NOT PRECEDENTIAL UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 19

- 3875

______ RANDY LANGER; JAMES LANGER

v. CAPITAL ONE AUTO FINANCE, A Division of Capital One, N.A.

* Rudy A. Fabian; Fabian Legal Services, LLC, Appellants

____________ O n Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civ. No. 2

- 16

- cv - 06130 ) District Judge: Honorable Harvey Bartle III

____________

No. 20

- 1743

______ RUDY A. FABIAN; FABIAN LEGAL SERVICES, LLC

v. RICHARD E. SHEN KAN; SHENKAN INJURY LAWYERS, LLC (W.D. Pa. No. 2

- 19

- cv - 00582)

____________ SHENKAN INJURY LAWYERS, LLC; RICHARD SHENKAN

v. RUDY FABIAN; FABIAN LEGAL SERVICES, LLC

* Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 12(a).2 (W.D. Pa. No. 2

- 19

- cv - 01520) Ruby Fabian, Fabian Legal Services, LLC, Appellants

____________ O n Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civ. Nos. 2

- 19

- cv - 00582 and 2

- 19

- cv - 01520) District Judge: Honorable Arthur J. Schwab

____________ Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) March 2 , 20 2 1 Before: KRAUSE , PHIPPS, and FUENTES , Circuit Judges

. (Filed: April 19, 20 2 1 )

____________ OPINIO N †

____________ PHIPPS, Circuit Judge

. These three cases, consolidated in two appeals, relate to a fee dispute between two attorneys : Rudy Fabian of Pennsylvania and Richard Shenkan of Michigan

. For three

and

- a - half years, Fabian worked for Shenkan as a n independent contractor, perform ing legal research and writing services in support of nine class actions in which Shenkan served as sole class counsel

. In return, Shenkan paid Fabian biweekly and gave him occasional bonuses for a total compensation of $315,426

. Shenkan also reimbursed Fabian for office and travel expenses and provided him a furnished office, computer, and

† This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent.3 printer

. Although the two never formalized their arrangement in writing , that was not a problem

– at least until th e class actions began to settle. But after Shenkan received $2. 6 million in attorney’s fees from one settlement and $2. 92 million from another , Fabian sought a share of Shenkan’s fee awards . That led to three lawsuits in two d istricts, with Fabian losing and timely appealing each. In exercising appellate jurisdiction over those appeals from final orders, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we will affirm the judgments for the reasons below

. I

. A. The Eastern District of Pennsylvania Litigation Shenkan’s fee award of $2.6 million arose from the Langer class action in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. See Langer v. Cap

. One Auto Fin

. , No. 2

- 16

- cv - 06130 (E.D. Pa. 2019). Seeking a share of that award , Fabian filed a motion for attorney’s fees under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(h)(1). With jurisdiction over the underlying class action , see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2), the Eastern District denied Fabian’s motion for attorney’s fees. As th e court expl ained, Fabian’s dispute was with Shenkan

– not the Langer class members who m he did not represent . The court further remarked that Fabian’s challenge was more in the nature of a quantum meruit claim.
B. The Western District of Pennsylvania Litigation Fabian did pursue such a quantum meruit claim to seek fees for his work on the Maszgay class action. See Maszgay v. First Commonwealth Bank , No. 686

- 2015 (Ct. Com. Pl. Jefferson Cnty., Pa. 2018). On that theory, he sued Shenkan in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County for approximately $1.4 million of Shenkan’s $2.924 million fee award. Shenkan removed that case to the Western District of Pennsylvania and then countersued Fabian for a decla rat ory judgment that Fabian ha s no right to a share of the fee s in any of the nine class actions

. The Western District consolidated those suits

. Exercising diversity jurisdiction ,

s ee 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1) , and applying Pennsylvania law by consent of the parties, the court entered summary judgment in favor of Shenkan. As to Fabian’s quantum meruit claim , the court explained that it would not be unconscionable for Shenkan to retain the fees awarded in Maszgay

