# Patent

## Title
Organic field effect transistor with off-set threshold voltage and the use thereof

## Abstract

The invention relates to an organic field effect transistor with off-set threshold voltage. Said OFET has an intermediate layer that defines a space charge region between the insulator and the semiconductor.

## Background
This application is a 371 of PCT/DE02/04520, Sep. 12, 2002, which claims benefit of Germany application 101 60 732.6, filed Dec. 11, 2001
Organic field effect transistor with offset threshold voltage and the use thereof
The invention relates to an organic field effect transistor with offset threshold voltage.
A key parameter in the case of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is the position of the threshold voltage. This voltage indicates the, gate voltage at which the current channel of the transistor originates or becomes conductive. If it is around 0V, two problems arise when setting up integrated circuits from these OFETs: two voltage supplies are required instead of one and roughly double the number of transistors are needed, as the output voltages of the logic elements have to be offset, before they can be used to activate further logic elements. The result of these problems is for example a significant increase in power consumption, which complicates the use of polymer electronics, i.e. electronics based on organic materials, for applications such as RF-ID (radio frequency identification) tags.
In the case of the most promising OFETS for future applications, those based on polyalkylthiophene, as known for example from the publication by H. Sirringhaus (H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, et al. (1999). Elsevier Synthetic Metals 102: 857–860), the threshold voltage is around 0V. In the case of OFETs with pentacene as the semiconductor, the threshold voltage is even at positive voltages (C. D. Sheraw, J. A. Nichols et al. (2000), IEDM 20-00, p. 619–22). The problems set out above therefore result. As OFETs are based on the principle of charge carrier accumulation, the position of the threshold voltage cannot be adjusted by means of the channel thickness, as is usually the case for example with Si-MOS-FETs (silicon metal oxide field effect transistors). Even a thicker insulator layer only offsets the threshold voltage to an insignificant extent. It would also have a significantly detrimental effect on the on/off relationship of the OFETs at the same time. The obvious option for offsetting the threshold voltage, namely using a gate electrode, which has a lower work function, is not a feasible solution, as in practice these cannot be made from a conductive organic material.
The object of the invention is therefore to provide an option for offsetting the threshold voltage in OFETs, in particular in those with a threshold voltage close to 0V or in the positive range. The object of the invention is also to disclose uses for OFETs with an offset threshold voltage.
The object of the invention is an OFET comprising at least a substrate, structured source/drain electrodes, which are embedded in an organic semiconductor layer, adjacent to which are an insulator layer and a gate electrode, whereby there is an intermediate layer between the semiconductor layer and the insulator layer that defines a space charge region there.
The “space charge region” is an area in which there are no free charge carriers.
The intermediate layer generates a space charge region, which prevents the formation of a conductive current channel at low gate voltages. Normal generation of a current channel only takes place at higher gate voltages. This means that the threshold voltage is offset without disadvantages such as deterioration of the ON/OFF relationship, etc. or lower output currents. Whether the threshold voltage offset is 2V, 5V or over 10V depends on the thickness and donor concentration of the intermediate layer and can be adjusted as required by means of an appropriate selection. This represents an important advantage of the invention disclosure.
A further advantage of the invention is that OFETs with such an intermediate layer are significantly less susceptible to unintentional background doping of the semiconductor, as this is actively compensated for by the intermediate layer. This simplifies OFET production, as they do not have to be produced subject to oxygen exclusion.
According to one embodiment, the intermediate layer is made from small, polarizable molecules with internal dipole moment (e.g. disulfide dipole molecules) or silanes, fullerenes or perylenes.
According to one embodiment, the intermediate layer is a few to several 10s of nanometers thick.
When producing organic transistors or organic integrated circuits, the intermediate layer can either be applied to the semiconductor layer (in the case of top gate OFETs) or the insulator layer (in the case of bottom gate OFETs). Application can be effected by centrifuging, casting, printing, vapor, immersion in a solution or another application method.
The invention can be used with both positively conductive and negatively conductive OFETs. As however the focus of interest is on negatively conductive OFETs at present, the description below, based on figures showing exemplary embodiments of the invention, is restricted to positively conductive OFETs.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1a to 1c show the prior art for comparison;
FIGS. 2a to 2c show the same views for an exemplary embodiment of the invention.



