J-S27027-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: S.A.R., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: S.A.R., A MINOR

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 278 MDA 2023

Appeal from the Dispositional Order Entered January 19, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fulton County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-29-JV-0000011-2022

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: SEPTEMBER 12, 2023

S.A.R. appeals from the dispositional order entered following his 

delinquency adjudication for terroristic threats. We affirm.

We set forth the relevant facts from the juvenile court’s opinion: 

On November 10, 2022, an adjudicatory hearing was held, 

after which [S.A.R.] was found involved in making terroristic 

threats and disorderly conduct. At the adjudicatory hearing, 

[S.A.R.]’s classmate, J.H., testified that . . . [S.A.R.] was sitting 

behind her in first period. During this class, at approximately 8:30 

a.m., [S.A.R.] had a conversation with J.H. in which he described 

being mad at the victim, R.R., because he thought that she 

circulated a video of him around school [engaged in a fight]. J.H. 

further testified that [S.A.R.] stated “he wanted to shoot that 

bitch.” Later that day, at about one or two p.m., J.H. told R.R. 

that [S.A.R.] said these statements.

R.R. testified that J.H. told her that [S.A.R.] was going to 

shoot her. R.R. testified that it made her scared and that she 

went to the restroom to call her mother. After talking with her 

mother, R.R. went to the school office. R.R. further testified that 

she did not know that she had done something to upset [S.A.R.] 
J-S27027-23

- 2 -

On cross-examination, R.R. testified that she had class earlier that 

day with [S.A.R.]

At the conclusion of the hearing, [S.A.R.] was found 

involved in terroristic threats and disorderly conduct towards R.R. 

An adjudication/disposition hearing was held on January 19, 2023, 

and [S.A.R.] was adjudicated delinquent. [S.A.R.] was found in 

need of treatment, supervision, and rehabilitation, and a 

dispositional order was entered on the same date. 

Juvenile Court Opinion, 3/28/23, 1-2 (cleaned up).

This timely appeal followed. Both S.A.R. and the juvenile court complied 

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. S.A.R. presents two inter-related issues for our review:

I. Whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that [he] made a 

threat to commit a crime of violence, in violation of 18 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2706, when he stated to a third person that “he wanted to 

shoot that bitch”?

II. Whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that the alleged 

threat was communicated with the intent to terrorize another 

in violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706?

S.A.R.’s brief at 3 (cleaned up).

Both of S.A.R.’s issues challenge whether the Commonwealth 

sufficiently proved that his conduct satisfied all the elements of the crime of 

terroristic threats. We consider these claims in light of the following 

principles:

When a juvenile is charged with an act that would constitute 

a crime if committed by an adult, the Commonwealth must 

establish the elements of the crime by proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt. When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence following an adjudication of delinquency, we must review 

the entire record and view the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the Commonwealth. In determining whether the 

Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to meet its burden 

of proof, the test to be applied is whether, viewing the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and drawing all 
J-S27027-23

- 3 -

reasonable inferences therefrom, there is sufficient evidence to 

find every element of the crime charged. The Commonwealth may 

sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt by wholly circumstantial evidence.

The facts and circumstances established by the 

Commonwealth need not be absolutely incompatible with a 

defendant’s innocence. Questions of doubt are for the hearing 

judge, unless the evidence is so weak that, as a matter of law, no 

probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances 

established by the Commonwealth. The finder of fact is free to 

believe some, all, or none of the evidence presented.

Further, because evidentiary sufficiency is a question of law, our 

standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.

Interest of E.L.W., 273 A.3d 1202, 1205 (Pa.Super. 2022) (cleaned up). 

Terroristic threats is defined in the Crimes Code as follows:

A person commits the crime of terroristic threats if the person 

communicates, either directly or indirectly, a threat to:

(1) commit any crime of violence with intent to 

terrorize another;

(2) cause evacuation of a building, place of assembly 

or facility of public transportation; or

(3) otherwise cause serious public inconvenience, or 

cause terror or serious public inconvenience with 

reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or 

inconvenience.

18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a).

Our Court has noted that “the purpose of the terroristic threats statute 

is to impose criminal liability on persons who make threats which seriously 

impair personal security or public convenience. It is not intended by this 

section to penalize mere spur-of-the-moment threats which result from 

anger.” E.L.W., supra at 1206 (citation omitted). However, “neither the 
J-S27027-23

- 4 -

ability to carry out the threat nor a belief by the person threatened that it will 

be carried out is an essential element of the crime.” Id. (citation omitted).

