In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-09-00115-CR

______________________________

DESMOND DEWAYNE JACKSON, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

 

On Appeal from the 188th Judicial District Court

Gregg County, Texas

Trial Court No. 36,414-A

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
2

O P I N I O N

During Desmond Dewayne Jackson‘s six-day jury trial for capital murder arising from a 

robbery and shooting of Melvin Brad Mitchell in the parking lot outside Cash America Pawn in 

Longview, the State spent approximately two and a half days, on rebuttal, providing evidence that, 

as an extraneous offense, Jackson committed an armed robbery of a Kroger grocery store in 

Marshall approximately a month after the charged murder. Though the State does not claim that 

the Kroger robbery is so similar to the pawn shop murder as to be a ―signature‖ crime, it maintains 

that proof of the Kroger robbery was admissible to prove identity or intent or to rebut a defensive 

theory.

Jackson appeals his conviction and sentence of life imprisonment without parole, raising 

thirteen issues. We reverse Jackson‘s conviction and remand for a new trial, because we hold 

that, although (1) the evidence is legally and factually sufficient, (2) admitting evidence of the 

Kroger robbery was reversible error.1

(1) The Evidence Is Legally and Factually Sufficient

A person commits capital murder if he or she intentionally commits murder while in the 

course of committing or attempting to commit robbery. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 19.02(b)(1), 

19.03(a)(2), 29.02 (Vernon 2003). Jackson claims the State failed to prove he was involved in the 

crime and failed to prove the requisite intent.

 

1Because we conclude the error in admitting the extraneous-offense evidence was reversible error, it is not necessary 

to address Jackson‘s remaining issues.
3

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view all of the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2000).

In a factual sufficiency review, we review all the evidence, but do so in a neutral light and 

determine whether the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak or is so outweighed by the great 

weight and preponderance of the evidence that the jury‘s verdict is clearly wrong or manifestly 

unjust. Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Roberts v. State, 220 

S.W.3d 521, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2006); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Clewis v. State, 

922 S.W.2d 126, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

The State presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude, beyond a 

reasonable doubt, that Jackson was guilty.

On the morning of Monday, December 10, 2007, Mitchell, an employee of the pawn shop, 

arrived at the bank to make a number of deposits and with a change order of $400.00 for Monday‘s 

business. Due to an error in Friday‘s deposit, the bank sent Mitchell back to the pawn shop with 

Friday‘s deposit. Mitchell left the bank with approximately $8,884.00. After Mitchell had 

parked his truck, but before he entered the store with the bank bag,2 Mitchell was robbed and shot. 

 

2All of the witnesses except Ruth Walter testified Mitchell had not entered the pawn shop. Walter, though, testified 

Mitchell had entered the shop and then returned to the parking lot.
4

Three witnesses to the shooting testified at trial. While leaving a nearby grocery store 

with her friend, Maria Hernandez, Tammy Renee Flores saw a man run from the front of the pawn 

shop, hit the pickup truck which set off the truck‘s alarm, run between the Plasma Center and the 

retaining wall, and then run up the hill beside the E-Z Mart, a convenience store. Flores testified 

she did not think anything out of the ordinary had occurred and proceeded to a nearby ―Spanish 

store on Green Street.‖ Upon leaving the store on Green Street, Flores observed police cars at the 

pawn shop and stopped to report her observations. 

Hernandez testified she heard screaming and then saw a man running with a gun in his 

hand. 

Walter, who was cleaning a State Farm Insurance office located across the street ―at an 

angle,‖ observed Mitchell go to the door of the pawn shop, enter the pawn shop, come back out, 

and go to the side of the building. Walter then observed an African-American person wearing a 

―red hoodie‖ run from behind the Plasma Center across the parking lot, observed the person stop in 

the parking lot ―maybe just a second,‖ and then heard a gunshot. After the gunshot, Walter 

observed the person run behind the building in the same direction the person had come from. 

Walter was unable to tell whether the person was a male or female. 

Cyrus Dean, the manager of the pawn shop, heard some shouting outside the shop and went 

to the front window to look out. Dean observed Mitchell lying on the ground between his parked 

truck and the building. The alarm on Mitchell‘s pickup truck had been activated. Thinking 
5

Mitchell may have fallen, Dean rushed to Mitchell‘s side and discovered Mitchell had been shot. 

Mitchell told Dean that he had been shot by ―a tall, slender black dude wearing a red top.‖ While 

Dean and Mitchell were waiting on the ambulance, Mitchell also expressed a concern that, if the 

paramedics did not get there soon, he was going to die. 

Officer Danny Stroud, a police officer with the Longview Police Department, arrived at the 

scene a few minutes before the ambulance. Stroud testified Mitchell appeared to be scared and 

kept saying, ―Please hurry. Please hurry. It hurts.‖ Mitchell informed Stroud that the man who 

shot him had come from behind the dumpsters. 

Dr. Keith Pinckard, a medical examiner for Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, 

testified Mitchell died from a gunshot wound to the chest. 

Officer Kirby DeLoach, a police officer with the Longview Police Department, tracked the 

suspect with a certified tracking dog. The tracking dog lost the scent in a parking lot of a church 

located at Birdsong and Baxter Avenues. DeLoach noticed a spot of water in the parking lot of 

the church consistent with a spot of water created by a car‘s air conditioning unit. DeLoach 

presumed that the suspect got into a car in the church parking lot. 

