1 The Honorable Raymond C. Clevenger, III, United States Circuit Judge for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.

2 The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, United St ates District Judge for the District of Minnesota. 

## United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________ No. 11-1236

___________ United States of America, *
* Appellee, * * Appeal from the United States v. * District Court for the * District of Minnesota. Chane Phillip Christenson, *
* Appellant. *

___________ Submitted: June 13, 2011 Filed: September 2, 2011

___________ Before COLLOTON, CLEVENGER, 1 and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

___________ COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

Chane Christenson pleaded guilty to a single count of knowingly and willfully threatening to take the life of the Presidentof the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 871(a). The district court 2sentenced Christenson to three years’ probation.-2- Christenson appeals, arguing that there was not a sufficient factual basis for his guilty plea. We affirm.

On the afternoon of December 9, 2009, Christenson sent the following e-mail, which we reproduce verbatim, through the White House website:

i guess obama was right “god damn th e usa” i vote mass impeach every last mother fucking one of you for tr eason. i would kill obama if i could. i will go to jail before 1 dollar of mi ne goes for an abortion! illegal aliens shold be deported just like you obama you false birth record commie piece of shit. i hope some 1 kills you and stacks your head on a stick to warn any god damn commie th at comes after. if you have more votes then voters someone LIED. impeach, deport or kill i do not care any more i hate my country i hate the un i hate acorn i hate mrs obama, i hate libs, i will not pay any moretaxes nor will i call my self an american. if everyone can come in and no one can leave it’s a jail, berry sertero needs to have his head removed please kill him like you guys did JFK. hi hoe i hoe its off to jail i go for it the only way to stay alive in this fucked up country of mine. i used to praze the b eauty of grey now it all KKK fuck you fuck you i want the with house to burn mass impeach you god damn treasonest moth er fuckers. merry CHRISTmas you commie fucks! i would of died for my country now id sell it even fast then you. i do not trust anyone that pays mils . to get a job that pays thou. please come and aresst me so i can go to court and say “i can say kill obama cuz that not even his real name’. forget the false birth record i want a blood teast and some dna.My country is evil just look at the hole “god damn” crew and now with YOURhealthcare abortion WE all must buy into. MASS IMPEACH on treason. I HATE MY COUNTRY I HATE YOU ALL you like you pay others to lie fuck you and your actors you god damn pieces of shit i want to see obama’s blood spilled all over the white house make it pink. GOD DAMN THE USA

At approximately 3:00 a.m. on January 6, 2010, Christenson sent another e-mail through the White House website. This e-mail read:-3- WHATS SO HARD ABOUT A BIRTH RECORD? ONLY NON AMERICAN S STILL TRUST YOU. YOU ARE A CROOK A FEAR MONGEL I HATE YOU AND I HOPE SOMEONE KILLS YOU AND YOUR FAMILY REAL SOON. TO WARN THE NEXT ILLEGAL ALIEN WHO TRIES TO TAKE YOUR PLACE. I WASNT RACISET UNTILL 2008 THANKS NIGGERS! WHITE PEOPLE CAN BE NIGGERS TOO! kill obama MRS OBAMA AND THE 2 LITTLE NIGGER BRAT KIDS!

An investigation traced the e-mails to Christenson, who was interviewed by two Secret Service agents at his residence on February 1, 2010. Christenson admitted that he sent the e-mails, but told the agents thathe believed that he was under the influence of alcohol and marijuana at th e time. He also stated that he believed that President Obama’s real name is “Berry Sertero.” Christenson explained to the agents that he had no interest in killing the President and that he is actually a peaceful person.

In April 2010, a grand jury indicted Ch ristenson on two counts of threatening to take the life of the President, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 871(a). The first count of the indictment pertained to the December 2009 e-mail; the second count arose from the January 2010 e-mail. On June 30, 2010, Christenson entered a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to the second count of the indictment in exchange for the government’s agreement to make a fa vorable sentencing recommendation. Under the heading “FACTUAL BASIS,” the plea agreement stated that Christenson had sent the e-mails and had knowingly and willfully threatened to take the President’s life. At a hearing on the same day, Christenson c onfirmed that he sent the two e-mails, and the district court concluded that there was a proper factual basis for the plea and accepted the plea.

