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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. 34,519

5 STEVEN TRUJEQUE,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

8 Stan Whitaker, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender

13 Santa Fe, NM

14 Josephine H. Ford, Assistant Appellate Defender

15 Albuquerque, NM

16 for Appellant

17 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 GARCIA, Judge.

19 {1} Defendant Steven Trujeque filed a docketing statement, appealing from the
2

1 district court’s affirmance of his conviction by conditional plea for driving while

2 under the influence of intoxicating liquor (first offense). [DS 1, 9] In this Court’s

3 notice of proposed disposition, we proposed to adopt the district court’s memorandum

4 opinion affirming the conviction. [CN 2–3] Defendant timely filed a memorandum in

5 opposition (MIO). We have given due consideration to the memorandum in

6 opposition, and, remaining unpersuaded, we affirm Defendant’s conviction.

7 {2} In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant continues to argue that

8 Defendant’s detention in handcuffs in the back of the police car was unreasonable

9 because the State did not show that it was necessary for officer safety. [MIO 1]

10 However, as the district court explained in its memorandum opinion, which we

11 proposed to adopt in our notice of proposed disposition [CN 2–3], the officer detained

12 Defendant because Defendant indicated that he was going to be argumentative;

13 because Defendant’s demeanor was aggressive; and because the officer needed to

14 communicate with the individual who had called 911, check on her, find out what was

15 happening, and investigate the potential criminal trespass or harassment. [RP 114–15,

16 117–18]

17 {3} It is well settled that “an officer may detain a person in order to investigate

18 possible criminal activity.” State v. Jason L., 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 20, 129 N.M. 119,

19 2 P.3d 856 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Investigatory detention
3

1 is permissible when there is a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the law is

2 being or has been broken. A reasonable suspicion is a particularized suspicion, based

3 on all the circumstances that a particular individual, the one detained, is breaking, or

4 has broken, the law.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). [See RP 117]

5 In the present case, the officer was dispatched based on a Priority 1, 911 call. [RP 114]

6 The information the officer received from the call was that an individual was

7 repeatedly knocking on the front and back doors of his ex-girlfriend’s home; the caller

8 was afraid and did not know where the individual was; the individual was a male,

9 white adult, approximately 5'7" with a thin build, brown hair, brown eyes, and a

10 moustache and beard; the individual’s vehicle was a black, two-door Toyota Celica

11 coupe; and that an earlier call had been made by the alleged victim’s parent. [RP

12 113–15, 117] When the officer arrived on the scene, he observed a black car matching

13 dispatch’s description backing out of a driveway near or at the address in the dispatch.

14 [RP 114]

15 {4} The officer made contact with Defendant based on the matching descriptions

16 from dispatch; upon contact from the officer, Defendant exhibited an argumentative

17 and aggressive demeanor; and the officer—the sole officer on the scene—decided to

18 secure Defendant in light of Defendant’s demeanor while the officer contacted the

19 caller and proceeded with his investigation based on the 911 call to determine whether
4

1 criminal trespass or harassment had occurred. [See RP 114–15, 117; see also MIO 2

2 (referencing Defendant’s argumentative tone, confrontational manner, and aggressive

3 demeanor)] We hold that, based on these facts, the trial court did not err in concluding

4 that the detention was reasonable [RP 116]—in other words, that the officer had a

5 reasonable, particularized suspicion that Defendant had been committing or was going

6 to be committing criminal activity and that the officer’s investigatory detention of

7 Defendant was permissible. See id. [See also RP 117–18]

8 {5} Whether some of Defendant’s questions in response to the officer’s

9 investigation were non-argumentative or whether such questions, on their own, were

10 sufficient to rise to the level of reasonable suspicion [see MIO 2–3] is not relevant

11 because other factors existed in this case. Likewise, whether the officer specifically

12 found a threat to his safety [MIO 3] is not relevant—the question is whether there was

13 reasonable suspicion sufficient for an investigatory detention and, as we have

14 explained above, there was. Although the question of officer safety is relevant to some

15 inquiries, it is not in the present case. See id. (describing when it is permissible for an

16 officer to subject an individual to an investigatory detention).

17 {6} Moreover, as indicated by the district court in its memorandum opinion, what

18 happened after Defendant was detained for investigatory purposes is not relevant

19 because “the trial court and [Defendant] agreed that the question before the court was
5

1 whether [the officer] had probable cause to place [Defendant] in handcuffs and not

2 about any events after that point” [RP 115–16 (emphases added)], and Defendant has

3 provided no facts in his memorandum in opposition to refute this finding. [See MIO

4 1–3] Nonetheless, Defendant argues that, despite the fact that the de facto arrest

5 argument was not preserved [see MIO 1], this Court should reverse anyway because

6 the trial court committed fundamental error in failing to find that the delay—the time

7 between when Defendant was handcuffed and placed in the police car and when

8 Defendant was transported—constituted a de facto arrest [MIO 4–5]. Assuming that

9 the doctrine of fundamental error applies in this circumstance, Defendant has not

10 demonstrated that any error was fundamental in this case.

11 {7} There are two strands of analysis under the fundamental error doctrine. State

12 v. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶¶ 14–18, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633. One strand

13 focuses on circumstances of obvious or indisputable innocence while the second

14 strand focuses more on process and the underlying integrity of our judicial system.

15 State v. Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 23, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515. “Parties alleging

16 fundamental error [under the second strand] must demonstrate the existence of

17 circumstances that [either] shock the conscience[,] or implicate a fundamental

18 unfairness within the system that would undermine judicial integrity if left

19 unchecked.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 21, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d
6

1 176 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Absent error that goes to the

2 foundation of the case or takes from the defendant a right which was essential to his

3 defense and which no court could or ought to permit him to waive, we will not reverse

4 the district court.” State v. Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 30, 145 N.M. 733, 204 P.3d

5 748 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Defendant contends

6 that the officer was not diligent enough in his investigation because he could have

7 called a DWI officer to investigate Defendant separately from the officer’s own

8 domestic violence investigation, and he further argues that the time frame during

9 which Defendant was in the police car was simply too long. [MIO 4–5] Defendant has

10 not described a circumstance that shocks the conscience, implicates a fundamental

11 unfairness within the system that would undermine judicial integrity if left unchecked,

12 or goes to the foundation of the case. See Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 21;

13 Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 30; see also Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 47 (“In a

14 fundamental error analysis, where the defendant has waived all error by failing to

15 object, the Court’s goal is to search for injustice.” (internal quotation marks and

16 citation omitted)). Accordingly, we decline to conclude that Defendant has

17 demonstrated fundamental error in this case.

18 {8} For the reasons set forth in our notice of proposed disposition and herein, and

19 for the reasons articulated in the memorandum opinion of the district court, we affirm
7

1 Defendant’s conviction.

2 {9} IT IS SO ORDERED.

3 ________________________________

4 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

5 WE CONCUR:

6 _______________________________

7 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

8 _______________________________

9 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge