COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Kelsey, Beales and Senior Judge Annunziata

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

PRISCILLA SHERRIE PARHAM

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 1528-11-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY

JULY 31, 2012

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND

Walter W. Stout, III, Judge

Catherine French, Senior Appellate Coordinator (Virginia 

Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.

Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General 

(Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), 

for appellee.

Priscilla Sherrie Parham appeals her contempt conviction on two grounds. First, she 

claims the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law. Second, she contends the circuit court

violated her due process rights by considering a certificate filed by the juvenile and domestic 

relations district court pursuant to Code § 18.2-459. We disagree with both assertions and 

affirm.

I.

Parham appeared pro se at a hearing in a child custody case pending in the Richmond 

Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court). During the hearing, Parham 

was found guilty of summary contempt. No court reporter was present to record the hearing. 

Pursuant to Code § 18.2-459, the JDR court filed a “certificate of the conviction and the 

particular circumstances of the offense.”

The certificate explained that “Parham appeared on March 23, 2011 in a contested 

custody case.” App. at 4. At the end of the hearing, the JDR judge “advised” the parties she was 
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“granting sole legal custody” to the father. Id. As the court clerk prepared the order, a court 

deputy handed a child support summons to Parham. In response, “Parham balled the paper up.” 

Id. When the judge asked Parham “what she had just done,” Parham replied “she didn’t need the 

papers.” Id. “At that point,” the judge stated, “I took a brief recess.” Id. After the recess, the 

judge repeated her ruling granting sole legal custody to the child’s father. The court’s custody 

orders were then handed to Parham. As before, “Parham proceeded to ball up these orders.” Id.

The judge found her in summary contempt.

Parham appealed the summary contempt finding to the circuit court. Parham argued the 

circuit court could not consider the JDR court’s certificate under Code § 18.2-459 because doing 

so violated her due process right to confront the witness against her — the JDR judge. She also 

contended her actions could not “be considered either insulting to the judge or misbehavior or 

resistance or disobeying an order of the Court.” Id. at 23. After the circuit court overruled her 

objections, Parham took the stand in her own defense.

Parham testified she balled up the “first piece of paper” (the summons) and conceded: 

“So I could take the contempt of court.” Id. at 26. She admitted she was “upset” at the court’s 

ruling. Id. at 25. Balling up the summons, she agreed, was “contemptuous” on her part. Id. at 

30. Immediately after balling up the summons, Parham recalled, the JDR judge breathed 

“aahhhh” into the microphone on the bench and announced the court would be in recess. Id. at 

26. 

Parham denied balling up the second set of papers (the custody orders), claiming the JDR 

judge made up that part of the story simply out of spite. Parham asserted that the only thing she 

did with this set of papers was to “fold it up” in open court. Id. at 30. On cross-examination, 

Parham acknowledged she had been previously convicted of perjury.
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The circuit court affirmed the JDR court’s finding of summary contempt. The circuit 

court construed the JDR court’s recess as an effort to “calm down” the situation before issuing its 

written orders to Parham. Id. at 24. The circuit court also found that Parham’s actions in open 

court were purposefully “insulting,” id., giving rise to the JDR court’s contempt authority to

maintain the “dignity” of the proceeding, id. at 31.

II.

On appeal, Parham challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as well as the admissibility 

of the JDR court’s certificate. We find no merit in either contention.

A.

Virginia courts have long recognized that the “power to punish for contempt is inherent 

in, and as ancient as, courts themselves.” Carter v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 392, 395, 345 

S.E.2d 5, 7 (1986) (citations omitted). This “inherent” power is conferred upon Virginia courts 

“by the very act of their creation. It is a trust confided and a duty imposed upon us by the 

sovereign people which we cannot surrender or suffer to be impaired without being recreant to 

our duty.” Carter’s Case, 96 Va. 791, 809, 32 S.E. 780, 783 (1899).1 The underlying rationale 

rests not only on the need to enforce judicial orders but also on the basic need to “preserve the 

confidence and respect of the people without which the rights of the people cannot be maintained 

and enforced.” Carter, 2 Va. App. at 395, 345 S.E.2d at 7 (citations omitted).

