IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-1224

Filed November 2, 2022

MAYUAL M. ANYUON,

Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, David Porter, Judge.

Applicant appeals the district court’s grant of summary disposition to the 

State on his application for postconviction relief. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Mary K. Conroy and

Stephan J. Japuntich (until withdrawal), Assistant Appellate Defenders, for 

appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Darrel Mullins, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Bower, C.J., Vaitheswaran, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2022).
2

CARR, Senior Judge.

Mayual Anyuon appeals the district court’s grant of summary disposition to 

the State on his application for postconviction relief (PCR). Anyuon claims he 

received ineffective assistance because defense counsel did not adequately

explain the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. We determine there is a 

genuine issue of material fact on this issue and conclude summary disposition was 

inappropriate. We reverse the decision of the district court and remand for further 

proceedings.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

On August 1, 2016, Anyuon was charged with possession of marijuana, 

second offense, in violation of Iowa Code section 124.401(5) (2016). An order 

continuing the pretrial conference states, “Defendant has Immigration Issues. 

Need to Consult with Imm. Atty.” Anyuon was personally served with a copy of the 

order.

On October 10, Anyuon signed a written guilty plea to possession of 

marijuana, second offense. The written guilty plea states in bold, “I understand 

that if I am not a citizen of the United States that a criminal conviction or deferred 

judgment may result in Deportation and affect re-entry into the United States or 

have other adverse immigration consequences under federal immigration laws.” 

The court accepted Anyuon’s guilty plea. He was sentenced to fourteen 

days in jail, with credit for ten days served. Anyuon did not appeal his conviction.

On March 13, 2019, Anyuon filed a PCR application. The application 

alleged defense counsel never adequately explained the immigration 

consequences of the guilty plea. He stated he was “not advis[ed] about the 
3

slightest possibility of removal from the U.S.” He also asserted that if he had been 

informed about possible removal, he would not have pled guilty. Anyuon signed 

the application and declared the facts within his personal knowledge were true and 

correct. While the PCR case was pending, Anyuon was removed from the United 

States and his whereabouts became unknown.1 

The State filed a motion for summary disposition. In support of the motion, 

the State submitted a copy of the public defender’s intake form for Anyuon that 

states Anyuon was born in South Sudan and was a permanent resident of the 

United States. The State also submitted a copy of Anyuon’s arraignment, which 

contains defense counsel’s handwritten notes:

1. I will mail you a copy of the Immigration consequences of 

crime & checklist.

2. Pay for your evaluation! You have been ordered to have it 

by [pretrial conference].

3. Contact immigration counsel about consequences of this 

case.

A copy of a document titled “Immigration Consequences of Crimes Summary 

Checklist,” and an envelope addressed to Anyuon was also submitted. 

The State provided a copy of a form signed by Anyuon, which states:

I, Mayual Anyuon understand that a foreign national arrested 

or detained in the United States has the right to contact and access 

his/her local consulate official, pursuant to Article 36 of the Vienna 

Convention on Consular Relations.

My attorney has also advised me that a criminal conviction 

may have adverse immigration consequences such as deportation, 

1 The State filed a motion to dismiss, asserting the case could not continue without 

the participation of Anyuon. The court denied the motion to dismiss, finding it 

premature at that time. The court granted Anyuon’s counsel’s request to appoint 

a private investigator to attempt to locate Anyuon. On June 6, 2020, PCR counsel 

gave notice that she received correspondence from Anyuon stating he wanted to 

proceed with the PCR action.
4

and that if I want advice on this issue I should consult an immigration 

attorney.

This copy has handwritten notes stating Anyuon was from South Sudan. There is 

an address listed in Washington, D.C. and a telephone number.2 Also, “Nikki M. 

address & phone $200.”3 A different copy of the same form was signed by Anyuon. 

A handwritten note on the document states, “[Defendant] advises he is NOT a US 

citizen—[Defendant] is here as permanent resident [Defendant] has spoken to 

immigration atty—[Defendant] wishes to enter a plea.” 

