UNITED STATES AIR FORCE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

UNITED STATES

v.

Technical Sergeant JOE A. GARCIA

United States Air Force

ACM 38814

16 August 2016

Sentence adjudged 15 January 2015 by GCM convened at Dyess Air Force 

Base, Texas. Military Judges: Mark W. Milam (sitting alone) and Tiffany 

M. Wagner (arraignment).

Approved Sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 3 months, and 

reduction to E-1. 

Appellate Counsel for Appellant: Major Lauren A. Shure.

Appellate Counsel for the United States: Captain Tyler B. Musselman and 

Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.

Before

ALLRED, DUBRISKE, and J. BROWN1

Appellate Military Judges

OPINION OF THE COURT

This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent 

under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.

ALLRED, Chief Judge:

At a general court-martial composed of a military judge sitting alone, Appellant was 

convicted of willful dereliction of duty, maltreatment, and abusive sexual contact in 

 

1 Chief Judge Allred authored and participated in this decision prior to his retirement.
2 ACM 38814

violation of Articles 92, 93, and 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 893, 920.2 The court 

sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 3 months, and reduction 

to E-1. The convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged. 

Before us, Appellant claims (1) that error in the Staff Judge Advocate’s 

Recommendation (SJAR) requires remand for new post-trial processing and (2) that 

conditions of his post-trial confinement warrant sentence relief. Finding no error materially 

prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights, we affirm.

Background

Appellant served as an air traffic controller. In March 2013, a group of eight 

women—individuals from Appellant’s shop and their civilian friends—went together for 

a “ladies night out.” The women rode in a mini-van to a restaurant and then to a bar where

Appellant met them and joined in their socializing. Afterward, Appellant rode with the 

eight women to their next destination. He did so with one female sitting on his lap and his 

arm around the shoulder of a second female, Senior Airman (SrA) AT. As they rode in the 

van, Appellant put his hand down SrA AT’s shirt and touched her breast. She grabbed his 

hand and pushed it away. Shortly thereafter, he put his hand down her shirt a second time, 

and again SrA AT pushed it away. When Appellant put his hand down her shirt a third 

time, SrA AT yelled at him to stop—and he did so. Later that evening at a house party, 

Appellant made further unwelcome advances toward SrA AT. He commented on her 

breasts and told her he wanted to bend her over and have sex with her.

Appellant also made uninvited sexual comments to SrA AT at work. In October 

2013, while alone with her in the air traffic control tower, Appellant turned the 

conversation to sex. He told SrA AT that she should be grateful he had supported her for 

an award and a favorable performance evaluation. He commented upon the size of his 

penis and he asked her about her sex life. He also urged her to expose her breasts and have 

sex with him in the control tower. Appellant told SrA AT not to tell anyone about the 

things he said to her.

Appellant made similar sexual comments, also in the workplace, to another air 

traffic controller, SrA KB. He repeatedly told SrA KB that he wanted to meet at her place 

or his for sex and he wanted to be her “f[**]k buddy.” Appellant asked SrA KB to let him 

see and touch her breasts. On two occasions, SrA KB allowed Appellant to touch her 

breasts: once over her shirt and once beneath her shirt. 

 

2 Appellant was found not guilty of one specification of willful dereliction of duty and one specification of abusive 

sexual contact in violation of Articles 92 and 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 920. 
3 ACM 38814

I. SJAR Error

Both parties agree that the maximum confinement for the offenses of which 

Appellant was found guilty was 8 years and 6 months; however, the SJAR in this case

incorrectly advised the convening authority that the maximum sentence included 16 years 

confinement. Appellant did not object to this error during post-trial proceedings. He 

argues now, however, that the mistake warrants new post-trial processing. As there was 

no colorable showing of prejudice, we disagree.

We normally review the correctness of post-trial processing de novo. United States 

v. Parker, 73 M.J. 914, 920 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014). However, failure to timely 

comment on matters in an SJAR forfeits any later claim of error in the absence of plain 

error. Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1106(f)(6); United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J. 435, 

436 (C.A.A.F. 2005); Parker, 73 M.J. 920. To prevail under a plain error analysis, an

appellant bears the burden of showing that: “(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or 

obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right.” Scalo, 60 M.J. at 436

(quoting United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).

If an error in the SJAR occurs, an appellate court may review the matter to determine 

if the accused has been prejudiced by evaluating whether the error has any merit and

whether it led to a favorable recommendation by the staff judge advocate or corrective 

action by the convening authority. United States v. Green, 44 M.J. 93, 95 (C.A.A.F. 1996). 

