NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

JOE SAMUEL BAILEY, )

LASERSCOPIC SPINAL CENTERS OF )

AMERICA, INC.; LASERSCOPIC )

MEDICAL CLINIC LLC; )

LASERSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC )

IMAGING AND PHYSICAL THERAPY )

LLC; LASERSCOPIC SPINAL )

CENTER OF FLORIDA, LLC; and )

LASERSCOPIC SURGERY CENTER )

OF FLORIDA, )

)

Appellants/Cross-Appellees, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D17-895

)

JAMES S. ST. LOUIS, D.O.; )

MICHAEL W. PERRY, M.D.; EFO )

HOLDINGS L.P.; EFO GENPAR, INC.; )

EFO LASER SPINE INSTITUTE, LTD.; )

LASER SPINE INSTITUTE, LLC; )

LASER SPINE MEDICAL CLINIC, LLC; )

LASER SPINE PHYSICAL THERAPY, )

LLC; and LASER SPINE SURGICAL )

CENTER, LLC, )

)

Appellees/Cross-Appellants. )

)

Opinion filed December 28, 2018. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for 

Hillsborough County; Richard A. Nielsen, 

Judge.

William J. Schifino of Burr & Forman LLP 

Tampa; Stuart C. Markman, Kristin A. 
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Norse, and Robert W. Ritsch of Kynes, 

Markman & Felman, P.A., Tampa; 

Jennifer G. Altman and Shani Rivaux of 

Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw, Pittman LLP, 

Miami, for Appellants/Cross-Appellees.

Stacey D. Blank and Joseph H. 

Varner, III of Holland & Knight LLP, Tampa, 

for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

KELLY, Judge.

This is the second appeal from a final judgment entered in favor of the 

appellants/cross-appellees in an action against the appellees/cross-appellants for 

breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy, defamation, slander per se, tortious interference, 

and violation of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (FDUTPA). The 

factual background underlying this litigation is fully set forth in Bailey v. St. Louis, 196 

So. 3d 375 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) (Bailey I), and repeating it here is unnecessary. In 

Bailey I, we affirmed the final judgment but reversed the damages awarded by the trial 

court. On remand, with the exception of adding an award for punitive damages, the trial 

court awarded the same damages this court had previously reversed. Again, we 

reverse those awards. As to the remaining issues raised in the appeal and in the crossappeal, we affirm without further comment. 

In Bailey I, the appellants had prevailed on claims for breach of fiduciary 

duty, conspiracy, slander per se, tortious interference, and violation of FDUTPA. We 

reversed the damages awarded for everything but slander per se because, as explained 

in our opinion, we could not square the awards with the evidence or the trial court's 

findings, which were quite limited with respect to damages. See 196 So. 3d at 377. We 
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also reversed the trial court's decision not to award monetary damages for the 

appellees' FDUTPA violations and not to award punitive damages. See id. We 

determined that the trial court incorrectly ruled that it could not award monetary 

damages under FDUTPA and that it also erroneously found that the facts did not 

support an award of punitive damages. See id. 

There were two components to the total damage award of $1,600,000 at 

issue in Bailey I. The first was an award of $300,000 to Laserscopic Spine Centers of 

America, Inc. (Spine), for out-of-pocket damages for tortious inference. With respect to 

this award we stated, "In its order, the trial court accepted the calculations of only one of 

the experts 'as to out of pocket losses,' and it found that the expert testified that the 

Appellants suffered out-of-pocket damages of $6,831,172." 196 So. 3d at 377 (footnote 

omitted). Yet, the total award of damages was only $1,600,000. The trial court offered 

no explanation as to how it ended up entering a total award that was less than onefourth of the amount it cited for out-of-pocket damages alone, and the record provided 

no insight into the basis for the award.1 

On remand, the trial court again awarded $300,000. By way of 

explanation, the court stated that it had rejected the appellants' expert's testimony as to 

out-of-pocket losses. However, as explained in Bailey I, the trial court had expressly 

accepted the expert's calculation regarding out-of-pocket losses. The court purports to 

