COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Moon, Judge Bray and Senior Judge Duff 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

PRESTON MILLS, JR. 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 1758-95-4 CHIEF JUDGE NORMAN K. MOON 

 MAY 28, 1996 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY 

James W. Haley, Jr., Judge 

 Bradford F. Johnson (Johnson & Walker, P.C., 

on brief), for appellant. 

 Michael T. Judge, Assistant Attorney General 

(James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on 

brief), for appellee. 

 Preston Mills, Jr. appeals from his conviction of 

distribution of cocaine. He claims that hearsay evidence was 

improperly admitted against him, and that the evidence was 

insufficient to sustain his conviction. We affirm the 

conviction. 

 On February 10, 1994, Charles Doss was working as an 

undercover officer for the Stafford County Sheriff's Department. 

 He called Sam Brown, whom he knew by voice from prior meetings, 

to discuss purchasing half an ounce of crack cocaine. Over 

defense counsel's objection, Doss testified that Brown had a 

source in Fredericksburg who could get cocaine for Doss and that 

the source's name was "Rabbit." After a series of calls, Doss 

 

 *Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
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and Brown agreed that they would meet at a McDonalds restaurant 

and then drive to a gas station, where Brown would make the buy 

for Doss. The deal was set up in that manner because Brown's 

source did not want to meet face to face with Doss. 

 Brown and Doss met at the McDonalds at about 6:30 p.m. 

Brown's girlfriend, Gina Rowe, drove him to the McDonalds. Brown 

then switched to Doss' vehicle and Rowe drove alone to the gas 

station, where she was to serve as a look-out. Doss had informed 

Detective Ann Jett that the deal was to take place at the gas 

station, and she parked nearby and observed the other cars 

arriving. 

 During the negotiations by telephone, Doss had agreed to pay 

$500 for eleven fifty dollar "rocks" of crack cocaine. On the 

way to the gas station, Doss agreed to pay Brown thirty dollars 

for his help in setting up the deal. Brown also asked for some 

of the cocaine, and when Doss refused he suggested that he could 

just take some of the cocaine before giving it to Doss. Doss 

warned him not to do so. 

 The first car to arrive at the gas station was a white 

Cadillac. Doss' car arrived next, and at Brown's direction Doss 

parked facing the Cadillac. Rowe arrived last, and parked behind 

Doss. It had begun to sleet, and visibility was poor. The 

Cadillac's lights were on, and Doss testified that he could see 

two individuals in the Cadillac other than Brown, but could not 

see their faces due to the glare of the headlights. Brown 
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entered the Cadillac, stayed a minute or two and returned to 

Doss' car with eleven rocks of cocaine. Brown then left with 

Rowe. Doss testified that he did not know whether Brown had 

cocaine with him before they arrived at the gas station. 

 Rowe testified concerning her involvement in the 

transaction. She became aware of the transaction through the 

telephone conversations she heard between Brown and Doss, and 

Brown and "Rabbit." Rowe identified Preston Mills as "Rabbit," 

and stated that she and Brown "dealt with him all the time." 

Rowe also stated that as the Cadillac was leaving the gas 

station, Mills waved to her from the passenger seat. Brown told 

Rowe that he had "pinched" some of Doss' crack and had taken some 

cocaine that Rabbit dropped on the floor. Rowe and Brown smoked 

the stolen crack on the way home. Rowe testified that prior to 

the transaction, Brown had no drugs with him that she knew of. 

 Doss had not met Mills prior to this transaction, but did 

meet him on a subsequent occasion. Doss was with Brown and Rowe, 

and Brown introduced Mills to Doss as "Rabbit." 

 Mills argues first that Brown's statements to Doss, 

"Rabbit," and Rowe were inadmissible hearsay. The Commonwealth 

contends that the statements were admissible as declarations by a 

co-conspirator. When the Commonwealth has established a prima

facie case that a conspiracy has been formed, statements made by 

co-conspirators are admissible against the other conspirators. 

Rabeiro v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 61, 65, 389 S.E.2d 731, 732 
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(1990). The trial need not be on a charge of conspiracy; it is 

sufficient that the crime charged was committed pursuant to the 

conspiracy. See Floyd v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 575, 581-82, 249 

S.E.2d 171, 175 (1978). 

