126 T.C. No. 10

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ROBERT J. MERLO, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 21538-03. Filed April 25, 2006.

P exercised incentive stock options on Dec. 21,

2000, acquiring 46,125 shares of E stock. As a result,

under I.R.C. secs. 55(b)(2), 56(b)(3), and 83(a), P was

required to include $1,066,064, the spread between the

exercise price and the fair market value of the shares

of E stock on the date of exercise, in his alternative

minimum taxable income in 2000. Instead, P included

only $452,025, the spread between the exercise price

and the fair market value of the shares of E stock on

Apr. 15, 2001.

In 2001, E filed for bankruptcy, and P’s shares of

E stock became worthless. Under I.R.C. sec. 165(g)(1),

P realized a capital loss for alternative minimum tax

purposes of $1,075,289 in 2001.

R determined a deficiency of $169,510 in P’s 2000

Federal income tax. P maintains that the capital loss

limitations of I.R.C. secs. 1211 and 1212 do not apply

for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. As a
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1 Petitioner concedes respondent’s disallowance of a loss

of $21,871 claimed on Schedule E, Supplemental Income and Loss,

in 1999 and respondent’s allowance of additional itemized

deductions of $6,797 in 1999.

result, P argues that he may use his capital losses

realized in 2001 to reduce his alternative minimum

taxable income in 2000.

Held: The capital loss limitations of I.R.C.

secs. 1211 and 1212 apply for purposes of calculating

alternative minimum taxable income.

Held, further: P’s capital losses realized in 2001

do not create an ATNOL that can be carried back to

reduce his alternative minimum taxable income in 2000.

Don Paul Badgley, Brian G. Isaacson, and Duncan C. Turner,

for petitioner.

Julie L. Payne and Kirk M. Paxson, for respondent.

OPINION

HAINES, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in

petitioner’s Federal income taxes of $4,833 and $169,510 for the

years 1999 and 2000, respectively. After concessions,1 the

issues for decision are: (1) Whether the capital loss

limitations of sections 1211 and 1212 apply to the calculation of

alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI); and (2) whether
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2 Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and all Rule references

are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Amounts

are rounded to the nearest dollar.

petitioner may use capital losses realized in 2001 to reduce his

AMTI in 2000.2

Background

The parties submitted this case fully stipulated pursuant to

Rule 122. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are

incorporated herein by this reference. At the time the petition

was filed, petitioner resided in Dallas, Texas.

During 1999 and 2000, petitioner was employed by Service

Metrics, Inc. (SMI). On July 2, 1999, petitioner was named vice

president of marketing for SMI. On July 14, 1999, petitioner and

SMI entered into a stock option agreement (SMI stock option

agreement) in which SMI granted petitioner options to purchase

275,000 shares of SMI common stock with an exercise price of 10

cents per share. The stock options granted to petitioner

qualified as incentive stock options (ISOs) under section 422.

On November 19, 1999, petitioner entered into an employment

agreement with Exodus Communications, Inc. (Exodus). On November

23, 1999, Exodus acquired SMI. As a result, Exodus converted

petitioner’s options to purchase shares of SMI common stock to 

options to purchase shares of Exodus common stock. 
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On December 21, 2000, petitioner exercised an option to

purchase 46,125 shares of Exodus common stock at 20 cents per

share, for a total exercise price of $9,225. The price of the

optioned stock on the NASDAQ on December 21, 2000, was $23.3125

per share, for a total fair market value of $1,075,289 on the

date of exercise. Petitioner was not a dealer in securities but

instead was acting as an investor when he exercised the ISOs. 

Exodus filed for bankruptcy on September 26, 2001. In a

press release dated November 21, 2001, Exodus announced that the

company’s common stock had no value. Petitioner’s shares of

Exodus stock were worthless as a result of Exodus’s bankruptcy.

Petitioner timely filed a Federal income tax return for

2000. On the return, petitioner reported $248,585 in wages, $432

in taxable interest, $11,311 in dividends, and $319,614 in

capital gain, for total income of $579,942. Petitioner claimed

itemized deductions of $31,213 and reported taxable income of

$548,729 and regular tax liability of $134,455. Petitioner also

reported alternative minimum tax (AMT) liability of $116,973, for

a total tax of $251,428. 