In determining whether the error might have affected the convening authority’s action, the 

threshold for establishing prejudice is low. United States v. Parsons, 61 M.J. 550, 551 

(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2005). In making this determination, we recognize that historically a 

convening authority is an appellant’s “best hope for sentence relief.” United States v. Lee, 

50 M.J. 296, 297 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (quoting United States v. Bono, 26 M.J. 240, 243 n.3 

(C.M.A. 1988)). “Because of the highly discretionary nature of the convening authority’s 

action on the sentence, we will grant relief if an appellant presents ‘some colorable showing 

of possible prejudice.’” Kho, 54 M.J. at 65 (quoting United States v. Wheelus, 49 M.J. 283, 

289 (C.A.A.F. 1998)). “Because the threshold for showing prejudice is so low, it is the 

rare case where substantial errors in the SJAR, or post-trial process in general, do not 

require return of the case for further processing.” Parker, 73 M.J. at 921 (quoting United 

States v. Lavoie, ACM S31453 (recon), unpub. op. at 11 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 21 January 

2009)) (quotation marks omitted).

We find the misstatement of maximum confinement to be error in this case, and we 

find that error to be plain and obvious. We do not, however, believe that error affected 

Appellant’s chances for clemency. Appellant’s dereliction of duty, maltreatment of a 

subordinate, and abusive sexual contact constitute severe misconduct. His sentence, with 

its confinement element of only three months, was, in our opinion, modest under the 

circumstances. We find no colorable showing of possible prejudice in this case. See Kho, 

54 M.J. at 65. We are confident that stating the proper maximum confinement would not 
4 ACM 38814

have led to a more favorable recommendation nor clemency by the convening authority. 

See Green, 44 M.J. at 95.

II. Conditions of Post-Trial Confinement

At the close of Appellant’s trial, he entered confinement at Taylor County Adult 

Detention Center (TCADC) in Abilene, Texas. Appellant alleges that the conditions of his 

confinement were so egregious as to warrant sentence relief under Article 66(c), UCMJ, 

10 U.S.C. § 866(c). See United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) 

(providing sentence relief for post-trial confinement conditions that did not constitute a 

violation of either the Constitution of the United States or Article 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 

855). Under the facts of this case, we disagree. 

In a sworn declaration, Appellant states that he was assigned to a single-person cell 

in a section of TCADC “reserved for medical personal [sic] and bad behavior inmates.” 

He declares that he was required to remain in his cell for 23 hours each day throughout the 

75 days of his post-trial confinement. According to Appellant, he was allowed to leave his 

cell and visit a day room—where he could shower, watch television, and make phone 

calls—for just one hour a day.

Appellant further complains that the water in the day room shower was often cold, 

and that it cost $10.00 for each 10-minute card needed to access the telephone. He states 

that cracks around the toilet allowed cockroaches to enter his cell, and that he was required 

to drink poor quality water from the sink in his cell. According to Appellant, inmates in 

the general population were allowed greater freedoms, including unlimited access to 

showers, television, and the telephone. Appellant states that, during the final two weeks 

of his confinement, he was moved to a different cell because the cell he occupied had a 

broken intercom and low water pressure.

In response, the Government has provided a sworn statement from the Staff 

Investigator Grievance Officer at TCADC. The Grievance Officer states that Appellant’s 

75 days at TCADC ran from 15 January 2015 through 30 March 2015. According to the 

Grievance Officer, Appellant occupied one cell from the time of his arrival until 16 March 

2015, when he was moved to a second cell because his original cell had a broken intercom 

button. Both cells were single-person cells, with “open barred doors facing the run of the 

facility.” Each cell had a window looking onto a recreation yard, along with a bed, a desk, 

a stool, a toilet/sink combination, and a shelf. TCADC also maintained single-person cells 

with solid doors and just one small window which remained covered, but Appellant was 

not confined in this type of cell. The Grievance Officer agrees that Appellant had one hour 

per day of day room access. According to the Grievance Officer, Appellant would also 

have been allowed recreation periods no less than three times a week. The Grievance 

Officer states that jail standards set the upper limit for water temperature, which is lower 

than is common in some homes. He declares also that the living conditions were inspected 
5 ACM 38814

in February 2014 and March 2015 and TCADC passed both inspections. The Grievance 

Officer states that TCADC maintains a grievance process by which inmates may lodge 

complaints, and, during his stay, Appellant never filed a grievance or complaint. 

