NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 13a0941n.06

No. 12-6567

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: RAFIA NAFEES KHAN,

Debtor,

RAFIA NAFEES KHAN,

On Appeal from the United

Appellant, States District Court for the

Eastern District of Tennessee

v.

REGIONS BANK,

Appellee.

Before: ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges; and VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge.*

VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge. Pursuant to provisions of the United States

Bankruptcy Code, Rafia N. Khan, a Chapter 7 debtor, attempted through an adversary proceeding

to invalidate a proof of claim submitted by Regions Bank. The Bankruptcy Court of the Eastern

District of Tennessee ruled that she did not have standing to institute the adversary proceeding

because she was not a “party in interest” as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 502(a). Ms. Khan appealed that

decision to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. The district court

concluded that it could not hear the merits of Ms. Khan’s appeal because she was not a “person

*

 The Honorable Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern District

of Kentucky, sitting by designation.

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aggrieved” by the Bankruptcy Court’s decision. For the reasons set forth below, the district court’s

decision will be AFFIRMED.

I

In August of 2006, Ms. Khan and her ex-husband, Muhammad A. Khan, executed several

agreements with Regions. Among those documents was a Credit Agreement and Disclosure form

that established a revolving line of credit for Ms. Khan and her ex-husband.

The security for debts incurred on the line of credit was a Deed of Trust to Regions on

property located at 3901 S. Lake Boulevard, in Knoxville, Tennessee. This property was owned by

the Rafia N. Khan Irrevocable Trust. It is the subject of pending litigation in the Tennessee Court

of Appeals after Regions placed a $40,000.00 lien on it.

That action has been stayed because on December 31, 2010, Ms. Khan filed a voluntary

petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Pursuant to the Code, she

filed various statements and schedules listing her assets and liabilities. She lists liabilities of

$541,605.84 and assets of $271,650.00. A Chapter 7 trustee was appointed to facilitate the

bankruptcy proceedings. 

On March 1, 2011, Regions filed a proof of claim in Ms. Khan’s bankruptcy case. Regions

alleges that its Deed of Trust is valid, and permits the imposition of liens on Ms. Khan’s property. 

Significantly, the Deed of Trust executed by Regions and Ms. Khan includes language waiving “any

statutory . . . right of . . . homestead.” 

After Regions submitted its proof of claim, Ms. Khan initiated an adversary proceeding

against Regions. Ms. Khan alleged that the Deed of Trust was invalid, and that the lien claims based

on that instrument should be disallowed under 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(1) of the Code. She also sought

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to have the Deed of Trust declared void under 11 U.S.C. § 506(d). She specifically alleged in her

amended complaint that she had “equity” in her home, and that her “interest” in the disallowance

of Regions’ lien claims was her “homestead exemption” in the property subjected to those claims. 

Regions moved to dismiss Ms. Khan’s amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 

It argued that absent a surplus of assets in the Chapter 7 bankruptcy estate, Ms. Khan simply had no

standing to sue for the disallowance of Regions’ claim. 

The bankruptcy court accepted the matter as a facial challenge to Ms. Khan’s jurisdictional

claims. In re Khan, No. 10-36155, 2011 WL 4543962, at *2 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2011). It ruled that

Ms. Khan, “a Chapter 7 debtor in a no-asset case,” possessed no standing to pursue the relief she

sought. Id. Ms. Khan appealed the bankruptcy court’s decision to the district court of the Eastern

District of Tennessee. The district court determined that since Ms. Khan was not a “person

aggrieved,” she was also without standing to appeal. Order and Memorandum Decision at 6, Khan

v. Regions Bank, No. 3:12-cv-00025 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 31, 2012). Ms. Khan has timely appealed the

district court’s decision.

II

A

This Court has jurisdiction to review “all final decisions, judgments, orders, and decrees

entered” by a district court hearing an appeal from a bankruptcy court decision. 28 U.S.C. § 158(d);

see also Brown v. Hildebrand (In re Brown), 248 F.3d 484, 486 (6th Cir. 2001). This authority is

also codified in 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (“[t]he court of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction of appeals from

all final decisions of the district courts of the United States.”).

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“Standing is a jurisdictional requirement and we are under a continuing obligation to verify

our jurisdiction over a particular case.” Harker v. Troutman (In re Troutman Enterprises., Inc.), 286

F.3d 359, 364 (6th Cir. 2002). “We review de novo jurisdictional questions.” In re Brown, 248 F.3d

at 486. This Court has said “it reviews the bankruptcy court judgment rather than the intermediate

district court judgment in such appeals.” Hancock v. McDermott, 646 F.3d 356, 359 n.1 (6th Cir.