Attached to petitioner’s 2000 tax return was Form 6251,

Alternative Minimum Tax--Individuals. On line 10, petitioner

reported excess AMTI over regular tax income of $452,025 as a

result of his exercise of the Exodus ISOs. Instead of using the

spread between the exercise price and the fair market value of
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3 Petitioner used the Apr. 15, 2001, fair market value on

the basis of proposed legislation that would have allowed

taxpayers to use the fair market value of shares on Apr. 15,

2001, instead of the fair market value on the date of exercise,

in calculating the spread between exercise price and fair market

value. See H.R. 2794, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001). The

proposed legislation was never enacted. 

4 There is a slight discrepancy between the fair market

value of the Exodus shares as reported by respondent in the

notice of deficiency ($23.25 per share) and as stipulated by the

parties ($23.3125 per share). As a result, respondent’s

calculations in the notice of deficiency are inconsistent with

the facts as stipulated. For purposes of consistency, we

(continued...)

the Exodus shares on the date of exercise, December 21, 2000,

petitioner used the fair market value of the Exodus shares on

April 15, 2001, to calculate the excess AMTI.3 Petitioner

reported AMTI of $1,001,776 and tentative minimum tax (TMT) of

$251,428. By subtracting his regular tax from the TMT,

petitioner calculated an AMT of $116,973. Petitioner did not

report an alternative tax net operating loss (ATNOL or AMT NOL)

deduction on Form 6251. 

On November 13, 2003, respondent sent a notice of deficiency

to petitioner. Respondent determined that petitioner was

required to use the fair market value of the Exodus shares on the

date of exercise (December 21, 2000) instead of their value on

the date reported by petitioner (April 15, 2001) to calculate his

AMTI. As a result, respondent increased petitioner’s AMTI from

$1,001,776 to $1,607,166, his AMT from $116,973 to $286,483, and

his total tax from $251,428 to $420,938.4 Accordingly,
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4(...continued)

hereinafter use the fair market value as stipulated by the

parties. However, we direct the parties to address this

discrepancy and to resolve any impact it may have on petitioner’s

deficiency as part of their Rule 155 calculations.

respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner’s Federal income

tax of $169,510 for 2000.

On December 4, 2003, petitioner attempted to file an amended

Federal income tax return for 2000. On the amended return,

petitioner reported a net decrease in tax of $116,973. The

change was based on the theory that, under section 83, petitioner

was not required to recognize AMTI on the exercise of his ISOs

because his rights to the shares of Exodus stock were subject to

substantial risk of forfeiture and were nontransferable. 

Respondent did not accept petitioner’s amended return.

On December 18, 2003, petitioner filed his petition with

this Court. 

On December 27, 2004, respondent filed a motion for partial

summary judgment. In the motion, respondent asked the Court to

find that petitioner’s rights to his shares of Exodus stock were

not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture. 

On December 28, 2004, petitioner filed a cross-motion for

partial summary judgment. In the motion, petitioner asked the

Court to find that: (1) Petitioner’s rights to his shares of

Exodus stock were subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and

were nontransferable; and (2) in the alternative, petitioner is
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entitled to ATNOL deductions under section 56(d) and is allowed a

2-year carryback of those ATNOLs.

The Court issued a Memorandum Opinion on July 20, 2005,

ruling on the cross-motions for partial summary judgment. See

Merlo v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-178. The Court held that

petitioner’s rights to his shares of Exodus stock were not

subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture. The Court further

held that genuine issues of material facts existed as to whether

petitioner was entitled to carry back an ATNOL deduction under

section 56(d). Accordingly, the Court issued an order on July

26, 2005, granting respondent’s motion and denying petitioner’s

cross-motion.

Discussion

The issues in the instant case revolve around petitioner’s

exercise of ISOs to acquire shares of Exodus stock in 2000, and

the impact, if any, the worthlessness of those shares in 2001 has

on the calculation of petitioner’s AMTI in 2000. 

A. The Alternative Minimum Tax and Its Impact on the Exercise

of Incentive Stock Options

Generally, under section 421(a), a taxpayer is allowed to

defer regular tax on income resulting from the exercise of ISOs

until the taxpayer later sells the stock. However, ISOs are

treated differently in calculating the taxpayer’s AMTI and AMT

liability. See secs. 55(b)(2), 56(b)(3).
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The Internal Revenue Code imposes upon taxpayers an AMT in

addition to all other taxes imposed by subtitle A. See sec.

55(a). The AMT is imposed upon the taxpayer’s AMTI, which is an

income base broader than the base of taxable income applicable

for Federal income taxes in general. Allen v. Commissioner, 118

T.C. 1, 5 (2002); see also H. Conf. Rept. 99-841 (Vol. II), at

II-249 (1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 4) 1, 249, 264. AMTI is defined

as the taxable income of a taxpayer for the taxable year,

determined with adjustments provided in sections 56 and 58, and

increased by the amount of items of tax preference described in

section 57. Sec. 55(b)(2).

