# Patent

## Title
Dynamic menus for multi-prefix interactive mobile searches

## Abstract

The present invention includes systems and methods for retrieving information via a flexible and consistent targeted search model that employs interactive multi-prefix, multi-tier and dynamic menu information retrieval techniques that provide context-specific functionality tailored to particular information channels, as well as to records within or across such channels, and other known state information. Users are presented with a consistent search interface among multiple tiers across and within a large domain of information sources, and need not learn different or special search syntax. A thin-client server-controlled architecture enables users of resource-constrained mobile communications devices to locate targeted information more quickly by entering fewer keystrokes and performing fewer query iterations and web page refreshes, which in turn reduces required network bandwidth.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/096,363 entitled “Dynamic Menus for Multi-Prefix Interactive Mobile Searches,” filed Dec. 4, 2013; which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/563,669 entitled “Dynamic Menus for Multi-Prefix Interactive Mobile Searches,” filed Jul. 31, 2012 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,639,713; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,725 entitled “Dynamic Menus for Multi-Prefix Interactive Mobile Searches,” filed Jun. 19, 2008 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,255,382; Provisional Patent Application No. 61/048,073 entitled “Multi-Tier Desktop Search,” filed Apr. 25, 2008; Provisional Patent Application No. 60/947,099 entitled “Dynamic Menu Feature,” filed Jun. 29, 2007; and Provisional Patent Application No. 60/945,300 entitled “Dynamic Menu Feature” filed Jun. 20, 2007. This application also claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/620,195 entitled “Dynamic Menus for Multi-Prefix Interactive Mobile Searches.” filed Nov. 17, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,255,411, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/115,665 entitled “Smart PreFix Query Optimization,” filed Nov. 18, 2008; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/149,281 entitled “Smart Prefix Query Optimization,” filed Feb. 2, 2009; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/247,440 entitled “Building and Sharing Apps Using Collaborative Services,” filed Sep. 30, 2009. Each of the patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of Art
This application relates generally to the field of information retrieval and, in particular, to multi-prefix, multi-tier, dynamic menu and related interactive search techniques that facilitate the retrieval of information within a mobile communications environment.
2. Description of Related Art
In the last few years, web-enabled mobile telephones have become enormously popular. More web-enabled mobile phones ship each year than do desktop and notebook computers combined. Such mobile phones are similar to desktop and mobile computers in that they offer display screens, a keyboard, and, sometimes, a pointing device. However, because of portability requirements, the capabilities of the displays, keyboards, and pointers on mobile phones are significantly reduced. Displays are relatively small with little area to display content as well as menus, toolbars, and other navigation and status information. The keyboards are often telephone keypads or thumb keyboards. The pointer, when provided, is often a scroll wheel or joystick that can be used to indicate a direction of movement or pressed to indicate a click. Sometimes, the pointer is simply a set of arrow keys on the keyboard. Furthermore, because of speed and latency issues, navigation among web pages is typically much slower on mobile phones than on desktop and notebook computers.
The human interface limitations of mobile phones, combined with slower navigation, significantly constrain a user's ability to interact with web pages. Additionally, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) forms are difficult to use on mobile phones due to data input and related limitations. These difficulties arise in many ways. For example, the mobile keyboard and pointer are less effective than their counterparts on desktop and personal computers.
Keyboards are less effective because their small form factor makes it more difficult to type characters. In some case, the keyboard is smaller and has fewer keys. The smaller keyboards usually require thumbing: typing with one's thumbs rather than using ten fingers. The reduction in keys makes it more difficult to key in digits and special characters. Some keyboards are telephone dial pads with multiple letters on each key. Various technologies, including triple tap (pressing the same key until the desired letter appears) and predictive text, help to improve the effectiveness of such keyboards, but the effectiveness is still far below that of a full-size keyboard.
The pointer is also less effective. HTML forms often contain multiple input fields and the pointer is used to navigate among them. Pointers on mobile phones, when available, are less effective than pointers or mice used with desktop computers for navigating among input fields, as well as hyperlinks and other screen objects. For example, tabbing between fields using a full-size keyboard enables the field for typing when it has received focus. On a mobile phone, the tabbing is typically done via a directional pad and the field often has to subsequently be selected to be enabled for typing. Additionally, on desktop computers, mice can be used to move from one field to another without having to move through the fields in between. On mobile phones, moving from one field to another is typically done sequentially from one field to the next, without the ability to skip any fields along the way.
However, some web-enabled mobile phones have touchscreens that provide for direct interaction with objects on the display screen. For example, users can touch a screen object directly with their fingertip or a stylus, rather than indirectly navigate to that object via a pointing device. Yet, even this “improved” user interface technique raises usability issues, as the distinction between “selecting” and “activating” an object becomes blurred. Potential solutions for distinguishing the two include providing an icon or other visible identifier on a portion of the object, or discerning the number of times a user clicks or taps it, or the amount of time a user “presses down” on the object.
In any event, the ability to select an object without also activating it becomes particularly important in systems that provide alternative functionality specific to a particular object. For example, when a user activates an HTML hyperlink in a web browser, the program typically navigates to a new web page corresponding to the URL embedded within that hyperlink object. The user, however, might want to examine the URL before making the decision to activate the hyperlink.
A common mechanism for offering a user alternative functionality specific to a selected object is a “context menu.” Context menus provide a user with one or more alternative functions available within a particular “context” or state of a program or device, such as the selection of a particular object. Context menu items can change dynamically as the context changes, as different objects are selected and as a program enters a different state.
In a mobile communications environment, however, providing context menus with which users can quickly interact is easier said than done. The state of an information retrieval system can change frequently, for example, as new search results are received from remote servers (or as information becomes known to the system, such as the time of day or a user's location as indicated by a mobile phone's GPS equipment). In addition to the problem noted above of distinguishing the selection from the activation of an object, other constraints include processing speed and memory limitations on mobile devices, as well as bandwidth and latency limitations inherent in mobile communications networks. These constraints, coupled with the many different types of information that can be retrieved from remote web sites, for example, make it even more difficult to provide context menu items that are customized to particular objects or categories of objects.
In contrast to the “random” full-text searches users often perform on desktop computers in home and office environments (in which multiple iterative searches and analyses of resulting web pages can be completed relatively quickly due to greater bandwidth and local computing resources), users in a mobile communications environment often perform more “targeted” searches for lists, schedules and other information the existence and perhaps even the location of which is often known in advance. Such information must nevertheless be retrieved relatively quickly in order to be useful. For example, common mobile searches include requests for stock quotes, sports scores, movie times and nearby restaurants or coffee shops, to name a few.
Targeted searches are less amenable to the random keyword search techniques commonly employed on existing desktop and mobile devices, in which users enter complete keywords and navigate through results and web pages across a large domain of web sites. Mobile devices, in particular, are in need of solutions in which targeted information can be found relatively quickly with minimal user interaction. Such solutions ideally would still afford users access to both the breadth of a large domain of information (such as the web with its diverse collection of web sites, or a large enterprise database) and the depth of any particular “channel” or information category (which may lend itself to unique functionality, whether within or across one or more web sites or databases).
Some mobile devices support applications that have been customized for highly targeted information retrieval, such as the “Pocket Express” application from Handmark Inc. (http://express.handmark.com/) which provides discrete modules for retrieving news, stock quotes, sports scores and various other specific types of information. Though useful for rapid retrieval of certain specific data, the domain of available information is inherently very limited, in part because each desired category of information requires its own custom module. Such an approach is not very scalable, given the vast array of information channels available via the web. Moreover, without a generic mechanism to locate information by searching within a particular module, users typically are limited to browsing or selecting items from within each module's predefined data structure. For example, users can browse news headlines and select one to retrieve the full story, but they cannot search for particular news stories, much less headlines.
Other products have attempted to reduce user interaction to perform targeted searches by enabling users to enter only word prefixes or word fragments, and providing results interactively as a user types characters. See, for example, a presentation at Google (http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7012265262667474421&q=type%3Agoole+engEDU) in this area, or the “vTap” program from Veveo, Inc. (http://www.vtap.com), as well as Veveo's various published patent applications, including both PCT publications (WO/2007/062035) and US publications (2008011473, 20080086704, 20070255693, 20070130128, 20070088681, 200701754, 20070050337, 20070005563 and 20060101499). While providing an information retrieval mechanism that is more suitable to targeted searches, such approaches nevertheless lack a generic search mechanism that can be utilized to narrow a search request within a broad domain of information channels (to provide a more focused or targeted search), as well as provide additional functionality specific to particular channels.
Google, in a recent talk (http://jhtc.org/meeting.php?meeting=march08), discussed a “multi-tier” search technique in which a user first searches for a web site (for example, “Wikipedia”), the result of which contains not only a link to that site, but also a search box in which a “second-tier” search can be typed (thus saving the step of clicking on the link and then typing in the second-tier search). Other similar solutions include special search keywords that identify the second-tier site within the search query itself. Such solutions rely, however, on the differing search engines available across various second-tier sites, which not only force users to adapt to different search query formats, but also may provide inferior results when compared to more powerful search engines such as the one provided by Google. A more integrated multi-tier approach could avoid such anomalies by providing a consistent search mechanism among various tiers (within as well as across particular information channels), particularly one which also offered additional context-specific functionality.
In short, existing technologies have not adequately addressed the problems intrinsic to targeted searches, particularly when conducted in a mobile communications environment. Information must be retrieved more quickly, but with less user interaction, in light of the hardware, user interface, network bandwidth and latency limitations inherent in such an environment. In addition, a more integrated and scalable search mechanism is needed to allow users to request information from a broad domain of information channels and quickly locate desired information within one or more of those channels, preferably with the availability of additional functionality that is tailored to those channels within the context of user requests and other available state information.
SUMMARY
The present invention addresses the problems discussed above by employing novel combinations of various information retrieval techniques designed to facilitate targeted searches, particularly in a mobile communications environment. In one embodiment, multi-prefix search techniques are employed in an effort to minimize a user's data entry requirements. Moreover, user queries can be executed on a remote server interactively, during the query construction process, with results transmitted back for display so as to enable users, prior to entering an entire query, to revise that query or select a desired result.
To facilitate targeted searches, users can employ multi-tier search techniques to constrain queries to one or more information channels. In one embodiment, users can simply select one or more channels from a list, which could include previously designated “favorite” channels. In another embodiment, users can employ multi-prefix searches to locate desired channels as well as desired information within particular channels (and, in some cases, within multiple tiers of one or more such channels).
For example, after locating a “yellow pages” channel with a “first-tier” search (such as “yel pag”), the user might be presented with a “second-tier” opportunity to search for “zip codes.” After entering only a few digits, the user might see the desired zip code result displayed and, upon selecting it, be presented with a “third-tier” opportunity to search for a vendor within that selected zip code. Such a multi-tier approach facilitates targeted mobile searches by reducing user interaction and data entry, and, in another embodiment, by leveraging a consistent multi-prefix search mechanism among multiple tiers.
In one embodiment, a mobile communications device includes a window, which comprises a search area and a results area. An application is launched and a landing page is displayed in a display area of the mobile communications device. The search area includes a search query field. A keystroke is inputted into a search query field and a multi-prefix search is performed. The landing page within the display area is replaced by the results of the search. The results contain a first tier of search results, which can include channels or links to web pages associated with the user input. If the selected search result is a channel, the channel is displayed. If it is a web page, the web page is displayed. In other embodiments, a separate web browser application is launched and the web page is displayed via the web browser application. The channel or the web page may then be searched or explored. If the desired channel is not displayed within the first tier of search results, one or more additional keystrokes may be inputted. Again, the results page refreshes accordingly and additional keystrokes may be entered until the desired channel is displayed.
The above-described embodiments provide for multi-prefix, interactive search capability on a mobile communications device. Prefix delimiters denote the beginning of another search prefix. In some embodiments, space characters may be used as prefix delimiters. In other embodiments, users may input space character keystrokes as well as alphabetic or numeric keystrokes. If a user's query seeks results containing multiple words, the user might enter one or more prefixes of such words separated by spaces to create a multi-prefix search query. The embodiments described above enable users to enter fewer keystrokes to obtain a desired search result. The search is interactive because a user is provided feedback (the displayed search results are refreshed) with each keystroke (or, in another embodiment, after a predefined time lapse between keystrokes). Based on partial query results, a user can determine that a search is complete and obtain the desired search result without having to enter the entire text or word of one or more search terms.
To further leverage targeted searches, in which search results often share common attributes (including similar types of fields and data formats), the data extracted from an information channel (from a given web site, for example, or a portion thereof) can, in one embodiment, be pre-processed for functional as well as aesthetic display purposes. Whether captured as keywords via a “web crawling” engine, or as structured data via higher-level data extraction techniques (with or without the assistance of the proprietor of the data), such channel data typically is or can be organized into separate “records” (such as individual restaurants, books or movies) containing discrete “fields” that represent different types of data (such as titles, dates, addresses and phone numbers) common to some or all records. This is primarily due to the fact that most web sites employ databases (typically standard relational, flat-file or object-oriented databases) as the underlying organizational structure for their data.
