# Patent

## Title
Nucleic acids encoding human calcium channel and methods of use thereof

## Abstract

Isolated DNA encoding each of human calcium channel α1-, α2-, β- and γ-subunits, including subunits that arise as splice variants of primary transcripts, is provided. Cells and vectors containing the DNA and methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of human calcium channels are also provided.

## Background
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/105,536, filed Aug. 11, 1993, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of International PCT application Serial No. PCT/US92/06903, filed Aug. 14, 1997, now U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/193,078, filed Feb. 7, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,757, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/868,354, filed Apr. 10, 1992, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/745,206, filed Aug. 15, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,921 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/620,250, filed Nov. 30, 1990, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/176,899, filed Apr. 4, 1988, now abandoned, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/482,384, filed Feb. 20, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,025. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/914,231, filed Jul. 13, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,820, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/603,751, filed Nov. 8, 1990, now abandoned. This application is also a continuation-in-part of International Application Serial No. PCT/US89/01408, filed Apr. 4, 1988. U.S. application Ser. No. 07/603,751 is International Application Serial No. PCT/89/01408.
The subject matter of each of International PCT Application Ser. No. PCT/92/06903, U.S. Ser. No. 07/914,231, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/868,354, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/745,206 U.S. application Ser. No. 07/620,250, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/603,751, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/482,384, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/176,899 and International Application Ser. No. PCT/89/01408 is incorporated herein in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology. More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multi-subunit proteins that allow controlled entry of Ca2+ ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. Cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel.
The most common type of calcium channel is voltage dependent. “Opening” of a voltage-dependent channel to allow an influx of Ca2+ ions into the cells requires a depolarization to a certain level of the potential difference between the inside of the cell bearing the channel and the extracellular medium bathing the cell. The rate of influx of Ca2+ into the cell depends on this potential difference. All “excitable” cells in animals, such as neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nerve cells and muscle cells, including those of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and venous and arterial smooth muscles, have voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Multiple types of calcium channels have been identified in mammalian cells from various tissues, including skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, lung, smooth muscle and brain, [see, e.g., Bean, B. P. (1989) Ann. Rev. Physiol. 51:367-384 and Hess, P. (1990) Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 56:337]. The different types of calcium channels have been broadly categorized into four classes, L-, T-, N-, and P-type, distinguished by current kinetics, holding potential sensitivity and sensitivity to calcium channel agonists and antagonists.
Calcium channels are multisubunit proteins. For example, rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel contains two large subunits, designated α1 and α2, which have molecular weights between about 130 and about 200 kilodaltons (“kD”), and one to three different smaller subunits of less than about 60 kD in molecular weight. At least one of the larger subunits and possibly some of the smaller subunits are glycosylated. Some of the subunits are capable of being phosphorylated. The α1 subunit has a molecular weight of about 150 to about 170 kD when analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) after isolation from mammalian muscle tissue and has specific binding sites for various 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) and phenylalkylamines. Under non-reducing conditions (in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide), the α2 subunit migrates in SDS-PAGE as a band corresponding to a molecular weight of about 160-190 kD. Upon reduction, a large fragment and smaller fragments are released. The β subunit of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel is a phosphorylated protein that has a molecular weight of 52-65 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. This subunit is insensitive to reducing conditions. The γ subunit of the calcium channel, which is not observed in all purified preparations, appears to be a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 30-33 kD, as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis.
In order to study calcium channel structure and function, large amounts of pure channel protein are needed. Because of the complex nature of these multisubunit proteins, the varying concentrations of calcium channels in tissue sources of the protein, the presence of mixed populations of calcium channels in tissues, difficulties in obtaining tissues of interest, and the modifications of the native protein that can occur during the isolation procedure, it is extremely difficult to obtain large amounts of highly purified, completely intact calcium channel protein.
Characterization of a particular type of calcium channel by analysis of whole cells is severely restricted by the presence of mixed populations of different types of calcium channels in the majority of cells. Single-channel recording methods that are used to examine individual calcium channels do not reveal any information regarding the molecular structure or biochemical composition of the channel. Furthermore, in performing this type of analysis, the channel is isolated from other cellular constituents that might be important for natural functions and pharmacological interactions.
Characterization of the gene or genes encoding calcium channels provides another means of characterization of different types of calcium channels. The amino acid sequence determined from a complete nucleotide sequence of the coding region of a gene encoding a calcium channel protein represents the primary structure of the protein. Furthermore, secondary structure of the calcium channel protein and the relationship of the protein to the membrane may be predicted based on analysis of the primary structure. For instance, hydropathy plots of the α1 subunit protein of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel indicate that it contains four internal repeats, each containing six putative transmembrane regions [Tanabe, T. et al. (1987) Nature 328:313].
The cDNA and corresponding amino acid sequences of the α1, α2, β and γ subunits of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel [see, Tanabe et al. (1987) Nature 328:313-318; International Application No. WO 89/09834, which is U.S. application Ser. No. 07/603,751, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/176,899; Ruth et al. (1989) Science 245:1115-1118; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 482,384, filed Feb. 20, 1990] have been determined. The cDNA and corresponding amino acid sequences of α1 subunits of rabbit cardiac muscle [Mikami, A. et al. (1989) Nature 340:230-233] and lung [Biel, M. (1990) FEBS Letters 269:409-412] calcium channels have been determined.
In addition, a cDNA clone encoding a rabbit brain calcium channel (designated the BI channel) has been isolated [Mori, Y. et al. (1991) Nature 350:398-402). Partial cDNA clones encoding portions of several different subtypes, referred to as rat brain class A, B, C and D, of the calcium channel α1 subunit have been isolated from rat brain cDNA libraries (Snutch, T. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3391-3395]. More recently full-length rat brain class A [Starr, T. et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5621-5625] and class C [Snutch, T. et al. (1991) Neuron 7:45-57] cDNA clones have been isolated. Although the amino acid sequence encoded by the rat brain class C DNA is approximately 95% identical to that encoded by the rabbit cardiac muscle calcium channel α1 subunit-encoding DNA, the amino acid sequence encoded by the rat brain class A DNA shares only 33% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence encoded by the rabbit skeletal or cardiac muscle α1 subunit-encoding DNA. A cDNA clone encoding another rat brain calcium channel α1 subunit has also been obtained [Hui, A. et al. (1991) Neuron 7:35-44]. The amino acid sequence encoded by this clone is  ̃70% homologous to the proteins encoded by the rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle calcium channel DNA. A cDNA clone closely related to the rat brain class C α1 subunit-encoding cDNA and sequences of partial cDNA clones closely related to other partial cDNA clones encoding apparently different calcium channel α1 subunits have also been isolated [see Snutch, T. et al. (1991) Neuron 7:45-57; Perez-Reyes, E. et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:20430; and Hui, A. et al. (1991) Neuron 7:35-44). DNA clones encoding other calcium channels have also been identified and isolated.
Expression of cDNA encoding calcium channel subunits has been achieved with several of the different rabbit or rat α1 subunit cDNA clones discussed above. Voltage-dependent calcium currents have been detected in murine L cells transfected with DNA encoding the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 subunit [Perez-Reyes et al. (1989) Nature 340:233-236 (1989)]. These currents were enhanced in the presence of the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644. Bay K 8644-sensitive Ba+ currents have been detected in oöcytes injected with in vitro transcripts of the rabbit cardiac muscle calcium channel α1 subunit cDNA [Mikami, A. et al. (1989) Nature 340:230-233]. These currents were substantially reduced in the presence of the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine. Barium currents of an oöcyte co-injected with RNA encoding the rabbit cardiac muscle calcium channel α1 subunit and the RNA encoding the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit were more than 2-fold larger than those of oöcytes injected with transcripts of the rabbit cardiac calcium channel α1 subunit-encoding cDNA. Similar results were obtained when oöcytes were co-injected with RNA encoding the rabbit lung calcium channel α1 subunit and the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit. The barium current was greater than that detected in oöcytes injected only with RNA encoding the rabbit lung calcium channel α1 subunit [Biel, M. et al. (1990) FEBS Letters 269:409-412]. Inward barium currents have been detected in oöcytes injected with in vitro RNA transcripts encoding the rabbit brain BI channel [Mori et al. (1991) Nature 350:398-402]. These currents were increased by two orders of magnitude when in vitro transcripts of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2, β, or α2, β and γ subunits were co-injected with transcripts of the BI-encoding cDNA. Barium currents in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the BI channel and the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 and β were unaffected by the calcium channel antagonists nifedipine or ω-CgTx and inhibited by Bay K 8644 and crude venom from Agelenopsis aperta. 
The results of studies of recombinant expression of rabbit calcium channel α1 subunit-encoding cDNA clones and transcripts of the cDNA clones indicate that the α1 subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters cells. The relevance of the barium currents generated in these recombinant cells to the actual current generated by calcium channels containing as one component the respective α1 subunits in vivo is unclear. In order to completely and accurately characterize and evaluate different calcium channel types, however, it is essential to examine the functional properties of recombinant channels containing all of the subunits as found in vivo.
Although there has been limited success in expressing DNA encoding rabbit and rat calcium channel subunits, far less has been achieved with respect to human calcium channels. Little is known about human calcium channel structure and function and gene expression. An understanding of the structure and function of human calcium channels would permit identification of substances that, in some manner, modulate the activity of calcium channels and that have potential for use in treating such disorders.
Because calcium channels are present in various tissues and have a central role in regulating intracellular calcium ion concentrations, they are implicated in a number of vital processes in animals, including neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, pacemaker activity, and secretion of hormones and other substances. These processes appear to be involved in numerous human disorders, such as CNS and cardiovascular diseases. Calcium channels, thus, are also implicated in numerous disorders. A number of compounds useful for treating various cardiovascular diseases in animals, including humans, are thought to exert their beneficial effects by modulating functions of voltage-dependent calcium channels present in cardiac and/or vascular smooth muscle. Many of these compounds bind to calcium channels and block, or reduce the rate of, influx of Ca2+ into the cells in response to depolarization of the cell membrane.
An understanding of the pharmacology of compounds that interact with calcium channels in other organ systems, such as the CNS, may aid in the rational design of compounds that specifically interact with subtypes of human calcium channels to have desired therapeutic effects, such as in the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Such understanding and the ability to rationally design therapeutically effective compounds, however, have been hampered by an inability to independently determine the types of human calcium channels and the molecular nature of individual subtypes, particularly in the CNS, and by the unavailability of pure preparations of specific channel subtypes to use for evaluation of the specificity of calcium channel-effecting compounds. Thus, identification of DNA encoding human calcium channel subunits and the use of such DNA for expression of calcium channel subunits and functional calcium channels would aid in screening and designing therapeutically effective compounds.
Therefore, it is an object herein, to provide DNA encoding specific calcium channel subunits and to provide eukaryotic cells bearing recombinant tissue-specific or subtype-specific calcium channels. It is also an object to provide assays for identification of potentially therapeutic compounds that act as calcium channel antagonists and agonists.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Isolated and purified DNA fragments that encode human calcium channel subunits are provided. DNA encoding α1 subunits of a human calcium channel, and RNA, encoding such subunits, made upon transcription of such DNA are provided. In particular, DNA fragments encoding α1 subunits of voltage-dependent human calcium channels (VDCCs) type A, type B (also referred to as VDCC IV), type C (also referred to as VDCC II) type D (also referred to as VDCC III) and type E are provided.
DNA encoding α1A, α1B, α1C, α1D and α1E subunits is provided. DNA encoding an α1D subunit that includes the amino acids substantially as set forth as residues 10-2161 of SEQ ID No. 1 is provided. DNA encoding an α1D subunit that includes substantially the amino acids set forth as amino acids 1-34 in SEQ ID No. 2 in place of amino acids 373-406 of SEQ ID No. 1 is also provided. DNA encoding an α1C subunit that includes the amino acids substantially as set forth in SEQ ID No. 3 or SEQ ID No. 6 and DNA encoding an α1B subunit that includes an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID No. 7 or in SEQ ID No. 8 is also provided.
DNA encoding α1A subunits is also provided. Such DNA includes DNA encoding an α1A subunit that has substantially the same sequence of amino acids as that set forth in SEQ ID No. 22 or No. 23 or other splice variants of α1A that include all or part of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 22 or 23. The sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 22 is a splice variant designated α1A-1; and the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 23 is a splice variant designated α1A-2. α1A subunits also include subunits that can be isolated using all or a portion of the DNA having SEQ ID NO. 21, 22 or 23 or DNA obtained from the phage lysate of an E. coli host containing DNA encoding an α1A subunit that has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. under Accession No. 75293 in accord with the Budapest Treaty. The DNA in such phage includes a DNA fragment having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 21. This fragment selectively hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to DNA encoding α1A but not to DNA encoding α1B and, thus, can be used to isolate DNA that encodes α1A subunits.
DNA encoding α1E subunits of a human calcium channel is also provided. This DNA includes DNA that encodes an α1E splice variant designated α1E-1 encoded by the DNA set forth in SEQ ID No. 24, and a variant designated α1E-3 encoded by SEQ. ID No. 24 with the fragment set forth in SEQ ID No. 25 inserted between nucleotides 2405 and 2406. The resulting sequence of α1E-3 is set forth in SEQ ID No. 27. This DNA also includes other splice variants thereof that include sequences of amino acids encoded by all or a portion of the sequences of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 24 and 25 and DNA that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the DNA of SEQ ID. No. 24 or 25 and that encodes an α1E splice variant.
DNA encoding α2 subunits of a human calcium channel, and RNA encoding such subunits, made upon transcription of such a DNA are provided. DNA encoding splice variants of the α2 subunit, including tissue specific splice variants, are also provided. In particular, DNA encoding the α2a-α2c subunit subtypes is provided. In particularly preferred embodiments, the DNA encoding the α2 subunit is produced by alternative processing of a primary transcript that includes DNA encoding the amino acids set forth in SEQ ID 11 and the DNA of SEQ ID No. 13 inserted between nucleotides 1624 and 1625 of SEQ ID No. 11.
The resulting sequences of each of the α2-subunits are set forth in Sequence ID NO. 11 (α2b), SEQ ID NO. 28 (α2a), SEQ ID NO. 29 (α2c), SEQ ID NO. 30 (α2d), an d SEQ ID NO. 31 (α2e).
Isolated and purified DNA fragments encoding human calcium channel β subunits, including DNA encoding β1 and β2 subunit splice variants and the β3 subunit is provided. RNA encoding β subunits, made upon transcription of the DNA is also provided. In particular, DNA encoding the β1, β2 and β3 subunits, including the β1 subunit splice variants β1-1-β1-5, described below, the β2 subunit splice variants β2A-β2E, that include all or a portion of SEQ ID No. 26, and the β3 subunit, that includes sequence set forth in SEQ ID Nos 19 and 20, is provided. Escherichia coli (E. coli) host cells harboring plasmids containing DNA encoding β3 have been deposited in accord with the Budapest Treaty under Accession No. 69048 at the American Type Culture Collection. A partial sequence of the deposited clone is set forth in SEQ ID No. 19 (sequence from the 5′ end) and SEQ ID No. 20 (sequence from the 3′ end).
DNA encoding β1 subunits that are produced by alternative processing of a primary transcript encoding a β subunit, including a transcript that includes DNA encoding the amino acids set forth in SEQ ID No. 9 or including a primary transcript that encodes β3 as deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69048, but lacking and including alternative exons are provided or may be constructed from the DNA provided herein. For example, DNA encoding a β1 subunit that is produced by alternative processing of a primary transcript that includes DNA encoding the amino acids set forth in SEQ ID No. 9, but including the DNA set forth in SEQ ID No. 12 inserted in place of nucleotides 615-781 of SEQ ID No. 9 is also provided. DNA encoding β1 subunits that are encoded by transcripts that have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 9 including the DNA set forth in SEQ ID No. 12 inserted in place of nucleotides 615-781 of SEQ ID No. 9, but that lack one or more of the following sequences of nucleotides: nucleotides 14-34 of SEQ ID No. 12, nucleotides 13-34 of SEQ ID No. 12, nucleotides 35-55 of SEQ ID No 12, nucleotides 56-190 of SEQ ID No. 12 and nucleotides 191-271 of SEQ ID No. 12 are also provided.
DNA encoding γ subunits of human calcium channels is also provided. RNA, encoding γ subunits, made upon transcription of the DNA are also provided. In particular, DNA containing the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID No. 14 is provided.
Full-length DNA clones and corresponding RNA transcripts, encoding the α1, including splice variants of α1D, α1B, and α1E, α2 and β subunits, including β1-1-β1-5 and β2D of human calcium channels are provided. Also provided are DNA clones encoding substantial portions of the α1A, α1C, β3 and γ subunits of voltage-dependent human calcium channels for the preparation of full-length DNA clones encoding the full-length α1A, α1c, β3 and γ subunits.
Eukaryotic cells containing heterologous DNA encoding one or more calcium channel subunits, particularly human calcium channel subunits, or containing RNA transcripts of DNA clones encoding one or more of the subunits are provided. In preferred embodiments, the cells contain DNA or RNA encoding a human α1 subunit, preferably at least an α1D, α1B or α1E subunit. In more preferred embodiments, the cells contain DNA or RNA encoding additional heterologous subunits, including at least one β, α2 or γ subunits. In such embodiments, eukaryotic cells stably or transiently transfected with any combination of one, two, three or four of the subunit-encoding DNA clones, such as DNA encoding any of α1, α1+β, α1+β+α2, are provided.
In preferred embodiments, the cells express such heterologous calcium channel subunits and include one or more of the subunits in membrane spanning heterologous calcium channels. In more preferred embodiments, the eukaryotic cells express functional, heterologous calcium channels that are capable of gating the passage of calcium channel selective ions and/or binding compounds that, at physiological concentrations, modulate the activity of the heterologous calcium channel. In certain embodiments, the heterologous calcium channels include at least one heterologous calcium channel subunit. In most preferred embodiments, the calcium channels that are expressed on the surface of the eukaryotic cells are composed substantially or entirely of subunits encoded by the heterologous DNA or RNA. In preferred embodiments, the heterologous calcium channels of such cells are distinguishable from any endogenous calcium channels of the host cell. Such cells provide a means to obtain homogeneous populations of calcium channels.
In certain embodiments the recombinant eukaryotic cells that contain the heterologous DNA encoding the calcium channel subunits are produced by transfection with DNA encoding one or more of the subunits or are injected with RNA transcripts of DNA encoding one or more of the calcium channel subunits. The DNA may be introduced as a linear DNA fragment or may be included in an expression vector for stable or transient expression of the subunit-encoding DNA. Vectors containing DNA encoding human calcium channel subunits are also provided.
The eukaryotic cells that express heterologous calcium channels may be used in assays for calcium channel function or, in the case of cells transformed with fewer subunit-encoding nucleic acids than necessary to constitute a functional recombinant human calcium channel, such cells may be used to assess the effects of additional subunits on calcium channel activity. The additional subunits can be provided by subsequently transfecting such a cell with one or more DNA clones or RNA transcripts encoding human calcium channel subunits.
The recombinant eukaryotic cells that express membrane spanning heterologous calcium channels may be used in methods for identifying compounds that modulate calcium channel activity. In particular, the cells are used in assays that identify agonists and antagonists of calcium channel activity in humans and/or assessing the contribution of the various calcium channel subunits to the transport and regulation of transport of calcium ions. Because the cells constitute homogeneous populations of calcium channels, they provide a means to identify agonists or antagonists of calcium channel activity that are specific for each such population.
The assays that use the eukaryotic cells for identifying compounds that modulate calcium channel activity are also provided. In practicing these assays the eukaryotic cell that expresses a heterologous calcium channel, containing at least on subunit encoded by the DNA provided herein, is in a solution containing a test compound and a calcium channel selective ion, the cell membrane is depolarized, and current flowing into said cell is detected. The current that is detected is different from that produced by depolarizing the same or a substantially identical cell in the presence of the same calcium channel selective ion but in the absence of said compound. In preferred embodiments, prior to the depolarization step, the cell is maintained at a holding potential which substantially inactivates calcium channels which are endogenous to said cell. Also in preferred embodiments, the cells are mammalian cells, most preferably HEK cells, or amphibian oöcytes.
Nucleic acid probes containing at least about 14 contiguous nucleotides of α1D, α1C, α1B, α1A and α1E, α2, β, including β1 and β2 splice variants and β3, and γ subunit-encoding DNA are provided. Methods using the probes for the isolation and cloning of calcium channel subunit-encoding DNA, including splice variants within tissues and inter-tissue variants are also provided.
Purified human calcium channel subunits and purified human calcium channels are provided. The subunits and channels can be isolated from a eukaryotic cell transfected with DNA that encodes the subunit.
In another embodiment, immunoglobulins or antibodies obtained from the serum of an animal immunized with a substantially pure preparation of a human calcium channel, human calcium channel subunit or epitope-containing fragment of a human calcium subunit are provided. Monoclonal antibodies produced using a human calcium channel, human calcium channel subunit or epitope-containing fragment thereof as an immunogen are also provided. E. coli fusion proteins including a fragment of a human calcium channel subunit may also be used as immunogen. Such fusion proteins may contain a bacterial protein or portion thereof, such as the E. coli TrpE protein, fused to a calcium channel subunit peptide. The immunoglobulins that are produced using the calcium channel subunits or purified calcium channels as immunogens have, among other properties, the ability to specifically and preferentially bind to and/or cause the immunoprecipitation of a human calcium channel or a subunit thereof which may be present in a biological sample or a solution derived from such a biological sample. Such antibodies may also be used to selectively isolate cells that express calcium channels that contain the subunit for which the antibodies are specific.
