NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

2023 CJ 0825

STATE OF LOUISIANA

IN THE INTEREST OF

A.C. AND R.C. 

Judgment Rendered: 

On Appeal from the

Twenty -Second Judicial District Court

In and for the Parish of Washington

State ofLouisiana

No. J- 21- 151

JAN 19 2024

The Honorable Scott Gardner, Judge Presiding

John T. Thomas

Franklinton, Louisiana

Jane Hogan

Louisiana Public Defender Board, 

Child in Need of Care Appellate Project

Hammond, Louisiana

Rebecca F. Henderson

Mental Health Advocacy

Service/Children' s Advocacy Program

Mandeville, Louisiana

J. Collin Sims

District Attorney (Interim) 

Covington, Louisiana

Kimberly E. DeBrock

Covington, Louisiana

Linda S. Stadler

Madisonville, Louisiana

Attorneys for Appellant

C. C. - Mother

Attorney for Appellee

A.C. and R.C. - Minor Children

Attorney for Appellee

State of Louisiana

Attorney for Appellee

State of Louisiana, 

Department of Children and Family

Services

Attorney for Appellee

R.W. - Father

BEFORE: WELCH, HOLDRIDGE,1 AND WOLFE, JJ. 

The Honorable Guy Holdridge, retired, is serving as judge pro tempore by special appointment

of the Louisiana Supreme Court. * 0

ON LA4" 

wo1 ," T ( Ofiws
HOLDRIDGE, J. 

This appeal is taken from judgments of the district court rejecting the case

plan goal of reunification of two minor children with their mother, as

recommended by the Department of Children and Family Services for the State of

Louisiana ( DCFS). For the reasons that follow, we vacate the judgments and

remand this matter. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

C.C. and R.W. are the biological parents ofA.C., born on May 21, 2020, and

R.C., born on December 14, 2021 ( the children).' On December 16, 2021, DCFS

received a report of a drug -affected newborn and alleged neglect. According to the

report, when R.C. was born, he and his mother, C. C., both tested positive for

amphetamines and THC ( marijuana). Based on the report, a DCFS employee, 

Shannon Dyson, began an investigation. C. C. admitted to using marijuana daily

throughout the pregnancy and initially denied, but later admitted, using

amphetamines. At that time, C.C.' s seventeen -month old daughter, A.C., was

living with her in the home. According to the report, C.C. did not have prenatal

care, and she failed to make a newborn doctor appointment for R.C., despite his

appearing to be jaundiced. C. C. told the DCFS worker that she was going to make

an appointment but had just received her SNAP benefits and wanted to buy food

instead. C.C., who had been diagnosed as bipolar, was not in treatment or on

medication at that time. C.C. initially went to her father' s home with the children

after giving birth to R.C., but then she went to R.W.' s home with the children. 

R.W. admitted that he smoked marijuana. 

Consequently, on December 20, 2021, DCFS sought and was issued an oral

instanter order pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 606(A), removing the children from the

2 The initials of the minor children, parents, and certain other adults will be used in this opinion

to protect the privacy of the parties involved. See Uniform Rules — Courts of Appeal, Rules 5- 1

and 5- 2. 

2
parents due to the abuse and neglect allegations and placing them in DCFS' s

temporary custody. The oral order was confirmed in an Instanter Order for

Removal and Provisional Custody to DCFS on December 21, 2020

On January 2, 2022, the District Attorney filed a Child in Need of Care

Petition with Custody alleging that the children were in need of care under La. 

Ch.C. art. 606(A)( 1) ( abuse) and (2) ( neglect).4 The Child in Need of Care petition

stated that DCFS believed that, due to C. C.' s substance abuse, instability, and

untreated mental health issues, along with R.W.' s daily use of marijuana and lack

of safe stable housing, the children would be at an unreasonable risk of harm if left

in their care. At an answer hearing held on February 10, 2022, a plea was entered

on behalf of C. C. and R.W. denying the allegations in the Child in Need of Care

petition. According to the minute entry, the district court found that the current

placement was the most appropriate and that reunification was the case plan goal. 

At that time, the children had been living with T.H. and C.H., C.C.' s father and

stepmother. 

On March 3, 2022, the district court held a hearing where the children were

adjudicated children in need of care pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 606(A)(2) after the

parties so stipulated without admitting to the specific allegations of the petition. 

