Filed 8/20/14 In re S.M. CA2/7 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION SEVEN 

In re S.M., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law. 

 B251450 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. CK96544) 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND 

FAMILY SERVICES, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

SA. M., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Anthony 

Trendacosta, Juvenile Court Referee. Affirmed. 

 Cristina Gabrielidis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel, 

and Sarah Vesecky, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

________________________ 
2

Sa. M. (Mother) appeals from the orders of the juvenile court removing her infant 

son, S.M., from her custody and granting a restraining order barring her from 

approaching her husband, Timothy M., and the baby. Mother contends neither order was 

supported by substantial evidence. We affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

Mother and Timothy married in January 2012, and Mother became pregnant soon 

thereafter. Due to strains in their relationship, Mother moved into a shelter two months 

before S.M.’s birth in November 2012 at an Orange County hospital. Two days after 

S.M.’s birth, the Orange County Social Services Agency (OCSSA) received a referral 

from the hospital because Mother had tested positive for cocaine. She denied using 

drugs, and both she and S.M. tested negative nine hours later. 

A second referral the same week alleged Mother had severely neglected S.M. 

during her interactions with him at the hospital. Hospital staff told an OCSSA social 

worker Mother became agitated and refused to feed the baby claiming he was too fat. 

She also ignored the baby and refused to feed him until she had showered. Although 

nurses had instructed her how to change and diaper the baby, they found his clothes and 

bedding soaked in urine. On one occasion a nurse saw Mother place S.M. on a bed and 

walk away despite staff warnings; on another Mother covered S.M.’s face with her hand 

to quiet him when he cried although S.M.’s breathing was apparently unaffected. Mother 

criticized hospital staff and asked that a white American pediatrician care for S.M. 

because she believed the Filipino doctors were “experimenting” on her.1

 Citing her 

 1

 Mother informed the worker she had emigrated to the United States from Pakistan 

in 2002. She had married a Pakistani man, but their marriage ended after nine years. 

Mother married Timothy in January 2012. She had not identified Timothy on the birth 

certificate but said he knew of S.M.’s birth. Once contacted, Timothy admitted he had a 

criminal history that included an arrest for domestic violence, used marijuana and had 

two daughters, now grown, who had been detained by the juvenile court when they were 

younger, resulting in the termination of parental rights. Timothy confirmed he and 

Mother were married but said he had asked Mother to leave their apartment because she 

was not paying her share of the bills. He later admitted he asked her to leave because she 

had attacked him. 
3

“paranoid delusions and thoughts,” a hospital psychiatrist placed Mother on a psychiatric 

hold pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.2

 

OCSSA filed a petition to declare S.M. a dependent child of the juvenile court 

pursuant to section 300, subdivisions (b) (failure to protect or inability to provide regular 

care due to mental illness or substance abuse) and (j) (risk of abuse or neglect based on 

abuse of siblings), based on Mother’s positive cocaine test and behavior in the hospital, 

and Timothy’s criminal history, past use of marijuana and alcohol and prior experience 

with the dependency system with his other children. At the November 29, 2012 detention 

hearing the juvenile court found a prima facie showing had been made that S.M. came 

within section 300 and there was a substantial danger to his physical health and no 

reasonable means to protect him without removing him from his parents’ custody. S.M. 

was placed in the temporary care and custody of OCSSA, and the agency was ordered to 

provided services to Mother and Timothy including monitored visitation. 

 OCSSA filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on January 2, 2013 describing a 

number of interviews with Mother and Timothy, who were again living together. Mother 

told the social worker she had been discharged from the hospital after two days and there 

was nothing wrong with her. She also told the worker she had filed a police report 

against a doctor at the hospital who she believed had prematurely induced her labor. She 

complained about hospital staff, especially “fat” ones banging the doors and causing her 

baby to jump, but denied she had acted strangely with him at the hospital, saying she had 

been upset because his skin was not lighter like his father’s. She denied using drugs and 

 2

 Mother was discharged from the hospital after 48 hours and moved into Timothy’s 

apartment. Her discharge instructions identify a preliminary diagnosis of “psychotic 

disorder NOS” (not otherwise specified), meaning her doctors could not make a 

definitive diagnosis without further evaluation. Her release signified she did not meet the 

criteria for retention under section 5150, subdivision (d), requiring a showing of probable 

cause that she was, “as a result of a mental health disorder, a danger to others, or to . . . 

herself, or gravely disordered.” 

Statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise 

indicated. 
4

agreed to drug test but expressed concern her sample would be switched with someone 

who used cocaine. She tested negative for drugs on four occasions in December 2012. 

OCSSA also reported Mother had asked that S.M. be placed with a Muslim family 

and accused the worker of wanting to turn S.M. into a Christian. In one meeting Mother 

told the social worker “I want my baby back. If you want to keep him then you need to 

sacrifice.” During her monitored visits she asked the foster parents about their care of 

S.M. and their religion and complained variously that he looked too small, they were not 

feeding him enough, his hair was falling out and he was not sufficiently alert. Despite 

her initial worry the foster family was not Muslim and was not feeding S.M. properly, she 

agreed to leave him in that home but then changed her mind and demanded a more 

culturally appropriate home closer to Los Angeles. During this period the OCSSA 

received three calls from state and local law enforcement agencies recounting complaints 

from Mother about the care S.M. was receiving and claiming his life was in danger. 

After an early January 2013 visit, Mother accused the foster father of bringing a different 

baby and demanded a blood test to prove the baby was hers. 

In his interview with the social worker Timothy denied having a substance abuse 

problem and explained he drank occasionally and used marijuana twice a week to help 

him fall asleep after long work days. According to Timothy, Mother’s erratic behavior 

had been triggered by cocaine, but he also agreed there were cultural and translation 

issues. In his view she had difficulties with social skills, and her paranoia was related to 

an inability to assimilate and understand social cues. However, he expressed concern 

about Mother’s ability to parent S.M. in his absence. During visits he spent much of the 

time calming her anxiety and assuring her everything would work out. 

The OCSSA recommended the juvenile court sustain the petition and transfer the 

case to Los Angeles County for disposition based on the parents’ place of residence. At a 

January 2, 2013 hearing the court found Timothy to be the presumed father. At a 

subsequent hearing the court recorded that Timothy and Mother had submitted on the 

petition as amended and transferred the case to Los Angeles County. On February 11, 

2013 the Los Angeles juvenile court accepted the transfer of jurisdiction from Orange 
5

County, appointed counsel and ordered S.M. to remain in shelter care while the Los 

Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (Department) assessed 

Timothy’s home for placement. The Department was also given discretion to liberalize 

visitation “up to include release to father.” 

A disposition report prepared by the Department disclosed Timothy had asked 

Mother to leave the apartment during her pregnancy because she had attacked him on 

several occasions. Timothy showed the social worker photographs from wounds he said 

had been inflicted by Mother. Because of Mother’s sometimes violent behavior and 

hostility toward him during visits with S.M., Timothy asked that her visits with the child 

take place separately out of the apartment and urged that, once Mother had left the 

apartment, S.M. could be placed with Timothy. Mother agreed with the proposed 

placement of S.M. with Timothy: “Please give my child to the father. I will do what the 

court wants me to do so I can have my baby back. You people should not have my child. 

He is starving to death; you are trying to make him a Christian and a Hispanic.” 

Mother’s anxiety and contentiousness during monitored visits with S.M.3

 led the 

Department to recommend the baby remain in shelter care until Mother had left 

Timothy’s apartment and S.M. could be placed with his father. Placement with Mother 

was not recommended due to her previous psychotic behavior and failure to obtain 

recommended counseling and evaluation.4 On the eve of the hearing, however, due to 

Timothy’s continued marijuana use and failure to take recommended parenting classes, 

the Department withdrew its recommendation S.M. be placed with him. 

 3

 During an April 2013 visit Mother became agitated while trying to feed S.M., 

argued with the social worker and placed an emergency call claiming S.M. was ill. She 

verbally abused responding paramedics, who asked that she be removed from the room. 

The paramedics checked the baby and found nothing wrong. 

