FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 FEBRUARY 2, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 Nos. 09-15445 &10-12234 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 Agency Nos. A079-433-307,

A079-161-267

PAULIN GJERKAJ,

a.k.a. Manushan Alla,

MIMOZA GJERKAJ,

RENATA GJERKAJ,

lllllllllllllllllllll Petitioners,

 versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

lllllllllllllllllllll Respondent.

________________________

 Petitions for Review of a Decision of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

 ________________________

(February 2, 2011)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

Petitioner Paulin Gjerkaj (“Gjerkaj”), his wife, Mimoza, and their daughter,

Renata, natives and citizens of Albania, petition this court to review two orders of

the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”): (1) the BIA’s October 13, 2009 order

dismissing petitioners’ appeal of the decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) 

denying petitioners’ applications for asylum and withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) and ordering petitioners’ removal, and 1

(2) the BIA’s May 10, 2010 order denying petitioners’ motion to reopen the

removal proceedings to allow the IJ to reconsider their applications for asylum. 

Gjerkaj, as lead petitioner, presents three issues in briefing these 2

consolidated petitions for review: whether substantial evidence supports (1) the

IJ’s and the BIA’s adverse credibility findings regarding his testimony and (2) the

IJ’s and BIA’s alternative holding that petitioners failed to establish past

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of political

Petitioners also seek review of the denial of their application for protection under the U.N. 1

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In their appeal of the IJ’s decision to the BIA, petitioners did

not challenge the IJ’s denial of CAT relief. Petitioners therefore failed to exhaust their

administrative remedies as to the IJ’s CAT ruling and precluded this court from considering the

ruling. Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1249-51 (11th Cir. 2006). We

accordingly dismiss the petition to the extent that it seeks review of the agency’s denial of CAT

relief.

 The BIA treated Gjerkaj as lead petitioner; we do likewise. 2

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opinion, and (3) whether the BIA abused its discretion in denying petitioners’

motion to reopen the removal proceedings. 

I.

A.

The first two issues are presented in the petition to review the BIA’s

October 13, 2009 order dismissing petitioners’ appeal of the IJ’s removal order. 

When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the extent

that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Although the BIA in this case did not expressly

adopt the IJ’s decision, it did rely on the IJ’s finding that Paulin Gjerkaj’s

testimony was not credible in reaching its decision to dismiss petitioners’ appeal. 

We accordingly review both the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions. Tang v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

578 F.3d 1270, 1275 (11th Cir. 2009). 

To the extent that these decisions were based on a legal determination, our

review is de novo. Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2001). 

The factual findings, including credibility and those underpinning asylum

eligibility, on which the agency’s legal determinations are based are reviewed

under the “substantial evidence test.” Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d

1301, 1304 (11th Cir. 2009). We affirm the agency’s decisions if they are

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supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence of record. Al Najjar,

257 F.3d at 1284. This standard is “highly deferential.” Thus, we reverse only “if

the evidence compels a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Kueviakoe, 567

F.3d at 1304 (quotation omitted); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. Under this test,

we “view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision

and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft,

386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). The fact that evidence may

support a finding contrary to the agency’s finding is not enough to justify a

reversal. Id.

Adverse credibility determinations must be made explicitly. See Yang v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that the IJ must

make “clean determinations of credibility.”). “Once an adverse credibility finding

is made, the burden is on the applicant alien to show that the IJ’s credibility

decision was not supported by ‘specific, cogent reasons’ or was not based on

substantial evidence.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1287 (11th Cir.

2005) (citations omitted). 

An alien’s testimony, if found to be credible, may be sufficient to establish

the alien’s eligibility to asylum. Kueviakoe, 567 F.3d at 1304. By the same token,

an alien’s testimony, if found to be not credible, may be sufficient to deny the

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alien’s eligibility to asylum. Id. at 1304-05. 

An alien may qualify for asylum by presenting credible evidence showing

“(1) past persecution on account of her political opinion or any other protected

ground, or (2) a ‘well-founded fear’ that her political opinion or any other

protected ground will cause future persecution.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401

F.3d 1226, 1230-31 (11th Cir. 2005). “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept,

requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation,

[and] mere harassment does not amount to persecution.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at

1231 (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Djonda v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

514 F.3d 1168 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding that 36-hour detention, beating, and

threat of arrest did not amount to persecution); Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d

1229, 1237-38 (11th Cir. 2006) (threatening note, anonymous threatening phone

calls, and being shot at by unknown assailants were insufficient to show past

persecution based on political opinion).

