STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
 

In re: S.S. FILED 

No. 17-0330 (Randolph County 16-JA-93) October 23, 2017 

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS 

OF WEST VIRGINIA 

MEMORANDUM DECISION 

Petitioner Father G.L., by counsel Gregory R. Tingler, appeals the Circuit Court of 

Randolph County’s March 3, 2017, order terminating his parental rights to S.S.1 The West 

Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee Niezgoda, 

filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem (“guardian”), 

Heather M. Weese, filed a response on behalf of the child in support of the circuit court’s order. 

On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in (1) finding probable cause to support 

the emergency removal of the child from the home; (2) adjudicating him of neglect upon 

insufficient evidence; and (3) denying his motion for either a post-adjudicatory or postdispositional improvement period.2 

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these 

reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Following a prior abuse and neglect proceeding in which he successfully completed an 

improvement period, petitioner was reunited with the child in May of 2016. According to the 

record, the prior proceeding was based, in part, on allegations that petitioner lacked adequate 

housing. At the time, petitioner lived with his parents. According to the DHHR, petitioner was 

repeatedly warned that the child’s paternal grandparents’ home was inappropriate, especially in 

light of the later removal of petitioner’s nieces and nephews from that home due to unsafe 

conditions. Following reunification with petitioner, the prior petition was dismissed. 

1

Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.Va. 

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W.Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013); 

State v. Brandon B., 218 W.Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 

W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). 

2

On appeal, petitioner does not raise a specific assignment of error regarding the circuit 

court’s termination of parental rights. 

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In September of 2016, petitioner’s mother contacted the DHHR and asked if the child 

could reside in her home for two weeks while petitioner moved. Despite the DHHR employee 

indicating that this would not be appropriate, petitioner nonetheless left the child at the 

grandparents’ home around October 3, 2016, before leaving for the Commonwealth of Virginia. 

The following day, the DHHR received a referral that the child was staying at the grandparents’ 

home. The DHHR initiated an investigation and found the home to be “in a filthy and unsafe 

condition” due to missing windows, a missing door, and food debris and garbage filling the 

home. The worker also noted a strong odor in the home which was also present on the child’s 

person. Further, the child was found to have dirt caked under her nails and in the creases of her 

skin. As such, the DHHR removed the child from the home. 

On October 11, 2016, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition against petitioner 

based on the conditions of the home in which he left the child. The petition further alleged that 

the paternal grandfather was charged with domestic violence against the paternal grandmother in 

June of 2016 after an incident that took place in petitioner’s home in the child’s presence. That 

same month, the circuit court held a preliminary hearing and found that petitioner subjected the 

child to imminent danger by placing her in a home he knew to be unsafe. 

In December of 2016, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing, during which the 

DHHR presented testimony from three workers who testified that the grandparents’ home was 

chronically unfit. The DHHR also presented evidence from petitioner’s sister’s mother-in-law, 

who similarly spoke to the unfit nature of the home. Petitioner presented no evidence or 

testimony in response to the DHHR’s evidence. The circuit court then adjudicated petitioner of 

neglecting the child, based upon his failure to acknowledge the unsafe conditions in his parents’ 

home. The following month, petitioner filed a motion for either a post-adjudicatory or a postdispositional improvement period, while the DHHR filed a motion to terminate petitioner’s 

parental rights. 

In January of 2017, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing and addressed both 

outstanding motions. In support of his motion for an improvement period, petitioner testified that 

his parents’ home was not in an unsafe condition when he left the child there. Petitioner further 

disagreed with the testimony of the DHHR workers regarding the home’s condition. Petitioner 

additionally acknowledged that he was previously warned on multiple occasions that the home in 

question was not suitable for the child. Ultimately, the circuit court found that petitioner failed to 

accept responsibility for his actions. The circuit court further found that, based upon the 

extensive services petitioner received in the prior proceeding, there were no additional services 

that could remedy the conditions and neglect. As such, the circuit court denied petitioner’s 

motion for an improvement period and terminated his parental rights to the child. 3 It is from the 

dispositional order that petitioner appeals. 

3

The child’s mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights to the child in a prior 

abuse and neglect proceeding. According to the parties, the child is placed in a foster home with 

a goal of adoption therein. 

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The Court has previously established the following standard of review: 

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de 

novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the 

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the 

evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether 

such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a 

reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, 

although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire 

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply 

because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if 

the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record 

viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 

470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). Upon our review, the Court finds 

no error in the proceedings below. 

First, we find no error in the circuit court’s finding of imminent danger to the child such 

that removal from the home was warranted. Pursuant to West Virginia Code 49-4-303, 

[p]rior to the filing of a petition, a child protective service worker may take the 

child or children into his or her custody (also known as removing the child) 

without a court order when: 

(1) In the presence of a child protective service worker a child or children are 

in an emergency situation which constitutes an imminent danger to the physical 

well-being of the child or children, as that phrase is defined in section two 

hundred one, article one of this chapter; and 

(2) The worker has probable cause to believe that the child or children will 

suffer additional child abuse or neglect or will be removed from the county before 

a petition can be filed and temporary custody can be ordered. 

Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-1-201, 

“Imminent danger to the physical well-being of the child” means an emergency 

situation in which the welfare or the life of the child is threatened. These 

conditions may include an emergency situation when there is reasonable cause to 

believe that any child in the home is or has been sexually abused or sexually 

exploited, or reasonable cause to believe that the following conditions threaten the 

health, life, or safety of any child in the home: . . . Any other condition that 

threatens the health, life, or safety of any child in the home. 

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(emphasis added). The record here is clear that the child was removed from the home upon 

probable cause that the conditions in the grandparents’ home, including improper supervision, 

the unsuitable nature of the home itself, and the recent domestic violence incident between the 

grandparents, resulted in conditions that threatened the health, life, and safety of the child. 

Petitioner bases his argument in support of this assignment of error upon several factors, 

including his disagreement with the DHHR employees’ description of the home, the fact that the 

child had only been in the home for twenty-four hours, the fact that the child did not suffer any 

actual injury in the home, and an allegation that the DHHR did not provide reasonable efforts to 

prevent removal from the home. These arguments are unpersuasive. First, the record is clear that 

the condition of the home was indisputably unfit for the child. While petitioner argues that the 

descriptions of the home were insufficient, one DHHR employee testified that “[a]t one point in 

the hallway the garbage and the dirty clothes came to my knees.” This worker also testified that 

the stench of the home, coupled with other factors, rendered the residence unlivable for a child. 

In fact, the worker testified that the residence’s odor was detectable on the child and the dirt 

covering her required the DHHR worker to clean the child upon removal. Most importantly, 

however, is the fact that the DHHR worker testified that these same conditions formed a basis of 

petitioner’s prior abuse and neglect proceeding and that he had been warned numerous times that 

the home was unfit for the child. This evidence alone was sufficient to establish that the child’s 

wellbeing was in imminent danger. Further, the circuit court also heard evidence regarding the 

grandparents’ inability to properly supervise the child and the fact that petitioner was aware they 

had recently been involved in a domestic altercation in which the grandfather pinned the 

grandmother down and was overheard by law enforcement telling her that he was “going to 

paralyze [her] . . . .” As such, it is irrelevant that the child had only been in the home for a short 

period and did not suffer any actual injury. The fact remains that petitioner was aware of the 

unsuitable nature of the home and left the child there regardless. For these reasons, we find no 

error in the circuit court’s finding of imminent danger to the child. 

Further, we find no error in the circuit court’s finding that the DHHR previously provided 

remedial efforts to petitioner to prevent removal from the home and that, due to emergency 

circumstances, it was reasonable for the DHHR to remove the child from the home without 

making further efforts to prevent removal. Petitioner is correct that West Virginia Code § 49-4­

602(d) sets forth situations in which reasonable efforts to preserve the family are not required. 

However, petitioner’s argument that none of these situations applied to the current matter is 

unpersuasive given that the record shows that the circuit court did not find that the DHHR was 

exempt from making such efforts. On the contrary, the circuit court found that, aside from the 

services petitioner received in his recent abuse and neglect proceeding, it was reasonable for the 

DHHR to remove the child without making further efforts to prevent such removal. We agree. 

The specific circumstances of this particular case presented the DHHR with no choice but to 

remove the child, given that she was left in an unsuitable home while petitioner traveled outside 

the State. Because the DHHR had no choice but to remove the child from the home, we find no 

error. 

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Next, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in adjudicating him as an abusing 

parent. 4 In support of this assignment of error, petitioner argues that the evidence was 

insufficient to support his adjudication and again disputes the DHHR’s characterization of the 

home in question. Petitioner further argues that the DHHR’s failure to remove his nieces and 

nephews from the grandparents’ home after the DHHR’s initial visit in the prior cases negates its 

allegation that the home was unsuitable. We do not agree. Importantly, those cases are not 

properly before this Court for review and have little bearing on our decision herein, given that 

the Court does not have a record of those proceedings. However, petitioner’s argument also 

ignores the fact that, according to the circuit court’s adjudicatory order in this proceeding, the 

children petitioner addresses were removed from the subject home in August of 2016 “because 

the home was inappropriate and these children were not being closely supervised.” Additionally, 

the circuit court found that testimony concerning the removal of these additional children from 

the home established that it was in deplorable condition due to the presence of “flies too 

numerous to count, soiled food, . . . [and a] terrible odor,” among other issues. Simply put, 

petitioner’s arguments that the DHHR’s actions across various abuse and neglect proceedings do 

not support his adjudication in this proceeding are without merit. 

Moreover, the Court finds that the evidence upon which the circuit court relied was 

sufficient. In addressing the burden of proof at adjudication, we have held as follows: 

“W.Va.Code [§] 49-6-2(c) [now West Virginia Code § 49-4-601(i)], 

requires the [DHHR], in a child abuse or neglect case, to prove ‘conditions 

existing at the time of the filing of the petition . . . by clear and convincing 

[evidence].’ The statute, however, does not specify any particular manner or mode 

of testimony or evidence by which the [DHHR] is obligated to meet this burden.” 