Within hours of the robbery, Cash America Pawn offered a $20,000.00 reward for 

―information leading to the arrest and indictment of the individual(s) responsible for the 

robbery/murder of Melvin  ̳Brad‘ Mitchell.‖ On or about January 18, Detective Douglas 

Brinkley, a detective with the Criminal Investigation Division of the Longview Police 
6

Department, received a call from Ladarian Beechum. Beechum informed Brinkley that her 

brother, Robert Blaylock, had some information for him concerning the pawn shop robbery. 

Brinkley interviewed Blaylock, who lived in Atlanta, Georgia, by telephone and then traveled to 

Atlanta to interview Blaylock in person. Shortly before Christmas, while Jackson and Blaylock 

were drinking and playing a video game, Jackson admitted to Blaylock that Jackson had killed a 

man with a ―.45.‖ Blaylock denied being drunk. According to Blaylock, Jackson stated he knew 

the guy‘s routine of going to the bank in the morning and returning with money for the day. 

Jackson stated he stole approximately $8,000.00 and had fled through some woods. Blaylock 

admitted he had received the $20,000.00 reward from Cash America Pawn. Blaylock also 

admitted he had previously lied under oath about his finances on an application for a 

court-appointed attorney. 

James Roberson, Jackson‘s accomplice in the Kroger robbery, testified Jackson admitted

that ―[h]e robbed a guy, and he [had] shot him‖ because ―[h]e wouldn‘t give him the money.‖ 

Roberson testified he could not remember the details other than the victim was an older white man. 

The Longview police searched Jackson‘s house a total of three times. The first search was 

conducted pursuant to the consent of Francis Jackson, Jackson‘s wife. During the search, the 

police seized a .32 caliber pistol, a .45 caliber automatic pistol, a box of .45 caliber Federal brand 

shells, twenty rounds of .45 caliber Blazer brand shells, and nine rounds of .45 caliber Remington 

brand shells. The second search was conducted pursuant to search warrant. The third search was 
7

conducted based on the consent of Lanie Smith, who had accepted a deed to the house in lieu of 

foreclosure.3 During this search, the police seized a .45 caliber Remington brand shell casing, 

which was found on the ground behind an air conditioning unit. 

An analysis of the items seized provided a few links between the items and the pawn shop

murder. Wade Thomas, a forensic scientist for the Texas Department of Public Safety, testified 

that State‘s Exhibit #19B, a shell found at the scene of Mitchell‘s murder, and State‘s Exhibit #30, 

the shell found in the third search of Jackson‘s house, were fired from the same gun. However, 

Thomas testified that tests to determine whether the shells were fired by the .45 caliber pistol 

seized at Jackson‘s house were inconclusive.4 Thomas testified the shells seized at Jackson‘s 

house had similar bunting markings as the shells found at the scene, supporting the conclusion that 

they were probably made at or near the same time. Thomas admitted on cross-examination that 

the same machine could make between 40,000 and 180,000 shells with the same bunting marks. 

The State introduced business records from Delta Airlines which indicate Jackson flew 

from Atlanta to Dallas December 6, 2007, and returned to Atlanta December 11, 2007. In 

 

3The Jacksons had purchased the home from Smith, a Longview police officer. The home was owner financed by 

Smith and the Jacksons gave Smith a deed to the home in lieu of foreclosure. Smith then consented to the third 

search. Smith testified that he did not participate in the investigation and that no one suggested to Smith that he 

―need[ed] to hurry up and get Mrs. Jackson or Mr. Jackson out of that property so that [the police] can get down there 

and search it again.‖ 

4Thomas testified his notes ―indicate a possible elimination,‖ but he classified the test as ―inconclusive‖ because the 

pistol ―wasn‘t collected until well after the offense date‖ and ―the firearm could have been altered between the time of 

offense and time of collection.‖ Richard Ernest, the defense expert, testified the .45 caliber pistol was ―well worn,‖ 

but testified thousands of rounds would probably be needed to wear the rifling out and it would be very unlikely for 

that many bullets to be fired in a month and a half. 
8

addition to the plane flights, the State presented evidence that Jackson had lied to the police about 

his whereabouts on the day of the crime,

5

and Jackson‘s wife had some poorly explained absences 

from work on the day of the crime.6 Blaylock testified Jackson claimed to have called his wife to 

pick him up. 

The evidence is legally sufficient. ―Because it is difficult to prove what a defendant was 

thinking, intent of the accused is not ordinarily determined by direct proof; rather, it is inferred 

from circumstantial evidence.‖ Morris v. State, 892 S.W.2d 205, 207 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

1994, no pet.). ―Intent may be inferred from acts, words, or conduct of an accused, including the 

circumstances surrounding the acts in which the accused engages.‖ Id. Considering the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact could have found, beyond 

a reasonable doubt, the essential elements of capital murder.

Jackson did present some contrary evidence. Ernest, Jackson‘s expert, testified the .45 

caliber pistol seized at Jackson‘s residence did not fire the shells contained in State‘s Exhibits 

#19B and #30. Ernest testified, ―[I]t‘s my opinion that this particular gun is making an entirely 

different set of markings than these two cartridge cases . . . .‖ The shell found in the third search 

 

5At one point, Jackson claimed he was in Georgia when the offense was committed. Later, Jackson claimed he had 

visited a cousin on the day of the offense. The cousin denied he had seen Jackson since Thanksgiving 2007. 

