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STATE OF VERMONT 

SUPERIOR COURT ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION 

 

 } 

In re Sheffield Wind Project } 

 Amended Individual Stormwater Permit } Docket No. 252-10-08 Vtec 

 (No. 5535-INDC.A) } 

 (Appeal of Brouha et al.) } 

 } 

Decision and Order on Motion to Alter

Appellants Carol Brouha, Paul Brouha, Greg Bryant, Don Gregory, the King 

George School, Linda Lavalle, Robert Tuthill, and David Zimmerman appealed from 

a decision of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR) issuing individual 

stormwater discharge permit No. 5535-INDC, covering the construction of the 

Sheffield Wind Project (the Project), and appealed from the amended individual 

stormwater discharge permit (No. 5535-INDC.A) for the same project.1 The parties 

agreed that the amended permit superseded the original one, and the appeal of the 

amended permit was incorporated into the ongoing case. 

Appellants are represented by Stephanie J. Kaplan, Esq., and Jared M. 

Margolis, Esq.; Appellee-Applicants Signal Wind Energy, LLC and Vermont Wind, 

LLC (referred to in the singular as “Vermont Wind” or “First Wind”) are 

represented by Ronald A. Shems, Esq., Andrew N. Raubvogel, Esq., Geoffrey H. 

Hand, Esq., and Elizabeth H. Catlin, Esq. The Vermont Agency of Natural 

Resources (ANR) is represented by Judith L. Dillon, Esq. 

The Court issued a decision on August 26, 2010, approving an amended 

 

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 The project holds other permits and approvals from the Public Service Board and 

the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR) that were not appealed, including 

the ANR’s approval of the project’s operational stormwater discharge management 

system. 
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individual construction stormwater discharge permit covering the period during 

construction of the Project. Appellants moved to alter the Court’s decision under 

V.R.C.P. 59(e), asking the Court to correct what they characterize as six errors in the 

Court’s decision. Appellants also later filed an emergency motion to stay the 

operation of the permit pending appeal, which was fully briefed as of November 8, 

2010 and which the Court addressed and denied in a written decision dated 

November 19, 2010. 

Standard Applicable to a Motion to Alter or Amend a Judgment

Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), which is substantially identical to 

Federal Rule 59(e), “gives the court broad power to alter or amend a judgment on 

motion within ten days after entry thereof.” Drumheller v. Drumheller, 2009 VT 23, 

¶ 28 (citing V.R.C.P. 59, Reporter's Notes). Rule 59(e) is a codification of the trial 

court's “inherent power to open and correct, modify, or vacate its judgments.” Id. 

(citing West v. West, 131 Vt. 621, 623 (1973)). Although there is no explicit 

authorization in the rules of civil or appellate procedure, or in the rules specific to 

this Court, for a motion to “reconsider” a final decision, such motions are also 

treated as motions to amend or alter a judgment under V.R.C.P. 59(e). Appeal of 

Berezniak, No. 171-9-03 Vtec, slip op. at 3 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 6, 2007) (Wright, J.). 

A Rule 59(e) motion “allows the trial court to revise its initial judgment if 

necessary to relieve a party against the unjust operation of the record resulting from 

the mistake or inadvertence of the court and not the fault or neglect of a party.” 

Rubin v. Sterling Enterprises, Inc., 164 Vt. 582, 588 (1996) (citing In re Kostenblatt, 

161 Vt. 292, 302 (1994)). More specifically, the limited functions of a motion to alter 

or amend a judgment are “to correct manifest errors of law or fact on which the 

decision was based, to allow the moving party to present newly discovered or 

previously unavailable evidence, to prevent manifest injustice, or to respond to an 
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intervening change in the controlling law.” In re Vanishing Brook Subdivision, No. 

223-10-07 Vtec, slip op. at 4 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. July 10, 2008) (Wright, J.) (quoting 11 

Wright, Miller, & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2810.0 (2d ed. 1995)); 

see also Appeal of Van Nostrand, Nos. 209-11-04 & 101-5-05 Vtec, slip op. at 4 (Vt.

Envtl. Ct. Dec. 11, 2006) (Durkin, J.). On the other hand, Rule 59(e) should not be 

used to “relitigate old matters” or “raise arguments or present evidence that could 

have been raised prior to entry of the judgment.” Van Nostrand, Nos. 209-11-04 & 

101-5-05 Vtec, slip op. at 4. 

Appellants’ Motion to Alter

 Appellants ask the Court to address the following six issues in the Court’s 

decision and to alter that decision accordingly on each of the issues. 

The finding that 65.6 acres of the 83.2 acres located within the flagged limits of 

construction will be disturbed during construction

 The Court found that 83.2 acres of the project property will lie within the 

flagged limits of construction, but that, within the flagged limits of construction, 

approximately 65.6 acres of the project property is actually proposed to be disturbed 

during construction of the project. In re Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, 

slip op. at 4 (Vt. Envtl. Ct Aug, 26 2010) (Wright, J.). Applicants argue that because 

there is no clear delineation in the project plans indicating where within the 83.2 

acres of the flagged limits of construction earth will be disturbed, the Court should 

find that the area to be disturbed is instead 83.2 acres. Motion to Alter at 3. 