. For simila r reasons , the court issued an order declaring that Fabian has no right to any of the fees from the nine class actions

. II

. Fabian first challenges the Eastern District ’s den ial of his motion for attorney’s fees under Rule 23(h)

. See Halley v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc. , 861 F.3d 481, 496 (3d Cir. 2017) (reviewing class action fees decisions for abuse of discretion and attendant legal questions de novo ). His argument rests on the premise that class action fee awards under Rule 23(h) may be made to pe rsons other than class counsel. In that , he is correct. The text of the rule does not limit fee awards to class counsel. Rather, Rule 23(h) provides that , upon a motion in a certified class action , a court “may award reasonable attorney’s fees and
nonta xable costs that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement. ” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h) ; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(2)(A) ( “A claim for attorney’s fees and related nontaxable expenses must be made by motion . . . .”). Similarly, the Advisory5 Committee ’s Note expressly contemplate s fee awards to attorneys other than appointed class counsel: This subdivision does not undertake to create new grounds for an award of attorney fees or nontaxable costs. Instead, it applies when such awards are authorized by law or by agreement of the parties. Against that background, it provides a format for all awards of attorn ey fees and nontaxable costs in connection with a class action, not only the award to class counsel . In some situations, there may be a basis for making an award to other counsel whose work produced a beneficial result for the class, such as attorneys who acted for the class before certification but were not appointed class counsel, or attorneys who represented objectors to a proposed settlement under Rule 23 (e) or to the fee motion of class counsel. Other situations in which fee awards are authorized by law or by agreement of the parties may exist. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h), Advisory Committee’s Note to 2003 Amendment (emphasis added)

. But establishing that persons other than class counsel may be awarded fee s under Rule 23(h) is not enough for Fabian to prevail

. An award of attorney’s fees under Rule 23(h) must be authorized by law or by agreement of the parties

. See id. ; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)

. And here, Fabian does not establish a right to fees under either method. As to the first method

– authorization by law

– Fabian identifies no independent source of law conferring upon him a claim for fees. Instead, he relies on language from the Advisory Committee’s Note and argues that he has a right to fees because his “work produced a beneficial result for the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h), Advisory Committee’s Note to 2003 Amendment. But neither that phrase nor Rule 23(h) create s a n independent right to fees

. See id. (noting that Rule 23(h) “does not undertake to create new grounds for an award of attorney fees”); 7B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal6 Practice and Procedure § 1803 (3d ed. 2020) (“[T]he power of the court to award attorney fees in a class action does not derive from the rule itself.”); 5 Moore’s Federal Practice § 23.124 [5] (2021) (“Rule 23 does not provide any independent basis for awarding attorney’s fees . . . . Any right to an award of fees or costs must come from the substantive law ap plicable to the case.”). Rather, the only t wo recognized independent authorizations by law for Rule 23(h) fees are statutory fee shifting provisions and the common fund doctrine. See 5 Moore’s § 23.124 [5]; see also Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert , 444 U.S. 472, 478 (1980) (“[A] litigant or a lawyer who recovers a common fund for the benefit of persons other than himself or his client is entitled to a reasonable attorney’s fee from the fund as a whole.”)

. N either applies here. Fabian does not base his claim on a fee

- shifting statute. Nor does his work for another attorney, Shenkan, qualify him for fees under the common fund doctrine. See Lindy Bros. Builders, Inc. v. Am. Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp. , 487 F.2d 161, 165 (3d Cir. 1973) (“The attorney’s clai m [under the common fund doctrine] is that his conduct of the suit conferred a benefit on all the class members, that one or more class members has agreed by contract to pay for the benefit the attorney conferred upon him , and that the remaining class memb ers should pay what the court determines to be the reasonable value of the services benefiting them.” (emphasis added)). Thus, Fabian does not identify an independent authorization by law that would allow him to recover fees under Rule 23(h). Fabian’s fee request likewise fails under the second Rule 23(h) method