Shortly before the sentencing h earing scheduled for December 2010, Christenson retained new counsel and f iled a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Christenson asserted that a mental healthevaluation conducted after the plea hearing-4- indicated that he was likely suffering from a delusional disorder, a paranoid personality disorder, and alcohol and cannabis dependence. He argued that further testing was needed to determine whether his plea was knowing and voluntary. Christenson also contended that he shoul d be allowed to withdraw his plea because the e-mails contained mere political hyperbol e rather than true threats, and were therefore protected by the First Amendment.

The court convened a hearing, during whic h the court informedChristenson that it had been inclined to follow the plea agreement’s recommendation that no term of imprisonment be imposed. After learning of the court’s intention about sentencing, Christenson withdrew the motion to withdraw the plea. The district court proceeded with sentencing, imposed a three-year term of probation, and dismissed the first count of the indictment on the motion of the United States.

At the outset, we must determine whether we can review Christenson’s claim that there was an inadequate factual basis fo r his guilty plea, and, if so, what standard of review should apply. Th is court has held that a valid, unconditional plea of guilty is an admission of guilt that waives all non-jurisdictional defects and defenses. United States v. Limley , 510 F.3d 825, 827 (8th Cir. 2007). In United States v. Frook , 616 F.3d 773, 775 (8th Cir. 2010), however, we held that a defendant who entered an unconditional guilty plea could challenge on app eal a district court’s failure to comply with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b )(3). That provision states that “[b]efore entering judgment on a guilty plea, the court must determine that there is a factual basis for the plea.” As this court noted in Frook , “[i]f a district court accepts a guilty plea based on a set of facts that plainly and obviously does not constitute a federal offense, but nonetheless determines pursuan t to Rule 11(b)(3) that the defendant’s conduct did violate federal law, then there ha s been a violation of the Rule 11 scheme designed to ensure a knowing and voluntary plea.” Id. Such a claim may be reviewed for plain error on direct appeal when the defendant failed to ch allenge the adequacy of the factual basis before the district court. Id.-5- The government argues that Christenson’ s claim is unreviewable, citing cases suggesting that a defendant who pleads gu ilty unconditionally cannot raise an asapplied constitutional challenge to the st atute of conviction on direct appeal. See United States v. Jacobson , 406 F. App’x 91, 92 (8th Cir. 2011) (per curiam); United States v. Seay , 620 F.3d 919, 922 n.3 (8th Cir. 2010). Christenson, however, does not challenge his conviction on the basis that§ 871(a) is unconstitutional as applied to him. He argues only that there was not a sufficient factual basis for the guilty plea, as required by Rule 11(b)(3). Such a cl aim is reviewable on direct appeal. Frook , 616 F.3d at 775.

Christenson contends that our standard of review should be de novo , because his argument implicates the First Amendment. First Amendment considerations are present, see United States v. Frederickson , 601 F.2d 1358, 1363 (8th Cir. 1979), but an appellant cannot escape the consequences of a forfeiture in the district court by grounding his argument on the First Amendment. As the Supreme Court noted in United States v. Olano , 507 U.S. 725 (1993), “[n]o procedural principle is more familiar to this Court than that a constituti onal right, or a right of any other sort, may be forfeited in criminal as well as civil cas es by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal havi ng jurisdiction to determine it.” Id. at 731 (internal quotation omitted). This court has repeatedly reviewed forfeited First Amendment claims for plain error. See, e.g. , United States v. Wolk , 337 F.3d 997, 1003-04 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v. Bausch , 140 F.3d 739, 741 (8th Cir. 1998). Christenson cites Bose Corp. v. Consumers Un ion of United States, Inc. , 466 U.S. 485 (1984), and Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 (1995), for the proposition that de novo review is required, but neither of those cases involved any issue of forfeiture , and they do not control the standard of review in this case. While Christenson can challenge the existence of a factual basis supporting his plea, we review that challenge only for plai n error given Christenson’s failure to raise the argument before the district court. See Frook , 616 F.3d at 775.-6- To qualify for relief under the plain-error standard of review, an appellant must show that the district court committed an error that is clear or obvious under current law and that the error affected the appellant ’s substantial rights. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see Olano , 507 U.S. at 732, 734. If the appellant makes this showing, an appellate court “has the discretion to remedy the error – di scretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously affect[s ] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Puckett v. United States , 129 S. Ct. 1423, 1429 (2009) (alteration in original) (internal quotation omitted).