Appellants then argue that, because the 83.2 acre area is significantly larger than the 

60.5 acres that Applicants initially proposed to disturb, the Court should find that 

the Best Management Practices (BMPs) proposed to be employed are insufficient to 

protect water quality, and should instead deny the permit. Id. at 3–4. 
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 As noted in the decision on the merits, the burden of overcoming the 

presumption of compliance with the Vermont Water Quality Standards (VWQS) lies 

with the Appellants. Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 19. In its 

decision, the Court determined that the Appellants failed to present evidence 

sufficient to overcome the presumption that the BMPs, if properly employed, will 

cause the project to comply with the VWQS. Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 

Vtec, slip op. at 18-19. 

 Appellants’ Motion to Alter fails to present the Court with any additional 

evidence or to point out any overlooked provisions of law that might change this 

conclusion. The Court has reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at 

trial, and declines to alter its decision on this issue. 

 

The conclusion that Exhibit 2a is merely a different graphic representation of 

information that was already in the application materials

 During trial, the Court denied Appellants’ motion to add issues to their 

Statement of Questions regarding the set of plans in evidence as Exhibit 2a, ruling 

that all the information needed to prepare Exhibit 2a was contained in the 

application materials, the Permit and the EPSC Plan, although the Court recognized 

that the references to the plans produced for the operational stormwater permit 

were not as clear as they could have been. Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 

Vtec, slip op. at 22. Appellants argue that the Court erred in finding that Exhibit 2a 

presents the information that was already contained in Exhibits 1 and 2 in a different 

graphical depiction. Appellants argue that based on this error, the presumption that 

the BMPs will be sufficient to protect water quality on the site is unfounded and the 

permit should therefore be denied. 

 However, the Appellants have not provided any additional evidence to 

demonstrate that the Court’s conclusion that regardless of any inconsistencies 
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between Exhibits 2 and 2a, the BMPs contained in the final EPSC Plan will result in 

the Project’s compliance with the Vermont Water Quality Standards. Sheffield 

Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 23. 

 Appellants’ Motion to Alter fails to present the Court with any additional 

evidence or to point out any overlooked provisions of law that might change this 

conclusion. The Court has reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at 

trial, and declines to alter its decision on this issue. 

The determination that Part 3 of the Standards and Specifications provides guidance 

but contains no mandatory provisions applicable to individual construction 

stormwater permits

 Appellants argue that the Court failed to consider sediment control measures 

listed in Part 3 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications for Erosion Control and 

Sediment Prevention (Vermont Standards and Specifications) that, they argue, were 

omitted from the Project’s EPSC Plan. Motion to Alter at 7. Appellants argue, as 

they did in their post-trial memoranda, that because the plans do not “comply with” 

the Part 3 provisions, the permit must be denied. 

 The Court explained that Parts 4 and 5 of the Vermont Standards and 

Specifications provide the BMPs applicable to individual stormwater permits. Part 3 

of the Standards and Specifications provides guidance for preparing EPSC plans, 

and the requirements in § 3.3 are only mandatory for projects subject to the 

Construction General Permit, unlike projects, such as the present one, that must 

have an individual construction permit individually approved. Sheffield Wind 

Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 20, n.13. The Project at issue in this case is 

subject to an individual construction stormwater permit, and therefore the 

provisions of § 3.3 are not mandatory. 
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 Appellants’ Motion to Alter fails to present the Court with any additional 

evidence or to point out any overlooked provisions of law that might change this 

conclusion. The Court has reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at 

trial, and declines to alter its decision on this issue. 

The characterization of the project as linear

 Appellants argue that the Court incorrectly characterized the project as linear 

instead of as a large contiguous area similar to a subdivision. Motion to Alter at 7-8. 

Based on their incorrect assumption that the requirements in Part 3 of the Vermont 

Standards and Specifications are mandatory for projects subject to individual 

construction stormwater permits, Appellants argue that the project is not linear, that 

Part 3 the Vermont Standards and Specifications requires separate pre- and postconstruction EPSC plans for non-linear projects, and therefore the permit should be 

denied. Motion to Alter at 8. 

 Because Part 3 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications are not 

mandatory for the individually tailored EPSC Plan for construction of this project, 

the Court’s characterization of the project as linear is simply descriptive rather than 

regulatory. The Court characterized the project as linear because “areas that are 

worked on earlier are completed and stabilized as new areas are opened up,” 

Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 5, consistent with the 

description in § 3.6 of the Vermont Standards and Specifications of a linear project as 

one that lacks significant disturbance areas outside of the linear construction, as is 

the case with the proposed project, rather than a project where a large contiguous 

area of disturbance is proposed. 

