# Patent

## Title
Ammonia (NH3) storage control system and method based on a nitrogen oxide(NOx) sensor

## Abstract

A control system includes an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) control module that increases an upstream NOx level based on an initial upstream NOx level in an exhaust system, and an ammonia (NH3) storage condition detection module that detects a NH3 storage condition based on a difference in a downstream NOx level before and after the upstream NOx level is increased. A method includes increasing an upstream NOx level based on an initial upstream NOx level in an exhaust system, and detecting an NH3 storage condition based on a difference in a downstream NOx level before and after the upstream NOx level is increased.

## Background
FIELD
The present disclosure relates to emissions control systems and methods, and more particularly to ammonia (NH3) storage control systems and methods based on a nitrogen oxide (NOx) sensor.
BACKGROUND
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Internal combustion engines combust an air and fuel mixture to generate drive torque. The combustion process generates exhaust that is exhausted from the engine to the atmosphere. The exhaust contains nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulates. An exhaust system treats the exhaust to reduce emissions prior to being released to the atmosphere.
In an exemplary exhaust system, a dosing system injects a dosing agent (e.g., urea) into the exhaust upstream of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The dosing agent breaks down to form ammonia (NH3) that is stored in the SCR catalyst. NH3 stored in the SCR catalyst reacts with NOx to form nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O), which reduces the NOx levels released to the atmosphere.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides a control system including an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) control module that increases an upstream NOx level based on an initial upstream NOx level in an exhaust system, and an ammonia (NH3) storage condition detection module that detects a NH3 storage condition based on a difference in a downstream NOx level before and after the upstream NOx level is increased. In addition, the present disclosure provides a method including increasing an upstream NOx level based on an initial upstream NOx level in an exhaust system, and detecting an NH3 storage condition based on a difference in a downstream NOx level before and after the upstream NOx level is increased.
Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle including an emission control system according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a control module of the emission control system of FIG.1 according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary steps of a NH3 storage control method according to the present disclosure; and
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating relationships between a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) load and a nitrogen oxide (NOx) level.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term module refers to an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, and/or a combinational logic circuit that provides the described functionality.
An SCR catalyst can reduce NOx emissions effectively when the amount of NH3 stored in the SCR catalyst is controlled. For example, the NH3 storage level may be maintained to maximize the NOx conversion efficiency under various operating conditions. As the temperature of the SCR catalyst increases, the NH3 storage level may be reduced to avoid NH3 slip (i.e., excess NH3 released from the SCR catalyst).
An emissions control system and method according to the present disclosure temporarily increases a nitrogen oxide (NOx) level upstream of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst and determines an ammonia (NH3) storage condition in the SCR catalyst based on a NOx level downstream of the SCR catalyst. The upstream NOx level may be increased by increasing a mass airflow (MAF) entering an engine and/or adjusting fuel injection parameters such as injection timing. The magnitude of the temporary upstream NOx level increase may be based on an initial upstream NOx level and/or an exhaust temperature, and the period of the temporary upstream NOx level increase may be predetermined and/or adjusted such that a desired total NOx mass enters the SCR catalyst. A NH3 slip condition is detected when a downstream NOx level change in response to the temporary upstream NOx level increase is less than a minimum downstream NOx level change. A low NH3 storage level condition is detected when the downstream NOx level change in response to the temporary upstream NOx level increase is greater than a maximum downstream NOx level change.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a functional block diagram of a vehicle 100 is presented. The vehicle 100 includes an engine 102 and an exhaust system 104. The engine 102 combusts a mixture of air and diesel fuel to produce drive torque and releases exhaust into the exhaust system 104. The exhaust system 104 treats exhaust to reduce emissions released to the atmosphere.
Air may enter the engine 102 through an air filter 106 and continue through the intake side of a turbocharger 108. The turbocharger 108 compresses the air using turbine (not shown) that is powered by exhaust from the engine 102. The compressed air may pass through an air cooler 110 or other conditioners before passing through an intake throttle valve (ITV) 112.
A control module 114 positions the ITV 112 at various angles to adjust the mass flow rate of the compressed air. Exhaust gases may be recirculated via an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve 116 to create an air mixture as the air enters an intake manifold 118. The control module 114 controls the position of the EGR valve 116 to adjust the amount of exhaust recirculated.
