# Patent

## Title
Management of uplink resources in multi-carrier CDMA system

## Abstract

The method an apparatus described herein manages uplink resources to increase spectral efficiency and system capacity. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a base station may be assigned two or more downlink carriers for downlink transmission and two or more corresponding uplink carriers. In a multi-carrier mode, the base station may transmit signals on two or more downlink carriers to the same mobile terminal, and receive signals from the mobile terminal on one of the paired uplink terminals. The uplink carriers can be operated at different interference levels and the uplink traffic can be divided between the available uplink carriers based on the type of traffic and/or data transmission parameters. The mobile terminals may also be allowed to switch between the uplink carriers to improve overall efficiency.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of U.S. Regular application Ser. No. 12/537,148 filed Aug. 6, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,498,273, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
The present invention relates generally to multi-carrier communication systems and, more particularly, to management of uplink resources in a multi-carrier communication system.
Enhanced uplink, also known as High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) was introduced in Release 6 of the Wideband Co-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) standard to provide higher data rates on the uplink. HSUPA supports data rates of up to 11.52 megabits per second in the uplink using higher order modulation, fast power control, fast scheduling, and fast hybrid ARQ (HARQ) with soft combining. Two new physical uplink channels were added to the WCDMA standards to support HSUPA: the enhanced dedicated physical data channel (E-DPDCH) and the enhanced dedicated physical control channel (E-DPCCH). The E-DPDCH is the uplink channel used to carry user data bits from the mobile terminal to the base station, referred to in the standard as an enhanced NodeB (eNodeB). The E-DPCCH carries control information necessary to enable the base station to demodulate and decode the E-DPDCH.
Conventional WCDMA systems operate with a single uplink carrier. Release 8 of the WCDMA standard will allow transmission from the base station to the mobile terminals on two adjacent carriers. On the uplink, the mobile terminals will still use a single carrier for uplink transmissions. However, the mobile terminals may be allowed to switch between two different uplink carriers that are paired with the two downlink carriers.
Realizing the high data rates that are supported by HSUPA has been challenging. When a user terminal transmits at a high data rate on the uplink carrier, a high signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver is needed in order to demodulate and decode the transmission. This means that the user terminals' receive power at the base station must be high, which will create interference for other users (e.g., voice users or low rate data users), as well as important control channels. These other users will then need to increase their transmit power to avoid degradation, thus further increasing the interference levels at the receiver. When the interference levels become too high, the system becomes unstable.
Therefore, improvements in managing uplink resources are needed in order to manage the interference generated by high data rate users.
SUMMARY
The present invention provides a method an apparatus for managing uplink resources to increase spectral efficiency and system capacity. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a base station may be assigned two or more downlink carriers for downlink transmission and two or more corresponding uplink carriers. In a multi-carrier mode, the base station may transmit signals on two or more downlink carriers to the same mobile terminal, and receive signals from the mobile terminal on one of the paired uplink terminals. However, the mobile terminal transmits signals on the uplink using only one of the paired uplink carriers.
The uplink carriers can be operated at different interference levels and the uplink traffic can be divided between the available uplink carriers based on the type of traffic and/or data transmission parameters. As one example, one uplink carrier may be used to carry voice, low-rate data, and control channels, while a second carrier may be used to carry high-rate data. By segregating different types of traffic on different carriers, the low-rate data, control channels, and other traffic carried on the anchor carriers are protected from excessive levels of interference attributable to the high-rate data transmissions.
The mobile terminals may also be allowed to switch between the uplink carriers to improve overall efficiency. For example, a mobile terminal may be allowed to switch from a first uplink carrier operated at a low interference level to a second uplink carrier operated at a high interference level depending on a data transmission rate and/or buffer level. The mobile terminal may also switch uplink carriers based on a happiness indication reflecting the buffer level of the mobile terminal.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary multicarrier communication system.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary spectrum allocation for a base station in a multicarrier communication system.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary method implemented by a base station in a multicarrier communication system for selecting a carrier for uplink transmissions.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary method implemented by a base station in a multicarrier communication system for controlling uplink transmissions from a plurality of mobile terminals.
