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#           Avian Influenza Research                    Active

      By Alaska Science Center      April 9, 2024    

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                  -              Web Tools           
                  -              News           

Since 2006, the USGS Alaska Science Center has been part of the State and Federal interagency team for the detection and response to highly pathogenic (HPAI) viruses in North America. Avian influenza or "bird flu" is a viral disease that primarily infects domestic poultry and wild birds. Avian influenza viruses are naturally occurring in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds, however, when spread to poultry they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in backyard and commercial farms.

**Return to Ecosystems >> Terrestrial Ecosystems or Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health**

 

View Media Details

Through the Science Strategy for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Wildlife and the Environment, the USGS will assess avian influenza (AI) dynamics in an ecological context to inform decisions made by resource managers and policymakers from the local to national level. Research on avian influenza has revealed important patterns of virus movement and transmission in migratory birds. Ongoing work includes surveillance for foreign-origin pathogens and study of intercontinental links between Asia and North America.

Alaska is a geographically important focus of the surveillance program because it lies within the migratory routes of birds that move between North America and Asia. Research at the Alaska Science Center (ASC) strengthens the efficiency and effectiveness of HPAI surveillance across North America, while increasing our understanding of virus ecology in wild bird hosts. The ASC uses migratory, genetic and immunological data to: identify likely routes of virus introduction, determine priority species and regions to sample, and document changes to the genetic diversity of avian influenza that will strengthen future decision-making.

Learn more about highly pathogenic avian influenza, an emerging disease in wild birds and mammal in a recorded talk by Andy Ramey: Avian Influenza in Wildlife - Strait Science, April 13 2023

 

 

### Examining the Role of Migratory Birds the Movement of Avian Pathogens between and within Continents 

View Media Details

Past research on molecular characteristics of avian disease by the USGS and collaborators has documented host prevalence, transmission patterns, genetic origins, and inter-continental movement of disease agents between Alaska and East Asia. This project takes these findings further by examining new pathogens, demographic impacts, and new host populations.

Since 2011, USGS studies have examined emerging avian diseases, links between disease and climate change, environmental persistence of avian viruses, blood parasite prevalence and transmission, and fitness consequences of specific pathogens. Molecular detection and characterization of these pathogens is one of the primary objectives and novel methods being developed to take advantage of new techniques in the area of molecular genetics. Study locations include: Anchorage, Colville River Delta, Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, and Izunuma Lake, Northern Honshu, Japan.

 

### Avian Influenza Genomics

View Media Details

The USGS Alaska Science Center has conducted genome sequencing of avian influenza viruses since 2006 to gather information on how migratory birds are involved in the movement of influenza genes between Eastern and Western Hemispheres. More recently, the USGS has used next generation sequencing platforms to more rapidly and thoroughly obtain genetic information on avian influenza viruses.  USGS research has documented more inter-hemispheric viruses in Alaska than elsewhere in North America and evidence of a complete genome virus that was moved between Asia and Alaska via migratory birds.   Ongoing genomics research at the Alaska Science is directed towards improving our understanding of how viruses are transmitted between host species and transported among geographic locations. Such information can be used to improve future surveillance efforts for avian influenza viruses and other microbes that infect wild birds.

 

View Media Details

### Bird Migration and Influenza

                                      - Mallard
                                      - Blue-winged Teal
                                      - Northern Pintail
                                      - Tundra Swan
                                      - Shorbirds
                                      - Gulls

 

### Research and Surveillance

The USGS Alaska Science Center conducts research and surveillance activities to assess the role of wild birds in the introduction and spread of avian influenza viruses in North America via migratory flyways.

**Ongoing Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge**

Since 2010, the USGS has conducted collaborative surveillance sampling for influenza A viruses in wild birds at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. This project samples selected species at an intercontinental crossroads for migratory waterfowl. Genetic sequencing of the viruses obtained provides information on subtype diversity, patterns of interspecies transmission, and the evolution and persistence of Eurasian origin viral genes in western Alaska. Findings are informing future surveillance activities for foreign origin influenza viruses in Alaska and elsewhere in North America.