A diagnostic method for determining the presence of Lambert Eaton Syndrome (LES) in a human based on immunological reactivity of LES immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a human calcium channel subunit or a eukaryotic cell which expresses a recombinant human calcium channel or a subunit thereof is also provided. In particular, an immunoassay method for diagnosing Lambert-Eaton Syndrome in a person by combining serum or an IgG fraction from the person (test serum) with calcium channel proteins, including the α and 62  subunits, and ascertaining whether antibodies in the test serum react with one or more of the subunits, or a recombinant cell which expresses one or more of the subunits to a greater extent than antibodies in control serum, obtained from a person or group of persons known to be free of the Syndrome, is provided. Any immunoassay procedure known in the art for detecting antibodies against a given antigen in serum can be employed in the method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference herein.
Reference to each of the calcium channel subunits includes the subunits that are specifically disclosed herein and human calcium channel subunits encoded by DNA that can be isolated by using the DNA disclosed as probes and screening an appropriate human cDNA or genomic library under at least low stringency. Such DNA also includes DNA that encodes proteins that have about 40% homology to any of the subunits proteins described herein or DNA that hybridizes under conditions of at least low stringency to the DNA provided herein and the protein encoded by such DNA exhibits additional identifying characteristics, such as function or molecular weight.
It is understood that subunits that are encoded by transcripts that represent splice variants of the disclosed subunits or other such subunits may exhibit less than 40% overall homology to any single subunit, but will include regions of such homology to one or more such subunits. It is also understood that 40% homology refers to proteins that share approximately 40% of their amino acids in common or that share somewhat less, but include conservative amino acid substitutions, whereby the activity of the protein is not substantially altered.
As used herein, the α1 subunits types, encoded by different genes, are designated as type α1A, α1B, α1C, α1D and α1E. These types may also be also referred to as VDCC IV for α1B, VDCC II for α1C and VDCC III for α1D. Subunit subtypes, which are splice variants, are referred to, for example as α1B-1, α1B-2, α1C-1 etc.
Thus, as used herein, DNA encoding the α1 subunit refers to DNA that hybridizes to the DNA provided herein under conditions of at least low stringency or encodes a subunit that has roughly about 40% homology to protein encoded by DNA disclosed herein that encodes an α1 subunit of a human calcium. An α1 subunit may be identified by its ability to form a calcium channel. Typically, α1 subunits have molecular weights greater than at least about 120 kD. The activity of a calcium channel may be assessed in vitro by methods known to those of skill in the art, including the electrophysiological and other methods described herein. Typically, α1 subunits include regions to which one or more modulators of calcium channel activity, such as a 1,4 DHP or ω-CgTX, interact directly or indirectly. Types of α1 subunits may be distinguished by any method known to those of skill in the art, including on the basis of binding specificity. For example, it has been found herein that α1B subunits participate in the formation channels that have previously been referred to as N-type channels, α1D subunits participate in the formation of channels that had previously been referred to as L-type channels, and α1A subunits appear to participate in the formation of channels that exhibit characteristics typical of channels that had previously been designated P-type channels. Thus, for example, the activity of channels that contain the α1B subunit are insensitive to 1,4 DHPs; whereas the activity of channels that contain the α1D subunit are modulated or altered by a 1,4 DHP. It is presently preferable to refer to calcium channels based on pharmacological characteristics and current kinetics and to avoid historical designations. Types and subtypes of α1 subunits may be characterized on the basis of the effects of such modulators on the subunit or a channel containing the subunit as well as differences in currents and current kinetics produced by calcium channels containing the subunit.
As used herein, an α2 subunit is encoded by DNA that hybridizes to the DNA provided herein under conditions of low stringency or encodes a protein that has about 40% homology with that disclosed herein. Such DNA encodes a protein that typically has a molecular weight greater than about 120 kD, but does not form a calcium channel in the absence of an α1 subunit, and may alter the activity of a calcium channel that contains an α1 subunit. Subtypes of the α2 subunit that arise as splice variants are designated by lower case letter, such as α2a, . . . α2e. In addition, the α2 subunit and the large fragment produced under reducing conditions appear to be glycosylated with at least N-linked sugars and do not specifically bind to the 1,4-DHPs and phenylalkylamines that specifically bind to the α1 subunit. The smaller fragment, the C-terminal fragment, is referred to as the δ subunit and includes amino acids from about 946 (SEQ ID No. 11) through about the C-terminus. This fragment may dissociate from the remaining portion of α2 when the α2 subunit is exposed to reducing conditions.
As used herein, a β subunit is encoded by DNA that hybridizes to the DNA provided herein under conditions of low stringency or encodes a protein that has about 40% homology with that disclosed herein and is a protein that typically has a molecular weight lower than the a subunits and on the order of about 50-80 kD, does not form a detectable calcium channel in the absence of an α1 subunit, but may alter the activity of a calcium channel that contains an α1 subunit or that contains an α1 and α2 subunit.
Types of the β subunit that are encoded by different genes are designated with subscripts, such as β1, β2 and β3. Subtypes of β subunits that arise as splice variants of a particular type are designated with a numerical subscript referring to the subtype and to the variant. Such subtypes include, but are not limited to the β1 splice variants, including β1-1-β1-5 and β2 variants, including β2A-β2E.
As used herein, a γ subunit is a subunit encoded by DNA disclosed herein as encoding the γ subunit and may be isolated and identified using the DNA disclosed herein as a probe by hybridization or other such method known to those of skill in the art, whereby full-length clones encoding a γ subunit may be isolated or constructed. A γ subunit will be encoded by DNA that hybridizes to the DNA provided herein under conditions of low stringency or exhibits sufficient sequence homology to encode a protein that has about 40% homology with the γ subunit described herein.
Thus, one of skill in the art, in light of the disclosure herein, can identify DNA encoding α1, α2, β, δ and calcium channel subunits, including types encoded by different genes and subtypes that represent splice variants. For example, DNA probes based on the DNA disclosed herein may be used to screen an appropriate library, including a genomic or cDNA library, and obtain DNA in one or more clones that includes an open reading fragment that encodes an entire protein. Subsequent to screening an appropriate library with the DNA disclosed herein, the isolated DNA can be examined for the presence of an open reading frame from which the sequence of the encoded protein may be deduced. Determination of the molecular weight and comparison with the sequences herein should reveal the identity of the subunit as an α1, α2 etc. subunit. Functional assays may, if necessary, be used to determine whether the subunit is an α1, α2 subunit or β subunit.
For example, DNA encoding an α1A subunit may be isolated by screening an appropriate library with DNA, encoding all or a portion of the human α1A subunit. Such DNA includes the DNA in the phage deposited under ATCC Accession No. 75293 that encodes an α1 subunit. DNA encoding an α1A subunit may obtained from an appropriate library by screening with an oligonucleotide having all or a portion of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No, 21, 22 and/or 23 or with the DNA in the deposited phage. Alternatively, such DNA may have a sequence that encodes an α1A subunit that is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 22 or 23.
Similarly, DNA encoding β3 may be isolated by screening a human cDNA library with DNA probes prepared from the plasmid β1.42 deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69048 or obtained from an appropriate library using probes having sequences prepared according to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 19, 20 and/or 30. Any method known to those of skill in the art for isolation and identification of DNA and preparation of full-length genomic or cDNA clones, including methods exemplified herein, may be used.
The subunit encoded by isolated DNA may be identified by comparison with the DNA and amino acid sequences of the subunits provided herein. Splice variants share extensive regions of homology, but include non-homologous regions, subunits encoded by different genes share a uniform distribution of non-homologous sequences.
As used herein, a splice variant refers to a variant produced by differential processing of a primary transcript of genomic DNA that results in more than one type of mRNA. Splice variants may occur within a single tissue type or among tissues (tissue-specific variants). Thus, cDNA clones that encode calcium channel subunit subtypes that have regions of identical amino acids and regions of different amino acid sequences are referred to herein as “splice variants”.
As used herein, a “calcium channel selective ion” is an ion that is capable of flowing through, or being blocked from flowing through, a calcium channel which spans a cellular membrane under conditions which would substantially similarly permit or block the flow of Ca2+. Ba+ is an example of an ion which is a calcium channel selective ion.
As used herein, a compound that modulates calcium channel activity is one that affects the ability of the calcium channel to pass calcium channel selective ions or affects other detectable calcium channel features, such as current kinetics. Such compounds include calcium channel antagonists and agonists and compounds that exert their effect on the activity of the calcium channel directly or indirectly.
As used herein, a “substantially pure” subunit or protein is a subunit or protein that is sufficiently free of other polypeptide contaminants to appear homogeneous by SDS-PAGE or to be unambiguously sequenced.
As used herein, selectively hybridize means that a DNA fragment hybridizes to second fragment with sufficient specificity to permit the second fragment to be identified or isolated from among a plurality of fragments. In general, selective hybridization occurs at conditions of high stringency.
As used herein, heterologous or foreign DNA and RNA are used interchangeably and refer to DNA or RNA that does not occur naturally as part of the genome in which it is present or which is found in a location or locations in the genome that differ from that in which it occurs in nature. It is DNA or RNA that is not endogenous to the cell and has been artificially introduced into the cell. Examples of heterologous DNA include, but are not limited to, DNA that encodes a calcium channel subunit and DNA that encodes RNA or proteins that mediate or alter expression of endogenous DNA by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes. The cell that expresses the heterologous DNA, such as DNA encoding the calcium channel subunit, may contain DNA encoding the same or different calcium channel subunits. The heterologous DNA need not be expressed and may be introduced in a manner such that it is integrated into the host cell genome or is maintained episomally.
As used herein, operative linkage of heterologous DNA to regulatory and effector sequences of nucleotides, such as promoters, enhancers, transcriptional and translational stop sites, and other signal sequences, refers to the functional relationship between such DNA and such sequences of nucleotides. For example, operative linkage of heterologous DNA to a promoter refers to the physical and functional relationship between the DNA and the promoter such that the transcription of such DNA is initiated from the promoter by an RNA polymerase that specifically recognizes, binds to and transcribes the DNA in reading frame.
As used herein, isolated, substantially pure DNA refers to DNA fragments purified according to standard techniques employed by those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.].
As used herein, expression refers to the process by which nucleic acid is transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. If the nucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA, expression may, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include splicing of the mRNA.
As used herein, vector or plasmid refers to discrete elements that are used to introduce heterologous DNA into cells for either expression of the heterologous DNA or for replication of the cloned heterologous DNA. Selection and use of such vectors and plasmids are well within the level of skill of the art.
As used herein, expression vector includes vectors capable of expressing DNA fragments that are in operative linkage with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the cloned DNA. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or may integrate into the host cell genome.
As used herein, a promoter region refers to the portion of DNA of a gene that controls transcription of DNA to which it is operatively linked. The promoter region includes specific sequences of DNA that are sufficient for RNA polymerase recognition, binding and transcription initiation. This portion of the promoter region is referred to as the promoter. In addition, the promoter region includes sequences that modulate this recognition, binding and transcription initiation activity of the RNA polymerase. These sequences may be cis acting or may be responsive to trans acting factors. Promoters, depending upon the nature of the regulation, may be constitutive or regulated.
As used herein, a recombinant eukaryotic cell is a eukaryotic cell that contains heterologous DNA or RNA.
As used herein, a recombinant or heterologous calcium channel refers to a calcium channel that contains one or more subunits that are encoded by heterologous DNA that has been introduced into and expressed in a eukaryotic cells that expresses the recombinant calcium channel. A recombinant calcium channel may also include subunits that are produced by DNA endogenous to the cell. In certain embodiments, the recombinant or heterologous calcium channel may contain only subunits that are encoded by heterologous DNA.
As used herein, “functional” with respect to a recombinant or heterologous calcium channel means that the channel is able to provide for and regulate entry of calcium channel selective ions, including, but not limited to, Ca2+ or Ba+, in response to a stimulus and/or bind ligands with affinity for the channel. Preferably such calcium channel activity is distinguishable, such as electrophysiological, pharmacological and other means known to those of skill in the art, from any endogenous calcium channel activity that in the host cell.
As used herein, a peptide having an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in a particular SEQ ID No. includes peptides that have the same function but may include minor variations in sequence, such as conservative amino acid changes or minor deletions or insertions that do not alter the activity of the peptide. The activity of a calcium channel receptor subunit peptide refers to its ability to form functional calcium channels with other such subunits.
As used herein, a physiological concentration of a compound is that which is necessary and sufficient for a biological process to occur. For example, a physiological concentration of a calcium channel selective ion is a concentration of the calcium channel selective ion necessary and sufficient to provide an inward current when the channels open.
As used herein, activity of a calcium channel refers to the movement of a calcium selective ion through a calcium channel. Such activity may be measured by any method known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, measurement of the amount of current which flows through the recombinant channel in response to a stimulus.
As used herein, a “functional assay” refers to an assay that identifies functional calcium channels. A functional assay, thus, is an assay to assess function.
As understood by those skilled in the art, assay methods for identifying compounds, such as antagonists and agonists, that modulate calcium channel activity, generally requires comparison to a control. One type of a “control” cell or “control” culture is a cell or culture that is treated substantially the same as the cell or culture exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound. Another type of a “control” cell or “control” culture may be a cell or a culture of cells which are identical to the transfected cells except the cells employed for the control culture do not express functional calcium channels. In this situation, the response of test cell to the test compound compared to the response (or lack of response) of the receptor-negative cell to the test compound, when cells or cultures of each type of cell are exposed to substantially the same reaction conditions in the presence of the compound being assayed. For example, in methods that use patch clamp electrophysiological procedures, the same cell can be tested in the presence and absence of the test compound, by changing the external solution bathing the cell as known in the art.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding Human Calcium Channel Subunits
Methods for identifying and isolating DNA encoding α1, α2, β and γ subunits of human calcium channels are provided.
Identification and isolation of such DNA may be accomplished by hybridizing, under appropriate conditions, at least low stringency whereby DNA that encodes the desired subunit is isolated, restriction enzyme-digested human DNA with a labeled probe having at least 14 nucleotides and derived from any contiguous portion of DNA having a sequence of nucleotides set forth herein by sequence identification number. Once a hybridizing fragment is identified in the hybridization reaction, it can be cloned employing standard cloning techniques known to those of skill in the art. Full-length clones may be identified by the presence of a complete open reading frame and the identity of the encoded protein verified by sequence comparison with the subunits provided herein and by functional assays to assess calcium channel forming ability or other function. This method can be used to identify genomic DNA encoding the subunit or cDNA encoding splice variants of human calcium channel subunits generated by alternative splicing of the primary transcript of genomic subunit DNA. For instance, DNA, cDNA or genomic DNA, encoding a calcium channel subunit may be identified by hybridization to a DNA probe and characterized by methods known to those of skill in the art, such as restriction mapping and DNA sequencing, and compared to the DNA provided herein in order to identify heterogeneity or divergence in the sequences the DNA. Such sequence differences may indicate that the transcripts from which the cDNA was produced result from alternative splicing of a primary transcript, if the non-homologous and homologous regions are clustered, or from a different gene if the non-homologous regions are distributed throughout the cloned DNA.
Any suitable method for isolating genes using the DNA provided herein may be used. For example, oligonucleotides corresponding to regions of sequence differences have been used to isolate, by hybridization, DNA encoding the full-length splice variant and can be used to isolate genomic clones. A probe, based on a nucleotide sequence disclosed herein, which encodes at least a portion of a subunit of a human calcium channel, such as a tissue-specific exon, may be used as a probe to clone related DNA, to clone a full-length cDNA clone or genomic clone encoding the human calcium channel subunit.
Labeled, including, but not limited to, radioactively or enzymatically labeled, RNA or single-stranded DNA of at least 14 substantially contiguous bases, preferably at least 30 contiguous bases of a nucleic acid which encodes at least a portion of a human calcium channel subunit, the sequence of which nucleic acid corresponds to a segment of a nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein by reference to a SEQ ID No. are provided. Such nucleic acid segments may be used as probes in the methods provided herein for cloning DNA encoding calcium channel subunits. See, generally, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
In addition, nucleic acid amplification techniques, which are well known in the art, can be used to locate splice variants of calcium channel subunits by employing oligonucleotides based on DNA sequences surrounding the divergent sequence primers for amplifying human RNA or genomic DNA. Size and sequence determinations of the amplification products can reveal splice variants. Furthermore, isolation of human genomic DNA sequences by hybridization can yield DNA containing multiple exons, separated by introns, that correspond to different splice variants of transcripts encoding human calcium channel subunits.
DNA encoding types and subtypes of each of the α1, α2, β and γ subunit of voltage-dependent human calcium channels has been cloned herein by screening human cDNA libraries prepared from isolated poly A+ mRNA from cell lines or tissue of human origin having such calcium channels. Among the sources of such cells or tissue for obtaining mRNA are human brain tissue or a human cell line of neural origin, such as a neuroblastoma cell line, human skeletal muscle or smooth muscle cells, and the like. Methods of preparing cDNA libraries are well known in the art [see generally Ausubel et al. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley-Interscience, New York; and Davis et al. (1986) Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York].
With respect to each of the respective subunits of a human calcium channel (α1, α2, β or γ), once the DNA encoding the channel subunit was identified by a nucleic acid screening method, the isolated clone was used for further screening to identify overlapping clones. Some of the cloned DNA fragments can and have been subcloned into an appropriate vector such as pIBI24/25 (IBI, New Haven, Conn.), M13mp18/19, pGEM4, pGEM3, pGEM7Z, pSP72 and other such vectors known to those of skill in this art, and characterized by DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme mapping. A sequential series of overlapping clones may thus be generated for each of the subunits until a full-length clone can be prepared by methods, known to those of skill in the art, that include identification of translation initiation (start) and translation termination (stop) codons. For expression of the cloned DNA, the 5′ noncoding region and other transcriptional and translational control regions of such a clone may be replaced with an efficient ribosome binding site and other regulatory regions as known in the art. Other modifications of the 5′ end, known to those of skill in the art, that may be required to optimize translation and/or transcription efficiency may also be effected, if deemed necessary.
Examples II-VI, below, describe in detail the cloning of each of the various subunits of a human calcium channel as well as subtypes and splice variants, including tissue-specific variants thereof. In the instances in which partial sequences of a subunit are disclosed, it is well within the skill of the art, in view of the teaching herein, to obtain the corresponding full-length nucleotide sequence encoding the subunit, subtype or splice variant thereof.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding α1 Subunits
A number of voltage-dependent calcium channel α1 subunit genes, which are expressed in the human CNS and in other tissues, have been identified and have been designated as α1A, α1B (or VDCC IV), α1C (or VDCC II), α1D (or VDCC III) and α1E. DNA, isolated from a human neuronal cDNA library, that encodes each of the subunit types has been isolated. DNA encoding subtypes of each of the types, which arise as splice variants are also provided. Subtypes are herein designated, for example, as α1B-1, α1B-2.
The α1 subunits types A B, C, D and E of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and subtypes thereof, differ with respect to sensitivity to known classes of calcium channel agonists and antagonists, such as DHPs, phenylalkylamines, omega conotoxin (ω-CgTx), the funnel web spider toxin ω-Aga-IV, and pyrazonoylguanidines. They also appear to differ in the holding potential and ion the kinetics of currents produced upon depolarization of cell membranes containing calcium channels that include different types of α1 subunits.
DNA that encodes an α1-subunit that binds to at least one compound selected from among dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, ω-CgTx, components of funnel web spider toxin, and pyrazonoylguanidines is provided. For example, the α1B subunit provided herein appears to specifically interact with ω-CgTx in N-type channels, and the α1D subunit provided herein specifically interacts with DHPs in L-type channels.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1D Human Calcium Channel Subunit
The α1D subunit cDNA has been isolated using fragments of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 subunit cDNA as a probe to screen a cDNA library of a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32, to obtain clone α1.36. This clone was used as a probe to screen additional IMR32 cell cDNA libraries to obtain overlapping clones, which were then employed for screening until a sufficient series of clones to span the length of the nucleotide sequence encoding the human α1D subunit were obtained. Full-length clones encoding α1D were constructed by ligating portions of partial α1D clones as described in Example II. SEQ ID No. 1 shows the 7,635 nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the α1D subunit. There is a 6,483 nucleotide sequence reading frame which encodes a sequence of 2,161 amino acids (as set forth in SEQ ID No. 1).
SEQ ID No. 2 provides the sequence of an alternative exon encoding the IS6 transmembrane domain [see Tanabe, T., et al. (1987) Nature 328:313-318 for a description of transmembrane domain terminology] of the α1D subunit.
SEQ ID No. 1 also shows the 2,161 amino acid sequence deduced from the human neuronal calcium channel α1D subunit DNA. Based on the amino acid sequence, the α1D protein has a calculated Mr of 245,163. The α1D subunit of the calcium channel contains four putative internal repeated sequence regions. Four internally repeated regions represent 24 putative transmembrane segments, and the amino- and carboxyl-termini extend intracellularly.
The α1D subunit has been shown to mediate DHP-sensitive, high-voltage-activated, long-lasting calcium channel activity. This calcium channel activity was detected when oöcytes were co-injected with RNA transcripts encoding an α1D and β1 or α1D, α2 and β1 subunits. This activity was distinguished from Ba2+ currents detected when oöcytes were injected with RNA transcripts encoding the β1±α2 subunits. These currents pharmacologically and biophysically resembled Ca2+ currents reported for uninjected oöcytes.
Identification and Isolation DNA Encoding the α1A Human Calcium Channel Subunit
Biological material containing DNA encoding the α1A subunit had been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of Deposits of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure and the Regulations promulgated under this Treaty. Samples of the deposited material are and will be available to industrial property offices and other persons legally entitled to receive them under the terms of said Treaty and Regulations and otherwise in compliance with the patent laws and regulations of the United States of America and all other nations or international organizations in which this application, or an application claiming priority of this application, is filed or in which any patent granted on any such application is granted.
An α1A subunit is encoded by an approximately 3 kb insert in λgt10 phage designated α1.254 in E. coli host strain NM514. A phage lysate of this material has been deposited as at the American Type Culture Collection under ATCC Accession No. 75293, as described above. DNA encoding α1A may also be identified by screening with a probe prepared from DNA that has SEQ ID No. 21:

5° CTCAGTACCATCTCTGATACCAGCCCCA 3′.

α1A splice variants have been obtained. The sequences of two α1A splice variants, α1a-1 and α1a-2 are set forth in SEQ. ID Nos. 22 and 23. Other splice variants may be obtained by screening a human library as described above or using all or a portion of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 22 and 23.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1B Human Calcium Channel Subunit
DNA encoding the α1B subunit was isolated by screening a human basal ganglia cDNA library with fragments of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 subunit-encoding cDNA. A portion of one of the positive clones was used to screen an IMR32 cell cDNA library. Clones that hybridized to the basal ganglia DNA probe were used to further screen an IMR32 cell cDNA library to identify overlapping clones that in turn were used to screen a human hippocampus cDNA library. In this way, a sufficient series of clones to span nearly the entire length of the nucleotide sequence encoding the human α1B subunit was obtained. PCR amplification of specific regions of the IMR32 cell α1B mRNA yielded additional segments of the α1B coding sequence.
A full-length α1B DNA clone was constructed by ligating portions of the partial cDNA clones as described in Example II.C. SEQ ID Nos. 7 and 8 show the nucleotide sequences of DNA clones encoding the α1B subunit as well as the deduced amino acid sequences. The α1B subunit encoded by SEQ ID No. 7 is referred to as the α1B-1 subunit to distinguish it from another α1B subunit, α1b-2, encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 8, which is derived from alternative splicing of the α1B subunit transcript.
PCR amplification of IMR32 cell mRNA using oligonucleotide primers designed according to nucleotide sequences within the α1B-1-encoding DNA has identified variants of the α1B transcript that appear to be splice variants because they contain divergent coding sequences.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1C Human Calcium Channel Subunit
Numerous α1C-specific DNA clones were isolated. Characterization of the sequence revealed the α1C coding sequence, the α1C initiation of translation sequence, and an alternatively spliced region of α1C. Alternatively spliced variants of the α1C subunit have been identified. SEQ ID No. 3 sets forth DNA encoding an α1C subunit. The DNA sequences set forth in SEQ ID No. 4 and No. 5 encode two possible amino terminal ends of the tic protein. SEQ ID No. 6 encodes an alternative exon for the IV S3 transmembrane domain.
The isolation and identification of DNA clones encoding portions of the α1C subunit is described in detail in Example II.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1E Human Calcium Channel Subunit
DNA encoding α1E human calcium channel subunits have been isolated from an oligo dT-primed human hippocampus library. The resulting clones, which are splice variants, were designated α1E-1 and α1E-3. The subunit designated α1E-1 has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 24, and a subunit designated α1E-3 has the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ. ID No. 24 with the fragment encoded by the DNA set forth in SEQ ID No. 25 inserted between nucleotides 2405 and 2406. The resulting sequence of α1E-3 is set forth in SEQ ID No. 27.
The α1E subunits propvided herein appear to participate in the formation of calcium channels that have properties of high-voltage activated calcium channels and low-voltage activated channels. These channels are rapidly inactivating compared to other high voltage-activated calcium channels. In addition these channels exhibit pharmacological profiles that are similar to voltage-activated channels, but are also sensitive to DHPs and ω-Aga-IVA, which block certain high voltage activated channels. Additional details regarding the electrophysiology and pharmacology of channels containing α1E subunits is provided in Example VII. F.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding the Other α1 Human Calcium Channel Subunit Types and Subtypes
DNA encoding other α1 subunits has also been isolated. Additional such subunits may also be isolated and identified using the DNA provided herein as described for the α1B, α1C and α1D subunits or using other methods known to those of skill in the art. In particular, the DNA provided herein may be used to screen appropriate libraries to isolate related DNA. Full-length clones can be constructed using methods, such as those described herein, and the resulting subunits characterized by comparison of their sequences and electrophysiological and pharmacological properties with the subunits exemplified herein.
Identification and Isolation DNA Encoding β Human Calcium Channel Subunits
DNA Encoding β1 
To isolate DNA encoding the β1 subunit, a human hippocampus cDNA library was screened by hybridization to a DNA fragment encoding a rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel β subunit. A hybridizing clone was selected and was in turn used to isolate overlapping clones until the overlapping clones encompassing DNA encoding the entire the human calcium channel β subunit were isolated and sequenced.
Five alternatively spliced forms of the human calcium channel β1 subunit have been identified and DNA encoding a number of forms have been isolated. These forms are designated β1-1, expressed in skeletal muscle, β1-2, expressed in the CNS, β1-3, also expressed in the in the CNS, β1-4, expressed in aorta tissue and HEK 293 cells, and β1-5, expressed in HEK 293 cells. A full-length DNA clone encoding the β1-2 subunit has been constructed. The subunits β1-1, β1-2, β1-4 and β1-5 have been identified by PCR analysis as alternatively spliced forms of the β subunit.
The alternatively spliced variants were identified by comparison of amino acid sequences encoded by the human neuronal and rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel β subunit-encoding DNA. This comparison revealed a 45-amino acid deletion in the human β subunit compared to the rabbit β subunit. Using DNA from the region as a probe for DNA cloning, as well as PCR analysis and DNA sequencing of this area of sequence divergence, alternatively spliced forms of the human calcium channel β subunit transcript were identified. For example, the sequence of DNA encoding one splice variant β1-2 is set forth in SEQ ID No. 9. SEQ ID No. 10 sets forth the sequence of the β1-3 subunit (nt 1-1851, including 3′ untranslated sequence nt 1795-1851), which is another splice variant of the β subunit primary transcript. β1-2 and β1-3 are human neuronal β subunits. DNA distinctive for a portion of a β subunit (β1-4) of a human aortic calcium channel and also human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells is set forth in SEQ ID No. 12 (nt 1-13 and 191-271). The sequence of DNA encoding a portion of a human calcium channel β subunit expressed in skeletal muscle (β1-1) is shown in SEQ ID No. 12 (nt 1-13 and 35-271). The sequences of the β1 splice variants designated ⊕1-1, β1-2, β1-3, β1-4 and β1-5 are set forth in Sequence ID Nos. 32, 9, 10, 33 and 34, respectively.
DNA Encoding β2 
DNA encoding the β2 splice variants has been obtained. These splice variants include β2A-β2F. Splice variants β2C-β2F include all of sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 26, except for the portion at the 5′ end (up to nucleotide 182), which differs among splice variants. The sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 26 encodes at least about 90% of β2D. Additional splice variants may be isolated using the methods described herein and oligonucleotides including all or portions of the DNA set forth in SEQ ID. No. 26 or as described in the Examples.
DNA Encoding β3 
DNA encoding the β3 subunit and any splice variants thereof may be isolated by screening a library, as described above for the β1 subunit, using DNA probes prepared according to SEQ ID Nos. 19, 20 or using all or a portion of the deposited β3 clone plasmid β1.42 (ATCC Accession No. 69048).
The E. coli host containing plasmid β1.42 that includes DNA encoding a β3 subunit has been deposited as ATCC Accession No. 69048 in the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of Deposits of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure and the Regulations promulgated under this Treaty. Samples of the deposited material are and will be available to industrial property offices and other persons legally entitled to receive them under the terms of said Treaty and Regulations and otherwise in compliance with the patent laws and regulations of the United States of America and all other nations or international organizations in which this application, or an application claiming priority of this application, is filed or in which any patent granted on any such application is granted.
The β3 encoding plasmid is designated β1.42. The plasmid contains a 2.5 kb EcoRI fragment encoding β3 inserted into vector pGem•7zF(+) and has been deposited in E. coli host strain DN5α. A partial DNA sequence of the 5′ and 3′ ends of β3 are set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 19 and 20, respectively.
Identification and Isolation DNA Encoding the α2 Human Calcium Channel Subunit
DNA encoding a human neuronal calcium channel α2 subunit was isolated in a manner substantially similar to that used for isolating DNA encoding an α1 subunit, except that a human genomic DNA library was probed under low and high stringency conditions with a fragment of DNA encoding the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit. The fragment included nucleotides having a sequence corresponding to the nucleotide sequence between nucleotides 43 and 272 inclusive of rabbit back skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA as disclosed in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO 89/09834, which corresponds to U.S. application Ser. No. 07/620,520, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 176,899, filed Apr. 4, 1988, which applications have been incorporated herein by reference. Example IV describes the isolation of DNA clones encoding α2 subunits of a human calcium channel from a human DNA library using genomic DNA and cDNA clones, identified by hybridization to the genomic DNA, as probes.
SEQ ID No. 11 shows the sequence of DNA encoding an α2 subunit. As described in Example V, PCR analysis of RNA from human skeletal muscle, brain tissue and aorta using oligonucleotide primers specific for a region of the human neuronal α2 subunit cDNA that diverges from the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA identified splice variants of the human calcium channel α2 subunit transcript.
Identification and Isolation of DNA Encoding γ Human Calcium Channel Subunits
DNA encoding a human neuronal calcium channel γ subunit has been isolated as described in detail in Example VI. SEQ ID No. 14 shows the nucleotide sequence at the 3′-end of this DNA which includes a reading frame encoding a sequence of 43 amino acid residues.
Preparation of Recombinant Eukaryotic Cells Containing DNA Encoding Heterologous Calcium Channel Subunits
DNA encoding one or more of the calcium channel subunits or a portion of a calcium channel subunit may be introduced into a host cell for expression or replication of the DNA. Such DNA may be introduced using methods described in the following examples or using other procedures well known to those skilled in the art. Incorporation of cloned DNA into a suitable expression vector, transfection of eukaryotic cells with a plasmid vector or a combination of plasmid vectors, each encoding one or more distinct genes or with linear DNA, and selection of transfected cells are also well known in the art [see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press].
Cloned full-length DNA encoding any of the subunits of a human calcium channel may be introduced into a plasmid vector for expression in a eukaryotic cell. Such DNA may be genomic DNA or cDNA. Host cells may be transfected with one or a combination of said plasmids, each of which encodes at least one calcium channel subunit. Alternatively, host cells may be transfected with linear DNA using methods well known to those of skill in the art.
While the DNA provided herein may be expressed in any eukaryotic cell, including yeast cells such as P. pastoris [see, e.g., Cregg et al. (1987) Bio/Technology 5:479], mammalian expression systems for expression of the DNA encoding the human calcium channel subunits provided herein are preferred.
The heterologous DNA may be introduced by any method known to those of skill in the art, such as transfection with a vector encoding the heterologous DNA. Particularly preferred vectors for transfection of mammalian cells are the pSV2dhfr expression vectors, which contain the SV40 early promoter, mouse dhfr gene, SV40 polyadenylation and splice sites and sequences necessary for maintaining the vector in bacteria, cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-based vectors such as pCMV or pCDNA1, and MMTV promoter-based vectors. DNA encoding the human calcium channel subunits has been inserted in the vector pCDNA1 at a position immediately following the CMV promoter.
Stably or transiently transfected mammalian cells may be prepared by methods known in the art by transfecting cells with an expression vector having a selectable marker gene such as the gene for thymidine kinase, dihydrofolate reductase, neomycin resistance or the like, and, for transient transfection, growing the transfected cells under conditions selective for cells expressing the marker gene. Functional voltage-dependent calcium channels have been produced in HEK 293 cells transfected with a derivative of the vector pCDNA1 that contains DNA encoding a human calcium channel subunit.
The heterologous DNA may be maintained in the cell as an episomal element or may be integrated into chromosomal DNA of the cell. The resulting recombinant cells may then be cultured or subcultured (or passaged, in the case of mammalian cells) from such a culture or a subculture thereof. Methods for transfection, injection and culturing recombinant cells are known to the skilled artisan. Eukaryotic cells in which DNA or RNA may be introduced, include any cells that are transfectable by such DNA or RNA or into which such DNA may be injected. Virtually any eukaryotic cell can serve as a vehicle for heterologous DNA. Preferred cells are those that can also express the DNA and RNA and most preferred cells are those that can form recombinant or heterologous calcium channels that include one or more subunits encoded by the heterologous DNA. Such cells may be identified empirically or selected from among those known to be readily transfected or injected. Preferred cells for introducing DNA include those that can be transiently or stably transfected and include, but are not limited to cells of mammalian origin, such as COS cells, mouse L cells, CHO cells, human embryonic kidney cells, African green monkey cells and other such cells known to those of skill in the art, amphibian cells, such as Xenopus laevis oöcytes, or those of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris. Preferred cells for expressing injected RNA transcripts include Xenopus laevis oöcytes. Cells that are preferred for transfection of DNA are those that can be readily and efficiently transfected. Such cells are known to those of skill in the art or may be empirically identified. Preferred cells include DG44 cells and HEK 293 cells, particularly HEK 293 cells that have been adapted for growth in suspension and that can be frozen in liquid nitrogen and then thawed and regrown. Such HEK 293 cells are described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,939 to Gorman [see, also Stillman et al. (1985) Mol. Cell.Biol. 5:2051-2060].
The cells may be used as vehicles for replicating heterologous DNA introduced therein or for expressing the heterologous DNA introduced therein. In certain embodiments, the cells are used as vehicles for expressing the heterologous DNA as a means to produce substantially pure human calcium channel subunits or heterologous calcium channels. Host cells containing the heterologous DNA may be cultured under conditions whereby the calcium channels are expressed. The calcium channel subunits may be purified using protein purification methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, antibodies, such as those provided herein, that specifically bind to one or more of the subunits may be used for affinity purification of the subunit or calcium channels containing the subunits.
Substantially pure subunits of a human calcium channel α1 subunits of a human calcium channel, α2 subunits of a human calcium channel, β subunits of a human calcium channel and γ subunits of a human calcium channel are provided. Substantially pure isolated calcium channels that contain at least one of the human calcium channel subunits are also provided. Substantially pure calcium channels that contain a mixture of one or more subunits encoded by the host cell and one or more subunits encoded by heterologous DNA or RNA that has been introduced into the cell are also provided. Substantially pure subtype- or tissue-type specific calcium channels are also provided.
In other embodiments, eukaryotic cells that contain heterologous DNA encoding at least one of an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel, an α2 subunit of a human calcium channel, a αsubunit of a human calcium channel and a γ subunit of a human calcium channel are provided. In accordance with one preferred embodiment, the heterologous DNA is expressed in the eukaryotic cell and preferably encodes a human calcium channel α1 subunit.
Expression of Heterologous Calcium Channels: Electrophysiology and Pharmacology
Electrophysiological methods for measuring calcium channel activity are kwown to those of skill in the art and are exemplified herein. Any such methods may be used in order to detect the formation of functional calcium channels and to characterize the kinetics and other characteristics of the resulting currents. Pharmacological studies may be combined with the electrophysiological measurements in order to further characterize the calcium channels.
With respect to measurement of the activity of functional heterologous calcium channels, preferably, endogenous ion channel activity and, if desired, heterologous channel activity of channels that do not contain the desired subunits, of a host cell can be inhibited to a significant extent by chemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological means, including the use of differential holding potential, to increase the S/N ratio of the measured heterologous calcium channel activity.
Thus, various combinations of subunits encoded by the DNA provided herein are introduced into eukaryotic cells. The resulting cells can be examined to ascertain whether functional channels are expressed and to determine the properties of the channels. In particularly preferred aspects, the eukaryotic cell which contains the heterologous DNA expresses it and forms a recombinant functional calcium channel activity. In more preferred aspects, the recombinant calcium channel activity is readily detectable because it is a type that is absent from the untransfected host cell or is of a magnitude not exhibited in the untransfected cell.
The eukaryotic cells can be transfected with various combinations of the subunit subtypes provided herein. The resulting cells will provide a uniform population of calcium channels for study of calcium channel activity and for use in the drug screening assays provided herein. Experiments that have been performed have demonstrate the inadequacy of prior classification schemes.
Preferred among transfected cells is a recombinant eukaryotic cell with a functional heterologous calcium channel. The recombinant cell can be produced by introduction of and expression of heteroloqous DNA or RNA transcripts encoding an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel, more preferably also expressing, a heterologous DNA encoding a β subunit of a human calcium channel and/or heterologous DNA encoding an α2 subunit of a human calcium channel. Especially preferred is the expression in such a recombinant cell of each of the α1, β and α2 subunits encoded by such heterologous DNA or RNA transcripts, and optionally expression of heterologous DNA or an RNA transcript encoding a γ subunit of a human calcium channel. The functional calcium channels may preferably include at least an α1 subunit and a P subunit of a human calcium channel. Eukaryotic cells expressing these two subunits and also cells expressing additional subunits, have been prepared by transfection of DNA and by injection of RNA transcripts. Such cells have exhibited voltage-dependent calcium channel activity attributable to calcium channels that contain one or more of the heterologous human calcium channel subunits. For example, eukaryotic cells expressing heterologous calcium channels containing an α2 subunit in addition to the α1 subunit and a β subunit have been shown to exhibit increased calcium selective ion flow across the cellular membrane in response to depolarization, indicating that the α2 subunit may potentiate calcium channel function.
Eukaryotic cells which express heterologous calcium channels containing at least a human α1 subunit, a human β subunit and a human α2 subunit are preferred. Eukaryotic cells transformed with a composition containing cDNA or an RNA transcript that encodes an α1 subunit alone or in combination with a β and/or an α2 subunit may be used to produce cells that express functional calcium channels. Since recombinant cells expressing human calcium channels containing all of the of the human subunits encoded by the heterologous cDNA or RNA are especially preferred, it is desirable to inject or transfect such host cells with a sufficient concentration of the subunit-encoding nucleic acids to form calcium channels that contain the human subunits encoded by heterologous DNA or RNA. The precise amounts and ratios of DNA or RNA encoding the subunits may be empirically determined and optimized for a particular combination of subunits, cells and assay conditions.
In particular, mammalian cells have been transiently and stably tranfected with DNA encoding one or more human calcium channel subunits. Such cells express heterologous calcium channels that exhibit pharmacological and electrophysiological properties characteristic that can be ascribed to human calcium channels. Such cells, however, represent homogeneous populations and the pharmacological and electrophysiological data provides insights into human calcium channel activity heretofore unattainable. For example, HEK cells that have been transiently transfected with DNA encoding the α1E-1, α2b, and β1-3 subunits. The resulting cells transiently express these subunits, which form a calcium channels that appear to exhibit properties of L-, N-, T- and P-type channels.
HEK cells that have been transfiently transfected with DNA encoding α1B-1 α2b, and β1-2 express heterologous calcium channels that exhibt sensitivity to ω-conotoxin and currents typical of N-type channels. It has been found that alteration of the molar raios of α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 introduced into the cells into to achieve equivalent mRNA levles significantly incresed the number of receptors per cell, the current density, and affected the Kd for ω-conotoxin.
The electrophyiology of these channels produced from α1B-1 α2b, and β1-2 was compared with channels produced by transiently transfecting HEK cells with DNA encoding α1B-1 α2b, and β1-3. The channels exhibited similar voltage dependence of activation, substantially identical voltage dependence, similar kinetics of activation and tail currents that could be fit by a single exponential. The voltage dependence of the kinetics of inactivation was significantly different at all voltages examined.
In certain embodiments, the eukaryotic cell with a heterologous calcium channel is produced by introducing into the cell a first composition, which contains at least one RNA transcript that is translated in the cell into a subunit of a human calcium channel. In preferred embodiments, the subunits that are translated include an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel. More preferably, the composition that is introduced contains an RNA transcript which encodes an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel and also contains (1) an RNA transcript which encodes a β subunit of a human calcium channel and/or (2) an RNA transcript which encodes an α2 subunit of a human calcium channel. Especially preferred is the introduction of RNA encoding an α1, a β and an α2 human calcium channel subunit, and, optionally, a γ subunit of a human calcium channel.
Methods for in vitro transcription of a cloned DNA and injection of the resulting RNA into eukaryotic cells are well known in the art. Transcripts of any of the full-length DNA encoding any of the subunits of a human calcium channel may be injected alone or in combination with other transcripts into eukaryotic cells for expression in the cells. Amphibian oöcytes are particularly preferred for expression of in vitro transcripts of the human calcium channel subunit cDNA clones provided herein. Amphibian oöcytes that express functional heterologous calcium channels have been produced by this method.
Assays
Assays for Identifying Compounds that Modulate Calcium Channel Activity
Among the uses for eukaryotic cells which recombinantly express one or more subunits are assays for determining whether a test compound has calcium channel agonist or antagonist activity. These eukaryotic cells may also be used to select from among known calcium channel agonists and antagonists those exhibiting a particular calcium channe subtype specificity and to thereby select compounds that have potential as disease- or tissue-specific therapeutic agents.
In vitro methods for identifying compounds, such as calcium channel agonist and antagonists, that modulate the activity of calcium channels using eukaryotic cells that express heterologous human calcium channels are provided.
In particular, the assays use eukaryotic cells that express heterologous human calcium channel subunits encoded by heterologous DNA provided herein, for screening potential calcium channel agonists and antagonists which are specific for human calcium channels and particularly for screening for compounds that are specific for particular human calcium channel subtypes. Such assays may be used in conjunction with methods of rational drug design to select among agonists and antagonists, which differ slightly in structure, those particularly useful for modulating the activity of human calcium channels, and to design or select compounds that exhibit subtype- or tissue-specific calcium channel antagonist and agonist activities.
These assays should accurately predict the relative therapeutic efficacy of a compound for the treatment of certain disorders in humans. In addition, since subtype- and tissue-specific calcium channel subunits are provided, cells with tissue-specific or subtype-specific recombinant calcium channels may be prepared and used in assays for identification of human calcium channel tissue- or subtype-specific drugs.
Desirably, the host cell for the expression of calcium channel subunits does not produce endogenous calcium channel subunits of the type or in an amount that substantially interferes with the detection of heterologous calcium channel subunits in ligand binding assays or detection of heterologous calcium channel function, such as generation of calcium current, in functional assays. Also, the host cells preferably should not produce endogenous calcium channels which detectably interact with compounds having, at physiological concentrations (generally nanomolar or picomolar concentrations), affinity for calcium channels that contain one or all of the human calcium channel subunits provided herein.
With respect to ligand binding assays for identifying a compound which has affinity for calcium channels, cells are employed which express, preferably, at least a heterologous α1 subunit. Transfected eukaryotic cells which express at least an α1 subunit may be used to determine the ability of a test compound to specifically alter the activity of a calcium channel. Such ligand binding assays may be performed on intact transfected cells or membranes prepared therefrom.
The capacity of a test compound to bind to or otherwise interact with membranes that contain heterologous calcium channels or subunits thereof may be determined by using any appropriate method, such as competitive binding analysis, such as Scatchard plots, in which the binding capacity of such membranes is determined in the presence and absence of one or more concentrations of a compound having known affinity for the calcium channel. Where necessary, the results may be compared to a control experiment designed in accordance with methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, as a negative control, the results may be compared to those of assays of an identically treated membrane preparation from host cells which have not been transfected with one or more subunit-encoding nucleic acids.
The assays involve contacting the cell membrane of a recombinant eukaryotic cell which expresses at least one subunit of a human calcium channel, preferably at least an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel, with a test compound and measuring the ability of the test compound to specifically bind to the membrane or alter or modulate the activity of a heterologous calcium channel on the membrane.
In preferred embodiments, the assay uses a recombinant cell that has a calcium channel containing an α1 subunit of a human calcium channel in combination with a β-subunit of a human calcium channel and/or an α2 subunit of a human calcium channel. Recombinant cells expressing heterologous calcium channels containing each of the α1, β and α2 human subunits, and, optionally, a γ subunit of a human calcium channel are especially preferred for use in such assays.
In certain embodiments, the assays for identifying compounds that modulate calcium channel activity are practiced by measuring the calcium channel activity of a eukaryotic cell having a heterologous, functional calcium channel when such cell is exposed to a solution containing the test compound and a calcium channel selective ion and comparing the measured calcium channel activity to the calcium channel activity of the same cell or a substantially identical control cell in a solution not containing the test compound. The cell is maintained in a solution having a concentration of calcium channel selective ions sufficient to provide an inward current when the channels open. Especially preferred for use, is a recombinant cell expressing calcium channels that include each of the α1, β and α2 human subunits, and, optionally, a γ subunit of a human calcium channel. Methods for practicing such assays are known to those of skill in the art. For example, for similar methods applied with Xenopus laevis oöcytes and acetylcholine receptors, see, Mishina et al. [(1985) Nature 313:364] and, with such oöcytes and sodium channels [see, Noda et al. (1986) Nature 322:826-828]. For similar studies which have been carried out with the acetylcholine receptor, see, e.g., Claudio et al. [(1987) Science 238:1688-1694].
Functional recombinant or heterologous calcium channels may be identified by any method known to those of skill in the art. For example, electrophysiological procedures for measuring the current across an ion-selective membrane of a cell, which are well known, may be used. The amount and duration of the flow of calcium selective ions through heterologous calcium channels of a recombinant cell containing DNA encoding one or more of the subunits provided herein has been measured using electrophysiological recordings using a two electrode and the whole-cell patch clamp techniques. In order to improve the sensitivity of the assays, known methods can be used to eliminate or reduce non-calcium currents and calcium currents resulting from endogenous calcium channels, when measuring calcium currents through recombinant channels. For example, the DHP Bay K 8644 specifically enhances L-type calcium channel function by increasing the duration of the open state of the channels [see, e.g., Hess, J. B., et al. (1984) Nature 311:538-544]. Prolonged opening of the channels results in calcium currents of increased magnitude and duration. Tail currents can be observed upon repolarization of the cell membrane after activation of ion channels by a depolarizing voltage command. The opened channels require a finite time to close or “deactivate” upon repolarization, and the current that flows through the channels during this period is referred to as a tail current. Because Bay K 8644 prolongs opening events in calcium channels, it tends to prolong these tail currents and make them more pronounced.
In practicing these assays, stably or transiently transfected cells or injected cells that express voltage-dependent human calcium channels containing one or more of the subunits of a human calcium channel desirably may be used in assays to identify agents, such as calcium channel agonists and antagonists, that modulate calcium channel activity. Functionally testing the activity of test compounds, including compounds having unknown activity, for calcium channel agonist or antagonist activity to determine if the test compound potentiates, inhibits or otherwise alters the flow of calcium through a human calcium channel can be accomplished by (a) maintaining a eukaryotic cell which is transfected or injected to express a heterologous functional calcium channel capable of regulating the flow of calcium channel selective ions into the cell in a medium containing calcium channel selective ions (i) in the presence of and (ii) in the absence of a test compound; (b) maintaining the cell under conditions such that the heterologous calcium channels are substantially closed and endogenous calcium channels of the cell are substantially inhibited (c) depolarizing the membrane of the cell maintained in step (b) to an extent and for an amount of time sufficient to cause (preferably, substantially only) the heterologous calcium channels to become permeable to the calcium channel selective ions; and (d) comparing the amount and duration of current flow into the cell in the presence of the test compound to that of the current flow into the cell, or a substantially similar cell, in the absence of the test compound.
The assays thus use cells, provided herein, that express heterologous functional calcium channels and measure functionally, such as electrophysiologically, the ability of a test compound to potentiate, antagonize or otherwise modulate the magnitude and duration of the flow of calcium channel selective ions, such as Ca++ or Ba++, through the heterologous functional channel. The amount of current which flows through the recombinant calcium channels of a cell may be determined directly, such as electrophysiologically, or by monitoring an independent reaction which occurs intracellularly and which is directly influenced in a calcium (or other) ion dependent manner.
Any method for assessing the activity of a calcium channel may be used in conjunction with the cells and assays provided herein. For example, in one embodiment of the method for testing a compound for its ability to modulate calcium channel activity, the amount of current is measured by its modulation of a reaction which is sensitive to calcium channel selective ions and uses a eukaryotic cell which expresses a heterologous calcium channel and also contains a transcriptional control element operatively linked for expression to a structural gene that encodes an indicator protein. The transcriptional control element used for transcription of the indicator gene is responsive in the cell to a calcium channel selective ion, such as Ca2+ and Ba+. The details of such transcriptional based assays are described in commonly owned PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US91/5625, filed Aug. 7, 1991, which claims priority to copending commonly owned U.S. application Ser. No. 07/563,751, filed Aug. 7, 1990, the contents of which applications are herein incorporated by reference thereto.
Assays for Diagnosis of LES
LES is an autoimmune disease characterized by an insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor nerve terminals which normally are responsive to nerve impulses. Immunoglobulins (IgG) from LES patients block individual voltage-dependent calcium channels and thus inhibit calcium channel activity [Kim and Neher, Science 239:405-408 (1988)]. A diagnostic assay for Lambert Eaton Syndrome (LES) is provided herein. The diagnostic assay for LES relies on the immunological reactivity of LES IgG with the human calcium channels or particular subunits alone or in combination or expressed on the surface of recombinant cells. For example, such an assay may be based on immunoprecipitation of LES IgG by the human calcium channel subunits and cells that express such subunits provided herein.


