SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-4433-17T4

LINDA L. FELTON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

GARY M. FELTON,

Defendant-Respondent.

_____________________________

Submitted March 19, 2019 – Decided August 23, 2019

Before Judges Rothstadt and Gilson.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Ocean County, Docket 

No. FM-15-0758-16.

Richard R. Mazzei, attorney for appellant.

Respondent has not filed a brief.

PER CURIAM

In this post-judgment matrimonial matter, plaintiff Linda L. Felton 

appeals from two Family Part orders entered on April 20, 2018. One order held

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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plaintiff in violation of litigant's rights for refusing to sign a proposed Qualified 

Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) and Court Order Approved for Processing

(COAP)

1

regarding the equitable distribution of defendant Gary M. Felton's 

military pension that was in pay status. The second order was the QDRO that

the Family Part entered on the same date. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the 

orders from which she appeals were entered in error because they were based 

upon the motion judge incorrectly relying on a method for distribution that was 

contrary to the express provisions of the parties' Property Settlement Agreement 

 

1

 "[A] QDRO [is defined] as a domestic relations order 'which creates or 

recognizes the existence of an alternate payee's right to, or assigns to an alternate 

payee the right to, receive all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to 

a participant under a plan, and with respect to which the requirements of 

subparagraphs (C) and (D) are met.'" Johnson v. Johnson, 320 N.J. Super. 371, 

381 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting 29 U.S.C.A. § 1056(d)(3)(B)(i)). "Most often, a 

[QDRO] is used to transfer the interest to the non-employee spouse." Barr v. 

Barr, 418 N.J. Super. 18, 35 n.3 (App. Div. 2011). It requires the distribution 

of a "'pension plan . . . in accordance with the coverture fraction, a portion of 

the periodic pension benefit to the non-pensioner spouse[,]' to assure the direct 

payment to the non-employee spouse and that each party would bear the tax 

consequences attributable to his or her respective share." Ibid. (second 

alteration in original) (quoting Claffey v. Claffey, 360 N.J. Super. 240, 257-58 

(App. Div. 2003)).

A COAP is an order that provides for the distribution of "[t]he marital portion 

of a federal pension . . . which must be drafted in accordance with the Code of 

Federal Regulations." White v. White, 284 N.J. Super. 300, 304 (Ch. Div. 

1995).
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(PSA) relating to defendant's pension. We agree and vacate both orders and 

remand the matter for recalculation of the amount to which plaintiff is entitled.

The facts are taken from the motion record. Prior to his marriage to 

plaintiff, defendant joined the military on June 28, 1977. The parties were 

married on February 18, 1983, defendant retired on October 2, 2014, and 

plaintiff filed a Complaint for Divorce on December 28, 2015. In October 2016, 

the parties signed their PSA and on May 22, 2017, the same day their Final 

Judgment of Divorce (JOD) was entered, they amended their PSA with a onepage addendum. The PSA as amended was incorporated into the JOD.

Paragraph 5.4 of the PSA addressed defendant's pension. It stated the 

following:

The parties further agree Husband has a regular VA 

pension, [actually a pension with the Army Reserve]

and a disability pension as a result of post-traumatic 

stress disorder and other physical ailments associated 

with husband's prior deployment. The parties agree that 

Husband's regular pension through the VA, and not his 

disability pension, will be divided via [QDRO] 

consistent with the formula set forth in Marx v. Marx[, 

265 N.J. Super. 418 (Ch. Div. 1993)]. The coverture 

fraction for purposes of establishing Wife's entitlement 

to Husband's pension shall be from the date of marriage 

[February 18, 1983] to the date of the filing of the 

Complaint for Divorce, i.e., December 28, 2015. As 

Husband's pension is presently in pay status at this 

point in time, Husband will continue to pay Wife 

consistent with the prior status quo that has existed up 
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until the execution of this [PSA]. Upon Husband being 

advised that his pension is form[ally] divided, Husband 

will no longer pay Wife directly, rather, Wife will 

receive her pension payments directly from the Federal 

government. Husband's disability pension will not be 

divided.

[Emphasis added.]

The PSA's addendum required defendant to obtain an order for his military 

pension's distribution by July 1, 2017. When the order was not obtained, 

plaintiff filed a motion to enforce litigant's rights and on December 8, 2017, the 

court ordered that defendant's military pension be divided in accordance with 

the parties' PSA and that the transfer of assets to which plaintiff was entitled 

under the PSA be completed within fifteen days. The transfer did not occur 

within that time. 

Thereafter, the parties entered into a dispute over the terms of a proposed 

form of COAP. The proposed order was prepared by Pension Appraisers, Inc.