The air mixture from the intake manifold 118 is combined with fuel from fuel injectors 120 in cylinders 122 and the resulting air-fuel mixture is combusted to produce torque. Although FIG. 1 depicts four cylinders, the engine 102 may include additional or fewer cylinders 122. Exhaust gases exit the cylinders 122 through an exhaust manifold 124 and pass through the turbocharger 108 to the exhaust system 104.
The exhaust system 104 may include a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 126, a selective reduction catalytic (SCR) catalyst 128, and a particulate filter 130. The DOC 126 reduces particulate matter, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide in the exhaust through oxidation. The SCR catalyst 128 reacts with NOx in the exhaust to reduce NOx emissions. The particulate filter 130 collects particulate matter from the exhaust before the exhaust is released to the atmosphere.
A dosing system 132 may inject a dosing agent (e.g., urea) into the exhaust downstream of the DOC 126. The control module 114 regulates the amount of dosing agent injected via a dosing valve 134. The dosing agent breaks down to form ammonia (NH3) that is stored in the SCR catalyst 128. NH3 stored in the SCR catalyst 128 reacts with NOx in the exhaust to form nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O), which reduces NOx.
The control module 114 communicates with an accelerator pedal sensor 136 and a mass airflow (MAF) sensor 140. The accelerator pedal sensor 136 generates a signal indicating a position of an accelerator pedal 138. The MAF sensor 140 generates a signal indicating a mass of air passing through the intake manifold 118. The control module 114 uses the pedal position signal and the MAF signal to control the ITV 112, the EGR valve 116, and the fuel injectors 120.
The exhaust system 104 may include an upstream NOx sensor 142, a temperature sensor 144, a downstream NOx sensor 146, and other sensors that detect exhaust characteristics. The upstream NOx sensor 142 detects an upstream NOx level (i.e., NOx level upstream from the SCR catalyst 128) and generates a signal indicating the upstream NOx level. The temperature sensor 144 detects an exhaust temperature upstream from the SCR catalyst 128 and generates a signal indicating the exhaust temperature. The downstream NOx sensor 146 detects a downstream NOx level (i.e., NOx level downstream from the SCR catalyst 128) and generates a signal indicating the downstream NOx level. The control module 114 receives the signals generated by the upstream NOx sensor 142, the temperature sensor 144 and the downstream NOx sensor 146.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the control module 114 includes an upstream NOx control module 200, a MAF control module 202, a fuel control module 204, a NH3 storage condition detection module 206, a total NOx mass determination module 208, a NOx filtering module 210, and a dosing agent control module 212. The upstream NOx control module 200 increases the upstream NOx level based on the exhaust temperature received from the temperature sensor 144 and/or the downstream NOx level received from the downstream NOx sensor 146. The upstream NOx control module 200 may increase the upstream NOx level for a predetermined period. Alternately, the upstream NOx control module 200 may increase the upstream NOx level for a period that allows a desired total NOx mass to enter the SCR catalyst 128. The predetermined period and the desired total NOx mass may be selected such that a change in the downstream NOx level received from the downstream NOx sensor 146 may be detected.
The upstream NOx control module 200 may increase the upstream NOx level by controlling the MAF control module 202 to increase the MAF. The MAF control module 202 may increase the MAF by moving the EGR valve 116 toward a closed position. Moving the EGR valve 116 toward a closed position allows more air to flow through the ITV 112, which increases the MAF entering the engine 102. Alternatively, the MAF control module 202 may increase the MAF by moving the ITV 112 toward an open position.
In addition, the upstream NOx control module 200 may increase the upstream NOx level by controlling the fuel control module 204 to advance an injection timing of the fuel injectors 120. Advancing the injection timing increases a combustion temperature in the cylinders 122. Increasing the combustion temperature causes the engine 102 to produce more NOx emissions. Moreover, the injection timing may be delayed to offset undesirable effects resulting from the temporarily increased upstream NOx level, such as elevated engine noise resulting from an increased burn rate.
The NH3 storage condition detection module 206 detects an NH3 storage condition in the SCR catalyst 128 based on the downstream NOx level received from the downstream NOx sensor 146 when the upstream NOx level is temporarily increased. The NH3 storage condition detection module 206 detects an NH3 slip condition when a downstream NOx level change in response to the temporary upstream NOx level increase is less than a minimum downstream NOx level change. The downstream NOx level change is a difference in the downstream NOx level before and after the upstream NOx level is temporarily increased. The NH3 storage condition detection module 206 detects a low NH3 level storage condition when the downstream NOx level change is greater than a maximum downstream NOx level change.
The total NOx mass determination module 208 determines the total NOx mass entering the SCR catalyst 128 as a result of the temporary upstream NOx level increase. The total NOx mass may be determined based on the upstream NOx level received from the upstream NOx sensor 142, the exhaust temperature received from the temperature sensor 144, and/or the predetermined period for the upstream NOx level increase received from the upstream NOx control module 200. The total NOx mass determination module 208 may adjust the predetermined period for the upstream NOx level increase based on the determined total NOx mass to achieve a desired total NOx mass. The total NOx mass determination module 208 may provide the adjusted predetermined period for the upstream NOx level increase to the upstream NOx control module 200.