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary base station for a multicarrier communication system.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a user terminal 100 in a mobile communication network 10. The user terminal 100 may comprise, for example, a cellular telephone, personal digital assistant, smart phone, laptop computer, handheld computer, or other device with wireless communication capabilities. User terminal 100 communicates with a base station 20 in a serving cell or sector 12 of the mobile communication network 10. The user terminal 100 receives signals from the base station 20 on one or more downlink (DL) channels and transmits signals to the base station 20 on one or more uplink (UL) channels.
For illustrative purposes, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described in the context of a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) system. Those skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the present invention is more generally applicable to other wireless communication systems, including Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) systems.
Enhanced Uplink in WCDMA, also referred to as High Speed Uplink Packet Access, provides high speed uplink access the mobile terminals 100 served by the base station 20. The mobile terminals 100 transit data to the base station 20 on a transport channel referred to as the Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). As the name implies, the E-DCH is a dedicated channel. At any given time, a mobile terminal 100 may transmit on one or more E-DPDCHs, which is the physical data channel associated with the E-DCHs. A scheduler at the base station 20 coordinates transmissions by the mobile terminals 100 on the uplink. The mobile terminals 100 report buffer levels, power headroom, QoS requirements, and other scheduling information to the base station 20 in a scheduling request. Based on the instantaneous interferences levels at the receiver and the scheduling information received from the mobile terminals 100, the base station 20 determines which mobile terminals 100 are allowed to transmit and at what rates. The base station 20 transmits scheduling grants to the scheduled mobile terminals 100 to indicate when and at what rate the mobile terminals 100 are allowed to transmit. The scheduling grant typically specifies a ratio of E-DPDCCH-to-pilot power ratio allowed for the scheduled mobile terminal 100, and the mobile terminal 100 is allowed to select any transport block size (data rate) so long as the specified power ratio is not exceeded. In general, a higher power ratio corresponds with a higher data rate.
Conventional WCDMA systems operate with a single uplink carrier. Release 8 of the WCDMA standard allows transmission from the base station 20 to the mobile terminals 100 on two adjacent carriers. On the uplink, the mobile terminals 100 will still use a single carrier for uplink transmissions. However, the mobile terminals 100 may be allowed to switch between two different uplink carriers that are paired with the two downlink carriers.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary spectrum allocation for multi-carrier HSPA. Carriers D1 and D2 are allocated for the downlink, and corresponding paired uplink carriers U1 and U2 are allocated for the uplink. In a multi-carrier mode, base station 20 uses carriers D1 and D2 for downlink transmissions to mobile terminal 100. In contrast, the mobile terminal 100 may use either one, but not both, of the uplink carriers U1 and U2 for uplink transmission. Mobile terminal 100 may also switch between uplink carriers U1 and U2 in different time periods depending on the data transmission rate of the mobile terminal 100 and/or other transmission parameters. There is a current 3GPP work item with the goal of introducing transmission on two adjacent carriers from the mobile terminals to the base station in future releases of the WCDMA standard. Still, it may be more beneficial to have the mobile terminals transmit on one carrier at a time only.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the uplink carriers U1 and U2 are operated at different interference levels and the uplink traffic is divided between the two available uplink carriers U1 and U2 to improve spectral efficiency on the uplink. More specifically, one uplink carrier may be designated as an anchor carrier and operated at a relatively low interference level (e.g., 5-8 dB noise rise). The other uplink carrier, referred to herein as a supplemental carrier or non-anchor carrier, may be operated at a relatively high interference level (e.g., >15 dB noise rise) compared to the anchor carrier. The uplink carriers U1 and U2 may be used for different types of traffic. For example, the anchor carrier may be used to carry voice, low-rate data, delay-sensitive data, and control channels. The supplemental carrier may be used to carry high-rate data and other types of transmissions that generate high levels of interference. In one exemplary embodiment, the anchor carrier may include control channels for all traffic channels on both the anchor and non-anchor carriers. If a mobile terminal 100 is transmitting on the supplemental carrier, it cannot transmit an associated control channel on the anchor carrier, because the mobile terminal 100 can only transmit on one carrier at any given time. However, other mobile terminals can transmit control channels on the anchor carrier. By segregating different types of traffic on different carriers, the low-rate data, control channels, and other traffic carried on the anchor carriers is protected from excessive levels of interference attributable to the high-rate data transmissions.
At the base station 20, serving a cell 12 may schedule the mobile terminals 100 within the cell 12 to transmit on either the anchor carrier or supplemental carrier, depending on its transmission requirements. For example, it may be more efficient to schedule the mobile terminals having high data rate transmissions to transmit on the supplemental carrier using time-division multiplexing (TDM) because TDM provides better orthogonality between users. For low data rate transmissions, however, the base station 20 may schedule the mobile terminals to transmit on the anchor carrier using code-division multiplexing (CDM) because CDM has better trunking efficiency. Table 1 summarizes the differences between an anchor carrier and a supplemental carrier for one embodiment of the present invention.