– agreement of the parties. He does not identify an y agreement between himself and one of the parties or class members that would allow him to seek Rule 23(h) fees. To the7 contrary, by his own admission, Fabian did not represent any of the Langer class members; rather , Shenkan served as sole class counsel. See Fabian Dep. 81 : 2

– 3 (Fabian App. 431) (“[T]he individuals tha t were the clients in these matters were not my clients.”). Accord i ngly, the Eastern District did not err as a matter of law or abuse its discretion by denying Fabian ’s motion for attorney’s fees under Rule 23(h)

. III

. Fabian also challenges the Western D istrict ’s grant of summary judgment and entry of a declaratory judgment in favor of Shenkan

. See Kelly v. Maxum Specialty Ins. Grp. , 868 F.3d 274, 281 (3d Cir. 2017) ( reviewing declaratory judgment decision for abuse of discretion and associated legal questions de novo ); Baer v. Chase , 392 F.3d 609, 615 (3d Cir. 2004) (reviewing grant of summary judgment de novo ). He begin s by seeking fees for his work on the Maszgay class action under quantum meruit

. See Meyer, Darragh, Buckler, Bebenek & Eck, P.L.L.C. v. L aw Firm of Malone Middleman, P

. C

. , 179 A.3d 1093, 1102 (Pa. 2018) (articulating three elements for a common law quantum meruit or unjust enrichment claim ) . But that equitable remedy is available only when no contract exists

. See Mitchell v. Moore , 729 A.2d 1200, 1203 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999) ; see also Hershey Foods Corp. v. Ralph Chapek, Inc. , 828 F.2d 989, 999 (3d Cir. 1987) (“ Quantum meruit will not be awarded when there is an express agreement.” (citing Murphy v. Haws & Burke , 344 A.2d 543, 546 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1975) ) )

. And here, Fabian worked as an independent contractor for Shenkan for three

and

- a - half years under agreed upon terms.8 Tho ugh the two attorneys never formalized their arrangement in writing

– having thrice failed to sign a written agreement

– that does not mean that they were unbound by
contract

. See Ingrassia Constr. Co. v. Walsh , 486 A.2d 478, 483 & n.7 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984) (describing express oral contracts and implied

- in

- fact contracts). To the contrary, Fabian and Shenkan reached a meeting of the minds on the material terms of their working arrangement

. See Baribault v. Zoning Hearing Bd. , 236 A.3d 112, 118 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2020) (“A valid and binding contract requires a meeting of the minds and acceptance of all material terms by all parties to the contract.”) ; see also Ingrassia , 486 A.2d at 483 (“In ascertaining the intent of the parties to a contract, it is their outward and objective manifestations of assent, as opposed to their undisclosed and subjective intentions, that matter.”)

. Th e terms of the independent

- contractor relationship were clear: i n exchange for Fabian’s legal research and writing services, Shenkan paid him biweekly, provided him with an office and equipment, and reimbursed his expenses

. Quantum meruit does not allow a party to a contract to resort to equity to recover compensation that the party did not successfully negotiate in contract. See Wilson Area Sch. Dist. v. Skepton , 895 A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa. 2006) (“[T]he doctrine of unjust enrichment is inapplicable when the relationship between parties is founded upon a written agreement or express contract, regardless of how ‘harsh the provisions of such contracts may seem in the light of subsequent happenings.’” (citations omitted)). Accordingly, the Western District did not err by granting Shenkan summary judgment on Fabian’s quantum meruit claim.9 Finally , Fabian challenges the Western District’s declaratory judgment concerning the remaining class actions. As explained above, neither Rule 23(h) nor the doctrine of quantum meruit allows Fabian to obtain additional compensation for his work on Langer

or Maszgay

. Because Fabian’s work on Shenkan’s other class actions shar e s the same key features , the Western District did not err as a matter of law or in the exercise of its discretion in declaring th at Fabian has no right to a portion of the fees from the remaining class actions. * * * For the foregoing reasons, w e will affirm each of the judgments below.