The NOx filtering module 210 determines a filtered NOx level based on the upstream NOx level received from the upstream NOx sensor 142. More specifically, the NOx filtering module 210 filters the upstream NOx level to determine the filtered NOx level. The upstream NOx level may be filtered at a frequency that reduces or removes the increase in the upstream NOx level due to the temporary upstream NOx level increase. Filtering the upstream NOx level in this manner may prevent over-saturating the SCR catalyst 128 with NH3.
The dosing agent control module 212 receives the filtered NOx level from the NOx filtering module 210 and controls the dosing valve 134 based thereon. More specifically, the dosing agent control module 212 controls an amount of dosing agent injected based on the filtered NOx level. For example, the dosing agent control module 212 may inject more dosing agent when the filtered NOx level increases. Conversely, the dosing agent control module 212 may inject less dosing agent when the filtered NOx level decreases. Alternatively, the dosing agent control module 212 may suspend injection of the dosing agent when the upstream NOx level is temporarily increased.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a flowchart illustrates exemplary steps of a NH3 storage control method according to the principles of the present disclosure. In step 300, control detects the upstream and downstream NOx levels. In step 302, control determines the filtered NOx level based on the upstream NOx level. In step 304, control may reduce the level of dosing agent injected to reduce the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128 to a desired NH3 storage level. In step 306, control increases the upstream NOx level.
Control may increase the upstream NOx level for a predetermined period. Alternatively, control may increase the upstream NOx level so that a desired total NOx mass enters the SCR catalyst 128. The predetermined period and the desired total NOx mass may be selected such that the change in the downstream NOx level may be detected.
Control may increase the magnitude of the upstream NOx level based on the exhaust temperature and/or the initial upstream NOx level. For example, to achieve a desired response in the downstream NOx level, the increase in the upstream NOx level may be greater when the initial upstream NOx level and the exhaust temperature are low than when the initial upstream NOx level and the exhaust temperature are high.
In step 308, control detects the downstream NOx level change in response to the upstream NOx level increase. In step 310, control determines whether the downstream NOx level change is less than the minimum downstream NOx level change. The downstream NOx level change is less than the minimum downstream NOx level change when the SCR catalyst 128 is saturated with NH3. When the downstream NOx level change is less than the minimum downstream NOx level change, control detects a NH3 slip condition in step 312, decreases the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128 in step 314, and returns to step 300. Control may decrease the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128 by decreasing the level of dosing agent injected and/or increasing the upstream NOx level.
When the downstream NOx level change is greater than or equal to the minimum downstream NOx level change, control determines whether the NOx level change is greater than the maximum downstream NOx level change in step 316. When the downstream NOx level change is greater than the maximum downstream NOx level change, control detects a low NH3 storage condition in step 318, increases the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128 in step 320, and returns to step 300. Control may increase the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128 by increasing the level of dosing agent injected and/or decreasing the upstream NOx level. When the downstream NOx level change is less than or equal to the maximum downstream NOx level change, control returns to step 300.
Control may decrease the NH3 storage level in step 314 when an NH3 slip condition is detected in step 312 a first predetermined number of cycles. Control may increase the NH3 storage level in step 320 when a low NH3 storage condition is detected in step 318 a second predetermined number of cycles. Control may initialize an estimated NH3 storage level when control increases and/or decreases the NH3 storage level in the SCR catalyst 128.
Referring now to FIG. 4, relationships between a selective catalytic reduction load (SCR Load) and a downstream NOx level (DS NOx Est) are illustrated. The SCR load represents an NH3 storage level in an SCR catalyst. The downstream NOx level represents a NOx level in an exhaust system downstream of the SCR catalyst.
The lighter solid line represents the downstream NOx level when the exhaust temperature is 200 C and the upstream NOx level is 50 ppm. The lighter dashed line represents the downstream NOx level when the exhaust temperature is 200 C and the upstream NOx level is 100 ppm. The darker solid line represents the downstream NOx level when the exhaust temperature is 300 C and the upstream NOx level is 50 ppm. The darker dashed line represents the downstream NOx level when the exhaust temperature is 300 C and the upstream NOx level is 100 ppm.
The relationships between the SCR load and the downstream NOx level demonstrate that the downstream NOx level is more susceptible to perturbations in the upstream NOx level when the SCR load is lower and the exhaust temperature is higher. A perturbation in the upstream NOx when the SCR load is approximately 0.9 g results in an approximately 10 ppm increase in the downstream NOx level. A perturbation in the upstream NOx when the SCR load is approximately 0.1 g results in an approximately 25 ppm increase in the downstream NOx level.
The upstream NOx level may be perturbed by temporarily increasing the mass airflow (MAF) entering the engine. As discussed above, the magnitude of the downstream NOx level response provides an indication of the SCR load. Thus, a change in the downstream NOx level response to a temporary increase in the MAF provides an indication of the SCR load.
Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.