(PAI). Rather than calculating plaintiff's share of defendant's pension in 

accordance with the PSA, PAI used a calculation based upon instructions it 

received from defendant's attorney that were inconsistent with the PSA. Those 

instructions directed that plaintiff's share not be calculated as provided in the 
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PSA, but rather using a percentage that was based upon a ratio of military points2

earned during the marriage to the total points accumulated by defendant at the 

time of his retirement. According to counsel's instructions, PAI used an option 

selected by counsel for the calculation of plaintiff's share that awarded her fifty

percent of the amount calculated using points. Counsel selected that option even 

though he could have selected an option that calculated plaintiff's share based

upon a "percentage of the total accrued benefit as of the Date of Retirement," or 

for payment of a fixed dollar amount not to "exceed 50% of [defendant's] 

Disposable Retire[ment] Pay." Based on the calculation choice as selected by 

defendant's counsel, plaintiff would receive thirty-five percent of defendant's 

pension income, instead of the forty-two and one-half percent to which she 

claimed she was entitled. 

When plaintiff would not agree to the proposed order's terms, defendant 

filed a motion to enforce litigant's rights, seeking among other relief, that 

plaintiff be compelled to sign the proposed COAP and QDRO. Plaintiff filed a 

cross-motion for the same relief, seeking to compel defendant to sign an 

 

2

 For military personnel, "the formula used to calculate [their] retired pay 

benefits considers a military member's rank pay at retirement and years of 

service. 10 U.S.C.A. § 12739(a)." Barr, 418 N.J. Super. at 36 (emphasis added). 
6

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alternate COAP awarding plaintiff forty-two and one-half percent of defendant's 

pension. According to plaintiff, her calculation was based upon the PSA's 

formula for distribution of the pension. The forty-two and one-half percent was 

the result of applying the ratio of the length of the marriage until the filing of 

the complaint, less the fourteen months defendant was in retirement status (380 

months) to the time period that the parties were married and defendant was 

active in the service (447 months), which amounted to eighty-five percent of the 

time. Therefore, plaintiff claimed she was entitled to one half of eighty-five 

percent of the payment, or forty-two and one-half percent.

The motion judge granted defendant's motion and denied plaintiff's, 

setting forth her reasons in her April 20, 2018 order. The judge found that 

"[w]hile a benefit calculation for a standard pension ends with the dictates of 

Marx [which would award plaintiff forty-two and one-half percent of 

defendant's pension], federal pensions are subject to a second step that involves 

the calculation of points," which would award plaintiff thirty-five percent of

defendant's pension. The judge concluded "Defendant's calculation of Plaintiff's 

VA pension entitlement, i.e. 38% of Defendant's pension, comports with the 

terms of the PSA, which require that it be calculated 'consistent with the formula 

set forth in Marx' and further defined in Barr." Any claim by plaintiff that she 
7

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was entitled "to more than that calculation [was] untenable, as it is contrary to 

federal law." This appeal followed.

Our review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 

394, 411 (1998); see also Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015). We accord 

deference to the family courts due to their "special jurisdiction and expertise" in 

family law matters. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 413. The family court's findings are 

binding so long as its determinations "are supported by adequate, substantial, 

credible evidence." Id. at 411-12. We will not disturb the factual findings and 

legal conclusions unless convinced they are "so manifestly unsupported by or 

inconsistent" with the evidence presented. Id. at 412. "Only when the trial 

court's conclusions are so 'clearly mistaken' or 'wide of the mark'" should we 

interfere to "ensure that there is not a denial of justice." Gnall, 222 N.J. at 428 

(quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). 

However, challenges to legal conclusions, as well as a trial judge's 

interpretation of the law, are subject to de novo review. Estate of Hanges v. 

Metro Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 382 (2010).

Although we are obliged to defer to the factual findings 

and discretionary decisions made by the Family Part 

due to the specialized nature of the court, a question 

regarding the interpretation or construction of a 

contract is a legal one and our review is plenary, with 

no special deference to the trial judge's interpretation of 
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the law and the legal consequences that flow from the 

established facts.

[Barr, 418 N.J. Super. at 31 (citation omitted).]