3 A continued custody hearing was held on December 28, 2021, and all parties stipulated to

DCFS' s recommendation that the children were in need of care and that continued custody in the

current placement was appropriate. The district court signed a Continued Custody Order on

January 4, 2022, continuing the DCFS custody of the children, and the order stated that T.H. and

C.H., C. C.' s father and stepmother, were caring for them. 

4 Louisiana Children' s Code article 606( A)( 1) and ( 2) provides the following: 

A. Allegations that a child is in need of care shall assert one or more of the

following grounds: 

1) The child is the victim of abuse perpetrated, aided, or tolerated by the parent

or caretaker, by a person who maintains an interpersonal dating or engagement

relationship with the parent or caretaker, or by a person living in the same

residence with the parent or caretaker as a spouse whether married or not, and his

welfare is seriously endangered if he is left within the custody or control of that

parent or caretaker. 

2) The child is a victim of neglect. 

3
The district court signed an Adjudication Order and a Judgment of Disposition on

March 18, 2022, and in the latter, it approved DCFS' s case plan and the permanent

case plan with the goal of reunifying the children with their parents. 5 The district

court signed an order on March 4, 2022, maintaining the DCFS placement. 

A six-month case review hearing was held on June 2, 2022, after which the

district court signed a Case Review Order that maintained the children in DCFS

custody, in their current placement, and approved the case plan submitted by

DCFS. According to the minute entry from that date, reunification was the case

plan goal. 

A twelve- month initial permanency hearing was held on January 6, 2023. 

See La. Ch -C. art. 702(B). Ms. Dyson, C.H., and S. A. (C.C.' s mother) testified. 

Ms. Dyson testified that she had been the caseworker throughout this matter. 

According to Ms. Dyson, C.C.' s hair and urine drug screens on December 21, 

2022, were both negative, and C.C. had not tested positive for drugs since she

completed drug treatment at a local hospital. Ms. Dyson testified that after

completing drug treatment, C.C. had received treatment for her bipolar disorder

and medication management from a local hospital. According to Ms. Dyson, C.C. 

reported to her that she no longer had contact with R.W., who had been

incarcerated. 

Ms. Dyson testified that C. C. had a home that was acceptable for the

children to return to. According to Ms. Dyson, C. C. lived in the duplex that her

grandfather owned. C. C.' s grandfather also lived in the duplex, but they each had

their own full living quarters with a kitchen and bathroom. Ms. Dyson said that

C. C. did not pay rent. Ms. Dyson stated that C.C. was employed. According to

s The Judgment of Disposition also stated that DCFS attempted to work with the family and

conducted a safety plan with [ C. C.] and [ T.H. and C. H.][,] but [ C. C.] ultimately broke the

safety plan. The parents admit to using illegal drugs and not having a safe, stable living

environment for the children." 

4
Ms. Dyson, C.C. had her own transportation and a valid driver' s license. Ms. 

Dyson testified that C. C. intended to keep the children enrolled in their current

daycare and also intended for her mother, S. A., to assist with childcare. Ms. 

Dyson testified that S.A. lived on the same property as C. C. in a camper. 

Before November of 2022, C.C. had weekly three-hour visits with the

children at T. H. and C.H.' s home. Ms. Dyson testified that at the end of

November of 2022, C. C. began having unsupervised visits with the children on

Saturdays from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m, Ms. Dyson also testified that C. C.' s visits with the

children were sporadic during the first six months they were in T.H. and C. H.' s

custody, but C.C. began visiting the children regularly after being released from

treatment. Ms. Dyson testified that C.C. had a twelve-year old daughter from a

prior marriage who also visited her. 

Ms. Dyson testified that other than the completion of a required parenting

class, C.C. was in substantial compliance with the remainder of the plan. Ms. 

Dyson testified that C. C.' s failure to complete the parenting class was " not

necessarily her fault," as the facility teaching the parenting class failed to send Ms. 

Dyson a link to register C. C. Ms. Dyson reapplied for C.C. to be admitted into a

parenting class in January of 2023. Ms. Dyson further testified, " I don' t have any

concerns about anything when it comes to [ C.C.]." 

C.H. testified that C. C. had visited the children regularly, but left early on

occasion and did not ask for extra time. According to C.H., R.C. was hospitalized

for adenovirus at two months old and for RSV at five months old, but C.C. did not

visit him at the hospital despite C.H.' s texts informing her of his hospitalization. 

C.H. also testified that C. C. had not accompanied them to any of the children' s

medical appointments, and, on occasions when the children were sick, such as

when the children had COVID, C.C. did not visit them. C.H. testified that C. C. did

not call regularly to check on the children, but she did contact C.H. and T.H. on

5
visitation days. According to C. H., C. C. did not have a good relationship with

S.A., so she and T.H. were concerned about her assistance with the children' s care. 

When S. A. testified at the hearing, she indicated that there was a time period

when C.C. left her home that she and C. C. did not have any communication, but

S.A. stated that there never was a time when they had a bad relationship. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court stated: 

I' ve reviewed the Civil Code ( sic) ... for the factors in determining

the [ children' s] best interest. I' ve also reflected on the reasons why

we have a permanency hearing at 12 months. I' ve also reflected back

on the principles of attachment in which we learn, which are more

important with young children than many have thought, as little as 10

years ago. 

The court then stated, " Based upon the need for permanence of the children, at this

time, I decline to approve the case plan." The court then gave DCFS thirty days to

re -confect" a new plan. 

The Permanency Hearing Order signed by the district court on January 31, 

2023, reflected the court' s rulings declining to approve the DCFS case plan and

ordering DCFS to prepare and submit to the district court for approval a new case

plan within thirty days. In the Order, the district court also ordered no change in

the visitation schedule or the children' s placement without notice. 

On February 3, 2023, C.C. filed an objection to DCFS' s new case plan' s

recommended goal of " ASFA" and requirement that she complete parenting

classes.' C.C. alleged that her failure to complete parenting classes was not due to

any deficiency from" her and that she otherwise had substantially completed other

The ASFA exception refers to the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, pursuant to which

states are mandated to establish " permanency plans" for children within the foster care system. 

The Act provides that such plans must demonstrate, among other things, that the State make

reasonable efforts to " preserve and reunify" the family. If such measures fail, the State is

mandated to make reasonable efforts to place a child for adoption or with a legal guardian. State

in Interest of I.K., 2022- 0927 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 12122122), 358 So. 3d 56, 60 n.2, writ denied, 

2023- 00089 (La. 317123), 357 So. 3d 349. 
aspects of and complied with her case plan

and the return of her children. 

She sought immediate reunification

The next permanency review hearing was held on February 23, 2023. At the

hearing, the district court heard argument, then at the court' s invitation, the parties

stipulated as to the " previous testimony as germane and relevant in all parts to this

review" and agreed that new testimony would pertain to events occurring after the

prior hearing on January 6, 2023. S. A., C.C., and Ms. Dyson testified. 

Ms. Dyson testified that since the January 6, 2023 hearing, she had observed

C. C.' s unsupervised Saturday visits with her children three times. Ms. Dyson

testified about C.C. playing with, feeding, and putting the children to sleep. Ms. 

Dyson indicated that C.C. met her children' s needs and that she " kept a close eye

on the children," such that Ms. Dyson was not concerned for the children' s safety. 

According to Ms. Dyson, she did not have to correct C. C. with anything or redirect

her, and the children had their own space and beds in the home that they seemed

familiar with. At one of the visits, Ms. Dyson met C. C.' s older daughter from a

previous relationship and stated that she was well-mannered, behaved

appropriately with the children, and assisted C.C. with them. Ms. Dyson also

indicated C.C. was " very compliant" about her mental health treatment and that

she had continued to test negative for drugs.' Ms. Dyson testified that C.C. had

begun her parenting class and had performed well in it, according to the instructor. 

Ms. Dyson stated that the parenting class was scheduled to end on March 1, 2023, 

and the parenting class instructor wished to observe the children in C.C.' s home on

the March 1, 2023 visit. The instructor indicated to Ms. Dyson that C.C. had

I Ms. Dyson was asked about S. A. working at the same hospital where C.C. sought treatment for

her mental illness. Ms. Dyson answered that she was not worried about a conflict of interest

because S. A. did not work in the mental health branch of the hospital. Later S.A. testified that

she worked in the administration department at the hospital and did not have access to any of

C. C.' s mental health records. 

7
acknowledged the reason the children came into custody ( her mental health and

substance abuse issues, as well as the mistakes she made with R.W.). Ms. Dyson

wanted to increase C. C.' s visitations so the children could be transitioned into her

care. 