**Priority Species for Sampling**

In early 2006, an Alaska Interagency Avian Influenza Working Group was formed to develop a ranking matrix for selecting priority species to be sampled within Alaska. Most wild bird species with populations that utilize areas of both Alaska and Asia were identified and considered in the ranking exercise. Based on scoring criteria, 28 target species were chosen for sampling based on five factors: 1) proportion of the population occurring in Asia, 2) contact with a known ‘hot spot’ or source of highly pathogenic avian influenza, 3) habitats used in Asia in context with exposure potential, 4) population size in Alaska, and 5) ability to obtain a representative sample of sufficient size.  ***Information about these species can be found here*****.**

However, as USGS and other agency partners began to look at the virus data from wild bird sampling, it became clear that some birds and regions were not useful for obtaining viral genetic information that informed future surveillance plans (see Ramey et al. 2010).  Thus, currently, the USGS now samples annually at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge in the fall and only samples a handful of species, such as northern pintail, emperor geese, and glaucous-winged gulls.  By reducing the scale of our sampling, we obtain valuable information on avian influenza for a much smaller cost.

### Previous Research and Surveillance

**Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Western Alaska**

The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska is an important breeding ground for thousands of birds and is located in an area where multiple migratory flyways converge, providing opportunities for infectious agents, like avian influenza virus, to spread. Earlier work by the USGS found a high frequency of Eurasian origin genes in western Alaska, indicating movement of viruses into North America. In addition, results suggest that species readily share introduced viruses in areas such as the the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta where thousands of individuals from numerous species and multiple international migratory flyways co-occur. 

**H5N1 Surveillance Activities**

Following the outbreaks of Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), it was determined that if H5N1 HPAI viruses were to spread to North America via migratory birds, the the most likely location for initial detection in North America would be in Alaska because of the overlap of major migratory bird flyways in this region. The USGS summarized available research on migration and distribution of birds in Alaska to determine a list of priority species for sampling that would maximize the probability of detection should Asian H5N1 HPAI be present in Alaska. The criteria used to determine priority species by the USGS can be found in Attachment 4 of the 2006 document, "Interagency Strategic Plan for Avian Influenza Surveillance in Migratory Birds" [PDF 1.98 MB].

### Study Area

### Contacts

#### Andy Ramey, Ph.D.

##### Research Wildlife Geneticist

Alaska Science Center

aramey@usgs.gov

907-786-7174

#### Christina Ahlstrom, Ph.D.

##### Geneticist

Alaska Science Center

cahlstrom@usgs.gov

907-786-7114

####             Paul Flint, Ph.D. (Former Employee)          

##### Research Wildlife Biologist

Alaska Science Center

#### John A Reed

##### Data Manager / Wildlife Biologist

Alaska Science Center

jareed@usgs.gov

907-786-7406

#### John M. Pearce, Ph.D.

##### Associate Center Director for Ecosystems

Alaska Science Center

jpearce@usgs.gov

907-786-7094

### Explore Search

                            - Birds
                            - Wildlife Disease
                            - Terrestrial Wildlife Diseases
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                            - Fish and Wildlife Disease
                            - Wildlife and Terrestrial Species
                            - Avian Influenza
                            - Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health
                            - Biology
                            - Ecosystems
                            - avian influenza
                            - Avian Diseases

View All **

Below are other science projects associated with this project.

link

September 8, 2023

####                 Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health in Alaska              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Species Management Research Program, Alaska Science Center

link

September 8, 2023

####   Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health in Alaska

Learn More

link

May 18, 2018

####                 High Priority Species for Avian Influenza in Alaska              

Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Alaska Science Center

link

May 18, 2018

####   High Priority Species for Avian Influenza in Alaska

Learn More

link

May 18, 2018

####                 Bird Migration and Influenza              

Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Alaska Science Center

link

May 18, 2018

####   Bird Migration and Influenza

Learn More

Below are data or web applications associated with this project.

November 15, 2023

####                 Molecular Detection and Characterization of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds Inhabiting Western Alaska Provides Evidence for Three Independent Viral Introductions              

Alaska Science Center

August 30, 2021

####                 Temporal Viral Viability Data from Avian Influenza A Viruses Maintained in Alaska Wetlands Under Experimental and Environmental Conditions              

Environmental Health Program, Alaska Science Center

April 28, 2020

####                 Temporal Viral Viability Data from Avian Influenza A Viruses Maintained in North American Wetlands Under Experimental and Environmental Conditions              

Environmental Health Program, Alaska Science Center

January 14, 2020

####                 Influenza A Virus Persistence Data from an Urban Wetland in Anchorage, Alaska, 2018-2019              

Alaska Science Center

May 21, 2019

####                 Influenza A Virus Data from Emperor Geese, Alaska              

Alaska Science Center

May 1, 2019

####                 Influenza A antibodies in Pacific (Gavia pacifica), Red-throated (G. stellata), and Yellow-billed Loons (G. adamsii) in Alaska, 2008-2017              

Alaska Science Center

March 6, 2019

####                 Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska              

Alaska Science Center

December 19, 2018

####                 Serological Data on Influenza A from Birds and Mammals on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Northern Alaska, 2011-2017              

Alaska Science Center

October 27, 2017

####                 Influenza A Viruses and Antibody Response in High-Latitude Urban Wintering Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Alaska, 2012-2015              

Alaska Science Center

June 8, 2016

####                 Migratory Bird Avian Influenza Sampling; Yukon Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 2015              

Alaska Science Center

Below are publications associated with this project.

