NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GURDEEP SINGH,

 Petitioner,

 v.

LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General

 Respondent.

No. 13-70004

Agency No. A089-697-696

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted November 18, 2015

San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN, RAWLINSON, and PARKER,

** Circuit Judges.

Gurdeep Singh, a native and citizen of India, petitions for review of an order

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal from an

immigration judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying his application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture

FILED

JAN 12 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

*

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. 

** The Honorable Barrington D. Parker, Jr., Senior Circuit Judge for the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation.
(“CAT”) on the basis of an adverse credibility determination. We have jurisdiction

to review under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and review denials of these three forms of relief

for substantial evidence. Ling Huang v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir.

2014). We hold that substantial evidence supported the IJ’s decision and deny the

petition for review.

Under the REAL ID Act, an inconsistency between an asylum applicant’s

written statement and oral testimony can give rise to an adverse credibility

determination, even if that inconsistency does not “go[] to the heart of the

applicant’s claim.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see Ren v. Holder, 648 F.3d

1079, 1084 (9th Cir. 2011). The IJ found, and the BIA affirmed, a number of

substantial inconsistencies between Singh’s sworn statement and his oral

testimony. Specifically, she found inconsistencies regarding how the police clerk

in his home village treated him when he filed a complaint, whether and when he

filed a second complaint in another district, and who was present when he was

released from police custody.

To reverse an adverse credibility determination, “we must find that the

evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Rizk v. Holder,

629 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal alteration omitted) (quoting INS v.

Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992)). Even if Singh’s explanations for

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these inconsistencies are plausible, we have compared his sworn statement to the

hearing transcript and do not find these explanations compelling. The transcript

also shows that the IJ clearly asked Singh about the discrepancies between his

written and oral testimony, and thus the IJ provided him with a reasonable

opportunity to resolve these discrepancies, see Lei Li v. Holder, 629 F.3d 1154,

1159 (9th Cir. 2011).

The IJ additionally supported her adverse credibility determination with a

finding about Singh’s “demeanor.” Specifically, the IJ found that Singh “broke

down and cried” in describing his father’s death, but not in describing his alleged

abuse by the police. The BIA affirmed this finding. We are dubious that an

adverse credibility determination may appropriately be based on an applicant’s

failure to display a particular emotion in these circumstances, particularly since

“[a]dverse credibility findings may not be based upon speculation or conjecture.”

Kumar v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 1043, 1050 (9th Cir. 2006).

Nevertheless, we need not reach this issue because other inconsistencies

cited by the IJ are sufficient to uphold her adverse credibility determination. The

REAL ID Act authorizes an IJ to “consider[] the totality of the circumstances” in

making a credibility determination. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Based on this

language, we must grant “a healthy measure of deference to agency credibility

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determinations.” Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). An IJ’s

analysis of the circumstances is sufficient if she cites “specific instances in the

record” and provides “specific and cogent reasons in support.” Id. at 1042–43. 

Here, the IJ offered specific examples of inconsistencies in Singh’s statements and

supported them with comparisons between his sworn statement and his answers to

questions at his hearing. Furthermore, Singh has not pointed to other facts that

would undermine the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. We conclude that the

IJ fairly considered the record as a whole in noting the inconsistencies. See id. at

1040–41. 

An asylum applicant bears the burden of proof to establish that he is a

refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). The IJ’s adverse credibility determination

allowed her to find that Singh did not carry his burden. See Ling Huang, 744 F.3d

at 1156. Because Singh did not meet the burden of proof of asylum, he necessarily

failed to meet the more stringent burden of proof for withholding of removal. Id.

In addition, since the same factual assertions underlie his claims for asylum and for

protection under CAT, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s denial of relief under

CAT. See id.

PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.

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