C.C. testified that since the prior hearing, as part of her mental health and

substance abuse treatment, she took a drug test and her results were negative. She

testified that she had one parenting class left on March 1, 2023. C. C. testified

about her job and her plan to continue the children' s schedules and attendance at

their day care, with S.A. bringing them and C. C. picking them up. C.C. indicated

that pickup from T.H. and C.H. for her visitation with the children went well

because they were excited to see her, but drop-offs were difficult because A.C. did

not want to leave C.C. According to C. C., she was working with her parenting

class instructor on routines to make the process easier. C. C. stated that she

understood that, especially for R.C., T.H. and C. H. were his " main source of

bonding," and she did not want to take the children away from T.H. and C.H. 

completely because she knew that would be difficult for them and could cause

trauma to the children. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court rejected the DCFS case

plan and ordered DCFS to revise it. In support of its ruling, the district court

stated, in part: 

DCFS] chose [ T.H. and C.H.], rather than any other place, as

the only place that these children could be safely maintained for the

last fourteen months. In light of their age; their previous instability; 

the fact that [ DCFS] is not recommending immediate reunification at

this moment; the fact that there has not been presented a clear and

consistent plan for care, causes me to have to seriously consider

whether or not permanency planning has been meaningfully and

intentionally prepared for during the last fourteen months. It also puts

the Court in the unfortunate decision [ sic] of having to review

Children' s Code Article 712 [( sanctions imposed on DCFS for failing

to comply with permanency requirements)], as well as other remedies, 

that may be available for the children. 

9- 
I have a very real concern that these children may be

handicapped by permanent attachment problems, further damaging

their prospects after such a start to life as they have had. 

The Permanency Hearing Order signed on February 26, 2023, after the

hearing, contained an inconsistency. Under the section entitled "[ PERMANENT] 

PLAN RULINGS AND FINDINGS," the box was checked stating that the

permanent plan for the children that was the most appropriate and in their best

interest was reunification, and " Reunification" was typed in the blank space. 

However, the Order later stated that the January 30, 2023 DCFS case plan was not

approved as it was not consistent with the health and safety of the children and in

their best interest. 

Meanwhile, following the February 23, 2023 hearing, C. C. filed a notice of

intent to seek supervisory review of the court' s ruling at the hearing rejecting the

reunification case plan. C. C. then filed a motion to extend the return date in order

to obtain a transcript of the hearing, which was granted. She also sought a stay of

the district court' s ruling, which was denied. 

On March 6, 2023, DCFS submitted a Court Report and case plan that

recommended reunification and that custody be returned to C. C. with continued

DCFS services.' On March 9, 2023, the children' s counsel filed an opposition to

the DCFS January 30, 2023 case plan and the DCFS recommendations in the

March 6, 2023 Court Report. 

At the third permanency review hearing on March 10, 2023, DCFS initially

noted that there was no new evidence that could be adduced from additional

8 The report was consistent with the testimony adduced at the prior hearings. Attached to the

report were nine different drug testing results from different dates where C. C. tested negative. 

The case plan following the report reiterated that C.C. was subject to random drug testing, that

she was expected to utilize a support system if her children were returned consisting of her

mother, T.H., and C.H., and that she would facilitate visitation between the children and T.H. 

and C.H. 

9 The hearing transcript in the record bears the date of March 9, 2023, but the Permanency

Hearing Order and minute entry give the date as March 10, 2023. 

9
testimony, and all parties stipulated to the contents of the DCFS report; however, 

the children' s counsel objected to the goal ofreunification. The district court again

rejected the DCFS case plan of reunification over the objections of C.C. and issued

the following ruling: 

In terms of permanency planning, I make no findings against

DCFS], in terms of their good faith efforts to achieve permanency. 

Therefore, I' m not considering sanctions, and I' m not considering the

other matters of ordering that no funding take place, or any other

matters. I believe that [ DCFS], in good faith, has participated in

permanency planning for the children. I do make an overwhelming

finding of fact, that removing these young children from a safe and

stable environment, would be disastrous. 

Not only would it not be in their best interest, it would present

the real possibility of long-term damage to them that could not be

mitigated in any way. It' s also of note that at permanency there was

no recommendation that the children be reunified, because of a

consensus belief that [ C.C.] was not in a position to care for the

children and be reunified at that time. And then, that these three

months delays, where we are now at 15 months or greater, have only

reaffirmed the bonds between the children and the only parents that

they have known. 

In terms of permanency planning, this Court finds that the goal

of adoption is in the children' s best interest for their safety and wellbeing. I order that the [ DCFS] will provide a case plan consistent

with adoption. I find that the current placement with their maternal

grandparents is the most appropriate, least restrictive, and most

family -like setting to meet their current needs. 