November 10, 2023

####                 Molecular detection and characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild birds provides evidence for three independent introductions into Alaska              

Alaska Science Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Molecular Ecology Laboratory

October 24, 2023

####                 High pathogenicity avian influenza represents an unprecedented conservation challenge for globally declining seabird populations. Response to: Editorial, Protect wildlife from livestock diseases (Thijs Kuiken & Ruth Cromie)              

Alaska Science Center

September 15, 2023

####                 Avian influenza in wild birds              

Alaska Science Center

September 5, 2023

####                 Baiting and banding: Expert opinion on how bait trapping may influence the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) among dabbling ducks              

Alaska Science Center

July 28, 2022

####                 Proceedings of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Wild Birds Webinar Series, August 2–5, 2021              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

June 16, 2022

####                 Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): An emerging disease threat in North America              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

June 6, 2022

####                 Maintenance and dissemination of avian-origin influenza A virus within the northern Atlantic Flyway of North America              

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science Center

January 11, 2022

####                 Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center

September 7, 2021

####                 Evidence for interannual persistence of infectious influenza A viruses in Alaska wetlands              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Alaska Science Center, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

July 26, 2021

####                 The spatial-temporal relationship of blue-winged teal to domestic poultry: Movement state modeling of a highly mobile avian influenza host              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Climate Adaptation Science Centers, Eastern Ecological Science Center

January 7, 2021

####                 Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of Avian Orthoavulavirus 16, isolated from Emperor Goose (Anser canagica) feces, Alaska, USA              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center, Wildland Fire Science

March 16, 2020

####                 Ecology of influenza A viruses in wild birds and wetlands of Alaska              

Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

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August 25, 2022

####                 Avian Influenza Geonarrative              

The USGS Ecosystems Mission Area provides science to understand wildlife diseases, including avian influenza (AI). Avian influenza viruses occur naturally in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds but they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in poultry and wildlife. Learn more with this geonarrative.

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Cooperative Research Units, Alaska Science Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC)

Below are news stories associated with this project.

Avian Flu Testing of Wild Ducks Informs Biosecurity and Can Reduce Economic Loss

May 1, 2017

####   Avian Flu Testing of Wild Ducks Informs Biosecurity and Can Reduce Economic Loss

Ducks in North America can be carriers of avian influenza viruses similar to those found in a 2016 outbreak in Indiana that led to the losses of...

Read Article

Wild Birds an Unlikely Source of Costly Poultry Disease

March 15, 2017

####   Wild Birds an Unlikely Source of Costly Poultry Disease

Wild ducks and shorebirds do not appear to carry Newcastle disease viruses that sicken or kill poultry, according to a new study led by the U.S...

Read Article

Gulls in Alaska Found to Carry Antibiotic Resistant E. coli

September 26, 2016

####   Gulls in Alaska Found to Carry Antibiotic Resistant E. coli

ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Some gulls in southcentral Alaska are carriers of antibiotic resistant strains of E. coli, according to a new study co-authored by...

Read Article

Alaska Still a Likely Portal for Avian Influenza

April 5, 2016

####   Alaska Still a Likely Portal for Avian Influenza

ANCHORAGE, Alaska — The U.S. Geological Survey released additional evidence that western Alaska remains a hot spot for avian influenza to enter North...

Read Article

                  - Overview  
Since 2006, the USGS Alaska Science Center has been part of the State and Federal interagency team for the detection and response to highly pathogenic (HPAI) viruses in North America. Avian influenza or "bird flu" is a viral disease that primarily infects domestic poultry and wild birds. Avian influenza viruses are naturally occurring in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds, however, when spread to poultry they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in backyard and commercial farms.