Also, the State submitted an email from one member of the public 

defender’s office to another member of the public defender’s office, dated 

October 10, 2016, stating, “[Anyuon] thought you and he went through an 

Immigration Form but I also covered i[t] with him and had him sign off as I was 

doing the plea and couldn’t verify if he had actually met with you long enough to 

have one in the file.” Additionally, the State submitted a copy of the written guilty 

plea that contains a handwritten note, stating, “[Defendant] advises he is not a 

citizen but is a permanent resident + spoke to immigration cnsl.” 

The State submitted a deposition of one of Anyuon’s defense counsel. She

stated that she discussed Anyuon’s immigration status with him. She stated that 

on the written guilty plea, “I have noted the defendant advised me he is not a 

citizen, but he is a permanent resident. And I spoke to—and he has spoken to 

immigration counsel, which is not me, obviously, but whatever immigration counsel 

2

In a deposition, defense counsel speculated this could be the address and 

telephone number for the South Sudanese consulate.

3 Defense counsel stated this referred to Nikki Mordini, a local immigration 

attorney.
5

he had at the time.” Defense counsel stated that she talked with Anyuon about the 

fact that a guilty plea could have deportation consequences. She additionally 

stated that she went over the form with Anyuon advising him he had the right to 

consult with an immigration attorney. Defense counsel stated that she 

subsequently learned another member of the public defender’s office went over 

the same form with Anyuon. She stated that Anyuon was adamant about pleading 

guilty.

PCR counsel resisted the motion for summary disposition. Anyuon claimed 

there was a genuine issue of material fact concerning whether he was adequately 

advised of the immigration consequences of a guilty plea. He stated that if he 

knew he might be deported, he would not have pled guilty. 

On September 15, 2020, the court entered an order granting the motion for 

summary disposition. The court found Anyuon’s assertions that he was not 

advised of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea were “inconsistent with 

the undisputed facts contained within this summary judgment record.” The court 

found that before Anyuon pled guilty, he was advised the immigration 

consequences could include deportation, as the written guilty plea stated, “a 

criminal conviction or deferred judgment may result in Deportation.” The court 

concluded Anyuon did not generate any evidence to support his claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel. Anyuon appeals the district court’s decision.

II. Standard of Review

“We apply our summary judgment standards to summary disposition of 

postconviction-relief applications.” Moon v. State, 911 N.W.2d 137, 142 (Iowa

2018). Summary disposition may be granted when “there is no genuine issue as 
6

to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter 

of law. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3). The summary disposition of a PCR application 

is ordinarily reviewed for the correction of errors at law, but when a PCR claim 

alleges a constitutional violation, such as a claim of ineffective assistance of 

counsel, our review is de novo. Linn v. State, 929 N.W.2d 717, 729 (Iowa 2019).

In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an 

applicant must show counsel failed to perform an essential duty and the failure 

resulted in prejudice to the applicant. Sauser v. State, 928 N.W.2d 816, 818 (Iowa

2019). “We presume counsel performed competently, ‘and the claimant must 

successfully rebut this presumption by establishing by a preponderance of the 

evidence that counsel failed to perform an essential duty.’” State v. Boothby, 951 

N.W.2d 859, 863 (Iowa 2020) (citation omitted). In guilty plea proceedings, for the 

prejudice component, the applicant must show that but for counsel’s breach of 

duty, he or she would not have pled guilty. Ennenga v. State, 812 N.W.2d 696, 

708 (Iowa 2012). 

III. Discussion

Anyuon claims the district court should not have granted the State’s motion 

for summary disposition because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to 

whether he had been advised of all of the immigration consequences of his guilty 

plea. He points out that defense counsel testified Anyuon told her he consulted 

with an immigration attorney but defense counsel did not confer with this attorney 

prior to Anyuon’s guilty plea. Anyuon asserts he was never advised of the 

difficulties he could face if he tried to re-enter the United States, or any other 

immigration consequences beyond deportation. He claims he was prejudiced by 
7

counsel’s performance because he would not have pled guilty if he knew the total 

immigration consequences of his plea.

Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.981(5) provides:

When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as 

provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere 

allegations or denials in the pleadings, but the response, by affidavits 

or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts 

showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If the adverse party 

does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be 

entered.

The State supported its motion for summary disposition with exhibits and 

the deposition of one of the attorneys representing Anyuon when he pled guilty. 