I order that visitation will be consistent with the goal of

adoption and that services provided to the children will be services

provided to facilitate their adoption. I order no change in placement

absent written notice to the Court and counsel. And I' ll refrain from

ordering the filing of a petition to terminate parental rights for the

time being. However, if one is filed by any party, I' ll promptly

consider that. 

C.C. and DCFS objected to the court' s ruling. 

On March 30, 2023, the district court signed a Permanency Hearing Order

reflecting its rulings from the hearing. Specifically as to the case plan, the order

states. 

THE COURT ... ORDERS that the permanent plan for the children

that is the most appropriate and in the best interest of the children

in accordance with the priorities of placement in Article 702(C) is the

following: Goal is Reunification. However, the court has rejected

3 recent Case Plans with a reunification zoal finding that

10
reunification would not be in the best interest of the children at

this time. 

The court ordered DCFS to prepare a case plan consistent with the goal of

adoption. The written judgment also set a case review for April 20, 2023. 

Meanwhile, on March 10, 2023, C. C. filed a notice of intent to seek writs

from the district court' s ruling on March 10, 2023, rejecting the DCFS case plan

with its goal of immediate reunification and ordering that the goal be adoption. 

C. C. filed a motion to consolidate the prior writ application from the February 23, 

2023 ruling with this writ application that the district court granted on March 10, 

2023. On April 14, 2023, this Court granted the writs as to the February 23, 2023

and March 10, 2023 judgments, stating that the judgments were appealable, citing

La. Ch.C. arts. 700(C) and 710( D). 1° State of Louisiana in the Interest of A.C. 

and R.C., 2023- 0283 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 416123) ( unpublished writ action). The

matter was remanded with instructions for C. C. to submit an order of appeal within

fifteen days of this court' s order, should she choose to appeal. 

On April 12, 2023, DCFS filed a Motion and Order to Correct the Judgment

to Conform with Court' s Oral Ruling as to the March 30, 2023 Permanency

Hearing Order. DCFS alleged that the judgment did not reflect the court' s oral

rulings that rejected the reunification plan and sought to have the judgment

amended to conform to the court' s oral ruling. The district court set the matter for

hearing on April 20, 2023. The April 20, 2023 minute entry reflects that the

district court granted DCFS' s motion. The district court signed an Amended

Permanency Hearing Order on the same date. The Amended Permanency Hearing

10 Louisiana Children' s Code article 700(C) concerning case review hearings provides, in

pertinent part: " Any person directly affected may appeal the findings or orders of the court

rendered pursuant to this Article." Likewise, La. Ch.C. art. 710(D) concerning permanency

hearings provides, in pertinent part, that "[ a] ny person directly affected may appeal the findings

or orders ofthe court rendered pursuant to this Article." 

11
Order deleted all of the language under "[ PERMANENT] PLAN RULINGS

AND FINDINGS" regarding reunification as the permanent plan and substituted

Adoption" in its place. Under " FURTHER ORDERS AND FINDINGS," the

language was modified to state that the current placement with the maternal

grandparents was " the most appropriate, least restrictive, and most family -like

settinE to meet [ A.C. and R.C.' s] current needs. Visitation will be consistent

with the zoal of adoption." 

Pursuant to this court' s writ action, C. C. timely filed her motion and order

for appeal on April 21, 2023, of the February 26, 2023 and March 10, 2023 rulings, 

which the district court granted. Thus, the February 26, 2023 Permanency Hearing

Order ( reflecting the February 26, 2023 ruling) and the March 30, 2023

Permanency Hearing Order, as amended by the April 20, 2023 Amended

Permanency Hearing Order ( reflecting the March 10, 2023 ruling), are properly

before the court in this appeal. 

DISCUSSION

Statutory Overview

Whenever custody of a child is assigned to DCFS as a child in need of care, 

there are two separate components of permanency planning: ( 1) the initial case

plan ( La Ch.C. arts. 671 to 677 ( Chapter 13)) and its review hearing process; and

2) the identification of a permanent plan for the child and its review hearing

process ( La. Ch.C. arts. 701 to 711 ( Chapter 16)).' 1 See State in Interest of C.M., 

2017- 0429 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 5131117), 2017 WL 2384881, * 3 ( unpublished). This

1 Louisiana Children' s Code article 671 provides that if at any point in a child in need of care

proceeding, a child enters the custody of a child care agency ( defined by La. Ch.C. art. 603( 7) as

any public or private agency exercising custody of a child"), the provisions of Chapter 13 as to

permanency planning reports govern. Similarly, La. Ch.C. art. 687 provides that if at any point

in child in need of care proceedings, the child is removed from his parent' s care and control and

placed in the custody of DCFS, the provisions of Chapter 15 as to dispositional reviews shall

govern the subsequent review process until such time as the child achieves a permanent

placement as defined in La. Ch.C. art. 603( 22). Likewise, La. Ch.C. art. 701 provides that the

provisions of Chapter 16 are applicable to the review process. 

12
case review and dispositional review process continues until the child achieves the

proposed permanent plan. La. Ch.C. Chapter 15, Authors' Notes. Nonetheless, an

assignment of legal custody to DCFS, regardless of the stage of the proceedings, 

confers to DCFS the exclusive authority to determine a particular placement of a

child. La. Ch.C. art. 672, Official Comments, 2001. 

Louisiana Children' s Code article 700, which was intended to clarify the

role of the court vis-a-vis the role of DCFS as set forth in La. Ch.C. art. 672 ( see

La. Ch.C. art. 700, Official Comments, 1991), provides as follows: 

A. At the conclusion of the case review hearing, the court shall

make a finding as to whether the child can safely return to the custody

of the parent and shall order return of custody to the parent if it is safe

to do so. The court order shall give specific written reasons for the

findings. If the court finds that the child cannot be safely returned to

the parent under terms and conditions deemed to be in the best interest

of the child, the court may take one ofthe following actions: 

1) Approve the plan as consistent with the health, welfare, and

safety ofthe child and order compliance by all parties. 

2) Find that the case plan is not appropriate, in whole or in part, 

based on the evidence presented at the contradictory hearing, and

order the department to revise the case plan accordingly. 

Louisiana Children' s Code article 702 concerns permanency hearings and

provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

B. The court shall conduct a permanency hearing within nine

months after the disposition hearing ifthe child was removed prior to

disposition or within twelve months if the child was removed at

disposition, but in no case more than twelve months after the removal. 

Permanency reviews shall continue to be held at least once every

twelve months thereafter until the child is permanently placed or

earlier upon motion of a party for good cause shown or on the court' s

own motion. 

C. The court shall determine the permanent plan for the child that

is most appropriate and in the best interest of the child in accordance

with the following priorities of placement: 

1) Return the child to the legal custody of the parents within a

specified time period consistent with the child' s age and need for a

safe and permanent home. In order for reunification to remain as the

permanent plan for the child, the parent shall be in compliance with

the case plan and making significant measurable progress toward

achieving its goals and correcting the conditions requiring the child to

be in care. 

2) Adoption. 

3) Placement with a legal guardian. 

13
4) PIacement in the legal custody of a suitable relative who is

willing and able to offer a stable and safe home for the child. 

5)( a) Placement in the least restrictive, most family -like

alternative permanent living arrangement. The department shall

document in the child' s case plan and its report to the court the

compelling reason for recommending this plan over the preceding

higher priority alternatives. 

b) The permanent plan provided for in this Paragraph may be

considered only ifthe child is sixteen years of age or older. 

E. Except as otherwise provided in Article 672. 1, the court shall

determine whether the department has made reasonable efforts, as

defined in Article 603, to reunify the parent and child or to finalize the

child' s placement in an alternative safe and permanent home in

accordance with the permanent plan. The health, welfare, and safety

of the child shall be the paramount concern in the court' s

determination of the permanent plan. 

G. When reunification is determined to be the permanent plan for

the child, the court shall advise the parents that it is their obligation to

achieve the case plan goals and correct the conditions that require the

child to be in care within the time period specified by the court. 

Otherwise, an alternative permanent plan for the child shall be

selected and a petition to terminate parental rights may be filed. 

When adoption is the permanent plan for the child, the court shall

advise the parent of the authority to voluntarily surrender the child

and to consent to the adoption prior to the filing of a petition to

terminate parental rights. 

Issues Presented for Review

On appeal, C.C. contends that the district court committed legal error when

it repeatedly rejected DCFS' s requests to maintain the goal of reunification and

when it ordered DCFS to change the permanency goal to adoption. C. C. also

contends that the district court abused its discretion in its judgments, violating her

constitutional rights to the custody and care of her children and to a fundamentally

fair proceeding, citing Lassiter v. Department of Social Services of Durham

County, N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 ( 1981). DCFS filed a

brief in this Court stating that it supported C.C.' s contentions. Counsel for the

14
children contends on appeal that the district court did not err in ordering DCFS to

change the case plan goal to adoption. 