**Return to Ecosystems >> Terrestrial Ecosystems or Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health**

 
        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsGraphic depicting five bird migration flyways of the Pacific Ocean basin.(Credit: Mary Whalen, USGS. Public domain.)
Through the Science Strategy for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Wildlife and the Environment, the USGS will assess avian influenza (AI) dynamics in an ecological context to inform decisions made by resource managers and policymakers from the local to national level. Research on avian influenza has revealed important patterns of virus movement and transmission in migratory birds. Ongoing work includes surveillance for foreign-origin pathogens and study of intercontinental links between Asia and North America.

Alaska is a geographically important focus of the surveillance program because it lies within the migratory routes of birds that move between North America and Asia. Research at the Alaska Science Center (ASC) strengthens the efficiency and effectiveness of HPAI surveillance across North America, while increasing our understanding of virus ecology in wild bird hosts. The ASC uses migratory, genetic and immunological data to: identify likely routes of virus introduction, determine priority species and regions to sample, and document changes to the genetic diversity of avian influenza that will strengthen future decision-making.

Learn more about highly pathogenic avian influenza, an emerging disease in wild birds and mammal in a recorded talk by Andy Ramey: Avian Influenza in Wildlife - Strait Science, April 13 2023

 

 
Examining the Role of Migratory Birds the Movement of Avian Pathogens between and within Continents         Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsUSGS Scienctist Andrew Ramey releases a Northern Pintail Duck in Japan. (Credit: John Reed, USGS. Public domain.)
Past research on molecular characteristics of avian disease by the USGS and collaborators has documented host prevalence, transmission patterns, genetic origins, and inter-continental movement of disease agents between Alaska and East Asia. This project takes these findings further by examining new pathogens, demographic impacts, and new host populations.

Since 2011, USGS studies have examined emerging avian diseases, links between disease and climate change, environmental persistence of avian viruses, blood parasite prevalence and transmission, and fitness consequences of specific pathogens. Molecular detection and characterization of these pathogens is one of the primary objectives and novel methods being developed to take advantage of new techniques in the area of molecular genetics. Study locations include: Anchorage, Colville River Delta, Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, and Izunuma Lake, Northern Honshu, Japan.

 
Avian Influenza Genomics        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsUSGS Scienctist Rob Wilson adding prepared genetic material to a gel in the Alaska Science Center Molecular Ecology Laboratory.(Credit: Yvette Gillies, USGS. Public domain.)
The USGS Alaska Science Center has conducted genome sequencing of avian influenza viruses since 2006 to gather information on how migratory birds are involved in the movement of influenza genes between Eastern and Western Hemispheres. More recently, the USGS has used next generation sequencing platforms to more rapidly and thoroughly obtain genetic information on avian influenza viruses.  USGS research has documented more inter-hemispheric viruses in Alaska than elsewhere in North America and evidence of a complete genome virus that was moved between Asia and Alaska via migratory birds.   Ongoing genomics research at the Alaska Science is directed towards improving our understanding of how viruses are transmitted between host species and transported among geographic locations. Such information can be used to improve future surveillance efforts for avian influenza viruses and other microbes that infect wild birds.

 
        Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsDunlin flock near Egegik, Alaska.(Credit: Daniel Ruthrauff, USGS. Public domain.)Bird Migration and Influenza- Mallard
- Blue-winged Teal
- Northern Pintail
- Tundra Swan
- Shorbirds
- Gulls

 
Research and Surveillance
The USGS Alaska Science Center conducts research and surveillance activities to assess the role of wild birds in the introduction and spread of avian influenza viruses in North America via migratory flyways.

**Ongoing Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge**

Since 2010, the USGS has conducted collaborative surveillance sampling for influenza A viruses in wild birds at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. This project samples selected species at an intercontinental crossroads for migratory waterfowl. Genetic sequencing of the viruses obtained provides information on subtype diversity, patterns of interspecies transmission, and the evolution and persistence of Eurasian origin viral genes in western Alaska. Findings are informing future surveillance activities for foreign origin influenza viruses in Alaska and elsewhere in North America.

