# Patent

## Title
Asynchronous replication in a distributed storage environment

## Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention relate to asynchronously replicating data in a distributed computing environment. To achieve asynchronous replication, data received at a primary data store may be annotated with information, such as an identifier of the data. The annotated data may then be communicated to a secondary data store, which may then write the data and annotated information to one or more logs for eventual replay and committal at the secondary data store. The primary data store may communicate an acknowledgment of success in committing the data at the primary data store as well as of success in writing the data to the secondary data store. Additional embodiments may include committing the data at the secondary data store in response to receiving an instruction that authorizes committal of data through a identifier.

## Background
BACKGROUND
A distributed storage environment relies on geographically separate components, which may be connected by a network, to perform data storage and manipulation. A user of the distributed storage environment may desire to have data for one or more of their accounts maintained in a particular geographical location. For example, some customers may desire, for political reasons, to not have their data stored at a facility located in a particular country. Similarly, a customer may desire for their data to be stored in multiple geographical locations that are separate from one another to reduce potential availability issues surrounding a natural disaster. As a result, a customer may decide to have data maintained and/or replicated in a variety of geographical locations. Providing a methodology for maintaining data at separate locations while providing acknowledgment of successful writing of that data is provided hereinafter.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems, methods and computer storage media for asynchronously replicating data in a distributed storage environment. To achieve asynchronous replication, data received by an application at a primary data store is committed at the primary data store allowing for success to be returned back to the application from the primary data store. The primary data store may annotate this transaction with information, such as an identifier of a particular transaction. The annotated data may then be communicated to a secondary data store, which is independent of the primary data store. The secondary data store may then write the data and annotated information to one or more logs for eventual replay and committal at the secondary data store. The secondary data store may then communicate an acknowledgment of the writing of the data to its log back to the primary data store. The primary data store may communicate an acknowledgment of success in committing the data at the primary data store back to the client after receiving confirmation that the secondary data store has at least written the data to a log. Additional embodiments may include replaying and committing the data at the secondary data store in response to receiving an instruction that authorizes committal of data through an identifier.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, which are incorporated by reference herein and wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary computing device suitable for implementing embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram illustrating an exemplary geographical region within a distributed computing environment, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary storage stamp, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system for geo replication of data, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of a commit identification (commit ID), in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 6 depicts a method for determining how to handle a particular message relative to a commit ID, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system for passing data from a primary data store to a secondary data store, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram illustrating a temporal flow for an exemplary asynchronous geo replication, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram illustrating a temporal flow for an exemplary synchronous replication with an eventual consistency methodology, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram illustrating a temporal flow for an exemplary synchronous replication with a strong consistency methodology, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 11 depicts an asynchronous replication methodology from the perspective of a primary data store, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and,
FIG. 12 depicts an asynchronous replication methodology from the perspective of a secondary data store, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems, methods, and computer storage media for asynchronously replicating data in a distributed computing environment. To achieve asynchronous replication, data received at a primary data store may be annotated with information, such as an identifier. The primary data store may communicate an acknowledgment of success in committing the data at the primary data store back to the client. The annotated data may then be communicated to a secondary data store, which is geographically different from the primary data store. The secondary data store may then write the data and annotated information to one or more logs for eventual replay and committal at the secondary data store. The secondary data store may then communicate back to the primary data store an acknowledgment of the writing of the data to a log. Additional embodiments may include committing the data at the secondary data store in response to receiving an instruction that authorizes committal of data through an identifier.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a computer-implemented method in a distributed computing environment utilizing a processor and memory for geo replicating data in the distributed computing environment. The method is comprised of receiving data at a primary data store from a client. Additionally, the method may include annotating the data written to the log with a record. The record, in this example, allows for the replay of the data at a secondary data store. The method further recites writing the data to a log of the primary data store. The method is further comprised of communicating an acknowledgement of committal of the data at the primary data store to the client. Additionally, the method includes communicating the data annotated with the record to the secondary data store.
In another aspect, the present invention provides computer storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, that when executed by a computing system having a processor and memory, cause the computing system to perform a method for geo-replicating data in a distributed computing environment. The method includes receiving data at a secondary data store. The data is received from a primary data store. The method also includes storing the data to a log at the secondary data store. Further, the method includes communicating, to the primary data store, an acknowledgement that the data is stored in the log. Additionally, the method includes receiving a message having a commit ID from the primary data store. The method continues to recite determining the commit ID authorizes committal of the data at the secondary data store. The method also includes committing the data at the secondary data store.
A third aspect of the present invention provides a system for geo-replicating data in a distributed computing environment. The system is comprised of a primary data store geographically located in a first geographic region. The primary data store is comprised of a first partition and one or more logs configured to store data. The system is further comprised of a secondary data store geographically located in a second geographic region. The secondary data store is comprised of a front end application configured to route non-sequential incoming data to an appropriate partition of the secondary data store. The incoming data is communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store. The secondary data store is further comprised of a partition of the secondary data store that is configured to maintain the incoming data. Additionally, the secondary data store is comprised of a log associated with the partition, which is configured to receive the non-sequential incoming data routed by the front end application. The data may be written to the log in an order that it is received, but the data may be replayed such that it is committed at the secondary data store in a sequential manner based on a commit ID communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store.
Having briefly described an overview of embodiments of the present invention, an exemplary operating environment suitable for implementing embodiments hereof is described below.
Referring to the drawings in general, and initially to FIG. 1 in particular, an exemplary operating environment suitable for implementing embodiments of the present invention is shown and designated generally as computing device 100. Computing device 100 is but one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing device 100 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of modules/components illustrated.
Embodiments may be described in the general context of computer code or machine-useable instructions, including computer-executable instructions such as program modules, being executed by a computer or other machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handheld device. Generally, program modules including routines, programs, objects, modules, data structures, and the like, refer to code that performs particular tasks or implements particular abstract data types. Embodiments may be practiced in a variety of system configurations, including hand-held devices, consumer electronics, general-purpose computers, specialty computing devices, servers, routing devices, distributed computing devices, etc. Embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote-processing devices that are linked through a communications network.
With continued reference to FIG. 1, computing device 100 includes a bus 110 that directly or indirectly couples the following devices: memory 112, one or more processors 114, one or more presentation modules 116, input/output (I/O) ports 118, I/O modules 120, and an illustrative power supply 122. Bus 110 represents what may be one or more busses (such as an address bus, data bus, or combination thereof). Although the various blocks of FIG. 1 are shown with lines for the sake of clarity, in reality, delineating various modules is not so clear. For example, one may consider a presentation module such as a display device to be an I/O module. Also, processors have memory. The inventors hereof recognize that such is the nature of the art, and reiterate that the diagram of FIG. 1 is merely illustrative of an exemplary computing device that can be used in connection with one or more embodiments. Distinction is not made between such categories as “workstation,” “server,” “laptop,” “hand-held device,” “server,” “data store” etc., as all are contemplated within the scope of FIG. 1 and reference to “computer” or “computing device.”
Computing device 100 typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise the following non-transitory computer-storage media: Random Access Memory (RAM); Read Only Memory (ROM); Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM); flash memory or other memory technologies; CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical or holographic media; magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to encode desired information and be accessed by computing device 100. In an exemplary embodiment, the computer-readable media is a non-transitory media.