Under Virginia law, “[i]t is elementary that any act which is calculated to embarrass, 

hinder, or obstruct the court in the administration of justice is contempt.” Potts v. 

Commonwealth, 184 Va. 855, 859, 36 S.E.2d 529, 530 (1946). This includes any “act in 

disrespect of the court or its processes, or which obstructs the administration of justice, or tends 

 1 See also Yoder v. Commonwealth, 107 Va. 823, 829-30, 57 S.E. 581, 583 (1907)

(reaffirming Carter’s Case in light of later revisions to the Virginia Constitution).
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to bring the court into disrepute.” Robinson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 137, 142-43, 583 

S.E.2d 60, 63 (2003) (quoting Carter, 2 Va. App. at 396, 345 S.E.2d at 7). As Sir William 

Blackstone put it, contempt includes anything that demonstrates “a gross want of that regard and 

respect, which, when once courts of justice are deprived of, their authority (so necessary for the 

good order of the kingdom) is entirely lost among the people.” Burdett v. Commonwealth, 103 

Va. 838, 843, 48 S.E. 878, 880 (1904) (quoting 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the 

Laws of England *285-86 (1769)). When “vindicating the dignity and authority of the court,” a 

judge discharges a “solemn duty” and is not “engaged in a personal and private controversy.” 

Branch v. Branch, 144 Va. 244, 252, 132 S.E. 303, 306 (1926) (quoting Carter’s Case, 96 Va. at 

812, 32 S.E. at 784).2

Under the common law, acts of contempt “are either direct, which openly insult or resist 

the powers of the courts, or the persons of the judges who preside there; or else are consequential 

[indirect], which (without such gross insolence or direct opposition) plainly tend to create an

universal disregard of their authority.” Blackstone, supra, at *283-84. Although the common 

law established the power to punish contempt, Carter’s Case, 96 Va. at 806-07, 32 S.E. at

781-82, constitutional and statutory law set the procedural standards governing the imposition of 

a contempt conviction. In this respect, “the substantial difference between a direct and [indirect]

contempt is one of procedure.” Burdett, 103 Va. at 845, 48 S.E. at 880. “Although the ‘power of 

the court to punish is the same,’ there are two distinct types of contempt, direct and indirect.” 

Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 422, 442, 689 S.E.2d 716, 727 (2010) (citation omitted).

 2 Examples of contemptuous behavior under Virginia law go as far back as the General 

Court of the Colony, which exercised its common law powers against a litigant for “saying that 

she had gotten as little justice in court as she would have in hell with the devil sitting as judge” 

as well as against other litigants “calling on God to damn the justices” and “saying that the 

judges never did any good.” United States v. Barnett, 376 U.S. 681, 723 n.13 (1964) (citing 

Arthur P. Scott, Criminal Law in Colonial Virginia 172-73 (1930)); see also 1 Philip Alexander 

Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century 511 (1964) (discussing 

various “affronts to the court” punished as summary contempt).
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Direct contempt usually arises “‘in the face of the court’ as by rude and contumelious 

behavior; by obstinacy, perverseness, or prevarication; by breach of the peace, or any willful 

disturbance whatever.” Blackstone, supra, at *285; see also John B. Minor, Exposition of the 

Law of Crimes and Punishments § IV(ii)(v.), at 147 (1894) (direct contempt includes “rude and 

contumelious behavior towards the court or judge”). In such circumstances, “immediate 

punishment is essential to prevent ‘demoralization of the court’s authority’ before the public.” In 

re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 275 (1948) (citation omitted).

The governing “form of procedure” for summary contempt “dispenses with any further 

proof or examination and a formal hearing.” Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 206 Va. 291, 

294, 142 S.E.2d 746, 749 (1965). Since ancient times, if “the contempt be committed in the face 

of the court, the offender may be instantly apprehended and imprisoned, at the discretion of the 

judges, without any farther proof or examination.” Blackstone, supra, at *286.

3

 “Where 

misconduct occurs in open court, the affront to the court’s dignity is more widely observed, 

justifying summary vindication.” Pounders v. Watson, 521 U.S. 982, 988 (1997) (per curiam).