**Priority Species for Sampling**

In early 2006, an Alaska Interagency Avian Influenza Working Group was formed to develop a ranking matrix for selecting priority species to be sampled within Alaska. Most wild bird species with populations that utilize areas of both Alaska and Asia were identified and considered in the ranking exercise. Based on scoring criteria, 28 target species were chosen for sampling based on five factors: 1) proportion of the population occurring in Asia, 2) contact with a known ‘hot spot’ or source of highly pathogenic avian influenza, 3) habitats used in Asia in context with exposure potential, 4) population size in Alaska, and 5) ability to obtain a representative sample of sufficient size.  ***Information about these species can be found here*****.**

However, as USGS and other agency partners began to look at the virus data from wild bird sampling, it became clear that some birds and regions were not useful for obtaining viral genetic information that informed future surveillance plans (see Ramey et al. 2010).  Thus, currently, the USGS now samples annually at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge in the fall and only samples a handful of species, such as northern pintail, emperor geese, and glaucous-winged gulls.  By reducing the scale of our sampling, we obtain valuable information on avian influenza for a much smaller cost.
Previous Research and Surveillance
**Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Western Alaska**

The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska is an important breeding ground for thousands of birds and is located in an area where multiple migratory flyways converge, providing opportunities for infectious agents, like avian influenza virus, to spread. Earlier work by the USGS found a high frequency of Eurasian origin genes in western Alaska, indicating movement of viruses into North America. In addition, results suggest that species readily share introduced viruses in areas such as the the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta where thousands of individuals from numerous species and multiple international migratory flyways co-occur. 