At the outset, we emphasize a court's obligation to enforce matrimonial 

PSAs incorporated into JODs absent limited circumstances. New Jersey has a 

strong public policy favoring the enforcement of PSAs. Massar v. Massar, 279 

N.J. Super. 89, 93 (App. Div. 1995). These agreements are approached with the 

presumption that they are valid and enforceable, and they will be enforced "if 

they are fair and equitable." Ibid. As our Supreme Court recently explained:

"An agreement that resolves a matrimonial dispute is 

no less a contract than an agreement to resolve a 

business dispute." Quinn v. Quinn, 225 N.J. 34, 45

(2016) (citations omitted). According to those 

principles, we must "discern and implement the 

common intention of the parties." Ibid. Therefore, our 

role when interpreting marital settlement agreements is 

to "consider what is 'written in the context of the 

circumstances' at the time of drafting and to apply 'a 

rational meaning in keeping with the expressed general 

purpose.'" Sachau v. Sachau, 206 N.J. 1, 5-6 (2011) 

(quoting Atl. N. Airlines, Inc. v. Schwimmer, 12 N.J. 

293, 302 (1953)). In doing so, "the words of an 

agreement are given their 'ordinary' meaning." 

Flanigan v. Munson, 175 N.J. 597, 606 (2003) (quoting 

Shadow Lake Vill. Condo. Ass'n v. Zampella, 238 N.J. 

Super. 132, 139 (App. Div. 1990)). Therefore, where 

the parties' intent "is plain and the language is clear and 

unambiguous, a court must enforce the agreement as 

written, unless doing so would lead to an absurd result."

Quinn, 225 N.J. at 45.
9

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[Woytas v. Greenwood Tree Experts, Inc., 237 N.J. 

501, 511-12 (2019).]

Applying these guiding principles, it is clear that the parties contemplated 

the distribution of defendant's military pension to follow the requirements of 

Marx. The motion judge recognized as much, but we conclude she erroneously 

expanded the parties' agreement to be subject to an additional provision under 

Barr for which there is no legal support.

"Marx established the formula for allocating the marital share of a 

deferred distribution pension." Panetta v. Panetta, 370 N.J. Super. 486, 496, 498

(App. Div. 2004) (concluding "[t]he trial judge correctly ordered [federalemployee] defendant to prepare the COAP in accordance with the Marx

formula"). The Marx formula is based upon the fact "the actual pension benefit 

of a deferred distribution plan cannot be calculated until 'the time of retirement 

because [it is based] upon the multiple factors of age at retirement, final average 

salary, number of years of service, mortality, future interest rates and the form 

in which it is paid.'" Id. at 496 (alteration in original) (quoting Marx, 265 N.J. 

Super. at 424). 

The formula, which can be applied to a federal pension to determine the 

value of a non-federal employee spouse's interest in her federal-employee 

spouse's pension, states the following: 
10 A-4433-17T4

The actual retirement benefit is multiplied by the 

coverture fraction and divided by two to produce the 

marital share:

Retirement × years of employment during 

marriage ÷ 2

Benefit total years of employment

[Ibid. (quoting Marx, 265 N.J. Super. at 428) (emphasis 

added).]

It is well-established that this coverture fraction can be employed to 

determine the portion of a marital asset that is subject to equitable distribution. 

Barr, 418 N.J. Super. at 34. The coverture fraction is

the proportion of years worked during the marriage to 

total number of years worked. The numerator 

represents that portion of the benefit, enhanced or not, 

that was "legally and beneficially acquired" during the 

marriage. The denominator is the total number of years 

worked up to retirement. The coverture fraction insures 

that the equitable distribution pot includes only that 

portion of the working spouse's labor which constitutes 

a "shared enterprise." It also assures the employee 

spouse the benefits of his or her pre and post coverture 

labors.

[Eisenhardt v. Eisenhardt, 325 N.J. Super. 576, 580-81

(App. Div. 1999) (citations omitted).]

"[T]he application of the coverture fraction . . . adjusts the actual pension 

benefit to the marital share." Panetta, 370 N.J. Super. at 497 (quoting Risoldi v. 

Risoldi, 320 N.J. Super. 524, 544 (App. Div. 1999)). Its application "at the time 
11 A-4433-17T4

the benefits convert to pay status at retirement, will assure [that the employee 

spouse] maintains the fruits of his [pre- and ]post-divorce labor." Ibid.

(alteration in original) (quoting Menake v. Menake, 348 N.J. Super. 442, 451 

(App. Div. 2002) (emphasis added)). "The Marx formula balances the marital 

share of the actual retirement benefit by application of the coverture fraction. 

Indeed, that is the express purpose for using the Marx formula in calculating the 

marital share of a deferred distribution pension." Id. at 498 (emphasis added).

In Barr, we addressed the defendant's claim that the trial court erred by 

awarding to the plaintiff a portion of the "increases [in the defendant's military 

pension benefits] resulting from his post-judgment, pre-retirement promotion." 