Memory 112 includes computer-storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. The memory may be removable, non-removable, or a combination thereof. Exemplary hardware devices include solid-state memory, hard drives, optical-disc drives, etc. Computing device 100 includes one or more processors that read data from various entities such as memory 112 or I/O modules 120. Presentation module(s) 116 present data indications to a user or other device. Exemplary presentation modules include a display device, speaker, printing module, vibrating module, and the like. I/O ports 118 allow computing device 100 to be logically coupled to other devices including I/O modules 120, some of which may be built in. Illustrative modules include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, and the like. It is understood that the computing device 100 may be manifested in a variety of forms. For example, portions of the computing device 100 may be physically located in a first geographic location while other portions may be physically located in a different geographical location. Consequently, it is contemplated that various devices, services, applications, and layers may be distributed across a variety of locations while still achieving the desired results traditionally applicable to the computing device 100.
With reference to FIG. 2, a block diagram is provided illustrating an exemplary geographical region (“geo region”) 200, in accordance with embodiment of the present invention. In general, a geo region is a collection of geographical locations grouped together by a political and/or governmental boundary. For example, a geo region may include the United States, a second geo region may include Europe, and a third geo region may include Asia-Pacific regions.
As will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter, a client may desire to replicate data within a particular geo region, but at different geographical location within the geo region. For example, a client may desire to maintain all of their data within the United States of America (as opposed to replicating the data in a different geo region) to be subjected to the laws governing the United States of America. But, because of a business continuity plan (disaster recovery plan), the client may require the data to be replicated in different geographical locations (“geo location”) (to be discussed hereinafter) within the United States. As a result, the data may be accessed through a geo location A 202, which may be in a first geographic location. The data may then also be replicated in a second geo location B 204, which is geographically different from the geo location A 206.
A geo location is a geographical location that holds one or more storage stamps (to be discussed hereinafter). Examples of a geo location include a Seattle, Wash., USA-based grouping of storage stamps as a first geo location and a Des Moines, Iowa, USA-based grouping of storage stamps as a second geo location. Because of the substantial physical distance between Seattle and Des Moines, should a natural disaster or other business interfering activity occur in Seattle, Des Moines may be insulated from the effects of that activity.
A storage stamp (also referred to as a “data store” herein) is a collection of physical drives or other computer-readable memory, which may be coupled to one or more processors. For example, a storage stamp may be comprised a cluster of 10-20 racks of storage that maintains 2 to 20 petabytes of storage. It is contemplated that a storage stamp has greater or less storage capacity. Storage stamps associated with a common geo location may be geographically close in proximity (e.g., within a common data center). As a result of the relatively close proximity to one another, a high level of connectivity is generally present between storage stamps of a common geo location. However, because storage stamps are generally in close proximity to one another in a common geo location, an incident that causes the loss of connectivity of one storage stamp (e.g., natural disaster) may likely affect another storage stamp within that same geo location.
Therefore, it is an aspect of the present invention to allow for the replication of data between two or more storage stamps that may be geographically separate from one another. Consequently, it is contemplated that data maintained in a first storage stamp in a first geo location is replicated to a second storage stamp in a second geo location, such that the second geo location and the first geo location are geographically separated by a sufficient distance (e.g., 100 miles, 1,000 miles, 10,000 miles, 12,500 miles, etc.). It is contemplated that the second storage stamp is within the same geo region as the first storage stamp. Conversely, it is also contemplated that the second storage stamp is in a different geo location than the first storage stamp.
Returning to FIG. 2, the geo location A 202 and the geo location B 204 are located within the common geo region 200 (in this non-limiting example). The geo location A 202 is comprised of a storage stamp 206 and a storage stamp 208. Similarly, the second geo location B 204 is comprised of a storage stamp C 210 and a storage stamp D 212. As indicated previously, it is contemplated that a geo location may have any number of storage stamps of any size.
Embodiments of the present invention contemplate having a primary geo location and a secondary geo location where data is stored for a given account, or portions of an account. A customer associated with an account may, in an exemplary embodiment, select a primary geo location (e.g., geo location A 202). Further, it is contemplated that a secondary geo location (e.g., geo location B 204) is selected for the customer based on a number of criteria, either provided by the customer or based on reliability, redundancy, and/or availability measures. However, it is also contemplated that either the primary geo location and/or the secondary geo location are selected by the customer or selected for the customer.
Turning to FIG. 3, which illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary storage stamp 300, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The storage stamp 300, in an exemplary embodiment, may be located within the geo location A 202 of FIG. 2, previously discussed. A storage stamp may be comprised of a number of partitions. A partition is a subset of the storage capacity for a given storage stamp. Therefore, data stored to a storage stamp may be identified, at least in part, based on a partition identifier of a partition that stores the data. In an exemplary embodiment, partitions may be utilized to manage one or more accounts utilizing a storage stamp. However, it is contemplated that an account may utilize two or more partitions (as will be discussed hereinafter).
The storage stamp 300 is depicted as having a partition A 302, a partition B 304, and a partition C 306. The partition A 302, in this example, maintains data associated with an account A 306 and an account B 308. The partition B 304 maintains data associated with an account C 310. The partition C 305 also includes the account A 306. In an exemplary embodiment, the account A 306 is spread across multiple partitions, such as partition A 302 and partition C 305. It is understood that any number of accounts and any number of partitions may be provided in the above example, and the illustration is provided for explanation purposes.
Geo replication of data is contemplated as occurring at a number of different levels within a distributed computing environment. For example, it is contemplated that data stored on a given storage stamp is geo replicated to another storage stamp. Similarly, it is contemplated that data associated with a particular account is geo replicated. Further, it is contemplated that data maintained in a particular partition is geo replicated. Geo replication is therefore contemplated as being able to be performed at any level of granularity within the system.
In an exemplary embodiment, it is contemplated that geo replication occurs at the account level such that an account will have a primary geo location and one or more secondary geo locations assigned thereto. Geo replication at the account level may be important to allow the geo failover for a specific storage account that wants to migrate from one geo location to another geo location. Additionally, geo replication at the account level may allow a customer to turn on or turn off geo replication for a particular account to save resources (e.g., space, money). Further, it is contemplated that replication (e.g., geo replication) may be turned on or off for a portion of data associated with an account.
Turning to FIG. 4 illustrating a block diagram of an exemplary system 400 for geo replication of data, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The system 400 is comprised of a primary data store 402 and a secondary data store 404. The primary storage stamp is comprised of a plurality of partitions, such as a partition server A 408 and a partition server B 410. The partition server A 408, in this example, is comprised of a memory table 412 and a log 414.
In an exemplary embodiment, a partition server may be comprised of a plurality of memory tables and/or a plurality of logs. For example, a partition may be comprised of an update log, a block log, a page log, and/or a geo message log. In an exemplary embodiment, a log is located within a stream layer of a distributed computing environment such that the log is a discrete data stream that is append only.
A log stream may be relied upon to re-establish data of a storage stamp following a failure of a portion of a storage stamp (e.g., a storage node). For example, data may be committed to a storage stamp at a particular partition, but following the failure of the partition, the state of the partition is recreated, at least in part, by replaying one or more logs associated with that partition. Data may not be “committed” to a particular storage stamp until it is replayed (e.g., written into) one or more logs of the storage stamp. A distinction, in an exemplary embodiment, exists between data that is merely stored or written to a data stamp and data that is committed to the data stamp. For example, data may be written to a log of a storage stamp, but that data is not accessible to a client until the data is committed to the storage stamp. Committal of the data from a log, in an exemplary embodiment, may occur by the playing (or replaying) of the data from the log in order, which may not be strictly sequential, but instead merely in order.
As will be discussed hereinafter in more detail, data may be received in a non-sequential manner. However, it may be desired to commit the data in a sequential manner. In an exemplary embodiment, it may be desired to maintain the non-sequentially received data in a log until a portion of the data can be committed to the storage stamp in a sequential manner.
Returning to FIG. 4, the system 400 is comprised of a network 406. The various components of system 400 may communicate with each other via the network 406, which may include, without limitation, one or more local area networks (LANs) and/or wide area networks (WANs). Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet. For example, in a distributed computing environment, it is common to allow for the communication of disparate components through a network. As such, the network 406 is not discussed in greater detail herein.
The secondary data store 404 is comprised of an XFE 424 (also referred to as a front end), a partition server C 420, and a partition server D 422. The partition server C 420, in this example, is comprised of a GML 428 (also referred to as a geo message log), a memory table 432, and a log 434. As previously discussed with respect to the partition server A 408, it is contemplated that one or more memory tables and/or one or more logs may be utilized in a given partition.
The XFE 424 is a front end service for a given stamp. Among other functions that an XFE is configured to handle, the XFE processes an incoming geo message, a message passed from one storage stamp to another storage stamp for geo replication purposes, to ensure the data received by the XFE is intended to be committed to an associated storage stamp. An XFE may also inspect transactions present in a geo message to identify a particular partition within the storage stamp to which the data is to be committed. An XFE may also be responsible for forwarding a geo message onto an appropriate partition and/or log, receiving acknowledgments of storing/committal of data, and/or providing an acknowledgment to one or more senders of the data as to the status of the data.
The GML 428 is a geo message log. In an exemplary embodiment, a geo message is written almost immediately, upon receipt at a secondary data stamp, in a GML. This near immediate writing of the geo message may allow for the secondary data store to provide an acknowledgement back to a supplying primary data store that the data has been written durably (but may not have yet been committed) at the secondary data store. In this example, the primary does not have to wait for the re-execution of some of the geo-transactions (e.g. portions of the geo message) on the secondary data store for success to come back. Consequently, the geo message is written to the GML, and then replayed a later time.
This process of utilizing the GML may decouple the primary data store from the secondary data store because the primary data store will not have its sending of geo messages blocked if there is a delay in replaying of the geo message on the secondary data store. In an exemplary embodiment, this may be important because if the primary is blocked, then it could start to backup. However, when the secondary data store is keeping up with the primary data store, the geo messages may be replayed directly from memory without having to use or, at least, read back from the GML.
It is contemplated that a GML may be bypassed completely in an exemplary embodiment. Instead, incoming geo messages may be written directly to one or more logs of the partition that directly support committing of data to the partition (or a check pointing process).
An exemplary flow of data to be geo replicated is illustrated with FIG. 4. For example, data 416 is received at the primary data store 402. In this example, the data 416 may be from a client (e.g., an application, a service, a program, etc.). Depending on if the data 416 is associated with an account, in this example, that requires asynchronous, synchronous with eventual consistency, or synchronous with strong consistency methodologies, the flow may be altered. However, for purposes of a general discussion, an asynchronous methodology is illustrated with FIG. 4. It is understood that the flow of data may be altered for other types or configurations of geo replication.
An account control unit (“ACU”) may be configured to identify what accounts and what information within an account is intended to be geo replicated and how it is intended to be geo replicated. For example, an ACU may inspect the data 416 at the primary data store 402 to determine that the data 416 is associated with an account that desires asynchronous geo replication (for example). Each data stamp may have an ACU to control accounts at that stamp. For example, the Primary 402 has an ACU P 409, while the secondary has an ACU S 421.
In an exemplary embodiment, the ACU is a service running at each stamp. The ACU may be responsible for executing a sequence of operations at each storage stamp to perform replication processes. For example, the ACU may be responsible for turning replication on and off for an account at an associated storage stamp. As will be discussed hereinafter, a location service 403 may communicate with an ACU to issue high-level directives for various replication processes. For example, the ACU may communicate with a table master to execute various operations, such as partition splitting, merging, and replicating. The ACU may also receive other commands from the location service, such as a migration initialization command, a bootstrap command, or other replication oriented commands. An ACU may also track the progress of each command being performed on an account. The location service may then retrieve or receive updates from the ACU as to how the various stamps are progressing with their commands.
The location service 403, as indicated above, may be responsible for controlling high-level functions of replication. For example, a location service may maintain replication and migration assignments (e.g., what stamp is a primary and what stamp is a secondary for a given account). The location service may also serve as the highest authority in control of account replication. The location service, which may be computing device or a set of processes running in a computing environment, may be responsible for adding replication and migration states for storage accounts that are replicating/migrating between stamps.
In an exemplary embodiment, the location service 403 performs all storage account create, delete, and update transactions for all storage stamps that are a primary and/or a secondary for a given account. In this example, the location service 403 is able to maintain storage account information consistent across different stamps for the storage account, which may include create/delete account, change account permissions, and updating the account key for changing a domain name of an account. Further, the location service may communicate with a front end (e.g., XFE 424) and/or an ACU (e.g., ACU S 421) at a stamp to control and monitor operations at the stamp(s) for replication processes. Therefore, the location service 403 may be responsible for managing the overall process of replication while an ACU at each stamp may be responsible for communicating with the location service and monitoring performance of desired operations at a particular stamp.
As will be discussed hereinafter, the data 416 may be annotated with one or more records to facilitate replay of the data at the secondary data stamp (see later discussion of geo message annotated records). The annotated data, in this example, is data 418, which is communicated from the primary data store 402 to the secondary data store 404 by way of the network 406. The XFE 424 of the secondary data store 404 receives the data 418, which may be in the form of a geo message. The XFE 424 may then identify a transaction (e.g., portion within the data 418) that should be written to the GML 428 of the partition server C 420. For example, an account associated with the data 418 may be committed to the partition server C 420.
The portion of data communicated from the XFE 424 to the GML 428 is data 426. The data 426 may then be written (e.g., persisted) to the GML 428 for later committal to the partition server C 420. In this exemplary asynchronous geographical replication model, data replayed from the GML to be committed to the partition server C 420 is data 430. Data 430 may be a portion of data 426 or it may be a combination of a plurality of previously received data that are replayed in an ordered (e.g., sequential) manner for committal to the partition server C 420 through the entry of data 430 in the memory table 432 and/or the log 434. Further, it is contemplated that transactions (e.g., data) may be replayed out of order when the transactions replayed out of order are not dependent upon one another. This out-of-order replay allows for replay to occur at a faster rate. However, it is also contemplated that batch transactions, in an exemplary embodiment, requires the entire batch to be replayed or none of the batch to be replayed.
Returning to the GML 428. An acknowledgement 436 may be communicated from the GML 428 (or on behalf of the GML 428 by a service or control unit) to the XFE 424 indicating that the data 426 has been written to the GML 428. As a result, the XFE 424 (or on behalf of the XFE 424 by a service or control unit) communicates an acknowledgment 438 of the persistence of the data 416 (or data 418, or data 430) to the secondary data store 404. As will be discussed hereinafter, a commit ID may be updated, generated, and/or communicated from the primary data stamp as a result of receiving the acknowledgment 438.
In an exemplary embodiment, the data communicated from the primary data store 402 to the secondary data store 404 is in the form of a batched geo message. A batched geo message includes a number of transactions that may be destined for different partitions. The XFE 424 may identify the various transactions within a batched geo message and forward the appropriate transactions to the appropriate partitions, in this example. Continuing with this example, once the XFE 424 receives success from all of the partitions to which it sent transactions from the geo message, the XFE 424 may send the acknowledgment 438 to the primary data store 402 (or a particular primary that was a source of the geo message). At this point in the example, the data at the secondary data store 404 may not have been replayed from the GML 428 into one or more other logs (e.g., update log, blob log), which may occur later asynchronously. The primary data store 402 (or a source partition of the primary data store 402) may maintain the acknowledgements have been received back for a set of epoch # and/or sequence #'s (to be discussed hereinafter). Based on those acknowledgments received, the primary data store 402 determines if the commit ID can be advanced for inclusion with future geo messages.
The foregoing examples are provided to introduce concepts that will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter.
It should be understood that the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 4 and other arrangements described herein are set forth only as examples. Other arrangements and elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, functions, orders, and grouping of functions, etc.) can be used in addition to or instead of those shown, and some elements may be omitted altogether. Further many of the elements described herein are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination and location. Various functions described herein as being performed by one or more entities may be carried out by hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory.
Each of the components shown in FIG. 4 may be any type of computing device, such as computing device 100 described with reference to FIG. 1, for example. It should be understood that any number of data stores, partition servers, front ends, logs, networks, and/or memory tables may be employed within the system 400 within the scope of the present invention. Additionally other component not shown may also be included within the system 400.
Accordingly, any number of components may be employed to achieve the desired functionality within the scope of embodiments of the present invention. Although the various components of FIG. 4 are shown with lines for the sake of clarity, in reality, delineating various components is not so clear. Further, although some components of FIG. 4 are depicted as single blocks, the depictions are exemplary in nature and in number and are not to be construed as limiting.
Turning to FIG. 5, illustrating a block diagram of a commit identification (“commit ID”) 500, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A commit ID is an identification utilized to ensure sequential committal of data during replication. Because embodiments of the present invention do not require the sequential communication of data (or receipt of data), a commit ID is utilized to ensure sequential committal of the data in a storage stamp. A commit ID may specify how far the destination partition can commit the geo messages/transactions (data) for that storage stamp and/or partition range (e.g., a commit ID may be different across different partitions). The commit ID may include (as illustrated in FIG. 5) a stamp ID 502, a partition number (#) 503, a partition range 504, an epoch number (#) 506, and/or a sequence number (#) 508. It is understood that a commit ID may contain more or fewer portions of information. However, in an exemplary embodiment, a commit ID contains at least an epoch # and a sequence #.