**H5N1 Surveillance Activities**

Following the outbreaks of Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), it was determined that if H5N1 HPAI viruses were to spread to North America via migratory birds, the the most likely location for initial detection in North America would be in Alaska because of the overlap of major migratory bird flyways in this region. The USGS summarized available research on migration and distribution of birds in Alaska to determine a list of priority species for sampling that would maximize the probability of detection should Asian H5N1 HPAI be present in Alaska. The criteria used to determine priority species by the USGS can be found in Attachment 4 of the 2006 document, "Interagency Strategic Plan for Avian Influenza Surveillance in Migratory Birds" [PDF 1.98 MB].
Study AreaContactsAndy Ramey, Ph.D.Research Wildlife GeneticistAlaska Science CenterEmailaramey@usgs.govPhone907-786-7174Christina Ahlstrom, Ph.D.GeneticistAlaska Science CenterEmailcahlstrom@usgs.govPhone907-786-7114            Paul Flint, Ph.D. (Former Employee)          Research Wildlife BiologistAlaska Science CenterJohn A ReedData Manager / Wildlife BiologistAlaska Science CenterEmailjareed@usgs.govPhone907-786-7406John M. Pearce, Ph.D.Associate Center Director for EcosystemsAlaska Science CenterEmailjpearce@usgs.govPhone907-786-7094Explore Search- Birds
- Wildlife Disease
- Terrestrial Wildlife Diseases
- Ecosystems
- Fish and Wildlife Disease
- Wildlife and Terrestrial Species
- Avian Influenza
- Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health
- Biology
- Ecosystems
- avian influenza
- Avian Diseases
View All ** 
                  - Science  
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
LabellinkSeptember 8, 2023                Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health in Alaska                Environmental health is defined by connections between the physical environment, ecological health, and human health. Current research within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recognizes the importance of this integrated research philosophy, which includes study of disease and pollutants as they pertain to both wildlife and humans. Due to its key geographic location and significant wildlife...ByEcosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Species Management Research Program, Alaska Science CenterlinkSeptember 8, 2023  Wildlife Disease and Environmental Health in Alaska  Environmental health is defined by connections between the physical environment, ecological health, and human health. Current research within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recognizes the importance of this integrated research philosophy, which includes study of disease and pollutants as they pertain to both wildlife and humans. Due to its key geographic location and significant wildlife...Learn More**linkMay 18, 2018                High Priority Species for Avian Influenza in Alaska                In early 2006, an Alaska Interagency Avian Influenza Working Group was formed to develop a ranking matrix for selecting priority species to be sampled within Alaska. Most wild bird species with populations that utilize areas of both Alaska and Asia were identified and considered in the ranking exercise. Based on scoring criteria, 28 target species were chosen for sampling. Alaska is a...ByBiological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Alaska Science CenterlinkMay 18, 2018  High Priority Species for Avian Influenza in Alaska  In early 2006, an Alaska Interagency Avian Influenza Working Group was formed to develop a ranking matrix for selecting priority species to be sampled within Alaska. Most wild bird species with populations that utilize areas of both Alaska and Asia were identified and considered in the ranking exercise. Based on scoring criteria, 28 target species were chosen for sampling. Alaska is a...Learn More**linkMay 18, 2018                Bird Migration and Influenza                The movement and transmission of avian influenza viruses in wild birds may differ by the migratory nature of each host species.ByBiological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Alaska Science CenterlinkMay 18, 2018  Bird Migration and Influenza  The movement and transmission of avian influenza viruses in wild birds may differ by the migratory nature of each host species.Learn More** 
                  - Data  
Below are data or web applications associated with this project.
LabelNovember 15, 2023                Molecular Detection and Characterization of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds Inhabiting Western Alaska Provides Evidence for Three Independent Viral Introductions              This data set describes three independent viral introductions of Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses into Alaska.ByAlaska Science CenterAugust 30, 2021                Temporal Viral Viability Data from Avian Influenza A Viruses Maintained in Alaska Wetlands Under Experimental and Environmental Conditions              Data sets containing: (1) sample collection and influenza A virus (IAV) screening information for wild ducks, (2) water temperature data from four wetlands within the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, USA (3) water quality measurement from four wetlands within the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, USA, (4) genetic sequence data for IAVs recovered from replicate samples of wildByEnvironmental Health Program, Alaska Science CenterApril 28, 2020                Temporal Viral Viability Data from Avian Influenza A Viruses Maintained in North American Wetlands Under Experimental and Environmental Conditions              Data sets containing: (1) sample collection and influenza A virus (IAV) screening information for wild ducks, (2) water temperature data for six North American wetlands, (3) water quality measurement from those wetlands, (4) laboratory-based study of viral viability using Minnesota wetland water, (5) naive mallards challenged experimentally with IAVs identified from the field experiment, and (6) gByEnvironmental Health Program, Alaska Science CenterJanuary 14, 2020                Influenza A Virus Persistence Data from an Urban Wetland in Anchorage, Alaska, 2018-2019              This dataset is three tables with details of samples and aliquots of waterfowl feces deposited in filtered surface water collected from an urban waterbody in Anchorage, Alaska in 2018-2019. Sample vials were submerged underwater in the same waterbody from which the samples were collected and the samples were tested for the presence and viability of influenza A virus. Temperature data and water cheByAlaska Science CenterMay 21, 2019                Influenza A Virus Data from Emperor Geese, Alaska              Data set containing avian influenza A virus (IAV) sampling information for Emperor Geese in Alaska, 2015-2017. The data are in three tables: 1) collection data and IAV screening results from fecal samples at several sites in southwestern Alaska, 