132 T.C. No. 1

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JEROME R. VAINISI, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

DORIS L. VAINISI, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket Nos. 23699-06, 23701-06. Filed January 15, 2009.

Ps are shareholders in X, an S corporation. X is

the sole shareholder of QSub Bank, a sec. 

1361(b)(3)(B), I.R.C., qualified subch. S subsidiary

bank. In 2003 and 2004, QSub Bank had interest income

relating to qualified tax-exempt obligations (QTEOs). 

On 2003 and 2004 consolidated Federal income tax

returns which included QSub Bank, X deducted the full

amount of interest expenses relating to QSub Bank’s

QTEOs. Subsequently, R, in notices of deficiency to Ps

and, pursuant to sec. 291(a)(3), I.R.C., reduced the

2003 and 2004 interest expense deductions relating to

the QTEOs. 

Held: In calculating taxable income, pursuant to

sec. 1361(b)(3)(A), I.R.C., and sec. 1.1361-4(a)(3), 
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1 Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and in effect for

the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court

Rules of Practice and Procedure.

Income Tax Regs., Ps must, pursuant to sec. 291(a)(3),

I.R.C., reduce interest expense deductions relating to

QSub Bank’s QTEOs. 

 

Frank J. O’Connell, Jr., for petitioners.

Lawrence C. Letkewicz and Christa A. Gruber, for respondent.

OPINION

FOLEY, Judge: After concessions, the sole remaining issue

for decision is whether section 291(a)(3)1 applies to a qualified

subchapter S subsidiary bank. The parties submitted this case

fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122.

Background

Petitioners Jerome Vainisi and Doris Vainisi own 70.29

percent and 29.71 percent, respectively, of First Forest Park

Corp. (First Forest), which was incorporated as a C corporation

in 1973. First Forest owns 100 percent of Forest Park National

Bank and Trust Co. (the Bank), which qualifies as a bank pursuant

to section 581. Effective January 1, 1997, First Forest elected

to be treated as an S corporation pursuant to section 1361(a)(1)

and (b)(1) and for the Bank to be treated as a qualified

subchapter S subsidiary (QSub) pursuant to section 1361(b)(3)(B). 
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In 2003 and 2004, the Bank held debt instruments which,

pursuant to section 265(b)(3)(B), were qualified tax-exempt

obligations (QTEOs). The interest on debt relating to the QTEOs

was subject to more favorable interest deduction disallowance

rules than interest relating to nonqualified tax-exempt

obligations. In 2003, the Bank received $5,879,609 in interest

income, $380,060 of which was attributable to QTEOs. In 2004,

the Bank received $5,487,072 in interest income, $290,575 of

which was attributable to QTEOs. On 2003 and 2004 consolidated

Federal income tax returns which included the Bank, First Forest

deducted interest expenses of $1,269,783 relating to 2003 and

$1,048,994 relating to 2004 (interest expense deductions). First

Forest deducted the entire amount of its interest expenses

relating to the QTEOs. 

In a notice of deficiency issued to Jerome Vainisi on August

21, 2006, respondent determined a $19,204 deficiency relating to

2003, a $17,133 deficiency relating to 2004, and a $3,841

accuracy-related penalty relating to 2003. In a notice of

deficiency issued to Doris Vainisi on the same date, respondent

determined deficiencies of $6,306 and $3,124 relating to 2003 and

2004, respectively. 

On November 20, 2006, petitioners, while residing in

Illinois, filed their petitions with the Court. On August 21, 
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2 Sec. 265(b)(1) provides: “In the case of a financial

institution, no deduction shall be allowed for that portion of

the taxpayer’s interest expense which is allocable to tax-exempt

interest.” (Emphasis added.) 

2007, petitioners’ cases were consolidated pursuant to parties’

joint motion. 

