The Honorable Lyle E. Strom, United States District Judge for 1

the District of Nebraska.

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No. 96-1338

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

$13,000.00 in United States * Appeal from the United States

Currency, * District Court for the

* District of Nebraska.

Defendant, *

* [UNPUBLISHED]

Maurilio Ramirez, *

*

Appellant. *

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 Submitted: November 1, 1996

 Filed: November 7, 1996

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Before BEAM, HANSEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

In June 1995, the government filed this civil forfeiture action under

21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) against the defendant currency. Maurilio Ramirez

answered and filed a claim to the currency. After a bench trial, the

district court entered judgment for the government and against Ramirez,

1

and ordered the $13,000 forfeited to the government. Ramirez appeals.

Under section 881(a)(6), money used in, intended for use in, or

traceable to a drug transaction is subject to forfeiture. In a forfeiture

proceeding, the government meets its initial burden of
 Although Ramirez argues that a large percentage of the

2

currency now in circulation is contaminated with narcotics residue,

we believe the procedures employed here enhanced the reliability of

the drug dog’s response to the money.

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establishing probable cause when its evidence creates “more than a mere

suspicion but less than prima facie proof” that the money is connected with

drug trafficking. United States v. $91,960.00, 897 F.2d 1457, 1462-63 (8th

Cir. 1990). The burden then shifts to the claimant to show by a

preponderance of the evidence that the property is not connected with drug

trafficking. United States v. $39,873.00, 80 F.3d 317, 318 (8th Cir.

1996). We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error,

but review de novo the finding of probable cause, as it involves a mixed

question of law and fact. Id.

We conclude the district court’s factual findings were not clearly

erroneous, and agree that the government established probable cause by the

following evidence. First, Ramirez had another individual purchase for

him, with cash, a one-way plane ticket to a source city. See $91,960, 897

F.2d at 1462-63. Second, Ramirez was carrying in his luggage a large sum

of cash that was bound by a rubber band rather than by bank money wrappers.

See United States v. United States Currency, in Amount of $150,660.00, 980

F.2d 1200, 1206 (8th Cir. 1993); United States v. $12,390.00, 956 F.2d 801,

806 (8th Cir. 1992). Third, a drug-detection dog indicated the odor of

narcotics was present on Ramirez’s luggage and on the money. See $91,960,

2

897 F.2d at 1463. Finally, Ramirez was unable to corroborate his

statements that he earned the money working construction. See $150,660,

980 F.2d at 1207.

We also agree Ramirez failed to carry his burden of proving by a

preponderance of the evidence that the money was not connected with drug

trafficking. He had the opportunity to call witnesses or introduce other

evidence corroborating his testimony, but he did
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not do so. We note that the district court’s determination of Ramirez’s

credibility is virtually unassailable on appeal. See United States v.

Adipietro, 983 F.2d 1468, 1472 (8th Cir. 1993).

Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.