1The appellees' argument to the trial court was not helpful in terms of 

understanding the award. Their approach to damages had been to simply argue that 

the appellants had not proved they suffered any damages as a result of the appellees' 

conduct. They did not challenge the appellants' out-of-pocket figure, nor did they offer 

any alternative theory upon which the trial court might have based its award of 

$300,000. 
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explain how it determined that $300,000 was the proper award. Its reasoning, however, 

is nearly a verbatim repeat of the arguments the appellees unsuccessfully urged us to 

accept in Bailey I. Moreover, the court's explanation rests on the flawed premise that it 

had rejected the expert's calculations. Accordingly, we again reverse the trial court's 

award to Spine and remand for entry of an award in the amount of $6,831,172, which is 

the amount the trial court found was established by the appellants' expert's testimony.

The remaining $1,050,000 of the damage award was the second 

component at issue in Bailey I. Appellant Laserscopic Spinal Centers of America, Inc. 

(Spinal), was awarded damages for breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy, and tortious 

interference, while appellant Laserscopic Medical Clinic, LLC (LMC), received an award 

on a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. The appellants had sought damages under 

various theories, including disgorgement. On appeal, the appellants argued that the 

trial court had awarded no disgorgement damages, while the appellees argued that the 

entire $1,050,000 was an award of "lost profits measured by the yardstick of [Laser 

Spine Institute's] allegedly ill-gotten profits, which [it] was similarly required to disgorge." 

Because of the way the trial court had prepared its order, it was not possible to 

determine with certainty whether all or a portion of the award was for disgorgement. 

What we could determine, however, was that if it was for disgorgement, it was "grossly 

insufficient." Id. at 378.

The appellants had sought disgorgement of approximately $264,000,000. 

This figure represented the value of Laser Spine Institute (LSI) in 2009 plus $77.5 
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million in distributions paid to the owners between 2005 and 2009.2 In their argument to 

the trial court, the appellees had taken the position that even if the court found some 

wrongdoing, any profits LSI earned were attributable solely to the efforts of 

management and not to any wrongdoing; therefore, the court should not award anything 

to the appellants.3 Because it was their position that the appellants were not entitled to 

any damages, the appellees did not put on any evidence as to what amount of LSI's 

profits short of $264,000,000 could be attributed to their wrongful conduct.

On appeal, and without explaining how the court might have arrived at 

$1,050,000 rather than $264,000,000, the appellees argued the award reflected the trial 

court's conclusion that only this portion of LSI's profits was attributable to the appellees' 

wrongdoing. In support of this, the appellees pointed to the "Damages" section of the 

trial court's order and specifically to the trial court's citation to Pidcock v. Sunnyland 

America, Inc., 854 F. 2d 443, 447-48 (11th Cir.1988). The trial court cited Pidcock for 

the proposition that a plaintiff may only recover profits attributable to the underlying 

2While the parties have referred to the recovery the appellants sought as 

disgorgement of profits, it would be more accurate to describe it as disgorgement of the 

appellees' wrongful gain. See Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment 

§ 3 (Am. Law. Inst. 2011). A conscious wrongdoer is liable for the "net profit attributable 

to the underlying wrong." Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 

51(4). As used in section 51(4), "[p]rofit includes any form of use value, proceeds, or 

consequential gains." Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 

51(5)(a). The appellees have not challenged, nor have we considered, the use of these 

particular elements to calculate "profit" for the purposes of disgorgement. Nor have 

they challenged the accuracy of the amounts testified to by the appellants' expert. At 

trial they offered no alternative method by which to calculate the amount of profits 

subject to disgorgement because it was their position that none of the profits LSI earned 

were subject to disgorgement.

3

In Bailey I we discussed at length the trial court's findings regarding the 

appellees' wrongful conduct. 196 So. 3d at 377-78. When we reference "wrongdoing" 

in this opinion we are referring to the conduct we detailed in Bailey I.
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wrong and not profits attributable to a defendant's "special or unique efforts" and that 

"aggressive or enterprising" management activities "may break the causal chain" 

between the wrongdoing and the defendant's profits. This, according to the appellees, 

was the reason the trial court limited the award. We will not repeat our discussion of 

Pidcock here. Suffice it to say that we thoroughly analyzed its applicability to the facts 

as found by the trial court, and we concluded that the limiting principles Pidcock 

discusses were inapplicable. See Bailey I, 196 So. 3d at 378. Thus, we held that if the 

award was for disgorgement, it was "grossly insufficient." See id. 