Discussion 

In 1982, Congress enacted section 291, which provides

special rules relating to the tax treatment of corporate

preference items, including financial institution preference

items. See Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982,

Pub. L. 97-248, sec. 204(a), 96 Stat. 423. Section 291(a)(3)

provides that “The amount allowable as a deduction * * * with

respect to any financial institution preference item shall be

reduced by 20 percent.” The 20-percent reduction set forth in

section 291(a)(3) generally applies to “Interest on debt to carry

tax-exempt obligations acquired after December 31, 1982, and

before August 8, 1986”, whereas a total disallowance2 generally

applies to interest on debt to carry tax-exempt obligations

acquired after August 7, 1986. Secs. 291(e)(1)(B), 265(b)(2). 

There are, however, certain obligations issued after August 7,

1986, to which section 291(a)(3) continues to apply. Secs.

291(e)(1)(B)(iv), 265(b)(3). Pursuant to section 265(b)(3)(A),

QTEOs are treated as if they were acquired on August 7, 1986, 
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and, therefore, are subject to the more favorable 20-percent

interest expense reduction set forth in section 291(a)(3). 

In 1996, section 1361, which governs the election and

treatment of S corporations, was amended to allow certain

financial institutions to elect to be treated as S corporations.

See Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (SBJPA), Pub. L.

104-188, sec. 1315, 110 Stat. 1785; sec. 1361(b)(1), (2), and

(3)(A). The amendment also allowed an S corporation to elect to

treat its wholly owned subsidiary as a QSub. See SBJPA sec.

1315; sec. 1361(b)(1), (2), and (3)(A). Because S corporations

are passthrough entities, their items of income and expenses pass

through to, and are reported by, their shareholders. As

originally enacted, section 1361(b)(3)(A) provided that when a

QSub election is made, the subsidiary no longer exists as a

separate corporation and all of its assets, liabilities, items of

income, deductions, and credits are treated as those of the

parent S corporation (disregarded entity rule). See SBJPA sec.

1315.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) was concerned

that the interaction between the disregarded entity rule and

special banking rules created unintended and inappropriate

results. In response, in 1997, Treasury issued guidance alerting

taxpayers to this issue and notifying taxpayers that Treasury was

working with Congress on an appropriate technical correction. 
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See Notice 97-5, 1997-1 C.B. 352. In the same year, Congress

enacted a technical correction to section 1361(b)(3)(A) to

address Treasury’s concern. See Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997,

Pub. L. 105-34, sec. 1601, 111 Stat. 1086. As amended, section

1361(b)(3)(A) provides: 

In general.--Except as provided in regulations

prescribed by the Secretary, for purposes of this

title--

 (i) a corporation which is a qualified subchapter

S subsidiary shall not be treated as a separate

corporation, and

 (ii) all assets, liabilities, and items of income,

deduction, and credit of a qualified subchapter S

subsidiary shall be treated as assets, liabilities,

and such items (as the case may be) of the S

corporation. [Language added by amendment

underscored.] 

Thus, the technical correction to section 1361(b)(3)(A) grants

the Secretary the authority to issue regulations providing

exceptions to the disregarded entity rule. In January 2000, the

Secretary issued the final version of section 1.1361-4(a)(3),

Income Tax Regs., which states: 

 (3) Treatment of banks.--(i) In general.--If an S

corporation is a bank, or if an S corporation makes a

valid QSub election for a subsidiary that is a bank,

any special rules applicable to banks under the

Internal Revenue Code continue to apply separately to

the bank parent or bank subsidiary as if the deemed

liquidation of any QSub under paragraph (a)(2) of this

section had not occurred (except as other published

guidance may apply section 265(b) and section 291(a)(3)

and (e)(1)(B) not only to the bank parent or bank

subsidiary but also to any QSub deemed to have

liquidated under paragraph (a)(2) of this section). 

For any QSub that is a bank, however, all assets,
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3 We need not, and do not, decide whether sec. 1363(b)(4)

precludes the application of sec. 291(a)(3) to S corporation

banks.

liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit

of the QSub, as determined in accordance with the

special bank rules, are treated as assets, liabilities,

and items of income, deduction, and credit of the S

corporation. For purposes of this paragraph (a)(3)(i),

the term bank has the same meaning as in section 581. 