2) results of blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) tests for IAV antibodies in blood serum collected from nesting female Emperor geese nearByAlaska Science CenterMay 1, 2019                Influenza A antibodies in Pacific (Gavia pacifica), Red-throated (G. stellata), and Yellow-billed Loons (G. adamsii) in Alaska, 2008-2017              This data set contains three spreadsheets with results of Influenza A Virus (IAV) screening in blood from Pacific, Red-throated, and Yellow-billed Loons at three locations in Alaska. Loons were captured along the Beaufort Sea Coast, Chukchi Sea Coast, and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta from 2008-2017. Three different tests were used and the results are presented in separate spreadsheets. All serum samplesByAlaska Science CenterMarch 6, 2019                Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska              Data set containing avian influenza sampling information for late summer and early autumn waterfowl and gulls within and around the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Alaska, 2011-2016. Data contains species, age, sex, collection data and location of sampled migratory birds. Laboratory specific data used to identify presence and absence of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from collected samples areByAlaska Science CenterDecember 19, 2018                Serological Data on Influenza A from Birds and Mammals on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Northern Alaska, 2011-2017              These data (in two spreadsheets) are the results of screening for influenza A viruses (IAV) in blood from wild animals that utilize the Arctic region of Alaska. 758 blood samples from nine wildlife species (3 mammal, 6 waterbird) were collected in Arctic Alaska, 2011-2017. Two different tests were used and the results are presented in separate spreadsheets. All blood samples were screened for IAVByAlaska Science CenterOctober 27, 2017                Influenza A Viruses and Antibody Response in High-Latitude Urban Wintering Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Alaska, 2012-2015              This data set contains information regarding the sampling of avian influenza viruses from mallard ducks at locations in Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska 2012-2015. Data pertaining to wild birds (mallards) sampled includes band numbers, age and sex, location and timing of sampling. Laboratory specific data is also included and used to identify presence and absence of avian influenza viruses either dByAlaska Science CenterJune 8, 2016                Migratory Bird Avian Influenza Sampling; Yukon Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 2015              Data set containing avian influenza sampling information for spring and summer waterbirds on the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta, 2015. Data contains sample ID, species common name, age and sex, collection data and location, and laboratory specific data used to identify presence and absence of avian influenza viruses.ByAlaska Science Center 
                  - Publications  
Below are publications associated with this project.
Filter Total Items: 54Publication Type (field_pub_type)TypeArticleBookBook ChapterConference PaperNewsletterOtherReportThesisRelease Date (field_release_date)Year202420232022202120202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995LabelNovember 10, 2023                Molecular detection and characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild birds provides evidence for three independent introductions into Alaska              We detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild waterfowl inhabiting western Alaska during September–October 2022 using a molecular sequencing pipeline applied to RNA extracts derived directly from original swab samples. Genomic characterization of 10 H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses detected with high confidence provided evidence for thAuthorsAndrew M. Ramey, Laura Celeste Scott, Christina Ahlstrom, Evan James Buck, Alison Williams, Mia  Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. PoulsonByAlaska Science Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Molecular Ecology LaboratoryOctober 24, 2023                High pathogenicity avian influenza represents an unprecedented conservation challenge for globally declining seabird populations. Response to: Editorial, Protect wildlife from livestock diseases (Thijs Kuiken & Ruth Cromie)              No abstract available.AuthorsMichelle Wille, Stephanie Avery-Gomm, Valentina Caliendo, Kees Camphuysen, E. Humphreys, Andrew Lang, Emma Philip, Andrew M. Ramey, Jolianne M. Rijks, Gregory Robertson, Laura RobertsonByAlaska Science CenterSeptember 15, 2023                Avian influenza in wild birds              Influenza A viruses (IAVs)maintained among wild waterfowl, gulls, shorebirds, and some seabirds, and typically do not cause disease.  Some avian-origin IAVs that have previously spilled over into domestic poultry have developed a highly pathogenic phenotype and have become important pathogens affecting both wild birds and poultry.  These avian-origin IAVs have important implications to the productAuthorsAndrew M. RameyByAlaska Science CenterSeptember 5, 2023                Baiting and banding: Expert opinion on how bait trapping may influence the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) among dabbling ducks              A Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the clade 2.3.4.4b (Goose/Guangdong lineage) was detected in migratory bird populations in North America in December 2021, and it, along with its reassortants, have since caused wild and domestic bird outbreaks across the continent. Relative to previous outbreaks, HPAIV cases among wild birds in 2022 exhibited wider geographic eAuthorsJennifer F. Provencher, Alana A. E. Wilcox, Samantha E. J. Gibbs, Lesley-Anne Howes, Mark L. Mallory, Margo J. Pybus, Andrew M. Ramey, Eric T. Reed, Chris Sharp, Catherine Soos, Iga Stasiak, Jim O. LeafloorByAlaska Science CenterJuly 28, 2022                Proceedings of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Wild Birds Webinar Series, August 2–5, 2021              In light of ongoing and geographically widespread highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds throughout much of Eurasia during 2020–21, the Interagency Steering Committee for Avian Influenza Surveillance in Wild Migratory Birds disseminated an informational memorandum in January 2021 to highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and heightened awareness in North America. ThAuthorsM. Camille Hopkins, J. Russ Mason, Giavanna Haddock, Andrew M. RameyByEcosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science CenterJune 16, 2022                Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): An emerging disease threat in North America              Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is an ecologically and economically significant