EXAMPLES
The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example I
Preparation of Libraries Used for Isolation of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel Subunits
A. RNA Isolation
1. IMR32 Cells
IMR32 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC Accession No. CCL127, Rockville, Md.) and grown in DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) plus 1.0 mM dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) for ten days. Total RNA was isolated from the cells according to the procedure described by H. C. Birnboim [(1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16:1487-1497]. Poly(A+) RNA was selected according to standard procedures [see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; pg. 7.26-7.29].
2. Human Thalamus Tissue
Human thalamus tissue (2.34 g), obtained from the National Neurological Research Bank, Los Angeles, Calif., that had been stored frozen at −70° C. was pulverized using a mortar and pestle in the presence of liquid nitrogen and the cells were lysed in 12 ml of lysis buffer (5 M guanidinium isothiocyanate, 50 mM TRIS, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 5% β-mercaptoethanol). Lysis buffer was added to the lysate to yield a final volume of 17 ml. N-laurylsarcosine and CsCl were added to the mixture to yield final concentrations of 4% and 0.01 g/ml, respectively, in a final volume of 18 ml.
The sample was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm in a Sorvall SS34 rotor for 10 min at room temperature to remove the insoluble material as a pellet. The supernatant was divided into two equal portions and each was layered onto a 2-ml cushion of a solution of 5.7 M CsCl, 0.1 M EDTA contained in separate centrifuge tubes to yield approximately 9 ml per tube. The samples were centrifuged in an SW41 rotor at 37,000 rpm for 24 h at 20° C.
After centrifugation, each RNA pellet was resuspended in 3 ml ETS (10 mM TRIS, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 0.2% SDS) and combined into a single tube. The RNA was precipitated with 0.25 M NaCl and two volumes of 95% ethanol.
The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and resuspended in 4 ml PK buffer (0.05 M TRIS, pH 8.4, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.01 M EDTA, 1% SDS). Proteinase K was added to the sample to a final concentration of 200 μg/ml. The sample was incubated at 22° C. for 1 h, followed by extraction with an equal volume of phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol (50:48:2) two times, followed by one extraction with an equal volume of chloroform: isoamylalcohol (24:1). The RNA was precipitated with ethanol and NaCl. The precipitate was resuspended in 400 μl of ETS buffer. The yield of total RNA was approximately 1.0 mg. Poly A+ RNA (30 μg) was isolated from the total RNA according to standard methods as stated in Example I.A.1.
B. Library Construction
Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized according to standard methods [see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) IN: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Chapter 8]. Each library was prepared in substantially the same manner except for differences in: 1) the oligonucleotide used to prime the first strand cDNA synthesis, 2) the adapters that were attached to the double-stranded cDNA, 3) the method used to remove the free or unused adapters, and 4) the size of the fractionated cDNA ligated into the λ phage vector.
1. IMR32 cDNA library #1
Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized using IMR32 poly(A+) RNA (Example I.A.1.) as a template and was primed using oligo (dT)12-18 (Collaborative Research Inc., Bedford, Mass.). The single-stranded cDNA was converted to double-stranded cDNA and the yield was approximately 2 μg. EcoI adapters:

5′-AATTCGGTACGTACACTCGAGC-3′=22-mer  (SEQ ID No.15)

3′-GCCATGCATGTGAGCTCG-5′=18-mer  (SEQ ID No.16)

also containing SnaBI and XhoI restriction sites were then added to the double-stranded cDNA according to the following procedure.

a. Phosphorylation of 18-mer

The 18-mer was phosphorylated using standard methods [see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) IN: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Chapter 8] by combining in a 10 μl total volume the 18-mer (225 pmoles) with [32P]γ-ATP (7000 Ci/mmole; 1.0 μl) and kinase (2 U) and incubating at 37° C. for 15 minutes. After incubation, 1 μl 10 mM ATP and an additional 2 U of kinase were added and incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes.
Kinase was then inactivated by boiling for 10 minutes.
b. Hybridization of 22-mer
The 22-mer was hybridized to the phosphorylated 18-mer by addition of 225 pmoles of the 22-mer (plus water to bring volume to 15 μl), and incubation at 65° C. for 5 minutes. The reaction was then allowed to slow cool to room temperature.
The adapters were thus present at a concentration of 15 pmoles/μl, and were ready for cDNA-adapter ligation.
c. Ligation of Adapters to cDNA
After the EcoRI, SnaBI, XhoI adapters were ligated to the double-stranded cDNA using a standard protocol [see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) IN: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Chapter 8], the ligase was inactivated by heating the mixture to 72° C. for 15 minutes. The following reagents were added to the cDNA ligation reaction and heated at 37° C. for 30 minutes: cDNA ligation reaction (20 μl), water (24 μl), 10×kinase buffer (3 μl), 10 mM ATP (1 μl) and kinase (2 μl of 2 U/μl). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 2 μl 0.5M EDTA, followed by one phenol/chloroform extraction and one chloroform extraction.
d. Size Selection and Packaging of cDNA
The double-stranded cDNA with the EcoRI, SnaBI, XhoI adapters ligated was purified away from the free or unligated adapters using a 5 ml Sepharose CL-4B column (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). 100 μl fractions were collected and those containing the cDNA, determined by monitoring the radioactivity, were pooled, ethanol precipitated, resuspended in TE buffer and loaded onto a 1% agarose gel. After the electrophoresis, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide and the 1 to 3 kb fraction was cut from the gel. The cDNA embedded in the agarose was eluted using the “Geneluter Electroelution System” (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.). The eluted cDNA was collected by ethanol precipitation and resuspended in TE buffer at 0.10 pmol/μl. The cDNA was ligated to 1 μg of EcoRI digested, dephosphorylated λgt11 in a 5 μl reaction volume at a 2- to 4-fold molar excess ratio of cDNA over the λgt11 vector. The ligated λgt11 containing the cDNA insert was packaged into λ phage virions in vitro using the Gigapack (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) kit. The packaged phage were plated on an E. coli Y1088 bacterial lawn in preparation for screening.
2. IMR32 CDNA Library #2
This library was prepared as described (Example I.B.1.) with the exception that 3 to 9 kb cDNA fragments were ligated into the λgt11 phage vector rather than the 1 to 3 kb fragments.
3. IMR32 cDNA Library #3
IMR32 cell poly(A+) RNA (Example I.A.1.) was used as a template to synthesize single-stranded cDNA. The primers for the first strand cDNA synthesis were random primers (hexadeoxy-nucleotides [pd(N)6] Cat #5020-1, Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The double-stranded cDNA was synthesized, EcoRI, SnaBI, XhoI adapters were added to the cDNA, the unligated adapters were removed, and the double-stranded cDNA with the ligated adapters was fractionated on an agarose gel, as described in Example I.B.1. The cDNA fraction greater than 1.8 kb was eluted from the agarose, ligated into λgt11, packaged, and plated into a bacterial lawn of Y1088 (as described in Example I.B.1.).
4. IMR32 cDNA Library #4
IMR32 cell poly(A+) RNA (Example I.A.1.) was used as a template to synthesize single-stranded cDNA. The primers for the first strand cDNA synthesis were oligonucleotides: 89-365a specific for the α1D (VDCC III) type α1-subunit (see Example II.A.) coding sequence (the complementary sequence of nt 2927 to 2956, SEQ ID No. 1), 89-495 specific for the α1C (VDCC II) type α1-subunit (see Example II.B.) coding sequence (the complementary sequence of nt 852 to 873, SEQ ID No. 3), and 90-12 specific for the α1C-subunit coding sequence (the complementary sequence of nt 2496 to 2520, SEQ ID No. 3). The cDNA library was then constructed as described (Example I.B.3), except that the cDNA size-fraction greater than 1.5 kb was eluted from the agarose rather than the greater than 1.8 kb fraction.
5. IMR32 cDNA Library #5
The cDNA library was constructed as described (Example I.B.3.) with the exception that the size-fraction greater than 1.2 kb was eluted from the agarose rather than the greater than 1.8 kb fraction.
6. Human Thalamus cDNA Library #6
Human thalamus poly (A+) RNA (Example I.A.2.) was used as a template to synthesize single-stranded cDNA. Oligo (dT) was used to prime the first strand synthesis (Example I.B.1.). The double-stranded cDNA was synthesized (Example I.B.1.) and EcoRI, KpnI, NcoI adapters of the following sequence:

5′ CCATGGTACCTTCGTTGACG 3′=20-mer  (SEQ ID NO. 17)

3′ GGTACCATGGAAGCAACTGCTTAA 5′=24-mer  (SEQ ID NO. 18)

were ligated to the double-stranded cDNA as described (Example I.B.1.) with the 20-mer replacing the 18-mer and the 24-mer replacing the 22-mer. The unligated adapters were removed by passing the cDNA-adapter mixture through a 1 ml Bio Gel A-50 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.) column. Fractions (30 μl) were collected and 1 μl of each fraction in the first peak of radioactivity was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was dried on a vacuum gel drier and exposed to x-ray film. The fractions containing cDNA fragments greater than 600 bp were pooled, ethanol precipitated, and ligated into λgt11 (Example I.B.1.). The construction of the cDNA library was completed as described (Example I.B.1.).

C. Hybridization and Washing Conditions

Hybridization of radiolabelled nucleic acids to immobilized DNA for the purpose of screening cDNA libraries, DNA Southern transfers, or northern transfers was routinely performed in standard hybridization conditions [hybridization: 50% deionized formamide, 200 μg/ml sonicated herring sperm DNA (Cat #223646, Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.), 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's, 42° C.; wash :0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.]. The recipes for SSPE and Denhardt's and the preparation of deionized formamide are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Chapter 8). In some hybridizations, lower stringency conditions were used in that 10% deionized formamide replaced 50% deionized formamide described for the standard hybridization conditions.
The washing conditions for removing the non-specific probe from the filters was either high, medium, or low stringency as described below:

    
    
        1) high stringency: 0.1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.
        2) medium stringency: 0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, 50° C.
        3) low stringency: 1.0×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, 50° C.

It is understood that equivalent stringencies may be achieved using alternative buffers, salts and temperatures.

    
    


Example II
Isolation of DNA Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1 Subunit
A. Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1D Subunit
1. Reference List of Partial α1D cDNA Clones
Numerous α1D-specific cDNA clones were isolated in order to characterize the complete α1D coding sequence plus portions of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences. SEQ ID No. 1 shows the complete α1D DNA coding sequence, plus 510 nucleotides of α1D 5′ untranslated sequence ending in the guanidine nucleotide adjacent to the adenine nucleotide of the proposed initiation of translation as well as 642 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence. Also shown in SEQ ID No. 1 is the deduced amino acid sequence. A list of partial cDNA clones used to characterize the α1D sequence and the nucleotide position of each clone relative to the full-length α1D cDNA sequence, which is set forth in SEQ ID No. 1, is shown below. The isolation and characterization of these clones are described below (Example II.A.2.).


















IMR32
1.144
nt 1 to 510 of
SEQ ID No. 1













5′ untranslated sequence,














nt 511 to 2431,
SEQ ID No. 1



IMR32*
1.136
nt 1627 to 2988,
SEQ ID No. 1













nt 1 to 104 of SEQ ID No. 2





additional exon,












IMR32@
1.80
nt 2083 to 6468,
SEQ ID No. 1



IMR32#
1.36
nt 2857 to 4281,
SEQ ID No. 1



IMR32
1.163
nt 5200 to 7635,
SEQ ID No. 1







*5′ of nt 1627, IMR32 1.136 encodes an intron and an additional exon described in Example II.A.2.d. 



@IMR32 1.80 contains two deletions, nt 2984 to 3131 and nt 5303 to 5349 (SEQ ID No. 1). The 148 nt deletion (nt 2984 to 3131) was corrected by performing a polymerase chain reaction described in Example II.A.3.b. 



#IMR32 1.36 contains a 132 nt deletion (nt 3081 to 3212). 






2. Isolation and Characterization of Individual Clones Listed in Example II.A.1.

a. IMR32 1.36

Two million recombinants of the IMR32 cDNA library #1 (Example I.B.1.) were screened in duplicate at a density of approximately 200,000 plaques per 150 mm plate using a mixture of radiolabelled fragments of the coding region of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 cDNA [for the sequence of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 subunit cDNA, see, Tanabe et al. (1987). Nature 328:313-318]:














Fragment
Nucleotides









KpnI-EcoRI
 −78 to 1006



EcoRI-XboI
1006 to 2653



ApaI-ApaI
3093 to 4182



BglII-SacI
4487 to 5310










The hybridization was performed using low stringency hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under low stringency (Example I.C.). Only one α1D-specific recombinant (IMR32 1.36) of the 2×106 screened was identified. IMR32 1.36 was plaque purified by standard methods (J. Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Chapter 8) subcloned into pGEM3 (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and characterized by DNA sequencing.

b. IMR32 1.80

Approximately 1×106 recombinants of the IMR32 cDNA library #2 (Example I.B.2.) were screened in duplicate at a density of approximately 100,000 plaques per 150 mm plate using the IMR32 1.36 cDNA fragment (Example II.A.1) as a probe. Standard hybridization conditions were used, and the filters were washed under high stringency (Example I.C.). Three positive plaques were identified one of which was IMR32 1.80. IMR32 1.80 was plaque purified by standard methods, restriction mapped, subcloned, and characterized by DNA sequencing.
c. IMR32 1.144
Approximately 1×106 recombinants of the IMR32 cDNA library #3 (Example I.B.3) were screened with the EcoRI-PvuII fragment (nt 2083 to 2518, SEQ ID No. 1) of IMR32 1.80. The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under high stringency (Example I.C.). Three positive plaques were identified one of which was IMR32 1.144. IMR32 1.144 was plaque purified, restriction mapped, and the cDNA insert was subcloned into pGEM7Z (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and characterized by DNA sequencing. This characterization revealed that IMR32 1.144 has a series of ATG codons encoding seven possible initiating methionines (nt 511 to 531, SEQ ID No. 1). PCR analysis, and DNA sequencing of cloned PCR products encoding these seven ATG codons confirmed that this sequence is present in the α1D transcript expressed in dbcAMP-induced IMR32 cells.
d. IMR32 1.136
Approximately 1×106 recombinants of the IMR32 cDNA library #4 (Example I.B.4) were screened with the EcoRI-PvuII fragment (nt 2083 to 2518, SEQ ID No. 1) of IMR32 1.80 (Example II.A.1.). The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under high stringency (Example I.C.). Six positive plaques were identified one of which was IMR32 1.136. IMR32 1.136 was plaque purified, restriction mapped, and the cDNA insert was subcloned into a standard plasmid vector, pSP72 (Promega, Madison, Wis.), and characterized by DNA sequencing. This characterization revealed that IMR32 1.136 encodes an incompletely spliced α1D transcript. The clone contains nucleotides 1627 to 2988 of SEQ ID No. 1 preceded by an approximate 640 bp intron. This intron is then preceded by a 104 nt exon (SEQ ID No. 2) which is an alternative exon encoding the IS6 transmembrane domain [see, e.g., Tanabe et al. (1987) Nature 328:313-318 for a description of the IS1 to IVS6 transmembrane terminology] of the α1D subunit and can replace nt 1627 to 1730, SEQ ID No. 1, to produce a completely spliced α1D transcript.
e. IMR32 1.163
Approximately 1×106 recombinants of the IMR32 cDNA library #3 (Example I.B.3.) were screened with the NcoI-XhoI fragment of IMR32 1.80 (Example II.A.1.) containing nt 5811 to 6468 (SEQ ID No. 1). The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under high stringency (Example I.C.). Three positive plaques were identified one of which was IMR32 1.163. IMR32 1.163 was plaque purified, restriction mapped, and the cDNA insert was subcloned into a standard plasmid vector, pSP72 (Promega, Madison, Wis.), and characterized by DNA sequencing. This characterization revealed that IMR32 1.163 contains the α1D termination codon, nt 6994 to 6996 (SEQ ID No. 1).
3. Construction of a Full-length α1D cDNA [pVDCCIII(A)]
α1D cDNA clones IMR32 1.144, IMR32 1.136, IMR32 1.80, and IMR32 1.163 (Example II.A.2.) overlap and include the entire α1D coding sequence, nt 511 to 6993 (SEQ ID No. 1), with the exception of a 148 bp deletion, nt 2984 to 3131 (SEQ ID No. 1). Portions of these partial cDNA clones were ligated to generate a full-length α1D cDNA in a eukaryotic expression vector. The resulting vector was called pVDCCIII(A). The construction of PVDCCIII(A) was performed in four steps described in detail below: (1) the construction of pVDCCIII/5′ using portions of IMR32 1.144, IMR32 1.136, and IMR32 1.80, (2) the construction of pVDCCIII/5′.3 that corrects the 148 nt deletion in the IMR32 1.80 portion of pVDCCIII/5′, (3) the construction of pVDCCIII/3′.1 using portions of IMR32 1.80 and IMR32 1.163, and (4) the ligation of a portion of the pVDCCIII/5′.3 insert, the insert of pVDCCIII/3′.1, and pcDNA1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) to form pVDCCIII(A). The vector pcDNA1 is a eukaryotic expression vector containing a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter which is a constitutive promoter recognized by mammalian host cell RNA polymerase II.
Each of the DNA fragments used in preparing the full-length construct was purified by electrophoresis through an agarose gel onto DE81 filter paper (Whatman, Clifton, N.J.) and elution from the filter paper using 1.0 M NaCl, 10 mM TRIS, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA. The ligations typically were performed in a 10 μl reaction volume with an equal molar ratio of insert fragment and a two-fold molar excess of the total insert relative to the vector. The amount of DNA used was normally about 50 ng to 100 ng.
a. pVDCCIII/5′
To construct pVDCCIII/5′, IMR32 1.144 (Example II.A.2.c.) was digested with XhoI and EcoRI and the fragment containing the vector (pGEM7Z), α1D nt 1 to 510 (SEQ ID No. 1), and α1D nt 511 to 1732 (SEQ ID No. 1) was isolated by gel electrophoresis. The EcoRI-ApaI fragment of IMR32 1.136 (Example II.A.2.d.) nucleotides 1733 to 2671 (SEQ ID No. 1) was isolated, and the ApaI-HindIII fragment of IMR32 1.80 (Example II.A.2.b.), nucleotides 2672 to 4492 (SEQ ID No. 1) was isolated. The three DNA clones were ligated to form pVDCCIII/5′ containing nt 1 to 510 (5′ untranslated sequence; SEQ ID No. 1) and nt 511 to 4492 (SEQ ID No. 1).
b. pVDCCIII/5′.3
Comparison of the IMR32 1.36 and IMR32 1.80 DNA sequences revealed that these two cDNA clones differ through the α1D coding sequence, nucleotides 2984 to 3212. PCR analysis of IMR32 1.80 and dbcAMP-induced (1.0 mM, 10 days) IMR32 cytoplasmic RNA (isolated according to Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Eds) (1988) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York) revealed that IMR32 1.80 had a 148 nt deletion, nt 2984 to 3131 (SEQ ID No. 1), and that IMR32 1.36 had a 132 nt deletion, nt 3081 to 3212. To perform the PCR analysis, amplification was primed with α1D-specific oligonucleotides 112 (nt 2548 to 2572, SEQ ID No. 1) and 311 (the complementary sequence of nt 3928 to 3957, SEQ ID No. 1). These products were then reamplified using α1D-specific oligonucleotides 310 (nt 2583 to 2608 SEQ ID No. 1) and 312 (the complementary sequence of nt 3883 to 3909). This reamplified product, which contains AccI and BGlII restriction sites, was digested with AccI and BGlII and the AccI-BGlII fragment, nt 2765 to 3890 (SEQ ID No. 1) was cloned into AccI-BGlII digested pVDCCIII/5′ to replace the AccI-BGlII pVDCCIII/5′ fragment that had the deletion. This new construct was named pVDCCIII/5′.3. DNA sequence determination of pVDCCIII/5′.3 through the amplified region confirmed the 148 nt deletion in IMR32 1.80.
c. pVDCCIII/3′.1
To construct pVDCCIII/3′.1, the cDNA insert of IMR32 1.163 (Example II.A.2.e.) was subcloned into pBluescript II (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) as an XhoI fragment. The XhoI sites on the cDNA fragment were furnished by the adapters used to construct the cDNA library (Example I.B.3.). The insert was oriented such that the translational orientation of the insert of IMR32 1.163 was opposite to that of the lacZ gene present in the plasmid, as confirmed by analysis of restriction enzyme digests of the resulting plasmid. This was done to preclude the possibility of expression of α1D sequences in DH5α cells transformed with this plasmid due to fusion with the lacZ gene. This plasmid was then digested with HindIII and BGlII and the HindIII-BGlII fragment (the HindIII site comes from the vector and the BGlII site is at nt 6220, SEQ ID No. 1) was eliminated, thus deleting nt 5200 to 6220 (SEQ ID No. 1) of the IMR32 1.163 clone and removing this sequence from the remainder of the plasmid which contained the 3′ BGlII-XhoI fragment, nt 6221 to 7635 (SEQ ID No. 1). pVDCCIII/3′.1 was then made by splicing together the HindIII-PvuII fragment from IMR32 1.80 (nucleotides 4493-5296, SEQ ID No. 1), the PvuII-BGlII fragment of IMR32 1.163 (nucleotides 5294 to 6220, SEQ ID No. 1) and the HindIII-BGlII-digested pBluescript plasmid containing the 3′ BGlII/XhoI IMR32 1.163 fragment (nt 6221 to 7635, SEQ ID No. 1).
d. pVDCCIII(A): The Full-length α1D Construct
To construct pVDCCIII(A), the DraI-HindIII fragment (5′ untranslated sequence nt 330 to 510, SEQ ID No. 1 and coding sequence nt 511 to 4492, SEQ ID No. 1) of pVDCCIII/5′.3 (Example II.A.3.b.) was isolated; the HindIII-XhoI fragment of pVDCCIII/3′.1 (containing nt 4493 to 7635, SEQ ID No. 1, plus the XhoI site of the adapter) (Example II.A.3.c.) was isolated; and the plasmid vector, pcDNA1, was digested with EcoRV and XhoI and isolated on an agarose gel. The three DNA fragments were ligated and MC1061-P3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) was transformed. Isolated clones were analyzed by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing and PVDCCIII (A) was identified which had the fragments correctly ligated together: DraI-HindIII, HindIII-XhoI, XhoI-EcoRV with the blunt-end DraI and EcoRV site ligating together to form the circular plasmid.
The amino-terminus of the α1D subunit is encoded by the seven consecutive 5′ methionine codons (nt 511 to 531, SEQ ID No. 1). This 5′ portion plus nt 532 to 537, encoding two lysine residues, were deleted from pVDCCIII(A) and replaced with an efficient ribosomal binding site (5′-ACCACC-3′) to form pVDCCIII.RBS(A). Expression experiments in which transcripts of this construct were injected into Xenopus laevis oöcytes did not result in an enhancement in the recombinant voltage-dependent calcium channel expression level relative to the level of expression in oöcytes injected with transcripts of pVDCCIII(A).
B. Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1C Subunit
1. Reference List of Partial α1C cDNA Clones
Numerous α1C-specific cDNA clones were isolated in order to characterize the α1C coding sequence, the α1C initiation of translation, and an alternatively spliced region of α1C. SEQ ID No. 3 sets forth the characterized α1C coding sequence (nt 1 to 5904) and deduced amino acid sequence. SEQ ID No. 4 and No. 5 encode two possible amino terminal ends of the α1C protein. SEQ ID No. 6 encodes an alternative exon for the IV S3 transmembrane domain. Shown below is a list of clones used to characterize the α1C sequence and the nucleotide position of each clone relative to the characterized α1C sequence (SEQ ID No. 3). The isolation and characterization of these cDNA clones are described below (Example II.B.2).

