Although we did not address it in our opinion, the appellees also argued 

that "in cases involving the misappropriation of proprietary information, a court will limit 

the disgorgement of a defendant's profits 'to the amount of time it would have taken the 

defendant to independently develop its product without the benefit of the plaintiff's trade 

secrets—in other words, the "head start" period.' " Thus, they argued that the trial court 

awarded "lost profits/disgorgement damages in an amount equal to the profits LSI 

derived from this head start." However, the trial court had found the appellants' 

misappropriation claims were barred by the statute of limitations. Further, at trial the 

appellants' did not seek to recover lost profits, instead focusing on disgorgement, 

business destruction damages, and out-of-pocket damages. Accordingly, we rejected 

this argument as well.

On remand, the trial court confirmed it was awarding disgorgement 

damages but then entered the same award we had reversed as "grossly inadequate." 

This appears to have happened because the appellees convinced the trial court that we 

had not actually found the award to be inadequate, we had simply found it to be 
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inadequately explained. And as was the case with the out-of-pocket award, the 

appellees apparently convinced the trial court it could explain its award by adopting the 

arguments the appellees had made and we had rejected in Bailey I. 

In explaining the award on remand, the trial court's overarching focus is on 

why it believed Spinal was not successful, which as we explain below, is not part of the 

equation for determining the degree to which a wrongdoer's profits are attributable to its 

wrongful conduct. First, the trial court points to the appellants' "lack of business skills" 

and states that because of their lack of skill and poor business decisions they "should 

not be awarded disgorgement damages beyond the amounts in the final judgment." It 

also states it is rejecting the appellants' demand for disgorgement damages equal to all 

the profits earned by LSI because there is no causal relationship between the appellees' 

tortious conduct and all the profits. The court elaborates, stating that the appellees 

succeeded because of a "unique combination of individual, skilled medical doctors; 

highly effective and inventive executives, managers and administrators; creative 

marketing and advertising programs; and the availability and use of proper capital" and 

that even though Spinal "followed the same business model, it was not able to 

succeed." 

The trial court's focus on the appellants' supposed lack of business skills 

as a basis to limit disgorgement shows a complete misapprehension of the principles 

applicable to disgorgement. Disgorgement is a remedy designed to deter wrongdoers 

by making it unprofitable to engage in the wrongful behavior. See Duty Free World, Inc. 

v. Miami Perfume Junction, Inc., 253 So. 3d 689, 698 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018)

(" 'Disgorgement is an equitable remedy intended to prevent unjust enrichment.' " 
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(quoting S.E.C. v. Monterosso, 757 F. 3d 1326, 1337 (11th Cir. 2014))); Restatement 

(Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 1 (Am. Law Inst. 2011) ("A person who is 

unjustly enriched at the expense of another is subject to liability in restitution."); 

Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 3 ("A person is not 

permitted to profit by his own wrong."). The point of disgorgement is to deter 

wrongdoers by stripping them of the gains from their conduct:

Restitution requires full disgorgement of profit by a 

conscious wrongdoer, not just because of the moral 

judgment implicit in the rule of this section, but because any 

lesser liability would provide an inadequate incentive to 

lawful behavior. If A anticipates (accurately) that 

unauthorized interference with B's entitlement may yield 

profits exceeding any damages B could prove, A has a 

dangerous incentive to take without asking—since the 

nonconsensual transaction promises to be more profitable 

than the forgone negotiation with B. The objective of that 

part of the law of restitution summarized by the rule of § 3 is 

to frustrate any such calculation.

Id. § 3 cmt. c; see also § 51 cmt. e ("The object of the disgorgement remedy—to 

eliminate the possibility of profit from conscious wrongdoing—is one of the cornerstones 

of the law of restitution and unjust enrichment."). 

This case is a classic example of what this comment from the 

Restatement describes. As we detailed in Bailey I, when the appellants did not accept 

the appellees' offer to invest in Spinal, the appellees told them "you're going to accept 

this offer or we're going to take your doctors and we're going to take your company. 

