FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P E A LS E LE V EN T HC IRC U IT OCTOB ER 28 , 2005 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 04- 14814 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 3 - 0 0 4 7 5 - C R - T - 2 4 - MAP U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s T A M M I A N N A L L O W I T Z , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( O c t ob e r 28, 2005) B efo re B L A C K , B A R K E T T an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: T a m m i A nn A l l ow t i z appe a l s he rc onvi c t i ons a nd 151- m onth s e nt e nc e f or us e of the I nt e rne ta nd t e l e phone a nd tr a ve l i n i nt e r s t a t e c om m e r c e t o s ol i c i tthe2

mu r d e ro f

h e re x - h u s b a n d , D a rry l Co c k c r o f t , a l l i n v i o l a t i o n o f

1 8 U . S. C. § 1 95 8(a) . S he pres ent s tw o argum ent s on app ea l . F i rs t , she a rgues thatthe di stri ct c our tabus e d i t s di s c r e t i on i n a l l ow i ng the gove rnm e ntt o pr e s e ntr e butt a l t e s t i m ony by her s on , B l ai ne C ockcroft . S peci fi ca l l y, B l ai ne t es t i fi ed thathe w as un aw ar e thatC ockcrofthad b ee n abu si ve t o h i s f am i l y. S ec on d, she a rgues thatthe di stri ct c our tc om m i tt e d r e ve r s i bl e e rr orunde rU ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ooke r , 543 U . S . ___, 125 S . C t . 738, 756, 160 L . E d. 2d 621 ( 2005) , by tr e a t i ng the f e de r a l s e nt e nc i ng g u id e lin e s a s m a n d a to ry . W e a f f ir m th e c o n v ic tio n b u t r e v e r s e a n d r e m a n d a s to th e s e n te n c e . C on vi c t i on W e r e v ie w a d is tr ic t c o u r t’s e v id e n tia ry ru lin g s f o ra n ab u s e o f

d is c r e tio n . Un i t e d S t a t e s v . He n d e r s o n , 4 0 9 F . 3 d 1 2 9 3 , 1 2 9 7 ( 1 1 th C i r . 2 0 0 5 ) . I n th i s c a s e we c a n n o t s a y th e d is tr ic t c o u r t ab u s e d its d is c r e tio n . T h e c o u r t p e r m itte d B la in e to answ erthe l i m i t ed qu es t i on s of w hether hi s f ather had been abusi ve because , a lth o u g h n o t r e le v a n t to th e o f f e n s e c h a r g e d , r e f

e r e n c e s to A llo w itz ’s s ta te m e n ts th a t s h e a n d h e rc h ild r e n w e r e ab u s e d h a d b e e n m a d e th r o u g h o u t th e tr ia l. S en te n ce I n U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ooke r , 543 U . S . ___, 125 S . C t . 738, 756, 160 L . E d. 2d 621 ( 2005) , the S upr e m e C our the l d tha t“ [ a ] ny f a c t( othe rtha n a pr i orc onvi c t i on)3

w hi c h i s ne c e s s a ry t o s uppor ta s e nt e nc e e xc e e di ng the m a xi m um a uthor i z e d by the f a c t s e s t abl i s he d by a pl e a of gui l ty ora j ury ve r di c tm us tbe a dm i tt e d by the d e f e n d a n t o rp r o v e d to a ju ry b e y o n d a r e a s o n ab le d o u b t.” B o o k e r , 5 4 3 U .S . a t

___, 125 S . C t . a t756. In a s ec on d and se para t e m aj ori ty opi ni on , the S up re m e C ou rtconcl ud ed th a tth e s e n t e n c i n g g u i d e l i n e s mu s tn o w b e tr e a t e d a s a d v i s o ry . Bo o k e r , 5 4 3 U . S. at___, 12 5 S . C t . at76 4. A cc ordi ng l y, di stri ctcourt s are no w re qu i re d t o con si der notonl y the appl i c abl e gui de l i ne s r a nge , buta l s o the f ul l a rr a y of

s e nt e nc i ng f a c to r s e n u m e r a te d a t 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) . I d . W e ha ve not e d tha tthe r e a r e tw o ty pe s of B ooke re rr or . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. S hel t on , 40 0 F . 3d 13 25 , 13 00 -31 (11 th C i r. 20 05 ). F i rs t , S i xth A m endm ent , or,