TABLE 1








Supplemental



Anchor Carriers
Carriers




















Interference
Low (5-8 dB noise rise)
High (>15 dB noise



Level

rise)



Traffic
Voice, control, low-rate
High-rate data




and/or delay insensitive




data



Scheduling
CDM
TDM










The carrier assignment can be signaled to the mobile terminals 100 in a scheduling grant transmitted on a downlink control channel. For example, the carrier assignment for a mobile terminal 100 can be transmitted to the mobile terminal 100 as part of an absolute grant transmitted on the Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH). As is known in the art, the scheduler can update the serving grant of a mobile terminal 100 by sending an absolute grant. The absolute grant may be modified to include a field specifying the carrier to which the grant applies. In response to the absolute grant, the mobile terminal 100 may switch to the carrier specified in the absolute grant if a switch is necessary.
The decision to assign a mobile terminal 100 to the anchor carrier or supplemental carrier is made by a scheduler at the base station 20 based on scheduling information received from the mobile terminal 100. As previously noted, the scheduling information may include information such as the buffer level, available transmission power, QoS requirements, etc. Such information may be transmitted in-band on the Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH). Additionally, mobile terminal 100 may transmit a happiness indication, also referred to as a “happy bit,” on the Enhanced, Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH). Generally speaking, the happiness indication comprises a single bit that indicates whether the mobile terminal 100 is capable of transmitting on the E-DCH at a data rate greater than what is currently allowed by the serving grant. When the mobile terminal 100 has available power to transmit at a higher data rate than allowed by the serving grant, and the number of bits in the buffer would require more than a predetermined number of TTIs to transmit, the mobile terminal 100 sets the happy bit to a first predetermined value to indicate that it is “not happy.” “Not happy” means that the mobile terminal 100 would like to transmit at a higher data rate. Otherwise, the mobile terminal 100 sets the happy bit to a second predetermined value to indicate that it is “happy.” It may be noted that the happy bit is only transmitted in conjunction with an on-going data transmission because the E-DPCCH is only transmitted together with the E-DPDCH.
In some embodiments of the invention, the happiness indication may be used to facilitate carrier switching. For example, assume that mobile terminal 100 is currently transmitting data on an anchor carrier. When the happiness indication is set to “happy,” the scheduler at the base station 20 may continue to schedule the mobile terminal 100 on the anchor carrier. On the other hand, when the happiness indication is set to “not happy,” the scheduler at the base station 20 can switch the mobile terminal 100 to the supplemental carrier to enable higher data transmission rates without generating interference for other users on the anchor carrier.
In some embodiments, more than two levels of happiness may be defined and the happiness indication may include more than one bit. The different levels of happiness may be related to the number of TTIs that the mobile terminal 100 would require to empty its transmit buffer under the current serving grant. For example, a tri-level happiness indication could be defined using two thresholds, denoted herein as T1 and T2, where T2 is less than T1. If the number of TTIs needed to empty the transmit buffer is greater than T1, the mobile terminal 100 may set the happiness indication to “not happy.” If the number of TTIs required to empty the transmit buffer is greater than T2 but less than T1, the mobile terminal 100 may set the happiness indication to “slightly happy.” Finally, if the number of TTIs required to empty the transmit buffer is less than T2, the mobile terminal 100 can set the happiness indication to “happy.”
In some embodiments, several levels of “happiness” could be defined by imposing multiple thresholds denoted as Tx representing the number of TTI's that the mobile terminal 100 needs to empty its transmit buffer at the current grant rate. For example, if the mobile terminal 100 can empty its buffer in N TTI's and N>T1, the happy bit can be set to “Not Happy”. If T2≦N≦T1, then the happy bit can be set to “Slightly Happy”. If N<T2, the happy bit can be set to “Happy”. “Not Happy” could mean switching to or continuing on a supplemental carrier; “Slightly Happy” could mean switching to an anchor carrier if on supplemental carrier; and “Happy” could mean continuing on an anchor carrier, or discontinuing transmission temporarily.
When the system uses more than two types of carriers, the happiness indication can be used to bias the scheduler to select a particular carrier. In one exemplary embodiment, the system may be configured with a low data rate carrier, a medium data rate carrier, and a high data rate carrier. In this example, the happiness indication can be used to bias the scheduler towards a higher data rate carrier as the happiness level decreases. The degree of the bias may depend on the level of happiness. Regardless, some embodiments of the invention is use “Happy Bit(s)” in the scheduler to determine which carrier or carrier type and perhaps how many carriers the UE need to be scheduled.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary method 150 implemented by a base station 20 for controlling transmissions from a plurality of mobile terminals 100 on the uplink. Base station 20 controls the interference level on a first uplink carrier to meet a first interference target (block 152). The first interference target may, for example, comprise a low level of interference. The base station 20 also controls the interference level on a second uplink carrier to meet a second interference target higher than the first interference target (block 154). A scheduler at the base station 20 determines the data transmission requirements for a plurality of mobile terminals (block 156). Based on the data transmission requirements, the scheduler assigns each of the mobile terminals 100 to one of the uplink carriers (block 158). For example, the scheduler at base station 20 may assign low data rate mobile terminals 100 to the first uplink carrier, and high data rate mobile terminals to the second uplink carrier. Also, QoS requirements may be taken into account in carrier selection. For example, mobile terminals 100 with low delay tolerance may be assigned to the first carrier.
FIG. 4 illustrates a method 200 implemented by a scheduler in base station 20 of selecting a carrier for uplink transmissions from a mobile terminal 100. The method 200 begins when the scheduler assigns a mobile terminal 100 to a first uplink carrier and begins receiving transmissions from the mobile terminal 100 (block 202). When the mobile terminal 100 is transmitting data, the mobile terminal 100 may also transmit a happiness indication on the E-DPCCH. The scheduler at the base station 20 receives the happiness indications from the mobile terminal 100 (block 204). The scheduler reassigns the mobile terminal 100 to the second uplink carrier depending, at least in part, on the happiness indication (block 206). For example, when mobile terminal 100 is transmitting on an anchor carrier for low data rate users, the scheduler may reassign the mobile terminal 100 to a second carrier if the happiness indication transmitted by the mobile terminal 100 indicates that the mobile terminal 100 is “not happy.” In other embodiments, the happiness indication may be used to bias scheduling decisions toward the higher data rate carrier as the happiness level decreases.
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary base station 20 according to one embodiment of the invention. Base station 20 comprises a transceiver 24 coupled to one or more antennas 22 and a baseband processor 26. Transceiver 24 comprises a transmitter for transmitting signals to mobile terminals 100, and a receiver for receiving signals from the mobile terminals 100. Baseband processor 26 comprises one or more processors, microcontrollers, hardware, or a combination thereof. The baseband processor 26 processes signals transmitted and received by the transceiver 24. For example, the baseband processor 26 may perform coding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, interleaving/deinterleaving, and other channel coding operations. Baseband processor 26 includes a scheduler 28 for scheduling the uplink transmissions from the mobile terminals 100. The scheduler 28 includes logic for performing the method shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other ways than those specifically set forth herein without departing from essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.

