In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-20-00038-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J.S. AND K.H., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the County Court at Law

Bowie County, Texas

Trial Court No. 19C0207-CCL

Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Burgess
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MEMORANDUM OPINION

The Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) filed a petition to 

terminate Father’s parental rights to his two-year-old daughter, K.H.

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 The trial court terminated 

Father’s parental rights after finding that (1) he knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child 

to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered her physical or emotional well-being, 

(2) he engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct 

that endangered her physical or emotional well-being, (3) he failed to comply with the provisions 

of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for him to obtain the child’s 

return after she had been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the 

Department for not less than nine months as a result of her removal for abuse or neglect, (4) his 

parental rights to another child were previously terminated based on a finding that his conduct 

violated Grounds D or E or substantial equivalent provisions of the law of another state, and 

(5) termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interests of K.H. K.H.’s mother 

voluntarily relinquished her parental rights and does not appeal the trial court’s order terminating 

them.2See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O), (M), (b)(2) (Supp.).

On appeal from the termination of his parental rights, Father argues that the evidence is 

legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings. Because we find the 

evidence sufficient to support both the trial court’s findings on predicate Grounds D and E and 

1To protect the confidentiality of the child involved, we refer to all parties by either initials or pseudonyms. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).

2This termination proceeding also involved another child, three-year-old J.S., whose father remained unknown at the 

time of trial.
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its conclusion that terminating Father’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest, we affirm 

the trial court’s judgment. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background 

At trial, Erica Young, an investigator with the Department, testified that she became 

involved in the case after receiving reports that Father, a drug-dealer, and Mother were both 

using methamphetamine. Young said that, while Father refused to take a drug test, both J.S. and 

K.H. tested “positive for some illegal substances.” According to Young, Father had two other 

children who were adopted after his parental rights were terminated due to “concerns for 

domestic violence.”

3 Young also testified that Father was previously charged with possession of 

marihuana and assault causing bodily injury. 

Chantel Finley, the Department’s conservatorship worker, testified that Father was 

incarcerated at the beginning of the case for child endangerment of J.S. and K.H. after they tested 

positive for drugs, but was placed on community supervision in August 2019. Finley testified at 

the June 2020 trial that Father had not completed much of his court-ordered family-based service 

plan, but cross-examination showed that Father had been incarcerated for several months at a 

Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (SAFPF). Mother, who was ordered into drug 

rehabilitation, relapsed after her release and was incarcerated at the time of trial.

Father informed the trial court that he was incarcerated not only for child endangerment, 

but also for possession of a controlled substance and possession of a firearm. He testified that he

3The Department introduced a judgment terminating Father’s parental rights to another child, J.H., after the trial 

court found that Father had violated Ground O. The Department did not introduce a judgment terminating Father’s 

parental rights to his other daughter or a judgment terminating parental rights in a prior case based on Grounds D or 

E or substantially equivalent provisions of the law of another state.
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smoked drugs in the home where J.S. and K.H. lived and that, “if anybody’s in the house, they’re

going to get drugs in their system.” Father said he was incarcerated for the nine months

preceding trial, had a projected release date in July 2020, and planned to live with a cousin after 

his release, but Patricia Smith, the Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA), testified that

Father currently had no income and could not provide the children with a safe and stable home. 

Father also testified about the classes and mandatory programs he was participating in while in 

SAFPF. Even though he admitted that he had a long-time problem with drugs, Father testified

that he loved K.H. and promised the court that he would never take drugs again.

Finley and Smith testified that K.H. was thriving in a foster care that was meeting her 

emotional and physical needs after her removal from Mother and Father and that termination of 

their parental rights was in the child’s best interest. Finley added that K.H.’s half-sister, J.S., 

was also doing well in foster care and that both children were “having pre-placement visits in an 

adoptive home.” 

After hearing this evidence, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights. 

II. Standard of Review 

“The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional 

dimensions.” In re E.J.Z., 547 S.W.3d 339, 343 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, no pet.) (quoting

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)). “Indeed, parents have a fundamental right to 

make decisions concerning ‘the care, custody, and control of their children.’” Id. (quoting Troxel 

v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). “Because the termination of parental rights implicates 

fundamental interests, a higher standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence—is required at 
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trial.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014)). This Court is required to 

“engage in an exacting review of the entire record to determine if the evidence is . . . sufficient to 

support the termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 500). 

“[I]nvoluntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent.” Id. (quoting

In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 900 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. denied) (quoting Holick, 

685 S.W.2d at 20)).

“In order to terminate parental rights, the trial court must find, by clear and convincing 

evidence, that the parent has engaged in at least one statutory ground for termination and that 

termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id. (citing TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In re 

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2012)). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ is that ‘degree of 

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of 

the allegations sought to be established.’” Id. (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (citing

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009))). “This standard of proof necessarily affects our 

review of the evidence.” Id. 

“In our legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable

to the findings to determine whether the fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief 

or conviction that the grounds for termination were proven.” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 920 

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) 

(per curiam); In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 846 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)). “We 

assume the trial court, acting as fact-finder, resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a 

reasonable fact-finder could do so, and disregarded evidence that the fact-finder could have 
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reasonably disbelieved or the credibility of which reasonably could be doubted.” Id. (citing 

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573). 