In indirect contempt cases, which Blackstone called “matters that arise at a distance, and 

of which the court cannot have so perfect a knowledge,” Blackstone, supra, at *286, courts must 

provide the full panoply of constitutional rights: notice of the charge, right to counsel, 

presumption of innocence, as well as the opportunity to present evidence and to cross-examine 

 3 In summary contempt cases, Virginia law “does not require the trial judge to adjudicate 

a contempt committed in his presence at the very instant of the alleged misbehavior or 

disobedience of the court’s ruling. He may do so, under § 18.1-292 [now Code § 18.2-456], but 

he is not required to.” Higginbotham, 206 Va. at 295, 142 S.E.2d at 749 (emphasis in original). 

“An examination and analysis of the reported cases which have dealt with the effect of delay in 

adjudication of contempt committed in the presence of the court reveal, without exception, that 

the court’s power to punish a contemnor is not lost by a short delay during the course of the 

trial.” Id. at 295, 142 S.E.2d at 749-50.
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adverse witnesses. See Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A., 481 U.S. 787, 798-99

(1987); Scialdone, 279 Va. at 443-44, 689 S.E.2d at 728.

4

In 1831, the Virginia General Assembly codified the common law categories of direct 

contempt. See 1830-31 Va. Acts ch. 11; United States v. Barnett, 376 U.S. 681, 722-24 (1964). 

This statute, “in sanctioning the power of the courts to punish, as contempts, the ‘acts’ therein 

enumerated, it is merely declaratory of what the law was before its passage.” Carter’s Case, 96 

Va. at 809, 32 S.E. at 783 (emphasis in original). This statute, as did the common law,

seems to embrace almost every conceivable form of that offence 

which can occur in the presence of, or in proximity to, the court, 

that is to say, under circumstances likely to arouse the passion or 

prejudice of the judge, and disturb that equanimity essential to

calm and wise judicial action.

Id. at 814, 32 S.E. at 784.

Following its predecessors nearly word for word, Code § 18.2-456 lists the major 

common law categories of direct contempt. The first, “Misbehavior in the presence of the court, 

or so near thereto as to obstruct or interrupt the administration of justice,” Code § 18.2-456(1), 

has remained unchanged since the original 1831 statute. We have never defined misbehavior in 

any definitive sense — nor could we. See Ronald J. Bacigal, Criminal Offenses & Defenses 408 

(2011-12 ed.) (recognizing the term “cannot be fully defined”). It is assumed that reasonable 

people understand the line between good and bad behavior, particularly when exhibited in open 

court in the presence of a judge. A probationer, after all, is expected to know what his condition 

of good behavior means in his suspended sentence. It is not too much to expect the same from 

litigants appearing before a court.

 4 “For ‘serious’ criminal contempts involving imprisonment of more than six months, 

these protections include the right to jury trial.” United Mine Workers of Am. v. Bagwell, 512 

U.S. 821, 826-27 (1994) (citing Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 194, 198-99 (1968)).
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Parham argues she did not misbehave in the presence of the JDR court. She conceded, 

however, in her testimony in circuit court that she acted with contemptuous intent when she 

balled up the summons. But she argues that balling up the court’s written orders, after the JDR 

judge’s recess, cannot fairly be described as misbehavior. We disagree.

No litigant is expected to cheerfully agree with an adverse judicial ruling. Nor, for that 

matter, do courts attempt to exercise any control over a disappointed litigant’s temptation to 

harbor disrespect for either the courts or their decisions. But courts do rightly expect a 

disrespectful litigant to keep her insolent thoughts to herself and to refrain from exhibiting

contemptuous behavior in open court. Such petulance breeds defiance of, and disdain for, the 

judiciary, while accomplishing absolutely nothing toward addressing the alleged error that 

provoked the litigant to misbehave in the first place.

By balling up the summons and, later, the JDR court’s written orders, Parham intended to 

display — to both the court and all others in the courtroom — her contemptuous disrespect for 

the JDR court and its decision. Both the JDR court and the circuit court, reviewing the decision,

correctly concluded Parham committed misbehavior in the presence of the court, in violation of 

Code § 18.2-456(1).

Parham also argues that, even if her conduct did qualify as misconduct in open court, it 

cannot be said to have “obstruct[ed] or interrupt[ed] the administration of justice” as required by 

Code § 18.2-456(1). We disagree with the assumption underlying Parham’s assertion.