## Claims

1. In a multi-carrier communication system, a method implemented by a scheduler in a base station for selecting a carrier for uplink transmissions from a mobile terminal to the base station, said method comprising:
maintaining a first uplink carrier to operate at a first interference level and a second uplink carrier to operate at a second interference level, wherein the first interference level is lower than the second interference level;
receiving a happiness indication from a mobile terminal;
selecting the first uplink carrier when said happiness indication indicates that the mobile terminal would like to transmit at a lower data rate than it is currently granted;
selecting the second uplink carrier when said happiness indication indicates that the mobile terminal would like to transmit at a higher data rate than it is currently granted; and
reassigning said mobile terminal to the selected uplink carrier.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising scheduling uplink transmissions from said mobile terminal using the selected uplink carrier.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein scheduling uplink transmissions from said mobile terminal comprises scheduling the mobile terminal to transmit using code-division multiplexing when the mobile terminal is assigned to the first uplink carrier.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein scheduling uplink transmissions from said mobile terminal comprises scheduling the mobile terminal to transmit using time-division multiplexing when the mobile terminal is assigned to the first second carrier.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first uplink carrier carries a control channel associated with a traffic channel carried by the second uplink carrier.

6. A base station in a multicarrier communication system, said base station comprising:
a transceiver to receive user data transmitted by a plurality of mobile terminals on two or more uplink carriers operating at different interference levels; and
a scheduler for scheduling transmissions from said plurality of mobile terminals on said uplink carriers, said scheduler configured to:
maintain a first uplink carrier to operate at a first interference level and a second uplink carrier to operate at a second interference level, wherein the first interference level is lower than the second interference level;
receive a happiness indication from a mobile terminal transmitting user data indicating a buffer level of said mobile terminal;
select the first uplink carrier when said happiness indication indicates that the mobile terminal would like to transmit at a lower data rate than it is currently granted;
select the second uplink carrier when said happiness indication indicates that the mobile terminal would like to transmit at a higher data rate than it is currently granted; and
reassign said mobile terminal to the selected uplink carrier based on said happiness indication.

7. The base station of claim 6 wherein said scheduler is further configured to schedule uplink transmissions from said mobile terminals on said first and second uplink carriers.

8. The base station of claim 7 wherein said scheduler is further configured to schedule the mobile terminals assigned to the first uplink carrier to transmit using code-division multiplexing.

9. The base station of claim 7 wherein said scheduler is further configured to schedule the mobile terminals assigned to the second uplink carrier to transmit using time-division multiplexing.

10. The base station of claim 7 wherein the first uplink carrier carries a control channel associated with a traffic channel carried by the second uplink carrier.