In one embodiment, channel data records and fields can be indexed as such in order to enable structured searches based upon these records and fields. In another embodiment, the indexing process ignores data field distinctions but is optimized for multi-prefix searches. The frequency of extracting data from remote information sources (whether for indexing or otherwise) will vary depending upon how frequently such data typically will be updated. For example, sports scores may be updated more frequently than movie listings, which in turn may be updated more frequently than restaurant listings. Whether or not field (or other) metadata is retained during the indexing process (if any), the channel data still may be susceptible to “field recognition” sufficient to enable the performance of discrete actions specific to a particular field. For example, if standard ten-digit phone numbers can be extracted from individual channel data records, such as restaurants, then such extracted data can be used to enable actions specific to a particular record, such as using a mobile phone device to call one of the restaurants displayed in the result list of a user's query.
Having extracted and maintained field data related to one or more channels (or even to particular records within one or more channels), various contextual actions can be enabled as alternatives to simply selecting and activating a particular record (which might activate a hyperlink to a web page related to that record). In one embodiment, “dynamic menus” are employed to enable a wide variety of alternative actions specific to a selected record, including calling a person or a place, sending a selected person an email, SMS or other type of message, utilizing a known location (of a user's mobile device, for example, via GPS data, or of a particular place in the result list of a user's query) to view the location of, or directions to, nearby places, or to obtain a map of a desired area, or even linking to a web page related to a particular aspect of a record (to display, for example, images of a selected person). The possibilities are virtually limitless, as they may involve not only actions of which a mobile communications device is capable (such as initiating phone calls and sending messages), but also actions relating to the channel data being retrieved, which are as numerous as the many different types of information available throughout the Internet.
This relationship, between different fields or types of available data and the actions that relate to such data, can be leveraged, even in a mobile communications environment, not only by pre-processing the channel data itself, but by pre-defining the related actions specific to that channel data (with or without the assistance of the proprietor of the channel data) and transmitting them, in response to user queries, along with the channel data query results. In one embodiment, these actions are transmitted to a user's mobile device in the form of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) headers that define both the name of a dynamic menu item and the action to be taken if the user selects and/or activates that item (and are followed by the “body” of the transmission including, for example, the results of a user's query). In another embodiment, if the functionality of the client application on the user's mobile device is integrated into a web browser (using, for example, Javascript and an Ajax application), then these HTTP headers can be incorporated into the body of the transmission itself.
For example, if a user employs a multi-prefix query to search a channel containing a collection of restaurant records, the server might return a series of HTTP headers (followed by the resulting restaurant records matching the user's query) representing dynamic menu items that enable the user to initiate a call to a selected restaurant, or obtain a map and directions to that restaurant from a given location. Yet, if that user queried a different channel containing, for example, a collection of movie records, then the HTTP headers delivered with the results of the user's query might represent a different set of dynamic menu items providing actions such as displaying movie reviews, or playing video trailers.
In other embodiments, these dynamic menu items and their associated actions might vary depending not only upon the channel being queried, but upon the particular channel records the user selects. For example, in one embodiment, if a selected record did not contain a value for a particular field (such as a phone number), then any corresponding dynamic menu item relating to that field (such as a “Call Restaurant” item) would not appear, because the action could not be performed. More generic “dynamic dynamic menus” can be implemented, in another embodiment, by integrating menu item names and associated actions as discrete data fields within one or more channel records. As a result, menu item names and actions will vary as a user selects different records, even within a given channel. In yet another embodiment, certain actions, such as dialing a selected restaurant, can be invoked without requiring a user to display, select or activate a dynamic menu item. Instead, a user might simply press a key or push a button on the user's mobile device (such as the “Talk” button) to which such actions have been mapped. As noted above, dynamic menu items might also vary depending upon any particular state of a user's query or other known Information, such as whether a user has logged into a particular web site (in which case a “Log In” menu item and associated action might alternate with a “Log Out” menu item and action, depending upon the user's login state).
In other embodiments, information channels can be implemented as a type of “smart bookmark” in a mobile web browser. After a user selects (or searches for) one or more channels, the user may perform a “second-tier” search constrained to that channel utilizing, for example, an interactive multi-prefix query. A mobile search engine can provide similar functionality, whether or not integrated into a mobile web browser. Such functionality can be enabled, in one embodiment, by pre-processing channel data as described above at a remote server from which search results are transmitted. Moreover, dynamic menus can be implemented in a manner similar to that described above by transmitting menu items and associated actions along with such interactive search results. In yet another embodiment, such functionality can be implemented as a standalone application limited to one or more predefined channels.
When a consistent targeted search mechanism (such as one that employs the interactive multi-prefix and multi-tier information retrieval techniques described above) is coupled with a dynamic menu mechanism that provides context-specific functionality (tailored, for example, to particular channels, records within or across those channels, or other state information), users are presented with a consistent search interface among multiple tiers across and within information channels, and need not learn different or special search syntax. Moreover, due to the constraints of a mobile communications environment, data entry requirements are limited, enabling users to enter fewer keystrokes and perform fewer query iterations, which in turn reduces network bandwidth in both directions, due in part to the interactive nature of the multi-prefix search mechanism. As a result, users can obtain desired results quickly, or revise queries, even before completing an intended query.
For example, a user with a particular preference for Starbucks coffee might want to locate the closest Starbucks coffee shop quickly while traveling in an unfamiliar city, and then call that shop to ensure the user's order is ready upon arrival. Upon entering a few keystrokes into a mobile phone device, a local yellow pages channel can be located (assuming a “favorite” Starbucks channel was not present) and queried for a nearby Starbucks coffee shop, perhaps using the phone's GPS data by default as a base location. Due to a consistent multi-prefix search interface, data entry is limited, and channel-specific functionality can then be invoked. For example, a phone number field, associated with the user's selected Starbucks record, can then be leveraged via a simple mechanism, such as a phone button or dynamic menu item, to enable the user to call the desired Starbucks coffee shop and place an order. Another dynamic menu item might provide a map and directions to that Starbucks, enabling the user to arrive in time to pick up that order. Most importantly, all of this functionality can be provided within the context of a highly constrained mobile communications environment.
The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive, and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the disclosed subject matter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A illustrates an environment adapted to support multi-prefix, interactive searching on a mobile communications device in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 1B is a high level block diagram illustrating the data structure contained within the channel database in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a high level block diagram illustrating a functional view of a typical mobile communications device in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating a process of client-server interaction during multi-prefix, interactive searching in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating a process of client-server interaction during multi-prefix, interactive searching in accordance with some other embodiments.
FIG. 3C is a flowchart illustrating a process of client-server interaction during multi-prefix, interactive searching in accordance with some other embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a process for interactive searching in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process for creating a multi-term prefix index in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a process for creating a table of contents in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process for sending interactive search results in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a process for sending interactive search results in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 9A-9M illustrate graphical representations of screenshots of a display of a mobile communications device in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate graphical representations of screenshots of a display of a mobile communications device in accordance with another embodiment.
FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate graphical representations of screenshots of a display of a mobile communications device in accordance with an embodiment of the dynamic menu aspect of the present invention.
FIGS. 12A-12G illustrate graphical representations of screenshots of a display of a mobile communications device in accordance with another embodiment of the dynamic menu aspect of the present invention.
The figures depict various embodiments of the present invention for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention described herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The Figures (FIGS.) and the following description relate to preferred embodiments by way of illustration only. It should be noted from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods disclosed herein will be readily recognized as viable alternatives that may be employed without departing from the principles of what is claimed.
Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted that wherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used in the figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figures depict embodiments of the disclosed system (or method) for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles described herein.
I. Search Architecture
FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an architecture for providing multi-prefix, interactive search capability on a mobile communications device. The network 122 enables communications between a client 118 and a search server 128 coupled to a data store 112. Thus, the network 122 can include links using technologies such as Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 2G, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), 3G, Ethernet, 802.11, integrated services digital network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), InfiniBand, PCI Express Advanced Switching, etc. Similarly, the networking protocols used on the network 122 can include the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), multi-protocol label switching (MPLS), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), the file transfer protocol (FTP), lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), etc. The data exchanged over the network 122 can be represented using technologies and/or formats including the hypertext markup language (HTML), the extensible markup language (XML), etc. In addition, all or some of links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as the secure sockets layer (SSL), Secure HTTP and/or virtual private networks (VPNs) or Internet Protocol security (IPsec). In another embodiment, the entities can use custom and/or dedicated data communications technologies instead of, or in addition to, the ones described above. Depending upon the embodiment, the network 122 can also include links to other networks such as the Internet.
The client 118 executes a browser 120, comprises client applications 124 and can connect to the search server 128 via a network 122, which is typically the Internet, but may also be any network, including but not limited to a LAN, a MAN, a WAN, a mobile, wired or wireless network, a private network, or a virtual private network, and any combination thereof. While only a single client 118 is shown, it is understood that very large numbers (e.g., millions) of clients are supported and can be in communication with the search server 128 and search result update module 116 at any time. The client 118 may be a mobile communications device similar to the one described in FIG. 2.
The search server 128 includes a search result update module 116, a multi-prefix search module 150, a multi-tier search module 152, and a result delivery search module 154. The search server 128 facilitates multi-prefix, multi-tier, interactive searching by enabling a user to enter prefixes of words or text of a search query to obtain various tier levels of search results. The search server 128 also facilitates multi-prefix, interactive, result delivery searching by enabling a user to enter prefixes of words or text to obtain desired results without having to go through intermediary steps to get those results. The search server 128 also facilitates multi-prefix searching on a mobile communications device.
The search result update module 116 facilitates the update of the search results when a user inputs a keystroke (or pauses for a certain amount of time after entering multiple keystrokes), therefore allowing for interactive search capability. Multi-prefix search module 150 facilitates multi-prefix searching by providing the user the ability to enter the prefix of one or more words of an entire query to obtain desired search results. The multi-tier search module 152 facilitates multi-tier searching by providing different tier levels of results. The result delivery search module 154 facilitates result delivery by searching a plurality of data fields associated with a particular data set in order to produce desired results. Further description regarding usage of these modules is provided below.
The search server 128 is coupled to a data store 112. The data store 112 includes a channel database 114, an index database 130 and a table of contents database 132. A channel represents a content category, such as news, flight information, recipes, etc. The channel database 114 contains records. Each record contains a heading and one or more URLs. The record also contains an indication as to whether each URL references a channel. Then index database 130 contains lists of prefixes and, for each prefix, a list of record IDs that contain words with the prefix, as well as relevancy factors for use in ranking. The table of contents database 132 contains prefix entries to aid in traversing the index. The number of entries contained in the table of contents database 132 affects the time spent traversing the index to find relevant record ID lists. A greater number of entries in the table of contents will slow down the search of the table of contents database 132, but reduce the time spent traversing the index to find relevant record ID lists. Fewer entries contained in the table of contents database 132 will speed up the search of the table of contents, but increase the time spent traversing the index to find relevant record ID lists. Further description regarding usage of these modules is provided below.
As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the channel database 114 includes channel data sets 140. Each channel data set 140 includes a list of records 142. Each record contains data fields 144. Each record is associated with at least one heading and a “deep link” (a hypertext link to a page or a web site other than its home page). In some embodiments, each record contains a heading and a parameter that can be inserted into a URL template to create a deep link. A heading may be the displayed title associated with a particular record. For example, in a list of Wikipedia articles, an example of a heading may be “John Fitzgerald Kennedy,” “High School Musical,” or “World Wide Web.” Headings in a directory of people might include a person's name, telephone number or address.
Each data field 144 contains identifying information related to that particular channel. A data field 144 may also contain other information related to that particular channel. For example, in an AMAZONTM Books channel, the data fields 144 may contain items such as a title, an author, an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and a price. In a White Pages channel, the data fields 144 may contain a name, an address, a home phone number and a mobile phone number. In some embodiments, one data field 144 contains multiple items. In other embodiments, each data field 144 contains separate items.
In some embodiments, a data field 144 may be associated with additional items that represent terms that are equivalent to the original items contained in the data field. For example, in a name data field containing “Robert,” that data field may be associated with terms such as “Bob,” “Bobby” or “Rob” (i.e. terms that are equivalent to the term “Robert”).
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the search server 128 is implemented as a server program executed on a desktop computer, laptop computer, or server-class computer comprising a CPU, memory, network interface, peripheral interfaces and other well known components. The computers themselves preferably run an open-source operating system such as LINUX, have generally high performance CPUs, 1G or more of memory, and 100G or more of disk storage. Of course, other types of computers can be used, and it is expected that as more powerful computers are developed in the future, they can be configured in accordance with the teachings here. The functionality implemented by any of the elements can be provided from computer program products that are stored in tangible computer accessible storage mediums (e.g., RAM, hard disk, or optical/magnetic media).