Syllabus Point 1, In Interest of S.C., 168 W.Va. 366, 284 S.E.2d 867 (1981). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Joseph A., 199 W.Va. 438, 485 S.E.2d 176 (1997) (citations omitted). Here, 

petitioner argues that the DHHR failed to meet its burden of proof because it did not provide any 

corroboration that the home was in the condition to which the employees testified. According to 

petitioner, the DHHR’s failure to provide photographic evidence or other contemporaneous notes 

about the visits to the home resulted in insufficient evidence. We do not agree. The record is 

clear that several individuals testified consistently about the conditions in the home. This 

included not only DHHR personnel, but also petitioner’s sister’s mother-in-law, who visited the 

home multiple times over the preceding five years. While petitioner argues that her testimony 

was irrelevant because she was last in the home in August of 2016, the Court does not agree. 

When taken together with the testimony of the DHHR employees, this testimony clearly shows a 

4

The circuit court actually adjudicated petitioner as an “abusive and neglectful parent.” 

However, West Virginia Code § 49-1-201 defines “abusing parent” as “ a parent . . . whose 

conduct has been adjudicated by the court to constitute child abuse or neglect as alleged in the 

petition charging child abuse or neglect.” (emphasis added). Because the statutory definition of 

“abusing parent’ encompasses a parent who has been adjudicated of abuse or neglect, we will use 

the correct statutory term throughout this memorandum decision. 

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pattern of unsuitability in the grandparents’ home. Additionally, this testimony further bolsters 

the circuit court’s findings regarding the fact that petitioner was repeatedly warned that the 

grandparents’ home was unsuitable for the child and that the home remained in such a condition. 

According to West Virginia Code § 49-1-201, a “neglected child” is one 

[w]hose physical or mental health is harmed or threatened by a present refusal, 

failure or inability of the child’s parent, guardian or custodian to supply the child 

with necessary food, clothing, shelter, supervision, medical care or education, 

when that refusal, failure or inability is not due primarily to a lack of financial 

means on the part of the parent, guardian or custodian . . . . 

Here, the record overwhelmingly established that the child was neglected, as petitioner failed to 

provide her with proper shelter and supervision, among other issues. The record shows that the 

home in question was not only unsuitable for the child, but that petitioner was aware of the 

recent domestic violence between the grandparents. While petitioner argues on appeal that the 

alleged neglect in this case was a direct result of a lack of financial means, he provides no 

evidence in support of this allegation. Simply put, petitioner has failed to show how the parties’ 

alleged lack of finances resulted in an inability to keep the home free of trash, spoiled food, and 

other potentially harmful material. Accordingly, we find no error in adjudication below. 

Finally, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for either a 

post-adjudicatory or post-dispositional improvement period. In support of this assignment of 

error, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in finding that he failed to acknowledge the 

existence of the conditions that necessitated the petition’s filing and that he failed to accept 

responsibility for the same. According to petitioner, the circuit court erroneously accepted the 

DHHR’s argument that, because he challenged the preliminary hearing and adjudication, 

petitioner continued to refuse to accept responsibility through disposition. Petitioner cites to 

portions of the dispositional transcript wherein he claims that he fully acknowledged the 

conditions of neglect present in the matter and indicated his desire to correct the same. However, 

we do not find petitioner’s argument persuasive, as it ignores important portions of the 

dispositional hearing wherein petitioner illustrated his continued failure to acknowledge the 

conditions that gave rise to the matter. 

Specifically, the circuit court found that “at disposition, [petitioner] still doesn’t fully 

accept responsibility for his actions, blaming it on poor judgment, and only testified that he 

shouldn’t have taken his daughter to that home because ‘the State is always right.’” Further, the 

circuit court found that petitioner testified at the dispositional hearing that “the condition of the 

home was appropriate, despite the testimony of three . . . CPS workers to the contrary.” In short, 

the circuit court found that petitioner “took his daughter to this home, after being repeatedly 

warned not to, . . . within 30 days of his return of custody, and after 11 months of services in his 

previous improvement period . . . .” Based upon these findings, the circuit court held that 

petitioner’s failure to acknowledge the conditions of neglect prevented him from obtaining an 

improvement period. This is in keeping with our prior holdings, wherein we have stated that 

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[i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must first be 

acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., the truth 

of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the 

perpetrator of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable 

and in making an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s 

expense. 

In re Timber M., 231 W.Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (quoting In re: Charity H., 215 

W.Va. 208, 217, 599 S.E.2d 631, 640 (2004)). Simply put, petitioner’s failure to acknowledge 

the conditions of neglect resulted in his inability to establish that he was likely to fully participate 

in an improvement period, as required by West Virginia Code §§ 49-4-610(2)(B) and (3)(B). As 

such, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial of petitioner’s motion for either a postadjudicatory or a post-dispositional improvement period. 

For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its 

March 3, 2017, order is hereby affirmed. 

Affirmed. 

ISSUED: October 23, 2017 

CONCURRED IN BY: 

Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II 

Justice Robin Jean Davis 

Justice Margaret L. Workman 

Justice Menis E. Ketchum 

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker 

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