Jackson‘s statements are contradicted by the airline records. In addition, Dana Dessesaure, an employee at the 

daycare which cared for Jackson‘s children, testified Jackson picked up his children around 2–2:30 on the day of the 

murder. 

6

Francis Jackson left her job at approximately 9:00 a.m. to take diapers to her children‘s daycare. Francis returned at 

10:12 a.m., but left again at 10:56 a.m. to do field work for her company. Although the field work should have only 

taken half an hour and her lunch break was only one hour, she did not return for two and a half hours. After making a 

call around 1:54 p.m., Francis left for the rest of the day to deal with a family emergency.
9

should have been exposed to the elements since it was found outside close to the air conditioner. 

Ernest testified the shell seized in the third search was ―bright and shiny‖ and does not appear to 

have ―any corrosion to it, doesn‘t have any significant weathering to it.‖ Ernest also testified 

there were a few grains of sand (―but not much‖) on the inside of the shell and it did not appear to 

have been cleaned in any significant manner. Ernest conducted a test to determine whether the 

weathering on the shell was consistent with being exposed to the elements.7 Based on this test, 

Ernest opined that the shell could not have been exposed to the elements for more than three days. 

The State recalled Thomas, who testified he had cleaned the dirt off the shell with water and a 

cotton swab, but admitted the shell did not have any apparent corrosion. At trial and on appeal, 

Jackson argues the condition of the shell casing indicates it may have been planted by some 

unknown third party.

James Stewart, a friend of Mitchell, testified he overheard a conversation at a gas station 

which made him believe the men might know something about the murder. The conversation was 

between a heavyset black man and a tall, skinny, black man who was about 5‘9‖ and had a tattoo 

on his left upper forearm. Stewart later picked out a man named Bruce Kelly from a photographic 

lineup. Naomi Martinez, a co-worker of Francis, testified she received a telephone call from 

 

7The record contains no details concerning the similarity of this test to the conditions to which the shell was exposed at 

the scene.
10

Francis around 9:00 a.m. and the background noise sounded like what one would hear in a store

like Super 1 or Wal-Mart.8 

The evidence is factually sufficient. The evidence supporting the conviction is not ―too 

weak‖ to support the jury‘s verdict and the jury‘s verdict is not against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence.9

 

8

Francis had claimed to be purchasing diapers during her first absence from work on the day of the pawn shop murder. 

9

Jackson also argues the State was required to corroborate the testimony of Roberson under the accomplice-witness 

rule. The State fails to respond to Jackson‘s accomplice-witness argument. In addressing this argument, we start by 

pointing out that Roberson was not complicit in the offense being tried—the pawn shop murder—but he was Jackson‘s 

accomplice in the extraneous offense—the Kroger robbery. Separating the two offenses for this analysis is 

important, because Roberson provided testimony relevant to both the pawn shop murder and the Kroger robbery. 

Because Roberson was not an accomplice in the pawn shop murder, Roberson‘s testimony regarding the murder need 

not be corroborated. Because there is sufficient corroboration of Jackson‘s involvement in the extraneous offense, 

we need not decide whether Roberson‘s testimony as to the extraneous offense must be corroborated.

Under the accomplice-witness rule, one cannot be convicted on the testimony of an accomplice unless that 

testimony is corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense charged. TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (Vernon 2005). The test for weighing the sufficiency of corroborating evidence is to 

eliminate from consideration the accomplice‘s testimony and then examine the remaining testimony and evidence to 

determine if there is evidence that tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense. Munoz v. State, 

853 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142, 149 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. 

ref‘d). To determine the sufficiency of corroboration, we must view the corroborating evidence in the light most 

favorable to the jury‘s verdict. Gill v. State, 873 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

Roberson was not an accomplice in the pawn shop murder. ―Commission of a different  ̳downstream‘ 

offense, even with knowledge of the prior criminal act charged against the defendant‖ is insufficient to make a witness 

an accomplice witness. Tucker v. State, 689 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1985, pet. ref‘d). Although there 

is sufficient evidence independent of Roberson‘s testimony that tends to connect Jackson to the pawn shop murder, 

Roberson was not an accomplice to the pawn shop murder, and corroboration of Roberson‘s testimony concerning the 

pawn shop murder was not required.

On the other hand, Roberson was an accomplice as a matter of law in the Kroger robbery, because he had 

been indicted for the Kroger robbery. See Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d 537, 545 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Badillo v. 

State, 963 S.W.2d 854, 857 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. ref‘d). None of the cases cited by Jackson involve 

witnesses who were accomplices to an extraneous offense. ―Whether the rule applies to accomplice witness 

testimony concerning extraneous offenses properly proved by the State at the guilt-innocence stage has not been 

resolved.‖ 43 George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 31.253 

(West 2001); see Rice v. State, 605 S.W.2d 895, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980) (op. on reh‘g) (declining to 

decide issue).
11

(2) Admitting Evidence of the Kroger Robbery Was Reversible Error

Jackson claims the trial court erred in admitting evidence concerning an extraneous 

offense. We agree.

The trial court admitted extensive evidence concerning the Kroger robbery, including more 

than two days of additional testimony. The State argues the extraneous offense was admissible to 

prove identity, to prove intent, or to rebut a defensive theory.