Barr, 418 N.J. Super. at 28. In that case, we vacated the trial judge's 

determination that the plaintiff had an interest in the "pension increases" and 

remanded for a plenary hearing. Id. at 29. 

In Barr, at the time of the parties' divorce, the defendant had completed

eleven years on active duty. The parties' PSA awarded the plaintiff one-half of 

the defendant's military pension "attributable to his 11 years in the military" 

when he began to receive them. Id. at 37. The PSA "included no specificity as 

to the applicable formula to calculate or the vehicle used to deliver plaintiff's 
12 A-4433-17T4

interest." Ibid. After the divorce, the defendant entered the Air Force reserves, 

which service enhanced the value of his pension benefit. Id. at 29. 

A dispute arose as to the plaintiff's entitlement to the enhanced payments

when the federal agency responsible for issuing payments directly to plaintiff 

asked for "the parties' certifications stating the percentage of defendant's retired 

pay agreed to be paid to plaintiff each month. When plaintiff asked defendant 

to certify she was entitled to forty-two percent of his disposable retirement pay, 

he declined." Id. at 30. As noted, the trial judge agreed with plaintiff but we 

reversed.

In reaching our decision, we reviewed the unique "nature of and 

methodology used to compute military pensions." Id. at 36. We explained as 

follows:

First, unlike most pensions, the plan is noncontributory—the service member makes no 

contribution toward his or her pension. Second, a 

service member's pension rights are not vested until the 

requisite years of service are reached, noting that a 

retired officer at all times remains a member of the 

military, subject to recall to active duty. McCarty v. 

McCarty, 453 U.S. 210, 222 (1981) (citations omitted). 

See also 10 U.S.C.A. § 802(a)(4). Third, the formula 

used to calculate retired pay benefits considers a 

military member's rank pay at retirement and years of 

service. 10 U.S.C.A. § 12739(a). Specifically, each 

service member receives points for each day of military 

service: one point for each day of active military 
13 A-4433-17T4

service and two points for each day of reservist duty.

10 U.S.C.A. § 12732(a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii). Additional 

points accrue based on the completion of certain 

training, drills and funeral honors duty. The actual 

member's benefit is the product of the base pay for the 

rank achieved at retirement and two-and-one-half 

percent of the points representing the years of service 

credited, and may not exceed seventy-five percent of 

the base pay upon which it is based. 10 U.S.C.A. § 

12739(a) and (c).

[Id. at 36 (emphasis added).] 

We then considered the language used by the parties in their PSA to 

address the calculation of the plaintiff's interest and concluded that the language

was ambiguous as it was susceptible to two different meanings. Id. at 37. We 

remanded the matter for a determination of what the parties intended and 

because we concluded that "there are some extraordinary post-judgment pension 

increases that may be proven to be attributable to post-dissolution efforts of the 

employee-spouse, and not dependent on the prior joint efforts of the parties 

during the marriage." Id. at 41. In those instances, those "sums must be 

excluded from equitable distribution and the application of the coverture 

fraction may be insufficient to accomplish this purpose." Ibid.

None of the issues raised in Barr are similar to the issue here. First, there 

was no issue about the parties' PSA in this case clearly indicating that defendant

was in pay status at the time of the PSA and further that the formula in Marx
14 A-4433-17T4

was to be applied to his payment. Second, there was no issue regarding any 

enhancement to defendant's pension payment because he was already in pay 

status, having just retired from service before the parties divorced.

Moreover, contrary to the motion judge's conclusion here, in the face of 

an express agreement to the contrary, the military points system is used to 

calculate the actual amount of a military pensioner's benefit, not the portion to 

which the non-federal employee spouse is entitled from that amount. See 10 

U.S.C. § 12739 ("Computation of retired pay"). Distribution of that amount in 

a state court divorce proceeding is controlled by state law. See 10 U.S.C. §

1408(c)(1) ("a court may treat disposable retired pay payable to a member . . . 

either as property solely of the member or as property of the member and his 

spouse in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction of such court"). 

Applying our state's law here, and contrary to the motion judge's

conclusion, there was no second step applicable to the calculation of plaintiff's 

share of defendant's retirement benefit, once his benefit had been calculated in 

accordance with federal law. Stated differently, the first step in the process was 

the calculation of defendant's retirement benefit using the military point system, 

and the second step was the application of the Marx formula to that amount as 

agreed to by the parties in the PSA.
15 A-4433-17T4

The orders under appeal are vacated and the matter is remanded to the 

Family Part for further proceedings consistent with our opinion. We do not 

retain jurisdiction.