UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

MATTHEW WURM, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

FORD MOTOR COMPANY, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 20-3126 

(D.C. No. 2:18-CV-02322-HLT) 

(D. Kan.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and MCHUGH, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

 This is a product liability case. Mr. Matthew Wurm was riding in a 

Ford truck when it crashed and rolled over, resulting in serious injuries. He 

sued Ford for a design defect and proffered testimony by two expert 

witnesses. One expert attributed the injuries to a crushed roof, and the 

other expert concluded that the truck’s roof had been defectively designed. 

* Because oral argument would not materially help us decide the 

appeal, we base our decision on the briefs and appendix. See Fed. R. App. 

P. 34(a)(2)(C); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). 

 This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except 

under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. 

But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value if 

otherwise appropriate. Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a); 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

April 13, 2021

Christopher M. Wolpert

Clerk of Court
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In response, Ford denied a design defect, arguing that the force of the 

collision had caused Mr. Wurm to “dive” into the roof, which led to his 

injuries. Based on this argument, Ford moved for exclusion of the expert 

testimony and an award of summary judgment. The district court granted 

both motions. 

 Mr. Wurm challenges the rulings, and we affirm. Mr. Wurm hasn’t 

adequately developed an argument that either ruling was wrong. Even 

without such an argument, however, we have independently reviewed the 

rulings and detect no error. 

1. Mr. Wurm proffered opinion testimony by two expert witnesses, 

and the district court excluded both. 

To support his allegations, Mr. Wurm retained two expert witnesses: 

Shawn Parcells and David McLellan. Ford moved to exclude their opinion 

testimony based on inadequate qualifications. 

First, Mr. Wurm proffered expert testimony by Mr. Parcells, who had 

participated in autopsies while working as a pathology assistant; Mr. 

Parcells was to testify that Mr. Wurm’s injuries had been consistent with a 

“roof crush” injury (caused by a design defect) rather than a “dive” injury 

(caused by the driver’s or passenger’s negligence). This testimony called 

for expertise in the cause of injury (biomechanics), reconstruction of Mr. 

Wurm’s movements after the crash (occupant kinematics), and the risk of 

injury in an auto accident (epidemiology). The district court excluded Mr. 
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Parcells’s testimony, reasoning that he lacked the qualifications required 

for expert opinions in these fields. 

Second, Mr. Wurm proffered expert testimony by Mr. McLellan, a 

mechanical engineer who had worked as a chief engineer at General 

Motors. He was to testify about a design defect in the truck’s roof. The 

district court concluded that Mr. McLellan had lacked the required 

qualifications and used an unreliable methodology. 

Though Mr. McLellan had expertise in car design, the district court 

found that he lacked expertise on truck design, vehicle roof design, or 

rollover testing. The court also questioned his methodology. Mr. McLellan 

had relied on a 2005 Exponent Roof Crush Test performed on a later model 

of the truck, which contained a cab that was longer than the cab on the 

truck involved in the accident. 

Mr. McLellan observed that the truck at issue and the trucks being 

tested had collapsed into similar V shapes. But Mr. McLellan did not 

explain how or why the V-shaped collapses had proven design defects. Nor 

could he compare the force involved in Mr. Wurm’s crash with the force 

involved in the tests. 

Based on the lack of relevant qualifications and a reliable 

methodology, the district court excluded Mr. McLellan’s testimony.
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2. The district court awarded summary judgment to Ford. 

 With exclusion of both expert witnesses, Mr. Wurm lacked any 

evidence of causation or a design defect. With no such evidence, he 

conceded that the expert testimony was “integral to any possibility of 

recovery.” Appellant’s App’x vol. X, at 1242. The district court thus 

granted summary judgment to Ford. 

3. Mr. Wurm waived an appellate challenge based on inadequate 

briefing in his opening brief. 

An opening brief must identify the “appellant’s contentions and the 

reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record 

on which the appellant relies.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Issues not 

raised or inadequately presented in an appellant’s opening brief are 

considered waived. See Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 1014 (10th Cir. 

2019). 

In his opening brief, Mr. Wurm does not explain how the district 

court erred in excluding the two expert witnesses or in granting summary 

judgment. In a “statement of applicable law,” Mr. Wurm asserts eight legal 

propositions: 

1. A “pattern of injury” should be considered a viable method 

to prove the mechanics of an injury. 

2. In another case, a court allowed opinion testimony from an 

expert witness who had experience in “forensic 

biomechanics occupant kinematics.” 
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3. Expert testimony must be relevant and reliable. 

4. Expert witnesses should not be allowed to testify if they 

lack qualifications in the relevant field. 

5. Kansas’s pattern jury instructions provide that when two 

expert witnesses have the required expertise but differ in 

their credentials, the jury should be allowed to weigh the 

expert testimony. 

6. Under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 

U.S. 579 (1993), an expert witness can testify regarding an 

alternative design without constructing a model. 

7. A duty to warn may arise after the sale took place. 

8. An expert opinion on causation need not involve a 

“scientific absolute.” 

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 7–11. Mr. Wurm then provides a factual 

statement, recites the standard of review, and says how a defective 

condition can be proven under Kansas law. 

 Though Mr. Wurm asserts eight legal propositions, provides a factual 

statement, recites the standard of review, and says how he could prove a 

defective condition, he never states in his opening brief how the district 

court erred in excluding the two expert witnesses or in granting summary 

judgment. He thus waived all issues in his opening brief. 

4. Mr. Wurm’s new arguments in his reply brief are too late and 

inadequately developed. 

 In his reply brief, Mr. Wurm 

 argues that the exclusion of the expert testimony violated his 

Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial and 
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 urges application of the purported “gimlet eye test” from Lee v. 