The Texas Rules of Evidence provide the basic framework of our analysis on the issue of 

whether an extraneous offense is admissible. Evidence is ―relevant‖ that has ―any tendency to 

make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more 

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 401. ―All 

relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by . . . these rules . . . . [E]vidence 

which is not relevant is inadmissible.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 402. Rule 404 provides: ―evidence of 

other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show 

that he acted in conformity therewith.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Evidence of ―other crimes, 

 

If the accomplice-witness rule were to apply to the extraneous offense, the State would be required to 

establish sufficient corroboration of Roberson‘s testimony to connect Jackson to the Kroger robbery. Roberson‘s 

testimony concerning the Kroger robbery was corroborated by Jackson‘s admission to Blaylock that Jackson had 

committed that robbery, the shell casing found at the Kroger store and matched to the gun found at Jackson‘s house, 

and the DNA analysis conducted on a hat left at the scene of the Kroger robbery by the suspects and containing DNA 

that did not exclude Jackson, but did exclude 99.98 percent of others in the population. The nonaccomplice evidence 

does not have to directly link the accused to the crime, does not have to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and 

need not prove all the elements of the alleged offense. Gill, 873 S.W.2d at 48; Munoz, 853 S.W.2d at 559. The 

nonaccomplice evidence tends to connect Jackson with the Kroger robbery. The corroboration of the accomplice 

testimony was sufficient as to the extraneous offense.
12

wrongs or acts‖ may be admissible if it has relevance apart from its tendency ―to prove the 

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).

The permissible ―purposes‖ to which evidence of ―crimes, wrongs, or acts‖ may be put 

include ―proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of 

mistake or accident.‖ TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Extraneous-offense evidence that logically serves 

any of these purposes is ―relevant‖ beyond its tendency ―to prove the character of a person in order 

to show action in conformity therewith‖ and subject only to the trial court‘s discretion nevertheless 

to exclude it ―if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 

prejudice . . . .‖ TEX. R. EVID. 403, 404(b). 

An accused must be tried only for the offense with which he or she is charged. The 

accused may not be tried for a collateral crime or for being a criminal generally. Stafford v. State,

813 S.W.2d 503, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

Generally, evidence of extraneous offenses may not be used against the accused in 

a criminal trial . . . . While such evidence will almost always have probative value, 

it forces the defendant to defend himself against uncharged crimes as well as the 

charged offense, and encourages the jury to convict a defendant based upon his bad 

character, rather than proof of the specific crime charged.

Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 450–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (footnotes omitted). ―Rule 

404(b) sets out an illustrative, not exhaustive, list of exceptions to the prohibition against admitting 

evidence of extraneous offenses including  ̳proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, 

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.‘‖ Id. at 451 n.13 (citing TEX. R. EVID.
13

404(b)). Extraneous-offense evidence is admissible only if the evidence satisfies a two-pronged 

test: (1) the extraneous-offense evidence must be relevant to a fact of consequence in the case 

aside from its tendency to show action in conformity with character; and (2) the probative value of 

the evidence must not be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Page v. 

State, 213 S.W.3d 332, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Unfair prejudice does not arise from the 

mere fact that evidence injures a party‘s case. Unfair prejudice may result from the tendency of 

the evidence to prove some adverse fact not properly in issue or unfairly to excite emotions against 

the defendant. Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

A trial court‘s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse of 

discretion standard. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Willover 

v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A trial court does not abuse its discretion so 

long as the decision to admit evidence is within the ―zone of reasonable disagreement.‖ 

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh‘g). An appeals 

court may not substitute its own decision for that of the trial court. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 

622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

We will address each of the State‘s arguments and then, since we find the 

extraneous-offense evidence was erroneously admitted, address whether the error resulted in 

harm.
14

(a) The Extraneous-Offense Evidence

After Jackson rested, the State offered rebuttal evidence concerning the extraneous offense 

at issue—the Kroger robbery. In an effort transcribed onto almost 250 pages of reporter‘s record, 

fifteen witnesses testified concerning the extraneous offense, extending the trial an additional two 

and a half days. In addition, the State offered approximately seventeen additional exhibits,

including video and audio recordings of police interrogations which were admitted into evidence. 

And, we note, the vast majority of that Kroger robbery evidence was presented after a weekend 

break and in the same week the jury deliberated and rendered its verdict.

Detective Brinkley testified that Blaylock had provided him with information concerning 

another crime in which Jackson had been involved—the robbery of a Kroger grocery store in 

Marshall, Texas. Blaylock testified Jackson had claimed the Kroger robbery ―was an inside deal 

with some guy that worked there, a manager.‖ According to Blaylock, Jackson admitted to 

wearing a wig and acting like a shopper. When Blaylock showed Jackson a video recording of the 

robbery that had been posted on the internet, Jackson referred to the gun in the video and said,

―[T]hat‘s my baby; that‘s that forty-five.‖ Jackson told Blaylock he had stolen $17,000.00 and it 

had been split three ways. 

Helen Baird, an employee of Kroger, testified she and Roberson were robbed by two armed 

men who came into the cash room of the Kroger. Baird, though, was not asked to make an 

in-court identification of Jackson. The State recalled Roberson, who testified he was Jackson‘s 
15

accomplice in the Kroger robbery. Roberson described how he and Jackson planned and 

executed the robbery. Roberson testified Jackson provided him with approximately $3,500.00 for 

his share of the stolen cash. 

The State also presented scientific evidence linking Jackson to the Kroger robbery. 