The stamp ID 502 is an identifier of a source stamp. For example, a stamp ID may uniquely identify a primary storage stamp supplying data to a secondary data stamp. The partition range 504 represents, in an exemplary embodiment, a source key range to which the commit advancement is to be applied (e.g., a range of items that may be committed on a secondary data store). However, the partition range can be different than the source partition's key range or different from the partition range in a message ID, if the partition is committing in a parent's region but sending the transactions from its region.
An epoch # and a sequence # are sequential values that increase, but there may be gaps in them (e.g., a valid sequential order may include 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 . . . ). An epoch # may be conceptually thought of as a chapter number and the sequence # may be thought of as a chapter's page number that starts over with each new chapter. As a result, a particular transaction or a particular partition may be identified utilizing an epoch # and a sequence #. The epoch #506 represents an instance of the partition the commit is coming from (or associated with). The partition #503 represents the current live instance of a partition being served. Each time a partition is loaded, this # is increased.
The sequence #508 (seq #) represents the latest sequential transaction to be committed. This tells a secondary storage stamp, that all transactions up to that epoch # and seq # can be committed on the secondary storage stamp. The epoch # changes every time there is a split or merge of the partition. To allow out of order and parallel sending of geo messages (e.g., data) to the same secondary data stamps, the commit ID for a given transaction (transaction X) will be sent from the primary to the secondary after an acknowledgement for the geo message with the transaction is received from the secondary and acknowledgements for all other geo messages with earlier transactions than the transaction X are received from the secondary.
Similarly related to a commit ID, a geo-message may be comprised of a stamp ID, a partition # and partition key range. These are associated with the overall geo-message. Further, a geo message may also be comprised of one or more transaction. In this example, each transaction has an epoch # and sequence #. In this example, the epoch # and sequence # is unique at the transaction level, whereas the stamp ID and the partition # is at the geo message level.
A commit ID may accompany data sent from a primary data stamp to a secondary data stamp. For example, each geo message sent from a primary (data stamp/store) to a secondary (data stamp/store) may include a commit ID from the primary. Therefore, the primary may be piggybacking onto a given communication an identifier authorizing sequential data up through a given commit ID to be committed at the secondary. In an exemplary embodiment, the commit ID indicates the largest consecutive transaction that has been written to a GML at the secondary for which the primary has received an acknowledgement back as to the writing of the transaction to the GML. Because an acknowledgement has been received from the secondary, the primary can ensure that data at least through the commit ID is persisted to at least the GML of the secondary (if not already committed at the secondary).
However, it is also contemplated that a commit ID is communicated at defined intervals or at defined periods of inactivity in commit ID communications to allow a secondary to make progress in committing data. This ensures that the latest commit ID for a source partition of a primary is sent to all of the partitions on a given secondary that may include a portion of the source partition's data. Consequently, the destination's partitions can make progress on committing the pending transaction waiting to be replayed from a GML.
An example of how a secondary may utilize a commit ID for the sequential committal of data is illustrated in the exemplary block diagram of FIG. 6, representing a method 600 of determining how to handle a particular transaction relative to a commit ID, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. In this example it is assumed that a geo message is written to the GML of the secondary and a commit ID is received that is then evaluated to determine which geo messages are to be committed to the secondary from the GML.
At a block 602, a determination is made if a partition number of a geo message is more than a current commit ID. For example, a geo message may include a message ID that is comprised of a partition # identifying a source of the geo message. Similarly, a transaction within a geo message may have an epoch # and a sequence # associated with it. If the partition number of the geo message is more than the partition number of the commit ID, then the geo message may be ignored, as indicated at a block 604. As used here, “ignoring” of a geo message may merely mean that the geo message is not in a state to be committed (lack of prior sequential geo messages). In an exemplary embodiment, a partition # is used when a partition is reloaded to allow a secondary data store to ignore duplicate transactions for replay. When a partition is reloaded on the primary data store, it increments its partition # and the partition starts sending messages again from a last commit ID. Every geo message, in this example, has a partition # sent with it. The commit ID also has a partition #, which is a current partition # at the time of sending the commit ID.
A commit ID, in an exemplary embodiment, tells a secondary replay engine, an engine associated with the secondary data store that replays data, to do at least the following: (1) for any geo-messages that has a lower partition #, only replay the transactions up to the commit ID's epoch # and sequence #, (2) ignore all other transactions from the lower partition # if they have a higher epoch #/sequence #, since those are duplicates and will be resent from the primary partition.
However, if the determination of block 602 results in the partition number of the geo message not being greater than the current commit ID, the analysis moves to a block 606. At the block 606 a determination is made if an epoch # of each transaction in the geo message is more than the current commit ID. If the epoch # of the transaction is greater than the current commit ID, then those transactions may be ignored, as indicated at a block 608.
However, if the epoch number of the transaction is determined at block 606 to not be more than the commit ID, a determination if the epoch # of the transaction is equal to the commit ID is performed at a block 610. Because an epoch # may be changed with a split or merge of a partition, a lower epoch # indicates that all geo message transactions prior to the greater epoch number where persisted in a log (e.g., GML) of the secondary. Consequently, any geo message transactions persisted at the secondary that have an earlier epoch # than the commit ID's epoch # are committed to the secondary, as indicated at a block 614.
However, if the epoch number of the geo message is equal to the commit ID's epoch #, a determination if a sequence # of each transaction is more than the current commit ID's sequence # is performed, as indicated at a block 612. If the sequence number is greater than the commit ID, the geo message may be ignored. But, if the sequence # of the transaction in the geo message is not more than the current commit ID, then the transaction can be committed, as also indicate at the block 612. All transactions up to the largest sequence #s of the current epoch number of the commit ID are committed to the secondary, as indicated at the block 614.
Message IDs and Commit IDs may include an epoch # and a sequence #, as discussed above. A source partition, such as a partition from a primary data store, may have the following interactions with the epoch # value and the sequence # value. In an exemplary embodiment, each time a partition is loaded, split, or merged, the epoch # that is used for that resulting partition is set to be greater than the prior epoch # for a parent partition. However, it is contemplated that the epoch # for a partition will not change when the partition is still loaded. In this example, whenever an epoch number is changed (e.g., increased), the sequence number is reset to an initial value (e.g., 0). Further, in an exemplary embodiment, every transaction written into an update, block, and/or a blob log of the primary data store will contain an epoch # and a sequence #. These same numbers associated with a transaction are then utilized at a destination partition to allow replaying in an order. The primary only needs to keep track of the last commit ID that it communicated to the secondary; this may be maintained in a metadata stream/log or in the update/commit log. By only having to maintain the last commit ID communicated and the annotated data being communicated to the secondary, the process prevents having to send a second commit message to the secondary. Additionally, if the primary fails over, the primary can start by sending geo transactions starting at the last commit ID, which was maintained at the primary. A partition # allows a secondary data store to ignore duplicative transactions, because the same commit ID may be sent with a new partition #, which indicates that the secondary data store is to commit everything up to the commit ID except transaction with a greater epoch # and transactions with an equal epoch # that have a greater sequence #. These transaction may be ignored because they will be resent, in this example.
While the aforementioned discussion focuses on how the primary handles epoch and sequence #'s, the following focuses on how an exemplary secondary may handle epoch and sequence #'s.
Each secondary partition, in an exemplary embodiment, maintains a list of buckets representing commit IDs for each stamp ID within range of the destination partition (e.g., maintained in the update log, block log, page log, and/or metadata streams). This set of buckets, in this example, represents for each primary stamp ID, the most recent listing of committed partition range, epoch #'s, and sequence #'s of the most recent commit ID. Therefore, the buckets allow for each partition to maintain the epoch #'s and sequence #'s for that partition since each destination partition may receive requests from a plurality of source partitions (as will be discussed with FIG. 7 hereinafter). A partition # that may be passed with a geo message may be used to ignore portions of a geo message (or the entirety of a geo message) that may have been re-transmitted from the source partition (e.g., due to a source partition fail over). Additional uses of the partition #, epoch #, and sequence # by a secondary will be discussed hereinafter with respect to FIG. 8.
Turning to FIG. 7 that illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system 700 for passing data from a primary 702 to a secondary 704, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 7, a partition of the secondary 704 may receive data from a single partition or from a plurality of partitions.
The primary 702 is comprised of a partition 1 706 and a partition 2 708. The partition 1 706 includes data spanning from key ranges A through M. The partition 2 708 includes data spanning the key ranges of N through Z. However, the secondary 704 is comprised of three partitions that are intended to maintain the data of key ranges A through Z; therefore, an unparallel relationship between the primary 702 and the secondary 704 will result, in this example. The secondary is comprised of a partition 3 710, a partition 4 712, and a partition 5 714.
The partition 3 710 is intended to maintain data from the key ranges of A through C. The partition 4 712 is intended to maintain data in the key ranges of D through P. The partition 5 714 is intended to maintain data in the key ranges of Q through Z. In order to accomplish the task of committing data from a plurality of sources, bucket ranges may be maintained. Stated differently, the secondary may maintain range buckets that keep track of different commit IDs from the different source partitions. The range buckets may then be utilized by the secondary when replaying data from a log (e.g., GML) of the secondary to sequentially commit the data.
