# EUR-Lex - 52004PC0328 - EN

Important legal notice

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# 52004PC0328

**Proposal for a council framework Decision on certain procedural rights in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union {SEC(2004) 491} /* COM/2004/0328 final - CNS 2004/0113 */ **

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Proposal for a COUNCIL FRAMEWORK DECISION on certain procedural rights in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union {SEC(2004) 491}

(presented by the Commission)

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

1. Introduction

1. This proposal for a Council Framework Decision aims to set common minimum standards as regards certain procedural rights applying in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union.

2. Article 6 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) provides that the Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to Member States. Moreover, in December 2000, the European Commission, the Council and the Parliament jointly signed and solemnly proclaimed the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

3. The Presidency Conclusions of the Tampere European Council [1] stated that mutual recognition should become the cornerstone of judicial cooperation, but makes the point that mutual recognition "...and the necessary approximation of legislation would facilitate [...] the judicial protection of individual rights" [2]. Furthermore the European Council asked the Council and the Commission to press ahead with mutual recognition measures "respecting the fundamental legal principles of the Member States" [3].

[1] 15 and 16 October 1999.

[2] Conclusion 33.

[3] Conclusion 37.

4. The Commission Communication to the Council and the European Parliament of 26 July 2000 on Mutual Recognition of Final Decisions in Criminal Matters [4] stated that "it must therefore be ensured that the treatment of suspects and the rights of the defence would not only not suffer from the implementation of the principle [of mutual recognition] but that the safeguards would even be improved through the process".

[4] COM(2000) 495 final, 29.7.2000.

5. This was endorsed in the Programme of Measures to Implement the Principle of Mutual Recognition of Decisions in Criminal Matters [5] ("Programme of Measures"), adopted by the Council and the Commission. It pointed out that "mutual recognition is very much dependent on a number of parameters which determine its effectiveness".

[5] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 10.

6. These parameters include "mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of [...] suspects" (parameter 3) and "the definition of common minimum standards necessary to facilitate the application of the principle of mutual recognition" (parameter 4). This proposal for a Framework Decision represents an embodiment of the stated aim of enhancing the protection of individual rights.

7. This proposal seeks to enhance the rights of all suspects and defendants generally. Offering an equivalent level of protection to suspects and defendants throughout the European Union by way of these common minimum standards should facilitate the application of the principle of mutual recognition in the manner set out in section 5, "The Principle of Mutual Recognition", below. It was within the contemplation of the Heads of State at Tampere that such "necessary approximation" should occur.

8. In seeking to enhance fair trial rights generally, this Framework Decision will also have the effect of ensuring a reasonable level of protection for foreign suspects and defendants [6] in particular, since several of the measures are specifically intended for them. The number of foreign defendants is increasing owing to various factors (increased job mobility, more people taking foreign holidays, migratory patterns, growth in the number of asylum seekers, refugees and displaced persons present in the Union etc) and will continue to do so. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of serious cross-border criminality; criminal activity against the financial interests of the European Union increasingly has a transnational character. The TEC enables citizens of the Union to "move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States" [7]. Statistics suggest that approximately 6 million EU nationals live in a Member State other than their country of origin [8]. Logically, the number of those migrants becoming involved in criminal proceedings will grow with the increasing exercise of this right of free movement and residence. It is incumbent on the Member States to ensure that proper care is taken of EU citizens should they find themselves involved in criminal proceedings in a Member State other than their own.

[6] "Foreign suspects and defendants" shall mean those who are not nationals of the country in which they are arrested. There is a further subdivision to be observed: some foreigners are EU nationals from another Member State, others are nationals of third countries. Unless otherwise stated, it does not matter which category they fall into for the purposes of this proposal.

[7] Article 18 TEC.

[8] Source: Eurostat Migration Statistics for 1998,1999 and 2000 give the figure of EU nationals living in a Member State other than their own as 5,900,000.

2. The european convention on human rights (echr)

9. All the Member States have criminal justice systems that meet the requirements of Articles 5 (Right to liberty and security) and 6 (Right to a fair trial) of the ECHR, using a variety of procedural safeguards. The intention here is not to duplicate what is in the ECHR, but rather to promote compliance at a consistent standard. This can be done by orchestrating agreement between the Member States on a Union wide approach to a "fair trial".

10. The number of applications to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the case-law of that court demonstrate that compliance with the ECHR is not universal. Furthermore, the number of applications is growing every year [9] and the ECtHR is "seriously overloaded" [10] - the volume of applications grew by over 500% in the period 1993-2000. Higher visibility of safeguards would improve knowledge of rights on the part of all actors in the criminal justice systems and hence facilitate compliance.

[9] Report of the Evaluation Group to the Committee of Ministers on the European Court of Human Rights (EG(2001)1 of 27 September 2001.

[10] Preface to the Report the Evaluation Group to the Committee of Ministers on the European Court of Human Rights referred to in footnote 9 above.

11. This proposal for a Framework Decision highlights some rights identified as basic, many of which already exist in some form in the criminal justice systems of the Member States. These include the right to legal advice and the right to understand the "nature and cause of the accusation", from which is derived the right to translation of documents and access to an interpreter where the defendant does not understand the language of the proceedings. Whilst it is proper and appropriate for each Member State to decide on its criminal justice system, the discrepancies in procedure as concerns these basic safeguards should be kept to a minimum.

3. the charter of fundamental rights of the european union (cfreu)

12. In December 2000, the European Commission, the Council and the Parliament jointly signed and solemnly proclaimed the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) [11]. The CFREU covers the civil, political, economic and social rights of European citizens and synthesises the constitutional traditions and international obligations common to the Member States. A significant aspect of the Charter is that it affirms that the European Union is a political community, rather than solely an economic organisation. Moreover, it asserts that respect for fundamental rights will be at the foundation of all European law.

[11] The text of the CFREU can be found at: http://www.europarl.eu.int/charter/ default_en.htm.

13. The section entitled "Justice" (Articles 47-50) lays down the right to a fair trial (Art. 47) and provides that respect for the rights of the defence of anyone who has been charged [with a criminal offence] shall be guaranteed (Art. 48). It provides for the presumption of innocence, legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties. It extends the principle of ne bis in idem to the whole of the EU.

14. This proposal espouses the spirit of the CFREU. It contributes to the definition of a "fair trial" and to agreeing common standards for "the rights of the defence" so that equivalent treatment in respect of trials throughout the EU can be facilitated.

4. Background to the framework decision

15. In line with the Tampere Conclusions, the Commission has taken the necessary steps to carry out the Programme of Measures for Mutual Recognition, including considering the relevant parameters. The introduction to the Programme of Measures makes the point that "the extent of the mutual recognition exercise is very much dependent on a number of parameters which determine its effectiveness". In order to take parameters 3 and 4, referred to in paragraph 6 above, into account, it was necessary to consider whether it was appropriate to take action on procedural safeguards at the EU level. The Commission carried out a comprehensive consultation and extended impact assessment exercise.

16. In February 2003, the Commission presented a Green Paper on Procedural Safeguards for Suspects and Defendants in Criminal Proceedings [12]. The Green Paper noted that the Member States of the EU are all signatories of the principal treaty setting the basic standards, the ECHR, as are all the acceding states and candidate countries, so the mechanism for achieving mutual trust is already in place. Nevertheless, the Green Paper explained that existing divergent practices had hitherto hindered mutual trust and confidence, and that in order to counter that risk, the EU is justified in taking action on procedural rights pursuant to Article 31 TEU.

[12] COM(2003) 75 final, 19.2.2003.

17. The Commission received 78 written replies to the Green Paper [13], together with a number of emails, telephone calls and other communications in response. The overwhelming majority of respondents endorsed the Commission's proposal to set common minimum standards for procedural safeguards. Many respondents applauded this effort but considered that these proposals do not go far enough [14]. Of the Member States, Ireland, Luxembourg, Austria, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and France replied either through their Ministry of Justice or another governmental body. The views as expressed by these bodies ranged from support [15] to opposition [16]. The new Member States were also involved in the consultation, with Slovakia and the Czech Republic responding to the Green Paper and representatives from all the new States taking part in bilateral and other meetings.

[13] The written responses may be consulted on DG JHA's website at:

[14] For examples of positive reactions, see that of Amnesty International: "AI welcomes any measures taken which aim to ensure the implementation of existing obligations of Member States under international human rights treaties and ensure the highest possible standards for the protection of human rights, including the rights to fair trial, and do not risk weakening existing standards or practice to the lowest common denominator". The Law Society of England and Wales: "The Law Society welcomes the publication of the Green Paper, which we consider an important step in developing mutual trust between member states in the protections of individuals". The French Cour de Cassation: "This type of initiative seems particularly appropriate insofar as it is part of the creation of a real European area of justice. It is even more interesting because it is capable of giving people greater confidence in the different European legal systems, by harmonising procedural safeguards". The criticism from Liberty (whose response was generally positive) is typical of many comments received in this vein: "It is a weakness of this Green Paper that it does not address certain critical rights, namely the right to bail; the right to have evidence handled fairly; symmetry in sentencing; double jeopardy; and trials in absentia".

[15] For an example of support, the following is from the Finnish Ministry of Justice: "As regards the areas proposed in the Green Paper, Finland supports minimum Union-level standards on the right to legal assistance, the right to interpretation and translation assistance, and the Letter of Rights. It is particularly important to ensure that these rights are catered for at a sufficiently early stage, i.e. right from the moment the suspect is apprehended or at the latest by the time he/she starts to be questioned".

[16] For a negative assessment, see the submissions of Response of the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Ireland: "[t]he Green Paper [...]seeks to introduce obligations which would apply internally in each Member State. This is outside the scope of article 31 and breaches the principle of subsidiarity".

18. In June 2003, the Commission held a public hearing on the subject of safeguards. All those who had replied to the Green Paper, or manifested an interest, were invited to attend and given the opportunity to express their views orally. In addition, all the Member States were invited to send a representative. What emerged at the hearing was a great deal of support from legal practitioners and non-governmental organisations for the Commission's proposals. The representatives of the Member States present were divided in their support. Slovakia and the Czech Republic sent representatives as observers. The Member States that are opposed to the idea invoke (1) the subsidiarity principle, (2) concerns over legal basis and (3) the fear that "common minimum standards" could result in a general lowering of standards as the grounds for their opposition, (4) the argument that common minimum standards have already been set by the ECHR and that no further action is needed and finally, (5) fears were expressed that implementing these proposals would be technically difficult.

19. The Commission considers first that in this area only action at the EU level can be effective in ensuring common standards. To date, the Member States have complied on a national basis with their fair trial obligations, deriving principally from the ECHR, and this has led to discrepancies in the levels of safeguards in operation in the different Member States. It has also led to speculation about standards in other Member States and on occasion, there have been accusations of deficiencies in the criminal justice system of one Member State in the press and media of another. This would be remedied by the adoption of common minimum standards. By definition, the standards can only be common if they are set by the Member States acting in concert, so it is not possible to achieve common standards and rely entirely on action at the national level.

20. As regards the legal basis, the Commission relies on Article 31 (1) of the Treaty on European Union. Article 31(1) envisages that the EU may develop "common action" so as to ensure compatibility in rules where necessary to improve cooperation. Judicial cooperation, in particular mutual recognition presents a situation where compatibility is necessary to improve co-operation. It is for that reason that the parameters of the Mutual Recognition Programme include "mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of [...] suspects" (parameter 3) and "common minimum standards necessary to facilitate the application of the principle of mutual recognition" (parameter 4).

21. There is no need to fear that common standards will lead to a lowering of standards. Member States remain free to implement the highest level of safeguards they consider appropriate as long as they comply with the agreed minimum. Furthermore, the non-regression provision in Article 17 states explicitly that nothing in the Framework Decision may be interpreted as "limiting or derogating from" any existing rights. The proposal is for common minimum standards. It is unthinkable that Member States, bound by Article 6(2) TEU to respect fundamental rights, would use that as a basis to "level down" where current provisions exceed the EU requirements.

22. On the fourth point, the Commission's research and consultation, together with the case-law of the ECtHR, shows the ECHR is implemented to very differing standards in the Member States and that there are many violations of the ECHR. Those divergences prejudice a common protection of procedural rights within the Union, jeopardize mutual trust and affect the smooth operation of the mutual recognition principle. Furthermore, the Commission's aim is to render more efficient and visible the practical operation of ECHR rights with this proposal so that everyone in the criminal justice system is more aware of them, not only defendants but also police officers, lawyers, translators and interpreters and all other actors in the criminal justice system. This should lead to better compliance with the ECHR.

23. Finally as regards technical difficulties and cost, the Commission contends that the final outcome for this proposal should not lead to an intolerable burden for Member States since the substance of the provisions essentially confirms existing rights under the ECHR and relevant case-law.

24. The Commission has concluded that the smooth operation of the measures set out in the Programme of Measures can best be achieved if accompanied by agreed common minimum standards in relevant areas. The areas where common minimum standards are proposed at this first stage are:

- access to legal advice, both before the trial and at trial,

- access to free interpretation and translation,

- ensuring that persons who are not capable of understanding or following the proceedings receive appropriate attention,

- the right to communicate, inter alia, with consular authorities in the case of foreign suspects, and

- notifying suspected persons of their rights (by giving them a written "Letter of Rights").

The decision to make proposals in relation to these five rights at this first stage was taken because these rights are of particular importance in the context of mutual recognition, since they have a transnational element which is not a feature of other fair trial rights, apart from the right to bail which is being covered separately in a forthcoming Green Paper. The foreign defendant will generally need an interpreter and may require consular assistance. He is also less likely to be familiar with his rights in the country of arrest and hence all the more likely to be helped by a Letter of Rights in his own language. All suspected persons are in a better position if they have a lawyer, and it is true that a person who has a lawyer is more likely to have his other rights respected as he will have someone who is aware of the rights and can verify that they are complied with. For this reasons, it was important to include the right to legal advice. Persons who are not capable of understanding or following the proceedings and who need appropriate attention are a special category of defendant requiring a higher degree of protection. This is an embodiment of the concept of "equality of arms" which requires a fair balance between the parties in court proceedings.

25. The Commission reiterates that this draft Framework Decision is a first step and that other measures are envisaged over the next few years. There is no intention to convey the impression that these five rights are more important than others, simply that they are more immediately relevant to mutual recognition and the problems that have arisen to date in the discussion of mutual recognition measures. The Commission has already started to examine the need for safeguards relating to fairness in obtaining, handling and use of evidence throughout the EU. The rights stemming from the presumption of innocence (including the right to silence, the right against self-incrimination and the rules governing the burden of proof) will also be examined. The Commission's first assessment of this work, which has already started, will be made public in 2004.

5. The principle of mutual recognition

26. At the European Council in October 1999 in Tampere, it was agreed that the principle of mutual recognition should become the cornerstone of judicial co-operation in both civil and criminal matters. Mutual recognition implies that while another state may not deal with a certain matter in the same or even a similar way as one's own state, the results are accepted as equivalent to decisions of one's own state [17].

[17] COM(2000) 495 final, 26.7.2000, p. 4.

27. The European Council also asked the Council and the Commission to adopt, by December 2000, the Programme of Measures to implement the principle of mutual recognition in criminal matters [18].

[18] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 10.