## Claims

1. A control system, comprising:
a first electronic circuit configured to increase an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) level for a predetermined period, wherein said upstream NOx level is a NOx level upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in an exhaust system;
a second electronic circuit configured to detect a NH3 storage condition based on a magnitude of a difference between a first downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst before said upstream NOx level is increased and a second downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst after said upstream NOx level is increased;
a third electronic circuit configured to determine a total NOx mass entering said SCR catalyst as a result of said increase in said upstream NOx level, wherein said first electronic circuit is configured to adjust said predetermined period based on said total NOx mass;
a fourth electronic circuit configured to adjust at least one of a dosing agent injection amount and said upstream NOx level based on said NH3 storage condition and at least one of:
adjust said dosing agent injection amount using a dosing valve of a dosing system; and
adjust said upstream NOx level using at least one of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve, actuating a throttle valve, and actuating a fuel injector; and

at least one of said dosing valve, said EGR valve, and said throttle valve.

2. The control system of claim 1 wherein said second electronic circuit is configured to detect a NH3 slip condition when said difference is less than a minimum downstream NOx level change.

3. The control system of claim 1 wherein said second electronic circuit is configured to detect a low NH3 storage level condition when said difference is greater than a maximum downstream NOx level change.

4. The control system of claim 1 wherein said first electronic circuit is configured to increase said upstream NOx level by increasing mass airflow (MAF).

5. The control system of claim 1 wherein said first electronic circuit is configured to increase said upstream NOx level by advancing injection timing.