As applicable to the instant case, for purposes of computing

a taxpayer’s AMTI, section 56(b)(3) provides that section 421

shall not apply to the transfer of stock acquired pursuant to the

exercise of an ISO, as defined by section 422. Therefore, under

the AMT rules, shares of stock acquired pursuant to the exercise

of an ISO are treated as shares of stock acquired pursuant to a

nonqualified stock option (NSO) under section 83. See sec.

56(b)(3); sec. 1.83-7(a), Income Tax Regs.; see also Speltz v.

Commissioner, 124 T.C. 165, 178-179 (2005).

Under section 83, a taxpayer generally must recognize income

when he exercises an NSO to the extent that the fair market value

of the shares of stock transferred to him exceeds the price he

pays at the time he exercises the option, so long as the
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5 To avoid confusion between petitioner’s different bases,

we shall refer to petitioner’s basis for regular tax purposes as

(continued...)

taxpayer’s rights in the shares are transferable or not subject

to a substantial risk of forfeiture. Sec. 83(a); Tanner v.

Commissioner, 117 T.C. 237, 242 (2001), affd. 65 Fed. Appx. 508

(5th Cir. 2003); sec. 1.83-7(a), Income Tax Regs. Pursuant to

sections 55(b)(2), 56(b)(3), and 83(a), the taxpayer is required

to include this income in his AMTI.

As a result of the AMT treatment of the exercise of ISOs, 

the taxpayer can have two different bases in the same shares of

stock. The taxpayer’s regular tax basis will be the exercise

price, or cost basis. See sec. 1012. However, for AMT purposes,

section 56(b)(3) provides that the adjusted basis of any stock

acquired by the exercise of an ISO “shall be determined on the

basis of the treatment prescribed by this paragraph.” Thus, the

taxpayer will increase his adjusted AMT basis by the amount of

income included in his AMTI. See secs. 55(b)(2), 56(b)(3),

83(a). 

The parties stipulate that petitioner’s stock options

qualify as ISOs under section 422. For regular tax purposes,

section 421(a) allows petitioner to defer recognition of income

until he later sells the stock. Under section 1012, petitioner’s

regular tax basis in the shares of Exodus stock is the exercise

price, $9,225.5
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5(...continued)

his “regular tax basis” and to his basis for AMT purposes as his

“adjusted AMT basis”.

6 $1,075,289 (fair market value of petitioner’s shares of

exodus stock on 12/21/00) less $9,225 (total exercise price)

equals $1,066,064.

However, for AMT purposes, petitioner must include in his

AMTI the spread between the exercise price and the fair market

value of the shares of Exodus stock on the date of exercise. See

secs. 55(b)(2), 56(b)(3), 83(a). We find that petitioner must

include $1,066,064 in his AMTI for 2000.6 As a result,

petitioner’s adjusted AMT basis in the shares of Exodus stock is

increased by the amount recognized to $1,075,289.

Next, we consider whether petitioner may reduce his AMTI in

2000 as a result of the AMT capital loss realized in 2001.

B. Capital Losses Under Regular Tax and Alternative Minimum Tax

If securities which are capital assets (as defined by

section 1221) become worthless during a taxable year, any losses

resulting therefrom are treated as capital losses, as if a sale

or exchange of the securities occurred on the last day of that

taxable year. Sec. 165(g)(1). Section 165(f) provides that

capital losses are allowed only to the extent allowed in sections

1211 and 1212. 
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7 For married individuals filing separately, $3,000 is

reduced to $1,500. Sec. 1211(b)(1). If the excess of capital

losses over capital gains is less than $3,000 (or $1,500), then

only that excess may be deducted. Sec. 1211(b)(2). 

8 To avoid confusion between petitioner’s capital losses,

we shall refer to his capital loss for regular tax purposes as

his “regular capital loss”, and shall refer to his capital loss

for AMT purposes as his “AMT capital loss”.

Under section 1211(b), noncorporate taxpayers can recognize

capital losses only to the extent of capital gains plus $3,000.7

Section 1212(b) allows noncorporate taxpayers to carry forward

unrecognized capital losses to subsequent taxable years, but it

does not allow such taxpayers to carry back unrecognized capital

losses to prior taxable years.

The Internal Revenue Code does not explicitly address the

treatment of capital losses for AMT purposes. See secs. 55-59,

and accompanying regulations.