C. C. contends that La. Ch.C. art. 700(A)(2) permits the court to reject a case

plan if it finds the plan is " not appropriate ... based on the evidence presented at

the contradictory hearing." In this case, the district court rejected three case plans

recommending reunification, primarily based on the length oftime the children had

been in their current placement and their need for permanency. C.C. argues, 

however, that the mere length of time that a child has been in the State' s custody, 

alone, does not form a legal basis for either changing the goal to adoption or for

terminating parental rights. See La. Ch.C. art. 702(B) and ( C)( 1) ( providing a

permanency hearing shall happen within one year of a child' s removal and that

reunification may remain the permanent plan if the parent is complying with the

case plan and making " significant measurable progress"); La. Ch.C. art. 1015( 5) 

providing grounds for termination of parental rights if the child has been in the

State' s custody for more than one year and " there has been no substantial parental

compliance with a case plan for services which has been previously filed by

DCFS] and approved by the court as necessary for the safe return ofthe child.")" 

C. C. complains that the district court has failed to recognize her significant, 

measurable progress, and instead ordered DCFS to move toward adoption despite a

lack of statutory grounds to support a judgment of termination. C. C. argues the

district court exceeded its authority by repeatedly rejecting DCFS' s case plan, 

which she contends had the effect of improperly dictating the permanent placement

of the children in their current placement with T.H. and C.H, relying on State in

the Interest of Z.U., 20-26 ( La. App. 5 Cir. 5113120), 296 So.3d 1122, 1133, writ

denied, 2020-00574 (La. 6110120), 307 So.3d 1031, and State in Interest of C.M., 

12 Louisiana Children' s Code article 1015( 6) was renumbered to article 1015( 5) by 2023 La. 

Acts No. 271, § 1. 

15
2017 AT 2384881 at * 5. She contends that the perceived best interest of the

children remaining with their current placement would be insufficient to terminate

her parental rights, as the Louisiana Children' s Code mandates that a statutory

ground for termination must exist before courts weigh the best interests of the

children, citing La. Ch.C. arts. 1015 and 1037. 

G. G. also argues the district court erred when it changed the permanency

goal to adoption because it ignored the priority of placement in La. Ch.C. art. 

702( 0), which is provided in addition to the provision that the district court shall

determine the permanent plan for the child that is " most appropriate and in the best

interest of the child." The priority of placement set forth in La. Ch.C. art. 

702( C)( 1) gives a return to the parents as the first option " within a specified time

period consistent with the child' s age and need for a safe and permanent home." 

Louisiana Children' s Code article 702( 0)( 1) further provides that " for reunification

to remain as the permanent plan for the child, the parent shall be in compliance

with the case plan and making significant measurable progress toward achieving its

goals and correcting the conditions requiring the child to be in care." Louisiana

Children' s Code article 702( C)( 2), ( 3), and ( 4) then provides for adoption, 

placement with a legal guardian, and lastly, placement in the legal custody of a

suitable relative who is willing and able to offer a stable and safe home for the

child. C. C. argues that the Children' s Code goal mandates that reunification be

prioritized as the permanency goal because she was in full compliance with her

case plan, has made significant progress, and exhibits no safety concerns. 

C.C. contends the district court' s refusal to honor DCFS' s repeated requests

to increase visitation and the court' s clear directive that termination should

promptly" be considered also violates her rights to a fundamentally fair

procedure, citing State ex rel. D.D., 2004- 1449 ( La. App. 4 Cir. 2125/ 05), 898

So.2d 542, 544. C.G. argues that the State' s interest in securing permanency for

L[" 
children arises only " when it is clear that the natural parent cannot or will not

provide a normal family home for the child," citing Santoshy v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 

745, 767, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1402, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 ( 1982). 

An appellate court' s review of a district court' s factual findings is governed

by the manifest error standard. Under this standard, the appellate court must not

substitute its own opinion for that of the district court, which is in the unique

position to see and hear the witnesses as they testify. Where there is conflicting

testimony, reasonable evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact

should not be disturbed upon review, even when the appellate court may feel that

its own evaluations and inferences are as reasonable as those of the district court. 

If the district court' s findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its

entirety, the appellate court may not reverse, even though convinced that, had it

been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. 

However, when a legal error interdicts the fact-finding process, the manifest error

standard no longer applies. State in Interest of C.M., 2017 WL 2384881 at * 4. 