Moreover, “evidence that either is consistent with acts of private violence or

. . . that merely shows that a person has been the victim of criminal activity, does

not constitute evidence of persecution based on a statutorily protected ground.”

Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1259 (11th Cir. 2006). Protected grounds

are race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

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opinion. Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 2004). If

substantial evidence supports the finding that an alien suffered particular harms

for reasons other than race, religion, nationality, etc., then the petition for review

will be denied. See, e.g., Scheerer v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 445 F.3d 1311, 1316

(11th Cir. 2006). 

If the petitioner demonstrates past persecution, there is a rebuttable

presumption that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R

§ 208.13(b)(1). If he cannot show past persecution, then the petitioner must

demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution that is both subjectively

genuine and objectively reasonable. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. 

An applicant may qualify for asylum even without establishing a wellfounded fear of future persecution if “(A) The applicant has demonstrated

compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to return to the country arising

out of the severity of the past persecution; or (B) The applicant has established

that there is a reasonable probability that he or she may suffer other serious harm

upon removal to that country.” Mehmeti v. United States Att’y Gen., 572 F.3d

1196, 1200 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)). But, this

form of relief requires an applicant to show “severe harm” and “long-lasting

effects,” and is reserved “for the most extraordinary cases.” Id. at 1200-01

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(collecting cases from other Circuits). 

An alien seeking withholding of removal under the INA similarly must

show that his “life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the

alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” See INA § 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); Ruiz, 440

at 1257. The burden of proof for withholding of removal, however, is “more

likely than not,” and, thus, is “more stringent” than the standard for granting

asylum. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232.

With the foregoing principles in hand, we turn to the two issues the petition

for review of the BIA’s October 13, 2009 order presents: they concern (1) the

credibility of Paulin Gjerkaj’s testimony, and (2) petitioner’s persecution on

account of political opinion. 

B.

We begin by focusing on the three incidents that, according to Paulin

Gjerkaj’s testimony, supported petitioners’ applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. The first incident took place in 1985, after Gjerkaj asked,

at a public youth forum, why Albania didn’t “have religious places like everybody

else in the world.” The police came to his home, accused him of spreading

propaganda against the Communist Party, and arrested him. He was sentenced to

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prison without a trial; five years later he was released. 

In 1992, he joined the Christian-Democratic Party due to his antiCommunist political views; his wife and father also joined the Party. In 1997, two

masked men physically assaulted him and threatened to kill him if he continued

his political activities against the ruling Socialist Party. A second incident

occurred the same year; he was involved in an argument and fighting that occurred

at a newsstand. He described the incident in a statement appended to his asylum

application. At some point that year, he went into hiding fearing for his life. 

In June 1998, Gjerkaj’s father was murdered “execution style” in front of

his house, and Gjerkaj came out of hiding to attend the funeral. He believed that

the members of the Socialist Party had committed the murder. Shortly after his

father’s death, he was detained for 78 hours. Someone told him that the Socialists

caused his detention because of his political activities. Following his release, he

again went into hiding, and stayed in hiding for nearly four years, until he came to

the United States in January 2002. He said that he left Albania due to his and his

family’s mistreatment on account of their membership in the Christian-Democratic

Party. 

Mimoza Gjerkaj testified that she left Albania out of fear for her life. She

claimed that in April 2000, three masked men shoved her into a car and asked her

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for her husband’s whereabouts. When she refused to tell them, they struck her in

the face and threw her out of the car. Some relatives found her lying on the

ground unconscious. In November 2000, someone attempted to kidnap her

daughter, Renata, at a wedding reception. Gjerkaj’s cousin intervened and foiled

the attempt. She and Renata came to the United States in the next month.

In addition to his and his wife’s testimony, Gjerkaj presented several

documents, including State Department Country Reports for 2001, 2002, and

2006, and letters from the Christian-Democratic Party vouching for Gjerkaj and

his wife’s membership and experiences with the Party.

The IJ denied petitioners’ applications for asylum and withholding of

removal and ordered their removal because Paulin Gjerkaj failed to present

credible and consistent testimony relating to significant aspects of his claims of

persecution, and neither he nor Mimoza Gjerkaj established past persecution or a

well-founded fear of future persecution.

Addressing Paulin Gjerkaj’s testimony, the IJ made a clean credibility

determination, specifically citing material inconsistencies between the testimony

Paulin Gjerkaj gave on direct and cross-examination and statements he made in his

asylum application, especially as to the incidents that allegedly occurred in 1997. 