“In our review of factual sufficiency, we give due consideration to evidence the trial 

court could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing.” Id. (citing In re H.R.M., 209 

S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). “We consider only that evidence the fact-finder 

reasonably could have found to be clear and convincing and determine ‘whether the evidence is 

such that a fact[-]finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the

. . . allegations.’” Id. (quoting H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109 (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 

(Tex. 2002)) (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264, 266 (Tex. 2002))). “If, in light of the 

entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable fact[-]finder could not have credited in 

favor of the finding is so significant that a fact[-]finder could not reasonably have formed a firm 

belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 

at 266). “‘[I]n making this determination,’ we must undertake ‘an exacting review of the entire 

record with a healthy regard for the constitutional interests at stake.’” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 

437 S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014) (quoting C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)).

“Despite the profound constitutional interests at stake in a proceeding to terminate 

parental rights, ‘the rights of natural parents are not absolute; protection of the child is 

paramount.’” Id. (quoting In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003) (quoting In re J.W.T., 

872 S.W.2d 189, 195 (Tex. 1994)) (citing In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003))). “A 

child’s emotional and physical interests must not be sacrificed merely to preserve parental 
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rights.” Id. (quoting In re C.A.J., 459 S.W.3d 175, 179 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) 

(citing C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)).

III. Sufficient Evidence Supported the Trial Court’s Ground D and E Findings 

“Only one predicate finding under Section 161.001[b](1) is necessary to support a 

judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best 

interest.” Id. at 923 (quoting In re O.R.F., 417 S.W.3d 24, 37 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. 

denied) (quoting A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362) (citing In re K.W., 335 S.W.3d 767, 769 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2011, no pet.))). Even so, in In re N.G., the Texas Supreme Court held that due 

process demands that we review the evidence supporting findings under Grounds D and E when 

they are challenged on appeal because termination of parental rights under these grounds “may 

have implications for . . . parental rights to other children.” In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 234 

(Tex. 2019) (per curiam). As a result, we focus our analysis on Grounds D and E. 

A. Termination of Parental Rights Under Ground D

Ground D permits a predicate finding on proof that a parent “knowingly placed or 

knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger[ed] the 

physical or emotional well-being of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D). 

Under this ground, “we must examine the time before the . . . removal to determine whether the 

environment itself . . . [endangered] the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” In re 

L.C., 145 S.W.3d 790, 795 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.). “‘[E]ndanger’ means to 

expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 
8

533 (Tex. 1987); L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923; In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2007, no pet.). 

“It is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually 

suffer injury.” L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923. “A child is endangered when the environment creates 

a potential for danger that the parent is aware of, but disregards.” In re N.B., No. 06-12-00007-

CV, 2013 WL 1605457, at *9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana May 8, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). 

“[S]ubsection (D) permits termination [of parental rights] based on a single act or omission [by 

the parent].” L.C., 145 S.W.3d at 797; see In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 776 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2003, pet. denied). 

Here, Father’s testimony showed that he knowingly placed K.H. in an environment that 

endangered her physical well-being. Father admitted that he smoked illegal drugs in the home 

where K.H. lived. He was aware that doing so would endanger K.H.’s health because he 

confessed that, “if anybody’s in the house, they’re going to get drugs in their system.” Because 

of Father’s behavior, K.H. tested positive for illegal substances, and Father was arrested for

endangering K.H. and J.S. 

Based on the fact that “illegal drug use by a parent . . . supports the conclusion that the 

child[]’s surroundings endanger their physical or emotional well-being,” we find the evidence 

legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s Ground D finding. L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 

at 925 (citing In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.)); see

N.B., 2013 WL 1605457, at *9.
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B. Termination of Parental Rights Under Ground E 

Ground E requires a finding that a parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the 

child with persons who engaged in conduct which endanger[ed] the physical or emotional wellbeing of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.00(b)(1)(E). Under Ground E, “it is sufficient 

that the child’s well-being is jeopardized or exposed to loss or injury.” Id. (citing Boyd, 727 

S.W.2d at 533; N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367). Termination under this ground must “be based on 

more than a single act or omission. Instead, a ‘voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of

conduct by the parent is required.’” Id. (quoting Perez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory 

Servs., 148 S.W.3d 427, 436 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.) (citing In re K.M.M., 993 

S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, no pet.))); see Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; N.S.G., 

235 S.W.3d at 366–67. “The conduct to be examined includes what the parent did both before 

and after the child was born.” In re S.K., 198 S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet.

denied). 