For purposes of illustration, FIG. 1A shows the search result update module 116, the multi-prefix search module 150, the multi-tier search module 152, the result delivery search module 154, the channel database 114, the index database 130 and the table of contents database 132 as discrete modules. However, in various embodiments, any or all of the result update module 116, the multi-prefix search module 150, the multi-tier search module 152, the result delivery search module 154, the channel database 114, the index database 130, and the table of contents database 142 can be combined for operation on a single computing device having storage. This allows a single module to perform the functions of one or more of the above-described modules. Further, the search server 128 and the data store 112 are shown as discrete components for purposes of illustration. In other embodiments, the search server 128 and the data store 112 can also be combined for operation on a single computing device having storage.
FIG. 2 is a high level block diagram illustrating a functional view of a typical mobile communications device 200 in accordance with some embodiments. Illustrated are at least one processor 202 coupled to a bus 204. Also coupled to the bus 204 are a memory 206, a storage device 208, a graphics adapter 212, a network adapter, and a mobile transceiver 210 including a display, keyboard, and optionally, a pointing device (not shown). In some embodiments, the display is a touchscreen display. In one embodiment, the functionality of the bus 204 is provided by an interconnecting chipset.
The storage device 208 is any device capable of storing data, such as a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) card, a solid-state memory device or a hard drive. The memory 206 stores instructions and data used by the processor 202. The optional pointing device (not shown) is used in combination with the keyboard (also not shown) to input data into the mobile communications device 200. The graphics adapter 212 displays images and other information on the display of the mobile communications device 200. The network adapter 216 couples the mobile communications device 200 to a local or wide area network.
As is known in the art, a mobile communications device 200 can have different components from those shown in FIG. 2. Furthermore, the mobile communications device 200 can lack certain illustrated components or include certain components not shown.
As is known in the art, the mobile communications device 200 is adapted to execute computer program modules for providing functionality described herein. As used herein, the term “module” refers to computer program logic utilized to provide the specified functionality. Thus, a module can be implemented in hardware, firmware and/or software. In one embodiment, program modules are stored on the storage device 208, loaded into the memory 206 and executed by the processor 202. The modules may be loaded as part of the client applications 124.
Embodiments of the entities described herein can include other and/or different modules than the ones described here. In addition, the functionality attributed to the modules can be performed by other or different modules in other embodiments. Moreover, this description occasionally omits the term “module” for purposes of clarity and convenience.
II. Search Operation
FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating a process 300 of client-server interaction during multi-prefix, multi-tier, interactive searching in accordance with some embodiments. An application for multi-prefix, multi-tier, interactive searching is initialized 301 by a mobile communications device. The server sends 302 an initial information to display in a window of the mobile communications device. The window is displayed 303 on a display of the client device. In one embodiment, the window appears like the window 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9A. The window 902 includes a search area 903, which includes a search query field 904, and a display area 905. The display area 905 includes a landing page 901, which contains headings 906 for associated channels for user selection. Each heading 906 refers to either another channel (list of headings) or to a URL, which may be a deep link into a web site. The headings 906 are links to categorized information, such as news, celebrity photos or flight status. The headings 906 may also be links to various websites, such as gmail.com and fandango.com. A keystroke associated with an alphanumeric character is input 304 on the mobile communications device in the search query field 904 as shown in FIG. 9A, and sent 304 to the server. The user input is received 306, a search 307 of the channel database 114 is performed using the input, and sent 308 to the client. The display area 905 is updated accordingly. The display area 905 displays 309 a first tier of search results, which include channels associated with the user input. As shown in FIG. 9B, a user inputs “St” in the search query field 904, and the display area is refreshed to display results corresponding to the “St” search query. In this example, “St” corresponds to search results “STARBUCKSTM Store Locator,” “FlightView Airline Flight Status,” “Stock Quotes,” etc. In one embodiment, the displayed result, such as shown in FIG. 9B, may also include other organizational information such as the labels 910 (“Popular Channels” or “All Channels”) to provide the user with additional information such that the headings are intuitively recognized and understood by the user. The displayed results may also include selectable links 915 to channels or websites as shown in FIG. 9B.
If the desired result is displayed (310—Yes), a result may be selected 312. The result selection is received 314 and the corresponding channel or web page is sent 315 to the client. The channel or web page is then displayed 316 on the display of the mobile communications device. The selection directs the user to the channel or website corresponding to the selected result where the user can input 318 a search query in the channel or web page or simply explore 318 the displayed page. In some embodiments, if the result selected is a web page, a separate web browser is launched to display the web page. As shown in FIG. 9C, the user has selected the STARBUCKSTM Store Locator channel 906 (FIG. 9B). This selection directs the user to the STARBUCKSTM Coffee Store Locator channel as shown in FIG. 9C.
If the desired result is not displayed (310—No) within the search results, another keystroke may be inputted 304. Again, the user input is received 306, the channel database 114 is searched 307, results are sent 308, and the display area is refreshed accordingly by displaying 309 the search results. Additional keystrokes may be entered until the desired channel is displayed. With each keystroke, the results list is updated by the search result update module 116.
In some other embodiments, users may input space character keystrokes as well as alphabetic or numeric character keystrokes. As shown in FIGS. 9E and 9F, a user has selected the Starbucks Coffee Locator channel and has entered a search query in the search query field 904 that includes a prefix delimiter, such as a space character. The user's search entry in the search query field 904 represents the prefixes for each word of a multi-prefix search query. The user has entered a first prefix (first letter or first several letters of a word or text), separated by a space character, and a second prefix, and is provided with a list of search results corresponding to the user input by the multi-prefix search module 150. This allows users to input fewer keystrokes to obtain the desired search results. In other embodiments, a wild card character or a symbol can be used in place of spaces between multiple prefixes of a search.
The method described above provides for a multi-prefix, interactive search capability. The search is multi-prefix because if the search term contains multiple words, the user enters the prefix of one or more words of the multi-term search query, therefore, providing the capability for users to enter less keystrokes and obtain a desired search result. The search is interactive because a user is provided feedback (displayed search results) with each keystroke. Based on partial query results, a user can determine when the search is complete and can obtain the desired search result without having to enter the entire search term. Therefore, fewer keystrokes are needed as compared to searching using the current technologies available.
FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating a process 320 of client-server interaction during multi-prefix, interactive searching in accordance with another embodiment. A channel or web page is sent 315 to the client. The window, including a search area and a display area, of the channel or web page is then displayed 316 on the display of the mobile communications device. In one embodiment, the window may look like the window 920 as illustrated in FIG. 9C or 9I. The search area 921 includes a search query field 924. A user inputs 324 keystrokes in the search query field 924. The server receives 326 the user input and searches 328 the data fields of the records in the channel for search results that match the search query. For example, if the White Pages channel was being searched, the server would receive the search query and search the name, address, and telephone number fields of the records to determine if there was a match for the received search query. The result list is then sent 329 to the mobile communications device.
Search results 926 that match the search query are displayed 330 in the display area 933 as shown in FIG. 9D. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 9D, additional information 925 associated with the search result is displayed in the display area 933 along with the search result 926. If the desired result in the list of results 926 is displayed (332—Yes), then the desired result may be selected 334 and additional information about the result may be displayed. However, if the desired result is not displayed in the list of results (332—No), another keystroke may be inputted 324 to receive and display different search results. Space character keystrokes may also be inputted to indicate that the search query has multiple terms.
When the server 128 searches for a search result that matches the search query, the server searches the various data fields and records within a channel data set. In one embodiment, the search is performed on structured data, such as the data set described in the channel database 114. In other embodiments, the search is performed on unstructured data, which includes data and links without categorized fields.
FIGS. 9C-9G provide an illustration of the method. In FIG. 9C, the window 920 for the STARBUCKSTM Coffee Locator includes a search area 921 and display area 933. The search area 921 includes a search query field 924. The display area 933 in FIG. 9C shows an initial landing page 931. In some embodiments, the landing page 931 may also include selectable links 932 to additional information. Keystrokes, which include alphanumeric characters, are entered into the search query field 924 as seen in FIG. 9D. Search results 926 are displayed in the display area 933 as shown in FIG. 9D. Additional keystrokes are entered into the search query field 924 (FIGS. 9E and 9F) to input a second prefix, and the search results list 926 is refreshed with search results that match the updated search query having two prefixes. In the illustrations provided in FIGS. 9E and 9F, the prefix of a word is entered into the search query field 924, followed by a space character and the prefix of another word of the search term. A prefix is the first letter or first few letters of a word of the search term. When the desired result is displayed, a result is selected and the display area 933 is updated to display additional information regarding the search query. In this example, the records and data fields of the STARBUCKSTM Coffee Locator channel have been searched to determine the matching search results. In this case, the data fields contain information related to location and telephone contact of the STARBUCKSTM stores that match the search query. Those skilled in the art will understand how the present invention is advantageous because simply by entering the keystrokes and selecting a single channel, the mobile communications device displays the exact web page or channel the user is seeking.
FIGS. 9H-9M also provide an illustration of the above. The Caltrain Train Schedule channel (950 in FIG. 9H) has been selected to display the associated landing page 955 (FIG. 9I) in the display area 953 of the window 952 of the channel. Characters of a search query are entered into the search query field 954. When the desired result is displayed, such as in FIG. 9I, the result heading may be selected and additional information may be received. In this example, the Burlingame—Mountain View schedule is selected and the schedule page 960 is displayed as shown in FIG. 9M.
Another illustrative example of the flow chart in FIG. 3B may be seen in FIGS. 10A-10C. FIG. 10A shows a window 1002 displaying the Loyola School Directory channel. The window 1002 includes a search area 1003 and a display area 1005. The search area 1003 includes a search query field 1004. The display area 1005 of FIG. 10A includes a landing page 1007 that contains instructions 1006 and other information 1008. In some embodiments, the landing page 1007 may also include links to additional information (not shown). In this example, a prefix is entered into the search query field 1004 and display area 1005 is refreshed to show results 1022 as shown in FIG. 10B. The search results 1022 include information associated with a record. The information represents the items contained in the data fields associated with the record. In this example, the additional information 1014 includes name of parent(s), name(s) of siblings, grade and name of teacher, and address, which is associated with the record “Elayna Pacman.” As shown in FIG. 10C, when an additional prefix is entered into the search query field 1004, the display area 1005 is refreshed with new results 1024. In this example, the prefixes (“El 5”) are found across multiple data fields, therefore displaying results matching a name that includes “El” and a grade that includes “5.” In some embodiments, the result 1022 or 1024 may be selected to display additional results.
FIG. 3C is a flowchart illustrating a process 340 of client-server interaction during multi-prefix searching on a mobile communications device in accordance with some embodiments. An application for multi-prefix searching is initialized 341 and information is sent 342 to be displayed in a window of the mobile communications device. A window is displayed 343 on a display of a mobile communications device. A search query is input 344 into a search query field, and a confirmation is made to indicate that the search query string is complete and the search query is sent 344 to the server. The search query is a multi-term search query and contains the prefix of at least one of the terms of the entire search query. The search query is received 346 by the server, which sends 347 a result list to be displayed 348 on the mobile communications device. If the desired result is displayed (350—Yes), the result may be selected 352 and additional information may be displayed. If the desired result is not displayed (350—No) the process is started again when another search query is input and sent to the server.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a process 400 for interactive searching in accordance with some embodiments. The mobile communications device displays 402 a window (902, FIG. 9A), which contains instructions. In some embodiments, the display of the mobile communications device initially displays a first tier of channels, which is obtained by submitting a base channel uniform resource location (URL) with no search terms. The system monitors 404 for the user input. The user then performs a sequence of actions. The user can key characters into the input area (as shown in FIG. 9B), or the user can select an item from the list of headings displayed on the window. If the user inputs a key character, or keystroke, into the input area (406—Yes), the user input field is updated 408. A query URL is constructed 410 and submitted by combining the base URL with the characters that the user has inputted in the search query field. The resulting records from the URL are retrieved and the headings containing those results records is displayed in the output area. The system continues to wait 404 for another user input. The aforementioned steps are repeated until the user selects an entry.
If the user did not input a key character, or keystroke (406—No), a determination 414 is made as to whether an entry is selected. If the user selects an entry (414—Yes), a determination 416 is made to determine whether the entry is marked as a channel. If the entry is marked as a channel (416—Yes), the base URL is updated 412 to the URL in the selected record and the search query field is cleared 412. If the entry is not marked as a channel (416—No), the web browser is activated and the browser is directed 418 to the URL in the selected record.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process 500 for creating a multi-term prefix index in accordance with some embodiments. Each record of the database contains a heading and one or more URLs. The record also contains an indication whether each URL references a channel. The headings in each record are conditioned 502, which includes removing extra space characters from the beginning and end of the headings. Records with duplicate headings are removed 502. The records are sorted and assigned 504 sequential IDs. In some embodiments, the record IDs can be used as the relevancy factors when ranking the results, thereby causing the results to be displayed in sorted heading order without having to sort the headings themselves. The headings are split into words and a list of words is constructed 506. Utilizing the list of words, a list of word prefixes is created and the number of incidences is counted 508. An optimization of the list is performed. Prefixes that do not help to disambiguate between headings are not needed in the index. For example, given the headings “rat,” “sat,” “saw” and “say,” the prefix “sa” disambiguates as well as the prefix “s,” so “s” does not need to be included in the index. Entries that are prefixes of other prefixes and have the same incidence are removed 510 from the list of word prefixes. From the example above, “s” is a prefix of “sa” and both occur three times; therefore, “s” does not need to be included in the index.