Our review of the factual basis for a gu ilty plea is limited. We ask only whether there was sufficient eviden ce before the district court “upon which a court may reasonably determine that the defendant likely committed the offense.” See United States v. Cheney , 571 F.3d 764, 769 (8th Cir. 2009) (i nternal quotation omitted). “We have held that facts gathered from th e prosecutor’s summarization of the plea agreement and the language of the plea agreement itself, a colloquy between the defendant and the district court, and the sti pulated facts before the district court are sufficient to find a factual basis for a guilty plea.” United States v. Orozco-Osbaldo , 615 F.3d 955, 958 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal quot ation omitted). We may also consider facts set forth in the presentence report to determine whether th ere was a sufficient factual basis for the plea. See Orozco-Osbaldo , 615 F.3d at 958; United States v. Brown , 331 F.3d 591, 595 (8th Cir. 2003); cf. Howard v. United States , 135 F.3d 506, 509-10 (7th Cir. 1998).

A violation of § 871(a) involves both an objective and a subjective component. The government must establish that a reasonable recipient, familiar with the context of the communication at issue, would interp ret it as a threat, and that the defendant appreciated the threatening nature of his st atement and intended at least to convey the impression that the threat was a serious one. United States v. Cvijanovich , 556 F.3d 857, 863 (8th Cir. 2009). The circumstances surrounding the statement at issue are-7- relevant to the determination whether each component has been satisfied. See id. ; United States v. Whitfield , 31 F.3d 747, 749 (8th Cir. 1994).

Here, Christenson stipulated in the plea ag reement that he sent an e-mail to the White House website in which he stat ed, among other things, “kill obama MRS OBAMA AND THE 2 LITTLE NIGGER BRAT KIDS!” He further stipulated that he knowingly and willfully threatened to take the life of the President, that he acted voluntarily, and that he knew that his actions were illegal. Christenson admitted in the plea agreement and at the plea hearing that he had previously sent an e-mail to the White House website containing similar threats to take the life of the President. In the earlier e-mail, Christenson wrote that “i woul d kill obama if i could” and that “i want to see obama’s blood spilled all over the wh ite house make it pink.” This evidence was not so deficient that it obviously could not be the basis for a reasonable determination that Christenson likely violated § 871(a). See United States v. Mann , No. 99-4115, 2000 WL 372243, at *1 (8th Cir. 2000) (holding that sufficient evidence supported the defendant’s conviction wher e the defendant mailed a letter to the President stating that “You . . . should liv e no longer” and “Somed ay . . . you will pay for your improper actions with your life,” and also indicating that “change” was needed, “[b]y force if need be, . . . as we become your worst dream”); see also United States v. Koski , 424 F.3d 812, 820 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v. Whitfield , 31 F.3d 747, 749 (8th Cir. 1994).

Christenson argues that he simply expressed a wish that the President suffer harm, rather than a declaration of his ow n intent to cause harm to the President. Christenson points out that his e-mails referenced “hot-button political topics” and that the first e-mail used conditional langua ge, suggesting that the e-mails were mere political hyperbole. He relies on Watts v. United States , 394 U.S. 705 (1969) (per curiam), in which the Supreme Court held that § 871(a) did not encompass a statement during a public rally that “[i]f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J.” Id. at 706. The Court concluded that the statute requires-8- the government to prove that the statement at issue is a “true threat,” rather than mere “political hyperbole.” Id. at 708 (internal quotation omitte d). Given the context, the conditional nature of the statement, and the fact that the crowd laughed after the statement was made, the Court determined th at the statement was only “a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). The Court noted that First Amendment considerations counseled against imposing criminal liability for such statements. Id. at 707-08.

Watts demonstrates the limits of § 871(a), but no particular formulation of words is required to state a true treat. This court has noted that “a person may not escape prosecution for uttering threatening language merely by combining the threatening language with issues of public concern,” and that “[a] threat may be considered a ‘true threat’ even if it is premised on a contingency.” United States v. Bellrichard , 994 F.2d 1318, 1322 (8th Cir. 1993). “That correspondence containing threatening language is phrased in outrageous terms does not make the correspondence any less threatening.” Id. The factual basis in this case lacks some of the mitigating circumstances present in Watts , and in light of the record as a whole and our limited standard of review, we conclude that there was no obvious error.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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