28. The Programme of Measures consists of twenty-four areas which are deemed suitable for mutual recognition, some of which will be amalgamated so that between fifteen and twenty proposals will ultimately be put forward under the Programme. The first instrument to have been adopted on mutual recognition in criminal matters is the Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States [19]. This has been followed by a Framework Decision on orders for freezing property or evidence [20], and will be followed by measures on confiscation orders, financial penalties and transmission of evidence and criminal records. If these measures, and indeed the rest of the proposals resulting from the Programme of Measures, are to be implemented successfully, mutual recognition must be welcomed in the Member States, not only at government and policy level but also by those who will be responsible for the day-to-day operation of the measures. Mutual recognition can only operate effectively in a spirit of confidence, whereby not only the judicial authorities, but all actors in the criminal process see decisions of the judicial authorities of other Member States as equivalent to their own and do not call in question their judicial capacity and respect for fair trial rights. This is important so as to enhance a general perception of mutual recognition which is positive, and that involves "not only trust in the adequacy of one's partner's rules, but also trust that these rules are correctly applied" [21].

[19] OJ L 190, 18.7.2002, p. 1.

[20] Council Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA of 22 July 2003 on the execution in the European Union of orders freezing property or evidence. OJ L 196, of 2.8.2003, p. 45.

[21] COM(2000) 495 final, 26.7.2000, p. 4.

29. All Member States are parties to the ECHR and this is sometimes cited as adequate grounds for mutual confidence. However experience has shown that, despite the need for such confidence, there is not always sufficient trust in the criminal justice systems of other Member States and this notwithstanding the fact that they are all signatories to the ECHR [22]. This proposal for a Framework Decision is an implicit acknowledgement of that insufficient trust in that it provides a mechanism for enhancing and increasing mutual confidence. This will be even more important when there must be trust between twenty-five states or more.

[22] For example in the UK case R v. Secretary of State ex parte Ramda, 27 June 2002, the High Court said that France's status as a signatory to the ECHR could not be invoked as a complete answer to complaints about the fairness of his trial. Likewise, in its judgment of 16 May 2003, in the case of Irastorza Dorronsoro, the Cour d'Appel de Pau (France) - refused to accede to an extradition request from Spain on the ground that there was a suspicion that a co-defendant had been "tortured" by Spanish police officers.

30. The rights proposed will operate so as to strengthen mutual trust and thereby enhance the operation of mutual recognition in all its forms as regards criminal matters. Continuous evaluation and monitoring, if it discloses that standards are adhered to and shows any improvement in areas currently causing concern, will serve to reinforce that trust.

6. Specific provisions

6.1. The right to legal advice

31. During the consultation period, the Commission researched the Member States' differing arrangements. The rules governing both access to legal representation and its organisation vary from one Member State to another.

32. This Framework Decision proposes EU wide agreement that suspected persons be given access to legal advice from a qualified lawyer as soon as possible. At present, some Member States impose a limit on access, have an initial period during which the suspect may not have access to a lawyer ("garde à vue") or preclude the presence of a lawyer during police questioning. Some Member States do not have a formal scheme offering 24-hour access to a lawyer, so that those arrested at night or at week-ends are also denied access, at least on a temporary basis. This Framework Decision proposes that legal advice be an entitlement throughout all the criminal proceedings which are defined as all proceedings taking place within the European Union aiming to establish the guilt or innocence of a person suspected of having committed a criminal offence or to decide on the outcome following a guilty plea in respect of a criminal charge.

33. Where the suspected person falls into one of the listed categories of persons who are not able to understand or follow the proceedings or is a minor or is the subject of a European Arrest Warrant or extradition request or other surrender procedure legal advice should be made available. This does not affect a person's right to defend themselves if they choose. Member States should bear the costs of legal advice where those costs represent undue hardship for the suspected person or his dependants.

34. This Framework Decision proposes that Member States be required to implement a system for providing a replacement if the original lawyer is found not to be effective.

6.2. The right to free interpretation and translations

35. Article 6 (3) of the ECHR lays down the right for a defendant to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court. The case-law of the ECtHR [23] also makes it clear that the obligation towards the defendant extends to translations of all the relevant documents in the proceedings.

[23] Kamasinski v. Austria (judgment of 19 December 1989 A Series N° 168) para74.

36. The Commission's research showed that whilst Member States were conscious of this obligation in theory, it was not complied with in full in reality. During police questioning, a qualified interpreter was not always present, with the services of lay persons who have some knowledge of the defendant's language sometimes being used. There were limitations on the documents translated for defendants. Whereas Article 6(3)(e) makes it clear that the obligation is to provide "the free assistance of an interpreter" for a defendant who cannot understand or speak the language used in court, interpreters sometimes appeared to be provided for the benefit of the judge and/or prosecutor, rather than for the defendant. In some instances, the judge's or prosecutor's statements were not interpreted for defendants and the role of the interpreter was limited to interpreting the judge's direct questions to the defendant and his replies back to the judge, rather than ensuring that the defendant could understand the proceedings.

37. The Commission also noted that Member States had difficulty in recruiting sufficient legal/court translators and interpreters. In some Member States, the profession of public service interpreter/translator has official status, with training organised at national level, registration, accreditation and continuous professional development. This is not the case in all Member States. The profession suffers from a lack of status, with translators and interpreters sometimes being poorly paid, not having social benefits (such as paid sick leave and pension rights) and complaining that they are not consulted enough by their counterparts in the legal profession.

38. This is something that the Commission will continue to explore in the hope of finding a solution. It is essential that there are enough translators and interpreters in each Member State to cover the needs of foreign defendants [24].

[24] See footnote 6 regarding foreign defendants.

6.3. Persons who cannot understand or follow the proceedings

39. Certain suspects are in a weaker position than the average person owing to their age or their physical, mental or emotional condition when it comes to understanding or following the proceedings. These persons need specific attention to ensure that their particular rights are respected and to guard against a possible miscarriage of justice.

40. Law enforcement and judicial officers should have an increased awareness of the problems of persons who cannot understand or follow the proceedings. They should be required to consider whether the suspected person is in need of specific attention, and if so, they should take the necessary steps to offer that person the appropriate attention.

41. The nature of the specific attention to be offered will vary according to the situation. For example, children should be accompanied by a parent or appropriate adult during questioning; persons needing medical attention should be provided with a doctor etc. Whilst every situation cannot be set out and provided for in an instrument of this type, the responsibility must be on Member States to ensure that their criminal justice system provides for a specific attention for those suspects and defendants who need it.

6.4. The right to communication

42. A detained person should be entitled to have family members, persons assimilated to family members and any employer informed of the detention. This can be achieved by having the relevant information communicated on behalf of the detained person if there are concerns about preserving any evidence.

43. Where the detained person is a non-national, it may be appropriate for the consular authorities of the person's home state to be informed. Foreign suspects and defendants are an easily identifiable vulnerable group who sometimes need additional protection such as is offered by the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), which provides that on arrest or on detention a foreign national has the right to ask for his consulate to be informed of the detention and to receive visits from consular officials.

44. Foreign nationals may refuse to see a consular official who is the representative of their government, for example, if they are asylum seekers or refugees fleeing persecution in their State of origin. Those falling into this category may contact representatives from a recognised international humanitarian organisation.

6.5. Written notification of rights (the "Letter of Rights")

45. It is not always the case that suspects, and even sometimes the law enforcement officers questioning them, have full knowledge of the relevant rights. If suspects were properly aware of their rights on arrest there would be fewer allegations of miscarriage of justice and violations of the ECHR. A simple and inexpensive way to ensure an adequate level of knowledge is to require Member States to produce a short, standard written statement of basic rights (the "Letter of Rights") and to make it compulsory for all suspects to be given this written notification in a language they understand at the earliest possible opportunity and certainly before any questioning takes place.

6.6. Evaluation and monitoring

46. Since the principle of mutual recognition may only be implemented efficiently if there is mutual trust, and since common minimum standards will enhance trust, it is important for any agreed common standards to be respected. The level of compliance should be demonstrably high. In order for each Member State to be confident of the level of compliance in the other Member States, there must be some form of evaluation.

47. Mutual trust must go beyond the perceptions of the governments of the Member States - it must also be established in the minds of practitioners, law enforcement and judicial officers and all those who will administer decisions based on mutual recognition on a daily basis. This cannot be achieved overnight, and cannot be achieved at all unless there is some reliable means of assessing compliance with common minimum standards across the European Union. Evaluation and monitoring should be carried out on a regular, continuous basis and the results should be made available. This will provide a system for ensuring that standards are adhered to and will bring both any improvement and/or deterioration to the notice of the other Member States as well as the European institutions.

48. It is appropriate that the Commission, as a body charged with making proposals [25] and in the usual course of events with monitoring that Framework Decisions are correctly implemented in the Member States [26], should co-ordinate evaluation and monitoring. The necessary information and data should be provided by the Member States for the Commission to collate. The Commission will, if necessary, delegate the analysis of the information to an outside body such as an independent group of experts.

[25] Article 34(2) TEU.

[26] The usual practice following adoption of a Framework Decision is for Member States to send the Commission details of their implementing legislation and for the Commission to compile a report on implementation for transmission to the Council.

7. Legal basis

49. This proposal has a legal basis under Article 31 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), as amended by the Treaty of Nice, which covers common action on judicial co-operation in criminal matters.

50. Article 31 (1) (c) of the TEU provides for "ensuring compatibility in rules applicable in the Member States as may be necessary to improve [judicial co-operation in criminal matters]". Ensuring compatibility can be achieved, inter alia, by providing for some approximation of minimum procedural rules in the Member States so as to enhance mutual trust and confidence.

51. The Commission considers that this proposal constitutes the necessary complement to the mutual recognition measures that are designed to increase efficiency of prosecution. A set of agreed procedural rights to ensure equivalent treatment of suspected persons throughout the EU should enable judicial cooperation measures to be applied as efficiently as possible, especially those that envisage surrender of persons or of evidence to another Member State. Any reluctance on the part of the authorities of one State to surrender a national to the judicial authorities of another may be alleviated in this way.

8. Explanation of the articles

52. Gender neutrality: The terms "he" and "his" are used throughout to refer to the suspected person or the suspected person's lawyer. They are intended to be gender neutral and to cover both male and female suspects and male and female lawyers.

Article 1 - Scope of application of procedural rights

53. This Article sets out the scope of application of the Framework Decision. The scope includes all persons suspected in respect of a criminal offence in any proceedings to establish the guilt or innocence of a person suspected of having committed a criminal offence, or to decide on the outcome following a guilty in plea in respect of a criminal charge or to rule on any appeal from these proceedings. There is no differentiation between EU national and third country nationals since to offer one group better protection could lead to criticisms of discrimination that would defeat the aim of enhancing trust between the Member States in each other's criminal justice system.

54. Since the case-law of the ECtHR has clarified that persons being questioned in relation to offences, but not yet formally charged, should be covered by Article 6 ECHR, persons arrested or detained in connection with a criminal charge also come within the ambit of this provision. These rights start to apply from the time when the person is informed that he is suspected of having committed an offence (e.g. on arrest or when the suspected person is no longer free to leave police custody).

Article 2 - The right to legal advice

55. This Article sets out the basic right to legal advice for a suspected person if he wishes to receive it. The Article provides that legal advice should be provided as soon as possible. It is important that a suspect benefits from legal advice before answering any questions in the course of which he may say something he later regrets without understanding the legal implications.

Article 3 - Obligation to provide legal assistance

56. Article 6 (3) (c) ECHR makes it clear that a suspected person has the right to defend himself in person which implies that he is entitled to refuse to be represented by a lawyer. Notwithstanding that right, in certain circumstances it is particularly desirable that the suspected person receives legal advice. Those circumstances are set out in Article 3 and include cases where the suspected person is remanded in custody prior to the trial, or is formally accused of having committed a criminal offence which involves a complex factual or legal situation or which is subject to severe punishment, in particular where, in a Member State, a mandatory sentence of more than one year's imprisonment can be imposed, or is the subject of a European Arrest Warrant or extradition request or other surrender procedure, or is a minor, or appears not to be able to understand or follow the content or the meaning of the proceedings owing to his age, mental, physical or emotional condition. This provision requires Member States to ensure that every effort is made so that those persons in particular receive legal advice.

Article 4 - Obligation to ensure effectiveness of legal advice

57. This Article provides that Member States should ensure that some check is made that effective advice is given.

58. The Commission has chosen to specify that only lawyers as defined in Article 1(2)(a) of Directive 98/5 EC [27] are employed in this context so as to help to safeguard effectiveness.. If the legal advice offered is not effective, Member States are obliged to provide an alternative [28]. This right, stemming from Article 6(3)(c) of the ECHR, has been explained in the case-law of the ECtHR (e.g. in Artico v. Italy).

[27] Directive 98/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998.

[28] Artico v. Italy May 13, 1980, Series A, n° 37.

59. Since the suspect is not always in a position to assess the effectiveness of his legal representation, the onus must be on the Member States to establish a system for checking this.

Article 5 - The right to free legal advice

60. This Article provides that where Article 3 applies legal advice should be provided at no cost to the suspected person if these costs would cause undue financial hardship to himself or his dependants. Member States must ensure that they have in place a mechanism for ascertaining whether the suspected person has the means to pay for legal advice. Under the ECHR, the defendant does not have to prove "beyond all doubt" that he lacks the means to pay for his defence (Pakelli v. Germany [29]). Member States should respect this ECtHR guidance in connection with the assessment of the person's means.

[29] Pakelli v. Germany, judgment of 25 April 1983, Series A n° 64 para. 34.

61. This Article provides that legal advice should be free if the person's means fall below a set minimum. Some Member States operate a means test to establish whether the defendant "has not sufficient means to pay for his defence". Others provide free legal advice to all on the basis that a means test is expensive to operate and that some of the costs can be recovered from the defendant in certain circumstances. Member States are free to operate the system that appears to them to be the most cost effective as long as free legal advice remains available when it is in the interests of justice.

Article 6 - The right to free interpretation

62. The assistance of an interpreter or a translator must be free of charge to the suspect. This right is established in the case-law of the ECtHR. In the case of Luedicke, Belkacem and Koç v. Germany, the ECtHR held that it follows from Article 6(3)(b) that for anyone who cannot speak or understand the language used in court, the right to receive the free assistance of an interpreter, without subsequently having claimed back from him payment of the costs thereby incurred [30] must be respected. In Kamasinski v. Austria [31], the ECtHR held that the principle also extended to translation of "documentary material".

[30] Luedicke, Belkacem and Koç v. Germany - judgment of 28 November 1978, Series A N°29 para.46.

[31] Kamasinski v. Austria (cited above).

63. Member States are under an obligation to provide an interpreter as soon as possible after it has come to light that the suspect does not understand the language of the proceedings. This right extends to all sessions of police questioning, meetings between the suspect and his lawyer and, after charge, occasions when the person's presence is required at court. It is clear from the ECtHR case-law that the obligation to provide an interpreter, which is laid down in the ECHR, is not always respected [32]. Article 6 of the Framework Decision sets out the right, pointing out that it applies "throughout the proceedings".

[32] Cuscani v. UK - judgment of 24 September 2002 - is a good example where the Court proposed to rely on the defendant's brother to interpret, which was held to be a violation of Art. 6.

64. This Article covers persons with hearing or speech impairments. Article 6(3) of the ECHR provides that everyone charged with a criminal offence has the right to be informed about what he is accused of so that he understands the nature and cause of the accusation. He also has the right to have the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used in court. This applies also to deaf suspects or people with hearing or speech impairments. Inadequate communication can affect a deaf suspect's chances of receiving fair treatment as regards questioning by law enforcement officers. It also affects his chances of a fair trial. Member States must therefore ensure that police stations and courts provide proper specialised sign language interpreting for deaf suspects. As the consequences of poor or incompetent interpreting can be so serious, it is important that only qualified and experienced sign language interpreters are assigned for court proceedings or police interviews.