2011). It explained, “this means only that any deference owed by us (such as clearly erroneous

review of factual determinations) extends to the bankruptcy court rather than to the intermediate

district court.” Id. Even if in some sense we are reviewing the bankruptcy court’s order directly,

as set out below, Khan must still have appellate standing to have subject matter jurisdiction. See

Moran v. LTV Steel Co. (In re LTV Steel Co.), 560 F.3d 449, 453 (6th Cir. 2009).

B

Past decisions by this Court recognize that “[o]nly a ‘person aggrieved’ has standing to

appeal a bankruptcy order.” In re Lunan, No. 12-6009, 2013 WL 1693983, at *1 (citing In re LTV

Steel Co., 560 F.3d at 452). To be considered a “person aggrieved,” the petitioner must prove “a

financial stake in the bankruptcy court’s order.” In re Lunan, 2013 WL 1693983, at *1 (quoting

Hacker v. Troutman (In re Troutman Enters., Inc.), 286 F.3d 359, 364 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation

omitted)). More specifically, the petitioner must be “ ‘directly and adversely affected pecuniarily

by the order.’ ” In re Lunan, 2013 WL 1693983, at *1 (quoting Fid. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. M.M. Grp.,

Inc., 77 F.3d 880, 882 (6th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added)). 

It is unusual for a Chapter 7 debtor to have a pecuniary interest “ ‘because no matter how the

estate’s assets are disbursed by the trustee, no assets will revert to the debtor.’ ” In re Lunan, 2013

WL 1693983, at *1 (quoting Cult Awareness Network, Inc. v. Martino (In re Cult Awareness

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Network, Inc.), 151 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 1998)). If, however, the debtor can demonstrate “that

a successful appeal will generate assets in excess of liabilities, thus entitling her to a distribution of

surplus under 11 U.S.C. § 726(a)(6), then the debtor is a ‘person aggrieved’ with standing to

appeal.” In re Lunan, 2013 WL 1693983, at *1 (citing Kowal v. Malkemus (In re Thompson), 965

F.2d 1136, 1144 n.12 (1st Cir. 1992); Simon v. Amir (In re Amir), 436 B.R. 1, 10 (B.A.P. 6th Cir.

2010)). The debtor must show more than a metaphysical possibility of surplus; instead it “ ‘must

show that such surplus is a reasonable possibility.’ ” In re Lunan, 2013 WL 1693983, at *1 (quoting

In re Amir, 436 B.R. at 10 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

Ms. Khan has failed to show that she has a financial interest in the bankruptcy court’s order. 

Her reliance on In re Troutman Enterprises, 286 F.3d at 364, and In re Moran, 566 F.3d 676, 681

(6th Cir. 2009), is misplaced. Her argument is that the permanent release or discharge of a lien

against an individual debtor’s exempt property is a valuable, pecuniary right given to individual

bankrupt debtors by Section 522(c) of the Code. But neither case stands for this proposition. 

Rather, they stand for the general proposition that a party may appeal an action of a bankruptcy court

when that decision “ ‘diminishes a person’s property, increases his burdens, or impairs his rights.’

” In re Moran, 566 F.3d at 681 (quoting Fid. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n, 77 F.3d at 882); In re Troutman

Enterprises, 286 F.3d at 364. Ms. Khan cannot satisfy this standard. 

Her assets are substantially less than her liabilities. In her schedules, Ms. Khan lists the

value of the subject property at $180,000.00 and personal property at $91,650.00; however, those

assets are subject to creditors holding secured and unsecured liens totaling $541,605.84. Even if she

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were allowed a $25,000 homestead exemption,1

 her liabilities would still exceed her total assets by

$244,955.84. By not establishing a surplus of assets, Ms. Khan has failed to demonstrate the

impairment of her rights by the bankruptcy court’s action. 

Furthermore, Ms. Khan’s argument that the “homestead exemption” belongs to her, and not

to the bankruptcy estate, is unfounded. Under § 522(l), the debtor is required to file a list of property

claimed as exempt. “Unless a party in interest objects, the property claimed as exempt on such list

is exempt.” 11 U.S.C. § 522(l). The Supreme Court, in Owen v. Owen, 500 U.S. 305 (1991),

recognized this process for claiming exemptions, and remarked that no property can be exempted

“unless it first falls within the bankruptcy estate.” Owen, 500 U.S. at 308 (emphasis added). Ms.

Khan cannot claim an interest in the “homestead exemption” separate from the bankruptcy estate

and expect that property to retain exemption status. Without its inclusion in the bankruptcy estate

there is no plausible way it qualifies for exemption status. 

III

Based on the foregoing analysis, Ms. Khan does not qualify as a “person aggrieved,” and

therefore did not have standing to appeal the bankruptcy court’s ruling. Accordingly, the district

court’s decision is AFFIRMED.

1

 This is a large assumption as the Deed of Trust executed by Regions and Ms. Khan includes

language waiving “any statutory...right of ...homestead.”

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