Index entries are created 512 for each prefix in each word in each heading of the record if the prefix is in the list of disambiguating prefixes. Each entry contains the prefix and the record ID, as well as the position that the word occurred in the heading, which is used as a relevancy factor in ranking. The entries are sorted 514 in alphabetical order by prefix. The list of index entries is split 516 into lists—one list for each prefix. The list of record IDs is compressed 518.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a process 600 for creating a table of contents in accordance with some embodiments. The table of contents is created based on a threshold. Smaller threshold values cause the table of contents to contain more entries, which slows the search of the table of contents, but reduces the time spent traversing the index to find relevant record ID lists. Larger threshold values cause the table of contents to contain fewer entries, which speeds the search of the table of contents, but increases the time spent traversing the index to find relevant record ID lists. With this trade-off in mind, the threshold value is user-definable and can be adjusted to maximize prefix search performance on a particular hardware system and user preferences.
Process 600 begins and two offsets are initialized 602 at the start of the index. The record ID list that begins at the offset is retrieved 604 from the index. The prefix and length are retrieved from the record ID list. The difference between the offset and the last offset is determined 606. If the difference between the offset and the last offset is smaller than the predetermined threshold (606—No), the length is added 612 to the offset. A determination 614 is then made as to whether the offset is greater than the size of the index. If the offset is greater than the size of the index (614—Yes), then the creation of the table of contents is complete. If the offset is not greater than the size of the index, the record ID list that begins at the offset is retrieved 604 from the index.
If the difference between the offset and the last offset is at least as large as the threshold (greater or equal to the threshold) (606—Yes), then the prefix and offset are appended 608 to the table of contents. The last offset is then set 610 to the offset and the length is added 612 to the offset.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a process 400 for sending interactive search results in accordance with some embodiments. When a query is received, it is split 702 into individual prefix terms. For each prefix, the record ID list corresponding to the particular prefix is retrieved 704 (a detailed description of the process of this step is outlined in the description for FIG. 8 below). A “next ID” for each list is set to be the first ID in each list and a results list that holds certain information regarding each match is initialized 706. A determination 708 is made as to whether the next IDs are the same for all ID lists. If they are the same (708—Yes), the ID and relevancy factors are added 710 to the result list, which contains a list of all record IDs that occurred in each of the prefix lists, and, therefore, match the query. If that ID is the last ID in any of the ID lists (712—Yes), then the results are ordered 714 by relevancy and the result list sent 716 for display.
If the ID is not the last ID on the list (712—No), the current ID is dropped 718 from each list. Again, a determination 708 is made as to whether the next IDs are the same for all ID lists. If the next IDs are not the same (708—No), the list with the smallest next ID is selected 720. If that ID is the last ID in any of the ID lists (722—Yes), the result list is ordered 714 by relevancy and sent 716 for display. If that ID is not the last ID in any of the ID lists (722—No), that ID is dropped 724 from that ID list and a determination 708 is made as to whether the next IDs are the same for all ID lists.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a process 800 for sending interactive search results in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 8 is a detailed description of step 704 from FIG. 7 and illustrates the retrieval of a record ID list that corresponds to a given search term. The first part of the process 800 involves scanning the table of contents to find the largest entry that is no larger than the search term. An index offset is initialized 802 to the beginning of the index. The process is initialized 804 to start at the beginning of the table of contents. The next entry in the table of contents is retrieved 806, thus yielding a prefix and an offset into the index. A determination 808 is made as to whether the prefix is less than the search term. If the prefix is smaller than the search term (808—Yes), then the index offset is set to the offset that was retrieved from the table of contents and the process repeats at step 806.
If the prefix is not smaller than the search term (808—No), then the index is processed 812 at the index offset and the table of contents scan is complete. The next entry from the index is retrieved 814. A determination 816 is made as to whether the prefix is smaller than the search term. If the prefix is smaller than the search term (816—Yes), the process repeats at step 814.
If the prefix is greater than the search term (816—No), the scanning of the index is completed and a determination 818 is made as to whether the search term is prefix of the prefix. If the search term is a prefix of the prefix, then the record ID list is used 820 at the index offset. If the search term is not a prefix of the prefix, then no match is found for the particular search term.
III. Dynamic Menus
As noted above, a consistent search mechanism, particularly one that employs variations of the interactive, multi-prefix and multi-tier techniques described above, facilitates targeted searches in a mobile communications environment by reducing the requirements for user interaction and data entry, which in turn reduces the use of local processing and network bandwidth resources. As also noted above, results of these targeted searches are often organized into lists of “records” that share common attributes or “fields” (from train schedules and movie times to famous people, places and events, to restaurant addresses and phone numbers, and various other diverse types of relatively structured information).
As a result, these data fields, such as phone numbers, often can be “recognized” and extracted to enable actions specific to a particular record, such as calling a selected restaurant (even if the phone number data associated with that restaurant was also maintained as unstructured text with respect to the user's query). Other actions may become relevant as a result of the context of a user's query or other state information (such as the time of day, or the user's location, as detected by GPS equipment on the user's mobile phone).
Whether these additional actions are specific to one or more particular records or to all records within one or more particular channels, or are available generally among all channels (or combinations of the above), they can provide users with alternatives to simply selecting and activating a particular record. In one embodiment, dynamic menus are employed to enable a wide variety of alternative actions that are not only appropriate to particular channels or records, but are also well-suited to the limitations of a mobile communications environment, in that they can be invoked with relatively minimal user interaction and use of limited resources.
For example, having located a restaurant via a multi-prefix search within a “favorite” local restaurant channel, a user could place a call to that restaurant via a single menu selection or push of a phone's talk button. Another menu selection might display a map of that restaurant, or directions from the user's current location (utilizing GPS data). A related search for an after-dinner movie (within a movie channel) might include a different set of menu selections, such as “movie reviews” or “starring actors.” The result is a consistent targeted search mechanism across different information domains (channels) that provides users with alternative sets of actions appropriate to the information found as a result of one or more user queries. Users can locate this information and invoke these ancillary actions with relatively few keystrokes, menu selections and button presses, which in turn reduces the use of local processing and memory resources, as well as network latency and bandwidth.
A. Dynamic Menu Architectural Overview
In one embodiment, the client portion of this (client-server) dynamic menu mechanism is implemented as a standalone application on a resource-constrained mobile communications device, such as client 118, illustrated in FIG. 1A (components of which are further detailed as device 200 in FIG. 2). The architecture of this dynamic menu mechanism is based on an extensible thin-client model which, as will be explained in greater detail below, permits the bulk of the resource-intensive functionality to be implemented and performed on search server 128 (also illustrated in FIG. 1A), rather than on resource-constrained client 118.
Such reliance on server 128 is also advantageous because mobile communications devices vary widely in their ability to support more complex functionality, such as the use of Javascript and Ajax to create interactive web-based applications. Moreover, additional functionality can be implemented on server 128 without modifying any of the client applications 124 on client 118, thereby providing users over time not only with the promise of new channels, for example, but also with added functionality associated with one or more existing channels.
To facilitate this level of extensibility, the client (implemented, for example, as one of the client applications 124 on client 118, and sometimes referred to herein interchangeably with client 118) provides relatively general-purpose functionality. In other embodiments, such functionality could be integrated into browser 120, or into another application such as a search engine, or into a special-purpose application dedicated to one or more information channels. Server 128, however, remains in control, relying upon client 118 to interpret the specific instances of the “dynamic menu structure” provided to client 118 by server 128 in response, for example, to user queries.
In one embodiment, this general-purpose functionality implemented by a client application on client 118 includes (i) sending HTTP requests to search server 128 (such requests containing, for example, keystrokes of a user's multi-prefix query or a URI resulting from a user's selection of a channel, a record or a dynamic menu item), (ii) receiving HTTP responses from server 128 (containing, for example, HTTP headers along with search results and related data), (iii) parsing these HTTP responses (for example, to extract and render this data on the screen of client 118, as well as to extract dynamic menu information from the HTTP headers), and (iv) interacting with the user of client 118 to facilitate subsequent user queries and selections of search results or dynamic menu items, which can be utilized to generate and send additional HTTP requests (in some cases via browser 120), as well as to invoke “built-in” functionality on client 118, such as placing a phone call or sending an email in response to a user request.
Much of the basic search-related functionality implemented on both client 118 and server 128 has been explained above in great detail. The integrated dynamic menu mechanism described below, however, significantly extends such functionality by providing users with alternatives to simply selecting and activating a particular record.
For example, as explained above, search server 128 generates results at various tiers of a multi-tier user query, and sends those results to client 118. Such results include a collection of records 142 with associated fields 144 (illustrated in FIG. 1B), typically associated with a particular channel being queried by a user of client 118. A given record 142 typically includes one or more fields 144 that are displayed to the user on the screen of client 118, and which identify the record (such as the name of a channel or category of channels, or an item within a channel, perhaps including a name, address and phone number), as well as a field containing a URI (for example, a link) representing the action to be performed when the user selects and activates that record.
For example, when a user activates record 906 in FIG. 9B (representing the “Starbucks Store Locator” channel), client 118 accesses the URI associated with that record (which it previously received from server 128 in response to its single prefix “St” query for a desired channel) and uses it to generate an HTTP request to server 128. In response, server 128 sends to client 118 a landing page 931 associated with that channel for display on client 118, as illustrated in FIG. 9C. Similarly, after the user activates the “Los Altos Rancho” record 935 illustrated in FIG. 9F, client 118 accesses the URI associated with that record (which it had received from server 128 in response to its multi-prefix “Ran I a” query for a particular Starbucks store) and uses it to generate an HTTP request to server 128. In response, server 128 sends to client 118 a web page 941 (with additional detail corresponding to selected “Los Altos Rancho” record 935) for display on client 118, as illustrated in FIG. 9G. Note that web page 941 could, in one embodiment, be retrieved and displayed via browser 120 without the assistance of server 128 while, in other embodiments, it could be retrieved by server 128 and displayed on client 118 without the assistance of browser 120.
In one embodiment, Server 128 extends this functionality (to provide users with alternatives to simply selecting and activating a particular record) by generating additional fields associated with the records of a particular channel (or with multiple channels or channel categories). For example, with respect to the Starbucks Store Locator channel 906, server 128 might generate an additional field containing the phone number of each Starbucks store record. Server 128 would send such additional fields to client 118 (for example, in response to user queries) along with the other fields noted above that identify each record and provide a URI representing the action to be taken when the user selects and activates that record. As noted above, while the phone number displayed in record 935 could, in one embodiment, be unstructured text for the purposes of a user's multi-prefix query, server 128 could generate (and reformat, if necessary) a separate phone number field for each record containing the phone number (if available) of that particular Starbucks store.
Moreover, in one embodiment, server 128 generates one or more HTTP headers representing alternative actions a user could invoke, for example, with respect to a particular selected record. Such actions can utilize not only the additional fields generated by server 128, but also any other data or state information discernible by client 118 (such as elapsed time or user location via GPS services).
One such HTTP header might contain a dynamic menu item that enables a user to call the phone number of a selected record. For example, if a user selects “Los Altos Rancho” record 935 and activates the dynamic menu mechanism (rather than the action associated with the record itself), client 118 could display a dynamic menu containing a “Call Store” item and, if the user selects that item, client 118 could then dial the phone number of the Los Altos Rancho Starbucks store (contained in the additional phone number field previously sent to client 118 by server 128 in response to the user's multi-prefix “Ran I a” query).
As noted above, users can select a record without activating it in various ways, depending upon the capabilities of the user's particular mobile communications device. For example, some devices have buttons that are dedicated (or can be assigned) to prompt a client application to invoke a menu. Others, such as touchscreen devices, often do not distinguish between the selection and activation of an object, in which case an icon or other visible identifier could be displayed next to each record, or client 118 could distinguish the number of times a record was “tapped,” or how long it had been “held down.”
In one embodiment, an HTTP header includes not only the name of the dynamic menu item that is displayed to the user (for example, “Call Store”), but also the actions to be performed when the user activates that dynamic menu item (whether directly or indirectly, for example, by pressing a phone button while a particular record is selected). Such actions are designed to be extremely dynamic, taking into account not only the context of a user's queries but also the state of the user's mobile communications device, which can change frequently.
The HTTP header architecture allows dynamic menu items to be applicable globally to all channels, as well as to one or more particular channels, and even to particular records within or across channels. In one embodiment, a dynamic menu item can be specified to appear only if data pertaining to that item is available for a particular selected record. For example, a “Call Store” menu item might not appear if a phone number was not available for the particular store record selected by the user. These HTTP headers can leverage virtually any state information known to the user's mobile communications device (including information obtained via a remote server), such as a user's GPS location or whether a user is logged into a particular channel or web site.
In one embodiment, HTTP headers can reference data fields which not only can vary from one record to the next (such as phone numbers), but which can themselves contain record-specific dynamic menu item names and actions. In other words, distinct data fields can be defined (and populated on a per-record basis) such that the name of the dynamic menu item itself (and its associated action) will vary from record to record, even within a selected channel (due to the ability of the HTTP header to reference these distinct data fields).
This extensible “dynamic dynamic menu” feature enables the generation of record-specific, as well as channel-specific, menu items. For example, a movie channel might contain various types of field data, such as movie titles and actor names. Moreover, the “many-to-many” relationships among such data might well be maintained in a relational database that can be queried, for example, for a list of movie titles in which a given actor has appeared, or for a list of actors that have appeared in a given movie. A dynamic menu could, in one embodiment, display different menu items for search result “actor” records (for example, “Show Bio” or “Show Filmography”) than for search result “movie” records (for example, “Show Actors” or “Show Reviews”), even if a user's multi-prefix query was applied to actors as well as movies (provided the type of search result could be ascertained by server 128).
The architecture of these HTTP headers, including their use of state information as well as additional fields added by server 128, is discussed in greater detail below.
B. Dynamic Menu HTTP Header Architecture
One embodiment of this dynamic menu HTTP header architecture is illustrated in Table 1 below, which includes six distinct fields of a dynamic menu HTTP header. The utility of this dynamic menu HTTP header architecture will become apparent from the following explanation of these fields with reference to the “SAMPLE Dynamic Menu HTTP Headers” listed in Table 2 below,