FIG. 1a shows a cross-section through a conventional OFET with a substrate 8 (e.g. a plastic film), the structured source/drain electrodes 7, the organic semiconductor layer 6, the insulator layer 2 and the gate electrode 1. FIG. 1b shows the associated position of the LUMO and HOMO energies for the layer sequence gate electrode/insulator/semiconductor: LUMO energy 3 (corresponds to the energy position of the conduction band), HOMO energy 5 (corresponds to the energy position of the valence band) and the Fermi level 4. An increase in the gate voltage of ΔU1 results in an accumulation of charge carriers at the interface between insulator and semiconductor (9 in FIG. 1c). This leads to an increase in the energy level in the organic semiconductor layer 6 close to the interface. The increase in gate voltage therefore results directly in the formation of a current channel 9 in the OFET.
FIG. 2a shows the structure of an OFET according to one embodiment of the invention. The space charge generating layer 10 is located between the insulator layer 2 and the semiconductive layer 10. The main properties of this layer are a low work function, a Fermi level close to the LUMO 3 and a high number of donors. These properties mean that the charge carriers of the adjacent semiconductor layer are tied to these donors. This results in the definition of a space charge region, i.e. an area in which there are no free charge carriers. In FIG. 2b this space charge region is identified by the downward curving LUMO and HOMO levels 3 and 4 close to the semiconductor/insulator interface. If the gate voltage is increased to this OFET, a current channel still cannot be generated at low voltages, as it is first necessary to fill all the donors with holes. Only at a higher voltage ΔU2, when the donors are compensated for, can a current channel 9 be generated in the OFET (see FIG. 2c). The difference between the voltage ΔU1 (in FIG. 1c) and ΔU2 (in FIG. 2c) corresponds to the threshold voltage offset.
The subject matter of the invention is the insertion of a very thin, nonconductive layer between the semiconductive material and the insulator in the OFET. The invention allows the threshold voltage of an OFET to be offset for the first time and the production of the OFET to be simplified at the same time, as there is no need for oxygen exclusion during production.

## Claims

1. An OFET, having a threshold voltage, comprising:
a substrate;
an active semiconductor layer; and
an intermediate layer adjacent to the active semiconductive layer, which intermediate layer offsets the threshold voltage of the OFET by defining a space charge region in the active layer.

2. OFET according to claim 1, whereby the intermediate layer is located between the substrate and the active layer.

3. OFET according to claim 1, including a gate insulation layer, whereby the intermediate layer is located between the active layer and the gate insulator layer.

4. OFET according to one of claims 1, 2 or 3, whereby the intermediate layer consists of small, polarizable molecules with internal dipole moment (e.g. disulfide dipole molecules) or of silanes, fullerenes or perylenes.

5. OFET according to claim 1 which has a threshold voltage in the range −1V to −10V.

6. OFET according to claim 1 wherein the semiconductive material of which is polyalkylthiophene.

7. OFET according to claim 1 wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness in the range 1 to 50 nm.

8. Use of the OFET according to claim 1 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

9. Use of the OFET according to claim 2 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

10. Use of the OFET according to claim 3 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

11. Use of the OFET according to claim 4 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

12. Use of the OFET according to claim 5 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

13. Use of the OFET according to claim 6 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.

14. Use of the OFET according to claim 7 in an RFID tag, a sensor array, a photovoltaic cell, as a “wearable electronic”, as an active display, as an electronic bar code for consumer goods, as an electronic watermark, as an electronic stamp, as a baggage label and/or as an electronic ticket.