65. Some people who are deaf require the services of a lipspeaker. Lipspeakers communicate with deaf people who do not know or use sign language, but who are usually skilled lipreaders. This is also covered in the Article as an alternative.

Article 7 - The right to free translation of relevant documents

66. There is a right to translations of relevant material but this right is not unlimited. The ECtHR has ruled that Art. 6(3)(e) ECHR does not require a written translation of all items of written evidence or official documents in the procedure but it has ruled that documents which the defendant "needs to understand in order to have a fair trial" must be translated [33]. The rules on how much material is translated vary from one Member State to the next and also in accordance with the nature of the case. This variation is acceptable as long as the proceedings remain "fair". The onus should be on the defence lawyer to ask for translations of any documents he considers necessary over and above what is provided by the prosecution. Since the conduct of the defence is essentially a matter between the defendant and his lawyer, the defence lawyer is best placed to assess which documents are needed. Consequently, this Article places the onus is on the competent authorities to decide what documents shall be provided in translation but the suspect's lawyer has the right to request further documents in translation.

[33] Kamasinski v. Austria, cited above, para 74.

Article 8 - Accuracy of the translation and interpretation

67. The standard of interpretation and translation must be good enough to enable the suspect to understand the nature and cause of the accusation.

68. Member States must ensure that there is in place within their jurisdiction a system so that lawyers, judges, defendants or anyone else involved in criminal proceedings who becomes aware that the required standard of interpretation has not been met by a particular interpreter or in a particular case may report it so that a replacement translator or interpreter may be provided.

Article 9 - Recording the proceedings

69. The standard required by the ECHR is that the interpretation be such as to enable the defendant's "effective participation" in the proceedings. If he then makes an application to the ECtHR on the grounds that the interpretation was inadequate and damaging to his effective participation in the proceedings, it is important to have a method of verification of the interpretation. It is therefore incumbent on Member States to ensure that a recording exists in the event of a dispute.

70. The purpose of this provision is to have a method of verifying that the interpretation was accurate and not to challenge the proceedings from any other point of view since this would otherwise lead to preferential treatment of suspected persons who need interpretation. Therefore, the recordings may only be used for that one purpose.

Article 10 - The right to specific attention

71. This Article provides that Member States shall ensure that a person who cannot understand or follow the proceedings, owing to their age or mental, physical or emotional condition, is offered any specific relevant attention, such as medical attention or the presence of a parent in the case of children. The duty to provide specific attention applies throughout criminal proceedings. This enhanced duty of care is to promote fair trials and to avoid potential miscarriages of justice based on vulnerability. Consultation and replies to the Green Paper have made it clear that identifying these suspects is difficult. The minimum expectation is that law enforcement officers ask themselves the question whether the suspect is able to understand or follow the proceedings, by virtue of his age or mental, physical or emotional condition. Any steps taken as a consequence of this right should be recorded in writing in the suspects' notes.

Article 11 - The rights of suspected persons entitled to specific attention

72. This Article specifies which steps must be taken in accordance with Article 10. In order to verify that the correct procedures have been followed in the case of questioning by law enforcement officers of persons who cannot understand or follow the proceedings, Member States must ensure that an audio or video recording is made of any pre-trial questioning. Any party requesting a copy of the recording in the event of a dispute must be provided with one.

73. Medical assistance should be provided if the suspected person needs it.

74. A suspected person entitled to specific attention should, where appropriate, be allowed to have a suitable third person present during police questioning in order to provide an additional safeguard of the fairness of the proceedings.

Article 12 - The right to communicate

75. This Article lays down the right for a person remanded in custody to have his family, persons assimilated to his family or his employer contacted as soon as possible.

76. It is proposed here that if direct communication is inappropriate, communication may be by other channels including the consular authorities or an international humanitarian organisation.

Article 13 - The right to communicate with consular authorities

77. This Article restates the right to communicate with consular authorities. It places a duty on Member States to ensure that all foreign detainees are able to have the consular authorities of their home State informed of the detention if they so wish.

78. If a detained suspect does not wish to have the assistance of the consular authorities of his home State, he should be entitled to have the assistance of an international humanitarian organisation. Unless individual Member States decide otherwise, the most suitable international humanitarian organisation offering this type of assistance is the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) whose official functions include visits to detainees [34]. Member States are invited to decide which international humanitarian organisations they recognise so that the concept of "recognised international humanitarian organisation" can be used to correct effect and to prevent recourse to organisations that do not have the approval of the Member State in question.

[34] Extract from ICRC annual report 2002: "[In 2002] ICRC delegates visited 448,063 detainees held in 2,007 places of detention in more than 75 countries. Of this number, 26,727 detainees were registered and visited in 2002 for the first time. A total of 47,205 detention certificates were issued. Detainees who were not individually monitored but nevertheless benefited from ICRC assistance are included in the total number visited."

79. Member States have a duty towards their long-term non-national residents, particularly if these are refugees. A refugee from the regime in force in his home State will not want the assistance of the consular authorities of that State. Refugees must be able to contact representatives from another State that has agreed to look after their interests [35] or an international humanitarian organisation for this type of assistance [36]. This Article proposes that the right to consular assistance be extended to long-term non-national residents of a Sending state, particularly if they have refugee status. Member States should ensure that this type of assistance is an option available to the suspect.

[35] Rule 38 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners adopted in 1955 by the UN Congress on the Prevention of crime and the Treatment of Offenders: (1) [...]. (2) Prisoners who are nationals of States without diplomatic or consular representation in the country and refugees or stateless persons shall be allowed similar facilities to communicate with the diplomatic representative of the State which takes charge of their interests or any national or international authority whose task it is to protect such persons.

[36] Principle 16 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons under any Form of Detention or Imprisonment adopted by the UN General assembly in 1988: 1.[...] 2. If a detained or imprisoned person is a foreigner, he shall also be promptly informed of his right to communicate by appropriate means with [...] the representative of the competent international organisation, if he is a refugee or is otherwise under the protection of an intergovernmental organisation.

Article 14 - Duty to inform a suspected person of his rights in writing - Letter of Rights

80. Article 14 sets out the duty for Member States to ensure that all detained or arrested suspects are made aware of their basic rights by giving them written notification of those rights. The Letter of Rights should be kept available in the official Community languages, either in paper form or on computer so that it can be printed when needed. Member States may assess the need to have available translations into languages commonly encountered in the locality, and the relevant authorities are best placed to know which those languages are for each locality. The Commission proposes that suspects be given a "Letter of Rights" as soon as possible after arrest. The law enforcement officer and the suspect should ideally both sign the Letter of Rights, as evidence that it has been offered, given and accepted. However the Commission is aware of possible reluctance on the part of suspects to sign anything in the police station. The Letter of Rights should be produced in duplicate, with one (signed) copy being retained by the law enforcement officer and one (signed) copy being retained by the suspect. A note should be made in the record stating that the Letter of Rights was offered, and whether or not the suspect agreed to sign it.

81. Annex A contains a suggested form of common wording for the Letter of Rights. It states the language version so that the suspect can be given the Letter of Rights in a language he understands. It then sets out the basic rights to legal advice, to interpretation, specific attention and consular assistance, if appropriate, as headings to be completed by the Member States.

Article 15- Evaluating and monitoring the effectiveness of the Framework Decision

82. It is essential that this Framework Decision is fully evaluated and monitored. Apart from reporting on the proper implementation of its provisions into national legislation, the Commission proposes that regular monitoring be carried out. This is particularly important in the case of legislation that confers rights as those rights are meaningless unless they are complied with. Only regular monitoring will show that there has been full compliance. Additionally, if the Framework Decision is to achieve its stated objective of enhancing mutual trust, there must be public, verifiable statistics and reports showing that rights are complied with so that observers in other Member States (not only in government, but also lawyers, academics and NGOs) may be confident that fair trial rights are observed in each national system. The evaluation and monitoring should be carried out under the supervision of the Commission. An independent team may be employed to carry out the necessary research and analysis.

83. In its resolution of 5 July 2001 on the situation as regards fundamental rights in the European Union, the European Parliament recommended that "a network be set up consisting of legal experts who are authorities on human rights and jurists from each of the Member States, to ensure a high level of expertise and enable Parliament to receive an assessment of the implementation of each of the rights laid down notably in the Charter, taking account of developments in national laws, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the European Court of Human Rights and any notable case law of the Member States' national and constitutional courts" [37]. A Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights ("the Network") has been set up and submitted its first report on 31 March 2003. Its tasks include preparing an annual report on the situation as regards fundamental rights in the European Union. In this connection, it is examining compliance with Articles 47 and 48 of the CFREU [38]. Article 47 CFREU provides: "Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have the possibility of being advised, defended and represented. Legal aid shall be made available to those who lack sufficient resources insofar as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice." Article 48 CFREU provides "[...] Respect for the rights of the defence of anyone who has been charged shall be guaranteed".

[37] European Parliament resolution on the situation as regards fundamental rights in the European Union (2000) (2000/2231(INI)).

[38] OJ C 364 of 18.12.2000.

84. It could be appropriate to make use of the evaluation carried out by the Network in respect of Articles 47 and 48 of the CFREU and to assess whether this could be a suitable long-term solution. The Commission may subsequently decide upon a different system of evaluation and monitoring. If the Network were to cease to carry out its functions, or to provide the necessary services, or the Commission were to decide upon a different system of evaluation and monitoring, another suitable body could be appointed to analyse the data and information provided by the Member States in accordance with the provisions of the Framework Decision.

85. Evaluation and monitoring will benefit all Member States. It will enable them to show other countries that they observe fair trial rights and it will enable them to reassure those implementing the measures of the Mutual Recognition Programme in their home State, should such reassurance prove necessary, that safeguards ensuring equivalent fair trial standards are operated in other Member States. The evaluation shall be for the purpose of general assessment, and decisions of courts will not be examined.

Article 16 - Duty to collect data

86. In order for the Framework Decision to be monitored, and for the necessary evaluation of compliance to be carried out, Article 16 places an obligation on Member States to collect relevant data and this data must also be analysed in order to be meaningful. Member States must provide relevant statistics, inter alia, as regards the following:

(a) the total number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal charge, the number of persons charged with a criminal offence, whether legal advice was given and in what percentage of cases it was given free or partly free,

(b) the number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal offence and whose understanding of the language of the proceedings was such as to require the services of an interpreter during police questioning. A breakdown of the nationalities should also be recorded, together with the number of persons requiring sign language interpreting,

(c) the number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal offence who were foreign nationals and in respect of whom consular assistance was sought. The number of foreign suspects refusing the offer of consular assistance should be recorded. A breakdown of the nationalities of the suspects should also be recorded,

(d) the number of persons charged with a criminal offence and in respect of whom the services of an interpreter were requested before trial, at trial and/or at any appeal proceedings. A breakdown of the nationalities and the languages involved should also be recorded,

(e) the number of persons charged with a criminal offence and in respect of whom the services of a translator were requested in order to translate documents before trial, at trial or during any appeal proceedings. A breakdown of the nationalities and the languages involved should also be recorded. The number of persons requiring a sign language interpreter should be recorded,

(f) the number of persons questioned and/or charged in connection with a criminal offence who were deemed not to be able to understand or follow the content or the meaning of the proceedings owing to age, mental, physical or emotional condition, together with statistics about the type of any specific attention given,

(g) the number of Letters of Rights issued to suspects and a breakdown of the languages in which these were issued.

Article 17 - Non-regression clause

87. The purpose of this Article is to ensure that the Framework Decision does not have the effect of lowering standards in Member States. During the consultation phase, representatives of certain Member States expressed concern that this would result from setting common minimum standards. Member States remain entirely at liberty to set standards higher than those agreed in this Framework Decision.

Article 18 - Implementation

88. This Article requires that Member States must implement the Framework Decision by 1 January 2006 and, by the same date, send the text of the provisions transposing it into national law to the Council Secretariat General and the Commission. Six months after implementation, the Commission must submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council, assessing the extent to which the Member States have taken the necessary measures in order to comply with this Framework Decision, accompanied, if necessary, by legislative proposals.

Article 19 - Entry into Force

89. This Article provides that the Framework Decision will enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Annex A - model common wording to be used in the "Letter of Rights"

90. Annex A provides a model for the common wording to be used in the "Letter of rights". It sets out as headings the rights stemming from this Framework Decision and that the Commission considers to be the basic common rights that a suspect should be given on arrest (right to legal advice, right to an interpreter, decision on specific attention, right to communicate with consular authorities for foreigners).

2004/0113 (CNS)

Proposal for a COUNCIL FRAMEWORK DECISION on certain procedural rights in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 31(1) (c) thereof,

Having regard to the proposal of the Commission [39],

[39] OJ C [...], [...], p. [...].

Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament [40],

[40] OJ C [...], [...], p. [...].

Whereas,

(1) The European Union has set itself the objective of maintaining and developing an area of freedom, security and justice. According to the Conclusions of the Tampere European Council of 15 and 16 October 1999 and in particular point 33 thereof, the principle of mutual recognition should become the cornerstone of judicial cooperation in both civil and criminal matters within the Union.

(2) On 29 November 2000 the Council, in accordance with the Tampere conclusions, adopted a programme of measures to implement the principle of mutual recognition in criminal matters [41]. The introduction to the Programme of measures states that mutual recognition is "designed to strengthen cooperation between Member States but also to enhance the protection of individual rights" [42].

[41] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 10.

[42] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 10.

(3) Implementation of the principle of mutual recognition of decisions in criminal matters presupposes that Member States have trust in each other's criminal justice systems. The extent of the mutual recognition exercise is very much dependant on a number of parameters which determine its effectiveness. [43] These parameters include "mechanisms for safeguarding the rights of [...] suspects" (parameter 3) and "common minimum standards necessary to facilitate the application of the principle of mutual recognition".

[43] OJ C 12, 15.1.2001, p. 10.

(4) Mutual recognition can only operate effectively in a spirit of confidence, whereby not only the judicial authorities, but all actors in the criminal process see decisions of the judicial authorities of other Member States as equivalent to their own and do not call in question their judicial capacity and respect for fair trial rights. This is important so as to enhance a general perception of mutual recognition which is positive, and that involves "not only trust in the adequacy of one's partner's rules, but also trust that these rules are correctly applied" [44].

[44] COM(2000) 495 final, 26.7.2000, p. 4.

(5) All Member States are parties to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). However experience has shown that, despite the need for such confidence, there is not always sufficient trust in the criminal justice systems of other Member States and this notwithstanding the fact that they are all signatories to the ECHR. The rights proposed will operate so as to strengthen mutual trust and thereby enhance the operation of mutual recognition.

(6) The Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States [45] was the first concrete measure in the field of criminal law implementing the principle of mutual recognition. This has been followed by a Framework Decision on orders for freezing property or evidence [46]. Other planned measures in the Programme relate to confiscation orders, financial penalties and transmission of evidence and criminal records.

[45] OJ L 190, 18.7.2002, p. 1.

[46] Council Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA of 22 July 2003 on the execution in the European Union of orders freezing property or evidence. OJ L 196 of 2.8.2003, p. 45.

(7) The principle of mutual recognition is based on a high level of confidence between Member States. In order to enhance this confidence, this Framework Decision provides certain safeguards to protect fundamental rights. These safeguards reflect the traditions of the Member States in following the provisions of the ECHR.

(8) The proposed provisions are not intended to affect specific measures in force in national legislations in the context of the fight against certain serious and complex forms of crime in particular terrorism.

(9) Article 31(1) (c) of the TEU provides for "ensuring compatibility in rules applicable in the Member States as may be necessary to improve [judicial co-operation in criminal matters]". If common minimum standards are applied to basic procedural safeguards throughout the European Union, this will lead to increased confidence in the criminal justice systems of all the Member States which in turn will lead to more efficient judicial cooperation in a climate of mutual trust.

(10) Five areas have been identified as appropriate ones in which common standards may be applied in the first instance. These are: access to legal representation, access to interpretation and translation, ensuring that persons in need of specific attention because they are unable to follow the proceedings receive it, consular assistance to foreign detainees and notifying suspects and defendants of their rights in writing.

(11) The package of measures will ensure that the rights of the foreign suspect or defendant are protected even if he does not understand the language of the host country or have any knowledge of the criminal justice system. Ensuring that the rights of foreign suspects and defendants are properly respected will have the dual effect of improving each Member State's perceptions of the justice systems of the other Member States and filter-down consequences for all suspects and defendants.

(12) The right to legal assistance is enshrined in Article 6 of the ECHR. The provisions of this Framework Decision do not impose obligations on Member States that go further than the ECHR, but merely set out common ways of complying with Article 6 of the ECHR. The moment from when the right to legal advice arises is clarified together with the circumstances in which legal advice should be free. In some cases, the requirement that proceedings be fair dictates that the defendant should receive legal advice, notwithstanding the right to defend oneself. This is laid down in the Framework Decision, together with an indication of which defendants should receive legal advice, that legal advice should be provided by suitably qualified professionals and the fact that the costs of the legal advice should not entail undue hardship for those defendants or their dependants. Member States are therefore required to ensure that the costs of providing legal advice in those circumstances is met in whole or in part by their criminal justice systems.

(13) The right to free and accurate linguistic assistance - interpretation and translation - for foreigners and, where necessary, for those suffering from hearing or speech impairments is also enshrined in Article 6 of the ECHR. The provisions of this Framework Decision do not impose obligations on Member States that go further than the ECHR, but merely set out common ways of complying with Article 6 of the ECHR in accordance with the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and of verifying that the interpretation and translation provided is accurate.

(14) The duty of care towards suspected persons unable to understand or follow the proceedings underpins a fair administration of justice. Where the suspected person is in a potentially weak position owing to his age, mental, physical or emotional condition, the balance of power may lie with the prosecution, the law enforcement and judicial authorities. It is appropriate therefore for those authorities to be aware of any potential vulnerability and to take any appropriate steps, thereby helping to redress that balance. Accordingly, the provisions of this Framework Decision are designed to enhance the position of those persons by laying down certain specific rights.

(15) The right for detained persons to have family, persons assimilated to family members and employers informed promptly of the detention is laid down where the proceedings are not jeopardised by such information being passed. The right to have any relevant consular authorities contacted is also laid down. The broader context is that of the detained person's right to have access to the outside world.

(16) The right to consular assistance exists by virtue of Article 36 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations where it is a right conferred on States to have access to their nationals. The provisions of this Framework Decision confer the right on the European citizen rather than the State. They enhance its visibility and therefore its effectiveness. That said, in the longer term, the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice in which trust is reciprocated between Member States should reduce and ultimately abolish the need for consular assistance.

(17) Notifying suspects and defendants of their basic rights in writing is a measure that improves fairness in proceedings, and goes some way to ensuring that everyone suspected of, or charged with, a criminal offence is aware of their rights. If suspects and defendants are unaware of them, it is more difficult for them to insist upon having the benefit of those rights. Giving suspects written notification of their rights, by way of a simple "Letter of Rights", will remedy this problem.

(18) It is necessary to establish a mechanism to assess the effectiveness of this Framework Decision. Member States should therefore gather and record information for the purpose of evaluation and monitoring. The information gathered will be used by the Commission to produce reports that will be made publicly available. This will enhance mutual trust since each Member State will know that other Member States are complying with fair trial rights.

(19) Since the aim of achieving common minimum standards cannot be achieved by the Member States acting unilaterally and can only be achieved at Union level, the Council may adopt measures in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as referred to in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union and Article 5 of the Treaty establishing the European Community. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in the latter Article, this Framework Decision does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective.

(20) This Framework Decision aims to strengthen the fundamental rights and principles recognised by Article 6 of the Treaty on European Union and reflected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and in particular its Articles 47 to 50. It cannot lead to divergent judicial interpretations of the relevant provisions of the ECHR since the reference to fundamental rights in Article 6 TEU is necessarily contingent on their interpretation in the European Court of Human Rights case-law.

HAS ADOPTED THIS FRAMEWORK DECISION

on certain procedural rights in criminal proceedings throughout the european union:

Article 1

Scope of application of procedural rights

1. This Framework Decision lays down the following rules concerning procedural rights applying in all proceedings taking place within the European Union aiming to establish the guilt or innocence of a person suspected of having committed a criminal offence, or to decide on the outcome following a guilty plea in respect of a criminal charge. It also includes any appeal from these proceedings.

Such proceedings are referred to hereafter as "criminal proceedings".

2. The rights will apply to any person suspected of having committed a criminal offence ("a suspected person") from the time when he is informed by the competent authorities of a Member State that he is suspected of having committed a criminal offence until finally judged.

Article 2

The right to legal advice

1. A suspected person has the right to legal advice as soon as possible and throughout the criminal proceedings if he wishes to receive it.

2. A suspected person has the right to receive legal advice before answering questions in relation to the charge.

Article 3

Obligation to provide legal advice

Notwithstanding the right of a suspected person to refuse legal advice or to represent himself in any proceedings, it is required that certain suspected persons be offered legal advice so as to safeguard fairness of proceedings. Accordingly, Member States shall ensure that legal advice is available to any suspected person who:

- is remanded in custody prior to the trial, or

- is formally accused of having committed a criminal offence which involves a complex factual or legal situation or which is subject to severe punishment, in particular where in a Member State, there is a mandatory sentence of more than one year's imprisonment for the offence, or

- is the subject of a European Arrest Warrant or extradition request or other surrender procedure, or

- is a minor, or

- appears not to be able to understand or follow the content or the meaning of the proceedings owing to his age, mental, physical or emotional condition.

Article 4

Obligation to ensure effectiveness of legal advice

1. Member States shall ensure that only lawyers as described in Article 1 (2) (a) of Directive 98/5/EC [47] are entitled to give legal advice in accordance with this Framework Decision.

[47] Directive 98/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998

2. Member States shall ensure that a mechanism exists to provide a replacement lawyer if the legal advice given is found not to be effective.

Article 5

The right to free legal advice

1. Where Article 3 applies, the costs of legal advice shall be borne in whole or in part by the Member States if these costs would cause undue financial hardship to the suspected person or his dependents.

2. Member States may subsequently carry out enquiries to ascertain whether the suspected person's means allow him to contribute towards the costs of the legal advice with a view to recovering all or part of it.

Article 6

The right to free interpretation

1. Member States shall ensure that a suspected person who does not understand the language of the proceedings is provided with free interpretation in order to safeguard the fairness of the proceedings.

2. Member States shall ensure that, where necessary, a suspected person receives free interpretation of legal advice received throughout the criminal proceedings.

3. The right to free interpretation applies to persons with hearing or speech impairments.

Article 7

The right to free translation of relevant documents

1. Member States shall ensure that a suspected person who does not understand the language of the proceedings is provided with free translations of all relevant documents in order to safeguard the fairness of the proceedings.

2. The decision regarding which documents need to be translated shall be taken by the competent authorities. The suspected person's lawyer may ask for translation of further documents.

Article 8

Accuracy of the translation and interpretation

1. Member States shall ensure that the translators and interpreters employed are sufficiently qualified to provide accurate translation and interpretation.

2. Member States shall ensure that if the translation or interpretation is found not to be accurate, a mechanism exists to provide a replacement interpreter or translator.

Article 9

Recording the proceedings

Member States shall ensure that, where proceedings are conducted through an interpreter, an audio or video recording is made in order to ensure quality control. A transcript of the recording shall be provided to any party in the event of a dispute. The transcript may only be used for the purposes of verifying the accuracy of the interpretation.

Article 10

The right to specific attention

1. Member States shall ensure that a suspected person who cannot understand or follow the content or the meaning of the proceedings owing to his age, mental, physical or emotional condition is given specific attention in order to safeguard the fairness of the proceedings.

2. Member States shall ensure that the competent authorities are obliged to consider and record in writing the need for specific attention throughout the proceedings, as soon as there is any indication that Article 10(1) applies.

3. Member States shall ensure that any step taken as a consequence of this right shall be recorded in writing.

Article 11

The rights of suspected persons entitled to specific attention

1. Member States shall ensure that an audio or video recording is made of any questioning of suspected persons entitled to specific attention. A transcript of the recording shall be provided to any party in the event of a dispute.

2. Member States shall ensure that medical assistance is provided whenever necessary.

3. Where appropriate, specific attention may include the right to have a third person present during any questioning by police or judicial authorities.

Article 12

The right to communicate

1. A suspected person remanded in custody has the right have his family, persons assimilated to his family or his place of employment informed of the detention as soon as possible.

2. The competent authorities may communicate with the persons specified in Article 12 (1) by using any appropriate mechanisms, including consular authorities if the suspect is a national of another State and if he so wishes.

Article 13

The right to communicate with consular authorities

1. Member States shall ensure that a detained suspected person who is a non-national shall have the right to have the consular authorities of his home State informed of the detention as soon as possible and to communicate with the consular authorities if he so wishes.

2. Member States shall ensure that, if a detained suspected person does not wish to have assistance from the consular authorities of his home State, the assistance of a recognised international humanitarian organisation is offered as an alternative.

3. Member States shall ensure that a long-term non-national resident of an EU Member State shall be entitled to have the assistance of the consular authorities of that State on the same basis as its own nationals if he has good reason for not wanting the assistance of the consular authorities of his State of nationality.

Article 14

Duty to inform a suspected person of his rights in writing - Letter of Rights

1. Member States shall ensure that all suspected persons are made aware of the procedural rights that are immediately relevant to them by written notification of them. This information shall include, but not be limited to, the rights set out in this Framework Decision.

2. Member States shall ensure that a standard translation exists of the written notification into all the official Community languages. The translations should be drawn up centrally and issued to the competent authorities so as to ensure that the same text is used throughout the Member State.

3. Member States shall ensure that police stations keep the text of the written notification in all the official Community languages so as to be able to offer an arrested person a copy in a language he understands.

4. Member States shall require that both the law enforcement officer and the suspect, if he is willing, sign the Letter of Rights, as evidence that it has been offered, given and accepted. The Letter of Rights should be produced in duplicate, with one (signed) copy being retained by the law enforcement officer and one (signed) copy being retained by the suspect. A note should be made in the record stating that the Letter of Rights was offered, and whether or not the suspect agreed to sign it.

Article 15

Evaluating and monitoring the effectiveness of the Framework Decision

1. Member States shall facilitate the collection of the information necessary for evaluation and monitoring of this Framework Decision.

2. Evaluation and monitoring shall be carried out under the supervision of the European Commission which shall co-ordinate reports on the evaluation and monitoring exercise. Such reports may be published.

Article 16

Duty to collect data

1 In order that evaluation and monitoring of the provisions of this Framework Decision may be carried out, Member States shall ensure that data such as relevant statistics are kept and made available , inter alia, as regards the following:

(a) the total number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal charge, the number of persons charged with a criminal offence, whether legal advice was given and in what percentage of cases it was given free or partly free,

(b) the number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal offence and whose understanding of the language of the proceedings was such as to require the services of an interpreter during police questioning. A breakdown of the nationalities should also be recorded, together with the number of persons requiring sign language interpreting,

(c) the number of persons questioned in respect of a criminal offence who were foreign nationals and in respect of whom consular assistance was sought. The number of foreign suspects refusing the offer of consular assistance should be recorded. A breakdown of the nationalities of the suspects should also be recorded,

(d) the number of persons charged with a criminal offence and in respect of whom the services of an interpreter were requested before trial, at trial and/or at any appeal proceedings. A breakdown of the nationalities and the languages involved should also be recorded,

(e) the number of persons charged with a criminal offence and in respect of whom the services of a translator were requested in order to translate documents before trial, at trial or during any appeal proceedings. A breakdown of the nationalities and the languages involved should also be recorded. The number of persons requiring a sign language interpreter should be recorded,

(f) the number of persons questioned and/or charged in connection with a criminal offence who were deemed not to be able to understand or follow the content or the meaning of the proceedings owing to age, mental, physical or emotional condition, together with statistics about the type of any specific attention given,

(g) the number of Letters of Rights issued to suspects and a breakdown of the languages in which these were issued.

2. Evaluation and monitoring shall be carried out at regular intervals, by analysis of the data provided for that purpose and collected by the Member States in accordance with the provisions of this article.

Article 17

Non-regression clause

Nothing in this Framework Decision shall be construed as limiting or derogating from any of the rights and procedural safeguards that may be ensured under the laws of any Member State and which provide a higher level of protection.

Article 18

Implementation

1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to comply with the provisions of this Framework Decision by 1 January 2006.

2. By the same date Member States shall transmit to the General Secretariat of the Council and to the Commission the text of the provisions transposing into their national law the obligations imposed on them under this Framework Decision.

3. The Commission shall, by 30 June 2006, submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council, assessing the extent to which the Member States have taken the necessary measures in order to comply with this Framework Decision, accompanied, if necessary, by legislative proposals.

4. On the basis of the Commission's report the Council shall assess the extent to which the Member States have complied with this Framework Decision as regards implementation.

5. Regular evaluation and monitoring of the operation of the provisions of this Framework Decision will be carried out in accordance with Article 15 above.

Article 19

Entry into force

This Framework Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Done at Brussels, [...]

For the Council

The President [...]

Annex A

suspect's copy/custody record copy

Notification of Rights in the [insert language] language

You, [insert name], are a suspected person in connection with [X criminal offence].

A. Notification of rights pursuant to Council Framework Decision .../.../JAI of ...

European Union law requires all Member States of the Union to guarantee common minimum standards in respect of certain rights. These rights are listed below, together with the national rules which apply these rights and in some cases guarantee additional protection.

1. Legal advice [See footnote [48]]

[48] Member States should insert their own text covering the provisions of their national law on this right, including the provisions implementing the common minimum standard under the Framework Decision and any provisions going beyond that minimum standard.

2. Right to an interpreter [See footnote]

3. Right to translations of relevant documents [See footnote]

4. Specific attention [See footnote]

5. Communication [See footnote]

B. Other rights

The following rights are guaranteed to you under the national law of the Member State where you are.

[This section is for other rights than those set out in Box A. Member States should insert their own text in this section]

Signed: // .......................... the custody officer

// .......................... arrested person

date:

This letter is produced in duplicate, one copy is to be given to the suspect and one copy kept in the custody record.

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER

Proposal for a Framework decision on certain procedural rights in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union

Extended Impact Assessment {COM(2004)328 final}

1. Introduction

It is important for the judicial authorities of each Member State to have confidence in the judicial systems of the other Member States and in particular in their criminal justice systems. This will be all the more so when there are twenty-five rather than fifteen Member States after 1 May 2004. Faith in procedural safeguards and the fairness of proceedings operate so as to strengthen that confidence. It is therefore desirable to have certain minimum common standards throughout the European Union, although the means of achieving those standards must be left to the individual Member States.

