Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

CE Design Ltd. v. C&T Pizza, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 131465

Appellate Court 

Caption

CE DESIGN LTD., an Illinois Corporation, Individually and as the 

Representative of a Class of Similarly Situated Persons, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, v. C&T PIZZA, INC., Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Sixth Division

Docket No. 1-13-1465

Filed

Rehearing denied

May 8, 2015

June 4, 2015

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 06-CH-27638; the 

Hon. Rita M. Novak, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed; cause remanded.

Counsel on

Appeal

James K. Borcia and Ryan Taylor, both of Tressler LLP, of Chicago, 

for appellant.

Phillip A. Bock, Robert M. Hatch, and Jonathan B. Piper, all of Bock 

& Hatch LLC, of Chicago, and Brian J. Wanca, of Anderson & 

Wanca, of Rolling Meadows, for appellee.

Panel JUSTICE HALL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Lampkin and Rochford concurred in the judgment and 

opinion.
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 OPINION 

¶ 1 In this interlocutory appeal, defendant C&T Pizza, Inc., appeals a circuit court order 

granting plaintiff CE Design Ltd., class certification in an action alleging, inter alia, violation 

of the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) (47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C) (2006)), 

which makes it unlawful to “use any telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to 

send, to a telephone facsimile machine, an unsolicited advertisement.” Defendant raises 

several arguments as to why it believes the circuit court abused its discretion in certifying the 

class. We address the arguments in turn and find no merit in them. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 Defendant C&T Pizza, Inc., doing business as Great Chicago Pizza, is a small company 

operating a pizza delivery restaurant in Schaumburg, Illinois. In March 2006, a fax broadcaster 

doing business as Business to Business Solutions (B2B) sent a fax to defendant advertising its 

services. B2B is a company based in New York and run by Caroline Abraham, who works with 

a Romanian company known as Macaw (also Maxileads), to send fax advertisements in the 

United States. See CE Design Ltd. v. Cy’s Crabhouse North, Inc., 259 F.R.D. 135, 137 (N.D. 

Ill. 2009). Defendant’s owner, Joseph Cianciolo, responded to B2B’s advertisement and 

ultimately hired the company to advertise his pizza business. 

¶ 4 Cianciolo consulted with B2B to create a fax advertisement and filled out a document from 

B2B with information and details about his pizza business. B2B took the information provided 

by Cianciolo and created an advertisement for the business. Defendant paid B2B $268 to send 

out 5,000 fax advertisements. B2B planned on transmitting the fax advertisements to zip codes 

and area codes near Cianciolo’s pizza business. On May 4, 2006, B2B faxed defendant’s 

advertisement to 2,765 fax numbers, of which 1,935 were successfully transmitted. The next 

day, B2B faxed defendant’s advertisement to 2,729 fax numbers, of which 1,893 were 

successfully transmitted. 

¶ 5 Plaintiff CE Design Ltd., received faxes on both of these days. Plaintiff is a small civil 

engineering firm based in the Chicago area that engages in plaintiff class-action litigation 

involving the TCPA. See CE Design Ltd. v. King Architectural Metals, Inc., 637 F.3d 721, 

723-24 (7th Cir. 2011); CE Design, Ltd. v. Cy’s Crab House North, Inc., 731 F.3d 725, 726 

(7th Cir. 2013). 

¶ 6 In December 2006, plaintiff filed suit against defendant, and Cianciolo and his wife Fran 

Cianciolo, seeking statutory damages under the TCPA, the Illinois Consumer Fraud and 

Deceptive Business Practices Act (815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2006)), and for conversion. Plaintiff 

also filed a motion for class certification. In April 2013, the circuit court granted plaintiff’s 

motion for class certification. The court issued a memorandum opinion and order certifying the 

following class: 

“All persons who, on May 4, 2006 or May 5, 2006, were sent a facsimile offering 

‘Pizza-Pasta-Deli’ from ‘Great Chicago’ in Schaumburg, IL, and identifying a 

‘Remove Hotline’ telephone number of 718-360-0971, without express consent and 

without a prior established business relationship.”
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¶ 7 Defendant filed a petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 

306(a)(8) (eff. Feb. 16, 2011), which our court granted, and this interlocutory appeal followed. 

¶ 8 ANALYSIS 

¶ 9 The basic purpose of a class action is the efficiency and economy of litigation. See Miner v. 