 The parties stipulated that petitioner is not a dealer and

that he exercised the ISOs as an investor. There is no dispute

that petitioner’s shares of Exodus stock are capital assets under

section 1221. Because those shares became worthless in 2001,

petitioner realized a capital loss in 2001. See sec. 165(g)(1). 

Petitioner’s regular tax basis in the shares of Exodus stock was

$9,225, resulting in a realized regular capital loss of $9,225.8
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9 The effect of the capital loss limitations of secs.

1211(b) and 1212(b) for regular tax purposes is not in issue, and

thus, is not discussed in detail.

10 Petitioner argues that because the instructions to line

9 of Form 6251 for 2000 do not mention sec. 1211, the

instructions indicate that sec. 1211 does not apply for purposes

(continued...)

However, the capital loss limitations of sections 1211(b) and

1212(b) limit petitioner’s ability to recognize the regular

capital loss.9

 Petitioner’s adjusted AMT basis in the shares of Exodus

stock was $1,075,289, resulting in realized AMT capital loss of

$1,075,289. Petitioner seeks to carry back his AMT capital loss

to reduce his AMTI in 2000. Petitioner argues that the capital

loss limitations of sections 1211 and 1212 do not apply to his

AMT capital loss for purposes of calculating his AMTI. 

This Court has never addressed whether the capital loss

limitations of sections 1211 and 1212 apply for purposes of

calculating a taxpayer’s AMTI. However, section 1.55-1(a),

Income Tax Regs., states:

Except as otherwise provided by statute, regulations,

or other published guidance issued by the Commissioner,

all Internal Revenue Code provisions that apply in

determining the regular taxable income of a taxpayer

also apply in determining the alternative minimum

taxable income of the taxpayer.

We find no statute, regulation, or other published guidance that

purports to change the treatment of capital losses for AMT

purposes.10 See secs. 55-59 (and accompanying regulations). 
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10(...continued)

of calculating petitioner’s AMTI. We do not need to consider

whether petitioner’s interpretation of the instructions is

correct. It is settled law that taxpayers cannot rely on

informal IRS instructions to justify a reporting position that is

otherwise inconsistent with the controlling statutory provisions. 

Johnson v. Commissioner, 620 F.2d 153, 155 (7th Cir. 1980), affg.

T.C. Memo. 1978-426; Graham v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-114;

Jones v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-358.

11 In the case of NOLs incurred in 2001 or 2002, sec.

172(b)(1)(H) creates a 5-year carryback. Petitioner argues that

he is entitled to relief from the 5-year carryback. However,

(continued...)

Therefore, we hold that the capital loss limitations of sections

1211 and 1212 apply in calculating a taxpayer’s AMTI. See sec.

1.55-1(a), Income Tax Regs.; see also Allen v. Commissioner, 118

T.C. at 8 (holding that the wage-expense limitation of section

280C(a) applies to the calculation of AMTI where nothing in the

sections relating to the wage-expense limitation or in the AMT

provisions indicates otherwise). Accordingly, we find that

petitioner cannot carry back his AMT capital loss realized in

2001 to reduce his AMTI in 2000.

C. Net Operating Losses and Alternative Tax Net Operating

Losses

In an attempt to carry back his AMT capital loss, petitioner

argues that the AMT capital loss entitles him to an ATNOL

deduction under section 56.

Generally, a taxpayer may carry back a net operating loss

(NOL) to the 2 taxable years preceding the loss, then forward to

each of the 20 taxable years following the loss.11 Sec.
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11(...continued)

because we conclude infra that petitioner is not entitled to an

ATNOL, petitioner’s argument is moot.

12 Sec. 56(d)(1)(A) also limits the amount of the allowable

ATNOL deduction; this is not in issue.

172(b)(1)(A). Section 172(c) defines an NOL as “the excess of

the deductions allowed by this chapter over the gross income,” as

modified under section 172(d). In the case of a noncorporate

taxpayer, the amount deductible on account of capital losses

shall not exceed the amount includable on account of capital

gains. Sec. 172(d)(2)(A); sec. 1.172-3(a)(2), Income Tax Regs. 

The effect of section 172(d)(2)(A) is that net capital losses are

excluded from the NOL computation. See Parekh v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1998-151.