In reviewing the district court' s rulings and C. C.' s contentions on appeal, we

find that the district court did not exceed its authority by effectively ordering a

specific placement with its rejection of the plan by as C. C. contends. Simply

because the result of the district court' s order was that the children remained in

their existing placement does not mean that the court had actually ordered a

specific placement. The court also did not err in considering the best interest of the

children because La. Ch.C. art. 702( C) states that the court " shall determine the

permanent plan ... that is most appropriate and in the best interest of the child." 

However, the district court did err in failing to consider the requirements of La. 

Ch.C. art. 702( C)( 1), which states that the court' s consideration of the permanent

plan is to be made " in accordance with the following priorities of placement," of

which the first is returning the child to the legal custody of the parents within a

17
specified time period consistent with the child' s age and need for a safe and

permanent home. For reunification to remain as the permanent plan, " the parent

shall be in compliance with the case plan and making significant measurable

progress toward achieving its goals and correcting the conditions requiring the

child to be in care." La. Ch.C. art. 702( C)( 1). 

Here, the district court made the following specific factual findings at the

hearings. that the children were with T.H. and C.H. for over a year; their young

age; " their previous instability"; that DCFS was not recommending immediate

reunification; and that " there has not been presented a clear and consistent plan for

care." Other than the district court' s finding that it had not been presented with "a

clear and consistent plan for care," the remaining findings are not in dispute. 

However, the district court did not consider C.C.' s compliance with her case plan

and the significant measurable progress she had made toward achieving its goals

and correcting the conditions requiring the children to be in care as set forth in La. 

Ch.C. art. 702( C)( 1). DCFS has recommended a goal of reunification from the

beginning of this case, which the court initially approved, then rejected three

different times. Based on the testimony at the hearings, C. C. had made significant

progress insofar as she had attended rehabilitation therapy, had not tested positive

for drugs or alcohol since completing rehabilitation therapy, was being treated for

her mental health issues, had a bond with the children, had obtained a job and

housing, and had a plan for continuing the children in daycare and otherwise

providing care. The DCFS caseworker who had observed C. C. and the children

and had managed the case from its start had no safety concerns about the children

being with C. C. We note that although the district court rejected DCFS' s case plan

goal of reunification, it also specifically stated it was not ordering a petition for

termination of parental rights to be filed. Based on the evidence before the district

court, we cannot say that it manifestly erred in its factual determinations, but we

W. 
also find that it erred in failing to consider C.C.' s significant and substantial

reformation of her behavior and substantial compliance with the case plan as

required by La. Ch.C. art. 702(C)( 1). 

Under the particular facts of this case, DCFS has continually recommended

reunification, and the mother has exhibited a significant, substantial indication of

reformation. Therefore, the district court erred in rejecting DCFS' s requests to

maintain the goal of reunification and in ordering DCFS to change the permanency

goal to adoption. While the district court must act in the best interest of the child, 

to not allow a plan of reunification would violate C. C.' s fundamental constitution

right to the custody and care of her children. See State in Interest of M.O., 2019- 

0130 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 7130119), 2019 WL 3422685, * 3, citing State ex rel L.B. v. 

G.B.B., 2002- 1715 ( La. 1214102), 831 So.2d 918, 921 (" Parents have a natural, 

fundamental liberty interest to the continuing companionship, care, custody and

management of their children, warranting great deference and vigilant protection

under the law.") Therefore, we vacate the district court' s judgments that rejected

DCFS' s requests to maintain the goal of reunification and ordered DCFS to change

the permanency goal to adoption. Recognizing the time that has passed during the

pendency of this appeal, during which the factual circumstances of the mother and

children may have changed, we make no ruling as to the appropriate case plan goal

going forward. Rather, we remand this matter to the district court for further

proceedings consistent with the views expressed herein, including the approval of a

new case plan. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court' s February 26, 2023

Permanency Hearing Order ( reflecting the February 26, 2023 ruling) and the

March 30, 2023 Permanency Hearing Order, as amended by the April 20, 2023

Amended Permanency Hearing Order ( reflecting the March 10, 2023 ruling), 

19
respectively, and remand this matter for all necessary proceedings consistent with

this opinion." Costs of this appeal in the amount of $2,410 to be equally divided

among C.C., State of Louisiana, Department of Children and Family Services, and

the children, A.C. and R.C. 

VACATED AND REMANDED, 

13 We note that on remand the district court could order DCFS to prepare a case plan including

the concurrent goal of reunification with the goal of adoption. 

20