IMR32
1.66
nt 1 to 916, SEQ ID No. 3





nt 1 to 132, SEQ ID No. 4



IMR32
1.157
nt 1 to 873, SEQ ID No. 3





nt 1 to 89, SEQ ID No. 5



IMR32
1.67
nt 50 to 1717, SEQ ID No. 3



*IMR32
1.86
nt 1366 to 2583, SEQ ID No. 3



@1.16G

nt 758 to 867, SEQ ID No. 3



IMR32
1.37
nt 2804 to 5904, SEQ ID No. 3



CNS
1.30
nt 2199 to 3903, SEQ ID No. 3





nt 1 to 84 of alternative exon,





SEQ ID No. 6



IMR32
1.38
nt 2448 to 4702, SEQ ID No. 3





nt 1 to 84 of alternative exon,





SEQ ID No. 6







*IMR32 1.86 has a 73 nt deletion compared to the rabbit cardiac muscle calcium channel α1 subunit cDNA sequence. 



@1.16G is an α1C genomic clone. 






2. Isolation and Characterization of Clones Described in Example II.B.1.

a. CNS 1.30

Approximately 1×106 recombinants of the human thalamus cDNA library No. 6 (Example I.B.6.) were screened with fragments of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α1 cDNA described in Example II.A.2.a. The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under low stringency (Example I.C.). Six positive plaques were identified, one of which was CNS 1.30. CNS 1.30 was plaque purified, restriction mapped, subcloned, and characterized by DNA sequencing. CNS 1.30 encodes α1C-specific sequence nt 2199 to 3903 (SEQ ID No. 3) followed by nt 1 to 84 of one of two identified alternative α1C exons (SEQ ID No. 6). 3′ of SEQ ID No. 6, CNS 1.30 contains an intron and, thus, CNS 1.30 encodes a partially spliced α1C transcript.
b. 1.16G
Approximately 1×106 recombinants of a λEMBL3-based human genomic DNA library (Cat # HL1006d Clontech Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.) were screened using a rabbit skeletal muscle cDNA fragment (nt −78 to 1006, Example II.A.2.a.). The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under low stringency (Example I.C.). Fourteen positive plaques were identified, one of which was 1.16G. Clone 1.16G was plaque purified, restriction mapped, subcloned, and portions were characterized by DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing revealed that 1.16G encodes α1C-specific sequence as described in Example II.B.1.
c. IMR32 1.66 and IMR32 1.67
Approximately 1×106 recombinants of IMR32 cDNA library #5 (Example I.B.5.) were screened with a 151 bp KpnI-SacI fragment of 1.16G (Example II.B.2.b.) encoding α1C sequence (nt 758 to 867, SEQ ID No. 3). The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.). The filters were then washed in 0.5×SSPE at 65° C. Of the positive plaques, IMR32 1.66 and IMR32 1.67 were identified. The hybridizing plaques were purified, restriction mapped, subcloned, and characterized by DNA sequencing. Two of these cDNA clones, IMR32 1.66 and 1.67, encode α1C subunits as described (Example II.B.1.). In addition, IMR32 1.66 encodes a partially spliced α1C transcript marked by a GT splice donor dinucleotide beginning at the nucleotide 3′ of nt 916 (SEQ ID No. 3). The intron sequence within 1.66 is 101 nt long. IMR32 1.66 encodes the α1C initiation of translation, nt 1 to 3 (SEQ ID No. 3) and 132 nt of 5′ untranslated sequence (SEQ ID No. 4) precede the start codon in IMR32 1.66.
d. IMR32 1.37 and IMR32 1.38
Approximately 2×106 recombinants of IMR32 cDNA library #1 (Example I.B.1.) were screened with the CNS 1.30 cDNA fragment (Example II.B.2.a.). The hybridization was performed using low stringency hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and the filters were washed under low stringency (Example I.C.). Four positive plaques were identified, plaque purified, restriction mapped, subcloned, and characterized by DNA sequencing. Two of the clones, IMR32 1.37 and IMR32 1.38 encode α1C-specific sequences as described in Example II.B.1.
DNA sequence comparison of IMR32 1.37 and IMR32 1.38 revealed that the α1C transcript includes two exons that encode the IVS3 transmembrane domain. IMR32 1.37 has a single exon, nt 3904 to 3987 (SEQ ID No. 3) and IMR32 1.38 appears to be anomalously spliced to contain both exons juxtaposed, nt 3904 to 3987 (SEQ ID No. 3) followed by nt 1 to 84 (SEQ ID No. 6). The alternative splice of the α1C transcript to contain either of the two exons encoding the IVS3 region was confirmed by comparing the CNS 1.30 sequence to the IMR32 1.37 sequence. CNS 1.30 contains nt 1 to 84 (SEQ ID No. 6) preceded by the identical sequence contained in IMR32 1.37 for nt 2199 to 3903 (SEQ ID No. 3). As described in Example II.B.2.a., an intron follows nt 1 to 84 (SEQ ID No. 6). Two alternative exons have been spliced adjacent to nt 3903 (SEQ ID No. 3) represented by CNS 1.30 and IMR32 1.37.
e. IMR32 1.86
IMR32 cDNA library #1 (Example I.B.1.) was screened in duplicate using oligonucleotide probes 90-9 (nt 1462 to 1491, SEQ ID No. 3) and 90-12 (nt 2496 to 2520, SEQ ID No. 3). These oligonucleotide probes were chosen in order to isolate a clone that encodes the α1C subunit between the 3′ end of IMR32 1.67 (nt 1717, SEQ ID No. 3) and the 5′ end of CNS 1.30 (nt 2199, SEQ ID No. 3). The hybridization conditions were standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) with the exception that the 50% deionized formamide was reduced to 20%. The filters were washed under low stringency (Example I.C.). Three positive plaques were identified one of which was IMR32 1.86. IMR32 1.86 was plaque purified, subcloned, and characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing. IMR32 1.86 encodes α1C sequences as described in Example II.B.1. Characterization by DNA sequencing revealed that IMR32 1.86 contains a 73 nt deletion compared to the DNA encoding rabbit cardiac muscle calcium channel α1 subunit [Mikami et al. (1989) Nature 340:230], nt 2191 to 2263. These missing nucleotides correspond to nt 2176-2248 of SEQ ID No. 3. Because the 5′-end of CNS 1.30 overlaps the 3′-end of IMR32 1.86, some of these missing nucleotides, i.e., nt 2205-2248 of SEQ ID No. 3, are accounted for by CNS 1.30. The remaining missing nucleotides of the 73 nucleotide deletion in IMR32 1.86 (i.e., nt 2176-2204 SEQ ID No. 3) were determined by PCR analysis of dbcAMP-induced IMR32 cell RNA. The 73 nt deletion is a frame-shift mutation and, thus, needs to be corrected. The exact human sequence through this region, (which has been determined by the DNA sequence of CNS 1.30 and PCR analysis of IMR32 cell RNA) can be inserted into IMR32 1.86 by standard methods, e.g., replacement of a restriction fragment or site-directed mutagenesis.
f. IMR32 1.157
One million recombinants of IMR32 cDNA library #4 (Example I.B.4.) were screened with an XhoI-EcoRI fragment of IMR32 1.67 encoding α1C nt 50 to 774 (SEQ ID No. 3). The hybridization was performed using standard hybridization conditions (Example I. C.). The filters were washed under high stringency (Example I.C.). One of the positive plaques identified was IMR32 1.157. This plaque was purified, the insert was restriction mapped and subcloned to a standard plasmid vector pGEM7Z (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The DNA was characterized by sequencing. IMR32 1.157 appears to encodes an alternative 5′ portion of the α1 sequence beginning with nt 1 to 89 (SEQ ID No. 5) and followed by nt 1 to 873 (SEQ ID No. 3). Analysis of the 1.66 and 1.157 5′ sequence is described below (Example II.B.3.).
3. Characterization of the α1C Initiation of Translation Site
Portions of the sequences of IMR32 1.157 (nt 57 to 89, SEQ ID No. 5; nt 1 to 67, SEQ ID No. 3), IMR32 1.66 (nt 100 to 132, SEQ ID No. 4; nt 1 to 67, SEQ ID No. 3), were compared to the rabbit lung CaCB-receptor cDNA sequence, nt −33 to 67 [Biel et al. (1990) FEBS Lett. 269:409]. The human sequences are possible alternative 5′ ends of the α1C transcript encoding the region of initiation of translation. IMR32 1.66 closely matches the CaCB receptor cDNA sequence and diverges from the CaCB receptor cDNA sequence in the 5′ direction beginning at nt 122 (SEQ ID No. 4). The start codon identified in the CaCB receptor cDNA sequence is the same start codon used to describe the α1C coding sequence, nt 1 to 3 (SEQ ID No. 3). The functional significance of the IMR32 1.157 sequence, nt 1 to 89 (SEQ ID No. 5), is not clear. Chimeras containing sequence between 1.157 and the α1C coding sequence can be constructed and functional differences can be tested.
C. Isolation of Partial cDNA Clones Encoding the α1B Subunit and Construction of a Full-length Clone
A human basal ganglia cDNA library was screened with the rabbit skeletal muscle α1 subunit cDNA fragments (see Example II.A.2.a for description of fragments) under low stringency conditions. One of the hybridizing clones was used to screen an IMR32 cell cDNA library to obtain additional partial α1B cDNA clones, which were in turn used to further screen an IMR32 cell cDNA library for additional partial cDNA clones. One of the partial IMR32 α1B clones was used to screen a human hippocampus library to obtain a partial α1B clone encoding the 3′ end of the α1B coding sequence. The sequence of some of the regions of the partial cDNA clones was compared to the sequence of products of PCR analysis of IMR32 cell RNA to determine the accuracy of the cDNA sequences.
PCR analysis of IMR32 cell RNA and genomic DNA using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sequences located 5′ and 3′ of the STOP codon of the DNA encoding the α1B subunit revealed an alternatively spliced α1B-encoding mRNA in IMR32 cells. This second mRNA product is the result of differential splicing of the α1B subunit transcript to include another exon that is not present in the mRNA corresponding to the other 3′ α1B cDNA sequence that was initially isolated. To distinguish these splice variants of the α1B subunit, the subunit encoded by a DNA sequence corresponding to the form containing the additional exon is referred to as α1B-1 (SEQ ID No. 7), whereas the subunit encoded by a DNA sequence corresponding to the form lacking the additional exon is referred to as α1B-2 (SEQ ID No. 8). The sequence of α1B-1 diverges from that of α1B-2 beginning at nt 6633 (SEQ ID No. 7). Following the sequence of the additional exon in α1B-1 (nt 6633-6819; SEQ ID No. 7), the α1B-1 and α1B-2 sequences are identical (i.e., nt 6820-7362 in SEQ ID No. 7 and nt 6633-7175 in SEQ ID No. 8). SEQ ID No. 7 and No. 8 set forth 143 nt of 5′ untranslated sequence (nt 1-143) as well as 202 nt of 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 7161-7362, SEQ ID No. 7) of the DNA encoding α1B-1 and 321 nt of 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 6855-7175, SEQ ID No. 8) of the DNA encoding α1B-2.
PCR analysis of the IS6 region of the α1B transcript revealed what appear to be additional splice variants based on multiple fragment sizes seen on an ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel containing the products of the PCR reaction.
A full-length α1B-1 cDNA clone designated pcDNA-α1B-1 was prepared in an eight-step process as follows.
Step 1
The SacI restriction site of pGEM3 (Promega, Madison, Wis.) was destroyed by digestion at the SacI site, producing blunt ends by treatment with T4 DNA polymerase, and religation. The new vector was designated pGEMΔSac.
Step 2
Fragment 1 (HindIII/KpnI; nt 2337 to 4303 of SEQ ID No. 7) was ligated into HindIII/KpnI digested pGEM3ΔSac to produce pα1.177HK.
Step 3
Fragment 1 has a 2 nucleotide deletion (nt 3852 and 3853 of SEQ ID No. 7). The deletion was repaired by inserting a PCR fragment (fragment 2) of IMR32 RNA into pα1.177HK. Thus, fragment 2 (NarI/KpnI; nt 3828 to 4303 of SEQ ID No. 7) was inserted into NarI/KpnI digested pα1.177HK replacing the NarI/KpnI portion of fragment 1 and producing pα1.177HK/PCR.
Step 4
Fragment 3 (KpnI/KpnI; nt 4303 to 5663 of SEQ ID No. 7) was ligated into KpnI digested pα1.177HK/PCR to produce pα1B5′K.
Step 5
Fragment 4 (EcoRI/HindIII; EcoRI adaptor plus nt 1 to 2337 of SEQ ID No. 7) and fragment 5 (HindIII/XhoI fragment of pα1B5′K; nt 2337 to 5446 of SEQ ID No. 7) were ligated together into EcoRI/XhoI digested pcDNA1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) to produce pα1B5′.
Step 6
Fragment 6 (EcoRI/EcoRI; EcoRI adapters on both ends plus nt 5749 to 7362 of SEQ ID No. 7) was ligated into EcoRI digested pBluescript II KS (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) with the 5′ end of the fragment proximal to the KpnI site in the polylinker to produce pα1.230.
Step 7
Fragment 7 (KpnI/XhoI; nt 4303 to 5446 of SEQ ID No. 7), and fragment 8 (XhoI/CspI; nt 5446 to 6259 of SEQ ID No. 7) were ligated into KpnI/CspI digested pα1.230 (removes nt 5749 to 6259 of SEQ ID No. 7 that was encoded in pα1.230 and maintains nt 6259 to 7362 of SEQ ID No. 7) to produce pα1B3′.
Step 8
Fragment 9 (SphI/XhoI; nt 4993 to 5446 of SEQ ID No. 7) and fragment 10 (XhoI/XbaI of pα1B3′; nt 5446 to 7319 of SEQ ID No. 7) were ligated into SphI/XbaI digested pα1B5′ (removes nt 4993 to 5446 of SEQ ID No. 7 that were encoded in pα1B5′ and maintains nt 1 to 4850 of SEQ ID No. 7) to produce pcDNAα1B-1.
The resulting construct, pcDNAα1B-1, contains, in pCDNA1, a full-length coding region encoding α1B-1 (nt 144-7362, SEQ ID No. 7), plus 5′ untranslated sequence (nt 1-143, SEQ ID No. 7) and 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 7161-7319, SEQ ID No. 7) under the transcriptional control of the CMV promoter.
D. Isolation of DNA Encoding Human Calcium Channel α1A Subunits
1. Isolation of Partial Clones
DNA clones encoding portions of human calcium channel α1A subunits were obtained by hybridization screening of human cerebellum cDNA libraries and nucleic acid amplification of human cerebellum RNA. Clones corresponding to the 3′ end of the α1A coding sequence were isolated by screening 1×106 recombinants of a randomly primed cerebellum cDNA library (size-selected for inserts greater than 2.8 kb in length) under low stringency conditions (6×SSPE, 5×Denhart's solution, 0.2% SDS, 200 μg/ml sonicated herring sperm DNA, 42° C.) with oligonucleotide 704 containing nt 6190-6217 of the rat α1A coding sequence [Starr et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:5621-5625]. Washes were performed under low stringency conditions. Several clones that hybridized to the probe (clones 60 1.251-α1.259 and α1.244) were purified and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and DNA sequence analysis. At least two of the clones, α1.244 and α1.254, contained a translation termination codon. Although clones α1.244 and α1.254 are different lengths, they both contain a sequence of nucleotides that corresponds to the extreme 3′ end of the α1A transcript, i.e., the two clones overlap. These two clones are identical in the region of overlap, except, clone α1.244 contains a 5 and 12 nucleotides that are not present in α1.254.
To obtain additional α1A-encoding clones, 1×106 recombinants of a randomly primed cerebellum cDNA library (size-selected for inserts ranging from 1.0 to 2.8 kb in length) was screened for hybridization to three oligonucleotides: oligonucleotide 701 (containing nucleotides 2288-2315 of the rat α1A coding sequence), oligonucleotide 702 (containing nucleotides 3559-3585 of the rat α1A coding sequence) and oligonucleotide 703 (containing nucleotides 4798-4827 of the rat α1A coding sequence). Hybridization and washes were performed using the same conditions as used for the first screening with oligonucleotide 704, except that washes were conducted at 45° C. Twenty clones (clones α1.269-α1.288) hybridized to the probe. Several clones were plaque-purified and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and DNA sequence analysis. One clone, α1.279, contained about 170 nucleotides that is not present in other clones corresponding to the same region of the coding sequence. This region may be present in other splice variant. None of the clones contained a translation intiation codon.
To obtain clones corresponding to the 5′ end of the human α1A coding sequence, another cerebellum cDNA library was prepared using oligonucleotide 720 (containing nucleotides 2485-2510 of SEQ ID No. 22 to specifically prime first-strand cDNA synthesis. The library (8×105 recombinants) was screened for hybridization to three oligonucleotides: oligonucleotide 701, oligonucleotide 726 (containing nucleotides 2333-2360 of the rat α1A coding sequence) and oligonucleotide 700 (containing nucleotides 767-796 of the rat α1A coding sequence) under low stringency hybridization and washing conditions. Approximately 50 plaques hybridized to the probe. Hybridizing clones α1.381-α1.390 were plaque-purified and characterized by restriction enzyme maping and DNA sequence analysis. At least one of the clones, α1.381, contained a translation initiation codon.
Alignment of the sequences of the purified clones revealed that the sequences overlapped to comprise the entire α1A coding sequence. However, not all the overlapping sequences of partial clones contained convenient enzyme restriction sites for use in ligating partial clones to construct a full-length α1A coding sequence. To obtain DNA fragments containing convenient restriction enzyme sites that could be used in constructing a full-length α1A DNA, cDNA was synthesized from RNA isolated from human cerebellum tissue and subjected to nucleic acid amplification. The oligonucleotides used as primers corresponded to human α1A coding sequence located 5′ and 3′ of selected restriction enzyme sites. Thus, in the first amplification reaction, oligonucleotides 753 (containing nucleotides 2368-2391 of SEQ ID No. 22) and 728 (containing nucleotides 3179-3202 of SEQ ID No. 22) were used as the primer pair. To provide a sufficient amount of the desired DNA fragment, the product of this amplification was reamplified using oligonucleotides 753 and 754 (containing nucleotides 3112-3135 of SEQ ID No. 22 as the primer pair. The resulting product was 768 bp in length. In the second amplification reaction, oligonucleotides 719 (containing nucleotides 4950-4975 of SEQ ID No. 22 and 752 (containing nucleotides 5647-5670 of SEQ ID No. 22) were used as the primer pair. To provide a sufficient amount of the desired second DNA fragment, the product of this amplification was reamplified using oligonucleotides 756 (containing nucleotides 5112-5135 of SEQ ID No. 22) and 752 as the primer pair. The resulting product was 559 bp in length.
2. Construction of Full-Length α1A Coding Sequences
Portions of clone α1.381, the 768-bp nucleic acid amplification product, clone α1.278, the 559-bp nucleic acid amplification product, and clone α1.244 were ligated at convenient restriction sites to generate a full-length α1A coding sequence referred to as α1A-1.
Comparison of the results of sequence analysis of clones α1.244 and α1.254 indicated that the primary transcript of the α1A subunit gene is alternatively spliced to yield at least two variant mRNAs encoding different forms of the α1A subunit. One form, α1A-1, is encoded by the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 22. The sequence encoding a second form, α1A-2, differs from the α1A-1-encoding sequence at the 3′ end in that it lacks a 5-nt sequence found in clone α1.244 (nucleotides 7035-7039 of SEQ ID No. 22). This deletion shifts the reading frame and introduces a translation termination codon resulting in an α1A-2 coding sequence that encodes a shorter α1A subunit than that encoded by the α1A-1 splice variant. Consequently, a portion of the 3′ end of the α1A-1 coding sequence is actually 3′ untranslated sequence in the α1A-2 DNA. The complete sequence of α1A-12, which can be constructed by ligating portions of clone α1.381, the 768-bp nucleic acid amplification product, clone α1.278, the 559-bp nucleic acid amplification product and clone α1.254, is set forth in SEQ ID No. 23.
E. Isolation of DNA Encoding the α1E Subunit
DNA encoding α1E subunits of the human calcium channel were isolated from human hippocampus libraries. The selected clones sequenced. DNA sequence analysis of DNA clones encoding the α1B subunit indicated that at least two alternatively spliced forms of the same α1E subunit primary transcript are expressed. One form has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 24 and was designated α1E-1 and the other was designated α1E-3, which has the sequence obtained by inserting SEQ ID No. 25 between nucleotides 2405 and 2406 of SEQ ID No. 24. The resulting sequence of α1E-3 is set forth in SEQ ID No. 27.
The subunit designated α1E-1 has a calculated molecular weight of 254,836 and the subunit designated α1E-3 has a calculated molecular weight of 257,348. α1E-3 has a 19 amino acid insertion (encoded by SEQ ID No. 25) relative to α1E-1 in the region that appears to be the cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane domains IIS6 and IIIS1.
Example III
Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel β1 Subunit
A. Isolation of Partial cDNA Clones Encoding the β Subunit and Construction of a Full-length Clone Encoding the β1 Subunit
A human hippocampus cDNA library was screened with the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel β1 subunit cDNA fragment (nt 441 to 1379) [for isolation and sequence of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel β1 subunit cDNA, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 482,384 or Ruth et al. (1989) Science 245:1115] using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.). A portion of one of the hybridizing clones was used to rescreen the hippocampus library to obtain additional cDNA clones. The cDNA inserts of hybridizing clones were characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing and compared to the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel β1 subunit cDNA sequence.
Portions of the partial β1 subunit cDNA clones were ligated to generate a full-length clone encoding the entire β1 subunit. SEQ ID No. 9 shows the β1 subunit coding sequence (nt 1-1434) as well as a portion of the 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 1435-1546). The deduced amino acid sequence is also provided in SEQ ID No. 9. In order to perform expression experiments, full-length β1 subunit cDNA clones were constructed as follows.
Step 1
DNA fragment 1 ( ̃800 bp of 5′ untranslated sequence plus nt 1-277 of SEQ ID No. 9) was ligated to DNA fragment 2 (nt 277-1546 of SEQ ID No. 9 plus 448 bp of intron sequence) and cloned into pGEM7Z. The resulting plasmid, pβ1-1.18, contained a full-length β1 subunit clone that included a 448-bp intron.
Step 2
To replace the 5′ untranslated sequence of pβ1-1.18 with a ribosome binding site, a double-stranded adapter was synthesized that contains an EcoRI site, sequence encoding a ribosome binding site (5′-ACCACC-3′) and nt 1-25 of SEQ ID No. 9. The adapter was ligated to SmaI-digested pβ1-1.18, and the products of the ligation reaction were digested with EcoRI.
Step 3
The EcoRI fragment from step 2 containing the EcoRI adapter, efficient ribosome binding site and nt 1-1546 of SEQ ID No. 9 plus intron sequence was cloned into a plasmid vector and designated pβ1-1.18RBS. The EcoRI fragment of pβ1-1.18RBS was subcloned into EcoRI-digested pcDNA1 with the initiation codon proximal to CMV promoter to form pHBCaCHβ1aRBS(A).
Step 4
To generate a full-length clone encoding the β1 subunit lacking intron sequence, DNA fragment 3 (nt 69-1146 of SEQ ID No. 9 plus 448 bp of intron sequence followed by nt 1147-1546 of SEQ ID No. 9), was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to delete the intron sequence, thereby yielding pβ1(−). The EcoRI-XhoI fragment of pβ1-1.18RBS (containing of the ribosome binding site and nt 1-277 of SEQ ID No. 9) was ligated to the XhoI-EcoRI fragment of pβ1(−) (containing of nt 277-1546 of SEQ ID No. 9) and cloned into pcDNA1 with the initiation of translation proximal to the CMV promoter. The resulting expression plasmid was designated pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A).
B. Splice Variant β1-3 
DNA sequence analysis of the DNA clones encoding the β1 subunit indicated that in the CNS at least two alternatively spliced forms of the same human β1 subunit primary transcript are expressed. One form is represented by the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 9 and is referred to as β1-2. The sequences of β1-2 and the alternative form, β1-3, diverge at nt 1334 (SEQ ID No. 9). The complete β1-3 sequence (nt 1-1851), including 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 1795-1851), is set forth in SEQ ID No. 10.
Example IV
Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α2-subunit
A. Isolation of cDNA Clones
The complete human neuronal α2 coding sequence (nt 35-3307) plus a portion of the 5′ untranslated sequence (nt 1 to 34) as well as a portion of the 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 3308-3600) is set forth in SEQ ID No. 11.
To isolate DNA encoding the human neuronal α2 subunit, human α2 genomic clones first were isolated by probing human genomic Southern blots using a rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA fragment [nt 43 to 272, Ellis et al. (1988) Science 240:1661]. Human genomic DNA was digested with EcoRI, electrophoresed, blotted, and probed with the rabbit skeletal muscle probe using standard hybridization conditions (Example I.C.) and low stringency washing conditions (Example I.C.). Two restriction fragments were identified, 3.5 kb and 3.0 kb. These EcoRI restriction fragments were cloned by preparing a λgt11 library containing human genomic EcoRI fragments ranging from 2.2 kb to 4.3 kb. The library was screened as described above using the rabbit α2 probe, hybridizing clones were isolated and characterized by DNA sequencing. HGCaCHα2.20 contained the 3.5 kb fragment and HGCaCHα2.9 contained the 3.0 kb fragment.
Restriction mapping and DNA sequencing revealed that HGCaCHα2.20 contains an 82 bp exon (nt 130 to 211 of the human α2 coding sequence, SEQ ID No. 11) on a 650 bp PstI-XbaI restriction fragment and that HGCaCHα2.9 contains 105 bp of an exon (nt 212 to 316 of the coding sequence, SEQ ID No. 11) on a 750 bp XbaI-BGlII restriction fragment. These restriction fragments were used to screen the human basal ganglia cDNA library (Example II.C.2.a.). HBCaCHα2.1 was isolated (nt 29 to 1163, SEQ ID No. 11) and used to screen a human brain stem cDNA library (ATCC Accession No. 37432) obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852. Two clones were isolated, HBCaCHα2.5 (nt 1 to 1162, SEQ ID No. 11) and HBCaCHα2.8 (nt 714 to 1562, SEQ ID No. 11, followed by 1600 nt of intervening sequence). A 2400 bp fragment of HBCaCHα2.8 (beginning at nt 759 of SEQ ID No. 11 and ending at a SmaI site in the intron) was used to rescreen the brain stem library and to isolate HBCaCHα2.11 (nt 879 to 3600, SEQ ID No. 11). Clones HBCaCHα2.5 and HBCaCHα2.11 overlap to encode an entire human brain α2 protein.
B. Construction of pHBCaCHα2A
To construct pHBCaCHα2A containing DNA encoding a full-length human calcium channel α2 subunit, an (EcoRI)-PvuII fragment of HBCaCHα2.5 (nt 1 to 1061, SEQ ID No. 11, EcoRI adapter, PvuII partial digest) and a PvuII-PstI fragment of HBCaCHα2.11 (nt 1061 to 2424 SEQ ID No. 11; PvuII partial digest) were ligated into EcoRI-PstI-digested pIBI24 (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Subsequently, an (EcoRI)-PstI fragment (nt 1 to 2424 SEQ ID No. 11) was isolated and ligated to a PstI-(EcoRI) fragment (nt 2424 to 3600 SEQ ID No. 11) of HBCaCHα2.11 in EcoRI-digested pIBI24 to produce DNA, HBCaCHα2, encoding a full-length human brain α2 subunit. The 3600 bp EcoRI insert of HBCaCHα2 (nt 1 to 3600, SEQ ID No. 11) was subcloned into pcDNA1 (pHBCaCHα2A) with the methionine initiating codon proximal to the CMV promoter. The 3600 bp EcoRI insert of HBCaCHα2 was also subcloned into pSV2dHFR [Subramani et al. (1981). Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:854-864] which contains the SV40 early promoter, mouse dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene, SV40 polyadenylation and splice sites and sequences required for maintenance of the vector in bacteria.