The Commission has spent more than two years carrying out research and consultation on how EU action in this area can improve the situation, leading to the identification of five areas of concern. The consultation process carried out prior to publication consisted of a Consultation Paper posted on DG-JHA's website in January 2002 to which about 100 responses were received, a questionnaire was sent to the Ministries of Justice of the Member States and an experts' meeting was held in October 2002. After adoption of a Green Paper in February 2003, all respondents were invited not only to submit their comments in writing, but also to attend a public hearing held in June 2003. Over 100 people attended, and there were 40 oral presentations, from practising lawyers, academics, representatives of NGOs and delegates from government departments. The following is a discussion of the Commission's assessment of the different options considered for action in this field as well as their relative merits and potential impacts.

It must be noted however that the impact assessment process started relatively late: policy formulation in the area of procedural safeguards had being underway for more than a year when the decision to carry out this extended impact assessment was taken. Consequently, the influence of impact assessment on the choice of the scope and the alternatives to be proposed was quite limited - it did however add value to the policy design process by usefully assisting in the decision on the most appropriate instrument and on the parameters of intervention. Furthermore, the impact assessment did allow for a more careful consideration of the potential social, economic and environmental impacts of the proposal, in the course of the extensive consultations leading to its formulation.

It can therefore be concluded that the impact assessment process has helped in clarifying how could the EU best intervene in this most sensitive area, as well as what results this action would eventually bring about. The issue of where to focus this proposal specifically was influenced by the extended impact assessment to a lesser extent, and had to take other considerations into account.

2. What issue/problem is the policy/proposals expected to tackle?

- What is the issue/problem in a given policy area expressed in economic, social and environmental terms including unsustainable trends?

- What are the risks inherent in the initial situation?

- What is (are) the underlying motive force(s)?

- Who is affected?

The policy proposal is expected to tackle a number of interrelated and complex issues in the field of procedural safeguards. The table in Annexe n° 1 gives an overview of the main issues to be addressed and the related challenges. It identifies a number of unsustainable economic and social trends, affecting both third-country nationals and the EU at large, which require an appropriate response at EU level.

The main challenge is to increase confidence in the criminal justice system of each Member State and to enhance perception of these systems in the eyes of the public, legal practitioners, the media and governments. In view of enlargement, this mutual trust is more important than ever. Indeed, mutual trust is a precondition for all the mutual recognition measures. One example is the introduction of the European Arrest Warrant, since surrendering an own national to another Member State for trial implies a high level of trust in that Member State's judicial system.

Respect for the procedural rights of suspects and defendants in criminal proceedings is an important aspect of mutual trust. The Member States of the EU are all signatories of the principle treaty governing those rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, as are all the acceding countries, so a mechanism for achieving mutual trust is already in place. However, practice shows that within the European Union, there is a lack of consistency in the application of these rights.

In the broader context, the Commission has found it useful to launch a debate on what constitutes a fair trial. Every Member State recognises this principle as a basic right, but the content differs in practice. We have been able to examine what the minimum requirements for a fair trial are in the minds of different actors in the criminal justice system and in the views of Member States.

The specific challenges in the protection of procedural rights can be classified into five major subdivisions. These are (1) the right to legal assistance and representation, (2) the right to interpretation and translation, (3) the protection of certain potentially vulnerable groups, (4) the possibility for detained persons to communicate their whereabouts to the outside world and for foreign defendants to receive consular assistance and (5) the right to written notification of rights to ensure that each suspect/defendant is aware of his rights (the "Letter of Rights"). Evaluation and monitoring of the situation in the Member States is an essential component in order to achieve common minimum standards and to promote trust.

Legal advice

The key issue is probably that of access to legal advice. The suspect or defendant who has a lawyer is in a far better position as regards enforcement of all his other rights, partly because his chances of being informed of those rights is greater and partly because a lawyer will assist him in having his rights respected. The right of access to legal assistance and representation is prescribed by Article 6 ECHR, and yet the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights demonstrates that there are instances where this right is not complied with in the Member States.

In the Commission's questionnaire to the Member States, there was a question about access to legal assistance and representation. The arrangements in the Member States varied considerably. Differences between Member States appear in organisation, level of qualification required and payment of lawyers.

Moreover, in some Member States, legal advice on arrest is given on a pro bono basis, sometimes by junior inexperienced lawyers, sometimes even by trainees. Lawyers giving legal advice in these circumstances must be competent in order for the proceedings to comply with the ECHR. If there are not enough qualified lawyers prepared to undertake this type of work, this could be in part because the remuneration is not attractive enough.

Interpretation and translation

Defendants who do not speak or understand the language of the proceedings (either because they are non-nationals or because they come from a different linguistic region) are clearly at a disadvantage. There is every chance that they do not have any knowledge of the country's legal system or court procedures. Whatever their circumstances, they are vulnerable as a result of not knowing the language. Consequently, the right to interpretation and translation, which is enshrined in the ECHR, strikes the Commission as particularly important. The difficulty is not one of acceptance on the part of the Member States, but one of levels and means of provision, and perhaps most importantly, concern about the costs of implementation.

Ensuring that persons who are not capable of understanding or following the proceedings receive appropriate attention

It is part of the Commission's philosophy to try where possible to assist the most vulnerable members of society and this is reflected in its policies and instruments. In the consultation phase, the Commission asked experts whether it was appropriate to require Member States to provide suspects and defendants who were members of society's most vulnerable groups with a higher degree of protection as far as procedural safeguards were concerned. This suggestion was well received but it presents two substantial difficulties: (1) defining "vulnerable groups" and (2) establishing the mechanisms for offering this higher degree of protection. It was therefore decided to use the concept of "persons who are not capable of understanding or following the proceedings owing to their age or their physical, medical or emotional condition".

Communication and consular assistance

As already seen above in relation to interpreters and translators, one readily identifiable vulnerable group is that of non-nationals, both nationals of other EU Member States and of third countries. Many NGOs identify this group as one that does not always receive equitable treatment. Some considerable protection would be offered by full implementation of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR). Where foreign nationals refuse to see the representative of their government, for example, in the case of asylum seekers and refugees fleeing persecution in their State of origin and who therefore might not expect or want help from their Consulate, a recognised international humanitarian organisation could provide similar assistance.

It was also noted that detained persons should have a limited right of communication even where they were not foreigners in order to inform their family or place of employment about the detention. Accordingly, a "right to communication" should be considered with use being made of consular authorities to assist in that communication where appropriate.

Written notification of right - the "Letter of Rights"

The research and consultation carried out in the course of preparing this initiative clearly pointed to a problem of ensuring that all suspects have actual knowledge of their rights. It was repeatedly stated that if suspects were properly aware of their rights on arrest, during questioning and in all the phases of the procedure up to and including the trial, there would be fewer allegations of miscarriage of justice and violations of the ECHR. The Commission suggested that a simple and inexpensive way to ensure an adequate level of knowledge was to require Member States to produce an easily understood, written statement of basic rights (the "Letter of Rights") and to make it compulsory for all suspects to be given this written notification in a language they understand at the earliest possible opportunity and certainly before any questioning takes place.

The Letter of Rights would include both common "European" rights and also a section where specific national provisions should be listed.

Evaluation and monitoring

A key condition for successful policy implementation is to improve the tools available for monitoring and evaluation. In order to develop or enhance the effectiveness and credibility of strategies to improve the existing procedural safeguards at national and EU-level, monitoring and evaluation are crucial. Without accurate and comparable data and knowledge about the effectiveness of measures and the extent of the costs, the EU and the Member States are not in a position to know if their policies have the desired outcome. The principle that "justice must not only be done, it must be seen to be done" applies here since some Member States will be reassured by data and reports showing that Member States are complying wit their obligations. Experience has shown that even one negative report in the media can prejudice the perception of the whole of a Member State's criminal justice system.

At present there is a growing demand for evaluation of Justice and Home Affairs measures. Several contributions to Working Group X ("Freedom, security and justice") of the Convention on the Future of Europe have called for evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.

Who does the proposal address?

Given the diversity of the issues to be addressed, a wide range of groups is affected by the proposal, made up of all those who are directly or indirectly involved with the criminal justice system. The main group consists of suspects and defendants, their lawyers and their families, who rely on a fair treatment during the proceedings. Additionally, all the professionals involved in the proceedings will be confronted with the consequences of this policy. This includes police officers, translators and interpreters, judges, prosecutors, social workers, doctors, etc. Witnesses and victims will also be affected indirectly by the proposal. The scope of the policy is very wide, since anyone could be subject to criminal proceedings. Our research disclosed cases where ordinary law-abiding citizens found themselves unwittingly involved in criminal proceedings, occasionally as defendants. Consequently any EU national or national from a third country residing the EU territory is potentially affected, as well as temporary visitors from third countries.

3. What main objectives is the policy/proposals expected to reach?

- What is the overall policy objective in terms of expected impacts?

- Has account been taken of any previously established objectives?

The overall objectives of EU policy in this area are to enable European citizens to know that they can rely on the criminal justice systems of the Member States to offer protection to suspects and defendants by way of specific guarantees. In this respect, the aim is to ensure that throughout the EU, all persons encounter equivalent fair trial standards in the course of criminal proceedings regardless of the Member State in which those proceedings occur.

A more general objective was to launch a debate on what constitutes a fair trial and what sort of standards could be considered common to EU Member States. This objective was achieved during the preparation of this proposal: indeed, the Commission's preparation, research and consultation in this area (by way of a Consultation Paper, Green Paper, experts meeting and other debates in various fora) and the publicity these measures were given have encouraged Member States to reflect on their own criminal justice systems. This consideration may help the Commission to clarify the priorities for the future action.

As described above, the problem to be tackled was split into five main areas for concern: the corresponding five specific objectives targeted by this initiative are set out below.

Legal advice

The Commission supports the idea of having national schemes in the Member States that meet common minimum standards so that the general rules on eligibility are applied uniformly throughout one Member State, although of course the details of the provision remain the responsibility of Member States. This would lead to a more equitable system, since all arresting officers would be familiar with the nationally applicable provisions. If these were also explained in writing to arrested persons (see Part 6 - The Letter of Rights - below), this would lead to a situation of greater transparency and increased general awareness of the right.

In the case of newly qualified lawyers or trainees giving legal assistance to arrested persons, and indeed for all lawyers undertaking this work, there should be some form of quality control. This quality control must apply also to the preparation for trial and the trial itself. It would therefore be desirable for the Member States to establish a mechanism for ensuring effectiveness and a complaints system in the event of poor standards.

The Commission recognises that schemes that provide legal assistance and representation at the State's expense are very costly. Naturally, this begs the question whether the duty extends to those who can afford to pay for some or all of their legal costs and to persons charged with minor offences only. Some Member States apply a means test, such as "earning less than twice the minimum monthly salary" as the threshold for eligibility. Others have no threshold and deem it more expensive to assess the defendant's means than to grant legal aid without a means test. In view of the costs of the system, there might be common standards regarding the level of seriousness of the offence for which free legal representation should be provided, and whether certain trivial offences can be excluded. Then the Member States would retain the discretion to provide assistance that exceeds that agreed common minimum.

Interpretation and translation

In order to comply with the requirements of the ECHR and other international instruments, all Member States should ensure, not only that a competent interpreter is always available where the defendant does not understand the language of the proceedings but also that training, accreditation and registration of legal translators and interpreters is provided.

Cost is often mentioned as a reason why Member States do not fulfil their ECHR obligations in this respect. Member States must make funds available for this purpose. Court interpreters and translators must be offered competitive rates of pay so as to make this career option more attractive. Professional bodies representing translators and interpreters often mentioned the lack of regulation (leading to a lower status for the profession) during the consultation phase. It was deemed important to try to enhance the status of the profession.

Protection of persons who, owing to their age or their physical, medical or emotional condition, cannot understand or follow the proceedings

The Commission proposes that there be a general obligation for Member States to ensure that their legal system recognises the higher degree of protection that must be offered to all categories of vulnerable suspects and defendants in criminal proceedings. The Commission acknowledges that the assessment of vulnerability can be difficult to make and that simply using a category-based method is not appropriate. The ECtHR considers the legal aid awarding authorities capable of making an assessment of the "personal situation" of defendants in order to decide whether a person is especially vulnerable. Police and law enforcement officers could also be called upon to make this type of assessment. Examples of potentially vulnerable groups are children, foreigners, elderly persons, physically or mentally handicapped persons, persons with a low IQ etc. but this list is indicative and not exhaustive. The Commission suggests that specific and appropriate attention be offered to persons who, owing to their age or their physical, medical or emotional condition, cannot understand or follow the proceedings. The assessment of the "physical, medical or emotional condition" must be made at all relevant stages of the proceedings from arrest onwards.

Law enforcement officers should consider the question. They should be required to show, by making a written record, that they have assessed the suspect. If a finding that, owing to his age or physical, medical or emotional condition, the suspect cannot understand or follow the proceedings, they should be required to demonstrate that they have taken the appropriate steps (for example obtaining medical assistance, contacting the family, enabling the suspect to inform someone of the detention etc) to provide specific attention. They should be required to make a written note, which can be verified subsequently, of the steps they deemed it necessary to take and confirmation that those steps were actually taken.

Once the suspects is charged with a criminal offence, and becomes a defendant facing trial, any potential vulnerability, such as the need for linguistic or medical assistance, should be noted in the court record of the proceedings and in the defendant's custody record if he is kept in pre-trial detention. If it subsequently comes to light that a defendant's relevant age or physical, medical or emotional condition was either not recorded or that if a record was made, it was not acted upon, the Member State in question should provide for some recourse or remedy for the person concerned.

Communication and consular assistance

In the normal course of events, a detained person should have the right to basic communication with the outside world so that his family, dependants and place of employment are aware of the detention. Where circumstances require that the detention not become public knowledge (for example where there is a risk of alerting an accomplice still at large or that evidence may disappear) the right to communication will be adapted.

Where the suspected person is a foreigner, use should be made of the consular authorities of his home State in order to assist with the communication. Proper implementation of the VCCR could be achieved by Member States appointing a dedicated official in each Consulate to cover cases where nationals are accused of crimes while abroad. This consular official could also assist with victims of crime, since they would be required to know the local law and criminal procedure. The consular official could assist in liasing with the family of the accused, with lawyers, with any potential witnesses, with NGOs that offer assistance to prisoners abroad and if necessary in helping to organise special procedures such as appeals for witnesses.

The attraction of this idea is that it would reduce the burden on the Host State and increase the suspect/defendant's chances of getting assistance, especially assistance in a language he understands. Where foreign nationals refuse to see the representative of their government, it should be possible to contact representatives from another State that has agreed to look after their interests or an international humanitarian organisation for this type of assistance.

A consular official can provide:

- a short but simple note on the local legal system covering, for example, preliminaries to trial, trial procedures and serving sentences,

- a list of local lawyers together with details of the availability of legal aid schemes to foreigners,

- where appropriate, information regarding interpreters and translators, including informing the detainee of their right to the free assistance of an interpreter at court hearings,

- a contact point for families of detainees,

- a note on the prison system;

- details of prisoner transfer schemes, where appropriate;

- details of any relevant NGO that may be able to offer support.

Thereafter, Consular officials could visit detainees to ensure, inter alia, that the person is not being subjected to degrading or inhumane treatment, or being discriminated against because of his or her nationality.

Letter of Rights

It is important for both the investigating authorities and the persons being investigated to be fully aware of what rights exist. The Commission suggests that a scheme be instituted requiring Member States to provide suspects and defendants with a written note of their basic rights - a "Letter of Rights". Since such a measure would significantly improve the position of suspects and defendants, Member States should be required to ensure that they receive a Letter of Rights, and ideally to check that this has been done by way of a written note in the custody record.

The European Parliament has reacted favourably to the suggestion of a Letter of Rights and has proposed that a budget line (within the AGIS budget line) be made available for funding research projects to examine what the content of the Letter of Rights should be. The Commission has its own model "Letter of Rights" but further input at a later stage could be useful. Producing such a document should be inexpensive, especially once the initial costs of drawing it up had been met.