Thomas, the State‘s firearm expert, was recalled and testified that shell casings collected by the 

Marshall Police Department at the scene of the Kroger robbery were fired from the .45 caliber 

pistol seized at Jackson‘s house. Constance Patton, a forensic scientist from the Tarrant County 

Medical Examiner laboratory, testified a hat recovered at the scene of the Kroger robbery had a

mixture of DNA from three men on it. Jackson could not be excluded as a possible contributor of 

the DNA. Patton testified ―99.98 percent of random unrelated individuals in the Caucasian, 

African-American, and Southwestern Hispanic populations would be excluded as possible 

contributors to the ball cap mixture.‖ 

(b) Similarity of Offenses

When the extraneous offense is introduced to prove identity, the extraneous offense must 

be so similar to the charged offense that the offenses illustrate the defendant‘s ―distinctive and 

idiosyncratic manner of committing criminal acts.‖ Martin v. State, 173 S.W.3d 463, 468 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2005); see Owens v. State, 827 S.W.2d 911, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The 

common characteristics of each offense must be so unusual as to act as the defendant‘s 

―signature.‖ Taylor v. State, 920 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). ―No rigid rules 
16

dictate what constitutes sufficient similarities; rather, the common characteristics may be 

proximity in time and place, mode of commission of the crimes, the person‘s dress, or any other 

elements which mark both crimes as having been committed by the same person.‖ Segundo v. 

State, 270 S.W.3d 79, 88 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). ―Usually, it is the accretion of small, 

sometimes individually insignificant, details that marks each crime as the handiwork or modus 

operandi of a single individual.‖ Id. In the context of evaluating the admissibility of extraneous 

offenses, modus operandi refers to ―a defendant‘s distinctive and idiosyncratic manner of 

committing criminal acts.‖ Owens, 827 S.W.2d at 914.

In Hartsfield, this Court held an extraneous offense was admissible to prove identity when 

the offenses occurred in the same geographic area, were committed three days apart and at night, 

were committed with accomplices, and the perpetrators first emptied the cash register and then 

rifled through the shelves beneath the cash register at both locations. Hartsfield v. State, 305 

S.W.3d 859, 872 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. filed). Hartsfield, though, is distinguishable 

from the current case. The Kroger robbery occurred inside the store by two persons with a third 

accomplice who worked at the store. The pawn shop murder was committed in the parking lot of 

the pawn shop by a single person without any inside accomplice. The clothing of the suspects 

differed. The suspects in the Kroger robbery wore wigs and disguises, while the sole suspect in 
17

the pawn shop murder did not.10 The pawn shop murder and the Kroger robbery were committed 

a month apart, rather than the three days between the offenses in Hartsfield. 

In essence, the only similarities between the pawn shop murder and the Kroger robbery are 

that both offenses were armed robberies committed with a .45 caliber pistol. The State has failed 

to direct this Court to any details, insignificant or otherwise, which would mark the crime as the 

modus operandi of a single individual. The mere fact that both offenses were armed robberies 

does not make them sufficiently similar to prove identity. ―The State must show more than the 

mere repeated commission of crimes of the same type or class . . . .‖ Owens, 827 S.W.2d at 915. 

We see no similarities that indicate a distinctive and idiosyncratic manner of committing criminal 

acts. Evidence concerning the Kroger robbery was not relevant to the issue of identity. As stated 

by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals: ―if extraneous offense evidence is not  ̳relevant‘ apart 

from supporting an inference of  ̳character conformity,‘ it is absolutely inadmissible under Rule 

404(b).‖ Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 386–87. This decision is outside the zone of reasonable 

disagreement. The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence of the Kroger 

robbery to prove identity.

(c) Proving Intent?

Although the extraneous-offense evidence was not admissible on the issue of identity, we 

must still consider whether the extraneous evidence was admissible to establish intent. Intent can 

 

10While the State contended that the hooded sweatshirt worn at the pawn shop was a disguise, we do not find that 

contention compelling.
18

be inferred from acts, words, and conduct of the accused. Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806, 

810 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The State argues the extraneous offense was admissible to establish 

Jackson had the requisite intent. The State claims the extraneous offense shows Jackson intended 

to kill Mitchell because Mitchell resisted and no one was killed at the Kroger robbery where no 

one resisted.

Jackson argues the defense ―never put intent at issue.‖ We agree. During the trial, 

Jackson never contested or attempted to refute the State‘s evidence concerning intent. Jackson‘s 

defensive theory was that the State failed to prove he was the person who committed the crime. 

The only evidence which would contest intent was the testimony of Blaylock, that Jackson said 

killing Mitchell ―wasn‘t something that I was trying to do, but, you know, I didn‘t have no choice.‖ 

Blaylock‘s testimony was introduced by the State on direct examination.

The State argues Jackson contested intent by discussing the intent requirement during voir 

dire. We are not persuaded by this argument. Jackson did not contest intent by discussing the 

issue during voir dire. The State has failed to direct this Court to where in the record Jackson 

placed intent at issue. When the State‘s evidence on intent ―is uncontradicted by the defendant or 

not undermined by cross-examination of the State‘s witnesses, the offer of other crimes is 

unjustified due to the lack of relevancy.‖ Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1996) (op. on reh‘g); DeLeon v. State, 77 S.W.3d 300, 312 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref‘d). 
19

Because Jackson never contested intent, the extraneous-offense evidence was inadmissible under 

Rule 404. See TEX. R. EVID. 404. 