The Government has also provided a sworn declaration from Staff Sergeant (SSgt) 

CA who served as the noncommissioned officer in charge (NCIOC) of Corrections at 

Dyess Air Force Base, Texas. SSgt CA states that she made weekly health and welfare 

visits to Appellant during his confinement, and at no time did Appellant complain to her 

about any conditions at the TCADC. SSgt CA states:

In regards to TSgt Garcia’s placement in single person cells, 

pursuant to AFI 31-105, paragraph 5.2.4.1 we have to ensure 

that military confines [sic] are separated from illegal 

aliens/foreign nationals and not comingled with civilians or 

other military with the opposite pre- or post-trial status. 

Accordingly, our agreement with Taylor County requires that 

Air Force members be housed separately from general 

population. That said if two Air Force members were confined 

to the Taylor County facility at the same time, and had the same 

post-trial status, they would be able to interact during day room 

and recreation time. [In the two years that] I have been 

NCOIC, such a situation has occurred and the members were 

allowed to interact in the day room and recreation center. 

During TSgt Garcia’s confinement, there was no other Air 

Force member at the facility.

Appellant does not contend that the conditions of his confinement amounted to cruel 

or unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment3 or Article 55, UCMJ. Nor 

do we find any such violation.4 Instead, citing United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 742 (A.F. 

Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F 2016), Appellant invites us to exercise 

 

3 U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.

4

 We review de novo allegations of cruel and unusual punishment. United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 471 (C.A.A.F. 

2001). Both the Eighth Amendment and Article 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855 prohibit cruel and unusual punishment. 

In general, we apply “the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Eighth Amendment to claims raised under Article 55, 

[UCMJ,] except in circumstances where . . . legislative intent to provide greater protections under [Article 55, UCMJ,]”

is apparent. United States v. Avila, 53 M.J. 99, 101 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citing United States v. Wappler, 9 C.M.R. 23, 

26 (C.M.A. 1953)). “[T]he Eighth Amendment prohibits two types of punishments: (1) those ‘incompatible with the 

evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society’ or (2) those ‘which involve the 

unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211, 215 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting 

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102–03 (1976)). A violation of the Eighth Amendment is shown by demonstrating: 

“(1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting in the denial of necessities; (2) a culpable state of 

mind on the part of prison officials amounting to deliberate indifference to [the appellant’s] health and safety; and (3) 

‘that [the appellant] has exhausted the prisoner-grievance system . . . and that he has petitioned for relief under Article 

138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938.’” Id. (footnotes omitted) .
6 ACM 38814

our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ to disapprove his bad-conduct discharge or grant 

other sentence relief. 

This court “may affirm only such findings of guilty and the sentence or such part or 

amount of the sentence, as it finds correct in law and fact and determines, on the basis of 

the entire record, should be approved.” Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §866(c). Before 

applying this standard, we must first determine what facts are properly before this court, 

and whether we are required to remand this case for a post-trial fact-finding hearing. In 

United States v. Fagan, 59 M.J. 238, 241–42 (C.A.A.F. 2004), our superior court 

determined that the framework of United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236 (C.A.A.F. 1997), 

governs our determination of whether a post-trial fact-finding hearing is necessary to 

resolve “a post-trial claim that is framed by conflicting affidavits.” Therefore, the 

following principles (originally set forth to deal with post-trial claims of ineffective 

assistance of counsel) determine when a post-trial fact-finding hearing is required:

First, if the facts alleged in the affidavit allege an error that 

would not result in relief even if any factual dispute were 

resolved in appellant’s favor, the claim may be rejected on that 

basis.

Second, if the affidavit does not set forth specific facts but 

consists instead of speculative or conclusory observations, the 

claim may be rejected on that basis.

Third, if the affidavit is factually adequate on its face to state a 

claim of legal error and the Government either does not contest 

the relevant facts or offers an affidavit that expressly agrees 

with those facts, the court can proceed to decide the legal issue 

on the basis of those uncontroverted facts.

Fourth, if the affidavit is factually adequate on its face but the 

appellate filings and the record as a whole “compellingly 

demonstrate” the improbability of those facts, the Court may 

discount those factual assertions and decide the legal issue.

Fifth, when an appellate claim of ineffective representation 

contradicts a matter that is within the record of a guilty plea, 

an appellate court may decide the issue on the basis of the 

appellate file and record (including the admissions made in the 

plea inquiry at trial and appellant’s expression of satisfaction 

with counsel at trial) unless the appellant sets forth facts that 

would rationally explain why he would have made such 

statements at trial but not upon appeal.
7 ACM 38814

Sixth, the Court of Criminal Appeals is required to order a 

factfinding hearing only when the above-stated circumstances 

are not met. In such circumstances the court must remand the 

case to the trial level for a DuBay proceeding. During appellate 

review of the DuBay proceeding, the court may exercise its 

Article 66 factfinding power and decide the legal issue.