Gillette Co., 87 Ill. 2d 7, 14 (1981) (purpose of a class action suit is to allow a representative 

party to pursue the claims of a large number of persons with like claims). A trial court has 

broad discretion in determining whether a proposed class meets the requirements for class 

certification. Ramirez v. Midway Moving & Storage, Inc., 378 Ill. App. 3d 51, 53 (2007). In 

determining whether to certify a proposed class, the trial court accepts the allegations of the 

complaint as true and should err in favor of maintaining class certification (Ramirez v. Midway 

Moving & Storage, Inc., 378 Ill. App. 3d 51, 53 (2007)), but should avoid deciding the 

underlying merits of the case or resolving unsettled legal questions (Cruz v. Unilock Chicago, 

Inc., 383 Ill. App. 3d 752, 775 (2008)). 

¶ 10 Section 2-801 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) sets forth the prerequisites 

needed to maintain a class action. 735 ILCS 5/2-801 (West 2006). Pursuant to section 2-801 of 

the Code, the trial court may certify a class if the proponent establishes the following 

prerequisites: (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) 

there are questions of fact or law common to the class, which questions predominate over any 

questions affecting only individual members; (3) the representative parties will fairly and 

adequately protect the interest of the class; and (4) the class action is an appropriate method for 

the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy. 735 ILCS 5/2-801 (West 2006). These 

prerequisites are generally referred to as numerosity, commonality, adequacy of 

representation, and appropriateness. Avery v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 

216 Ill. 2d 100, 125 (2005). The party seeking class certification bears the burden of 

establishing all four prerequisites. Gridley v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,

217 Ill. 2d 158, 167 (2005). 

¶ 11 Defendant first raises several arguments as to why it believes plaintiff failed to satisfy its 

burden of demonstrating that questions of law or fact common to class members predominate 

over questions affecting only individual members. Defendant argues that in order for a putative 

class member to be entitled to damages for a violation of the TCPA, the plaintiff must prove 

that each class member actually received the fax ad, which defendant maintains is an 

individual issue of fact. This argument is meritless. 

¶ 12 The TCPA makes it unlawful to “send, to a telephone facsimile machine, an unsolicited 

advertisement.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C). It does not mention “receipt” as an element. See, 

e.g., Hinman v. M&M Rental Center, Inc., 596 F. Supp. 2d 1152, 1159 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (“On its 

face, the statute prohibit[s] the sending of unsolicited fax advertisements and make[s] no 

reference at all to receipt, much less to printing.” (Emphasis in original.)). Moreover, even 

assuming that proof of receipt was required, B2B’s fax logs show exactly who received the fax 

ads and detail the successful transmissions and those that were unsuccessful. See, e.g., CE 

Design Ltd. v. Cy’s Crabhouse North, Inc., 259 F.R.D. 135, 142 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (B2B’s fax 

logs indicating successful transmissions sufficient evidence of proof of receipt). 

¶ 13 Defendant next contends that individualized questions predominate because it is unknown 

if any of the alleged fax recipients had previously consented to receive the fax ads or were in an 

established business relationship with defendant. Fax advertisements are not prohibited if the 
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unsolicited advertisement is “from a sender with an established business relationship with the 

recipient.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C)(i). Defendant has not presented any evidence showing the 

fax transmissions were authorized by either prior consent or pursuant to an established 

business relationship. Hypothetical arguments regarding whether some of the class members 

either consented to receive the fax ads or had an existing business relationship with defendant 

are not sufficient to preclude class certification. See Ballard RN Center, Inc. v. Kohll’s 

Pharmacy & Homecare, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 131543, ¶ 27. 

¶ 14 Defendant next argues for the first time on appeal that only the owners of the fax machines 

who received the unsolicited fax ads at issue have standing to assert a claim under the TCPA 

and therefore plaintiff would have to identify these owners in order to determine who would be 

a member of any of the classes. As an initial matter, we find this argument has been forfeited 

because defendant failed to raise it before the trial court. See Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 

169 Ill. 2d 525, 536 (1996) (an issue not presented to the trial court is forfeited and may not be 

raised for the first time on appeal). Forfeiture aside, defendant’s argument fails on the merits. 

“It is not necessary that the class representative name the specific individuals who are possibly 

members of the class.” Hayna v. Arby’s, Inc., 99 Ill. App. 3d 700, 710-11 (1981). Moreover, 

plaintiff has a list of every fax number to which defendant’s faxes were sent, showing exactly 

when they were sent. Therefore, the class is sufficiently ascertainable. 

¶ 15 Defendant next contends that the plaintiff is not an adequate class representative. We do 

not believe the trial court abused its discretion in finding otherwise. In determining the 

adequacy of representation, the trial court must examine the adequacy of the named class 

representative and its counsel. Clark v. TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., 343 Ill. App. 3d 

538, 551-52 (2003). “ ‘The purpose of the adequate representation requirement is to ensure 

that all class members will receive proper, efficient, and appropriate protection of their 

interests in the presentation of the claim.’ ” Walczak v. Onyx Acceptance Corp., 365 Ill. App. 