“[C]onduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the 

physical and emotional well-being of a child. Drug use and its effect on a parent’s life and his

ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct.” In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 

848 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.) (quoting N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367–68); see In re 

J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 n.4 (Tex. 2009); In re S.N., 272 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tex. App.—Waco 

2008, no pet.) (“Evidence of illegal drug use or alcohol abuse by a parent is often cited as 

conduct which will support an affirmative finding that the parent has engaged in a course of 

conduct which has the effect of endangering the child.”). “Because it exposes the child to the 
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possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned, illegal drug use may support 

termination under section 161.001[b](1)(E).” Walker v. Tex. Dep’t Family & Protective Servs., 

312 S.W.3d 608, 617–18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)).

Also, although “imprisonment, standing alone, is not conduct which endangers the 

physical or emotional well-being of the child, ‘intentional criminal activity which expose[s] the

parent to incarceration is relevant evidence tending to establish a course of conduct endangering 

the emotional and physical well-being of the child.’” In re M.C., 482 S.W.3d 675, 685 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2016, pet. denied) (quoting L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 924 (quoting In re A.W.T., 

61 S.W.3d 87, 89 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2001, no pet.) (per curiam))). 

Father testified that his mother was a drug-addict, that his father was an alcoholic, that he 

had a long-time addiction to drugs, and that drugs were “all [he] knew.” He continued, “That’s 

all I grew up around.” Father had previously been arrested for possession of drugs, assault, and 

unlawful possession of a firearm and had lost his parental rights to other children. As a result of 

his drug use in the home, Father endangered K.H.’s and J.S.’s well-being and was incarcerated 

for child endangerment. He also knowingly placed K.H. in the care of Mother, a drug addict 

who had relapsed before trial. Father’s incarceration, unemployment, and inability to provide 

K.H. with a safe and stable home were all consequences of his drug use. Considering these facts,

in addition to those discussed in our Ground D analysis, we find the evidence legally and 

factually sufficient to show that Father engaged in conduct that endangered K.H.’s physical wellbeing. 
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Because we find the evidence sufficient to support the trial court’s Grounds D and E 

findings, we overrule Father’s points of error challenging the findings on statutory grounds. 

IV. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Best-Interest Finding

“There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best 

interest.” In re J.A.S., Jr., No. 13-12-00612-CV, 2013 WL 782692, at *7 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi Feb. 28, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex.

2006) (per curiam)). “Termination ‘can never be justified without the most solid and substantial 

reasons.’” In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 822 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.) (quoting 

Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex. 1976)). 

In determining the best interests of the child, courts consider the following Holley factors:

(1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now 

and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in 

the future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the 

programs available to assist these individuals, (6) the plans for the child by these 

individuals, (7) the stability of the home, (8) the acts or omissions of the parent 

that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and 

(9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. 

Id. at 818–19 (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976)); see In re E.N.C.,

384 S.W.3d 796, 807 (Tex. 2012); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b) (Supp.). 

Further, we may consider evidence used to support the grounds for termination of parental rights 

in the best-interest analysis. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

The evidence at trial showed that Father loved K.H., who was too young to express her

desires. As a result, we find the first Holley factor neutral. See In re H.C., 602 S.W.3d 654 
12

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, no pet.) (citing In re S.L.W., 529 S.W.3d 601, 613 n.9 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2017, pet. denied)). 

As for the second and third Holley factors, K.H. was two at the time of trial, and “young 

children require a great deal of time, attention, and protection.” In re L.W., No. 06-20-00012-

CV, 2020 WL 4680284, at *9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 13, 2020, no pet. h.). Yet, the 

evidence showed that Father could not meet K.H.’s emotional and physical needs and had 

instead endangered her by his drug use. We find that the second and third Holley factors support 

termination of Father’s parental rights. 

Next, evidence of prior terminations of Father’s parental rights to other children and his 

drug use in the home where K.H. lived showed that Father lacked the parental abilities required 

to care for the child. Although there were several programs to assist Father in SAFPF, the 

evidence showed that Father had not completed several portions of the family service plan, 

including parenting classes that were available in SAFPF. Father’s long-term drug history, prior 

criminal and CPS history, placement of K.H. with Mother, failure to complete the family service 

plan, and knowing endangerment of K.H. showed that his relationship with K.H. was not proper. 

As a result, we find the fourth, fifth, and eighth Holley factors against Father. 

Father testified that he planned to get a job and an associate degree while living with a 

cousin who was “somewhere in Texarkana” after his release from SAFPF but did not testify that 

K.H. could also live with his cousin. In fact, Father did not offer a plan for K.H.’s living 

arrangements or care, and the instability of his home was demonstrated by his past actions. On 

the other hand, K.H. was placed with J.S. in an appropriate foster home, and the Department’s 
13

plan was for both children to be adopted together in another home. We find that the sixth and 

seventh Holley factors weigh in favor of terminating Father’s parental rights. 

While Father cited his incarceration as the reason for failing to complete the family 

service plan, Finley testified that, in spite of his incarceration, Father could have, but failed to,

take a drug test, participate in parenting classes, or start counseling. We find that the remaining 

Holley factor favors terminating Father’s parental rights.

We conclude that the Department established, by clear and convincing evidence, that 

terminating Father’s parental rights was in K.H.’s best interest. As a result, we overrule Father’s 

last point of error. 

V. Conclusion 

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Ralph K. Burgess

Justice

Date Submitted: September 29, 2020

Date Decided: September 30, 2020