The utilization of range bucketing may be used as an optimization to reduce a number of partitions utilized by an account. For example, if an account is utilizing five partitions on the primary, but the data could be committed to two partitions, the secondary could commit the account's data in two partitions at the secondary during replication. Further yet, the concept of range bucketing may be implemented in situations where a GML at a secondary is unable to keep up with a source. In this situation, the destination partition at the secondary may instead split the data between two or more partitions, relying on range bucketing to facilitate later replay at each secondary. In this example, each of the secondary partitions that are used may have their own GML, which reduces the burden on a single GML.
For example, it a secondary data store has too much of a load, a determination may be made to split the partition. The determination may utilize ranges received from the primary data store as an indicator as to an appropriate split location.
Turning to FIG. 8 that depicts a block diagram of process flow 800 of an asynchronous geo replication, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The process flow 800, in this example, occurs between a client 802, a primary data stamp (primary) 804, and a secondary data stamp (secondary) 806. It is understood that additional entities, machines, components, applications, services, and the like may be incorporated into a process flow to effectuate asynchronous geographical replication.
The client 802 communicates data 808 to the primary 804. As previously discussed, the client 802 may be associated with an account that has been assigned to or has chosen to utilize the primary 804 as a primary geo location for committing data. The primary 804 may rely on an XFE to verify the data 808 is intended for the primary 804. Upon receiving the data 808, the primary 810 may write the data 808 to a log (or stream). The primary 804 may alternatively (or additionally) commit the data 808 to the primary 804. Committal of the data 808 may include persisting the data 808 to the memory table 810 and the logs 812 (in any order) of the primary 804.
In an exemplary embodiment, once the data has been written to a log or other data stream of the primary 804, an acknowledgement 814 of success may be returned back to the client 802. In an additional exemplary embodiment, once the data 808 is committed to the primary 804, the acknowledgement 814 is provided to the client 802.
By providing a success acknowledgement to the client 802 prior to actual committal of the data to a secondary geo location, the lapsed time between communicating the data from the client to receiving the confirmation of success may be reduced. However, as will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter, a synchronous geo replication methodology may also be implemented that provides a success acknowledgement back to the client once the data has been at least written (as opposed to full committal) to both the primary and the secondary. Synchronous geo replication may require a greater latency between communicating the data from a client to receiving an acknowledgement of success back from the primary (or the secondary).
Returning to FIG. 8, after providing the success acknowledgement 814, the primary 804 communicates a geo message 816 to the secondary 806. In an exemplary embodiment, a geo message is the data 808 that has been annotated with a record, such as a geo annotated record (“GAR”). In another exemplary embodiment, a geo message is a collection of transactions (collection of communicated data groupings) that have been batched to form a geo message for a particular geo location, stamp, and/or partition. A geo message may include a message ID that uniquely identifies that geo message (e.g., epoch # and sequence #). Further yet, a geo message may be further annotated to include a commit ID from the primary 804.
In an exemplary embodiment, a GAR is additional information stored with the transaction logs that will be used to replay/execute the log on the secondary stamp's partitions. There could be one GAR stored for each transaction. There can be many log entries making up a transaction, with a final commit log entry for the transaction. In this case, the GAR for the transaction could be stored with the final commit log entry. This information may indicate (a) what the original transaction was (e.g., Put Block, Put Block List, etc), which is used to determine how to correctly replay the transaction and hook things up at the destination, and (b) include additional information to re-execute the transaction at the destination (e.g., Last Modified Time, for Put Block List the final block list indicating if the blocks came from the committed or uncommitted list). In its most primitive form, the GAR may include the full incoming transaction to be performed on the primary, but there should be enough information included to completely and deterministically replay the transaction on the secondary, which results in more information being stored for the GAR depending upon the type of transaction. For example, this can include results calculated during the execution of the transaction, such as timestamps and ETags. In addition, the GAR may contain a transaction key record that is written in the primary logs and sent with every geo transaction to the secondary. This record may contain the key and the geo transaction id (e.g., epoch # and seq # from the primary) of the transaction.
Transactions executed on a partition server have one or more records written to one of three exemplary log streams (e.g., update log, block log, and page log). If a partition is reloaded on another node (e.g., data store) due to load balancing or node failure, the logs can be used to replay the transactions to regenerate the memory table. As a result, geo replication may not require additional log streams at a partition to allow the partition to be a source of geo replication. This is in part, because geo-transactions can be packaged up from the Update/Block/Page logs for live geo replication (and File Tables for bootstrap geo replication).
With geo replication, a GAR may be added to the transactions in the existing log streams. This GAR, along with what is already being written to the logs, may contain the additional information needed to re-execute/replay the transaction on the secondary storage stamp for geo replication. However, GARs may not have meaning for the replay of the logs at the primary. Instead, the GARs are there so that they can be passed to the secondary storage stamp to specify how to re-execute/replay the transaction at the secondary stamp. In addition, part of a GAR can also be generated dynamically from the information already in the logs, instead of storing it into the logs. In this case, the GAR is generated with the necessary condition and special values, and it is added to the geo message before sending it to the secondary.
A geo message, in an exemplary embodiment, may include 1) a message format version; 2) a field to say if the message is compressed or not; 3) a message accounts portion—this may be the list of storage account names the geo message represents. These accounts names may be validated by the XFE making sure that those accounts are marked as secondary at the stamp the message arrives at. A geo message may also include: 4) a table name; 5) a table version—schema version of the table; 6) a log record version—version number of the transaction log records in the message; 7) a field to say if the message is intended for fan out or not, where fan out means to send this message to all of the target partitions on the secondary for the partition range represented by the source partition. If fan-out is not specified, then it is acceptable to send the geo message to just the target partitions on the secondary with the storage accounts specified in the geo message.
The geo message may also be comprised of 8) a message ID—this represents the group of geo-transactions going from this partition to a given storage stamp. A message ID may include a) a stamp ID—source stamp; b) a partition #—this is used to identify all of the messages being sent from a given running instance of a partition. This is specifically used to deal with the issue of partition reload, and the fact that recent geo-transactions may be repackaged up differently and resent to the secondary partition, and the partition # is used to determine at the secondary when this potentially can happen. The message ID may also be comprised of c) a partition range—partition key range for the transactions in the message.
The geo message may also be comprised of 9) a commit ID—as previously discussed, this may include the information representing up to what epoch # and seq # from the source partition can be considered for committal at the secondary.
The geo message may also be comprised of 10) batches for each distinct partition key. This may represent a batch set of transactions as part of this geo message. If a set of geo-transactions has to be performed together, then they may be in the same batch. It is at the level of batches that the XFE can split the geo message across multiple different table servers if not all of the batches (based on the range) need to be sent to each of the destination table servers for the geo message. Each batch may contain a) partition keys; b) record offset and size in the records buffer for this partition key; and c) a list of geo transaction IDs and their key information used to replay the transaction and used to indicate when they can be committed on the secondary: 1. Partition Range—partition range for the batch; 2. Epoch #—All of the geo-transactions in the batch have to have the same Epoch #; 3. Seq #—There is a Seq # for each geo-transaction in this batch. Further, the geo message may also be comprised of 11) data log records for the transactions in the message
Returning to FIG. 8, the geo message 816 is communicated to the secondary 806. A destination partition of the secondary 806 can see geo messages come in an out-of-order sequence (non-sequentially). However, an in-order commit may be enforced at the destination partition when the geo-transactions are replayed out of the GML of the secondary 806. The epoch # and seq # that is provided in a Message ID for the geo-transaction is used to provide in-order commit. Additionally, the destination partition can receive sequence numbers with holes and needs to know when to commit. The holes may occur when a source partition may sends transactions to N different destination partitions, so not every destination partition receives all transactions from a given source. The Stamp ID/PartitionRange/Epoch#/Seq# that is included with the Commit ID specifies how far the destination partition can commit the geo messages/transactions for that secondary and partition range.
The secondary 806 may then write the data of the geo message 816 to a log 818. In an exemplary embodiment, the log is a GML for a partition of the secondary 806. All of the incoming geo messages to a partition are stored into the partition's geo message log. Once a new geo message arrives at the secondary 806, the geo message it is stored into the GML and success is returned back to the XFE of the secondary 806, in this example. The geo message may contain a Commit ID that indicates if the committing of geo-transactions can move forward or not. Geo messages with earlier sequence numbers than those in the Commit ID can be committed, and those messages are replayed on the secondary 806 using annotation information discussed previously. During the replay on the secondary 806 the corresponding log records are stored into either an Update Log, a Block Log, and/or a Page Log, in this example, with whatever values that needs to be updated.