For example, in his asylum application, he stated that in February 1997, someone

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hit him at a newsstand while he was reading a pro-Democratic Party newspaper,

but he listed no other incident of persecution occurring during that year. He did

not mention this newsstand event when he took the stand at the removal hearing,

however, but when questioned about it on cross-examination, he simply stated, “I

know it happened by the newsstand, but I don’t recall the details on that one.” 

Focusing on 1997, he said that police grabbed him, beat him up, and “flat out” told

him that if he continued to participate in politics, they would kill him. Later that

year, two masked men jumped out of a car outside his house, beat him up, and

threatened to “eliminate” him if he continued to talk negatively about the Socialist

Party. He attempted to explain this inconsistency by stating that two incidents

occurred in 1997, one of which was the event at the newsstand, but this summary

was inconsistent with both his testimony on direct examination and what he stated

in his asylum application. 

Referring to his father’s murder, the IJ noted that he was merely speculating

when he said that the culprits were Socialists. He believed this even though his

father had not been involved in politics and the Socialists had no reason to be

interested in him. 

Turning to the testimony of Mimoza Gjerkaj, the IJ found that it failed to

show anything rising to the level of persecution. He credited her relation of the

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April 2000 encounter with the masked men, found that she did not suffer serious

harm, and that the experience did not arise to the level of persecution. As for the

attempted abduction of her daughter, she only speculated about why her daughter

would be a victim or who may have been behind the attempt. 

After concluding that petitioners failed to make out a case for asylum, the IJ

found that they had not established a well-founded fear of persecution if removed

to Albania. Paulin Gjerkaj had remained there for nearly four years without harm

following his father’s death; Mimoza Gjerkaj had not been involved in politics;

the Socialist Party was no longer in control; the Democratic Party was in power;

and Albania was a parliamentary democracy. 

We conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s findings

that Paulin Gjerkaj’s testimony was not credible in significant respects, and the

agency’s conclusion that petitioners failed to establish past persecution or a wellfounded fear of future persecution. The IJ and the BIA did not err in concluding

that Paulin Gjerkaj was not entitled to humanitarian asylum because he did not

show that his imprisonment in 1985 was sufficiently severe or had long-lasting

effects, especially where he continued to oppose the Communist/Socialist Party

after being released from prison. See Mehmeti, 572 F.3d at 1200-01. He did not

establish that he suffered persecution beyond the time period of his original

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imprisonment. Assuming the accuracy of his testimony about the 1997 beatings,

the 1998 detention following his father’s death, and Mimoza’s account of her

alleged kidnapping, such mistreatment did not rise to the level of persecution,

especially where neither Paulin nor Mimoza Gjerkaj suffered major injuries. See

Djonda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding that 36-

hour detention, beating, and threat of arrest did not amount to persecution). 

In sum, we deny the petition for review of the BIA’s October 13, 2009

removal order.

II.

Petitioners ask that we find an abuse of discretion in the BIA’s May 10,

2010 order denying their motion to reopen. See Abdi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 430 F.3d

1148, 1149 (11th Cir. 2005). Motions to reopen may be filed before the BIA when

appropriate. See INA § 240(c)(7), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7); 8 C.F.R. §§

103.5(a)(2), 1003.2(c), 1003.23(b)(3). Such motions are disfavored, especially in

a removal proceeding, “where, as a general matter, every delay works to the

advantage of the deportable alien who wishes merely to remain in the United

States.” Abdi, 430 F.3d at 1149 (quotation omitted). Our review is limited to

whether there has been an exercise of administrative discretion and whether the

exercise has been arbitrary or capricious. Abdi, 430 F.3d at 1149. 

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A motion to reopen “shall state the new facts that will be proven at a

hearing to be held if the motion is granted, and shall be supported by affidavits or

other evidentiary material.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(B); Abdi, 430 F.3d at 1149. 

Motions to reopen may be granted if there is new evidence that is material and was

not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the removal

hearing. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1); see also Abdi, 430 F.3d at 1149. To make

such a showing, the alien “bears a ‘heavy burden,’ and must ‘present evidence of

such a nature that the [BIA] is satisfied that if proceedings before the [IJ] were

reopened, with all attendant delays, the new evidence offered would likely change

the result in the case.’” Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 804, 813 (11th Cir. 2006)

(quotation omitted). 

We find no abuse of discretion in the BIA’s denial of petitioners’ motion to

reopen. The motion relied primarily upon evidence that petitioners could have

presented at their removal hearing. We therefore deny the petition to review the

BIA’s May 10, 2010 order. 

PETITIONS FOR REVIEW DISMISSED, IN PART; DENIED IN PART. 3

 See note 1 supra. 3

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