And we're going to go up the street and we're going to do it ourselves." 196 So. 3d at 

380. When threatened with litigation, the appellees said they were not concerned 

because the business would make ten times whatever damages they might have to pay 

in a lawsuit. See id. at 380-81.
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Had the appellants been limited to recovering under a lost profits theory, 

that prediction would unquestionably be accurate. However, the measure of damages 

for disgorgement is not the profits the appellants might have made absent the 

wrongdoing—the measure of damages for conscious wrongdoing is the appellees' "net 

profit attributable to the underlying wrong." Restatement (Third) of Restitution and 

Unjust Enrichment § 51(4); see also Duty Free, 253 So. 3d at 698 ("The equitable 

remedy of disgorgement is measured by the defendant's ill-gotten profits or gains rather 

than the plaintiff's losses."). "When the defendant has acted in conscious disregard of 

the claimant's rights, the whole of the resulting gain is treated as unjust enrichment, 

even though the defendant's gain may exceed" the claimant's loss. Restatement (Third) 

of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 3 cmt. c. In fact, disgorgement may be awarded 

even if the claimant has not sustained any loss. Restatement (Third) of Restitution and 

Unjust Enrichment § 3, reporter's note a. ("[I]t is clear not only that there can be 

restitution of wrongful gain exceeding the plaintiff's loss, but that there can be restitution 

of wrongful gain in cases where the plaintiff has suffered an interference with protected 

interests but no measurable loss whatsoever."). The trial court's comments regarding 

the appellants' business acumen are misplaced in determining a disgorgement award. 

To the extent the trial court's order can be read to rely on the limiting 

principles articulated in Pidcock, we specifically considered and rejected the applicability 

of those principles in Bailey I. See 196 So. 3d at 378-79. Our rejection of this as a 

basis to limit the award of disgorgement was the law of the case, and the trial court was 

bound by our determination. See Specialty Rests. Corp. v. Elliott, 924 So. 2d 834, 837 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2005) ("[Q]uestions of law that have actually been decided on appeal must 
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govern the case in the same court and in the trial court through all subsequent stages of 

the proceedings."). Moreover, the "business model" to which the court attributes the 

appellees' success is the one it stole from the appellants along with its doctors, key 

employees, and everything else. In other words, what the trial court said amounts to a 

finding that the appellees' success was in fact attributable to their wrongdoing.

Lastly, the trial court sets out the reasoning it used to arrive at the figure of 

$1,050,000. However, it relies on the "head start" formula the appellees unsuccessfully 

argued in support of the award in Bailey I. As explained above, we rejected that 

argument as inapposite. Further, the trial court took this "head start" concept and more 

or less turned it on its head. The trial court reasoned that Spinal's operations were 

interrupted for approximately six months; therefore, the appellants were only entitled to 

six months of LSI's profits. Again, the trial court misapprehends the nature of the 

disgorgement remedy by measuring the award based on what the appellants lost—six 

months of profits—not what the appellees gained. See Guyana Tel. & Tel. Co., Ltd. v. 

Melbourne Int'l Commc'ns, Ltd., 329 F. 3d 1241, 1249 (11th Cir. 2003) (reversing where 

a jury was instructed to measure the plaintiff's right to restitution in terms of its loss 

rather than the benefit conferred on the defendants because "[r]estitution is a remedy 

that is often available to victims of a wrong. Restitution measures a plaintiff's recovery 

according to the defendant's, rather than the plaintiff's, rightful position"). 

Accordingly, we again reverse the awards for breach of fiduciary duty, 

conspiracy, and tortious interference and remand for the court to enter an award of 

disgorgement. Because the only testimony regarding the manner in which the 

disgorgement award should be measured came from the appellants' expert, the award 
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should be calculated according to the formula he proposed. Specifically, the court 

should enter an award based on the total value of LSI in 2009 combined with the total of 

the distributions to the owners of LSI between 2005 and 2009.4 We also reverse the 

award for out-of-pocket damages and remand for entry of an award of $6,831,172.

Reversed and remanded for entry of a judgment in accordance with this 

opinion.

CASANUEVA and CRENSHAW, JJ., Concur. 

4

It appears from the evidence in the record that the proper amount of the 

award at a minimum falls between $264,000,000 and $265,000,000.