Even if Jackson had contested intent, the probative value of the offense is substantially 

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See TEX. R. EVID. 403. Our analysis is guided by 

the following factors known as the Montgomery factors: (1) how compellingly the 

extraneous-offense evidence serves to make a fact of consequence more or less probable; (2) the 

potential the other offense evidence has to impress the jury ―in some irrational but nevertheless 

indelible way‖; (3) the time the proponent will need to develop the evidence, during which the jury 

will be distracted from consideration of the indicted offense; and (4) the force of the proponent‘s 

need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence, that is, does the proponent have other 

probative evidence available to him or her to help establish this fact, and is this fact related to an 

issue in dispute. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389–90; see Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Hartsfield, 305 S.W.3d at 873.

The first factor weighs slightly against the admission of the extraneous offense. The State 

argues the Kroger robbery is probative of intent in the pawn shop murder because no one died in 

the Kroger robbery where no one resisted. The State argues that Mitchell resisted in the pawn 

shop robbery and, therefore, the Kroger robbery establishes that the actor intended to cause the 

death of Mitchell during the pawn shop robbery. While this argument has some logic, the 

argument is extremely tenuous. It requires a rather large inference to be made by the jury. The 
20

probative value of the Kroger robbery concerning intent is, at best, extremely marginal. Thus, the 

Kroger robbery is not terribly compelling in making a fact of consequence more or less probable.

The second factor weighs heavily against the admission of the extraneous offense. 

Although the extraneous-offense evidence was accompanied by an instruction of its limitations, 

the evidence had to impress the jury ―in some irrational but nevertheless indelible way.‖ While 

all extraneous offenses are inherently prejudicial, we believe this extraneous offense is unusually 

prejudicial. Rule 403 does not exclude all prejudicial evidence, but only evidence where the 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The Kroger 

robbery had significant potential ―to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different 

from proof specific to the offense charged.‖ See Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180 

(1997). The jury was presented with evidence that Jackson committed a second armed robbery 

approximately a month after the pawn shop murder. Thus, the Kroger robbery had substantial 

potential to convince the jury that Jackson was a criminal in general and, therefore, probably 

committed the charged offense.

The third factor weighs heavily against the admission of the extraneous offense. The time 

needed to develop the evidence was substantial. The State‘s rebuttal consumed approximately 

two and a half days of a six-day trial. The State called fifteen witnesses and introduced 

seventeen exhibits. During this entire time, the jury was distracted from consideration of the 

indicted offense.
21

The remaining factor also weighs heavily against the admission of the extraneous-offense 

evidence to prove intent. As noted above, intent was not a significant dispute at trial—if it was 

even disputed at all. A jury could reasonably infer intent from the evidence introduced 

concerning the pawn shop murder. In essence, the State had no need for this evidence to prove a 

fact of consequence.

All of the factors weigh against the admission of the extraneous-offense evidence to prove 

intent. Three of these factors weigh heavily against its admission. The State had no need for the 

evidence to prove intent, the time needed to develop the evidence was substantial, and the evidence 

had significant potential to impress the jury ―in some irrational but nevertheless indelible way.‖ 

Even if the evidence was relevant, the probative value of the offense is substantially outweighed 

by the danger of unfair prejudice. This decision is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. 

The trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence of the Kroger robbery to prove 

intent.

(d) Rebutting a Defensive Theory Is Not in Issue

The State alternatively argues the extraneous offense was admissible to rebut defensive 

theories.11 The trial court, though, instructed the jury it could not consider the extraneous 

evidence:

 

11The State argues, because the defense impeached Blaylock with the evidence that he received a $20,000.00 reward, 

the Kroger robbery was admissible to show Blaylock was willing to testify concerning the Kroger robbery despite not 

receiving a reward. Alternatively, the State argues the Kroger robbery was admissible to explain a typographical 

error in the search warrant which authorized the third search of Jackson‘s residence. 
22

FOR ANY PURPOSE UNLESS YOU FIND BEYOND A REASONABLE 

DOUBT THAT THE DEFENDANT COMMITTED SUCH OTHER OFFENSES, 

IF ANY WERE COMMITTED, AND EVEN THEN YOU MAY ONLY 

CONSIDER SUCH EVIDENCE IN DETERMINING THE INTENT OR THE 

IDENTITY OF THE DEFENDANT IN RELATION TO THE OFFENSE ON 

TRIAL, AND YOU MAY NOT CONSIDER THESE OFFENSES FOR ANY 

OTHER PURPOSE.

(Emphasis added.) The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that an appellate court cannot 

affirm a trial court‘s decision to admit extraneous-offense evidence to rebut a defensive theory if 

the trial court failed to instruct the jury, in the trial court‘s limiting instruction, on the extraneous 

evidence admissibility to rebut a defensive theory. Owens, 827 S.W.2d at 917; see Curtis v. State, 

89 S.W.3d 163, 171 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref‘d) (refusing to consider whether 

admission of extraneous-offense evidence to rebut defensive theory was proper because jury was 

not instructed on that basis). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held, ―[a]bsent such 

additional instruction, there is no way for an appellate court to know whether the jury properly 

applied the evidence of appellant‘s  ̳system‘ to rebut the weight or credibility of appellant‘s 

 ̳frame-up‘ theory or relied on it for an improper basis such as character conformity.‖ Owens, 827 

