own policy. Whether it does 

or does not have such effect, first requires the construction 

of the policy to determine what event will set in operation 

or shut off the company’s liability and, second, requires a 

construction of the other contract, or policy, to determine 

whether it constitutes such an event.

Id.

¶ 39 In this matter, Farm Bureau has argued that the language written into the 

Lunsford Policy of N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4)—“the applicable limits of underinsured 

motorist coverage”—is clear and unambiguous. Farm Bureau, relying on the 

definition from the American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, identifies 

that the plain meaning of “applicable” as “[c]apable of being applied; relevant or 

appropriate.” Applicable, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

(5th ed. 2020), https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=applicable. Lunsford 

has neither disputed that the language is unambiguous nor disputed or offered an 

alternative plain meaning of the term “applicable.”
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¶ 40 The language is unambiguous. Thus, the statutory language and policy 

language of the Lunsford Policy provide that only underinsured motorist coverage

capable of being applied are added together, i.e., stacked, for purposes of determining 

whether the threshold requirement of an underinsured highway vehicle is met under 

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4). Thus, in order for Lunsford to prevail, she would have to 

prove that the underinsured motorist coverage of the Chapman Policy is capable of 

being applied. See Martin, 376 N.C. at 285 (“The party seeking coverage under an 

insurance policy bears the burden ‘to allege and prove coverage.’ ” (quoting Brevard 

v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 262 N.C. 458, 461 (1964)). In this case, which state’s 

law applies determines whether the underinsured motorist coverage of the Chapman 

Policy is capable of being applied.

¶ 41 Adopting Lunsford’s argument as done by the majority requires this Court to 

omit the word “applicable” and read the statute as:

An “uninsured motor vehicle,” as described in subdivision 

(3) of this subsection, includes an “underinsured highway 

vehicle,” which means a highway vehicle with respect to 

the ownership, maintenance, or use of which, the sum of 

the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds 

and insurance policies applicable at the time of the 

accident is less than the . . . limits of underinsured motorist 

coverage for the vehicle involved in the accident and 

insured under the owner’s policy.

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4). This construction clearly disregards established canons of 

construction for statutes and insurance policies that, when possible, “every word and 

every provision is to be given effect,” Woods, 295 N.C. at 506.
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¶ 42 The majority’s construction also does not serve the avowed purpose of the 

Motor Vehicle Safety and Financial Responsibility Act (the Act) “to require financial 

responsibility of reckless, inefficient and irresponsible operators of motor vehicles 

involved in accidents.” Howell v. Travelers Indem. Co., 237 N.C. 227, 232 (1953). This 

case does not involve mandatory or compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance to 

protect against the financial irresponsibility of reckless drivers. Underinsured 

motorist coverage is optional for the insured. Comp. N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(4) with

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(2), (3); see also Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Becks, 123 

N.C. App. 489, 493–94 (1996) (rejecting defendants’ suggestion that underinsured 

motorist coverage “is ‘required’ or ‘deemed mandatory’ in all liability policies”). Our 

legislature also specifically provided in subsection 20-279.21(n) of the General 

Statutes of North Carolina that “[n]othing in this section shall be construed to provide 

greater amounts of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage in a liability policy 

than the insured has purchased from the insurer under this section.” N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(n). Ironically, the construction adopted by the majority also results in 

Chapman’s vehicle being deemed an underinsured highway vehicle when Chapman’s 

vehicle has the same liability coverage amounts as Lunsford’s policy amounts for 

underinsurance. The majority’s decision, thus, provides compensation for Lunsford 

exceeding her purchase as an insured and may have the effect of limiting the options 

available to residents in North Carolina for underinsured motorist coverage by 

increasing the costs of underinsured motorist coverage beyond the means of some. 
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Thus, while the Act is remedial and to be liberally construed, Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. 

Pennington, 356 N.C. 571, 573–74 (2002), substituting the Court’s judgment and 

words for that of the legislature, especially when it may undermine the beneficial 

purposes of the Act, is not appropriate. See Howell, 237 N.C. at 232 (“Whether [the 

Act] ought to be brought more nearly into harmony with its declared object is a 

legislative and not a judicial matter.”).

III. Choice of Law

¶ 43 This Court has held in accordance with the principles of lex loci contractus that 

an automobile insurance policy “should be interpreted and the rights and liabilities 

of the parties thereto determined in accordance with the laws of the state where the 

contract was entered even if the liability of the insured arose out of an accident in 

North Carolina.” Fortune Ins. Co. v. Owens, 351 N.C. 424, 428 (2000) (citing Roomy 

v. Allstate Ins. Co., 256 N.C. 318, 322 (1962)). However, this Court in Collins

construed N.C.G.S. § 58-3-1 as recognizing an exception to the general rule of lex loci 

contractus “where a close connection exists between this State and the interests 

insured by an insurance policy.” Id. (citing Collins, 335 N.C. at 95). Collins

acknowledged that when a policy was purchased in another state, owned by a resident 

of another state, and for a vehicle titled in another state, the policy is governed by the 

law of the state in which the policy was issued. Collins, 335 N.C. at 94 (1993) (citing 

Connor v. Insurance Co., 265 N.C. 188, 190 (1965); Roomy, 256 N.C. at 322). However, 

Collins involved an umbrella/excess liability insurance policy covering the wrongful 
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acts of agents of the insured with property predominately in North Carolina—ninetyseven trucks titled in North Carolina where the insured’s transportation division was 

located. Id. at 93–95. Given this close connection between North Carolina and the 

interests insured, the Court in Collins applied North Carolina law instead of the law 

of the state where the policy was issued. Id. at 95.