Continuing with this example, when the transaction is replayed from the GML, it is replayed into a corresponding Update/Block/Page logs with fields updated (e.g., TBL and CBL pointers) correctly. An advantage of starting with a separate GML (as opposed to using the existing logs) is that all of the geo message information is contained strictly in the GML. Then, after a geo-replay of the data is performed at the destination partition, everything is in the Update/Block/Page logs and Memory Table for the transaction to exist and logic does not have to be modified to deal with those logs or the replay of that information. This keeps the replay of geo messages from the GML separate from the partition replay log logic from its logs, especially since the partition replay logs may be kept small to have fast partition load time when a partition is reloaded on the secondary location.
In this example, replay from the GML into the Update/Block/Page logs and Memory Table commits the data into the live state of the partition before an update is generated to advance the “consumed” record for the GML. As a result, when reloading the partition on the secondary 806 (e.g., in the event of a failure) a point to start replaying from the GML should be determined. That point is determined by storing the “Consumed ID” with the geo-transactions that are stored into the Update/Block/Page logs during their replay. This Consumed ID may include the Stamp/PartitionKeyRange/Epoch/Sequence # of the last geo-transaction replayed from the GML. However, it is contemplated that the partition key range may not be stored because a transaction record may identify an appropriate key. In addition, a max Consumed ID may be maintained for a given part of the partition's key range, which is potentially stored in the GML each time a checkpoint is performed. The pointer to the checkpoint record may be stored in a metadata stream. Regeneration from a last point in the GML may be accomplished by taking the max Consumed ID from those stored in the checkpoint and those found when replaying from the Update/Block/Page logs.
Returning to FIG. 8, after writing the data to the log 818, the secondary 806 (e.g., by way of an XFE) may communicate an acknowledgement 820 to the primary 804 that the data has been written (or committed). The acknowledgement 820 may include a message ID associated with the geo message 816 to identify what epoch # and seq # has been written to the secondary 806. The primary may then update the commit ID 822. Eventually, either as part of a subsequent geo message or as a result of a fan-out-type message, the updated commit ID 822 may be communicated to the secondary 806 to allow for a greater amount of the data maintained in the GML to be committed at the secondary 806.
Turning to FIG. 9 that illustrates a block diagram 900 illustrating a temporal flow for a synchronous replication with eventual consistency methodology, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Similar to those components discussed with respect to FIG. 8, the diagram 900 is comprised of a client 902, a primary 904, and a secondary 906.
In contrast to the exemplary asynchronous methodology described with respect to FIG. 8, synchronous geo replication only provides an acknowledgment back to the client 904 once the data has been at least written to the secondary 906 and the primary. This will be further contrasted from synchronous replication with strong consistency that will be discussed in an exemplary methodology of FIG. 10 that provides an acknowledgment to the client after the data has been committed to the secondary.
The client 902 communicates data 908 to the primary 904. Upon receiving the data 908, the primary 904 may write the data to one or more logs for later committal (not shown). Additionally, as previously discussed, the primary 904 may annotate the data 908 with one or more records, information and/or identifiers. For example, the data 908 may include a message ID, a commit ID, a GAR, and/or additional information useable for geo replication processes (e.g., replay at the secondary 906).
The primary 904 communicates a geo message 910 to the secondary 906. The geo message may be comprised of the data 908. The geo message may also be comprised of one or more additional portions of data, such as a discrete transaction. Additionally, it is contemplated that the geo message 910 also is comprised of a message ID associated with the geo message 910, a commit ID identifying an epoch # and a sequence # through which the secondary 906 is allowed to commit.
After receiving the geo message 910, the secondary 906 writes the associated data of the geo message 910 to an appropriate log 912. For example, an XFE of the secondary 906 may identify a particular partition within the secondary 906 to which the data of the geo message is to be written. Upon determining a particular partition of the secondary 906, the data relevant portions of the geo message may then be written to a GML of that identified partition of the secondary 906.
Additionally, the secondary 906 may inspect (not shown) a commit ID that has been received with the geo message 910. The commit ID, in this example, will not include the epoch # and sequence # specific to the geo message 910 because the primary has yet to receive an acknowledgment that the geo message 910 has been written to a log at the secondary 906. Therefore, the commit ID that may be received with the geo message 910 would have an epoch # and/or a sequence # that is less than the respective values associated with the geo message 910.
Returning to the illustrated exemplary methodology, the secondary 906 communicates an acknowledgement 914 of successful writing of the data of the geo message 910 to one or more logs of the secondary 906. In an exemplary embodiment, a GML of the secondary 906 provides an indication, to an XFE, of the successful writing of the data. The XFE of the secondary 906 then is responsible for providing the acknowledgement to the primary 904 (similar to the exemplary methodology previously discussed with respect to FIG. 4).
The primary 904, as a result of receiving the acknowledgement 914, commits 916 the data at the primary. As previously discussed, committing of the data may include writing the data to logs of the primary 904 as well as allowing a memory table to be populate with relevant entries, which allows data to be accessed by a requesting client. In an exemplary embodiment, data written to a log is not directly accessible by a requesting client unlike data that has been committed, which is directly accessible by the requesting client.
The primary 904, after confirming the data has been committed at the primary 904, communicates an acknowledgement 918 of success back to the client 902. The acknowledgement 918, in this example, indicates that the data 908 has been committed to the primary 904 and at the very least the data 908 has been written to a log of the secondary 906. The acknowledgment 918 may explicitly or implicitly indicate such information.
The primary may concurrently, prior to, or following the communication of the acknowledgment 918, communicate a commit ID 920 to the secondary 906. The commit ID 920 may be an updated commit ID that has been updated as a result of receiving the acknowledgment 914 from the secondary. As previously discussed, a commit ID, such as the commit ID 920, may be communicated to a secondary in conjunction with a geo message or it may be as a result of a fan-out-type message (e.g., expiration of a predefined time duration).
The secondary 906 commits data maintained in a log, such as the GML, having a consecutive message ID up through the commit ID. As previously discussed, the secondary may commit data in a sequential order based on an associated message ID. Therefore, if a gap exists between message IDs maintained in the log up through the commit ID, only that data associated with message IDs that are up to the gap in the consecutive message IDs are committed.
Turning to FIG. 10 that illustrates a block diagram 1000 of an exemplary synchronous replication with a strong consistency methodology, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Again, the diagram 1000 includes a client 1002, a primary 1004, and a secondary 1006.
The client 1002 communicates data 1008 to the primary 1004. The primary 1004 analyzes the data to determine an object associated with the data that is maintained within the primary 1004. After determining which object(s) are associated with the data 1008, the primary 1004 locks the associated object 1010 within the primary 1004. Locking of the object 1010 may include preventing a client from accessing the object, prevent writing to the object (other than the data 1008 to be written later), prevent reading of the object, or the like. Alternatively, locking of an object merely identifies that a transaction is pending with the object.
After locking the object 1010, the primary 1004 communicates a geo message 1012 to the secondary 1006. The geo message 1012 may include, among other information, the data 1008. As previously discussed, the geo message 1012 may be comprised of the data 1008, a message ID, a commit ID, a GAR, and other information facilitating geo replication.
The secondary 1006 blocks reads and writes to the object associated with the data 1008. The secondary may identify which object(s) is associated with the data 1008 independently (similar to the process implemented by the primary 1004), or the secondary may receive an indication as to which object(s) is associated with the data 1008 as part of the geo message 1012 from the primary 1004. After blocking the reads/writes to the object 1014, the secondary 1006 communicates an acknowledgment 1016 to the primary 1004. The acknowledgment 1016 may include an indication of success of writing the data 1008 to a log, success of blocking reads/writes to the object 1014, and/or a message ID for the geo message 1012.
In this exemplary methodology, as will be discussed hereinafter, the primary commits a given portion of data prior to the secondary committing the similar portion of data. However, it is understood that the secondary could commit the data prior to the primary, which may reduce or at least alter one or more acknowledgments communicated between the primary and the secondary. In an exemplary embodiment, it is advantageous to commit the data at the primary prior to committing the data at the secondary as the primary is the first source of the data as requested by a client, so while an associated object may be locked (or blocked), having the data committed to the primary first may ensure the most recent information is available timely at the primary. Additional rationale is contemplated herein.
Returning to FIG. 10, after receiving the acknowledgement 1016, the primary blocks 1018 reads of the object associated with the data 1008. After blocking reads of the object, the primary 1004 commits 1020 the data 1008 to the primary 1004. After committing 1020 the data 1008, the primary 1004 communicates an instruction 1022 for the secondary 1006 to commit the data associated with the geo message 1012. The instruction 1022 may include the message ID previously associated with the geo message 1012. In this exemplary methodology, a commit ID may not be utilized since data is committed with strong consistency, meaning the subsequent updates to an object may not be executed until success of a previous transaction is received.
The secondary 1006 commits 1024 the data after receiving the instruction 1022 to commit the data. The secondary 1006 then removes the block and allows 1026 the object to be read by a requesting client. Once the object has been unblocked, the secondary 1006 communicates an acknowledgement 1028 to the primary 1004 indicating that the object is readable (and consequently the data has been committed). The primary 1004, upon receiving the acknowledgement 1028, also unblocks the object such that the object is placed in a state that allows 1030 the object to be read by a requesting client. Once the primary 1004 and the secondary 1006 allow an object associated with the data 1008 to be read, the primary 1004 communicates an acknowledgement 1032 to the client 1002 indicating that the data 1008 has been committed and geo replicated (with strong consistency).