TABLE 1





HTTP HEADER




FIELD
VALUES
COMMENTS







Header Name
B-Menu-Entry-nnn
Number “nnn” determines Order of Menu Item




within Dynamic Menu










Context
C
Current Channel
Indicates whether Menu Item can apply to Current



I
Current Selected Item
Channel, Selected Item or BOTH



B
BOTH
Menu Item will NOT be visible/enabled if





Focus on Channel when “I” set or





Focus on Selected Item when “C” set


Processing Type
I
Processed IN Client
Upon Menu Item activation, Client issues HTTP or



O
Processed OUT of Client
other Request (via URI constructed in accordance




(eg, Launch Browser)
with “Action” field) either:





To Server (to retrieve data for display IN Client, and





including built-in client application and mobile





device functionality)





OR





To Browser or Other Client App (launched to





retrieve data OUTSIDE of Client, eg, via URI passed





from Client)


Next Step
F
Follow Link
After processing the Action (specified below), Client



R
Refresh Channel
might “Do Nothing” (N) or perform an additional



S
Refresh Channel and
action, such as:




Clear Search Filter
“Follow Link” (F) as if user had activated Selected



N
Do Nothing
Item (row or record)





OR





“Refresh Channel” ® to provide updated/refreshed





data (or “S” to also clear any existing search filter)









Menu Item Name
[TEXT of Menu Item name]
This is the text that will be displayed in the Dynamic




Menu




Menu Items displayed in the order specified in the




“Header Name” field


Action
*** [Used to construct URI]
See explanation below regarding the process for




constructing a URI to be processed in accordance




with the “Processing Type” field
















TABLE 2





SAMPLE


Dynamic Menu HTTP Headers















B-Menu-Entry-1: BIN; Add to favorites;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/?favorite=$1&base=$0&uri=$2\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-3; IIF; Click to call;


tel:$4/; Talk\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-2: IIS; Search from here;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/?name=$1&latlon=$3&response=


text\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-4: CIN; Change location;


i:change%20location\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-6: ION; Directions to here;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/directions/?latlon=$3\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-5: BIS; Clear location;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/?latlon=\r\n


B-Menu-Entry-7: ION; Movie details;