S.W.2d at 917. Here, the jury was not instructed that it could consider the extraneous-offense 

evidence to rebut a defensive theory. As such, we cannot consider whether the 

extraneous-offense evidence was admissible to rebut a defensive theory. The trial court erred in 

admitting the evidence concerning the Kroger robbery.
23

(e) Harm

The next step in our analysis is to determine whether the error resulted in harm. Error in 

admitting evidence concerning extraneous offenses is reviewed under Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas 

Rules of Appellate Procedure. Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) 

(finding under Rule 44.2(b) the error in admitting photographs was harmless). Rule 44.2(b) 

provides that an appellate court must disregard a nonconstitutional error that does not affect a 

criminal defendant‘s ―substantial rights.‖ TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). An error affects a substantial 

right of the defendant when the error has a substantial and injurious effect or influence in 

determining the jury‘s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A 

criminal conviction will not be reversed for nonconstitutional error if the appellate court, after 

examining the record as a whole, ―has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had 

but a slight effect.‖

12

 Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); see Motilla 

v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

 

12We note that, on at least two occasions, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has applied the ―grave doubts‖ analysis 

instead of the ―fair assurance‖ analysis. See Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Ford v. 

State, 73 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also Aguirre-Mata v. State, 125 S.W.3d 473, 487 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2003) (Holcomb, J., dissenting). Under this analysis, which is roughly equivalent to the ―fair assurance‖ 

analysis, the error is reversible if the court has ―grave doubts‖ about whether an error did not affect the outcome. See

Burnett, 88 S.W.3d at 637; see also O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 434 (1995). ―Grave doubt‖ means ―in the 

judge‘s mind, the matter is so evenly balanced that [the judge] feels himself in virtual equipoise as to the harmlessness 

of the error.‖ O’Neal, 513 U.S. at 434; Burnett, 88 S.W.3d at 637. The ―grave doubts‖ analysis would result in the 

same conclusion as the ―fair assurance‖ analysis. Despite the substantial evidence of guilt, we entertain grave doubts 

concerning whether the evidence did have a substantial or injurious influence on the jury. While the evidence of guilt 

favors a finding of harmless error, the character of the erroneously-admitted evidence and its connection to the other 

evidence favors a finding of harm. Our balancing concludes these factors are so evenly balanced that the decision 

regarding the harmlessness of the error is in ―virtual equipoise.‖ Because we have grave doubts concerning whether 
24

In assessing the likelihood that the jury‘s decision was adversely affected by the 

error, the appellate court should consider everything in the record, including any 

testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury‘s consideration, the nature of 

the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error and how it 

might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case. The reviewing 

court might also consider the jury instruction given by the trial judge, the State‘s 

theory and any defensive theories, closing arguments and even voir dire, if material 

to appellant‘s claim.

Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355.

The State argued at oral argument that the error was harmless because the trial court gave a 

limiting instruction before the State presented the extraneous-offense evidence and the court‘s 

instructions to the jury contained a limiting instruction. We are not convinced that the limiting 

instruction rendered the error harmless.

The Amarillo Court of Appeals addressed a similar argument in Bjorgaard v. State, 220 

S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2007), pet. dism’d, improvidently granted, 253 S.W.3d 

661 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). In that case, the appellant was charged with attempted sexual 

assault of his ten-year-old niece. Id. at 558. The State introduced evidence that the appellant had 

previously been convicted of indecency with a child. Id. After determining the evidence should 

not have been admitted, the Amarillo court concluded that, even ―if the jury did heed the trial 

court‘s admonishment, the admonishment itself could be viewed as permitting consideration of the 

evidence for an improper purpose.‖ Id. at 562. As discussed above, the Kroger robbery should 

not have been admitted to prove either identity or intent in the pawn shop murder. Thus, the 

 

the evidence did have a substantial or injurious influence, the error in admitting the extraneous evidence resulted in 

harm.
25

limiting instruction instructed the jury it could consider, albeit for a limited purpose, evidence it 

should not have considered. An instruction, which instructs a jury to consider inadmissible 

evidence for a limited purpose, still instructs a jury to consider inadmissible evidence. The 

evidence should not have been considered for any purpose during the guilt/innocence phase of the 

trial. The limiting instruction does not render the error harmless.

In conducting a harm analysis, the presence of overwhelming evidence of guilt can be a 

factor in the evaluation of harmless error. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 357. Jackson admitted to 

Blaylock that he had committed the pawn shop murder. Jackson admitted to Blaylock that he had 

studied the victim‘s routine of going to the bank in the morning and returning with money and that 

he had killed the man with a ―.45.‖ Jackson stated he stole approximately $8,000.00 and had fled 

through some woods. Roberson testified Jackson admitted ―[h]e robbed a guy, and he [had] shot 

him‖ because ―[h]e wouldn‘t give him the money.‖ Shells seized during the first search of 

Jackson‘s house had similar bunting markings as the shells found at the scene. Jackson flew from 

Atlanta to Dallas December 6, 2007, and returned to Atlanta December 11, 2007. Jackson‘s wife 

had some poorly explained absences from work on the day of the crime. Jackson lied to the police 

on a number of occasions concerning his whereabouts on the day of the crime. Last, the shell 

casing found during the third search of Jackson‘s house was fired from the same gun as a shell 

casing found at the scene of the pawn shop murder. Although there is substantial evidence of 
26

guilt, the evidence is not overwhelming. The evidence of guilt weighs in favor of a finding that 

the error did not influence the jury, but is not the sole factor in our analysis.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has stressed ―an appellate court should consider 

overwhelming evidence of guilt, but that that should be only one factor in the analysis.‖ Id. at 

357. Other relevant factors in a harm analysis are ― ̳the character of the alleged error and how it 

might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case.‘‖ Id. at 359 (quoting Morales, 

32 S.W.3d at 867).

The character of the erroneously-admitted evidence weighs heavily in favor of a finding of 

harm. ―Extraneous-offense evidence is  ̳inherently prejudicial, tends to confuse the issues, and 

forces the accused to defend himself against charges not part of the present case against him.‘‖ 

Sims v. State, 273 S.W.3d 291, 294–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (quoting Pollard v. State, 255 

S.W.3d 184, 185 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008), aff’d, 277 S.W.3d 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). 