Anyuon did not present any affidavits or additional exhibits to support his claims. 

The issue then is whether Anyuon’s sworn statements in the PCR application are 

sufficient to create a factual dispute on the issue of whether he was informed of 

the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. The district court concluded 

Anyuon did not generate any evidence to support his claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel and determined summary disposition was appropriate.

The Iowa Supreme Court previously stated, “there is no requirement that a 

petitioner be allowed a hearing on allegations which directly contradict the record, 

unless a minimum threshold of credibility is met. Bare allegations do not overcome 

the presumption that the record truly reflects the facts.” Foster v. State, 395 

N.W.2d 637, 638 (Iowa 1986). The court found, however, that this principle did not 

apply when allegations in a PCR proceeding “involve matters which are entirely 

outside the record.” Id.; accord Arnold v. State, 540 N.W.2d 243, 246 (Iowa 1995) 

(“[O]rdinarily allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel that involve facts 
8

outside the record will require an evidentiary hearing.”). In these circumstances, 

summary disposition was not appropriate. Foster, 395 N.W.2d at 638.

The Iowa Supreme Court has also stated:

Finally, we have recognized that when claims of ineffective 

assistance of counsel are properly raised in a [PCR] application, “an 

evidentiary hearing on the merits is ordinarily required.” “Such a 

hearing affords the parties an opportunity to adversarily develop all 

of the relevant circumstances attending counsel’s performance, 

including those circumstances and considerations which may be 

pertinent but are not a part of the criminal record.” [The applicant’s]

claims, even if the district court deems them improbable, require that 

he be allowed to present whatever proof he may have to support 

those claims. 

Manning v. State, 654 N.W.2d 555, 562 (Iowa 2002) (citations omitted); accord

Venteicher v. State, No. 09-0825, 2011 WL 443940, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 9, 

2011).

In Jackson v. State, the applicant claimed summary disposition of his PCR 

application was improper because there were genuine issues of material fact 

concerning whether he received ineffective assistance of counsel. 

No. 10-1407, 2011 WL 3688994, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2011). Jackson 

claimed his guilty plea was not voluntary because he had been drinking alcohol 

before the proceeding. Id. at *4. “In resisting summary disposition, Jackson failed 

to point to any facts that support the allegations set forth in his PCR application.” 

Id. Despite this, the Iowa Court of Appeals determined summary disposition was 

not appropriate because Jackson’s claims arose from matters outside the record. 

Id. The court reversed the summary disposition of Jackson’s application and 

remanded for further proceedings. Id.
9

Anyuon’s PCR application alleged defense counsel never adequately 

explained the immigration consequences of the guilty plea. He affirmatively stated 

he was “not advis[ed] about the slightest possibility of removal from the U.S.” 

Anyuon also asserted he would not have pled guilty if he had been informed about 

possible removal. The PCR application was signed and verified by Anyuon. 

Additionally, Anyuon’s assertions in this case rely in part on matters outside the 

record. The record does not clearly show whether Anyuon consulted with an 

immigration attorney. Furthermore, if he did consult with an immigration attorney, 

it is not clear what information he received. We acknowledge the evidence placed 

in the record with the State’s motion. Our task when confronted with a motion for 

summary disposition, and that of the trial court below, is to determine if material 

facts are in dispute, not to weigh them. Here, there are genuine issues of material 

fact in dispute concerning whether Anyuon was adequately advised of the 

immigration consequences of his guilty plea.4 

We reverse the district court’s grant of summary disposition to the State and 

remand for further proceedings.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

4

In Diaz v. State, the Iowa Supreme Court determined defense counsel should 

inform a client “of all adverse immigration consequences that competent counsel 

would uncover.” 896 N.W.2d 723, 732 (Iowa 2017). This includes, “potential 

adverse consequences from the criminal proceedings, including removal, 

exclusion, bars to relief from removal, immigration detention, denial of citizenship, 

and adverse consequences to the client’s immediate family.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Anyuon pled guilty before Diaz was decided. Under prior law, defense counsel 

“ha[d] a responsibility to advise noncitizen defendants whether a conviction for the 

crime that is the subject of the guilty plea agreement is also a crime that renders a 

noncitizen deportable.” Id. at 729 (citing Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366 

(2010)).