4

 Mother went for an assessment at a community mental health center but failed to 

report any previous psychiatric history or present symptoms. The center determined she 

failed to meet agency criteria and gave her a letter stating so. A Los Angeles County 

health facility similarly denied services because of Mother’s denial of any symptoms or 

history. 
6

The disposition hearing began on April 17, 2013. Timothy’s attorney filed a 

request for a restraining order against Mother based on threats she had made against 

Timothy and his landlords, who sometimes cared for S.M. Mother’s counsel sought 

relocation of visits to a local mosque with a culturally sensitive monitor. The court 

granted those requests5

 and released S.M. to Timothy over the Department’s objection. 

The court also ordered Mother to undergo an Evidence Code 730 evaluation by Daniel 

Kramon, a psychologist. The hearing was then continued to June 11, 2013 for Mother’s 

contest. It was ultimately completed on August 29, 2013. 

On May 9, 2013 Mother was allowed to visit with S.M. at her mosque. The visit 

was monitored by an East Asian social worker. According to the monitor, Mother fed the 

baby at 3:20 p.m. and when he started to fuss 20 minutes later, tried to feed him again. 

When the monitor suggested she should try to soothe the baby by walking or playing with 

him rather than feeding him again, Mother became defensive and stated, “you are not his 

mother,” and “who are you to tell me what to do?” Resisting the monitor’s efforts to 

calm her, Mother telephoned Timothy and another social worker to complain the monitor 

would not let her feed S.M. She then yelled at the monitor, “You don’t have children, so 

you don’t know how to take care of my child,” and accused her of being jealous of 

Mother’s husband and baby. S.M. began crying; and Mother refused to let him sleep, 

saying he should not sleep during her visit. The monitor persuaded Mother to allow her 

to hold S.M., who soon fell asleep, prompting Mother to accuse the monitor of showing 

off; she then attempted to seize S.M. from the monitor’s arms. When Mother continued 

to yell at the monitor, the director of the mosque told the monitor the mosque would no 

longer host Mother’s visits because her outbursts were interrupting those who were 

praying. After the visit the monitor recommended Mother receive additional parenting 

classes because she was incapable of caring for her child. The monitor also stated she 

would not be able to monitor any further visits between Mother and S.M. 

 5

 Because Timothy’s counsel failed to make corrections to the restraining order as 

directed by the court, this order was never issued. The court granted a second request for 

a restraining order on June 11, 2013. 
7

Dr. Kramon contacted Mother by telephone and interviewed her on May 10, 2013, 

the day after the visit at the mosque. According to Kramon, Mother “presented as alert, 

oriented, relatively logical and although she was coherent during the interview, there was 

an occasional tendency towards bizarre content reflective of paranoid, suspicious type 

ideations. . . . She also appeared to be anxious, and it is plausible that her degree of 

paranoia and suspiciousness can be greatly exacerbated when she is experiencing acute 

anxiety.” Mother denied having suspicious thoughts or panic attacks but described her 

recent visit at the mosque and how angry she became at the monitor. While she spoke 

her voice escalated and, “by the end of her description . . . , [she] was yelling on the 

telephone.” Mother justified reports of her yelling in the presence of her son on the 

ground, “in my country, people talk louder” and, when upset, “louder still.” Mother 

confirmed earlier reports of her suspicions the doctors had tried to harm her and the 

wrong baby had been brought to an earlier visit. Kramon concluded that, despite 

Mother’s pleasant demeanor, “the content of much of her communication was 

characterized by suspicious type thinking, paranoid and bizarre ideations, likely distortion 

of reality and obsessive and rigid type thinking. . . . It is likely that when she perceives 

herself to be in a stressful situation, her anxiety significantly escalates, therefore 

exacerbating and intensifying the paranoid symptoms.” Kramon noted the possibility of 

extended postpartum depression, but concluded (citing Mother’s report of hearing her 

mother’s voice in 2002 shortly after arriving in the United States), “there are indications 

of paranoid tendencies that can be associated with a Paranoid Personality Disorder and/or 

Paranoid Schizophrenia.” “A more specific diagnosis would be best determined by a 

more extensive evaluation, involving psychiatric/psychological consultations on a 

protracted basis but . . . , there are no current indications that the agitated/acting-out 

behavior . . . would be moderated without significant mental health intervention.” 