Max International, LLC, 638 F.3d 1318 (10th Cir. 2011). 

This argument bears three defects. Mr. Wurm raised the argument for the 

first time in his reply brief, which was too late. Anderson v. Spirit 

Aerosystems Holdings, Inc., 827 F.3d 1229, 1236 n.2 (10th Cir. 2016). And 

he does not say 

 how exclusion of expert testimony violated the Seventh 

Amendment or 

 what the “gimlet eye test” is or how it applies. 

For these reasons, we decline to consider this new, inadequately developed 

argument. 

5. After independently evaluating the rulings, we see no error. 

We ordinarily “decline to reach the merits of waived issues.” See 

United States v. Walker, 918 F.3d 1134, 1151 (10th Cir. 2019). But “even 

when a party waives an issue, our precedent affords us ‘discretion to raise 

and decide issues sua sponte, even for the purposes of reversing a lowercourt judgment,’ because ‘[w]aiver . . . binds only the party, not the 

court.’” Margheim v. Buljko, 855 F.3d 1077, 1088 (10th Cir. 2017) 

(alterations in original) (quoting Planned Parenthood of Kan. & Mid-Mo. 

v. Moser, 747 F.3d 814, 837 (10th Cir. 2014)). This Court will “revers[e] 

sua sponte only when the circumstances are exceptional.” United States v. 

Tee, 881 F.3d 1258, 1269 (10th Cir. 2018). This case does not present an 

extraordinary circumstance to justify sua sponte reversal. 
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A. The court didn’t err in excluding expert testimony. 

 After independently reviewing the exclusion of expert testimony, we 

conclude that the district court acted within its discretion. 

1. The abuse-of-discretion standard applies. 

If Mr. Wurm had developed an argument on the exclusion of expert 

testimony, we would review for an abuse of discretion. Kumho Tire Co. v. 

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999). The district court has “broad 

discretion . . . in deciding how to assess an expert’s reliability, including 

what procedures to utilize in making that assessment, as well as in making 

the ultimate determination of reliability.” Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 328 F.3d 

1212, 1223 (10th Cir. 2003). 

In applying the abuse-of-discretion standard, we consider whether the 

district court “present[ed] an explanation for its choice sufficient to enable 

a reviewing court to determine that it did not act thoughtlessly, but instead 

considered the factors relevant to its decision and in fact exercised its 

discretion.” HCG Platinum, LLC v. Preferred Prod. Placement Corp., 873 

F.3d 1191, 1203 (10th Cir. 2017) (quoting Jewell v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 

508 F.3d 1303, 1310 (10th Cir. 2007)). A court abuses its discretion when 

the ruling is “arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly 

unreasonable.” Coletti v. Cudd Pressure Control, 165 F.3d 767, 777 (10th 

Cir. 1999) (quoting FDIC v. Oldenburg, 34 F.3d 1529, 1555 (10th Cir. 

1994)). 
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2. The court acted within its discretion. 

Mr. Parcells. The district court properly considered Mr. Parcells’s 

education and professional history in concluding that he lacked the 

required qualifications. His education reflected extensive study in life 

sciences, anatomy, and physiology; and his primary work experience 

involved autopsies. But Mr. Parcells has no professional license and is not 

a doctor, chiropractor, or engineer. The court thus acted reasonably in 

finding inadequate qualifications in biomechanics, occupant kinematics, 

and epidemiology. 

Mr. McLellan. According to our precedents, a witness with general 

expertise on a particular subject matter does not necessarily qualify to 

opine on issues requiring specific expertise. See Ralston v. Smith & 

Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965, 970 (10th Cir. 2001) (cautioning that 

possession of a medical degree “is not sufficient to permit a physician to 

testify concerning any medical-related issue”); Ho v. Michelin N. Am., Inc.

520 F. App’x 658, 663 (10th Cir. 2013) (concluding that the district court 

did not err in excluding opinion testimony from an expert witness who had 

failed to tie general experience in the tire industry to the pertinent 

opinions). 

Mr. McLellan’s testimony involved opinions regarding the structure, 

design, and safety of the truck’s roof. But Mr. McLellan conceded that he 

had never 
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 worked on truck design or vehicle roof structures or 

 performed intentional rollover tests. 

The district court thus acted within its discretion in concluding that Mr. 

McLellan lacked the required expertise for his opinion testimony. 

The district court also found four flaws in Mr. McLellan’s 

methodology. First, he didn’t explain how the 2005 Exponent Roof Crush 

Test had established a design defect. Second, he couldn’t compare the 

force in Mr. Wurm’s accident to the force involved in the 2005 test. Third, 

the 2005 test used a truck with a differently designed cab. Finally, Mr. 

McLellan did not know the roof strength of the truck at issue or how it 

compared to the roof strength of other trucks or to industry standards. 

Given Mr. McLellan’s lack of relevant expertise and questionable 

methodology, we conclude that the court acted within its discretion in 

excluding Mr. McLellan’s expert testimony. 

B. We also uphold the grant of summary judgment to Ford. 

Following the exclusion of this opinion testimony, the district court 

properly granted summary judgment to Ford. Mr. Wurm had opposed 

summary judgment based solely on expert testimony, and he didn’t identify 

a genuine dispute of material fact once his expert testimony was excluded. 

We thus see no error in the award of summary judgment. 
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6. Conclusion 

We affirm. The district court acted within its discretion in excluding 

the expert testimony, and Mr. Wurm did not argue in district court or on 

appeal that he could avoid summary judgment without expert testimony. 

The absence of expert testimony thus required the award of summary 

judgment to Ford. 

Entered for the Court 

Robert E. Bacharach 

Circuit Judge