Subsection 1 applies to “[m]isbehavior in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as 

to obstruct or interrupt the administration of justice.” Code § 18.2-456(1). Given the syntax and 

punctuation of this provision, the necessity for showing an actual obstruction or interruption of 

justice does not apply to misbehavior “in the presence of the court” but only to misbehavior “so 

near thereto.” Id. Misbehavior the court directly sees or hears, therefore, can be dealt with 
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summarily. Misbehavior outside the court’s presence, on the other hand, must somehow obstruct 

or interrupt justice before it can be, if at all, the subject of summary contempt.

Parham’s misbehavior occurred in the presence of the JDR court and, to be sure, was 

clearly directed at the court. It was unnecessary for the court to find her misbehavior obstructed 

or interrupted justice before declaring her guilty of summary contempt. Accord In re Savin, 131 

U.S. 267, 276 (1889) (“There may be misbehavior in the presence of a court amounting to 

contempt, that would not, ordinarily, be said to obstruct the administration of justice.”).5

That said, we do not mean to imply Parham’s misbehavior did not obstruct or interrupt 

justice. The JDR court wisely took a recess in hopes of defusing the situation, creating an 

interruption in the proceedings for the court and everyone in the courtroom. We need not 

predicate our ruling on this ground, however, because misbehavior in the presence of the court 

may be summarily punished under Code § 18.2-456(1) without a showing of an obstruction or 

interruption of justice.

B.

Parham argues the circuit court violated her due process right to confrontation by 

admitting into evidence the JDR court’s “certificate of the conviction and the particular 

circumstances of the offense” required by Code § 18.2-459. Again, we disagree.

 5 After In re Savin, Congress recodified an analogous federal contempt statute and 

removed the comma before the phrase “or so near thereto.” 62 Stat. ch. 645, at 701 (June 25, 

1948) (recodifying statute as 18 U.S.C. § 401). Since then, federal courts have “assumed” the 

federal contempt statute requires a showing of obstruction in the administration of justice. 

United States v. Lowery, 733 F.2d 441, 444-45 (7th Cir. 1984). As Judge Posner has explained, 

“[t]here would be no ambiguity if the draftsmen had placed a comma after ‘presence’ [of the 

court] and before ‘or so near thereto’” because, had they done so, “history and grammar” would 

have confined the obstruction caveat to contempts occurring outside the presence of the court. 

Id.; see also United States v. Oberhellmann, 946 F.2d 50, 52 (7th Cir. 1991) (observing that the 

“comma” in the earlier contempt statute “fairly dictated” the interpretation that the obstruction

element is required only for contempts occurring outside the presence of the court).
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A circuit court’s review of a district court’s certification under Code § 18.2-459 does not 

violate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. Gilman v. Commonwealth, 275 

Va. 222, 228, 657 S.E.2d 474, 476-77 (2008). No litigant in a summary contempt case has a 

right to cross-examine the judge. After all, the “confrontation” guaranteed by the Sixth 

Amendment “is confrontation at trial,” Nelson v. O’Neil, 402 U.S. 622, 626 (1971) (emphasis 

added), and one found guilty of summary contempt is not entitled to a trial, United Mine 

Workers of Am. v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 832 (1994).

Parham argues, however, that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 

affords a right of confrontation where the Sixth Amendment does not. We do not follow this

reasoning. If the Sixth Amendment (which expressly grants a “right to confront”) does not 

afford a right of confrontation to summary contempt defendants, it would be insensible to think 

the Due Process Clause (which does not even grant a right to trial under these circumstances)

would do so. Nor would such a view be consistent with Gilman’s holding that traditional 

summary contempt procedures are consistent with due process principles and need not be 

constrained by the Sixth Amendment’s higher standards. See Gilman, 275 Va. at 228, 657 

S.E.2d at 476. For these reasons, the circuit court did not violate Parham’s due process rights by 

admitting into evidence the JDR court’s certificate required by Code § 18.2-459.

III.

Finding the evidence sufficient and the procedures consistent with due process principles, 

we affirm Parham’s conviction of summary contempt under Code § 18.2-456(1).

Affirmed.