[Emphasis added.]

Thus, pursuant to section 1361(b)(3)(A) and section 1.1361-

4(a)(3), Income Tax Regs., the special bank rules (e.g., special

bank rules in section 291) continue to apply separately to each

QSub that is a bank (QSub bank) and each QSub bank must determine

its income and deductions (i.e., by applying special bank rules

like section 291) before the QSub bank’s income and deductions

can be treated as income and deductions of the S corporation

parent. 

The Bank, not First Forest, held the QTEOs. Therefore, the

focus of our analysis is on the statutes and regulations relating

to QSub banks (i.e., whether deductions relating to QTEOs held by

a QSub bank are subject to section 291).3 To the contrary,

petitioners focus their analysis on First Forest, the S

corporation. Petitioners emphasize that section 1363(b)(4),

which sets forth the computation of an S corporation’s taxable

income, provides that section 291 applies if the S corporation

was a C corporation for any of the 3 immediately preceding

taxable years. See sec. 1363(b)(4). Petitioners’ primary
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contention is that the interest expense deductions are not

subject to section 291(a)(3) because in 2003 and 2004 First

Forest had been an S corporation for more than 3 years. The fact

that First Forest had been an S corporation for more than 3 years

is, however, irrelevant because section 1363(b)(4) is not

applicable to the Bank.

Section 1363(b)(4) specifically references S corporations,

but it does not mention QSubs or banks. In fact, in 1984 when

Congress added section 1363(b)(4) to the Code, QSubs did not

exist and banks were not permitted to be S corporations. See

Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, sec. 721(p), 98

Stat. 970; SBJPA sec. 1315. At any time after the enactment of

section 1363(b)(4) (e.g., in 1997 when Congress added the

technical correction to section 1361(b)(3)(A)), Congress could

have extended section 1363(b)(4) to QSub banks. Congress did not

do so, nor will we. See United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc.,

489 U.S. 235, 241 (1989) (“where, as here, the statute’s language

is plain, ‘the sole function of the courts is to enforce it

according to its terms.’” (quoting Caminetti v. United States,

242 U.S. 470, 485 (1917))).

We agree with respondent that the plain language of section

1361(b)(3)(A) and section 1.1361-4(a)(3), Income Tax Regs., 

establishes that subsection 291(a)(3) applies to QSub banks. 
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Yet, petitioners have failed to effectively address why section

1361(b)(3)(A) and regulations thereunder are not applicable. 

Petitioners contend, in the alternative, that section

1.1361-4(a)(3), Income Tax Regs., ”[exceeds] the authority

granted under the 1997 Act” and “[overrides] the plain language

of the statute.” We disagree. The House Budget Committee and

Senate Finance Committee reports relating to the enactment of the

technical correction both state:

The technical correction provides that the

Secretary of the Treasury may provide, by regulations,

instances where the separate corporate existence of a

qualified subchapter S subsidiary may be taken into

account for purposes of the Code. Thus, if an S

corporation owns 100 percent of the stock of a bank (as

defined in sec. 581) and elects to treat the bank as a

qualified subchapter S subsidiary, it is expected that

Treasury regulations would treat the bank as a separate

legal entity for purposes of those Code provisions that

apply specifically to banks (e.g., sec. 582).

H. Rept. 105-148, at 644 (1997), 1997-4 C.B. (Vol. 1) 319, 966;

S. Rept. 105-33, at 319-320 (1997), 1997-4 C.B. (Vol. 2) 1067,

1399-1400. Section 1.1361-4(a)(3), Income Tax Regs., is

consistent with both the plain language of the technical

correction and its legislative history. Accordingly, pursuant to

section 1361(b)(3)(A) and section 1.1361-4(a)(3), Income Tax

Regs., the Bank is subject to the 20-percent interest expense

reduction set forth in section 291(a)(3). 

Contentions we have not addressed are irrelevant, moot, or

meritless. 
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To reflect the foregoing, 

Decisions will be entered

under Rule 155.