 To the extent that it makes any difference to the outcome, Appellants have 

not presented the Court with any new or additional evidence in support of their 

argument that the project should not be characterized as linear. The Court has 
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reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at trial, and declines to alter 

its decision on this issue. 

The conclusion that the logging and clearing on the project property are subject to

the ANR’s Acceptable Management Practices for Maintaining Water Quality on 

Logging Jobs in Vermont rather than to the Vermont Standards and Specifications

 The Court concluded that logging and clearing of vegetation, up to but not 

including the digging up of stumps, is covered by the Acceptable Management 

Practices for Maintaining Water Quality on Logging Jobs in Vermont (AMPs), and 

not by the Vermont Standards and Specifications for Erosion Prevention and 

Sediment Control. Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 7. 

Appellants argue that the heavy machinery used for logging to prepare the site for 

construction will disturb the surface of the soil, and that the NPDES stormwater 

program and the Vermont Standards and Specifications should apply to the logging 

as well as the construction of the project. Motion to Alter at 9. 

 However, regardless of the policy considerations regarding logging 

machinery, the Court is constrained to apply the statutes and regulations adopted 

by the legislature and the ANR, respectively, making logging subject to the AMPs, 

although earth disturbance due to the grubbing up of stumps and roots is 

considered earth disturbance subject to the Vermont Standard and Specifications. 

The Court’s decision specifically addresses this issue of earth disturbance through 

the imposition of conditions 2 and 3, which require Applicants to install required 

sediment control devices before any disturbance of earth within the project area. 

Sheffield Wind Project, No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 26. 

 Appellant also argues that the Court should have analogized the logging 

operation at the site to clearing land in preparation for construction under Act 250. 

Motion to Alter at 9–10. There is no question that the clearing of land for a project 
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within the jurisdiction of Act 250 is considered the commencement of construction, 

so that an application must be reviewed for compliance with Act 250 as the project 

property existed before any pre-application clearing or excavation in preparation for 

construction. See In re: Bernard and Suzanne Carrier, No. 7R0639-EB, Findings of 

Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order at 10 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Oct. 5, 1990); see also In re: 

Sherman Hollow, Inc., No. 4C0422-5-EB, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and 

Order at 11–12 (Revised) (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Feb. 17, 1989) (clearing and grubbing of the 

site necessary for construction constitutes development under Act 250); In re: J.P. 

Carrara and Sons, Inc., No. 1R0589-EB, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and 

Order at 9 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Feb. 17, 1988) (logging activities in preparation for 

development are the commencement of construction). 

 However, the fact that logging constitutes the commencement of construction 

under Act 250 does not change the statute applicable to the present case, providing 

that “[s]tormwater runoff from silvicultural activities subject to accepted 

management practices adopted by the commissioner of forests, parks, and 

recreation” does not require a stormwater permit. 10 V.S.A. 1264(e)(2)(C). 

 Appellants’ Motion to Alter fails to present the Court with any additional 

evidence or to point out any overlooked provisions of law that might change this 

conclusion. The Court has reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at 

trial, and declines to alter its decision on this issue. 

The imposition of a seven-acre limit on concurrent disturbance and requirement of 

prompt stabilization of soils within 14 days

 In its decision, the Court determined that Appellants’ proposed condition 

limiting concurrent soil disturbances to two acres and requiring stabilization within 

seven days was unnecessary to achieve compliance with the Vermont Water Quality 

Standards. Appellants argue that the characteristics of the project site make it a high 
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risk site, and that the Court should have imposed Appellants’ proposed condition 

instead of the seven-acre limit on concurrent soil disturbance and requiring prompt 

stabilization of disturbed soil within 14 days. 

 The Court’s decision analyzed the specific stabilization requirements of the 

EPSC Plan, and concluded on the balance of the evidence that the 7-acre disturbed 

area, 14-day stabilization limits, together with the specific stabilization required for 

various specific features of the project, represented “an appropriate balance between 

progressing with construction and managing areas of disturbed earth to prevent 

erosion and control the transport of sediment.” Sheffield Wind Project, 

No. 252-10-08 Vtec, slip op. at 21–22. The fact that it met the characteristics of a high 

risk site are what caused it to require an individual stormwater permit in the first 

place, rather than being covered by the construction general permit under the 

ANR’s stormwater permitting program. 

 Appellants failed to show at trial that the proposed additional restrictions 

were necessary to achieve compliance with the VWQS. Appellants’ Motion to Alter 

fails to present the Court with any additional evidence or to point out any 

overlooked provisions of law that might change this conclusion. The Court has 

reviewed the evidence and its notes as to the testimony at trial, and declines to alter 

its decision on this issue. 

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED 

that Appellants’ Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment is DENIED. 

Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 6th day of January, 2011. 

 _________________________________________________ 

 Merideth Wright 

 Environmental Judge