The Letter of Rights should have two parts, one for "European" rights under the proposed Framework Decision, and one part where MS should set out what national provisions exist to safeguard the rights of suspected persons.

Evaluation and monitoring

Justice and Home Affairs Commissioner Antonio Vitorino favours "enhancing[...], evaluation and monitoring mechanisms to check the real application of Union legislation at operational level" [49]. Other suggestions are an early warning mechanism for breaches of fundamental rights [50] and evaluation together with a greater involvement on the part of the ECJ.

[49] Working Group X "Freedom, Security and justice", WD 17, 15 November 2002.

[50] Working Group X "Freedom, Security and Justice", WD 13, 15 November 2002

This initiative must be accompanied with a thorough and reliable method of evaluation and monitoring since without that, and the concomitant reports, Member States cannot be offered the reassurance about other Member States' justice systems that forms the foundation of mutual trust.

4. What are the main policy options available to reach the objective?

- What is the basic approach to reach the objective?

- Which policy instruments have been considered?

- What are the trade-offs associated with the proposed option?

- What "designs" and "stringency levels" have been considered?

- Which options have been discarded at an early stage?

- How are subsidiarity and proportionality taken into account?

Proportionality and subsidiarity

It is appropriate to consider the argument that the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality dictate that Member States should be entitled to exercise autonomy in this area and that action at EU level should not go beyond what is necessary. Article 5 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (which applies here by virtue of Article 2 of the TEU) provides:

"The Community shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty and of the objectives assigned to it therein.

In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.

Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty."

The subsidiarity principle is intended to ensure that decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen and that, if action is taken at EU level, it is justified, having regard to the options available at national, regional or local level. This means that the EU should not take action unless to do so would clearly be more effective than action taken at national, regional or local level. It is closely bound up with the principles of proportionality and necessity, which require that any action by the EU should not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the Treaty. The measure adopted must be the least restrictive that could be adopted in the circumstances and the ends must justify the means.

The Commission considers that in this area only action at the EU level can be effective in ensuring common standards. To date, the Member States have complied only on a national basis with their fair trial obligations, deriving principally from the ECHR. This has led to discrepancies in the levels of safeguards in operation in the different Member States. It has also led to speculation about standards in other Member States and on occasion, there have been accusations of deficiencies in the criminal justice system of one Member State in the press and media of another. This could be remedied by the adoption of common minimum standards. However, any Commission proposals would take account of national specificities. The Action Plan of the Council and the Commission on how best to implement the provisions of the Treaty of Amsterdam on an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice [51] states that: "the principle of subsidiarity, which applies to all aspects of the Union's action, is of particular relevance to the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice".

[51] OJ C 19/1 of 23.1.1999

Great care will be taken not to encroach on matters that remain best covered at the national or regional level.

As regards the specific objectives of the TEU, which form the legal basis and the justification for this initiative, the relevant provisions are:

Article 31 TEU:

"Common action on judicial cooperation in criminal matters shall include:

(a) facilitating and accelerating cooperation between competent ministries and judicial or equivalent authorities of the Member States in relation to proceedings and the enforcement of decisions;

[..]

(c) ensuring compatibility in rules applicable in the Member States, as may be necessary to improve such co-operation;[...]" which must be balanced against:

Article 33 TEU:

"This Title [Title VI] shall not affect the exercise of the responsibilities incumbent upon the Member States with regard to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internal security".

The Commission takes the view that "ensuring compatibility" between the Member States is of paramount importance and that this can only be achieved by action at the EU level.

However, some Member States informed the Commission during the consultation phase that they consider that this measure infringes the subsidiarity principle and that the organisation of the criminal justice system remains a matter of sovereignty. The Member States taking that view point to the existence of the ECHR as an instrument that sets the "common minimum standards" and argue that Member States are free to decide how to implement that convention in their domestic legislation. They consider that the European Court of Human Rights offers sufficient remedy to those whose fair trial rights have been violated. Some Member States also contend that setting common minimum standards at EU level will lead to a lowering in standards in some countries as certain countries will interpret EU legislation as authority to treat "minimum standards" as sufficient.

Policy options

1) No policy change

The first option considered would be to do nothing and carry on with the existing, purely nationally based safeguards and the safety net of the ECHR and European Court of Human Rights.

More and more people are travelling, living or studying abroad and are therefore potential suspects and defendants and also potential victims of crimes committed in a country other than their own. Given the tendency towards greater movement of persons, the no-policy change option would lead to the increased involvement of foreigners in criminal proceedings and the concomitant potentially insufficient protection of foreign suspects and defendants. A lack in consistency of procedural safeguards and the lack of a relevant instrument means that the EU would be unable to protect them adequately against unfair treatment. Since any EU citizen or third country national could, even unwittingly, become involved in criminal proceedings while residing in another country, it is important to ensure that he receives treatment equivalent to that received in his home country.

Consequently, the no-policy change option could also have negative economic impact for the EU as whole. People might be deterred from moving to other Member States for employment purposes (or to a lesser extent, tourism) if they risk criminal procedures which they fear would not be equivalent to their own, should they find themselves involved in criminal proceedings. Moreover, the perceived potential negative impacts stemming from the measures in the Mutual Recognition Programme, and the implementation of the European Arrest Warrant in particular, would stay unsolved. (See section 5.1. below.)

The EU has sometimes been accused of being too "prosecution oriented" and of emphasising the "security" side of the equation at the expense of the "justice" side. It is important to dispel this misconception. A no-policy option in this specific field would give the wrong message. It should be noted that this is not a cosmetic exercise to answer the Commission's critics. There has been a very real commitment to a measure of this sort, and to ensuring a fair balance between prosecution and defence since Tampere. This measure has involved a lot of research and consultation, which is why it has taken longer than some "prosecution oriented" measures but this does not illustrate a lesser commitment to protecting defence rights.

Finally, enthusiasm in the media, from practitioners' organisations, the European Parliament and other quarters was such that the no-policy option could have led to charges of the EU, having floated the idea of this measure, defaulting on its duty if the Commission did not follow up with a proposal.

Hence, for all the reasons set out above, the no-policy change scenario was ruled out.

2) A wide-ranging proposal

A second option consists in creating a wide-ranging instrument that covers all the different aspects tackled in the initial Consultation Paper (about 20 different potential components of a "fair trial"). This would embrace the standards to be applied throughout the EU in criminal proceedings, from the moment an individual first becomes a suspect, throughout the investigation, trial and the post-trial period (detention or other sanction, and any appeal). As well as procedural safeguards, it could cover very wide-ranging issues such as the right to bail, fairness in handling evidence, the ne bis in idem principle and the protection of victims.

However, the wide scope of the instrument would make it unwieldy. Owing to the breadth and the potential scope of such a proposal, the necessary policy design and indeed decision-making processes would be extremely lengthy. Moreover, the subjects would be too disparate to unite in one instrument. In the same way that several instruments are needed to implement the prosecution oriented measures of the Mutual Recognition Programme, it is also the case that defence rights need to be tackled in a logical and structured way, taking topics that are related to each other in a single instrument, and topics that stand alone separately. Explaining why action is justified at EU level for each of the different areas of defence rights can involve different arguments. It is therefore politically easier as well as logistically simpler to make the proposals in a series of stages with rights that are consistent with each other presented in a single instrument and unrelated rights presented separately.

Finally, wide-ranging legislation is very difficult for the Member States to implement in one go.

Consequently, it is clear that this is not an option either.

3) Proposal initially limited to "basic" safeguards in the first instance, with a commitment to cover all the areas mentioned in the Consultation Paper as part of a programme over the next few years.

Some of the areas which could have been covered in a wide-ranging proposal warrant separate measures of their own in order to do them justice. These are primarily the right to bail (provisional release pending trial), the right to have evidence handled fairly, the question of jurisdiction and the related ne bis in idem principle and default judgments. Additionally, the protection of victims has already been covered in a separate instrument [52] and in the area of judicial co-operation in civil matters, work is underway on compensation to victims of crime.

[52] Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings OJ L 82/1 of 22.3.2001

The work on the right to bail (which also covers detention conditions) is an important and substantial area, which requires separate consideration: it was separated from the work on other safeguards at an early stage. It forms the subject-matter of a measure in the Mutual Recognition Programme (measure 10) and would be more appropriately dealt with as a single issue - a Green Paper in this area is forthcoming.

Also expected this year is a Green Paper on approximation, mutual recognition and enforcement of criminal sanctions in the EU. This is designed to ensure equality of treatment for convicted persons throughout the EU so that, for example, those sentenced in a Member State other than their own are not discriminated against by virtue of their foreign nationality.

Fairness in handling evidence actually covers many rights and many aspects of the proceedings. It soon became clear that all evidence based safeguards should be covered together in a separate measure as the subject of evidence was too vast to cover in a Green Paper that already proposed several rights. The Commission therefore decided to devote more time and a specific study to this topic as soon as the first stage of the procedural safeguards work was completed. We have now started work on a study of safeguards in fairness in gathering and handling of evidence. This will cover, inter alia, the right to silence, the right to have witnesses heard, the problem of anonymous witnesses, the right to disclosure of exculpatory evidence, how the presumption of innocence is to be understood (whether there are circumstances where the burden of proof may be reversed) and many other aspects of the law of evidence.

As far as the protection of victims is concerned, several actions have already been carried out. In May 1999, the Commission adopted a Communication entitled 'Crime victims in the European Union - standards and action' to improve access to justice for victims of crime in the European Union and to protect their rights. This Communication deals with the prevention of victimisation, assistance to victims, the standing of victims in the criminal procedure and compensation. On 15 March 2001, the Council adopted a Framework Decision on the Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings with a view to harmonising basic rights for victims of crime within the all territory of the EU. On 16 October 2002, the Commission issued a proposal for a Council Directive on compensation to crime victims.

Given the fact that these issues are very substantial, and warrant separate measures owing to the extent of their impact, it makes sense not to deal with them in this proposal.

Another important factor was the limitations imposed by the legal basis for the measure, namely Article 31 TEU which provides as follows:

"Common action on judicial cooperation in criminal matters shall include:

(a)facilitating and accelerating cooperation between competent ministries and judicial or equivalent authorities of the Member States in relation to proceedings and the enforcement of decisions;

(b) facilitating extradition between Member States;

(c) ensuring compatibility in rules applicable in the Member States, as may be necessary to improve such cooperation;

(d) preventing conflicts of jurisdiction between Member States;

(e) progressively adopting measures establishing minimum rules relating to the constituent elements of criminal acts and to penalties in the fields of organised crime, terrorism and illicit drug trafficking."

This provision, upon which the Commission relies as justification for this action, is open to interpretation and it became clear that there was no agreement that this was a sufficient legal basis for a proposal on procedural safeguards. Consequently, the Commission decided to make a fairly modest, realistic proposal that would be more readily acceptable.

The choice was therefore made to start with a proposal covering basic rights that was capable of being the subject of unanimous agreement, and to cover all the other relevant areas piecemeal at a later date.

Within this policy alternative, a choice had to be made between the different instruments foreseen in Article 34 TEU. This question is important in the light of their different levels of constraint (that is to say, how binding are they on Member States?) and mechanisms for ensuring compliance. The Commission's underlying concerns were to achieve a concrete result, in the shortest possible time, which would be consistent with the philosophy of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and the Tampere Conclusions.

a Common position

Common positions are binding on the Member States, who "shall ensure that their national policies conform to the common positions". Nevertheless, no enforcement mechanism is foreseen when a Member State neglects its obligations. Moreover, the European Court of Justice has no jurisdiction regarding this type of instrument. Hence, the option to adopt a common position was discarded.

b Convention

When how to achieve adoption of the European Arrest Warrant was considered, the option of using a convention was considered. Likewise, a convention might have been a way to achieve common minimum standards for procedural safeguards. However, since this instrument requires ratification by the Member States, it does not guarantee early implementation, and Member States that do not agree with it could refuse to ratify it. It could take a long time to come into force and might fail to achieve uniformity of standards. Consequently it was deemed inappropriate here.

c Framework Decision

A Framework Decision has the advantage that recourse to the European Court of Justice is possible on the basis of Art. 35 TEU. Secondly, only implementation in national legislation is required. The Commission retains a role in supervising and monitoring the implementation in national legislation.

It also seemed logical to use the same type of instrument as that used for the European Arrest Warrant. The arguments had been rehearsed in the context of the European Arrest Warrant and the Framework Decision was the instrument of choice for that measure.

5. What are the impacts - positive and negative - expected from the different options?

- What are the expected positive and negative impacts of the options selected, particularly in terms of economic, social and environmental consequences, including impacts on management of risks? Are there potential conflicts and inconsistencies between economic, social and environmental impacts that may lead to trade-offs and related policy decisions?

- How large are the additional ('marginal') effects that can be attributed to the policy proposal, i.e. those effects over and above the "no policy change" scenario?

- Are there especially forceful impacts on any social group, economic sector (including size-class of enterprises) or region?

- Are there impacts outside the European Union on the Acceding Countries and/or other countries ("external impacts")?

- What are the impacts over time?

5.1. The impacts of the different policy options

5.1.1. No policy option:

As pointed out in point 4 above, in the context of the implementation of the EAW, concerns about the level of protection of fundamental rights in EU Member States are bound to increase. Indeed, the EAW presupposes a high level of trust between Member States in their criminal justice systems, and ensuring that criminal procedures safeguard individual rights would certainly contribute to increased trust. It can be said therefore that if no proposal was put forward in this area, the implementation of the EAW would be rendered more difficult and could be undermined by lack of trust between Member States.

Moreover, the EU as an area of freedom, security and justice, needs to assure its citizens that their rights will be adequately protected if they are subject to criminal proceedings in other Member States. If no policy is proposed in this field, and different levels of protection between Member States prevail, citizens may perceive the EU more as an area of "security" rather than of "freedom and justice". These negative perceptions could lead to negative reactions to European integration in this area and also generally. Ultimately, it could affect the sense of belonging to the EU and the emergence of a true European citizenship.

Negative perceptions and lack of trust could in turn affect free movement of people across the EU, labour mobility would be constrained and leisure and business travel could decrease. The economic impacts of such phenomena are difficult to assess, but they seem nevertheless to be significant, in particular they could affect the functioning of the Single Market.

Finally, it can be said that the current level of judicial errors (erroneous convictions, miscarriages of justice) could increase in the future, owing to the increasing number of criminal proceedings involving non-nationals in the EU. This increase has been noted in the recent past, brought about by a number of factors (transborder transport and better communication making transnational crime easier to commit, increased travelling, increased numbers of resident non-nationals in every Member State, etc.) - it can therefore be said that the implementation of the EAW might contribute to increased criminal proceedings involving non-nationals. If no policy or initiative is put forward to protect fundamental rights in criminal proceedings, the increase in the number of cases, and the inevitable judicial errors could lead to the malfunctioning of criminal justice systems and to an increased backlog of cases, including appeals. This situation would lead to an overload of national justice systems, affecting their credibility and causing a waste of resources. It would also have a knock-on effect of submerging the already overloaded European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg with applications.

5.1.2. A wide-ranging proposal, covering all the safeguards

If all the elements identified as safeguarding individual rights were to be addressed by a single proposal, one could consider that it would be an effective manner to design and implement policy in this field. Indeed, coherence and consistency would be easily ensured across the different areas and practitioners would have a single framework to refer to. It would also favour transparency during the decision-making process.