http://wap.aol.com/moviefone/Movie.do?theaterid=$6&movieid=


$7&showtime=$8&showsynopsis=true\r\n









Each row of the SAMPLE Dynamic Menu HTTP Headers” shown in Table 2 represents a distinct dynamic menu HTTP header, delimited from other headers (in one embodiment) by “carriage return\newline” or “\r\n” characters. Each header in turn represents a dynamic menu item (such as “Add to favorites”) that might appear when the dynamic menu is invoked and displayed on a user's mobile communications device.
As noted above, in one embodiment, users can also invoke such dynamic menu items via built-in functionality on a mobile device, such as pressing a “Talk” button that is mapped to invoke a “Click to call” dynamic menu item. In this embodiment, the mapping occurs by adding a symbolic name to the header after the Action field (for example, “Talk” in row 2 of Table 2 to invoke this dynamic menu item whenever the client application detects that the user presses the built-in “Talk” button on client 118).
In another embodiment, these symbolic names can also be used to modify the functionality of a dynamic menu item. For example, a “Map” symbolic name could direct the client application to pass a URI to a third-party mapping application (such as Google Maps), if one is installed on client 118, rather than to a web browser, such as browser 120. In yet another embodiment, a web browser might automatically detect certain location-related information in a URL obtained from the client application and elect to utilize a third-party application that it knows has been installed on client 118 (such as Google Maps), by reformatting the URL (intended for a web server) in accordance with a published API defined by such third-party application.
As noted above, in one embodiment, whenever server 128 (see FIG. 1A) sends data to client 118, it also sends a set of HTTP headers which can include dynamic menu HTTP headers representing dynamic menu items. Thus, a different set of dynamic menu items may be “active” depending upon which HTTP headers were most recently sent. In one embodiment, a set of “global” dynamic menu items is always active, along with any additional dynamic menu items sent by server 128 at any given time. In another embodiment, a set of “default” dynamic menu items might become active once a channel has been chosen, unless the server overrides some or all of those default dynamic menu items. Many other combinations are apparent and will depend upon the requirements of any particular implementation.
The first field of each header, illustrated in Table 1, is the “Header Name” field. This field identifies the header as a “dynamic menu” HTTP header by virtue of the “B-Menu-Entry-nnn” designation, where “nnn” serves to determine the order in which the “Menu Item Name” (discussed below) will appear when the dynamic menu is displayed. Referring to the headers in Table 2, it can be seen that their display order is determined by the number following the “B-Menu-Entry-” designation, as opposed to the order in which they were transmitted to the client (reflected as the order of the rows in Table 2). For example, the header in row 2 of Table 2 would appear as the third menu item in the dynamic menu actually displayed to the user. Finally, note that this “Header Name” field is delimited, in one embodiment, from the next field (“Context”) by a colon (“:”) character.
The “Context” field in Table 1 is a single-character field that relates to the context or circumstances in which the header's dynamic menu item will be displayed. In other words, even when the dynamic menu is displayed on a user's device, not every dynamic menu item will necessarily be displayed. In one embodiment, the dynamic menu item might be displayed only when the “focus” is on the current channel (C), or only when the focus is on a particular selected record or item (I) displayed in response to a query within that channel. Otherwise, it might always be displayed (for example, in both (B) cases) whenever the dynamic menu is displayed (assuming, in one embodiment, that referenced data fields are non-empty).
In one embodiment, the “focus” will typically be on the “channel” (or channel category) when results are received from server 128 (for example, in response to a user query or menu selection). But, when a user selects (but does not activate) a particular item or record within a channel, the focus is then switched to that particular item or record.
The header in row 3 of Table 2, for example, containing a “Search from here” dynamic menu item, would, in this example, not be displayed unless the focus was on a particular selected record or item (I). In the case of a “Yellow Pages” channel, for example, it would not make sense (contextually) to display a “Search from here” dynamic menu item before the user enters a search query (in which case no records would be visible) or after the user enters a partial or complete query but before the user selects a record (in which case multiple items might be visible). But, once the user selects a particular record, it makes sense in this context to display the “Search from here” menu item, which, if activated, would replace the “reference location” for future searches with the location associated with that selected store. As noted above, however, in the event that the particular selected store did not have a listed address, then the client application could detect that the “address” field was empty and (using a different mechanism discussed below) prevent the display of the “Search from here” menu item for that particular selected record.
In the case of the “Add to favorites” header in row 1 of Table 2, the “B” designation indicates that this function could apply to the current channel as well as to the selected item. Continuing with the above Yellow Pages example, if the focus is still on the channel (for example, before the user enters a query and selects a record), then activation of the “Add to favorite” dynamic menu item would add the Yellow Pages channel to the user's list of “favorites.” But, if the user selects a particular store, and then activates the “Add to favorite” dynamic menu item, then the selected store (not the Yellow Pages channel) would be added to the user's list of “favorites.”
Yet, the “Change location” header in row 4 of Table 2 would only be displayed if the focus was on the channel, as opposed to a particular record (due to the “C” designation in the Context field). Continuing with the Yellow Pages example, consider the scenario in which a user first activates that channel, and has not yet entered a query. If the user had previously set a “search center” location, then the client application might initially display a list of stores nearest that location. But, if the user desires to search for stores in another geographical area, then the user most likely would not select one of those displayed store records. Instead, the user could activate the “Change location” dynamic menu item, which might display a list of zip codes and prompt the user to enter zip code digits until the user sees and activates a desired zip code. The user might then enter a query into the Yellow Pages channel, resulting in the display of a list of stores nearby the user's new “search center” location.
Note that, in the SAMPLE Dynamic Menu HTTP Headers in Table 2, the “Context” field (in one embodiment) has no delimiter, as it is a single-character field followed by another single-character field, the “Processing Type” field, which also has no delimiter, as it is followed by a third single-character field, the “Next Step” field, which has a semicolon (“;”) delimiter to separate it from the following “Menu Item Name” field.
Returning to Table 1, the “Processing Type” field indicates whether, upon activation of the dynamic menu item by the user, the associated action will be performed inside (I) this client application (including invocation of a built-in feature of the user's mobile device, such as placing a phone call) or outside (O) this client application (for example, by launching another client application, such as a web browser or mapping application). In either case, as will be discussed below with respect to the “Action” field shown in Table 1, activation of the dynamic menu item will result in generation of a URI, which will either be transmitted to server 128 (or handled internally, for example, via built-in functionality) or be passed to another client application, such as web browser 120.
Returning to Table 2, it is apparent that many of the actions associated with these headers are performed inside (I) the client application. For example, in addition to the “Add to favorites,” “Change location” and “Search from here” headers, the “Clear location” header in row 6 of Table 2 will also direct the client application to transmit an HTTP request (containing the relevant URI) to server 128 (or, in other embodiments, to third-party servers hosting particular channel functionality). Instead of setting the user's “latlon” variable to a selected “zip code” value (containing the latitude and longitude coordinates corresponding, for example, to a desired zip code), the client application would request that server 128 clear that variable by setting it to a null value. Even the “Click to call” header in row 2 of Table 2 will utilize the client application to invoke built-in functionality of the user's mobile device (in this case, to place a call to a selected item, such as a store or movie theater).
Other headers in Table 2, however, include actions that are intended to be performed outside (O) the client application, for example by invoking another client application, such as a web browser. For example, the “Movie details” header in row 7 of Table 2 directs the client application to construct a URI utilizing various field data (discussed below) and then pass it to a client web browser to retrieve a web page from a third-party web server. Moreover, the “Directions to here” header in row 5 of Table 2 will appear only if the user selects a particular item, which typically will include one or more location fields. In one embodiment, the client application will pass the relevant location information (for the starting “search center” as well as the destination of the selected item) to another client application, such as a web browser, which will retrieve a web page containing relevant directions (and perhaps a map of the route). In another embodiment, a dedicated mapping application could be employed instead of a web browser.
The “Next Step” field in Table 1 is also a single-character field that indicates whether the client application, after it performs the action associated with this dynamic menu header, will perform another action. For example, a “Follow Link” (F) action would instruct the client application to perform the same action that it would have performed had the user activated the selected record. For example, after performing the action associated with the “Click to call” header in row 2 of Table 2 (such as calling the phone number associated with a selected store or other record), the client application will then follow the link associated with that selected item (for example, by passing its associated URL to web browser 120 to retrieve a merchant's web page). In another embodiment, in which client 118 cannot initiate voice and data communications simultaneously, the (F) designation could be ignored.
Other options include a “Refresh Channel” (R) action, in which the current channel is refreshed by virtue of the client application again sending the most recent HTTP request to server 128 (or, in other embodiments, to another third-party server hosting channel data). As a result, server 128 sends back updated results to the client application and the screen is refreshed. A related option is the “Refresh Channel and Clear Search Filter” (S) action, which clears any search filter (such as a multi-prefix search query) from the HTTP request before sending it to server 128.
For example, if a user searched a “Starbucks Store Locator” channel for a store near a particular city, and saw a nearby store in the results list, the user might select that store record and activate “Search from here” dynamic menu item, which would update the user's “search center” based upon the location of that selected store. In that case, however, the user likely would want to see updated search results reflecting the new location, but would not necessarily want those results filtered by any particular city. The “S” designation in the “Search from here” header in row 3 of Table 2 would direct the client to issue a “Refresh” request after removing the existing search filter. Note that, in one embodiment, all of these steps occur without requiring the user to leave the client application, access the web browser or supply a user ID externally.
The fourth and final “Next Step” action is to “Do Nothing” (N), in which case the client application performs only the action specified in the “Action” field shown in Table 1. For example, the “Add to favorites” header in row 1 of Table 2 would simply add the channel or selected record to the user's list of “favorites” (due to the “N” designation in the header's “Next Step” field). In another embodiment, a different “Next Step” action might cause the user's list of “favorites” to appear (for example, as it would when the client application is initially invoked). As noted above, the “Next Step” field, in one embodiment, is delimited by a semicolon (“;”).
The next to last field illustrated in Table 1 is the “Menu Item Name” field which, in one embodiment, is also delimited by a semicolon (“;”) to separate it from the final “Action” field. This “Menu Item Name” field contains the text of the name that will appear in the dynamic menu when it is displayed to the user on the screen of client 118. As noted above, the order of these menu items is determined by the “Header Name” field.
The sixth and final field of the embodiment of a dynamic menu HTTP header illustrated in Table 1 is the “Action” field. This field determines the action that the client application will perform if the dynamic menu item in this header is activated by the user. This field provides a flexible and dynamic mechanism that facilitates the construction of a URI that can be sent to server 128 (or used to invoke a built-in function of the user's mobile device) or passed to another client application, such as browser 120 (depending upon the value of the “Processing Type” field discussed above).
The dynamic features of this Action field, in one embodiment, include the ability to extract data fields associated with a current channel or selected record by referencing a “field number” or “column” with a dollar sign (for example, “$1” for field 1, and so forth). The text in the data field associated with the referenced column replaces the reference (“$1”) and is inserted into the URI under construction. Moreover, the URI can include variable names to which a server will assign values, such as the value of a referenced data field (such as “varname=$1”).
For example, the action associated with the “Add to favorites” header in row 1 of Table 2 is a template for a URI the first portion of which (for example, http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/) appears to be a typical HTTP request to server 128 (or, in another embodiment, to another server hosting channel data). Based upon its use of the service/set directory structure, server 128 (in one embodiment) implicitly knows to set variables to specified values based upon the remainder of the URI (following the “?” delimiter, indicating that parameters will follow).
In this case, the remaining portion of the URI consists of three variable assignments separated by “ampersand” (“&”) delimiters, followed by (as noted above) “carriage return/newline” or “\r\n” characters, which serve to separate individual dynamic menu HTTP headers from one another. Thus, the “favorite” variable will be assigned the value contained within “field 1” (in one embodiment, the name of a channel, category or selected record). The “base” variable is used, in one embodiment, to provide a standard reference directory location (stored in “field 0”) to which additional directories can be appended, such as the “uri” (assigned to the value of “field 2”), which might contain the channel-specific location, for example, of the selected favorite channel.
Looking at row 2 of Table 2, this “Click to call” dynamic menu item will perform a special “tel” action that is built into the user's mobile device and accessible from the client application. In one embodiment, the client application would extract the data from “field 4” (for example, the phone number of the selected record) and pass it to the built-in function of the user's mobile device to initiate a phone call. Depending upon the capabilities of this built-in functionality, the phone number might be dialed automatically, or a dialog box might pop up displaying the phone number and asking the user whether to initiate the phone call. As noted above, this functionality can even be invoked without requiring the user to activate the dynamic menu item. For example, if the client application detects that the user pressed the “Talk” button on client 118, it would know to invoke this “Click to call” dynamic menu item due to the presence of the symbolic name “Talk” after the Action field in this header, as shown in row 2 of Table 2.
The “Action” field of the “Search from here” dynamic menu item in row 3 of Table 2 is similar to that of the “Add to favorites” item discussed above. The “name” variable is set to the value of “field 1,” which represents the name of the selected record whose location is being used as the new “search center.” The “latlon” variable is set to the value of “field 3,” which contains the latitude and longitude data defining the location of the selected item. The “response” variable simply indicates, in one embodiment, that the server is to generate a textual response, as opposed to returning a web page.
The “Change location” action in row 4 of Table 2 is a special command, in one embodiment, to enable the current channel to be changed temporarily and then refreshed after the user specifies a new “search center” location. For example, upon activating the “Change location” dynamic menu item, the special URI sent to server 128 requests a temporary change of channel (the data for which is located via that URI) in response to which server 128 sends a list of zip codes (the data corresponding to a “Change location” channel) to be displayed on the client. The user can then search into, select and activate a desired zip code, whereupon the user will be returned to the prior channel, which will be refreshed to reflect the new location.
The “Directions to here” action in row 5 of Table 2 is processed, in one embodiment, outside the client (based on the “I” designation in the “Processing Type” field) and passed to web browser 120 on the user's mobile device. The URI will also include the user's current “search center” location (not shown). In one embodiment, this URI is sent via web browser 120 to a web server on server 128 which, based on the use of the “directions” directory, will set the “latlon” variable to the value of the data extracted into the URI from “field 3,” and use both the “to” and “from” locations passed in the URI to return a web page containing, for example, a map along with textual directions. In one embodiment, server 128 relies upon a third-party web server to return this web page, after passing it the location data.
The “Action” field of the “Clear location” dynamic menu item in row 6 of Table 2 is also similar to that of the “Add to favorites” item discussed above. The “latlon” variable is set to the value of “field 3,” which contains the latitude and longitude data defining the location of the selected item. After setting this variable, server 128 is directed (by the “S” designation in the “Next Step” field) to clear the search filter and refresh the currently selected channel (as described above).
The “Action” field of the “Movie details” dynamic menu item in row 7 of Table 2 is processed outside of the client application (as is the “Directions to here” dynamic menu item). In this case, the user, after querying the AOL Moviefone channel for a desired movie, selects that movie record and activates the “Movie details” dynamic menu item. The client application constructs a relatively complicated URI (explained below) and passes it to web browser 120. In one embodiment, this URI is sent via browser 120 to a third-party site (AOL's Moviefone web site) with a standard HTTP command and a set of parameters (assigning data extracted from channel data columns to specified variables). The “Movie.do” command instructs the Moviefone web server to return a “movie details” web page to browser 120 based upon the specified parameter values.
The “theaterid” variable is set to the data extracted into the URI from “field 6” (containing a unique ID of the theater at which the selected movie is playing). The “movieid” variable is set to the data extracted into the URI from “field 7” (containing a unique ID of the selected movie). The “showtime” variable is set to the data extracted into the URI from “field 8” (defining showtimes for the selected movie). Finally, the “showsynopsis” variable is set to a constant value of “true,” indicating that the selected movie's synopsis should be included with the other movie details.
As noted above, in one embodiment, dynamic menu items are not displayed if data fields referenced in a header's “Action” field (for example, using the “$” replacement mechanism discussed above) are empty. This behavior can be modified, in another embodiment, by including a “question mark” (“?”) character after the “$” character (for example, “$?1”), in which case the dynamic menu item would be displayed even if the referenced data field is empty. Similarly, use of an “exclamation point” (“!”) character (for example, “$!1”) would invert this behavior, and cause the dynamic menu item to be displayed only if the referenced data column is empty. In yet another embodiment, a “percent” (“%”) character (following a “$” or “$?” or “$!” character combination) will direct the client application not to URL-encode the referenced field data.
In still another embodiment, a “$p” character combination is used to reference the mobile device's GPS latitude/longitude coordinates (if GPS functionality is present on the device). An HTTP header sent by server 128, such as “B -GPS: 45.394280, −132.224830,” could inform the client of the current “search center” location (for example, previously set by the user via a “Search from here” dynamic menu item). In another embodiment, client 118 sends a standard “geo.position: lat; Ion” header to server 128 with every request, which server 128 can use, for example, to sort search results. In other embodiments, additional HTTP headers can be employed to cause channel “refreshes” under program control. For example, a “B-Action: refresh=10sec” header would direct the client to request a refresh of the current channel every 10 seconds. Such a feature could be useful, for example, to obtain updated sporting event scores (perhaps even based upon the time remaining in an event). Similarly, a “B-Action: refresh=0.25mi” header would direct the client to request a refresh of the current channel whenever the user's mobile phone device had traveled one-quarter of a mile (as indicated by the GPS data). This feature could be useful to update a map, for example, showing the nearest Starbucks locations while the user is traveling, or the nearest “homes for sale” while a realtor is driving across town. Server 128 could also notify client 118 when the user is within a certain distance of a selected destination.
Many other dynamic menu and related features will become apparent in the context of the following discussion of operational aspects of dynamic menus with reference to FIGS. 11A-C and FIGS. 12A-G below.
C. Dynamic Menu Operation
Referring to FIG. 11A, a client application in one embodiment of the present invention displays a window 1102 when initially invoked by a user of a mobile communications device (such as client 118 in FIG. 1A or device 200 in FIG. 2) on which the client application is loaded. It should be noted that another similar embodiment of window 1102 is also illustrated as window 902 in FIG. 9A.
In one embodiment, Window 1102 contains various component display areas, including a small area 1103 for display of real-time and related status information, such as the level of network connectivity to a mobile communications or other network. It also includes a search query field 1104, to facilitate the entry of user queries, including the multi-prefix queries discussed above, as well as a results display area 1105 to display the results of such user queries.
When the client application is initially invoked, results display area 1105 contains a list of various categories of channels, including a user's previously designated “favorite” channels 1106 (as well as links and other previously designated records) and other available channel categories 1107. As noted above, results are provided to client 118 by server 128 (typically in response to user requests), and may be updated over time. In addition, window 1102 may display certain headings, such as the “Favorite Channels” heading 1108, which describes the collection of user-defined “favorites” displayed below heading 1108 (but which cannot, in one embodiment, be selected or activated to perform any additional function).
In one embodiment, window 1102 also includes a “fixed menu” display area 1109 containing certain commonly-used features, such as a “Back” menu item that will refresh window 1102 with the results of the previously entered user query (in one embodiment, by resending the prior user request to server 128 and displaying the updated results of such request). A “Menu” item is also included in display area 1109 to invoke a menu with a set of items that provide additional functionality, as will be explained below. In one embodiment, the “Back” and “Menu” items can be mapped to and invoked by keystrokes or buttons on the user's mobile device.
At this point, a user typically desires to locate a desired channel (for example, in a “first-tier” search) within which desired information can then be located (for example, via a “second-tier” or subsequent-tier query). To facilitate user queries, a user can enter characters into search query field 1104, or simply select and activate a channel or channel category. In either case, client 118 submits such user requests to server 128, which returns a collection of filtered results which client 118 displays in results display area 1105. Examples of such multi-tiered and multi-prefix user queries have been illustrated above in great detail.
In other situations, however, users desire additional functionality beyond that which is afforded by simply entering user queries and activating channel, channel category and intra-channel records. As discussed above, the dynamic menu architecture of the present invention provides such alternative functionality in the context of the user's query and other related state information.
In one embodiment, when the user initially invokes the client application, client 118 sends an HTTP “GET” Request as illustrated in Table 3 below. This request includes the “imenu” function and a reference to the “Home” directory, which is interpreted by server 128 as a request for the initial “top-level” set of channels, categories and favorites that is illustrated in FIG. 11A. The remaining information contains data regarding the capabilities of the mobile device, such as its operating system and version, and display resolution, as well as the version of the client application.
In response, server 128 also sends a “GET” request, which directs client 118 to display the “list” of data that follows the HTTP headers. Server 128 also informs client 118 that the “Incremental Search” capability is turned “on” (to provide interactive results as the user types characters into search query field 1104 in FIG. 11A). Finally, it indicates the length of the data that follows.
The HTTP headers include 3 dynamic menu headers (“Remove from favorites,” “Add to favorites,” and “Refresh”), as well as a “B-Action: skip-empty-links” header that directs the client, while navigating, to skip over rows of data that do not have associated links (for example, to avoid selecting items such as the “Favorite Channels” heading 1108 in FIG. 11A, since it has no associated action). As explained above, the “Refresh” dynamic menu item will request that server 128 refresh the current channel and remove the user's current search filter, if any. It will be visible regardless of whether the focus is on any selected channel or category.
The “Add to favorites” and “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu items will apply only when an item is selected (due to the “I” designation in the “Context” field), and will refresh this top-level collection of channels and categories to update the list of the user's “favorites” (for example, after adding or removing a selected item). The Action fields of these two headers is similar to that explained in the examples above in Table 2, in that it sets the “base,” “favorite,” and “uri” variables to the values of the data in fields 0, 1, and 2, respectively. In addition, the “Remove from favorites” Action field includes a “remove” parameter to enable server 128 to distinguish this request from an “Add to favorites” request.
Note, however, that a third field (“field 3”) is referenced, which is used by client 118 to determine whether to display the “Add to favorites” or “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item based on whether the user selected an item on the user's list of favorites. For example, as will be discussed below, each record includes (in one embodiment) a “1” in “field 3” if it is on the user's list of favorites. Otherwise, “field 3” is left empty. By using the “$3” designation, the “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item will be displayed only if “field 3” is non-empty, and thus only if the user has selected an item on the user's list of “favorites.” Conversely, the “Add to favorites” dynamic menu item contains a “$!3” designation, which directs client 118 to display this menu item only if “field 3” is empty, and thus only if the user has selected an item that is not on the user's list of “favorites.”
Following these HTTP headers in Table 3 is the body of the transmitted message containing the list of data to be displayed by client 118 in results display area 1105 of window 1102 shown in FIG. 11A. The hex-formatted digits at the beginning of certain rows of data specify standard color and aesthetic display information. The “name” to be displayed for each channel or category (or header) is deemed “field 1” with a space delimiter separating it from the “uri” in “field 2.” This “uri,” in one embodiment, is a relative path to assist server 128 in locating the data (HTTP headers and channel data) should a particular record be selected and activated. Following the “uri,” the data for “field 3” is displayed, which (in one embodiment) includes a “1” if the record is on the user's list of “favorites,” and is otherwise left empty.
To illustrate how these HTTP headers and associated data records shown in Table 3 are utilized, consider a common scenario illustrated in FIG. 11B. A user might desire to remove a previously defined favorite channel (or other record). In one embodiment, the user selects a favorite channel which the user desires to remove, such as “Loyola School Directory” channel 1116 in window 1112, and invokes menu item 1119a in menu display area 1119, which results in the display of dynamic menu 1115. At this point, client 118 detects that selected record 1116 is on the user's list of favorites (based on the presence of a “1” in “field 3”), and thus displays the “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item 1115a (but not the “Add to favorites” dynamic menu item, due to the “$!3” designation in its header). It should also be noted that, in one embodiment, additional menu items are displayed (for example, “Home” and “All Channels” and others) on dynamic menu 1115. These “global” menu items can be “hardwired” into client 118 (for example, not relying on this dynamic menu HTTP header architecture), or can be considered as “default” menu items to be displayed unless server 128 indicates otherwise (as discussed above).
Having selected channel 1116, the user can select and activate “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item 1115a, which will cause client 118 (in accordance with the Action field associated with the “Remove from favorites” header illustrated in Table 3) to construct a URI (extracting information from designated data fields) and send an HTTP request to server 128, which will set the relevant variables (as explained above). It will then issue a “Refresh” request (due to the “R” designation in the “Next Step” field) to server 128 to refresh this “top-level” channel and category list, reflecting the removed record.
If, however, the user selects a record that is not on the user's list of “favorites,” then the “Remove from favorites” item is not contextually relevant and is not displayed (in one embodiment) when the user invokes a dynamic menu. Turning to FIG. 11C, for example, if the user selects a record such as “Business” channel category 1126, and then invokes menu item 1129a in menu display area 1129, client 118 displays dynamic menu 1125, which does not contain a “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item, but does contain an “Add to favorites” menu item 1125a. 
As discussed above, client 118 detects that selected “Business” channel category record 1126 is not on the user's list of favorites (based on an empty “field 3”), and thus displays the “Add to favorites” dynamic menu item 1125a (but not the “Remove from favorites” dynamic menu item, due to the “$3” designation in its header). Having selected channel 1126, the user can select and activate “Add to favorites” dynamic menu item 1125a, which will cause client 118 (in accordance with the Action field associated with the “Add to favorites” header illustrated in Table 3) to construct a URI (extracting information from designated data fields) and send an HTTP request to server 128, which will set the relevant variables (as explained above). It will then issue a “Refresh” request (due to the “R” designation in the “Next Step” field) to server 128 to refresh this “top-level” channel and category list, reflecting the added record.
One embodiment of the dynamic menu mechanism illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11C provides users with contextually relevant alternative functionality not only by distinguishing whether a selected record is on the user's list of favorites (and displaying the contextually appropriate dynamic menu item), but also by receiving dynamic menu HTTP headers along with the results of the user's request. In other words, as the user queries different channels for different types of data, the dynamic menu items also can change to reflect such differences, even at the level of a particular record.