Additionally, we have observed that direct proof of intent is difficult, as 

it concerns a subjective frame of mind. See Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 

A.3d 632, 641 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation omitted). It can be proven by 

circumstantial evidence, meaning that it may be inferred from acts or conduct 

or from the attendant circumstances. See id. Finally, we have held that 

“even a single verbal threat might be made in such terms or circumstances as 

to support the inference that the actor intended to terrorize or coerce.” In re 

B.R., 732 A.2d 633, 636 (Pa.Super. 1999) (citation omitted).

With this background in mind, we now turn to the arguments of the 

parties. Since S.A.R. was adjudicated delinquent under § 2706(a)(1), we are 

tasked with determining whether the Commonwealth proved that he 

communicated a threat to commit any crime of violence with intent to terrorize 

another. S.A.R. challenges both the proof of his communication of a threat 

and his intent to terrorize. He first argues that “[t]here was no testimony that 

[he] told J.H. that he was actually going to shoot R.R. or that he wished for 

J.H. to communicate a threat to R.R.” S.A.R.’s brief at 5. He contends that 

at most, the statement “I want to shoot that bitch” was made in the spur of 

the moment or was the product of a heated exchange between the parties 

that did not trigger a foreseeable future danger, and thus is not to be 

criminalized pursuant to the terroristic threats statute. Id. at 5-6 (citing B.R., 

supra). He maintains that the fact that J.H. felt no need to report the 
J-S27027-23

- 5 -

statement to any authority figure supports the notion that there was no actual 

danger. Id. at 6. 

S.A.R. further argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that 

the threat was communicated with the intent to terrorize. Id. at 6-7. He 

reiterates that he “made a spur of the moment comment in speaking with J.H. 

about a video, but at no time did he say he was going to carry out this act or 

that he wished for J.H. to communicate this statement to R.R.” Id. at 6. He 

also reasserts that J.H.’s failure to alert any responsible adults belies a finding 

that the statement “intended to place anyone in a state of fear that agitates 

body and mind.” Id. at 7. 

In its opinion, the juvenile court thoroughly and cogently addressed 

S.A.R.’s arguments. Concerning the threat to commit a crime of violence, the 

court identified that the statute does not require direct communication, and 

that a threat could be made through a third person. See Juvenile Court 

Opinion, 3/28/23, at 4-5 (citing In re L.A., 853 A.2d 388, 391 (Pa.Super. 

2004)). The court also stated that the Commonwealth proved, through the 

testimony of J.H., that S.A.R. communicated his desire to shoot R.R. in 

revenge. Id. at 5. It noted that S.A.R. specifically used the victim’s first 

name before making the threat and that the victim was the only student at 

the school with that first name. Id. Thus, there was no question that the 

threat targeted R.R.

As to whether the threat was made with intent to terrorize, the court 

acknowledged that “spur of the moment or provoked anger is not sufficient to 
J-S27027-23

- 6 -

prove intent to terrorize.” Id. at 5 (citing Commonwealth v. Anneski, 525 

A.2d 373, 376 (Pa.Super. 1987)). Nonetheless, it concluded that the 

circumstances here showed that this was not a case of impulsive or incited 

anger, as the statement was made during the middle of class, and the 

evidence did not suggest that S.A.R. was in an agitated state when the 

statements were made. Id. at 7. The court also found that other factors

demonstrated that the threat was made with intent to terrorize, including the 

following: (1) the remark was made in a classroom setting; (2) the school 

the juveniles attended was small in size; (3) S.A.R. was aware that J.H. and 

R.R. were friends, and accordingly J.H. would likely communicate the threat 

to R.R.; (4) R.R. was scared after she learned of the statement; and (5) the 

invasion of R.R.’s personal safety immediately prompted her to go to the 

restroom to call her mother. Id. at 7. As such, the court held that the 

Commonwealth proved all elements required for terroristic threats beyond a 

reasonable doubt.