6. The control system of claim 1 wherein said third electronic circuit is configured to determine said total NOx mass based on at least one of an exhaust temperature and said upstream NOx level.

7. A control system, comprising:
a first electronic circuit configured to increase an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) level for a predetermined period, wherein said upstream NOx level is a NOx level upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in an exhaust system;
a second electronic circuit configured to detect a NH3 storage condition based on a magnitude of a difference between a first downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst before said upstream NOx level is increased and a second downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst after said upstream NOx level is increased;
a third electronic circuit configured to determine a filtered NOx level by filtering said upstream NOx level at a frequency that limits an increase in said filtered NOx level caused by increasing said upstream NOx level for said predetermined period;
a fourth electronic circuit configured to (i) control a dosing agent injection amount based on said filtered NOx level, (ii) adjust at least one of said dosing agent injection amount and said upstream NOx level based on said NH3 storage condition, and (iii) at least one of:
adjust said dosing agent injection amount using a dosing valve of a dosing system; and
adjust said upstream NOx level using at least one of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve, actuating a throttle valve, and actuating a fuel injector; and

at least one of said dosing valve, said EGR valve, and said throttle valve.

8. A method, comprising:
increasing an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) level for a predetermined period, wherein said upstream NOx level is a NOx level upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in an exhaust system;
detecting an ammonia (NH3) storage condition based on a magnitude of a difference between a first downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst before said upstream NOx level is increased and a second downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst after said upstream NOx level is increased;
determining a total NOx mass entering said SCR catalyst as a result of said increase in said upstream NOx level;
adjusting said predetermined period based on said total NOx mass;
adjusting at least one of a dosing agent injection amount and said upstream NOx level based on said NH3 storage condition; and
at least one of:
adjusting said dosing agent injection amount using a dosing valve of a dosing system; and
adjusting said upstream NOx level using at least one of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve, actuating a throttle valve, and actuating a fuel injector.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising detecting a NH3 slip condition when said difference is less than a minimum downstream NOx level change.

10. The method of claim 8 further comprising detecting a low NH3 storage level condition when said difference is greater than a maximum downstream NOx level change.

11. The method of claim 8 further comprising increasing said upstream NOx level by increasing mass airflow (MAF).

12. The method of claim 8 further comprising increasing said upstream NOx level by advancing injection timing.

13. The method of claim 8 further comprising determining said total NOx mass based on at least one of an exhaust temperature and said upstream NOx level.

14. A method, comprising:
increasing an upstream nitrogen oxide (NOx) level for a predetermined period, wherein said upstream NOx level is a NOx level upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in an exhaust system;
detecting an ammonia (NH3) storage condition based on a magnitude of a difference between a first downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst before said upstream NOx level is increased and a second downstream NOx level measured downstream from said SCR catalyst after said upstream NOx level is increased; determining a filtered NOx level by filtering said upstream NOx level at a frequency that limits an increase in said filtered NOx level caused by increasing said upstream NOx level for said predetermined period;
controlling a dosing agent injection amount based on said filtered NOx level;
adjusting at least one of said dosing agent injection amount and said upstream NOx level based on said NH3 storage condition; and
at least one of:
adjusting said dosing agent injection amount using a dosing valve of a dosing system; and
adjusting said upstream NOx level using at least one of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve, actuating a throttle valve, and actuating a fuel injector.

15. The control system of claim 1 wherein said first electronic circuit is configured to increase said upstream NOx level by a first amount that is based on said upstream NOx level before said upstream NOx level is increased.

16. The method of claim 8 further comprising increasing said upstream NOx level by a first amount that is based on said upstream NOx level before said upstream NOx level is increased.

17. The control system of claim 1 wherein said first, second, and third electronic circuits include at least one of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a processor and memory including one or more programs, and a combinational logic circuit.

18. The control system of claim 7 wherein said first, second, third, and fourth electronic circuits include at least one of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a processor and memory including one or more programs, and a combinational logic circuit.