Kramon recommended Mother receive individual psychotherapy and be evaluated for 

possible psychotropic medication; continue to have monitored visits with S.M.; that “all 

efforts be made to find a monitor with whom she feels compatible”; and reunification be 

deferred until there are reports of stabilization of her symptoms. 
8

Throughout the months of May and June 2013 Mother lodged numerous 

complaints with the court, as well as the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 

accusing the Department of abusing her child and discriminating against her.6

 She sought 

new counsel through a Marsden motion and, when that was denied, filed a section 388 

petition seeking modification (reconsideration) of that decision. She solicited letters of 

recommendation from others in her shelter, attended parenting classes, participated in 

counseling and was prescribed psychotropic medication by mental health providers. She 

continued to test negative for illicit drug use. Meanwhile, Timothy tested positive for 

marijuana and failed to attend parenting classes ordered by the court. In a supplemental 

report, the Department recommended S.M. be suitably placed. 

At the August 29, 2013 continued disposition hearing, the court appointed new 

counsel for Mother and proceeded to make final disposition orders. The court removed 

S.M. from Mother’s custody and, notwithstanding the Department’s recommendation, 

ordered him placed with Timothy.7

 The court also extended the existing restraining order 

for a period of one year. 

DISCUSSION 

1. Substantial Evidence Supported the Disposition Order Removing S.M. from 

Mother’s Custody 

Section 361, subdivision (c)(1), authorizes removal of a child from his or her 

parent’s custody only if the juvenile court finds by clear and convincing evidence that 

“[t]here is or would be a substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection, or 

physical or emotional well-being” of the child if the child were returned home and “there 

are no reasonable means by which the [child]’s physical health can be protected without 

removing” the child from his or her parent’s custody. “The parent need not be dangerous 

and the child need not have been actually harmed for removal to be appropriate. The 

 6

 After one such report, an officer advised a social worker to be careful around 

Mother, as something about her was “off.” 

7

 S.M. was subsequently removed from Timothy’s custody at a section 387, 

subdivision (b), hearing in March 2014. 
9

focus on the statute is averting harm to the child. [Citations.] In this regard, the court 

may consider the parent’s past conduct as well as present circumstances.” (In re Cole C.

(2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 900, 917; see In re Christopher R. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1210, 

1215-1216.) 

We review the juvenile court’s disposition orders for substantial evidence. (Los 

Angeles County Dept. of Children & Family Services v. Superior Court (2013) 

215 Cal.App.4th 962, 966; In re R.C. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 930, 940.)8

 Under this 

standard “[w]e review the record to determine whether there is any substantial evidence 

to support the juvenile court’s conclusions, and we resolve all conflicts and make all 

reasonable inferences from the evidence to uphold the court’s orders, if possible.” (In re 

David M. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 822, 828; accord, In re Christopher R., supra, 

225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216; In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754, 763; In re 

Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393.) 

Mother contends, in light of her lack of any history or diagnosis of a specific 

mental disorder, the juvenile court lacked adequate evidence to warrant removal of S.M. 

from her custody. While Mother is correct no definitive diagnosis of a mental disorder 

had yet been made, Dr. Kramon’s report stated his opinion Mother had disturbing 

symptoms that would require “significant mental health intervention” to enable her to 

cope with her paranoid thought processes. In his view Mother was not stable enough to 

allow her to parent S.M. That report, coupled with the multiple witness accounts of 

 8

 “The burden of proof at the jurisdiction phase in the juvenile court is 

preponderance of the evidence; the burden of proof at disposition is clear and convincing 

evidence. (§ 355, subd. (a) [jurisdiction findings by preponderance of evidence]; § 361, 

subd. (c) [disposition findings by clear and convincing evidence].) Nonetheless, we 

review both jurisdiction findings and the disposition order for substantial evidence. (See 

Sheila S. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 872, 880-881 [‘The “clear and 

convincing” standard . . . is for the edification and guidance of the trial court and not a 

standard for appellant review. [Citations.] “‘The sufficiency of evidence to establish a 

given fact, where the law requires proof of the fact to be clear and convincing, is 

primarily a question for the trial court to determine, and if there is substantial evidence to 

support its conclusion, the determination is not open to review on appeal.’”’].” (In re 

Christopher R., supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216, fn. 4.) 
10