Upon review, we agree with the juvenile court’s determination that the 

evidence sufficiently supported S.A.R.’s conviction. Viewing the facts in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the prevailing party, S.A.R.’s 

communication to J.H. that he wanted to shoot R.R. constituted an indirect 

threat to commit a crime of violence against her. The court could reasonably 

infer that because J.H. and R.R. were friends, and based on the small size of 

the school, S.A.R. intended for his statement to make its way to R.R.
J-S27027-23

- 7 -

Additionally, the attendant circumstances surrounding the threat 

upholds our conclusion that it was made with the intent to terrorize R.R. See

Miller, supra at 641. We note that S.A.R.’s statement that he wanted to 

shoot R.R. was unconditional, unambiguous, and appeared to be motivated by 

revenge. There is no evidence in the record supporting a notion that it was 

made in jest. Further, R.R. had reason to believe that S.A.R. had a propensity 

to engage in violence because S.A.R.’s purported impetus for the threat was 

his belief that R.R. had reported him for engaging in a fight against someone 

else. See N.T., 11/10/22, at 6. Finally, upon learning of the threat, R.R. 

immediately reacted with fear. She “got up and went and asked to go to the 

office, because [she] was scared.” Id. at 13. She then called her mother 

from the restroom and immediately proceeded to the school’s office 

thereafter. Id. Under the circumstances, S.A.R.’s threat “seriously 

impair[ed]” R.R.’s “personal security” and is the exact type of statement the

terroristic threats statute is intended to penalize. E.L.W., supra at 1206. We 

are unpersuaded by S.A.R.’s argument that the failure of J.H. to report the 

threat to a teacher negated an intent to terrorize, as the victim here was R.R., 

not J.H. 1 

____________________________________________

1 We are cognizant that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution 

may support a challenge to a terroristic threats adjudication or conviction 

apart from an analysis of evidentiary sufficiency. See, e.g., Interest of 

J.J.M., 265 A.3d 246, 270-71 (Pa. 2021) (analyzing whether statements made 

by a student constituted “true threats,” which are not entitled to First 

Amendment protection, after declining to grant allocatur on the question of 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
J-S27027-23

- 8 -

Finally, having determined that there was sufficient evidence to support 

the convictions, we reject S.A.R.’s argument that the threat was made in the 

spur of the moment such that it was removed from the purview § 2706(a). 

Although he generally asserts this proposition of law, he does not direct us to 

any portion of the record allowing a finding that the threat was made in the 

context of some heated argument or extreme provocation. See, e.g.,

Anneski, supra at 376 (finding a defendant lacked a settled purpose to 

terrorize a neighbor when she made a threat to shoot the neighbor “during a 

heated, perhaps hysterical, argument between neighbors”). Similarly, he 

offers no legal authority to support a ruling that his threat is comparable to 

other heat-of-the-moment threats that have been deemed insufficient as a 

matter of law, nor do we find any such authority. 

____________________________________________

evidentiary sufficiency); Commonwealth v. Knox, 190 A.3d 1146, 1152 (Pa. 

2018) (explaining that the Court had denied Knox’s petition for discretionary 

review of his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his 

terroristic threats convictions, but granted review on the issue of whether the 

statements at issue were “protected free speech or a true threat punishable 

by criminal sanction”). However, unlike the appellants in Knox and J.J.M., 

S.A.R. contests only evidentiary sufficiency and does not pose a First 

Amendment challenge to his adjudication. Consequently, we do not have 

cause or authority to conduct a free-speech-versus-true-threats analysis in 

this appeal. See, e.g., Knox, supra at 1152 n.5 (“Constitutional claims are 

subject to waiver regardless of their importance.”); In re Adoption of 

K.M.G., 219 A.3d 662, 668 (Pa.Super. 2019) (en banc) (“[T]he Superior Court 

cannot address constitutional issues sua sponte.”). Nonetheless, we observe 

that, in ascertaining the sufficiency of the evidence to establish that S.A.R. 

communicated a threat with the intent to terrorize, we have considered the 

contextual circumstances of S.A.R.’s communication that would have 

pertained to a true threat inquiry. See Knox, supra at 1153, 1159 (iterating 

contextual factors for identifying a true threat and observing that this 

constitutional analysis relates to the proof of the speaker’s intent). 
J-S27027-23

- 9 -

On the contrary, the record shows that the conversation took place amid 

class but not while the teacher was actively instructing students. See N.T., 

11/10/22, at 5-6. J.H. indicated that the discussion spanned a period of time, 

as S.A.R. would “just sit there and talk” and that J.H. would only respond 

sometimes. Id. at 8-9. Based on these circumstances, S.A.R. has not 

convinced us that his threat to shoot R.R. arose from significant provocation 

such that the threat fell outside the ambit of § 2706(a). 

In sum, we agree with the juvenile court’s conclusion that the 

Commonwealth met its burden of proving every element of terroristic threats 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, we affirm. 

Dispositional order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 9/12/2023