TABLE 3







REQUEST


GET /imenu?u=http://live.boopsie.com/i/Home/ HTTP/1.1


UA-OS: WinCE (Smartphone)-Version (5.1); Carrier (none);


Boopsie-Version (2.0.2.2)


UA-pixels: 320×240 (9 lines)


RESPONSE (not logged in)


GET /list HTTP/1.1


Incremental-Search: on


Content-Length: 1017


B-Menu-Entry-1: IIR; Remove from favorites;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/?remove&favorite=


$1&base=$0&uri=$2&if=$3


B-Menu-Entry-2: IIR; Add to favorites;


http://live.boopsie.com/service/set/?favorite=$1&base=$0&uri=$2&if=$!3


B-Menu-Entry-4: BIS; Refresh


B-Action: skip-empty-links


#fff#008 Favorite Channels


CitySearch Silicon Valley  i:../CitySearch%20Silicon%20Valley/  1


Google Gmail  http://gmail.com/  1


Loyola School Directory i:../Loyola%20School%20Directory/  1


Nokia Music Store  i:../Nokia%20Music%20Store/  1


Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia


i:../Wikipedia%20English%20The%20Free%20Encyclopedia/  1


#fff#35a All Channels  i:../All%20Channels/


#fff#35a Business  i:../Business/


#fff#35a Dating i:../Dating/


#fff#35a Entertainment i:../Entertainment/


#fff#35a Food and Wine i:../Food%20and%20Wine/


#fff#35a Google i:../Google/


#fff#35a Health i:../Health/


#fff#35a How To i:../How%20To/


#fff#35a Local i:../Local/


#fff#35a News  i:../News/


#fff#35a Reference  i:../Reference/


#fff#35a Religion  i:../Religion/


#fff#35a Shopping  i:../Shopping/


#fff#35a Social Networking  i:../Social%20Networking/


#fff#35a Sports and Recreation i:../Sports%20and%20Recreation/


#fff#35a Store Locator i:../Store%20Locator/


#fff#35a Technical  i:../Technical/


#fff#35a Tools i:../Tools/


#fff#35a Travel i:../Travel/









Referring now to FIG. 12A, consider the operation of one embodiment of the dynamic menu mechanism of the present invention in the context of a user activating the “Facebook Friends” channel. Upon locating and activating this channel (in the manner discussed above), client 118 sends a “GET” request to server 128, illustrated in Table 4. This request is very similar to the one shown in Table 3, the primary difference being the URI path to the “Facebook Friends” directory on server 128, instead of to the “Home” directory (containing the list of channels, categories and favorites).
Yet, server 128 detects that the user has not yet logged into the Facebook web site (at least via the client application), and thus cannot yet leverage the client application (including, for example, the interactive multi-prefix, multi-tier and dynamic menu features of the present invention) to obtain user-specific profile information, including information regarding the user's Facebook friends. Although the user could be logged into the Facebook web site via web browser 120, this would not afford the user the benefits of the integrated experience provided by the Facebook Friends channel (described in greater detail below).
In one embodiment, before server 128 delivers to client 118 the “Log into Facebook” page shown in FIG. 12A, server 128 accesses the Facebook web server (via a published API), obtains an “API key” (in effect logging server 128 into Facebook) and provides information to Facebook, including a “user callback URL” that the Facebook web server will supply to browser 120 in response to a successful authentication request (which contains the API key). When browser 120 subsequently accesses this “user callback URL,” it will access the web browser on server 128, effectively notifying server 128 of the user's successful authentication, and providing it with the user's “session ID” generated by the Facebook web server.
By leveraging this relatively common API mechanism (and other techniques discussed in greater detail below), server 128 can provide users with a significant degree of interoperability between the client-server application of the present invention and standard web browsers such as web browser 120. For example, because the Facebook web server is aware of server 128 (via the API key), it can deliver to browser 120 the “Log into Facebook” web page shown in FIG. 12A, which includes information specific to the client-server application of the present invention (for example, the message 1207 requesting the user to log into Facebook to enable the “Boopsie” application to deliver the user's list of friends).
Returning to Table 4, the “GET” request in the “Response” from server 128 is also very similar to the one discussed above and shown in Table 3. The associated data is relatively simple, including only textual directions to the user and a single selectable record with an associated “login” action. The single dynamic menu “Refresh” HTTP header is very similar to the Refresh header shown in Table 3, except that it does not clear the user's search filter (due to the “R” designation in the header's “Next Step” field).
One major difference, however, is the presence of security information, since the user must log into (albeit somewhat indirectly) the actual “Facebook” web site. In one embodiment, server 128 generates a “MOFIID,” which is a form of user or session ID that is specific to the “pairing” of the user and a particular channel, such as the Facebook Friends channel. To enhance security, each user is assigned different authentication credentials with respect to each channel the user accesses (assuming such channels or web sites require user authentication). This strengthens security (as will become apparent below) by preventing multiple web sites from having access to a user's “common” authentication credentials, while still affording server 128 the ability to communicate with the Facebook web server on behalf of the user to obtain user-specific information and provide enhanced functionality to users of both the Facebook web site and the Facebook Friends channel.
The “B-MOFIID: 2wl6n9pX5z4cV” header shown in Table 4 provides the user's MOFIID to the client application. In addition, the URI (shown in Table 4) associated with the user's activation of the “Log into Facebook” record (illustrated in FIG. 12A) contains both the API key (connecting server 128 with Facebook) and the MOFIID (used by server 128 to distinguish among users of the Facebook Friends channel). These mechanisms are used, in one embodiment, to enable users to log into Facebook via a standard web browser, such as browser 120, without foregoing the functionality provided by the Facebook Friends channel.
At this point, the user's only effective choice is to activate the “Log into Facebook” link or record 1206 to initiate the login process. In one embodiment, the client application then passes the URI shown in Table 4 to browser 120, which the client application launches to initiate the process of logging the user into the Facebook web site. In response, the Facebook web server delivers to browser 120 the web page 1212 shown in FIG. 12B. Note that this web page also includes information specific to the client-server application of the present invention, such as the message 1214 requesting that the user log into Facebook via web page 1212 to enjoy the full functionality of the “Boopsie” application. Message 1214 also provides the user with an optional link to log into Facebook directly (for example, if the user desires to circumvent the “Boopsie” client application and the benefits afforded by the Facebook Friends channel).
Web page 1212 includes fields in which the user can enter standard authentication information, including email address or phone number field 1216, password field 1217 and an optional save login info checkbox 1218. After filling in the relevant login info, as illustrated in FIG. 12C, and activating the “Log in” link 1225, the Facebook web server proceeds not only to log the user into Facebook and generate a session ID (for subsequent access to user-specific information on the Facebook web site), but also to use the “user callback URL” described above to redirect web browser 120 to a web page on server 128 corresponding to that URL (as well as provide the user's session ID). This process effectively serves to notify server 128 of the user's successful Facebook login, as well as provide server 128 with the user's newly-generated Facebook session ID. Server 128 utilizes the user's MOFIID (which is also forwarded by the Facebook web server, along with the session ID that it generated) to distinguish among its own users that access the Facebook Friends channel.
At this point, server 128 can utilize the user's MOFIID and session ID to issue requests to the Facebook web server for user-specific information, such as the user's list of friends. However, in one embodiment, rather than leave the user in the web browser interface, the web server on server 128 can respond to the request from browser 120 (for the web page at the “user callback URL” located on server 128) by downloading a “.MOFI” file, which will cause browser 120 to invoke the client application automatically—much in the same way that any downloaded file with an extension to a third-party application (such as “.xis” for Microsoft Excel or “.pdf” for Adobe Acrobat), can cause a web browser to launch that application automatically upon downloading that file.
This non-standard use of a relatively standard mechanism enables the user, after having logged into Facebook via browser 120, to automatically be returned to the client application providing the Facebook Friends channel.







TABLE 4







REQUEST


GET /imenu?u=http://live.boopsie.com/i/Facebook%20Friends/ HTTP/1.1


UA-OS: WinCE (Smartphone)-Version (5.1); Carrier (none);


Boopsie-Version (2.0.2.2)


UA-pixels: 320×240 (9 lines)


RESPONSE (not logged in)


GET /list HTTP/1.1


Incremental-Search: on


Content-Length: 257


B-MOFIID: 2wl6n9pX5z4cV


B-Action: skip-empty-links


B-List-Mode: refreshs


B-Menu-Entry-1: BIR; Refresh


#fff#3b5998 facebook


#fff#6d84b4 please log in


Please log in, so that Boopsie for Facebook may load your Friends list.