Mother’s agitation around S.M., her violent outbursts toward Timothy and her 

antagonism toward anyone in a position of authority, provided the court with ample 

evidence to remove S.M. from her custody. As devoted as Mother was to S.M., her 

paranoia and anxiety gave rise to serious concern among the professionals who observed 

her as to her mental stability around an infant. (See In re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 

814, 824 [Cases finding a substantial physical danger to a child “tend to fall into two 

factual patterns. One group involves an identified, specific hazard in the child’s 

environment—typically an adult with a proven record of abusiveness. [Citations.] The 

second group involves children of such tender years that the absence of adequate 

supervision and care poses an inherent risk to their physical health and safety.”].) As 

numerous courts have recognized, a juvenile court need not wait until a child is seriously 

abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take steps necessary to protect the child. 

(See, e.g., In re N.M. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 159, 165; In re Christopher R., supra, 225 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1216.) 

2. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Issuing the Restraining 

Order 

Section 213.5, subdivision (a), permits a juvenile court to issue an order 

“enjoining any person from molesting, attacking, striking, stalking, threatening, . . . 

harassing, telephoning, . . . destroying the personal property, contacting, either directly or 

indirectly, by mail or otherwise, coming within a specified distance of, or disturbing the 

peace of any parent . . . .” Section 213.5 has been analogized to Family Code 

section 6340, which governs restraining orders under the Domestic Violence Prevention 

Act (DVPA). (See In re C.Q. (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 355, 363-364; In re B.S. (2009) 

172 Cal.App.4th 183, 194.) That statute “permits the issuance of a protective order under 

the [DVPA] in the first instance, if ‘failure to make [the order] may jeopardize the safety 

of the petitioner . . . .’ (Fam. Code, § 6340, subd. (a); see also Fam. Code, § 6320.)” (In 

re B.S., at p. 194.) A restraining order issued after notice and hearing may remain in 

effect up to three years. (§ 213.5, subd. (d)(1).) 
11

In determining whether to issue the restraining order, the court may review and 

consider the contents of the Department’s file, including the caseworker’s written reports. 

(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.630(d)(1).) “Issuance of a restraining order under 

section 213.5 does not require ‘evidence that the restrained person has previously 

molested, attacked, struck, sexually assaulted, stalked, or battered the child.’ [Citation.] 

Nor does it require evidence of a reasonable apprehension of future abuse.” (In re C.Q., 

supra, 219 Cal.App.4th at p. 363, quoting In re B.S., supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 193.) 

An appellate court applies the substantial evidence standard of review to the trial 

court’s factual findings in support of the order (Sabbah v. Sabbah (2007) 

151 Cal.App.4th 818, 822) and an abuse of discretion standard to review the grant or 

denial of the restraining order. (See Gonzalez v. Munoz (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 413, 420 

[DVPA].) The trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling exceeds the bounds of 

reason. (Ibid.) “‘When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the 

facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial 

court.’” (Ibid., citing Shamblin v. Brattain (1988) 48 Cal.3d 474, 478-479.)9

 

In this case the Department’s reports cited instances of Mother’s attacks on 

Timothy, her antagonism towards monitors and other professionals engaged in oversight 

of S.M. and her threats toward the landlords as evidence of her violent tendencies and 

potentially unstable behavior. Again, the law does not require a court to wait until an 

 9

 In re Cassandra B. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 199, 210 to 211, cited by both parties, 

applied a substantial evidence standard of review to an order granting a restraining order 

under section 213.5, subdivision (a). In re Cassandra B. cited In re Misako R. (1991) 

2 Cal.App.4th 538, 545, as authority for applying that standard of review. In re Misako 

R., however, involved appellate review of a reunification plan in a dependency action, not 

a restraining order. In light of both the general rule that a grant or denial or injunctive 

relief is reviewed for abuse of discretion (Gonzalez v. Munoz, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 420) and the use of the abuse of discretion standard of review in other dependency 

matters requiring the weighing of evidence (see In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 

317-318), we question whether In re Cassandra B.’s application of the substantial 

evidence standard of review is correct. 
12

attack occurs before an action is taken to protect a child and his or her caregivers. The 

juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in issuing the restraining order. 

DISPOSITION 

The juvenile court orders are affirmed. 

 PERLUSS, P. J. 

We concur: 

 ZELON, J. 

 SEGAL, J.*

 *

 Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice 

pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.