Example V
Differential Processing of the Human β1 Transcript and the Human α2 Transcript
A. Differential Processing of the β1 Transcript
PCR analysis of the human β1 transcript present in skeletal muscle, aorta, hippocampus and basal ganglia, and HEK 293 cells revealed differential processing of the region corresponding to nt 615-781 of SEQ ID No. 9 in each of the tissues. Four different sequences that result in five different processed transcripts through this region were identified. The β1 transcripts from the different tissues contained different combinations of the four sequences, except for one of the β1 transcripts expressed in HEK 293 cells (β1-5) which lacked all four sequences.
None of the β1 transcripts contained each of the four sequences; however, for ease of reference, all four sequences are set forth end-to-end as a single long sequence in SEQ ID No. 12. The four sequences that are differentially processed are sequence 1 (nt 14-34 in SEQ ID No. 12), sequence 2 (nt 35-55 in SEQ ID No. 12), sequence 3 (nt 56-190 in SEQ ID No. 12) and sequence 4 (nt 191-271 in SEQ ID No. 12). The forms of the β1 transcript that have been identified include: (1) a form that lacks sequence 1 called β1-1 (expressed in skeletal muscle), (2) a form that lacks sequences 2 and 3 called β1-2 (expressed in CNS), (3) a form that lacks sequences 1, 2 and 3 called β1-4 (expressed in aorta and HEK cells) and (4) a form that lacks sequences 1-4 called β1-5 (expressed in HEK cells). Additionally, the β1-4 and β1-5 forms contain the guanine nucleotide (nt 13 in SEQ ID No. 12) which is absent in the β1-1 and β1-2 forms. The sequences of these splice variants designated β1-1, β1-2, β1-3, β1-4 and β1-5 are set forth in Sequence ID Nos. 32, 9, 10, 33 and 34, respectively.
B. Differential Processing of Transcripts Encoding the α2 Subunit
The complete human neuronal α2 coding sequence (nt 35-3307) plus a portion of the 5′ untranslated sequence (nt 1 to 34) as well as a portion of the 3′ untranslated sequence (nt 3308-3600) is set forth as SEQ ID No. 11.
PCR analysis of the human α2 transcript present in skeletal muscle, aorta, and CNS revealed differential processing of the region corresponding to nt 1595-1942 of SEQ ID No. 11 in each of the tissues.
The analysis indicated that the primary transcript of the genomic DNA that includes the nucleotides corresponding to nt 1595-1942 also includes an additional sequence (SEQ ID No. 13: 5′CCTATTGGTGTAGGTATACCAACAATTAATTTAAGAAAAAGGAGACCCAATATCCAG 3′) inserted between nt 1624 and 1625 of SEQ ID No. 11. Five alternatively spliced variant transcripts that differ in the presence or absence of one to three different portions of the region of the primary transcript that includes the region of nt 1595-1942 of SEQ ID No. 11 plus SEQ ID No. 13 inserted between nt 1624 and 1625 have been identified. The five α2-encoding transcripts from the different tissues include different combinations of the three sequences, except for one of the α2 transcripts expressed in aorta which lacks all three sequences. None of the α2 transcripts contained each of the three sequences. The sequences of the three regions that are differentially processed are sequence 1 (SEQ ID No. 13), sequence 2 (5′ AACCCCAAATCTCAG 3′, which is nt 1625-1639 of SEQ ID No. 11), and sequence 3 (5′ CAAAAAAGGGCAAAATGAAGG 3′, which is nt 1908-1928 of SEQ ID No. 11). The five α2 forms identified are (1) a form that lacks sequence 3 called α2a (expressed in skeletal muscle), (2) a form that lacks sequence 1 called α2b (expressed in CNS), (3) a form that lacks sequences 1 and 2 called α2c expressed in aorta), (4) a form that lacks sequences 1, 2 and 3 called α2d (expressed in aorta) and (5) a form that lacks sequences 1 and 3 called α2e (expressed in aorta). The sequences of each of these subunits are set forth in sequence ID NOs. 11 (α2b), SEQ ID NO. 28 (α2a) SEQ ID NO. 29 (α2c), SEQ ID NO. 30 (α2d), and SEQ ID NO. 31 (α2e).
Example VI
Isolation of DNA Encoding a Calcium Channel γ Subunit from a Human Brain cDNA Library
A. Isolation of DNA Encoding the γ Subunit
Approximately 1×106 recombinants from a λgtll-based human hippocampus cDNA library (Clontech catalog #HL1088b, Palo Alto, Calif.) were screened by hybridization to a 484 bp sequence of the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel γ subunit cDNA (nucleotides 621-626 of the coding sequence plus 438 nucleotides of 3′-untranslated sequence) contained in vector γJ10 [Jay, S. et al. (1990). Science 248:490-492]. Hybridization was performed using moderate stringency conditions (20% deionized formamide, 5×Denhardt's, 6×SSPE, 0.2% SDS, 20 μg/ml herring sperm DNA, 42° C.) and the filters were washed under low stringency (see Example I.C.). A plaque that hybridized to this probe was purified and insert DNA was subcloned into pGEM7Z. This cDNA insert was designated γ1.4.
B. Characterization of γ1.4
γ1.4 was confirmed by DNA hybridization and characterized by DNA sequencing. The 1500 bp SstI fragment of γ1.4 hybridized to the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel γ subunit cDNA γJ10 on a Southern blot. SEQ analysis of this fragment revealed that it contains of approximately 500 nt of human DNA sequence and  ̃1000 nt of λgtll sequence (included due to apparent destruction of one of the EcoRI cloning sites in λgt11). The human DNA sequence contains of 129 nt of coding sequence followed immediately by a translational STOP codon and 3′ untranslated sequence (SEQ ID No. 14).
To isolate the remaining 5′ sequence of the human γ subunit cDNA, human CNS cDNA libraries and/or preparations of mRNA from human CNS tissues can first be assayed by PCR methods using oligonucleotide primers based on the γ cDNA-specific sequence of γ14. Additional human neuronal γ subunit-encoding DNA can isolated from cDNA libraries that, based on the results of the PCR assay, contain γ-specific amplifiable cDNA. Alternatively, cDNA libraries can be constructed from mRNA preparations that, based on the results of PCR assays, contain γ-specific amplifiable transcripts. Such libraries are constructed by standard methods using oligo dT to prime first-strand cDNA synthesis from poly A+ RNA (see Example I.B.). Alternatively, first-strand cDNA can be specified by priming first-strand cDNA synthesis with a δ cDNA-specific oligonucleotide based on the human DNA sequence in γ1.4. A cDNA library can then be constructed based on this first-strand synthesis and screened with the γ-specific portion of γ1.4.
Example VII
Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding the Human Neuronal Ca Channel β2 Subunit
Isolation of DNA Encoding Human Calcium Channel β2 Subunits
Sequencing of clones isolated as described in Example III revealed a clone encoding a substantial portion of a human neuronal calcium channel β2 subunit (designated β2D see, nucleotides 1-1866 SEQ ID No. 26). An oligonucleotide based on the 5′ end of this clone was used to prime a human hippocampus cDNA library. The library was screened with this β2 clone under conditions of low to medium stringency (final wash 0.5×SSPE, 50° C.). Several hybridizing clones were isolated and sequenced. Among these clones were those that appear to encode β2C,β2E and β2F.
A randomly primed hoppocampus library was then screened using a combination of the clone encoding β2D and a portion of the β3 clone deposited under ATCC Accession No. 69048. Multiple hybridizing clones were isolated. Among were clones designated β101, β102 and β104. β101 appears to encodes the 5′ end of a splice variant of β2 , designated 2E. β102 and β104 encode portions of the 3′ end of β2.
It appears that the β2 splice variants include nucleotide 182-2264 of SEQ ID No. 26 and differ only between the start codon and nucleotides that correspond to 182 of SEQ. ID No. 26.
EXAMPLE VIII
Isolation of cDNA Clones Encoding the Human Neuronal Ca Channel β3 Subunit
Sequencing of clones isolated as described in Example III also revealed a clone encoding a human neuronal calcium channel β3 subunit. This clone includes nucleotides having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID Nos. 19 and 20 and also includes DNA that has been deposited as plasmid β1.42 (ATCC Accession No. 69048).
EXAMPLE IX
Recombinant Expression of Human Neuronal Calcium Channel Subunit-ncoding cDNA and RNA Transcripts in Mammalian Cells
A. Recombinant Expression of the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α2 Subunit cDNA in DG44 Cells
1. Stable Transfection of DG44 Cells
DG44 cells [dhfr− Chinese hamster ovary cells; see, e.g., Urlaub, G. et al. (1986) Som. Cell Molec. Genet. 12:555-566] obtained from Lawrence Chasin at Columbia University were stably transfected by CaPO4 precipitation methods [Wigler et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1373-1376) with pSV2dhfr vector containing the human neuronal calcium channel α2-subunit cDNA (see Example IV) for polycistronic expression/selection in transfected cells. Transfectants were grown on 10% DMEM medium without hypoxanthine or thymidine in order to select cells that had incorporated the expression vector. Twelve transfectant cell lines were established as indicated by their ability to survive on this medium.
2. Analysis of α2 Subunit cDNA Expression in Transfected DG44 Cells
Total RNA was extracted according to the method of Birnboim [(1988) Nuc. Acids Res. 16:1487-1497] from four of the DG44 cell lines that had been stably transfected with pSV2dhfr containing the human neuronal calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA. RNA ( ̃15 μg per lane) was separated on a 1% agarose formaldehyde gel, transferred to nitrocellulose and hybridized to the random-primed human neuronal calcium channel α2 cDNA (hybridization: 50% formamide, 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's, 42° C.; wash: 0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.). Northern blot analysis of total RNA from four of the DG44 cell lines that had been stably transfected with pSV2dhfr containing the human neuronal calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA revealed that one of the four cell lines contained hybridizing mRNA the size expected for the transcript of the α2 subunit cDNA (5000 nt based on the size of the cDNA) when grown in the presence of 10 mM sodium butyrate for two days. Butyrate nonspecifically induces transcription and is often used for inducing the SV40 early promoter (Gorman, C. and Howard, B. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1631]. This cell line, 44α2-9, also produced mRNA species smaller (several species) and larger (6800 nt) than the size expected for the transcript of the α2 cDNA (5000 nt) that hybridized to the α2 cDNA-based probe. The 5000- and 6800-nt transcripts produced by this transfectant should contain the entire α2 subunit coding sequence and therefore should yield a full-length α2 subunit protein. A weakly hybridizing 8000-nucleotide transcript was present in untransfected and transfected DG44 cells. Apparently, DG44 cells transcribe a calcium channel α2 subunit or similar gene at low levels. The level of expression of this endogenous α2 subunit transcript did not appear to be affected by exposing the cells to butyrate before isolation of RNA for northern analysis.
Total protein was extracted from three of the DG44 cell lines that had been stably transfected with pSV2dhfr containing the human neuronal calcium channel α2 subunit cDNA. Approximately 107 cells were sonicated in 300 μl of a solution containing 50 mM HEPES, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF. An equal volume of 2×loading dye [Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Nature 227:680] was added to the samples and the protein was subjected to electrophoresis on an 8% polyacrylamide gel and then electrotransferred to nitrocellulose. The nitrocellulose was incubated with polyclonal guinea pig antisera (1:200 dilution) directed against the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel α2 subunit (obtained from K. Campbell, University of Iowa) followed by incubation with [125I]-protein A. The blot was exposed to X-ray film at −70° C. Reduced samples of protein from the transfected cells as well as from untransfected DG44 cells contained immunoreactive protein of the size expected for the α2 subunit of the human neuronal calcium channel (130-150 kDa). The level of this immunoreactive protein was higher in 44α2-9 cells that had been grown in the presence of 10 mM sodium butyrate than in 44α2-9 cells that were grown in the absence of sodium butyrate. These data correlate well with those obtained in northern analyses of total RNA from 44α2-9 and untransfected DG44 cells. Cell line 44α2-9 also produced a 110 kD immunoreactive protein that may be either a product of proteolytic degradation of the full-length α2 subunit or a product of translation of one Qf the shorter (<5000 nt) mRNAs produced in this cell line that hybridized to the α2 subunit cDNA probe.
B. Expression of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1, α2 and β1 Subunits in HEK Cells
Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) were transiently and stably transfected with human neuronal DNA encoding calcium channel subunits. Individual transfectants were analyzed electrophysiologically for the presence of voltage-activated barium currents and functional recombinant voltage-dependent calcium channels were.
1. Transfection of HEK 293 Cells
Separate expression vectors containing DNA encoding human neuronal calcium channel α1D, α2 and β1 subunits, plasmids pVDCCIII(A), pHBCaCHα2A, and pHBCaCHβ1aRBS(A), respectively, were constructed as described in Examples II.A.3, IV.B. and III.B.3., respectively. These three vectors were used to transiently co-transfect HEK 293 cells. For stable transfection of HEK 293 cells, vector pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) (Example III.B.3.) was used in place of pHBCaCHβ1aRBS(A) to introduce the DNA encoding the β1 subunit into the cells along with pVDCCIII(A) and pHBCaCHα2A.
a. Transient Transfection
Expression vectors pVDCCIII(A), pHBCaCHα2A and pHBCaCHβ1aRBS(A) were used in two sets of transient transfections of HEK 293 cells (ATCC Accession No. CRL1573). In one transfection procedure, HEK 293 cells were transiently cotransfected with the α1 subunit cDNA expression plasmid, the α2 subunit cDNA expression plasmid, the β1 subunit cDNA expression plasmid and plasmid pCMVβgal (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.). Plasmid pCMVβgal contains the lacZ gene (encoding E. coli β-galactosidase) fused to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and was included in this transfection as a marker gene for monitoring the efficiency of transfection. In the other transfection procedure, HEK 293 cells were transiently co-transfected with the α1 subunit cDNA expression plasmid pVDCCIII(A) and pCMVβgal. In both transfections, 2-4×106 HEK 293 cells in a 10-cm tissue culture plate were transiently co-transfected with 5 μg of each of the plasmids included in the experiment according to standard CaPO4 precipitation transfection procedures (Wigler et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1373-1376). The transfectants were analyzed for β-galactosidase expression by direct staining of the product of a reaction involving β-galactosidase and the X-gal substrate [Jones, J. R. (1986) EMBO 5:3133-3142] and by measurement of β-galactosidase activity [Miller, J. H. (1972) Experiments in Molecular Genetics, pp. 352-355, Cold Spring Harbor Press]. To evaluate subunit cDNA expression in these transfectants, the cells were analyzed for subunit transcript production (northern analysis), subunit protein production (immunoblot analysis of cell lysates) and functional calcium channel expression (electrophysiological analysis).
b. Stable Transfection
HEK 293 cells were transfected using the calcium phosphate transfection procedure [Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Wiley Inter-Science, Supplement 14, Unit 9.1.1-9.1.9 (1990)]. Ten-cm plates, each containing one-to-two million HEK 293 cells, were transfected with 1 ml of DNA/calcium phosphate precipitate containing 5 μg pVDCCIII(A), 5 μg pHBCaCHα2A, 5 μg pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A), 5 μg pCMVBgal and 1 μpSV2neo (as a selectable marker). After 10-20 days of growth in media containing 500 μg G418, colonies had formed and were isolated using cloning cylinders.
2. Analysis of HEK 293 Cells Transiently Transfected with DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel Subunits
a. Analysis of β-galactosidase Expression
Transient transfectants were assayed for β-galactosidase expression by β-galactosidase activity assays (Miller, J. H., (1972) Experiments in Molecular Genetics, pp. 352-355, Cold Spring Harbor Press) of cell lysates (prepared as described in Example VII.A.2) and staining of fixed cells (Jones, J. R. (1986) EMBO 5:3133-3142). The results of these assays indicated that approximately 30% of the HEK 293 cells had been transfected.
b. Northern Analysis
PolyA+ RNA was isolated using the Invitrogen Fast Trak Kit (InVitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) from HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with DNA encoding each of the α1, α2 and β1 subunits and the lacZ gene or the α1 subunit and the lacZ gene. The RNA was subjected to electrophoresis on an agarose gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. The nitrocellulose was then hybridized with one or more of the following radiolabeled probes: the lacZ gene, human neuronal calcium channel α1D subunit-encoding cDNA, human neuronal calcium channel α2 subunit-encoding cDNA or human neuronal calcium channel β1 subunit-encoding cDNA. Two transcripts that hybridized with the α1 subunit-encoding cDNA were detected in HEK 293 cells transfected with the DNA encoding the α1, α2, and β1 subunits and the lacZ gene as well as in HEK 293 cells transfected with the α1 subunit cDNA and the lacZ gene. One mRNA species was the size expected for the transcript of the α1 subunit cDNA (8000 nucleotides). The second RNA species was smaller (4000 nucleotides) than the size expected for this transcript. RNA of the size expected for the transcript of the lacZ gene was detected in cells transfected with the α1, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding cDNA and the lacZ gene and in cells transfected with the α1 subunit cDNA and the lacZ gene by hybridization to the lacZ gene sequence.
RNA from cells transfected with the α1, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding cDNA and the lacz gene was also hybridized with the α2 and β1 subunit cDNA probes. Two mRNA species hybridized to the α2 subunit cDNA probe. One species was the size expected for the transcript of the α2 subunit cDNA (4000 nucleotides). The other species was larger (6000 nucleotides) than the expected size of this transcript. Multiple RNA species in the cells co-transfected with α1, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding cDNA and the lacZ gene hybridized to the β1 subunit cDNA probe. Multiple β-subunit transcripts of varying sizes were produced since the β subunit cDNA expression vector contains two potential polyA+ addition sites.
c. Electrophysiological Analysis
Individual transiently transfected HEK 293 cells were assayed for the presence of voltage-dependent barium currents using the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp technique [Hamill et al. (1981). Pflugers Arch. 391:85-100]. HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with pCMVβgal only were assayed for barium currents as a negative control in these experiments. The cells were placed in a bathing solution that contained barium ions to serve as the current carrier. Choline chloride, instead of NaCl or KCl, was used as the major salt component of the bath solution to eliminate currents through sodium and potassium channels. The bathing solution contained 1 mM MgCl2 and was buffered at pH 7.3 with 10 mM HEPES (pH adjusted with sodium or tetraethylammonium hydroxide). Patch pipettes were filled with a solution containing 135 mM CsCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM glucose, 10 mM EGTA, 4 mM ATP and 10 mM HEPES (pH adjusted to 7.3 with tetraethylammonium hydroxide). Cesium and tetraethylammonium ions block most types of potassium channels. Pipettes were coated with Sylgard (Dow-Corning, Midland, Mich.) and had resistances of 1-4 megohm. Currents were measured through a 500 megohm headstage resistor with the Axopatch IC (Axon Instruments, Foster City, Calif.) amplifier, interfaced with a Labmaster (Scientific Solutions, Solon, Ohio) data acquisition board in an IBM-compatible PC. PClamp (Axon Instruments) was used to generate voltage commands and acquire data. Data were analyzed with pClamp or Quattro Professional (Borland International, Scotts Valley, Calif.) programs.
To apply drugs, “puffer” pipettes positioned within several micrometers of the cell under study were used to apply solutions by pressure application. The drugs used for pharmacological characterization were dissolved in a solution identical to the bathing solution. Samples of a 10 mM stock solution of Bay K 8644 (RBI, Natick, Mass.), which was prepared in DMSO, were diluted to a final concentration of 1 μM in 15 mM Ba2+-containing bath solution before they were applied.
Twenty-one negative control HEK 293 cells (transiently transfected with the lacZ gene expression vector pCMVβgal only) were analyzed by the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp method for recording currents. Only one cell displayed a discernable inward barium current; this current was not affected by the presence of 1 μM Bay K 8644. In addition, application of Bay K 8644 to four cells that did not display Ba2+ currents did not result in the appearance of any currents.
Two days after transient transfection of HEK 293 cells with α1, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding cDNA and the lacZ gene, individual transfectants were assayed for voltage-dependent barium currents. The currents in nine transfectants were recorded. Because the efficiency of transfection of one cell can vary from the efficiency of transfection of another cell, the degree of expression of heterologous proteins in individual transfectants varies and some cells do not incorporate or express the foreign DNA. Inward barium currents were detected in two of these nine transfectants. In these assays, the holding potential of the membrane was −90 mV. The membrane was depolarized in a series of voltage steps to different test potentials and the current in the presence and absence of 1 μM Bay K 8644 was recorded. The inward barium current was significantly enhanced in magnitude by the addition of Bay K 8644. The largest inward barium current ( ̃160 pA) was recorded when the membrane was depolarized to 0 mV in the presence of 1 μM Bay K 8644. A comparison of the I-V curves, generated by plotting the largest current recorded after each depolarization versus the depolarization voltage, corresponding to recordings conducted in the absence and presence of Bay K 8644 illustrated the enhancement of the voltage-activated current in the presence of Bay K 8644.
Pronounced tail currents were detected in the tracings of currents generated in the presence of Bay K 8644 in HEK 293 cells transfected with α1, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding cDNA and the lacZ gene, indicating that the recombinant calcium channels responsible for the voltage-activated barium currents recorded in this transfected appear to be DHP-sensitive.
The second of the two transfected cells that displayed inward barium currents expressed a  ̃50 pA current when the membrane was depolarized from −90 mV. This current was nearly completely blocked by 200 μM cadmium, an established calcium channel blocker.
Ten cells that were transiently transfected with the DNA encoding the α1 subunit and the lacZ gene were analyzed by whole-cell patch clamp methods two days after transfection. One of these cells displayed a 30 pA inward barium current. This current amplified 2-fold in the presence of 1 μM Bay K 8644. Furthermore, small tail currents were detected in the presence of Bay K 8644. These data indicate that expression of the human neuronal calcium channel α1D subunit-encoding cDNA in HEK 293 yields a functional DHP-sensitive calcium channel.
3. Analysis of HEK 293 Cells Stably Transfected with DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel Subunits
Individual stably transfected HEK 293 cells were assayed electrophysiologically for the presence of voltage-dependent barium currents as described for electrophysiological analysis of transiently transfected HEK 293 cells (see Example VII.B.2.c). In an effort to maximize calcium channel activity via cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation [Pelzer, et al. (1990) Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 114:107-207], cAMP (Na salt, 250 μM) was added to the pipet solution and forskolin (10 μM) was added to the bath solution in some of the recordings. Qualitatively similar results were obtained whether these compounds were present or not.
Barium currents were recorded from stably transfected cells in the absence and presence of Bay K 8644 (1 μM). When the cell was depolarized to −10 mV from a holding potential of −90 mV in the absence of Bay K 8644, a current of approximately 35 pA with a rapidly deactivating tail current was recorded. During application of Bay K 8644, an identical depolarizing protocol elicited a current of approximately 75 pA, accompanied by an augmented and prolonged tail current. The peak magnitude of currents recorded from this same cell as a function of a series of depolarizing voltages were assessed. The responses in the presence of Bay K 8644 not only increased, but the entire current-voltage relation shifted about −10 mV. Thus, three typical hallmarks of Bay K 8644 action, namely increased current magnitude, prolonged tail currents, and negatively shifted activation voltage, were observed, clearly indicating the expression of a DHP-sensitive calcium channel in these stably transfected cells. No such effects of Bay K 8644 were observed in untransfected HEK 293 cells, either with or without cAMP or forskolin.
C. Use of pCMV-based Vectors and pcDNA1-based Vectors for Expression of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel Subunits
1. Preparation of Constructs
To determine if the levels of recombinant expression of human calcium channel subunit-encoding DNA in host cells could be enhanced by using pCMV-based instead of pcDNA1-based expression vectors, additional expression vectors were constructed. The full-length α1D cDNA from pVDCCIII(A) (see Example II.A.3.d), the full-length α2 cDNA, contained on a 3600 bp EcoRI fragment from HBCaCHα2 (see Example IV.B) and a full-length β1 subunit cDNA from pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) (see Example III.B.3) were separately subcloned into plasmid pCMVβgal. Plasmid pCMVβgal was digested with NotI to remove the lacZ gene. The remaining vector portion of the plasmid, referred to as pCMV, was blunt-ended at the NotI sites. The full-length α2-encoding DNA and β1-encoding DNA, contained on separate EcoRI fragments, were isolated, blunt-ended and separately ligated to the blunt-ended vector fragment of PCMV locating the cDNAs between the CMV promoter and SV40 polyadenylation sites in pCMV. To ligate the α1D-encoding cDNA with pCMV, the restriction sites in the polylinkers immediately 5′ of the CMV promoter and immediately 3′ of the SV40 polyadenylation site were removed from PCMV. A polylinker was added at the NotI site. The polylinker had the following sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites: 