Log into Facebook\thttp://m.facebook.com/login.php


?api_key=4a7075ed59a1884c5e741c13a83c25e0&v=


1.0&next=mofiid%3d2wl6nghj5z4cV









When the client application “refreshes” its request for the “Facebook Friends” channel (automatically upon activation, for example, in one embodiment), it reissues the same GET request, now shown in Table 5. However, because server 128 now knows that the user is logged into Facebook, it issues a different response, illustrated in FIG. 12D.
The HTTP headers shown in Table 5 include the MOFIID data and progress information (indicating, for example, that records 1 to 20 of 97 records have been retrieved), as well as seven dynamic menu HTTP headers that provide functionality specific to the Facebook Friends channel, in addition to the data that follows, which includes a list of the user's friends and identifying information (including a unique “friend ID” that server 128 can use to obtain information specific to a particular “friend” record from the Facebook web server).
Turning to FIG. 12D, window 1232 includes user search query field 1234 and results display area 1235, which contains data headings 1238 indicating that Facebook friends 1-20 of 97 are displayed below. These “friend” records 1236 contain summary information about the user's friends. If any such record is activated, an associated action will be performed, such as invoking web browser 120 to request a “deep link” from the Facebook web site for a profile of the selected friend. In addition, menu display area 1239 includes menu item 1239a, which enables the user to display a dynamic menu.
The dynamic menu HTTP headers shown in Table 5 provide a variety of Facebook-specific functionality. With the exception of the “Refresh” and “Log out” headers, which are performed by the client application, the remaining headers contains URIs that, when constructed, will be passed to browser 120. Yet, using the mechanisms discussed above with respect to the Facebook login process, the client application can be invoked from browser 120, enabling additional functionality to be performed from within the client application, apart from simply issuing a “deep link” and leaving the user in the web browser.
The “My Profile” header references a location on server 128 in which the user's Facebook profile information is stored. The other dynamic menu headers extract the ID of a selected friend (using, for example, the “$2” replacement mechanism discussed above) to enable server 128 to obtain information relating to that friend from the Facebook web server on behalf of the user (using the “session ID” and “MOFIID” as discussed above).
If the user selects a particular friend, such as friend record 1246 shown in FIG. 12E and invokes dynamic menu 1245 (for example, via menu item 1239a in FIG. 12D), the user can elect to perform various alternative Facebook-specific functions related to that selected friend (apart from the retrieval of that selected friend's profile, for example, by activating the selected friend's record). For example, the user could activate dynamic menu item 1245a to “poke” selected friend 1246 (via Facebook).
Upon activation of the “Poke friend” dynamic menu item 1245a, the client application constructs the URI (from the Action field shown in Table 5), and passes it to browser 120 (including the “poke” parameter containing the selected friend's user ID extracted from “field 3” of the data shown in Table 5). In one embodiment, after “poking” the selected friend, browser 120 may notify the user that the “poke” was successful and then (using the “.MOFI” technique discussed above) automatically invoke the client application, which will “refresh” the user's list of friends. In another embodiment, the user will remain in the browser 120, but can still return manually to the client application, which will be refreshed automatically.







TABLE 5







REQUEST (same as before)


GET /imenu?u=http://live.boopsie.com/i/Facebook%20Friends/ HTTP/1.1


UA-OS: WinCE (Smartphone)-Version (5.1); Carrier (none); Boopsie-Version (2.0.2.2)


UA-pixels: 320×240 (9 lines)


RESPONSE (logged in)


GET /list HTTP/1.1


Incremental-Search: on


Content-Length: 1140


B-MOFIID: 2wl6n9pX5z4cV


B-Action: skip-empty-links


B-Progress: 1 to 20 of 97


B-Menu-Entry-1: ION; Add to friends; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?add=$4


B-Menu-Entry-2: ION; Poke friend; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?poke=$3


B-Menu-Entry-3: ION; Message friend;


http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?message=$3


B-Menu-Entry-4: ION; Wall of friend; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?wall=$2


B-Menu-Entry-5: BON; My profile; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?profile


B-Menu-Entry-6: BIS; Refresh


B-Menu-Entry-7: BIR; Log out; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?logout


#fff#3b5998 facebook


#fff#6d84b4 97 friends (1 to 20 of 97)


Aaron Levie|Box.net / USC / Silicon Valley, CA 3402659 3402659


Adam Fritzler|BitTorrent, Inc. / San Francisco, CA  545323645  545323645


Adriane Rose|RIT / CCRI 24416529  24416529


Alex Feinberg|Santa Clara / Yahoo! / Silicon Valley, CA 7305243 7305243


Allan Pichler| 651958736  651958736


Andy Wick|Virginia Tech / Washington, DC  691927740  691927740


Ardy F.|Silicon Valley, CA  512018645  512018645


Bahram Afshari|Silicon Valley, CA / Stanford  681147213  681147213


Barbara Meier|Brown / Providence, RI  1013164 1013164


Brad Cleveland|Silicon Valley, CA  587478487  587478487


Brad Kay.Goodman|Boston, MA  713076764  713076764


Brian Greenberg|East Bay, CA  593872292  593872292









The user might also desire to filter a large list of friends to locate a desired friend. For example, the user might enter a “d m” multi-prefix query into search query field 1254 in FIG. 12F, the results of which can be displayed by the client application in window 1252. The heading information 1258 is updated to reflect the filtered list of 4 friends, and only these 4 friend records 1256 are now displayed (in accordance with the results received by client 118 and shown in Table 6).
If the user selects friend record 1266 shown in window 1262 in FIG. 12G, and invokes dynamic menu 1265 (for example, via menu item 1259a in FIG. 12F), the user might then elect, for example, to activate dynamic menu item 1265a to “message” that selected friend 1266 (via Facebook).
Upon activation of the “Message friend” dynamic menu item 1265a, the client application constructs the URI (from the Action field shown in Table 6), and passes it to browser 120 (including the “message” parameter containing the selected friend's user ID extracted from “field 3” of the data shown in Table 6). In one embodiment, after “messaging” the selected friend, browser 120 may notify the user that the “message” was sent successfully and then (using the “.MOFI” technique discussed above) automatically invoke the client application, which will “refresh” the user's list of friends. In another embodiment, the user will remain in the browser 120, but can still return manually to the client application, which will be refreshed automatically.
Turning to Table 6, it can be seen that the “GET” request has changed only slightly to reflect the search query (“c=d+m”) and to employ a “wwu” (instead of an “imenu”) command, which is a relatively minor implementation decision. The dynamic menu HTTP headers have not changed in response to the user's query (though, in other embodiments, they could be modified under control of server 128 to reflect a different state or context). Finally, the filtered set of results (4 “friend” records) are included for display by client 118, as shown in FIGS. 12F and 12G.







TABLE 6







REQUEST (with filter “d m”)


GET /wwu?c=d+m&u=http://live.boopsie.com/i/Facebook%20Friends/ HTTP/1.1


UA-OS: WinCE (Smartphone)-Version (5.1); Carrier (none); Boopsie-Version (2.0.2.3)


UA-pixels: 320×240 (9 lines)


RESPONSE


GET /list HTTP/1.1


Incremental-Search: on


Content-Length: 305


B-MOFIID: 2wl6n9pX5z4cV


B-Action: skip-empty-links


B-Progress: 1 to 4 of 4


B-Menu-Entry-1: ION; Add to friends; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?add=$4


B-Menu-Entry-2: ION; Poke friend; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?poke=$3


B-Menu-Entry-3: ION; Message friend;


http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?message=$3


B-Menu-Entry-4: ION; Wall of friend; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?wall=$2


B-Menu-Entry-5: BON; My profile; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?profile


B-Menu-Entry-6: BIS; Refresh


B-Menu-Entry-7: BIR; Log out; http://live.boopsie.com/host/facebookfriends/?logout


#fff#3b5998 facebook


#fff#6d84b4 4 friends


Dan Manheim|Los Angeles, CA / UCLA / Threshold Marketing  596495304  596495304


Dave McNabola|Austin, TX / Duke 1079384606  1079384606


Denis Ford|Seattle, WA / Microsoft  757528454  757528454


Douglas Cheline|Thunderbird School of Global Management 293500041  293500041









From the above descriptions of the various embodiments of the interactive, multi-prefix, multi-tier and dynamic menu aspects of the present invention, many additional features and applications of these techniques will become apparent. For example, as noted above, these techniques could be incorporated wholly within a web browser (such as Firefox Mobile) or an integrated or standalone search engine (such as Google). One or more channels could be searchable, or simply selected from a list of “smart bookmarks.” Moreover, a vertical web site or sites (such as Amazon, Wikipedia or IMDB) could provide various combinations of these features as a standalone application containing one or more channels.
Multiple channels could be searched at one time, particularly if they are related, and dynamic menus could be employed to perform functions and retrieve information from channels/web sites in advance of relying upon a client web browser. Moreover, the interoperability between a client application and a client web browser, as discussed above, greatly enhances the user's experience by enabling the user to switch between these applications when the particular context makes one or the other more useful or desirable.
In a mobile communications environment, the advantages of interactive multi-prefix queries, particularly when targeted across one or more tiers of channels, are quite significant. Avoiding multiple web page refreshes and links, providing results quickly and interactively and enabling users to minimize data entry is of great importance in such a resource-constrained environment. Moreover, adding contextual functionality such as dynamic menus that can vary among channels and even individual records or program states (particularly when deployed using a thin-client server-controlled architecture), significantly enhances these advantages, by providing a high degree of context-specific functionality while minimizing iterations among resource-intensive steps such as following links or refreshing web pages.
Some portions of above description describe the embodiments in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are commonly used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work effectively to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally, computationally or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits, microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, without loss of generality. The described operations and their associated modules may be embodied in software, firmware, hardware, or any combinations thereof.
As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “connected” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. In another example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for a system and a process for providing multi-prefix, interactive search capabilities on a mobile communications device through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An interactive information retrieval system, including non-transitory computer-accessible storage media, that searches a database of content items, the system comprising:
a. a multi-prefix search module, embodied in a first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that receives keystrokes as they are entered by a user into a mobile device, searches for content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the keystrokes, and generates a first-tier set of search results containing matching content items;
b. a first-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the first-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user;
c. a client application, embodied in a second non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, running on the mobile device that generates, based on the content of at least one of the first-tier set of search results, at least one dynamic menu item that includes at least one second-tier search field, wherein additional keystrokes entered by the user into the second-tier search field are delivered to the prefix search module, wherein the prefix search module searches at least one channel of content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the additional keystrokes, and generates a set of second-tier search results containing matching content items; and
d. a second-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the second-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user.

2. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the additional keystrokes entered by the user into the second-tier search filed are delivered to the prefix search module as they are entered by the user into the mobile device.

3. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the channel of content items within the database comprises a predefined channel of content items within the database.

4. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the channel of content items within the database comprises a channel of content items relating to the at least one dynamic menu item.

5. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the multi-prefix search module receives a location data from the mobile device and utilizes the location data to sort at least a portion of the first-tier set of search results.

6. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the multi-prefix search module sorts the portion of the first-tier set of search results based on a proximity to the mobile device location data.

7. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the location data received from the mobile device comprises location data obtained from GPS equipment on the mobile device.

8. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the location data received from the mobile device comprises location data input by the user of the mobile device.

9. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the client application running on the mobile device further generates a map display on a portion of a display screen of the mobile device, the map display encompassing the mobile device location data and graphically depicting at least one location identified in one or more data fields of the first-tier set of search results.

10. An interactive information retrieval system, including non-transitory computer-accessible storage media, that searches a database of content items, the system comprising:
a. a multi-prefix search module, embodied in a first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that receives keystrokes as they are entered by a user into a mobile device, searches for content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the keystrokes, and generates a first-tier set of search results containing matching content items;
b. a first-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the first-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user;
c. a client application, embodied in a second non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, running on the mobile device that generates, based on the content of at least one of the first-tier set of search results, at least one second-tier search item, wherein additional keystrokes entered by the user into the second-tier search item are delivered to the prefix search module, wherein the prefix search module searches a channel of content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the additional keystrokes, and generates a set of second-tier search results containing matching content items; and
d. a second-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the second-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user.

11. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 10, wherein the additional keystrokes entered by the user into the second-tier search item are delivered to the prefix search module as they are entered by the user into the mobile device.

12. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 10, wherein the channel of content items within the database comprises a predefined channel of content items within the database.

13. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 10, wherein the channel of content items within the database comprises a channel of content items determined using the content of the at least one of the first-tier set of search results.

14. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 10, wherein the multi-prefix search module receives a location data from the mobile device and utilizes the location data to sort at least a portion of the first-tier set of search results.

15. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 14, wherein the location data received from the mobile device comprises location data obtained from GPS equipment on the mobile device.

16. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 14, wherein the location data received from the mobile device comprises location data input by the user of the mobile device.

17. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 14, wherein the client application running on the mobile device further generates a map display on a portion of a display screen of the mobile device, the map display encompassing the mobile device location data and graphically depicting at least one location identified in one or more data fields of the first-tier set of search results.

18. An interactive information retrieval system, including non-transitory computer-accessible storage media, that searches a database of content items, the system comprising:
a. a prefix search module, embodied in a first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that receives keystrokes that are entered by a user into a mobile device, searches for content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the keystrokes, and generates a first-tier set of search results containing matching content items;
b. a first-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the first-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user;
c. a client application, embodied in a second non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, running on the mobile device that generates, based on the content of at least one of the first-tier set of search results, at least one second-tier search field, wherein additional keystrokes entered by the user into the second-tier search field are delivered to the prefix search module, wherein the prefix search module searches a channel of content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the additional keystrokes, and generates a set of second-tier search results containing matching content items; and
d. a second-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the second-tier set of search results to the mobile device for display to the user.

19. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 18, wherein the prefix search module receives a location data from the mobile device and utilizes the location data to sort at least a portion of the first-tier set of search results.