By its very nature, an improperly admitted extraneous offense tends to be harmful. It encourages 

a jury to base its decisions on character conformity, rather than evidence that the defendant 

committed the offense with which he or she has been charged.

The evidence that Jackson committed the Kroger robbery was overwhelming. Roberson 

provided detailed testimony concerning the Kroger robbery. Jackson had admitted committing 

the Kroger robbery to Blaylock. The shell casings collected at the scene of the Kroger robbery 

were fired from the pistol seized at Jackson‘s house. A hat recovered at the scene of the Kroger 
27

robbery after being abandoned by the robbers had a mixture of DNA from three men on it. 

Jackson could not be excluded as a possible contributor of the DNA despite the fact that ―99.98 

percent of random unrelated individuals in the Caucasian, African-American, and Southwestern 

Hispanic populations‖ would be excluded as possible contributors. The overwhelming evidence 

of the Kroger robbery had enormous potential for confusing the jury and enormous potential to 

encourage the jury to base its decision on character conformity.

Our concerns about the nature of the erroneously admitted extraneous evidence are

enhanced when the evidence is considered in connection with the other evidence in the case. 

Although evidence suggests Jackson committed the pawn shop robbery, it was not without 

contradiction. The evidence establishing identity consisted of mainly the shell casing found at 

Jackson‘s residence and the admissions Jackson made to Blaylock and Roberson. The credibility 

of both Blaylock and Roberson was challenged by Jackson. Blaylock admitted he had received 

the $20,000.00 reward and admitted he had previously lied under oath about his finances on an 

application for a court-appointed attorney. Roberson was Jackson‘s accomplice in the Kroger 

robbery. Jackson also argued that the shell found at Jackson‘s house during the third search may 

have been planted by an unknown third party.

The evidence of the Kroger robbery may have had a profound effect on the jury‘s decision 

concerning the credibility of Blaylock and Roberson. It is not our role to speculate as to whether 

the jury would have still believed Blaylock and Roberson. Credibility choices are the sole 
28

province of the jury. Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Our role is 

to determine the ―likelihood that the error materially affected the jury‘s deliberations.‖ McCarthy 

v. State, 65 S.W.3d 47, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249 

(1988)). The overwhelming evidence that Jackson committed the Kroger robbery may have 

quieted any lingering doubts the jury had concerning the credibility of Blaylock and Roberson. 

The extraneous-offense evidence may have had a significant influence on the jury when it was 

considering the credibility of the State‘s witnesses.

In considering how the erroneously admitted evidence might be considered in connection 

with other evidence in the case, the emphasis of the evidence by the State should be considered. 

See Lajoie v. State, 237 S.W.3d 345, 355 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (State‘s overt 

emphasis contributed to harm of admitting defendant‘s request for counsel); see also McCarthy, 

65 S.W.3d at 55 (considering State‘s emphasis of error in assessing harm under Rule 44.2(a)). 

Unlike the erroneously admitted evidence in Motilla, the erroneously admitted evidence in this 

case is not innocuous and is not brief. The State‘s rebuttal consumed approximately forty percent 

of the trial—approximately two and a half days of a six-day trial, and the bulk of that occurring 

after a weekend break. The State called fifteen witnesses and introduced seventeen exhibits. 

The evidence linking Jackson to the Kroger robbery was considerably stronger than the evidence 

linking Jackson to the pawn shop murder. The State emphasized the extraneous offense during its 

closing argument and admitted it had ―spent a significant time . . . talking about an extraneous 
29

matter.‖ Although the State generally referred to the extraneous offense when discussing identity 

and intent, the State deviated from these limitations on at least one occasion. The State argued 

Jackson would not have convinced Roberson to participate in the Kroger robbery ―if Mr. Jackson 

isn‘t able to convince him that he‘s already gotten away with one.‖ Although the State‘s 

emphasis was not as overt as the emphasis in Lajoie, it nonetheless affects whether the error 

resulted in harm.

As noted above, the evidence of guilt, while substantial, was not overwhelming. Even 

more important, the evidence of guilt was not free from contradictions. When the character of the 

erroneously admitted evidence and its connection to the other evidence is considered, we are 

unable to reach a fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect. 

We conclude the trial error in admitting evidence concerning an extraneous offense—the Kroger 

robbery—resulted in reversible error. Because we have found the error in admitting the 

extraneous offense constitutes reversible error, it is unnecessary to address Jackson‘s remaining 

issues.
30

Although the evidence is legally and factually sufficient, admitting, over Jackson‘s 

objections, extensive evidence concerning the extraneous offense was error and was harmful. We 

reverse Jackson‘s conviction for capital murder and remand for a new trial.

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: June 30, 2010

Date Decided: August 12, 2010

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