Now that general overviews of exemplary embodiments for asynchronous replication and for synchronous replication have been introduced, the following is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, asynchronous replication considers data to be “committed” at the primary data store once it is modified, which allows an acknowledgment to be sent to the client. This data that is modified at the primary data store may then be lazily replicated in the background to the storage account's secondary geo location. In this example, the replication occurs off of the critical path of primary writes to reduce latencies within the environment. However, if a disaster occurs and the primary data store is lost, recent updates to the storage account at the primary may also be lost. To provide a higher level of confidence, synchronous replication ensures data is written to the primary and the secondary data stores before providing the client with an acknowledgment. Therefore, even if a disaster affects the primary data store, the data may be still accessible, but with a greater latency as a cost of synchronous replication.
Turning to FIG. 11 that depicts an asynchronous replication methodology 1100 from the perspective of a primary data store, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. At a block 1102 a primary data store (e.g., storage stamp) receives data from a client. In this exemplary embodiment, the data is useable for updating an object utilized by the client to provide one or more services.
At a block 1104, the received data is written to a log of the primary data store. For example, an XFE may inspect the incoming data to determine that the primary data store is an appropriate data store for maintaining the incoming data. The XFE, in this example, may also identify an appropriate partition for maintaining the data. An appropriate partition may include a partition that is currently maintain an object associated with the received data. Further, it is contemplated that the received data is written to a log for a particular partition. Stated differently, it is contemplated that the data is written to one or more logs (e.g., update, block, and/or page) of the primary for committal of the data in accordance with the distributed computing system's processes.
At a block 1106, the received data is annotated with a record. In an exemplary embodiment, the record is a GAR (discussed previously). It is also contemplated that the record is a message ID, a commit ID, or the like. For example, the record annotated to the data may allow for the data to be replayed at a secondary data store for committal at the secondary data store. It is contemplated that the data is annotated with a record prior to being written to a log at the primary. This may allow for a more efficient replication from the log in the future. As a result, a specific order is not implied by the FIG. 11.
At a block 1108, the primary data store communicates an acknowledgment of committal of the received data to the client. While not depicted in the method 1100, the primary data store may commit the received data by replaying the received data from the log to which it was written. Additionally, it is contemplated that the log(s) to which the data was written to at the block 1104 effectuated committal of the data through a subsequent population of a memory table and/or one or more additional logs. Regardless of the process implemented to commit the received data, the data is committed at the primary to allow the client to receive an acknowledgment of the data's committal.
At a block 1110, the primary communicates the annotated data to a secondary. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an ACU identifies which secondary should receive the annotated data. As previously discussed, the annotated data may include a message ID, which includes an epoch # and a sequence # for uniquely identifying a data store source of the data. Further, it is contemplated that the annotated data may also include a commit ID that allows the secondary to commit consecutive data up through a value identified by the commit ID.
The annotated data may be communicated to a particular data store associated with the data or it may be communicated to a plurality of data stores that each may have an interest in a portion of the annotated data (e.g., a geo message may be comprised of a plurality of transactions that span several data stores). A front end (e.g., XFE) of the secondary data store may receive the annotated data. The front end may determine if at least a portion of the annotated data is relevant to an associated partition. The front end may also identify an appropriate log (e.g., GML) of the partition to which the data is to be written.
At a block 1112, the primary data store receives an acknowledgment that the data has been written to the secondary data store. The acknowledgment may be communicated by a front end service at the secondary data store that is associated with a particular partition that wrote the data to a log. Further, it is contemplated that the acknowledgement is an electronic message that merely includes an identifier of the data that has been written to (or merely stored at) the secondary data store. For example, the acknowledgment may include a message ID associated with the data that has been written to a log.
At a block 1114, the primary data store updates a commit ID. The commit ID, in this example is updated as a result of receiving the acknowledgment that the secondary wrote the received data to a log. However, it is understood, that the commit ID may not be updated as a result of receiving an acknowledgment from the secondary data store. For example, if a previously sent geo message has failed to be written to the secondary data store (and therefore failed to provide an acknowledgment back), then a consecutive sequence of message IDs may not be available through which the commit ID could be updated to reflect. Further, the annotated data communicated at the block 1110 may be data that represents a previous gap in consecutive message IDs written to the secondary; therefore, the updated commit ID of the block 1114 may extend beyond the message ID received in the acknowledgment from the secondary data store for that data.
At a block 1116, the primary communicates the commit ID to the secondary data store. In an exemplary embodiment, it is contemplated that the commit ID is communicated along with (or annotated with) a subsequent portion of data sent to the secondary data store. For example, a subsequent geo message may include the updated commit ID. Alternatively, it is contemplated that dedicated electronic message is communicated from the primary to the secondary with the updated commit ID. The commit ID may be communicated as a result of a communication already being scheduled to the secondary or as a result of a fan-out-type message. Regardless, the updated commit ID is communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store in an exemplary embodiment.
While not depicted in FIG. 11, it is contemplated that the secondary data store commits the data communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store. The committal of data may be a result of the commit ID or a subsequent commit ID being communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store. The secondary data store may authorize the committal of the data at the secondary data store once an updated commit ID is received that encompasses a unique identifier associated with the data to be committed.
Turning to FIG. 12 that depicts an asynchronous replication methodology 1200 from the perspective of a secondary data store, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. At a block 1202, a secondary data store receives data from a primary data store. The data received may be a geo message. Further, the data received may be annotated with information, such as a record, a message ID, a commit ID, and/or the like. As previously discussed, it is contemplated that a front end service, such as the XFE, receives the incoming data, verifies the data is appropriate for the secondary data store (or a particular partition).
At a block 1204, the data is stored to a log of the secondary data store. For example, the data may be written to a GML or other stream-based log from which the data may eventually be replayed for committal. The data, which may include a message ID and a commit ID, is written to a GML in an exemplary embodiment.
At a block 1206 an acknowledgment is communicated from the secondary data store to the primary data store. The acknowledgment may include the message ID or another identifier of the data written to the log at block 1204. In an exemplary embodiment, the acknowledgment is communicated by a front end service of the secondary data store.
At a block 1208, a message having a commit ID is received from the primary data store. The commit ID may be an updated commit ID from a commit ID previously received with the data at the block 1202. For example, upon receiving the acknowledgement of block 1206, the primary data store may update the commit ID to reflect the data stored at the block 1204 as being able to be committed at the secondary data store. As previously discussed, the message received at the block 1208 may be as a result of additional data being communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store. Alternatively, it is contemplated that the message received at the block 1208 is a result of a passage of time since a previous message was communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store.
At a block 1210, a determination is made that the commit ID received at the block 1208 authorizes committal of data at the secondary data store. In an exemplary embodiment, the commit ID authorizes additional data, data not previously committed, to be committed at the secondary data store. The data to be committed may include that data received at the block 1202. As previously discussed, the commit ID may include an epoch # and a sequence # that is equal to or greater than the epoch # and sequence # associated with the data received at the block 1202. In this exemplary embodiment, receiving of a commit ID indicates that at some previous point in time, the secondary data store provided an acknowledgement for each consecutive epoch # and sequence # up through the commit ID. The commit ID may include information that is similar to that which was annotated to the previously received data. For example, the commit ID may include information that is similar to information of a message ID that was previously annotated with the data.
At a block 1212, the data received at the block 1202 is committed to the secondary data store. In an exemplary embodiment, the commit ID received in block 1208 authorized the committal of the data.
Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not depart from its scope. A skilled artisan may develop alternative means of implementing the aforementioned improvements without departing from the scope of the present invention. While certain methodologies have been described in a particular sequence, it is contemplated that those activities may be performed in a variety of order and sequences.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. Not all steps listed in the various figures need be carried out in the specific order described.
Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not depart from its scope. A skilled artisan may develop alternative means of implementing the aforementioned improvements without departing from the scope of the present invention. While certain methodologies have been described in a particular sequence, it is contemplated that those activities may be performed in a variety of order and sequences.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. Not all steps listed in the various figures need be carried out in the specific order described.