This policy option however would also have negative impacts. As we saw above in point 4, such a proposal would cover a wide range of issues, cutting across different aspects of criminal justice systems. A single proposal would then target a vast subject matter and audience, which would only result in a complex instrument, difficult to understand and implement.

As stated in point 4, the different elements that could have been included in such a wide-ranging proposal are already at various stages of development. Some of them, such as the right to bail, have evolved in recent months; others still require more thought, research, consultation and data collection (e.g. the fair handling of evidence). If the alternative of proposing a single proposal was selected, then action would have to be delayed until all the different aspects had been satisfactorily developed at European level. This alternative would then mean delaying the proposal of such an instrument for a number of months or even years, which would be difficult to achieve so as to be compatible with the schedule for implementation of the EAW. This alternative would risk failing to address the main challenge at the outset.

It can be concluded that the costs associated with proposing a single instrument covering all the safeguards, in terms of decision-making, responding to the challenges identified and actual implementation would certainly outweigh the advantages listed in the first paragraph of this section.

5.1.3. Instrument limited to the basic safeguards

As detailed in point 4, this alternative seems to be the most appropriate and feasible given the challenges to be addressed. Consequently, thorough consideration was given to the potential impacts of such a proposal, at different levels: on the EU economy and society as a whole, on suspects and defendants, including particularly vulnerable groups, on professionals working in the criminal justice systems and finally on victims in criminal proceedings. Economic and social impacts have been identified, both in direct and indirect terms. Adequate descriptors are given whenever possible and available quantitative evidence presented. As regards environmental impacts, it has been difficult to identify them for all the different levels of impact. Indirect impacts in this area have been included whenever relevant.

The tables annexed to this report present a schematic overview of the potential impacts, which are detailed below (section 5.2.). It must be underlined however that assessing impacts of a proposal safeguarding fundamental rights is extremely difficult and more often than not amounts to educated guesses and estimates. To try to pin down these impacts, a number of descriptors are provided, but again quantification is a difficult exercise.

5.2. Levels of impact

The tables enclosed in the report give an overview of the main potential impacts at different levels. These impacts have been identified through a series of consultations with stakeholders and brainstorming meetings - whenever possible descriptors are included, but we would like to highlight that the measurement and quantification of these impacts is rather difficult. On the basis of this conclusion, it has been decided to include the development of methods and tools for measuring impact on the monitoring and evaluation provisions (see point 6), in particular as regards the costs of implementation.

5.2.1. EU economy and society

The proposal is intended to impact at this level in terms of EU citizens' improved perceptions of the degree of protection of individual rights across different Member States, which should lead to more trust in their law enforcement and judicial systems. It is hoped this will trickle down in terms of increased mobility and free movement within the EU, with all the associated benefits in terms of economic activity.

More transparency in the judicial system will on the one hand lead to more efficiency, and on the other contribute to a better protection of individual rights. This can in turn facilitate the creation of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice which must be supported by a true civic citizenship and which European citizens must believe in.

5.2.2. Suspects and defendants

This target group is directly affected by the proposal in terms of the protection of their individual rights. In particular, the right to legal advice will have immediate impacts for this group, both in terms of a decrease in costs associated with criminal procedures and in terms of a perception of fairer access to justice. Furthermore, this impact can extend to the suspects' and defendants' families: indeed, one of the criterion to decide on granting this legal aid is that paying for legal advice would cause undue financial hardship to the family. It is clear therefore that the proposal can have direct economic impacts on the situation of suspects and defendants and their families. This perception can contribute to a feeling of belonging in the society and can thus limit the sense of exclusion suspects and defendants or even their families often experience.

Another area which will impact significantly on this target group is the provision of full translation and interpretation during criminal proceedings. In cases where suspects and defendants are not own nationals and / or do not master sufficiently the language of the proceedings or the criminal justice system, access to full interpretation and translation is vital to the equitable administration of justice. It has been reported that, on occasion, the defendant's family or acquaintances have been asked to provide interpretation, with all the risks this implies for the accurate representation of the facts and the protection of the interests of the defendant. (See for example the ECtHR case of Cuscani v. UK - judgment of 24 September 2002; where the trial Court relied on the defendant's brother to interpret and which was held to be a violation of Art. 6). If the criminal justice system provides for proper interpretation, it will serve the interests of justice, and it will increase the trust of suspects and defendants, and also of victims, in the criminal justice system. Particularly disadvantaged groups can benefit more from the provision of interpretation and translation. For example, women from certain cultural backgrounds will probably find it easier to address themselves to an interpreter, in particular if the interpreter is also a woman, rather than having to rely on male members of the family for interpretation. When minors are involved, a properly trained interpreter may also be able to interpret more accurately for them than relatives or acquaintances.

5.2.3. Professionals working in the criminal justice system

Will the policy have an impact on the main professional target groups?

>TABLE POSITION>

Nature of the impact on the main professional target groups

>TABLE POSITION>

- : increase - : decrease 0 : neutral

From the tables above, it is clear that the Commission considers that the proposed policy will have an impact on the main professions working in the criminal justice systems. It must be noted that these impacts are greater for three groups: translators, interpreters and lawyers. Overall, these impacts are positive: increases in social status and remuneration, for example.

One negative impact must however be underlined: the workload of these professionals will probably increase across the board. This is bound to impact on the capacity of criminal judicial systems on the whole, and may in fact cause some backlog at the start of the implementation of these safeguards. In the long term, this should be absorbed by the system, and it is expected that the added transparency and reduced numbers of judicial mistakes will in fact decrease the judicial backlog.

An additional impact of this proposal in these professional groups will be the increased training needs almost every area.

Given current levels of provision of qualified legal translators and interpreters and the demand for these professionals that this proposal may create, training needs are expected to be greater for these professional groups. These training needs would be at two levels:

- initial training, as the specialised training for legal translator/ interpreter is not always available as part of the standard third-degree diploma;

- continuous professional development and on-the-job training for current professionals to bring them up to standard and to ensure that they keep up to date with changes in legislation and court practices.

It is difficult to provide estimates for the increased costs of training but the monitoring provisions of this proposal will include considering the costs associated with its implementation.

5.2.4. Victims

Impacts of this proposal on victims are harder to assess, given that they will be more indirect in nature. For example, the fact that the proposal contributes to a better application of justice, with fewer appeals and hence shorter proceedings, will impact favourably on victims, who will be released from the burden of the trial earlier. Studies show victims recover from the trauma faster once there is "closure" (after the trial). Shorter proceedings also reduce costs for victims. Another possible positive indirect impact is linked to the better use (and consequent training) of consular officials, which will benefit victims of crimes who are foreigners. The consular official may provide the victim with information about the local legal system, including any compensation scheme, details of any relevant NGO which may be able to offer him support and information regarding interpreters and translators.

It should perhaps be pointed out that the proposal may also have indirect negative impacts on this target group - indeed, in a context of set resources for the criminal justice system, the costs of implementing the different safeguards put forward in this proposal may be to the detriment of the budget allocated to the protection of the interest of victims (opportunity costs). Given the necessary balance between the different interests at stake, this is a very remote possibility, but should however be flagged up.

6. How to monitor and evaluate the results and impacts of the proposals after implementation?

- How will the policy be implemented?

- How will the policy be monitored?

- What are the arrangements for any ex-post evaluation of the policy?

The implementation of the initiative on procedural safeguards for suspects and defendants in criminal proceedings throughout the European Union will take due account of the ECHR - indeed, it is hoped that as a result of this initiative, Member States will achieve better standards of compliance with the ECHR. The ECtHR cannot be relied upon as a safety net to remedy all breaches of the ECHR. This is unrealistic in view of a number of factors. The ECtHR is a court of last resort and additionally the ECtHR itself has expressed concern over its ability to handle its ever-increasing caseload. If there are repeated allegations of violations of the ECHR, the Member States should have the means to remedy them of their own motion, or better still, to reduce the chances of them occurring at all. Since the principle of mutual recognition may only be implemented efficiently where there is mutual trust, it is important that these common minimum standards be complied with for this reason also.

The level of compliance should be demonstrably high. In order for each Member State to be certain of the level of compliance in other Member States, there should be some form of reliable evaluation. Mutual trust must go beyond the perceptions of governments of the Member States - it must also be established in the minds of representatives of the media, practitioners, law enforcement officers and all those that will administer decisions based on mutual recognition on a daily basis. This cannot be achieved overnight, and cannot be achieved at all unless there is some reliable means of assessing compliance with common minimum standards across the European Union. This will be all the more so in the light of enlargement.

The Commission considers it appropriate that it should play a major role in the evaluation and monitoring process. It needs to be informed of how measures are being implemented in practice.

It would therefore seem appropriate for the Commission to extend its task of collecting information on the transposition of EU obligations into national legislation to a regular monitoring exercise on compliance. This should be on the basis of Member States themselves submitting data or statistics compiled by their national authorities and submitted to be collated and analysed by the Commission. The Commission could use the services of independent experts to analyse the data and assist with the drawing up of reports. One possible team of independent experts is the EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights. It was commissioned by DG-Justice and Home Affairs "to assess how each of the rights listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU is applied at both national and Community levels...[taking] account of developments in national legislation, the case law of constitutional courts [...] as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the European Court of Human Rights". The tasks of this network include the production of an annual report summarising the situation of fundamental rights in the context of both European Union law and national legal orders [53]. The network will report to the Commission and to the European Parliament. Since Articles 47 and 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU provide for the right to a fair trial and the rights of the defence, the network is already mandated to consider many of the provisions included in this proposal. In any event, evaluation of common minimum standards for procedural safeguards should be carried out on a continuous basis at regular intervals rather than as a once-off or on an ad hoc basis.

[53] Network of experts on the Charter appointed in July 2002, Unit A5, DG-JHA; its terms of reference are set out in Contract notice 2002/S60 - 046435, OJ S60 of 26.3.2002.

In this way, any persistent breaches will come to light, together with any patterns of standards falling below the agreed minimum.

7. Stakeholder consultation

- Which interested parties were consulted, when in the process, and for what purpose?

- What were the results of the consultation?

For the past two years, the Commission has been carrying out a review of procedural safeguards. To this end, it published a broad Consultation Paper in several languages on the Justice and Home Affairs website in January and February 2002. That paper set out the areas that might become the focus of subsequent measures and asked for comments and responses from interested parties.

At the same time, a questionnaire on various aspects of trial procedures under their own existing domestic system was sent to the Member States, to be answered by their Ministries of Justice. Using the responses to those two documents, the Commission identified the following areas as appropriate for immediate consideration:

- access to legal representation, both before the trial and at trial,

- access to interpretation and translation,

- ensuring that vulnerable suspects and defendants in particular are properly protected,

- consular assistance to foreign detainees,

- notifying suspects and defendants of their rights (the "Letter of Rights").

(The Council of the European Union has sent this questionnaire to acceding countries on its own initiative.)

Additionally the Commission's desk officer attended numerous conferences relating to these topics, both as speaker and listener. In order to get a clear view of the problem, several bilateral meetings were organised with various organisations. The organisations consulted include Amnesty International, the Law Society of England and Wales, JUSTICE, the Bar Council of England and Wales, Fair Trials Abroad, the European Criminal Bar Association, the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Union, several Members of the European Parliament and the UK Liberal Democrat Party. Although it may appear that consultation centred largely on UK based NGOs, the desk officer noted that in any open consultation procedure, UK based NGOs often responded in much greater numbers than their counterparts in other Member States. All relevant bodies who sought an audience were heard and their views noted.

After an experts meeting held on 7 and 8 October 2002 on the appropriateness of EU action in this area, a Green Paper was adopted and published on 19 February 2003, focussing on the five areas mentioned above. The Green Paper listed a number of specific questions and requested comments and observations to be received by 15 May 2003. The Commission ensured that translations into English, French and German were obtained of all the responses received before 16 May 2003. The responses that were sent between 16 May 2003 and 10 June 2003 were translated where possible. Over 70 replies were received and have been published on the JHA website at: .

In June 2003, when the Commission's services had a clearer view of the policy options available and their impacts, a public hearing was organised. All persons and organisations that had responded to the Green Paper were invited to attend, as well as representatives from the Ministries of all Member States and acceding countries. The meeting was publicised on the EU official website, giving anyone the possibility to attend if they so wished. At the hearing, national experts and NGOs concerned made a number of general observations and comments, which have been taken into consideration in the drafting of the proposal.

8. Commission draft proposals and justification

- What is the final policy choice and why?

- Why was a more/less ambitious option not chosen?

- Which are the trade-offs associated to the chosen option?

- If current data or knowledge are of poor quality, why should a decision be taken now rather than be put off until better information is available?

- Have any accompanying measures to maximise positive impacts and minimise negative impacts been taken?

There were many reasons why the European Commission launched an initiative on procedural safeguards. Important ones are freedom of movement, setting standards for an enlarged Europe and perhaps most important of all, facilitating the operation of Mutual Recognition by enhancing the mutual trust in which it is based. The rights of the defence have not suddenly appeared on the Commission's programme. They were explicitly mentioned in the Tampere conclusions [54] and have always been seen as an integral part of the Justice and Home Affairs agenda.

[54] Points 33 and 40, and implicitly in points 35 and 37.

The aim is to achieve an equivalence of protection between the Member States and not the same standards although the starting point will be "common minimum standards" leaving the Member States free to build on those in order to ensure a fair trial system within their jurisdiction. As the Commission indicated in its Communication of 14 July 1998, Towards an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice "procedural rules should respond broadly to the same guarantees ensuring that people will not be treated unevenly according to the jurisdiction dealing with their case".

As regards, freedom of movement - the EU encourages its citizens to move around freely, for work or other reasons. Employment and social security provisions make it easier to find work. European citizens and residents should reasonably be entitled to expect to encounter equivalent standards in respect of safeguards in criminal proceedings wherever they go in the EU.

Options considered included attempting to cover all fair trial rights in one instrument but on reflection, this was deemed too complicated, too unwieldy and less likely to achieve the stated aim. There were also the "third pillar" constraints of putting forward a realistic proposal that could be justified under Art 31 TEU and that would be realistic in view of the unanimity rule. Consequently, a stage by stage approach was adopted, with is proposal being the first of several measures to reach the stage of a draft Framework Decision. It is important to press ahead with this measure now so that agreed safeguards are in place as soon as possible (in view, inter alia, of the timetable for implementation of the European Arrest Warrant). Any follow up and subsequent proposals may be under a new regime if the EU draft Constitution is adopted (affecting the legal basis and unanimity requirements).

To conclude, the Commission sees this measure as necessary in order to ensure the mutual trust which forms the basis of the measures set out in the Mutual Recognition programme, of which the European Arrest Warrant was the first to reach political agreement. However, a common set of minimum standards on safeguards will be necessary for all the Mutual Recognition measures, to allay anxieties about the perceived "lower standards" in other Member States and maybe in the acceding States after enlargement and to counter criticism of certain criminal justice systems in the EU. It will ensure that the fundamental rights of the European citizen are respected uniformly in this important area.

