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22-1013-cr

United States v. Rosado

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR 

AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A 

SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the 

Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 

Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 30th day of July, two thousand 

twenty-four.

PRESENT:

BARRINGTON D. PARKER,

ALISON J. NATHAN,

SARAH A. L. MERRIAM,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

United States of America,

Appellee, 

v. 22-1013-cr

Steve Rosado, 

Defendant-Appellant

_____________________________________
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For Appellee: DAMIAN WILLIAMS, U.S. Attorney for the 

 Southern District of New York, New York, 

 NY; JONATHAN L. BODANSKY, JANE Y.

 CHONG, STEPHEN J. RITCHIN, on the brief 

 

For Defendant-Appellant: Steve Rosado, pro se

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern 

District of New York (Rakoff, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court as to 

Defendant-Appellant Steve Rosado’s pro se challenges to his conviction is

AFFIRMED.1

In November 2021, Rosado pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to (1) 

attempted enticement of a minor to engage in illegal sexual activity, in violation 

of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), and (2) attempted receipt of child pornography after 

having been convicted of sex offenses involving minors, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2252A(a)(2)(B) and (b)(1). Proceeding pro se, Rosado raises multiple challenges 

to his conviction. 

1 In a separate per curiam opinion filed concurrently with this summary order, we 

remand to the district court to amend Rosado’s sentence.
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First, Rosado argues that during his plea colloquy, the district court 

violated Rule 11 by failing to explain the elements of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). We 

review this contention for plain error because no objection was raised before the 

district court. See United States v. Pattee, 820 F.3d 496, 505 (2d Cir. 2016). During

the plea colloquy, the district court confirmed with Rosado that he had read the 

counts to which he was pleading, discussed them with his attorney, and 

understood them. At the district court’s prompting, Rosado also described the 

conduct that established his guilt under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). On this record, 

Rosado has not shown that the district court committed plain error. See Frederick 

v. Warden, Lewisburg Corr. Facility, 308 F.3d 192, 197–98 (2d Cir. 2002).

Moreover, Rosado’s contention that the district court failed to properly 

explain the elements of the § 2422(b) charge is based on his misunderstanding of 

controlling law. Rosado contends that the district court should have explained to 

him that simply persuading a proxy to allow him to have sex with a minor was 

insufficient to establish guilt for enticement. However, this Court has made clear

that a defendant may “commit criminal enticement pursuant to § 2422(b) by 

communicating with a person he believed to be the adult guardian of a minor.” 

United States v. Douglas, 626 F.3d 161, 165 (2d Cir. 2010); see also id. at 164 (noting 
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that “persuading a minor’s adult guardian to lead a child to participate in sexual 

activity” may be a basis for liability).2 There is no legal basis for Rosado’s claim 

that he was entitled to receive his requested explanation from the district court. 

Second, Rosado argues that a warrant the government secured in 

December 2020 to search his residence was not supported by probable cause and, 

consequently, that the evidence obtained pursuant to it should have been 

suppressed. We see no merit to this contention, and in any event, it is foreclosed 

by his guilty plea. It is well settled that a valid guilty plea forecloses a 

defendant’s opportunity to challenge the admissibility of evidence obtained in 

violation of the Fourth Amendment. See Class v. United States, 583 U.S. 174, 182 

(2018). Moreover, Rosado has not demonstrated the “good cause” necessary to 

excuse his failure to raise this issue before the district court. United States v. 

Klump, 536 F.3d 113, 120 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(c)(3)).

2 To the extent Rosado claims that he cannot be criminally liable because he tried 

to persuade an adult proxy to let him have sexual relations with her children 

rather than persuade her to lead the children to have sexual relations with him, 

this is a distinction without a difference and has no merit. Cf. United States v. 

Waqar, 997 F.3d 481, 488 (2d Cir. 2021) (holding that “18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) imposes 

no requirement that an individual endeavor to ‘transform or overcome’ the will 

of his intended victim”).
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Third, Rosado argues ineffective assistance of counsel based on his 

attorney’s failure to challenge the December 2020 warrant. We decline to address 

the merits of this claim because direct appeal generally is not the appropriate 

vehicle for doing so in the first instance. See United States v. Khedr, 343 F.3d 96, 

99–100 (2d Cir. 2003). Such claims may be raised in a motion pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 2255, especially when, as is the case here, the defendant “did not raise 

these contentions in the district court, [so] there is no record that would permit 

them to be assessed on this appeal.” United States v. Laurent, 33 F.4th 63, 97 (2d 

Cir. 2022). 

Fourth, Rosado challenges the district court’s refusal to dismiss his initial 

indictment. Rosado argued in the district court that there was insufficient 

evidence to support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). But that argument is 

now foreclosed by his guilty plea. See United States v. Bastian, 770 F.3d 212, 217 

(2d Cir. 2014). Additionally, the district court properly dismissed Rosado’s 

contention that the allegations in the initial indictment were insufficient as a 

matter of law. See Memorandum Order at 5–7, United States v. Rosado, No. 

1:21CR00003 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2021), ECF No. 13. Rosado argued that his

communications with the purported mother, rather than directly with the
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minors, were inadequate to support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), but 

as discussed above, this argument has no basis in our precedent regarding 

liability for enticement and was correctly rejected by the district court.

* * * 

We have considered Rosado’s remaining arguments and find them to be 

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment with 

respect to Rosado’s pro se challenges to his conviction.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court