## Claims

1. A computer-implemented method in a distributed computing environment utilizing a processor and memory for geo replicating data in the distributed computing environment, the method comprising:
receiving data at a primary data store from a client;
writing the data to a log of the primary data store;
annotating the data written to the log with a record, the record facilitating replay of the data at a secondary data store;
communicating an acknowledgement of committal of the data at the primary data store to the client;
communicating non-sequential data including the data annotated with the record to the secondary data store; and
updating a commit ID at the primary data store based on an acknowledgement received from the secondary data store that the data has been stored at the secondary data store, the acknowledgement being received after the committal of the data at the primary data store, wherein the commit ID specifies a portion of uncommitted transactions a destination partition at the secondary data store is authorized to commit at the secondary data store upon receiving the commit ID, and the commit ID is updated to authorize committal of the data at the secondary data store.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the record is a geo annotated record.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary data store and the secondary data store are in different geo locations.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprises committing the data at the secondary data store.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein communicating the data annotated with the record to the secondary data store is communicated to a front end at the secondary data store, such that the front end validates that the data is intended for the secondary data store.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprises receiving the acknowledgement from the secondary data store that the data has been stored at the secondary data store.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the acknowledgement from the secondary data store is comprised of an identifier identifying the data.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprises communicating, from the primary data store to the secondary data store, a second message with the updated commit ID.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the second message is communicated as a result of a predefined time passing since a previous message was communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the committal of the data at the primary data store renders the data available for access by the client from the log of the primary data store.

11. One or more computer storage media hardware devices having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon, that when executed by a computing system having a processor and memory, cause the computing system to perform a method for geo replicating data in a distributed computing environment, the method comprising:
receiving non-sequential data at a secondary data store, wherein the non-sequential data is received from a primary data store;
communicating, to the primary data store, an acknowledgement that a portion of the non-sequential data is stored in a log at the secondary data store, the portion being stored in the log in an uncommitted state;
receiving a message having a commit ID from the primary data store after the communicating of the acknowledgement, wherein the commit ID specifies a portion of uncommitted transactions a destination partition is authorized to commit at the secondary data store, the commit ID updating a previous version of the commit ID to newly authorize committal of the portion of the data at the secondary data store; and
committing the portion of the data at the secondary data store based on the committal being authorized by the commit ID.

12. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 11, wherein the data is annotated with a first message ID.

13. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises receiving a second data at the secondary data store, such that the second data is annotated with a second message ID that is not sequential with the first message ID.

14. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 13, wherein the log is a geo message log that maintains the data, the commit ID, and the first message ID.

15. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 11, wherein primary data store and the secondary data store are physically located in different geographic locations.

16. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 11, wherein the message having the commit ID is communicated with additional data to be committed to the secondary data store.

17. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 11, wherein the message having the commit ID is communicated as a result of a duration of time passing since a previous message was communicated from the primary data store to a secondary data store.

18. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 11, wherein the determination the commit ID authorizes committal of the data is based on the commit ID, including the information annotated with the data.

19. The one or more computer storage media hardware devices of claim 18, wherein the commit ID and the information annotated with the data include an epoch number.

20. A system for geo replicating data in a distributed computing environment the system comprising:
a primary data store geographically located in a first geographic location, the primary data store comprising:
(1) a partition; and
(2) one or more logs configured to store data;

a secondary data store geographically located in a second geographic location, the secondary data store comprising:
(1) a front end application configured to route non-sequential incoming data to an appropriate partition of the secondary data store, wherein the incoming data is data communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store;
(2) a partition of the secondary data store configured to maintain the non-sequential incoming data in an uncommitted state; and
a log of the partition configured to receive the non-sequential incoming data routed by the front end application, wherein a portion of the non-sequential incoming data is committed to the log from the uncommitted state in an ordered manner based on a commit ID communicated from the primary data store to the secondary data store, wherein the commit ID specifies a given epoch number and a given sequence number that authorizes a destination partition to commit uncommitted transactions up through the given epoch number and the given sequence number at the secondary data store, the commit ID updating a previous version of the commit ID from the primary data store to newly authorize the committal of the portion of the non-sequential data at the secondary data store.