 The prima facie case of conspiracy must be established by 

evidence independent of the hearsay. Rabeiro, 10 Va. App. at 64, 

389 S.E.2d at 732. The existence of a conspiracy, like any other 

fact, may be established by circumstantial evidence. Stultz v. 

Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 439, 443, 369 S.E.2d 215, 217 (1988). 

In reviewing whether evidence was sufficient to establish the 

existence of a conspiracy, we consider the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable 

inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Traverso v. Commonwealth, 

6 Va. App. 172, 176, 366 S.E.2d 719, 721 (1988). 

 The hearsay rule excludes only those statements offered to 

prove the truth of the matter asserted. Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 

222 Va. 213, 216, 279 S.E.2d 155, 157 (1981). Brown's statements 

to "Rabbit" on the telephone were not offered for their truth. 

It is irrelevant whether Brown actually intended to meet "Rabbit" 

at the gas station and pay him for cocaine. His statements to 

that effect were relevant only to explain Rabbit's presence at 

the gas station at the time specified by Brown. Statements 

offered to show their effect on the listener are admissible for 

that purpose. See Upchurch v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 408, 409-10, 

258 S.E.2d 506, 507-08 (1979); Hamm v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 
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150, 156, 428 S.E.2d 517, 521 (1993). Moreover, statements that 

have legal consequences, such as to establish a contract, are not 

hearsay when offered to prove the existence of the contractual 

relationship. Id. at 156, 428 S.E.2d at 521. Therefore, Brown's 

statements to "Rabbit," making an "offer" of a drug deal, were 

admissible without regard to the co-conspirator exception to the 

hearsay rule. 

 Evidence independent of the hearsay, including Brown's 

statements to Rabbit, showed that in response to Doss' request 

for a drug deal, Brown contacted an individual named "Rabbit" to 

offer such a deal. After Brown's conversations with Rabbit, Doss 

and Brown drove to the location proposed by Brown, where Mills 

was waiting. Brown joined Mills in the Cadillac and returned 

with eleven rocks of cocaine. Rowe, who was involved in drug 

transactions with Brown, testified that she and Brown "dealt with 

[Rabbit] all the time." Both Rowe and Doss confirmed that Mills 

and Rabbit were the same person. This evidence, viewed in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, established a prima

facie case of a conspiracy between Brown and Mills. Therefore, 

the testimony describing Brown's conversations with Doss and Rowe 

was admissible as the declarations of a co-conspirator. 

 Mills also argues that the evidence was insufficient to 

convict him of distribution. On appeal, we review the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it 

all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. 
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Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 

537 (1975). In circumstantial cases the Commonwealth must 

exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence that flows from 

the evidence, but not those hypotheses that do not. See Fordham 

v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 235, 239, 409 S.E.2d 829, 831 

(1991). 

 Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the 

evidence showed that Officer Doss' contact, Sam Brown, set up a 

drug transaction with Preston Mills, known as "Rabbit." The 

parties met at the time and place agreed, Brown got into the car 

with Mills, and emerged with the cocaine. Granting the 

Commonwealth the benefit of all reasonable inferences, this 

evidence is sufficient to convict Mills of distribution of 

cocaine. 

 Mills argues that the Commonwealth did not exclude every 

reasonable hypothesis of innocence because there was another 

individual in the Cadillac, and because Brown could have brought 

the cocaine to the gas station himself. As to the first 

argument, all evidence points to Mills, not the unidentified 

driver, as the man with the cocaine. Brown made the arrangements 

with "Rabbit" and then met him at the gas station as planned. 

Brown bragged to his girlfriend that he had stolen some cocaine 

that Rabbit dropped on the floor of the car. The Commonwealth's 

evidence excluded the hypothesis that the driver sold the cocaine 

to Brown. 
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 As to the second argument, Gina Rowe testified that Brown 

had his "stem" (pipe) with him, but no cocaine. As soon as Brown 

stole cocaine from Doss and Rabbit, he and Rowe smoked it. This 

evidence, combined with Rowe's testimony that Brown set up a drug 

transaction with Rabbit, is sufficient to exclude the hypothesis 

that Brown actually provided the cocaine. For these reasons, we 

affirm the conviction. 

 Affirmed.