ANNEX 1 -

Problem identification:

Main challenges (not in order of priority):

- Need to build trust between MS in each other's criminal justice systems, especially in the light of the European Arrest Warrant so that law enforcement and judicial authorities respect each other's decisions and procedures

- Need to protect individual rights to a common minimum standard

- Need to take account of right to freedom of movement

- Need to reinforce citizens' trust in other Member States owing to increased mobility including for employment purposes, transport companies (e.g. lorry drivers at risk of unwittingly carrying illegal cargo), tourism (e.g. road accidents and other "innocent activities" can inadvertently lead to criminal proceedings)

- Need to deal with mobility and increasing numbers of third-country nationals in the Member States

- Need to enhance the public understanding of the different criminal justice systems

- Enlargement will introduce 10 new countries into the system - it is harder to have a basic degree of uniformity as regards common standards with 25 than with 15

- ECHR implemented (and interpreted ?) differently in different Member States

- Avoid "naming and shaming" (which already goes on between the 15, especially in the media) but concentrate on agreeing common standards

Related challenges:

1. General

- Launch a debate on what constitutes a fair trial

- Ascertain what common standards already exist

2. Legal advice

- Uneven implementation of the provisions of Article 6 ECHR as regards access to legal representation throughout the EU (not only basic provision of lawyers but when suspect first has access to lawyer - e.g. before or after first police questioning?)

- Differences in access to free legal representation for those who cannot afford to pay

- Differences in how much legal representation is provided (lawyer present for all court appearances? Prison visits from lawyer to prepare case?)

- Substantial differences between Member States in organisation, level of qualification required and payment of lawyers (e.g. reduce reliance on pro bono work, ensure that all defendants represented) NB - different systems of provision may work equally well - e.g. "public defender" system v. own lawyer so not the intention to investigate what system is best, merely to ensure minimum levels of provision

3. Interpretation and translation

- Inadequate provision of competent, qualified language professionals in criminal proceedings in which the defendant is a foreigner and/or doesn't understand the language of the proceedings. Substantial differences between Member States in remuneration of interpreters and translators

- Substantial differences between Member States in training of interpreters and translators

- Insufficient numbers of legal translators and interpreters (especially for the more unusual languages); not "attractive" profession, highly technical, low status (in most MS, translation and interpretation not considered a "profession"), rare for translators and interpreters to be employees - usually employed on a freelance basis so no job security, no holiday or sick pay, no pension and other rights that go with an employment contract

- Many respondents to Green Paper, especially those representing professional organisations of translators and interpreters called for proper training/accreditation/recognition of diplomas/continuous professional education for translators and interpreters - with both language professionals and lawyers/judges involved in the accreditation process.

- Judges and lawyers not trained in how to deal with court translators and interpreters - need to provide for training of judges, lawyers and court personnel

4. Specific attention for persons who, owing to their age or their physical, medical or emotional condition, cannot understand or follow the proceedings

- Disadvantaged situation of certain people who are in an especially vulnerable position during criminal proceedings. Suspects who for physical, medical, emotional or other reasons (such as but not limited to age, nationality, race, gender, sexual orientation, state of health, educational level etc) are in a weaker position than the average person.

- Difficulties in identifying these groups of especially vulnerable people - some categories are obvious (e.g. children) but for others the vulnerability is not immediately obvious (e.g. low IQ, certain health problems etc).

- Once a suspect or defendant has been identified as needing specific attention, certain steps have to be taken. For a child, the parents or a social worker must be alerted, for someone with a health problem, a doctor may be needed.

5. Communication and consular assistance

- A detained person should be entitled to have family members, persons assimilated to family members and any employer informed of the detention. This can be achieved by having the relevant information communicated on behalf of the detained person if there are concerns about preserving any evidence.

- Where the detained person is a foreigner, use should be made of the consular authorities to assist with the communication.

- Problems with lack of compliance with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations - law enforcement officials do not always contact the Consulate of the detained person; some detained persons choose not to have assistance even if it is offered owing to poor perception of the assistance.

6. Knowing of the existence of rights/ a "Letter of Rights"

- Other problems may arise if the detained person is a refugee or asylum seeker fleeing persecution in his home State and does not want assistance from consular officials - entitlement to have the assistance of a representative of an international humanitarian organisation

- Low awareness of the existing rights available to suspects and defendants during criminal proceedings, and as early on as arrest, (e.g. rights during police questioning)

- Difficulty in informing foreign defendants and/or those who do not speak the language of their basic rights, including the important right to a lawyer and an interpreter

- Lack of equivalence between MS in terms of protection of individual rights.

7. Evidence

- The right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty is at stake where the burden of proof is reversed in the definition of offences in a Member State

- The right to have someone informed of the detention is not always respected (anxiety that evidence will be destroyed, that suspect will alert accomplice etc.)

- Substantial differences between Member States in criteria and conditions governing self-incrimination (right to silence varies from one Member State to another)

- Cultural differences can lead to very different uses and interpretations of practices such as plea bargaining or the use of informers (e.g. pentiti in Italy)

- Discrepancies in rules governing admissibility of evidence

- Problems with prosecution failing to disclose all evidence, especially exculpatory evidence - rules vary from one Member State to another

8. Detention

- Substantial differences between Member States in criteria and conditions of bail

- Discrepancies between the Member States in relation to the right for a national of another Member State to serve any period of detention in their own Member State

- High number of persons in pre-trial detention, especially foreign defendants since they are perceived as presenting a higher risk of absconding (no community ties).

9. Ne bis in idem and lis pendens

- Lack of clarity in Article 54 Schengen Implementing Convention

- Disparities between Article 54 Schengen Implementing Convention and Article 50 Charter of Fundamental Rights

- Adapt current rules to the objective of an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

10. Evaluation and Monitoring

- Difficulties in obtaining accurate, objective information about the actual situation in a country

- Need to have information at regular intervals so that it may be updated, and any improvement or deterioration noted

ANNEX 2

How to overcome these challenges? Objectives of the proposal

Global // * Create specific guarantees to ensure the protection of individual rights

- Ensure that a person encounters equivalent standards in respect of safeguards in criminal proceedings across the EU as those in his or her Member State

- Improve trust between Member States in their criminal justice systems as well as public perceptions thereof

- New instrument will highlight existing rights

Specific // Legal advice

- Create a more equivalent situation as regards legal advice in all the Member States

- Agree common rules about when (at what point in the proceedings) the suspected person should be entitled to legal advice and in which situations that legal advice should be free (in whole or in part)

- Encourage Member States to create a mechanism for ensuring effectiveness of defence lawyers

Interpretation and translation

- Strengthen compliance with ECHR requirements in this field.

- Enhance the social situation of translators and interpreters

- Aim for an equivalent level of training in Member States

- Encourage Member States to create a mechanism for ensuring competence of interpreters and translators

Specific attention for persons who, owing to their age or their physical, medical or emotional condition, cannot understand or follow the proceedings

Ensure a higher level of protection by:

- Identifying the suspects who need specific attention

- Raising awareness of the vulnerable position of these people

- Ensuring a better training of the police officers and other actors in the criminal process

- Requiring a written record to be made of what specific attention was needed and record the fact that it was given

Communication and consular assistance

- Agreeing that there should be a basic right to communication with the outside world where a person is detained (unless circumstances dictate that this is not appropriate)

- Ensuring that detained persons have the possibility of communicating with their family, dependants and/or place of employment (if necessary through a third party if direct communication is contraindicated). Where the defendant is a foreigner, ensuring that use is made of the consular authorities to assist with such communication.

- Ensuring that consular officials in each Member State are prepared to offer such assistance and have the necessary knowledge of criminal proceedings in the host State.

- Ensuring an appropriate training of police officers

Knowing of the existence of rights/Letter of Rights

- Would a "Letter of Rights" with equivalent contents throughout the Member States, which police stations would have ready in all languages, present a simple, inexpensive solution? Text of L/R could also be available on internet in numerous languages so readily available

- Require Member States to ensure all suspects receive Letter of Rights

- During the preparatory phase, all interested groups are invited to take part in the debate about what the contents of the Letter of Rights should be (budget available for experts meeting to be held in 2004 so can involve outside experts).

- The Letter of Rights should cover both common "European" and specific national rights where relevant.

Evidence

- To include proposals for safeguards relating to evidence at this stage would be inefficient, as the proposal would be too broad and attempt to cover too many areas. The Commission plans to start work on a separate initiative covering all safeguards relating to evidence in 2004 and will develop a relevant strategy nearer the time

Detention

- Create equivalent standards on pre-trial detention and alternatives to such detention throughout the European Union

- Enable control, supervision or preventive measures ordered by a judicial authority pending the trial to be recognised and immediately enforced in another Member State

- Reduce the number of persons in pre-trial detention by covering alternatives to pre-trial detention

- Commission plans separate Green Paper on this topic, to be adopted late 2003 or early 2004.

Ne bis in idem and lis pendens

- Guarantee that citizens are not prosecuted or tried for the same acts several times

- Avoid duplication of work for prosecuting and law enforcement authorities

Horizontal // Evaluation and Monitoring

Extend the Commission's task of collecting information on the transposition into national legislation of the relevant EU obligations to a regular monitoring exercise on compliance

ANNEX 3. Potential impacts

Expected impact on the EU economy and society if the suggested policy is implemented

Target : EU economy and society

Qualitative // Descriptors

Economic impact:

Positive Indirect

- Enhanced mobility and freedom of movement owing to increased trust on the part of citizens in their freedom to move across Europe, (benefits for employment purposes, transport companies (e.g. lorry drivers), tourism

- More transparency leads to more efficiency (unnecessary appeals and people in custody, reduce backlog in courts, etc.)

- Reduce expense of holding foreign nationals in detention (pre-trial and following conviction) , reduce miscarriages of justice

Negative Direct/Indirect

- Associated implementation costs (to be included in the monitoring and evaluation measure)

- MS with no centralised systems for lawyers and translation will have to set them up; market levels of pay for lawyers and translators; Letter of Rights; training for police officers, consular services, lawyers, translators, social workers...

- Abuses of these guarantees may cause undue delay in procedures.

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- National motoring and touring organisations report the absence of sufficient procedural safeguards for their members when involved as suspects or defendants in cross border criminal proceedings across the EU

- Negative reports in the press about "unfair" criminal proceedings in other Member States (e.g. "plane-spotters' case)

Social impact:

Positive Direct

- Better respect for fundamental rights - citizens reinforced in their value system and in validity of democracy (important especially in the light of fight against terrorism)

- Increased trust between MS - can lead to more active cooperation in the judicial area, increased social cohesion and a sense of belonging

- More transparency can lead to more respect for fundamental rights, which enhances mutual recognition

- Reduce feelings of helplessness of individuals against a system perceived to be unfair

- Increased faith in channels of communication between actors in the criminal justice system

Indirect

- Increased sense of belonging in society, of being a stakeholder

- Concept of civic citizenship, may bring the EU closer to the citizens

Negative Direct/Indirect

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Environmental impact:

- More effective judicial systems will lead to more efficient use of resources.

- More fluent functioning of the criminal justice system leads to a greater efficiency in the prosecution of environmental crimes.

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Expected impact on suspects and defendants if the suggested policy is implemented

Target group: suspects and defendants

NB: All these potential impacts apply to own nationals and foreigners alike. However, it must be noted that some aspects of the proposal target mainly foreign suspects and defendants, and hence impacts on this subgroup are multiplied.

Qualitative // Descriptors

Economic impact:

Positive Direct

- Ensure better representation hence lower costs for suspects, automatic right to free assistance of translators and interpreters

- Reduce miscarriages of justice whereby innocent person wrongly convicted - economic costs (e.g. loss of job, loss of trust from employers)

Positive Indirect

- Increased awareness of rights not only on the part of suspects and defendants but also increased awareness on the part of all actors in the criminal justice system

- Better knowledge of rights and better compliance with them may lead to speedier procedures

Negative Direct/Indirect

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Social impact:

Positive Direct

- Equal access to justice in the broad sense (e.g. financial, linguistic, medical, etc.)

- Awareness of their existing rights: better protection of their fundamental rights

- Increase of independence of suspects/defendants with regards to their family

- Reduce miscarriages of justice

Negative

- Ability for suspect or defendant in bad faith to misuse the guarantees provided

- Abuses of the system may cause undue delay in procedures

//

Environmental impact:

No direct or indirect impacts

// Not applicable

Expected impact on suspects and defendants' families if the suggested policy is implemented

Target group: suspects' and defendants' families

Qualitative // Descriptors

Economic impact:

Positive Direct

- Increased faith in the criminal justice systems of all Member States so more trust both at home and abroad - reduced need to employ lawyer privately or to pay for translator or other assistance

- Fewer miscarriages of justice will lead to fewer people in prison for offences they did not commit - therefore fewer families losing potentially main breadwinner

- Legal aid: should be granted where the legal costs would cause the family undue financial hardship

Positive Indirect

- Greater labour mobility may be achieved, people more prepared to look for work abroad

Negative Direct/Indirect

- Costs of implementing the measures may lead to increased taxes or changes in financial priorities which could have a negative impact on families of suspects and defendants

//

Social impact:

Positive Direct

- Increased faith in the criminal justice system

- Increased trust in the criminal justice systems of other Member States

Negative

- //

- Family members may be asked to assist, for example to stand surety for bail , to help trace witnesses, even to translate and bear other burdens during the proceedings

Environmental impact:

No direct or indirect impacts

// Not applicable

Expected impact on professionals working in the criminal justice system if the suggested policy is implemented

Target group: translators/interpreters/police officers/lawyers/court officers/judges/social workers etc.

Qualitative // Descriptors

Economic impact:

Positive Direct

- Enhanced social status

- Greater recognition of qualifications of translators and interpreters and assistance with obtaining continuous professional development

- Greater recognition for the work of translators and interpreters

Positive Indirect:

- Better remuneration for lawyers working under criminal legal aid schemes

- Better remuneration for legal translators and interpreters

- Increased number of qualified lawyers willing to accept pro bono cases

- Increased numbers of legal translators and interpreters available to courts and police stations

Negative:

- Increased costs in terms of training.

- Increased workload for all actors in the criminal justice system

//

- In some Member States legal advice on arrest is given on a pro bono basis by trainees and students, or under the "commis d'office" system

- The GROTIUS Programme PROJECT 2001/GRP/015 has pointed out the lack of legal interpreters and translators because of the comparative unattractiveness and low status of these professions

Social impact:

Positive Direct

- Reduced criticism of criminal justice will improve the morale of all those working in the system

- Efficient working of the judicial system in and out of court as a consequence of an appropriate training and awareness of courts and legal services to interpreters and translators during interdisciplinary training

Positive Indirect

- Higher social status for translators and interpreters working in the criminal justice system

Negative Direct

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- See above GROTIUS Programme PROJECT 2001/GRP/015

- The International Federation of Interpreters reports that judges and lawyers are unfamiliar or not trained to work with interpreters and translators which can slow down the procedure

Environmental impact:

No direct or indirect impacts

// Not applicable

Expected impact on victims in the criminal justice system if the suggested policy is implemented

Target group: victims and related pressure groups

Qualitative // Descriptors

Economic impact:

Positive Direct/Indirect

- Better justice leads to fewer contested decisions. Fewer appeals lead to a quicker procedure which can help victims recover and reduce tangential costs for the victim

Negative Direct

- The costs of implementing the policy is chargeable to the justice budget - spending priorities relating to suspects and defendants means less available for compensation to victims

Negative Indirect

- The budget invested in the suggested policy will not be used for other victim centred purposes (opportunity costs)

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Social impact:

Positive Direct/Indirect

- Fewer appeals (see above) should lead to more expeditious procedures. This has a positive impact on the situation of the victim who is released from the burden of the trial. Studies show victims recover from the trauma faster once there is "closure" (after the trial)

- The proposal raises awareness of the situation of victims

- The proposals for making better use of consular officials will also be to the advantage of victims of crimes who are foreigners. The consular official may provide the victim with information about the local legal system, including any compensation scheme, details of any relevant NGO that may be able to offer him support and information regarding interpreters and translators.

Negative Direct

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Environmental impact:

No direct or indirect impacts

// Not applicable