¶ 44 The Chapman Policy, however, did not insure any property in North Carolina. 

Also, as the accident did not occur in North Carolina, neither the Silverado, 

Chapman, nor Lunsford were in North Carolina at the time of the liability triggering 

event. Thus, Lunsford’s reliance on Collins for the proposition that North Carolina 

has a close connection to the interests insured under the Chapman Policy is 

misplaced.

¶ 45 The Court of Appeals decision in Benton, relied on by Lunsford, also does not 

support Lunsford’s position. Not only is this decision not binding on this Court, but it 

is not relevant to the dispute. Benton did not involve or address a policy entered 

outside of North Carolina. See 195 N.C. App. at 89–90.3

3 The majority dismisses but does not deny that Benton did not involve or address a 

policy entered outside of North Carolina. While the Benton opinion does not expressly state 

that it addresses policies entered outside or inside of North Carolina, it is clear from the 

Benton opinion that the argument before this Court concerning the impact of an out-of-state 

policy was not decided by the Benton court. Thus, we neither ignore Farm Bureau’s argument 

nor precedent from this Court. We are also mindful that even when our rulings do not 

implicate the Full Faith and Credit Clause of Art IV. § 1 of the United States Constitution, 

we should not only consider our law where consideration for other sovereigns in this 

federation is due.
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¶ 46 Instead, this case is more analogous to Owens where this Court found no error 

in the trial court’s conclusion that no significant connections existed between the 

tortfeasor’s policy and North Carolina where the policy was issued to the tortfeasor 

in Florida, the insured vehicle involved in the accident had a Florida identification 

number and Florida license plate, the tortfeasor had a Florida license, the tortfeasor 

never had a North Carolina license, and the accident occurred in North Carolina. 351 

N.C. at 428–29. In Owens, the location at the time of the accident was casual, and all 

significant connections occurred in Florida. See id. at 429. As a result, this Court 

concluded the policy “must be construed in accordance with Florida law.” Id.

¶ 47 In this matter, it is undisputed that the policy was purchased in Tennessee, 

owned by a Tennessee resident, and covered a vehicle owned by a Tennessee resident. 

The accident also did not occur in North Carolina. Thus, all the significant 

connections occurred in Tennessee. The residency of the passenger at the time of the 

accident occurred by chance, just as the location of the accident occurred by chance 

in Owens. Thus, Tennessee law applies to the Chapman Policy. The residency of a 

passenger in North Carolina at the time of the accident by itself does not constitute 

a sufficient connection to warrant application of North Carolina law.4

4 Lunsford’s final argument that the financial responsibility provision, located in the 

Auto Liability section of the Chapman Policy, mandates that North Carolina law applies to 

the Chapman Policy in this matter was not raised before the trial court and was presented 

for consideration for the first time on appeal in her reply before the Court of Appeals. This 

Court, however, “has long held that where a theory argued on appeal was not raised before 

the trial court, ‘the law does not permit parties to swap horses between courts in order to get 
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¶ 48 As it is undisputed that underinsured motorist coverage is not capable of being 

applied under Tennessee law in the facts of this case, there are no “limits of 

underinsured motorist coverage,” applicable under the Chapman Policy. See N.C.G.S. 

§ 20-279.21(b)(4). Hence, the underinsured motorist coverage limits under the 

Chapman Policy of $50,000 per person/$100,000 per accident cannot be stacked, i.e., 

added to the underinsured motorist coverage under the Lunsford Policy. Because the 

“sum of the limits of liability under all bodily injury liability bonds and insurance 

policies applicable at the time of the accident,” $50,000 per person/$100,000 per 

accident under the Chapman Policy, is not less than the sum of “the applicable limits 

of underinsured motorist coverage,” $50,000 per person/$100,000 per accident under 

the Lunsford Policy, there is no underinsured highway vehicle. N.C.G.S. § 20-

279.21(b)(4). Absent an underinsured highway vehicle, Lunsford cannot satisfy the 

statutory and policy requirement for underinsured motorist coverage in North 

Carolina—that the insured person, Lunsford, be legally entitled to recover bodily 

damages from the owner or operator of an underinsured highway vehicle. See

N.C.G.S. § 20-279.21(b)(3), (4).

a better mount in the Supreme Court.’ ” State v. Sharpe, 344 N.C. 190, 194 (1996) (quoting 

Weil v. Herring, 207 N.C. 6, 10 (1934)). Because this is a new theory for the application of 

North Carolina law not raised before the trial court, it is not appropriate for this Court to 

address this argument.
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IV. Conclusion

¶ 49 Applying the plain language of the statute dictates that the underinsured 

motorist coverage of the Chapman Policy must be capable of being applied to be 

stacked. As Tennessee law applies to the Chapman Policy and excludes underinsured 

motorist coverage in the facts of this case, the trial court’s judgment in favor of Farm 

Bureau should be affirmed.

Chief Justice NEWBY and Justice BERGER join in this dissenting opinion.