The α1D-encoding DNA, isolated as a BamHI/XhoI fragment from pVDCCIII(A), was then ligated to XbaII/SalI-digested pCMV to place it between the CMV promoter and SV40 polyadenylation site.

Plasmid pCMV contains the CMV promoter as does pcDNA1, but differs from pcDNA1 in the location of splice donor/splice acceptor sites relative to the inserted subunit-encoding DNA. After inserting the subunit-encoding DNA into pCMV, the splice donor/splice acceptor sites are located 3′ of the CMV promoter and 5′ of the subunit-encoding DNA start codon. After inserting the subunit-encoding DNA into pcDNA1, the splice donor/splice acceptor sites are located 3′ of the subunit cDNA stop codon.
2. Transfection of HEK 293 Cells
HEK 293 cells were transiently co-transfected with the α1D, α2 and β1 subunit-encoding DNA in PCMV or with the α1D, α2 and β subunit-encoding DNA in pcDNA1 (vectors pVDCCIII(A), pHBCaCHα2A and pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A), respectively), as described in Example VII.B.1.a. Plasmid pCMVβgal was included in each transfection to as a measure of transfection efficiency. The results of β-galactosidase assays of the transfectants (see Example VII.B.2.), indicated that HEK 293 cells were transfected equally efficiently with pCMV- and pcDNA1-based plasmids.
3. Northern Analysis
Total and polyA+ RNA were isolated from the transiently transfected cells as described in Examples VII.A.2 and VII.B.2.b. Northern blots of the RNA were hybridized with the following radiolabeled probes: α1D cDNA, human neuronal calcium channel 2 subunit cDNA and DNA encoding the human neuronal calcium channel β1 subunit. Messenger RNA of sizes expected for α1D, α2 and β1 subunit transcripts were detected in all transfectants. A greater amount of the α1D transcript was present in cells that were co-transfected with pCMV-based plasmids then in cells that were co-transfected with pcDNA1-based plasmids. Equivalent amounts of α2 and β1 subunit transcripts were detected in all transfectants.
D. Expression in Xenopus laevis Oöcytes of RNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel Subunits
Various combinations of the transcripts of DNA encoding the human neuronal α1D, α2 and β1 subunits prepared in vitro were injected into Xenopus laevis oöcytes. Those injected with combinations that included α1D exhibited voltage-activated barium currents.
1. Preparation of Transcripts
Transcripts encoding the human neuronal calcium channel α1D, α2 and β1 subunits were synthesized according to the instructions of the mCAP mRNA CAPPING KIT (Strategene, La Jolla, Calif. catalog #200350). Plasmids pVDCC III.RBS(A), containing of pcDNA1 and the α1D cDNA that begins with a ribosome binding site and the eighth ATG codon of the coding sequence (see Example III.A.3.d), plasmid pHBCaCHα1A containing of pcDNA1 and an α2 subunit cDNA (see Example IV), and plasmid pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) containing pcDNA1 and the β1 DNA lacking intron sequence and containing a ribosome binding site (see Example III), were linearized by restriction digestion. The α1D cDNA- and α2 subunit-encoding plasmids were digested with XhoI, and the β1 subunit-encoding plasmid was digested with EcoRV. The DNA insert was transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase.
2. Injection of Oöcytes
Xenopus laevis oocytes were isolated and defolliculated by collagenase treatment and maintained in 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM KC1, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 20 μg/ml ampicillin and 25 μg/ml streptomycin at 19-25° C. for 2 to 5 days after injection and prior to recording. For each transcript that was injected into the oöcyte, 6 ng of the specific mRNA was injected per cell in a total volume of 50 nl.
3. Intracellular Voltage Recordings
Injected oöcytes were examined for voltage-dependent barium currents using two-electrode voltage clamp methods [Dascal, N. (1987) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 22:317]. The pClamp (Axon Instruments) software package was used in conjunction with a Labmaster 125 kHz data acquisition interface to generate voltage commands and to acquire and analyze data. Quattro Professional was also used in this analysis. Current signals were digitized at 1-5 kHz, and filtered appropriately. The bath solution contained of the following: 40 mM BaCl2, 36 mM tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl), 2 mM KCl, 5 mM 4-aminopyridine, 0.15 mM niflumic acid, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.6.
a. Electrophysiological Analysis of Oöcytes Injected with Transcripts Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1, α2 and β1-subunits
Uninjected oöcytes were examined by two-electrode voltage clamp methods and a very small (25 nA) endogenous inward Ba2+ current was detected in only one of seven analyzed cells.
Oöcytes coinjected with α1D, α2 and β1 subunit transcripts expressed sustained inward barium currents upon depolarization of the membrane from a holding potential of −90 mV or −50 mV (154±129 nA, n=21). These currents typically showed little inactivation when test pulses ranging from 140 to 700 msec. were administered. Depolarization to a series of voltages revealed currents that first appeared at approximately −30 mV and peaked at approximately 0 mV.
Application of the DHP Bay K 8644 increased the magnitude of the currents, prolonged the tail currents present upon repolarization of the cell and induced a hyperpolarizing shift in current activation. Bay K 8644 was prepared fresh from a stock solution in DMSO and introduced as a 10× concentrate directly into the 60 μl bath while the perfusion pump was turned off. The DMSO concentration of the final diluted drug solutions in contact with the cell never exceeded 0.1%. Control experiments showed that 0.1% DMSO had no effect on membrane currents.
Application of the DHP antagonist nifedipine (stock solution prepared in DMSO and applied to the cell as described for application of Bay K 8644) blocked a substantial fraction (91±6%, n=7) of the inward barium current in oöcytes coinjected with transcripts of the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits. A residual inactivating component of the inward barium current typically remained after nifedipine application. The inward barium current was blocked completely by 50 μM Cd2+, but only approximately 15% by 100 μM Ni2+.
The effect of ωCgTX on the inward barium currents in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts of the α1D, α2, and β1 subunits was investigated. ωcgTX (Bachem, Inc., Torrance Calif.) was prepared in the 15 mM BaCl2 bath solution plus 0.1% cytochrome C (Sigma) to serve as a carrier protein. Control experiments showed that cytochrome C had no effect on currents. A series of voltage pulses from a −90 mV holding potential to 0 mV were recorded at 20 msec. intervals. To reduce the inhibition of ωCgTX binding by divalent cations, recordings were made in 15 mM BaCl2, 73.5 mM tetraethylammonium chloride, and the remaining ingredients identical to the 40 mM Ba2+ recording solution. Bay K 8644 was applied to the cell prior to addition to ωCgTX in order to determine the effect of ωCgTX on the DHP-sensitive current component that was distinguished by the prolonged tail currents. The inward barium current was blocked weakly (54±29%, n=7) and reversibly by relatively high concentrations (10-15 μM) of ωCgTX. The test currents and the accompanying tail currents were blocked progressively within two to three minutes after application of ωCgTX, but both recovered partially as the ωCgTX was flushed from the bath.
b. Analysis of Oöcytes Injected with Only a Transcripts Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1D or Transcripts Encoding an α1D and Other Subunits
The contribution of the α2 and β1 subunits to the inward barium current in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits was assessed by expression of the α1D subunit alone or in combination with either the β1 subunit or the α2 subunit. In oöcytes injected with only the transcript of a α1D cDNA, no Ba2+ currents were detected (n=3). In oöcytes injected with transcripts of α1D and β1 cDNAs, small (108±39 nA) Ba2+ currents were detected upon depolarization of the membrane from a holding potential of −90 mV that resembled the currents observed in cells injected with transcripts of α1D, α2 and β1 cDNAs, although the magnitude of the current was less. In two of the four oöcytes injected with transcripts of the α1D-encoding and β1D-encoding DNA, the Ba2+ currents exhibited a sensitivity to Bay K 8644 that was similar to the Bay K 8644 sensitivity of Ba2+ currents expressed in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α1D α1-, α2- and β1 subunits.
Three of five oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α1D and α2 subunits exhibited very small Ba2+ currents (15-30 nA) upon depolarization of the membrane from a holding potential of −90 mV. These barium currents showed little or no response to Bay K 8644.
c. Analysis of Oöcytes Injected with Transcripts Encoding the Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α2 and/or β1 Subunit
To evaluate the contribution of the α1D α1-subunit to the inward barium currents detected in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits, oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the human neuronal calcium channel α2 and/or β1 subunits were assayed for barium currents. Oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 subunit displayed no detectable inward barium currents (n=5). Oöocytes injected with transcripts encoding a β1 subunit displayed measurable (54±23 nA, n=5) inward barium currents upon depolarization and oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits displayed inward barium currents that were approximately 50% larger (80±61 nA, n=18) than those detected in oöcytes injected with transcripts of the β1-encoding DNA only.
The inward barium currents in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the β1 subunit or α2 and β1 subunits typically were first observed when the membrane was depolarized to −30 mV from a holding potential of −90 mV and peaked when the membrane was depolarized to 10 to 20 mV. Macroscopically, the currents in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits or with transcripts encoding the β1 subunit were indistinguishable. In contrast to the currents in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts of α1D, α2 and β1 subunit cDNAs, these currents showed a significant inactivation during the test pulse and a strong sensitivity to the holding potential. The inward barium currents in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits usually inactivated to 10-60% of the peak magnitude during a 140-msec pulse and were significantly more sensitive to holding potential than those in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits. Changing the holding potential of the membranes of oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits from −90 to −50 mV resulted in an approximately 81% (n=11) reduction in the magnitude of the inward barium current of these cells. In contrast, the inward barium current measured in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits were reduced approximately 24% (n=11) when the holding potential was changed from −90 to −50 mV.
The inward barium currents detected in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits were pharmacologically distinct from those observed in oöcytes co-injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits. Oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits displayed inward barium currents that were insensitive to Bay K 8644 (n=11). Nifedipine sensitivity was difficult to measure because of the holding potential sensitivity of nifedipine and the current observed in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits. Nevertheless, two oöcytes that were co-injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits displayed measurable (25 to 45 nA) inward barium currents when depolarized from a holding potential of −50 mV. These currents were insensitive to nifedipine (5 to 10 μM). The inward barium currents in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α2 and β1 subunits showed the same sensitivity to heavy metals as the currents detected in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the α1D, α2 and β1 subunits.
The inward barium current detected in oöcytes injected with transcripts encoding the human neuronal α2 and β1 subunits has pharmacological and biophysical properties that resemble calcium currents in uninjected Xenopus oöcytes. Because the amino acids of this human neuronal calcium channel β1 subunit lack hydrophobic segments capable of forming transmembrane domains, it is unlikely that recombinant β1 subunits alone can form an ion channel. It is more probable that a homologous endogenous α1 subunit exists in oöcytes and that the activity mediated by such an α1 subunit is enhanced by expression of a human neuronal β1 subunit.
E. Expression of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1B, α2B and β1-2 Subunits in HEK Cells
1. Transfection of HEK Cells
The transient expression of the human neuronal α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 subunits was studied in HEK293 cells. The HEK293 cells were grown as a monolayer culture in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Gibco) containing 5% defined-supplemented bovine calf serum (Hyclone) plus penicillin G (100 U/ml) and steptomycin sulfate (100 μg/ml). HEK293 cell transfections were mediated by calcium phosphate as described above. Transfected cells were examined for inward Ba2+ currents (IBa) mediated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
Cells were transfected (2×106 per polylysine-coated plate. Standard transfections (10-cm dish) contained 8 μg of pcDNAα1B-1, 5 μg of pHBCaCHα2A, 2 μg pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) (see, Examples II.A.3, IV.B. and III) and 2 μg of CMVβ (Clontech) β-glactosidase expression plasmid, and pUC18 to maintain a constant mass of 20 μg/ml. Cells were analyzed 48 to 72 hours after transfection. Transfection efficiencies (±10%), which were determined by in situ histochemical staining for β-galactosidase activity (Sanes et al. (1986) EMBO J., 5:3133), generally were greater than 50%.
2. Electrophysiological Analysis of Transfectant Currents
1. Materials and Methods
Properties of recombinantly expressed Ca2+ channels were studied by whole cell patch-clamp techniques. Recordings were performed on transfected HEK293 cells 2 to 3 days after transfection. Cells were plated at 100,000 to 300,000 cells per polylysine-coated, 35-mm tissue culture dishes (Falcon, Oxnard, Calif.) 24 hours before recordings. Cells were perfused with 15 mM BaCl2, 125 mM choline chloride, 1 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM Hepes (pH=7.3) adjusted with tetraethylammonium hydroxide (bath solution). Pipettes were filled with 135 mM CsCl, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM Hepes, 4 mM Mg-adenosine triphosphate (pH=7.5) adjusted with tetraethylammonium hydroxide. Sylgard (Dow-Corning, Midland, Mich,)-coated, fire-polished, and filled pipettes had resistances of 1 to 2 megohm before gigohm seals were established to cells.
Bay K 8644 and nifedipine (Research Biochemicals, Natick, Mass.) were prepared from stock solutions (in dimethyl sulfoxide) and diluted into the bath solution. The dimethyl sulfoxide concentration in the final drug solutions in contact with the cells never exceeded 0.1%. Control experiments showed that 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide had no efect on membrane currents. ωCgTX (Bachem, Inc., Torrance Calif.) was prepared in the 15 mM BaCl2 bath solution plus 0.1% cytochrome C (Sigma, St. Louis Mo.) to serve as a carrier protein. Control experiments showed that cytochrome C had no effect on currents. These drugs were dissolved in bath solution, and continuously applied by means of puffer pipettes as required for a given experiment. Recordings were performed at room temperature (22° to 25° C.). Series resistance compensation (70 to 85%) was employed to minimize voltage error that resulted from pipette access resistance, typically 2 to 3.5 megohm. Current signals were filtered (−3 dB, 4-pole Bessel) at a frequency of 1/4 to 1/5 the sampling rate, which ranged from 0.5 to 3 kHz. Voltage commands were generated and data were acquired with CLAMPEX (pClamp, Axon Instruments, Foster City, Calif.). All reported data are corrected for linear leak and capacitive components. Exponential fitting of currents was performed with CLAMPFIT (Axon Instruments, Foster City, Calif.).
2. Results
Transfectants were examined for inward Ba2+ currents (IBa). Cells cotransfected with DNA encoding α1B-1, α2B, and β1-2 subunits expressed high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. IBa first appeared when the membrane was depolarized from a holding potential of −90 mV to −20 mV and peaked in magnitude at 10 mV. Thirty-nine of 95 cells (12 independent transfections) had IBa that ranged from 30 to 2700 pA, with a mean of 433 pA. The mean current density was 26 pA/pF, and the highest density was 150 pA/pF. The IBa typically increased by 2- to 20-fold during the first 5 minutes of recording. Repeated depolarizations during long records often revealed rundown of IBa usually not exceeding 20% within 10 min. IBa typically activated within 10 ms and inactivated with both a fast time constant ranging from 46 to 105 ms and a slow time constant ranging from 291 to 453 ms (n=3). Inactivation showed a complex voltage dependence, such that IBa elicited at ≧20 mV inactivated more slowly than IBa elicited at lower test voltages, possibly a result of an increase in the magnitude of slow compared to fast inactivation components at higher test voltages.
Recombinant α1B-1α2bβ1-2 channels were sensitive to holding potential. Steady-state inactivation of IBa, measured after a 30- to 60-s conditioning at various holding potentials, was approximately 50% at holding potential between −60 and −70 mV and approximately 90% at −40 mV. Recovery of IBa from inactivation was usually incomplete, measuring 55 to 75% of the original magnitude within 1 min. after the holding potential was returned to more negative potentials, possibly indicating some rundown or a slow recovery rate.
Recombinant α1B-1α2bβ1-2 channels were also blocked irreversibly by ω-CgTx concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 μM during the time scale of the experiments. Application of 5 μM toxin (n=7) blocked the activity completely within 2 min., and no recovery of IBa was observed after washing ω-CgTx from the bath for up to 15 min. d2+ blockage (50 μM) was rapid, complete, and reversible; the DHPs Bay K 8644 (1 μM; n=4) or nifedipine (5 μM; n=3) had no discernable effect.
Cells cotransfected with DNA encoding α1B-1, α2b, β1-2 subunits predominantly displayed a single class of saturable, high-affinity ω-CgTx binding sites. The determined dissociation constant (Kd) value was 54.6±14.5 pM (n=4). Cells transfected with the vector containing only β-galactosidase-encoding DNA or α2bβ-encoding DNA showed no specific binding. The binding capacity (Bmax) of the α1B-1α2bβ-transfected cells was 28,710±11,950 sites per cell (n=4).
These results demonstrate that α1B-1α2bβ1-2-transfected cells express high-voltage-activated, inactivating Ca2+ channel activity that is irreversibly blocked by ω-CgTx, insensitive to DHPs, and sensitive to holding potential. The activation and inactivation kinetics and voltage sensitivity of the channel formed in these cells are generally consistent with previous characterizations of neuronal N-type Ca2+ channels.
F. Expression of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1B-1, α1B-2, α2B, β1-2 and β1-3 Subunits in HEK Cells
Significant Ba2+ currents were not detected in untransfected HEK293 cells. Furthermore, untransfected HEK293 cells do not express detectable ω-CgTx GVIA binding sites.
In order to approximate the expression of a homogeneous population of trimeric α1B, α2b and β1 protein complexes in transfected HEK293 cells, the α1B, α2b, β1 expression levels were altered. The efficiency of expression and assembly of channel complexes at the cell surface were optimized by adjusting the molar ratio of α1B, α2b and β1 expression plasmids used in the transfections. The transfectants were analyzed for mRNA levels, ω-CgTx GVIA binding and Ca2+ channel current density in order to determine near optimal channel expression in the absence of immunological reagents for evaluating protein expression.
1. Transfections
HEK293 cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco #320-1965AJ), 5.5% Defined/Supplemented bovine calf serum (Hyclone #A-2151-L), 100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Ca2+-phosphate based transient transfections were performed and analyzed as described above. Cells were co-transfected with either 8 μg pcDNA1α1B-1 (described in Example II.C), 5 μg pHBCaCHα2A (see, Example IV.B.), 2 μg pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) (β1-2 expression plasmid; see Examples III.A. and IX.E.), and 2 μg pCMVβ-gal [Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.] (2:1.8:1 molar ratio of Ca2+ channel subunit expression plasmids) or with 3 μg pcDNA1α1B-1 or pcDNA1α1B-2, 11.25 μg pHBCaCHα2A, 0.75 or 1.0 μg pHBCaCHβ1bRBS(A) or pcDNA1β1-3 and 2 μg pCMVβ-gal (2:10.9:1 molar ratio of Ca2+ channel subunit expression plasmids). Plasmid pCMVβ-gal, a β-galactosidase expression plasmid, was included in the transfections as a marker to permit transfection efficiency estimates by histochemical staining. When less than three subunits were expressed, pCMVPL2, a pCMV promoter-containing vector that lacks a cDNA insert, was substituted to maintain equal moles of pCMV-based DNA in the transfection. pUC18 DNA was used to maintain the total mass of DNA in the transfection at 20 μg/plate.
RNA from the transfected cells was analyzed by Northern blot analysis for calcium channel subunit mRNA expression using random primed 32P-labeled subunit specific probes. HEK293 cells co-transfected with α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 expression plasmids (8, 5 and 2 μg, respectively; molar ratio=2:1.8:1) did not express equivalent levels of each Ca2+ channel subunit mRNA. Relatively high levels of α1B-1 and β1-2 mRNAs were expressed, but significantly lower levels of α2b mRNA were expressed. Based on autoradiograph exposures required to produce equivalent signals for all three mRNAs, α2b transcript levels were estimated to be 5 to 10 times lower than α1B-1 and β1-2 transcript levels. Untransfected HEK293 cells did not express detectable levels of α1B-1, α2b, or β1-2 mRNAs.
To achieve equivalent Ca2+ channel subunit mRNA expression levels, a series of transfections was performed with various amounts of α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 expression plasmids. Because the α1B-1 and β1-2 mRNAs were expressed at very high levels compared to α2b mRNA, the mass of α1B-1 and β1-2 plasmids was lowered and the mass of α2b plasmid was increased in the transfection experiments. Co-transfection with 3, 11.25 and 0.75 μg of α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 expression plasmids, respectively (molar ratio=2:10.9:1), approached equivalent expression levels of each Ca2+ channel subunit mRNA. The relative molar quantity of α2b expression plasmid to α1B-1 and β1-2 expression plasmids was increased 6-fold. The mass of α1B-1 and β1-2 plasmids in the transfection was decreased 2.67-fold and the mass of α2b plasmid was increased 2.25-fold. The 6-fold molar increase of α2b relative to α1B-1 and β1-2 required to achieve near equal abundance mRNA levels is consistent with the previous 5- to 10-fold lower estimate of relative α2b mRNA abundance. ω-CgTx GVIA binding to cells transfected with various amounts of expression plasmids indicated that the 3, 11.25 and 0.75 μg of α1B-1, α2b and β1-2 plasmids, respectively, improved the level of cell surface expression of channel complexes. Further increases in the mass of α2b and β1-2 expression plasmids while α1B-1 was held constant, and alterations in the mass of the α1B-1 expression plasmid while α2b and β1-2 were held constant, indicated that the cell surface expression of ω-CgTx GVIA binding sites per cell was nearly optimal. All subsequent transfections were performed with 3, 11.25 and 0.75 μg or 1.0 μg of α1B-1 or α1B-2, α2b and β1-2 or β1-3 expression plasmids, respectively.
2. 125I-ω-CgTx GVIA Binding to Transfected Cells
Statistical analysis of the Kd and Bmax values was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer test for multiple pairwise comparisons (p≦0.05).
Combinations of human voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subunits, α1B-1, α1B-2, α2b, β1-2 and β1-3, were analyzed for saturation binding of 125I-ω-CgTx GVIA. About 200,000 cells were used per assay, except for the α1B-1, α1B-2, α1B-1α2b and α1B-2α2b combinations which were assayed with 1×106 cells per tube. The transfected cells displayed a single-class of saturable, high-affinity binding sites. The values for the dissociation constants (Kd) and binding capacities (Bmax) were determined for the different combinations. The results are summarized as follows:












Subunit Combination
Kd (pM)
Bmax (sites/cell)







α1B-1α2bβ1-2
54.9 ± 11.1 (n = 4)
45,324 ± 15,606


α1B-1α2bβ1-3
53.2 ± 3.6 (n = 3)
91,004 ± 37,654


α1B-1β1-2
17.9 ± 1.9 (n = 3)
5,756 ± 2,163


α1B-1β1-3
17.9 ± 1.6 (n = 3)
8,729 ± 2,980


α1B-1α2B
84.6 ± 15.3 (n = 3)
2,256 ± 356  


α1B-1
31.7 ± 4.2 (n = 3)
757 ± 128


α1B-2α2bβ1-2
53.0 ± 4.8 (n = 3)
19,371 ± 3,798 


α1B-2α2bβ1-3
44.3 ± 8.1 (n = 3)
37,652 ± 8,129 


α1B-2β1-2
16.4 ± 1.2 (n = 3)
2,126 ± 412  


α1B-2β1-3
22.2 ± 5.8 (n = 3)
2,944 ± 1,168


α1B-2α2b
N.D.* (n = 3)
N.D.


α1B-2
N.D.
N.D.





*N.D. = not detectable 






Cells transfected with subunit combinations lacking either the α1B-1 or the α1B-2 subunit did not exhibit any detectable 125I-ωCgTx GVIA binding (≦600 sites/cell). In addition 125I-ω-CgTx GVIA binding to HEK293 cells transfected with α1B-2 alone or α1B-2α2b was too low for reliable Scatchard analysis of the data.
Comparison of the Kd and Bmax values revealed several relationships between specific combinations of subunits and the binding affinities and capacities of the transfected cells. In cells transfected with all three subunits, (α1B-1α2bβ1-2-, α1B-1α2bβ1-3-, α1B-2α2bβ1-2-, or α1B-2α2bβ1-3-transfectants) the Kd values were indistinguishable (p>0.05), ranging from 44.3±8.1 pM to 54.9±11.1 pM. In cells transfected with two-subunit combinations lacking the α2b subunit (α1B-1β1-2, α1B-1β1-3, α1B-2β1-2 or α1B-2β1-3) the Kd values were significantly lower than the three-subunit combinations (p<0.01), ranging from 16.4±1.2 to 22.2±5.8 pM. Cells transfected with only the α1B-1 subunit had a Kd value of 31.7±4.2 pM, a value that was not different from the two-subunit combinations lacking α2b (p<0.05). As with the comparison between the four α1Bα2bβ1 versus α1Bβ1 combinations, when the α1B-1 was co-expressed with α2b, the Kd increased significantly (p<0.05) from 31.7±4.2 to 84.6±5.3 pM. These data demonstrate that co-expression of the α2b subunit with α1B-1, α1B-1β1-2, α1B-1β1-3, α1B-2β1-2 or α1B-2β1-3 subunit combinations results in lower binding affinity of the cell surface receptors for 125I-ω-CgTx GVIA. The Bmax values of cells transfected with various subunit combinations also differed considerably. Cells transfected with the α1B-1 subunit alone expressed a low but detectable number of binding sites (approximately 750 binding sites/cell). When the α1B-1 subunit was co-expressed with the α2b subunit, the binding capacity increased approximately three-fold while co-expression of a β1-2 or β1-3 subunit with α1B-1 resulted in 8- to 10-fold higher expression of surface binding. However, cells transfected with all three subunits expressed the highest number of cell surface receptors. The binding capacities of cells transfected with α1B-1α2bβ1-3 or α1B-2α2bβ1-3 combinations were approximately two-fold higher than the corresponding combinations containing the β1-2 subunit. Likewise, cells transfected with α1B-1α2bβ1-2 or α1B-1α2bβ1-3 combinations expressed approximately 2.5-fold more binding sites per cell than the corresponding combinations containing α1B-2. In all cases, co-expression of the α2b subunit with α1B and β1 increased the surface receptor density compared to cells transfected with only the corresponding α1B and β1 combinations; approximately 8-fold for α1B-1α2bβ1-2, 10-fold for α1B-1α2bβ1-3, 9-fold for α1B-2α2bβ1-2, and 13-fold for α1B-2α2bβ1-3. Thus, in summary, the comparison of the Bmax values suggests that the toxin-binding subunit, α1B-1 or α1B-2, is more efficiently expressed and assembled on the cell surface when co-expressed with either the α2b or the β1-2 or β1-3 subunit, and most efficiently expressed when both α2b and β1 subunits are present.
3. Electrophysiology
Functional expression of α1B-1α2bβ1-2 and α1B-1β1-2 subunit combinations was evaluated using the whole-cell recording technique. Transfected cells that had no contacts with surrounding cells and simple morphology were used approximately 48 hours after transfection for recording. The pipette solution was (in mM) 135 CsCl, 10 EGTA, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, and 4 mM Mg-ATP (pH 7.3, adjusted with TEA-OH). The external solution was (in MM) 15 BaCl2, 125 Choline Cl, 1 MgCl2, and 10 HEPES (pH 7.3, adjusted with TEA-OH). ω-CgTx GVIA (Bachem) was prepared in the external solution with 0.1% cytochrome C (Sigma) to serve as a carrier. Control experiments showed that cytochrome C had no effect on the Ba2+ current.
The macroscopic electrophysiological properties of Ba2+ currents in cells transfected with various amounts of the α2b expression plasmid with the relative amounts of α1B-1 and β1-2 plasmids held constant were examined. The amplitudes and densities of the Ba2+ currents (15 mM BaCl2) recorded from whole cells of these transfectants differed dramatically. The average currents from 7 to 11 cells of three types of transfections (no α2b ; 2:1.8:1 [α1B-1:α2b:β1-2] molar ratio; and 2:10.9:1 [α1B-1:α2b:β1-2] molar ratio) were determined. The smallest currents (range: 10 to 205 pA) were recorded when α2b was not included in the transfection, and the largest currents (range: 50 to 8300 pA) were recorded with the 2:10.9:1 ratio of α1B-1α2bβ1-2 plasmids, the ratio that resulted in near equivalent mRNA levels for each subunit transcript. When the amount of α2b plasmid was adjusted to yield approximately an equal abundance of subunit mRNAs, the average peak Ba2+ current increased from 433 pA to 1,824 pA (4.2-fold) with a corresponding increase in average current density from 26 pA/pF to 127 pA/pF (4.9-fold). This increase is in the presence of a 2.7-fold decrease in the mass of α1B-1 and β1-2 expression plasmids in the transfections. In all transfections, the magnitudes of the Ba2+ currents did not follow a normal distribution.
To compare the subunit combinations and determine the effects of α2b, the current-voltage properties of cells transfected with α1B-1β1-2 or with α1B-1α2bβ1-2 in either the 2:1.8:1 (α1B-1:α2b:β1-2) molar ratio or the 2:10.9:1 (α1B-1:α2b:β1-2) molar ratio transfectants were examined. The extreme examples of no α2b and 11.25 μg α2b (2:10.9:1 molar ratio) showed no significant differences in the current voltage plot at test potentials between 0 mV and +40 mV (p<0.05). The slight differences observed at either side of the peak region of the current voltage plot were likely due to normalization. The very small currents observed in the α1B-1β1-2 transfected cells have a substantially higher component of residual leak relative to the barium current that is activated by the test pulse. When the current voltage plots are normalized, this leak is a much greater component than in the α1B-1α2bβ1-2 transfected cells and as a result, the current-voltage plot appears broader. This is the most likely explanation of the apparent differences in the current voltage plots, especially given the fact that the current-voltage plot for the α1B-1β1-2 transfected cells diverge on both sides of the peak. Typically, when the voltage-dependence activation is shifted, the entire current-voltage plot is shifted, which was not observed. To qualitatively compare the kinetics of each, the average responses of test pulses from −90 mV to 10 mV were normalized and plotted. No significant differences in activation or inactivation kinetics of whole-cell Ba2+ currents were observed with any combination.
G. Expression of DNA Encoding Human Neuronal Calcium Channel α1E-3α2Bβ1-3 and α1E-1α2Bβ1-3 Subunits in HEK Cells
Functional expression of the α1E-1α2Bβ1-3 and α1E-3α2Bβ1-3, as well as α1E-1 was evaluated using the whole cell recording technique.
1. Methods
Recordings were performed on transiently transfected HEK 293 cells two days following the transfection, from cells that had no contacts with surrounding cells and which had simple morphology.
The internal solution used to fill pipettes for recording the barium current from the transfected recombinant calcium channels was (in mM) 135 CsCl, 10 EGTA, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, and 4 mM Mg-ATP (pH 7.3, adjusted with TEA-OH). The external solution for recording the barium current was (in mM) 15 BaCl2, 125 Choline Cl, 1 MgCl2, and 10 HEPES (pH 7.3, adjusted with TEA-OH). In experiments in which Ca2+ was replaced for Ba2+, a Laminar flow chamber was used in order to completely exchange the extracellular solution and prevent any mixing of Ba2+ and Ca2+. ω-CgTx GVIA was prepared in the external solution with 0.1% cytochrome C to serve as a carrier, the toxin was applied by pressurized puffer pipette. Series resistance was compensated 70-85% and currents were analyzed only if the voltage error from series resistance was less than 5 mV. Leak resistance and capacitance was corrected by subtracting the scaled current observed with the P/-4 or -6 protocol as implemented by pClamp (Axon Instruments).
2. Results
a. Electrophysiology
Cells transfected with α1E-1α2bβ1-3 or α1E-3α2bβ1-3 showed strong barium currents with whole cell patch clamp recordings. Cells expressing α1E-3α2Bβ1-3 had larger peak currents than those expressing α1E-1α2bβ1-3. In addition, the kinetics of activation and inactivation are clearly substantially faster in the cells expressing α1E calcium channels. HEK 293 cells expressing α1E-1 or α1E-3 alone have a significant degree of functional calcium channels, with properties similar to those expressing α1Eα2bβ1-3 but with substantially smaller peak barium currents. Thus, with α1E, the α2 and β1 subunits are not required for functional expression of α1E mediated calcium channels, but do substantially increase the number of functional calcium channels.
Examination of the current voltage properties of α1Eα2bβ1-3 expressing cells indicates that α1E-3α2bβ1-3 is a high-voltage activated calcium channel and the peak current is reached at a potential only slightly less positive than other neuronal calcium channels also expressing α2b and β1, and α1B and α1D. Current voltage properties of α1E-1α2bβ1-3 are statistically different from those of α1B-1α2bβ1-3. Current voltage curves for α1E-1α2bβ1-3 and α1E-3α2bβ1-3 both peak at approximately +5 mV, as does the current voltage curve for α1E-3 alone.
The kinetics and voltage dependence of inactivation using both prepulse (200 ms) and steady-state inactivation was examined. α1E mediated calcium channels are rapidly inactivated relative to previously cloned calcium channels and other high voltage-activated calcium channels. α1E-3α2bβ1-3 mediated calcium channels are inactivated rapidly and are thus sensitive to relatively brief (200 ms) prepulses as well as long prepulses (>20 s steady state inactivation), but recover rapidly from steady state inactivation. The kinetics of the rapid inactivation has two components, one with a time constant of approximately 25 ms and the other approximately 400 ms.
To determine whether α1E mediated calcium channels have properties of low voltage activated calcium channels, the details of tail currents activated by a test pulse ranging −60 to +80 mV were measured at −60 mV. Tail currents recorded at −60 mV could be well fit by a single exponential of 150 to 300 μs; at least an order of magnitude faster than those typically observed with low voltage-activated calcium channels.
HEK 293 cells expressing α1E-3α2bβ1-3 flux more current with Ba2+ as the charge carrier and currents carried by Ba2+ and Ca2+ have different current-voltage properties. Furthermore, the time course of inactivation is slower and the amount of prepulse inactivation less with Ca2+ as the charge carrier.
b. Pharmacology
The current of cells transfected with α1E-1α2bβ1-3 and α1E-3α2bβ1-3 showed sensitivity to both organic and inorganic calcium channel blockers. Maximal blocking was observed with the non-specific calcium channel blocker, inorganic Cd2+, which reversibly blocked 95±2% (n=30) of the barium current. A reversible block was observed with 50 μM Ni2+ of 65±10% (α1E-1α2bβ1-3, n=3) to 74±7% (α1E-3α2bβ1-3, n=3). In addition, blocking was observed with 300 μM amiloride (66±18%, n=4) and ethosuximide (67±10%, n=3). A high sensitivity was observed with ω-Aga-IVa (73±2% block at 10 nM in α1E-3α2bβ1-3, n=3) and block by Bay K 8644 (69±3% in α1E-3α2bβ1-3 at 5 μM, n=3). Bay K 8644 had no effect on the time course of the tail current and a slowing of the inactivation during the test pulse. Little reversal of the block by either Bay K 8644 or ω-Aga-IVa was observed even following the application of brief strongly depolarizing pulses. Further, Bay K 8644 applied to HEK 293 cells transfected with α1E alone resulted in 56±6% (n=3) block. Funnel web spider toxin (nFTX, 1:500) resulted in 78±0% in α1E-3α2bβ1-3. Little sensitivity was observed to synthetic FTX or the conus snail toxin ω-CgTx GVIA.
While the invention has been described with some specificity, modifications apparent to those with ordinary skill in the art may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Since such modifications will be apparent to those of skill in the art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24; 
(b) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27; 
(c) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, wherein the encoded α1E subunit has a molecular weight greater than about 120 kilodaltons (kD) and is a full-length α1E subunit of a human calcium channel that can form an ion channel; 
(d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides with codons that are degenerate to the codons in the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in (a) or (b) above; 
(e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel that comprises a sequence of amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of any one of (a), (b), (c) or (d) above; and 
(f) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes under stringent wash condition, 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C., to the complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.

2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the subunit is an α1E subunit or α1E-3-subunit.

3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 2, wherein the subunit is an α1E-1-subunit.

4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the α1 subunit is an α1E-3 subunit.

5. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit has an amino sequence of a subunit encoded by the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

6. The eukaryotic cell of claim 5, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule, wherein the DNA molecule encodes an α1E-1-subunit of a human calcium channel.

7. The eukaryotic cell of claim 5, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule, wherein the DNA molecule encodes an α1E-3-subunit of a human calcium channel.

8. The eukaryotic cell of claim 5, wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

9. The eukaryotic cell of claim 6 wherein said cell that expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

10. The eukaryotic cell of claim 7 wherein said cell that expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

11. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the eukaryotic cell of claim 8 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membranes of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is (I) not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 8 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

12. The cell of claim 11 selected from the group consisting of an HEK 293 cell, a Chinese hamster ovary cell, an African green monkey cell, and a mouse L cell.

13. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 9 a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 9 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

14. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 10 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 10 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

15. A recombinant eukaryotic cell that expresses a functional, heterologous calcium channel, which is produced by a process comprising
(a) introducing into suitable host cells an RNA transcript encoding an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel; 
(b) culturing and harvesting the host cells of step (a) under conditions favoring expression of the α1E-subunit of a human calcium channels in said cell; and 
(c) isolating said cell, wherein: 
the α1-subunit has an amino sequence of a subunit encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1; 
the heterologous calcium channels are the only heterologous ion channels expressed by the cell; and 
the cell is an amphibian oöcyte.

16. The eukaryotic cell of claim 15, wherein:
the process further comprises introducing a second RNA that is translatable in the cell into an α2-subunit of a calcium channel.

17. The eukaryotic cell of claim 15, wherein:
the calcium channels also comprise a β1-subunit of a calcium channel.

18. The eukaryotic cell of claim 17, wherein:
the calcium channels also comprise a α2-subunit of a calcium channel.

19. The eukaryotic cell of claim 5, further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α2-subunit of a calcium channel.

20. The eukaryotic cell of claim 5, wherein the α1E-subunit is an α1E-1-subunit of a human calcium channel.

21. The eukaryotic cell of claim 19 which is selected from the group consisting of an HEK 293 cell, a Chinese hamster ovary cell, an African green monkey cell and a mouse L cell.

22. The eukaryotic cell of claim 15, wherein:
the process further comprises introducing a second RNA that is translatable in the cell into a β1-subunit of a calcium channel.

23. The eukaryotic cell of claim 22, wherein:
the process further comprises introducing a third mRNA that is translatable in the cell into an α2-subunit of a human calcium channel.

24. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 15 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; and 
detecting the current flowing into the cell.

25. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

26. The expression vector of claim 25, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

27. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 2, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

28. The expression vector of claim 27, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

29. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a sequence of amino acids encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO. 24.

30. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E -subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit is encoded by the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 29.

31. The eukaryotic cell of claim 30 wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

32. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 31 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 31 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

33. A recombinant eukaryotic cell that expresses a functional, heterologous calcium channel, which is produced by a process comprising
(a) introducing into suitable host cells an RNA transcript encoding an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel; 
(b) culturing and harvesting the host cells of step (a) under conditions favoring expression of the α1E-subunit of a human calcium channels in said cell; and 
(c) isolating said cell, wherein: 
the α1-subunit has an amino sequence of a subunit encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of claim 29; 
the heterologous calcium channels are the only heterologous ion channels expressed by the cell; and 
the cell is an amphibian oöcyte.

34. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 33 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; and 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 33 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

35. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 29, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

36. The expression vector of claim 35, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

37. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a sequence of amino acids encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO. 27.

38. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit is encoded by the molecule of claim 37.

39. The eukaryotic cell of claim 38 wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

40. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 39 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 39 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

41. A recombinant eukaryotic cell that expresses a functional, heterologous calcium channel, which is produced by a process comprising
(a) introducing into suitable host cells an RNA transcript encoding an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel; 
(b) culturing and harvesting the host cells of step (a) under conditions favoring expression of the α1E-subunit of a human calcium channels in said cell; and 
(c) isolating said cell, wherein: 
the α1-subunit has an amino sequence of a subunit encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of claim 37; 
the heterologous calcium channels are the only heterologous ion channels expressed by the cell; and 
the cell is an amphibian oöcyte.

42. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending a cell of claim 41 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein: 
control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is_identical to the cell of claim 41 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

43. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 37, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

44. The expression vector of claim 43, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

45. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising the sequence of nucleotides set forth in nucleotides 169-6921 of SEQ ID No. 24.

46. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit is encoded by the molecule of claim 45.

47. The eukaryotic cell of claim 46 wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

48. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 47 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current thus detected to a current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 47 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

49. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 45, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

50. The expression vector of claim 49, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

51. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises a sequence of amino acids encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in nucleotides 166-6978 of SEQ ID NO. 27.

52. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit is encoded by the molecule of claim 51.

53. The eukaryotic cell of claim 52 wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

54. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 53 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell, and wherein: 
the control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 53 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

55. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 51, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

56. The expression vector of claim 55, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

57. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising the sequence of nucleotides set forth in nucleotides 166-6978 of SEQ ID NO. 27.

58. A eukaryotic cell transfected with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit is encoded by the molecule of claim 57.

59. The eukaryotic cell of claim 58 wherein said cell expresses a functional heterologous calcium channel comprising at least one subunit encoded by the heterologous DNA.

60. A method for identifying a compound that modulates the activity of a calcium channel, comprising:
suspending the cell of claim 59 in a solution containing the compound and a calcium channel selective ion; 
depolarizing the cell membrane of the cell; and 
detecting the current flowing into the cell; and 
comparing the current with the current flowing into a control cell, wherein the current that is detected differs from that detected in the control cell and wherein: 
control cell is treated substantially the same as the cell exposed to the test compound except that the control culture is not exposed to the test compound or the control cell is identical to the cell of claim 59 except that the control cell does not express functional calcium channels.

61. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 57, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

62. The expression vector of claim 61, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

63. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel comprising a sequence of amino acids encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in nucleotides 166-6978 of SEQ ID NO. 27.

64. A eukaryotic cell transferred with a heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E-subunit is encoded by the molecule of claim 63.

65. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 63, operably linked to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.

66. The expression vector of claim 65, wherein said vector is a plasmid.

67. An isolated RNA molecule selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24; 
(b) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27; 
(c) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel and comprises the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, wherein the encoded α1E subunit has a molecular weight greater than about 120 kilodaltons (kD) and is a full-length α1E subunit of a human calcium channel that can form an ion channel; 
(d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides with codons that are degenerate to the codons in the coding portion of the sequence of nucleotides set forth in (a) or (b) above; 
(e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel that comprises a sequence of amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of any one of (a), (b), (c) or (d) above; and 
(f) a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E subunit of a human calcium channel polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes under stringent wash condition, 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C., to the complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.

68. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes an α1E-subunit of a human calcium channel, wherein the α1E-subunit can form a functional calcium channel.