Ginn, 47 M.J. at 248; see also United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967).

Applying the Ginn framework, we find that remanding this case for a fact-finding 

hearing is not necessary. See Ginn, 47 M.J. at 248. The statement of facts contained in 

Appellant’s declaration is largely uncontested by the Government. Furthermore, to the 

degree discrepancies exist between the submissions of the parties, our resolving those 

discrepancies in favor of Appellant would not result in granting relief.

In Gay, 74 M.J. 736, we found that the conditions of the appellant’s post-trial 

confinement did not constitute a violation of his rights under the Eighth Amendment or 

Article 55, UCMJ; nevertheless, we exercised our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ, to 

grant modest sentence relief.5 Reviewing that decision, our superior court held that this 

court “did not abuse its discretion when it exercised its Article 66(c) sentence reassessment 

authority for post-trial confinement conditions despite its conclusion that the conditions 

did not rise to a violation of the Eighth Amendment or Article 55 violation.” Gay, 75 M.J. 

at 269. In affirming our decision, however, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

noted that Gay involved a unique set of facts with post-trial legal errors that included both 

a violation of the appellant’s rights under Article 12, UCMJ,6and the ordering of solitary 

confinement by an Air Force official where an alternative solution was available. Id. Our 

superior court emphasized, “In reaching this conclusion, we do not recognize unlimited 

authority of the Courts of Criminal Appeals to grant sentence appropriateness relief for any 

conditions of post-trial confinement of which they disapprove.” Id. 

Ultimately, we anticipate that only in very rare circumstances will this court exercise 

our Article 66(c), UCMJ, authority to grant sentence relief based upon conditions of posttrial confinement when we have found no violation of the Eighth Amendment or Article 

55, UCMJ. Cf. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 145-47 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (holding that 

despite our significant discretion in reviewing the appropriateness of a sentence, this court 

may not engage in acts of clemency.) Such circumstances do not exist here. 

 

5

In Gay, the sentence approved by the convening authority was a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 5 months, 

forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-3. In granting relief, we found the following 

sentence appropriate: a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 3 months, and reduction to E-3. Gay, 74 M.J. at 738, 

745.

6 Article 12, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 812 states: “No member of the armed forces may be placed in confinement in 

immediate association with enemy prisoners or other foreign nationals not members of the armed forces.” 
8 ACM 38814

Unlike the situation in Gay, Appellant in the present case—despite having 

mechanisms to do so—made no complaint regarding any condition of his confinement 

before raising the matter on appeal. See Gay, 74 M.J. at 738–42. Our superior court has 

declared, “A prisoner must seek administrative relief prior to invoking judicial intervention 

to redress concerns regarding post-trial confinement conditions.” United States v. Wise, 

64 M.J. 468, 469 (C.A.A.F. 2007). This requirement “promot[es] resolution of grievances 

at the lowest possible level [and ensures] that an adequate record has been developed [to 

aid appellate review].” Id. at 471 (quoting United States v. Miller, 46 M.J. 248, 250 

(C.A.A.F. 1997)). Because a prime purpose of ensuring administrative exhaustion is the 

prompt amelioration of a prisoner’s conditions of confinement, courts have required that 

these complaints be made while an appellant is incarcerated. Id. Appellant must show that 

“absent some unusual or egregious circumstance . . . he has exhausted the prisonergrievance system [in his detention facility] and that he has petitioned for relief under 

Article 138.” Id. (quoting United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 472 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).

Moreover, nothing regarding Appellant’s confinement strikes us as especially 

unusual or egregious. Appellant was never confined with foreign nationals—the legal error 

which “sparked” the “faulty post-trial process” in Gay. See Gay, 75 M.J. at 269. Appellant 

does not claim any infliction of physical or mental abuse. His complaint also indicates no 

serious act or omission resulting in a denial of medical attention, proper food, or other 

necessities. The circumstances of his confinement do not appear to involve the extreme 

segregation often associated with what one might call “true” solitary confinement. 

Appellant does not claim any impact upon his access to counsel nor any prejudice to his 

post-trial due process rights. Nor do we find any other circumstance so severe as to warrant 

the extraordinary use of our Article 66(c) power. Accordingly, we reject this assignment 

of error. 

Conclusion

The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error 

materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 

66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the approved findings and 

sentence are AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT

LEAH M. CALAHAN

Clerk of the Court