3d 664, 678 (2006) (quoting P.J.’s Concrete Pumping Service, Inc. v. Nextel West Corp., 345 

Ill. App. 3d 992, 1004 (2004)). 

¶ 16 The test to determine the adequacy of representation is whether the interests of those who 

are parties are the same as those who are not joined and whether the litigating parties fairly 

represent those not joined. Miner, 87 Ill. 2d at 14. In addition, “[t]he attorney for the 

representative party ‘must be qualified, experienced and generally able to conduct the 

proposed litigation.’ ” Miner, 87 Ill. 2d at 14 (quoting Steinberg v. Chicago Medical School, 69 

Ill. 2d 320, 339 (1977)). 

¶ 17 Here, defendant posits several arguments against the adequacy of plaintiff’s representation, 

none of which we find persuasive. Defendant argues for the first time on appeal that the 

plaintiff is not within the class definition because the class is defined as “all persons,” and 

plaintiff is a corporation. As with its argument regarding standing, defendant has forfeited this 

argument by failing to raise it before the trial court. Haudrich, 169 Ill. 2d at 536. Forfeiture 

aside, this claim is meritless because the word “person” includes both natural persons and legal 

persons, which includes corporations such as plaintiff. See 1 U.S.C. § 1 (2006); Mohamad v. 

Palestinian Authority, 566 U.S. ___, ___, 132 S. Ct. 1702, 1707 (2012) (word “person” 

includes “corporations”).

¶ 18 Defendant next contends that plaintiff resided outside the geographical area where B2B 

was authorized to transmit defendant’s fax advertisements because plaintiff was located more 

than five miles from the pizza restaurant. Defendant claims that any fax advertisements sent 
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beyond a two-mile radius of the pizza restaurant were not authorized. There is nothing in the 

record to support this claim and defendant cites nothing where Cianciolo instructed B2B to 

limit the geographic target area to a two-mile radius of the pizza restaurant. 

¶ 19 The only evidence defendant points to in support of this claim is Cianciolo’s recollection of 

a telephone conversation he had with someone at B2B, wherein they discussed it was 

“supposed to be like a couple of miles from the business.” This is hardly a strict instruction to 

B2B to limit all faxes to exactly two miles. Moreover, this initial conversation occurred on 

March 1, 2006, and Cianciolo did not finally agree to have B2B transmit the fax 

advertisements on defendant’s behalf until two months later on May 3, 2006. In the meantime, 

Cianciolo exchanged numerous faxes with B2B and had a second telephone conversation with 

B2B where he never again mentioned anything about geography, let alone a strict two-mile 

limitation on B2B’s authority.

¶ 20 As it turned out, B2B did exactly what it agreed to do and transmitted defendant’s 

advertisements to the fax numbers in its database that were as close to the zip code of 

defendant’s restaurant as possible. The fax logs bear this out as they show the targets were in 

area codes 630 and 847. Plaintiff was hardly out of range to be a potential patron of the pizza 

restaurant and it is highly unlikely that defendant wanted to market only to potential patrons 

located exactly within two miles of the restaurant. There is no basis to contest liability under 

the TCPA for faxes that defendant admits to have authorized B2B to send. 

¶ 21 In this case, Cianciolo admitted that he engaged B2B to send the fax advertisements on 

behalf of defendant. In In re Joint Petition Filed by Dish Network, LLC, 28 FCC Rcd. 6574, 

6591-92 (May 9, 2013), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) determined that 

federal common law agency principles apply to determine vicarious liability for violations of 

the TCPA section 227(b). In Dish Network, the FCC established that liability under section 

227(b) included circumstances in which the defendant’s agent had apparent authority, as well 

as actual authority or ratification. Id. 

¶ 22 Apparent authority arises when a principal creates a reasonable impression to a third party 

that the agent has the authority to perform a given act. Curto v. Illini Manors, Inc., 405 Ill. App. 

3d 888, 895 (2010). To prove apparent authority, the proponent must establish that: (1) the 

principal consented to or knowingly acquiesced in the agent’s exercise of authority; (2) based 

on actions of the principal and agent, the third party reasonably concluded that the agent had 

authority to act on the principal’s behalf; and (3) the third party justifiably relied on the agent’s 

apparent authority to his detriment. Id. 