avian disease that is quickly spreading among wild and domestic birds throughout North America. In this blog post, we provide information and resources that can help you to be informed, be prepared, and be ready to take appropriate action should you observe wild birds that may be affected by HPAI.AuthorsAndrew M. Ramey, Colleen M. HandelByEcosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science CenterJune 6, 2022                Maintenance and dissemination of avian-origin influenza A virus within the northern Atlantic Flyway of North America              Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors known as flyways. In a continental or global view, the study of virus movements within and across flyways is important to understanding virus diversity, evolution, and movement. From 2015 to 2017, we sampled waterfowl from breeAuthorsDiann Prosser, Jiani Chen, Christina Ahlstrom, Andrew B. Reeves, Rebecca L. Poulson, Jeffery D. Sullivan, Daniel McAuley, Carl R. Callahan, Peter C. McGowan, Justin Bahl, David E. Stallknecht, Andrew M. RameyByEcosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science CenterJanuary 11, 2022                Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America              Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus, the long-held and well-supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks were restricted to poultry, the result of cross-species transmission of precursor viruses from wild aquatic birds that subsequently gained pathogenicity in domestic birds. Therefore, management agencies typicallAuthorsAndrew M. Ramey, Nichola J. Hill, Thomas J. DeLiberto, Samantha E. J. Gibbs, M. Camille Hopkins, Andrew S. Lang, Rebecca L. Poulson, Diann Prosser, Jonathan M. Sleeman, David E. Stallknecht, Xiu-Feng WanByEcosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Eastern Ecological Science CenterSeptember 7, 2021                Evidence for interannual persistence of infectious influenza A viruses in Alaska wetlands              Influenza A viruses (IAVs) deposited by wild birds into the environment may lead to sporadic mortality events and economically costly outbreaks among domestic birds. There is a paucity of information, however, regarding the persistence of infectious IAVs within the environment following deposition. In this investigation, we assessed the persistence of 12 IAVs that were present in the cloaca and/orAuthorsAndrew M. Ramey, Andrew B. Reeves, Benjamin Joel Lagassé, Vijay P. Patil, Laura E. Hubbard, Dana W. Kolpin, R. Blaine McCleskey, Deborah A. Repert, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. PoulsonByEcosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Alaska Science Center, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science CenterJuly 26, 2021                The spatial-temporal relationship of blue-winged teal to domestic poultry: Movement state modeling of a highly mobile avian influenza host              1. Migratory waterfowl facilitate long distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens and are increasingly recognized as contributing to the geographic spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV). AIV are globally distributed and have the potential to produce highly contagious poultry disease, economically impact both large-scale and backyard poultry producers, and raise the specter of epidemics and pandemiAuthorsJohn M. Humphreys, David C. Douglas, Andrew M. Ramey, Jennifer M. Mullinax, Catherine Soos, Paul T. Link, Patrick Walther, Diann ProsserByEcosystems Mission Area, Climate Adaptation Science Centers, Eastern Ecological Science CenterJanuary 7, 2021                Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of Avian Orthoavulavirus 16, isolated from Emperor Goose (Anser canagica) feces, Alaska, USA              We sequenced the coding-complete genome of an avian orthoavulavirus serotype 16 (AOAV-16) isolate recovered from emperor goose (Anser canagicus) feces collected in Alaska. The detection of AOAV-16 in North America and genomic sequencing of the resultant isolate confirms that the geographic distribution of this virus extends beyond Asia.AuthorsAndrew B. Reeves, Mary Lea Killian, Michael E Tanner, Benjamin Joel Lagassé, Andrew M. Ramey, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. PoulsonByEcosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center, Wildland Fire ScienceMarch 16, 2020                Ecology of influenza A viruses in wild birds and wetlands of Alaska              Alaska represents a globally important region for the ecology of avian-origin influenza A viruses (IAVs) given expansive wetlands in this region which serve as habitat for numerous hosts of IAVs that disperse among four continents during the annual cycle.  Extensive sampling of wild birds for IAVs in Alaska since 1991 has greatly extended inference regarding intercontinental viral exchange betweenAuthorsAndrew M. Ramey, Andrew B. ReevesByEcosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science CenterPagination-                Current page            1 
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                  - Web Tools  LabelAugust 25, 2022                Avian Influenza Geonarrative              
The USGS Ecosystems Mission Area provides science to understand wildlife diseases, including avian influenza (AI). Avian influenza viruses occur naturally in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds but they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in poultry and wildlife. Learn more with this geonarrative.
ByEcosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Cooperative Research Units, Alaska Science Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC) 
                  - News  
Below are news stories associated with this project.
LabelAvian Flu Testing of Wild Ducks Informs Biosecurity and Can Reduce Economic LossMay 1, 2017  Avian Flu Testing of Wild Ducks Informs Biosecurity and Can Reduce Economic Loss
Ducks in North America can be carriers of avian influenza viruses similar to those found in a 2016 outbreak in Indiana that led to the losses of...
Read Article**Wild Birds an Unlikely Source of Costly Poultry DiseaseMarch 15, 2017  Wild Birds an Unlikely Source of Costly Poultry Disease
Wild ducks and shorebirds do not appear to carry Newcastle disease viruses that sicken or kill poultry, according to a new study led by the U.S...
Read Article**Gulls in Alaska Found to Carry Antibiotic Resistant E. coliSeptember 26, 2016  Gulls in Alaska Found to Carry Antibiotic Resistant E. coli
ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Some gulls in southcentral Alaska are carriers of antibiotic resistant strains of E. coli, according to a new study co-authored by...
Read Article**Alaska Still a Likely Portal for Avian InfluenzaApril 5, 2016  Alaska Still a Likely Portal for Avian Influenza
ANCHORAGE, Alaska — The U.S. Geological Survey released additional evidence that western Alaska remains a hot spot for avian influenza to enter North...
Read Article**