“ const i tut i on al , ” B oo ker e rr or occurs w hen a di stri ctcourtuses extra -ver di ct e nha nc e m e nt s t o i nc r e a s e a de f e nda nt ’ s gui de l i ne s r a nge a nd the n tr e a t s tha tr a nge a s m a nda t ory . S he l t on, 400 F . 3d a t1330. C onve r s e l y , s t a tut ory B ooke re rr or o ccu rs ev ery t i m e a d i stri ctco u rttreat s th e g u i d el i n es ran g e as m an d at o ry, r e g a r d le s s o f

w h e th e rit im p o s e s a n y e x tr a - v e r d ic t e n h a n c e m e n ts . I d . a t 1 3 3 0 - 3 1 . B e c a us e no e xtr a - ve r di c te nha nc e m e nt s w e r e ul t i m a t e l y us e d t o a s s i gn the base offe nse l evel or i ncre as e A l l ow i t z’ s s ent ence , no const i tut i on al error occurr ed unde rB ooke r . S e e i d. a t1330. B e c a us e the di s tr i c tc ourts e nt e nc e d he rpur s ua nt4

t o the m andat ory gui del i ne sc hem e, ho w ever , a s t atut ory e rr or has bee n e s t abl i s he d. I d. a t1330- 31. W e ha ve c l a r i f

i e d tha ta pr e s e r ve d “ s t a tut ory ” B ooke re rr ori s s ubj e c tt o a

“ l es s dem andi ng ” s t andard than the harm l es s- beyond -a -r ea sonabl e- do ub tst andard appl i c abl e t o “ c ons t i tut i ona l ” B ooke re rr or s . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M a the ni a , 409 F . 3d 1 2 8 9 , 1 2 9 1 - 9 2 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . S p e c if ic a lly , “[ a ] ‘n o n - c o n s titu tio n a l e rr o ris ha r m l e s s i f

, vi e w i ng the pr oc e e di ngs i n the i re nt i r e ty , a c our tde t e r m i ne s tha tthe error di d n otaf

fe ctthe [s ent ence ] , ” or “ had b uta very s l i gh tef fe ct . ” M atheni a, 40 9 F . 3d at12 91 -92. If on e c an sa y “ w i th fai r a ss urance . . . thatthe [s ent ence ] w as no tsubst ant i al l y s w ay ed by the error, the [s ent ence ] i s due t o b e a ff i rm ed even th o u g h th e r e w a s e rr o r ’” I d . a t 1 2 9 2 . T h e g o v e rn m e n t b e a r s th e b u r d e n to d em o n stra te h ar m less er ro r b y s h o w in g th at th e e rr o r d id n o t aff ec t th e d ef

en d an t’ s s ubs t a nt i a l r i ght s . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. G a l l e gos - A gue r o, 409 F . 3d 1274, 1277 (11th C i r. 20 05 ). U pon r e vi e w of

the di s tr i c tc our tr e c or d a nd the br i e f s of the pa r t i e s , w e f

i nd r e ve r s i bl e e rr ori n thi s c a s e . A l though the di s tr i c tc our ts e nt e nc e d A l l ow i t z t o the h ig h e n d o f

th e ap p lic ab le g u id e lin e r a n g e , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t in d ic a te w hether i tbel i eved thatthe 15 1-m on th sent ence w as the m ostapprop ri at e s ent ence , o rw h e th e rit w o u ld h a v e im p o s e d th e s a m e s e n te n c e u n d e ra n a d v is o ry s c h e m e .5

B e c a us e i tc a nnotbe s a i d “ w i th f a i ra s s ur a nc e . . . tha tthe [ s e nt e nc e ] w a s not s ubs t a nt i a l l y s w a y e d by the e rr or , ” w e va c a t e a nd r e m a nd f orr e - s e nt e nc i ng c o n s is te n t w ith B o o k e r , 1 2 5 S .C t. a t 7 6 4 . S e e M a th e n ia , 4 0 9 F .3 d a t 1 2 9 2 . B as ed up on the foregoi ng , A l l ow i t z’ s c on vi ct i on s a re A FFI R M ED , and h er sen t en ce i s V AC AT E D A ND RE MAND E D.