¶ 23 In Dish Network, the FCC gave the following factors as evidence of apparent authority in 

the context of TCPA violations: (1) whether the seller gave the telemarketer “detailed 

information regarding the nature and pricing of the seller’s products” (2) whether the seller 

gave the telemarketer the “authority to use the seller’s trade name, trademark and service 

mark” and (3) whether the seller “approved, wrote or reviewed” the telemarketing scripts. Dish 

Network, 28 FCC Rcd. at 6592-93. The evidence in this case indicates that defendant’s agent, 

B2B, had the apparent authority to send the unsolicited fax advertisements. Defendant gave 

B2B information regarding the nature and pricing of defendant’s product; defendant gave B2B 

authority to use its trade name; and defendant reviewed and approved the marketing material 

used by B2B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding that B2B sent defendant’s 

faxes to plaintiff on behalf of defendant where Cianciolo admitted that he engaged B2B to send 
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the fax advertisements on behalf of defendant and where the evidence indicates that B2B was 

acting with apparent authority under the TCPA as defined by the FCC. 

¶ 24 Defendant places great reliance on the decision in Uesco Industries, Inc. v. Poolman of 

Wisconsin, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112566. We find that reliance is misplaced. The defendant 

in Uesco sent B2B a written letter stating, “ ‘At this point in time I would like only to market to 

“Small Electric Motor Repair + Service Companys [sic]” nationally so please tell me how 

much it will be.’ ” Id. ¶ 17. A written instruction “only to market” to a particular type of 

business is qualitatively different than a vague reference to geographic proximity. 

¶ 25 Defendant next contends the plaintiff may have consented to receive the unsolicited faxes 

by listing its fax number in the “Blue Book” for construction firms. Defendant’s argument is 

groundless. The FCC has stated, “We do not believe that the intent of the TCPA is to equate 

mere distribution or publication of a telephone facsimile number with prior express permission 

or invitation to receive such advertisements ***.” In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the 

Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, 10 FCC Rcd. 12391, 12408 (Aug. 7, 1995). 

¶ 26 Defendant next argues the trial court abused its discretion in finding that class counsel was 

adequate. Defendant challenges the adequacy of class counsel based on alleged misconduct. In 

support of its argument, defendant relies on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision 

Creative Montessori Learning Centers v. Ashford Gear LLC, 662 F.3d 913 (7th Cir. 2011) 

(Creative I), which vacated a class certification decision but did not reverse it. However, 

defendant fails to note that on remand, the district court expressly rejected the same attacks on 

the adequacy of class counsel that defendant makes here. Creative Montessori Learning 

Center v. Ashford Gear, LLC, No. 09 C 3963, 2012 WL 3961307, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 10, 

2012) (Creative II). The Seventh Circuit denied leave to appeal the second decision certifying 

the class. 

¶ 27 More importantly, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reexamined the same issues on the 

merits in a later appeal and found class counsel adequate and affirmed class certification.

Reliable Money Order, Inc. v. McKnight Sales Co., 704 F.3d 489 (7th Cir. 2013). The court 

noted that at least six other district courts had considered the same evidence since Creative I, 

and all six had determined that the conduct at issue did not require denial of class certification. 

Reliable Money, 704 F.3d at 496-97. In sum, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

in finding that both the class representative and class counsel would adequately represent the 

class. 

¶ 28 Finally, we reject defendant’s contention that individual small claims would be preferable 

to a class action. As mentioned at the outset of our analysis, the basic purpose of a class action 

is the efficiency and economy of litigation. See Miner, 87 Ill. 2d at 14 (purpose of a class action 

suit is to allow a representative party to pursue the claims of a large number of persons with 

like claims). There is no doubt that certifying the class in this case, where there are potentially 

thousands of claimants, is an efficient and economical way to proceed and will prevent 

multiple suits and inconsistent judgments. 

¶ 29 Defendant suggests that a class action is not a superior vehicle for resolving these claims 

because claimants could bring individual claims in small claims court. We must disagree. In 

Illinois, corporate victims such as plaintiff cannot go to small claims court without an attorney, 

so small claims court is not a superior vehicle for such class members seeking statutory 

damages under the TCPA. See Mims v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC, 565 U.S. ___, ___, 

132 S. Ct. 740, 753 (2012) (noting that plaintiffs are unlikely to pay a $350 filing fee to bring 
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an individual TCPA claim for $500). The TCPA provides for a private cause of action to 

recover the greater of the actual monetary loss caused or $500 in statutory damages for each 

violation; a court may in its discretion treble these damages if it finds that the violation was 

willful. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3) (2006). 

¶ 30 Defendant also points to the potentially large liability defendants can face in class actions 

under the TCPA as reason to bar such claims. While we recognize defendant’s concern, 

Congress established the remedy set forth in the TCPA and did not prohibit class actions from 

being used to enforce its provisions. The overall size of a potential class action award is not an 

appropriate basis on which to decline to certify a class alleging violations of TCPA. See 

Ballard RN Center, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 131543, ¶¶ 40-43. 

¶ 31 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court decision certifying the suit as a class 

action and remand the cause. 

¶ 32 Affirmed; cause remanded.