For AMT purposes, section 56(a)(4) provides that an ATNOL

deduction shall be allowed in lieu of an NOL deduction under

section 172. An ATNOL deduction is defined as the NOL deduction

allowable under section 172 and is computed by taking into

consideration all the adjustments to taxable income under

sections 56 and 58 and all the preference items under section 57

(but only to the extent that the preference items increased the

NOL for the year for regular tax purposes).12 Sec. 56(d)(1). 

Petitioner’s net regular capital loss is excluded from

computing his NOL deduction. See sec. 172(c), (d)(2)(A); sec.

1.172-3(a)(2), Income Tax Regs. For AMT purposes, petitioner’s
- 15 -

ATNOL is the same as his NOL, taking into consideration all the

adjustments to his taxable income under sections 56, 57, and 58. 

See sec. 56(a)(4), (d)(1). No adjustments under those sections

modify the exclusion of net capital losses from the NOL

computation under section 172(d)(2)(A). Therefore, petitioner’s

net AMT capital loss is excluded for purposes of calculating his

ATNOL deduction. As a result, petitioner’s AMT capital loss

realized in 2001 does not create an ATNOL that can be carried

back to 2000 under sections 56 and 172(b).

D. Petitioner’s Other Arguments

Petitioner raises various other arguments in an attempt to

carry back his 2001 AMT capital loss to reduce his 2000 AMTI. 

Petitioner’s additional arguments can be categorized into three

groups: (1) Arguments premised on misinterpretations and

misapplications of the Code sections outlined above; (2)

arguments based on congressional intent; and (3) arguments based

on equity and public policy. 

As outlined above, the applicable Code sections do not allow

petitioner to carry back his AMT capital loss, and arguments

misinterpreting and misapplying those sections will not be

addressed individually.

Petitioner asserts that “the intent of Congress in imposing

an AMT tax on deferral preferences [including ISOs] was to

accelerate the taxation of economic income without creating an
- 16 -

additional tax liability.” Petitioner argues that the only way

to comply with congressional intent is to allow him to carry back

his AMT capital loss. Throughout his opening brief and reply

brief, petitioner focuses heavily on his interpretation of

congressional intent to support various arguments. 

Petitioner relies on the Senate report to the Tax Reform Act

of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2085, as authority for the

asserted congressional intent. See S. Rept. 99-313 (1986), 1986-

3 C.B. (Vol. 3) 1. Petitioner does not offer a specific citation

but instead cites the Senate report generally. The Senate report

addresses the AMT provisions on pages 515-540. Id. at 515-540,

1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 3) at 515-540. The Senate report does not

directly support petitioner’s interpretation of congressional

intent, and we find no language supporting an inference of such

intent. See id. Therefore, we do not further consider

petitioner’s arguments based on his interpretation of

congressional intent.

Petitioner also advances several “policy and legal

considerations”. Essentially, petitioner is arguing that, under

principles of equity, he should be allowed to carry back his AMT

capital loss to reduce his AMTI. Petitioner feels that applying

the capital loss limitations of sections 1211 and 1212 to the

calculation of his AMTI results in harsh and unfair tax

consequences. 
- 17 -

This Court has previously stated:

The unfortunate consequences of the AMT in various

circumstances have been litigated since shortly after

the adoption of the AMT. In many different contexts,

literal application of the AMT has led to a perceived

hardship, but challenges based on equity have been

uniformly rejected. * * *

* * * “it is not a feasible judicial undertaking to

achieve global equity in taxation * * *. And if it

were a feasible judicial undertaking, it still would

not be a proper one, equity in taxation being a

political rather than a jural concept.” * * * the

solution must be with Congress.

Speltz v. Commissioner, 124 T.C. at 176 (quoting Kenseth v.

Commissioner, 259 F.3d 881, 885 (7th Cir. 2001), affg. 114 T.C.

399 (2000)); see also Alexander v. Commissioner, 72 F.3d 938 (1st

Cir. 1995), affg. T.C. Memo. 1995-51; Okin v. Commissioner, 808

F.2d 1338 (9th Cir. 1987), affg. T.C. Memo. 1985-199; Warfield v.

Commissioner, 84 T.C. 179 (1985); Huntsberry v. Commissioner, 83

T.C. 742, 747-753 (1984). Petitioner’s equity and public policy

arguments offer no relief from the tax consequences of the AMT

Code sections, as outlined above.

On the basis of the above, we hold that petitioner cannot

carry back his AMT capital loss realized in 2001 to reduce his

AMTI in 2000.

In reaching our holdings, we have considered all arguments

made, and, to the extent not mentioned, we conclude that they are

moot, irrelevant, or without merit.
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To reflect the foregoing and the concessions of the parties,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.