UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 16-2959

DUDLEY A. KING, APPELLANT,

V.

DAVID J. SHULKIN, M.D.,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued November 16, 2017 Decided December 21, 2017)

Zachary M. Stolz and Dana N. Weiner, with whom Linden K. Nash was on the brief, all

of Providence, Rhode Island, for the appellant.

Ashley D. Varga and Christopher W. Wallace, with whom Meghan Flanz, Interim General 

Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; Kenneth A. Walsh, Deputy Chief Counsel; and Omar 

Yousaf, Appellate Counsel, were on the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

Before SCHOELEN, GREENBERG, and ALLEN, Judges.

ALLEN, Judge: This appeal requires us to revisit an area of the law to which the Court has

been a frequent visitor: extraschedular ratings. This issue is both critically important to veterans 

and notoriously difficult for advocates and decision-makers. It justifies a precedential opinion to 

clarify significant aspects of the process for and substance of extraschedular referral.

The appellant, Dudley A. King, appeals through counsel a June 1, 2016, Board of Veterans' 

Appeals (Board) decision denying an initial compensable disability rating for bilateral hearing 

loss.

1 The matter was referred to a panel of the Court, with oral argument, to determine principally 

(1) as a general matter under 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) and this Court's decision in Thun v. Peake, 

22 Vet.App. 111 (2008), aff'd sub nom. Thun v. Shinseki, 572 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2009), what 

role, if any, does the possibility of a higher schedular rating play in an extraschedular analysis;

and (2) if there is anything particular about bilateral hearing loss that alters this analysis. We hold 

that the availability of a higher schedular rating is irrelevant in an extraschedular analysis. We 

 

1 The appellant does not appeal the Board's decision denying him a higher schedular rating for his bilateral 

hearing loss. Because the appellant has not challenged this portion of the Board decision, the appeal as to that issue 

will be dismissed. See Pederson v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 276, 281-86 (2015) (en banc) (declining to review the 

merits of an issue not argued on appeal and dismissing that portion of the appeal).
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further hold that this interpretation of the law is a general principle under § 3.321(b) and does not 

depend on the particular type of claim at issue. Accordingly, we will set aside the Board's June 1, 

2016, decision and remand this matter for further proceedings.

I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The appellant served honorably in the United States Army from 1969 to 1971, including 

service in the Republic of Vietnam. In 2009, a VA regional office (RO) granted service connection 

for hearing loss at a noncompensable rating, a decision with which he timely disagreed.

In 2009, the appellant underwent a VA audiological examination. The examiner found 

"[s]ignificant effects" on the appellant's occupation and noted "[p]oor social interactions" and 

"[h]earing difficulty." Afterwards, the RO issued a Statement of the Case continuing his

noncompensable rating for hearing loss, however, and he perfected his appeal to the Board in 2010.

The appellant underwent another VA audiological examination in 2011 during which the 

examiner noted balance problems and dizziness associated with a separate condition of residuals 

of perforated eardrums. The examiner also stated that the effect of his hearing loss on his daily life 

and occupation was "difficulty hearing." Then, in 2012, the appellant testified at a Board hearing

regarding numerous issues resulting from his bilateral hearing loss, including his inability to hear 

the telephone ring, his need to turn the volume of his television up which drove his wife to leave 

the room, his need to face a speaker, his inability to hear bird sounds, and his anger at having to 

ask others to repeat words to him.

In 2014, the Board remanded the matter for yet another medical examination, noting the 

appellant's possibly worsening symptoms. This subsequent examination found that his hearing loss 

did not impact his ordinary conditions of daily life or ability to work.

Finally, in 2016, the Board issued the decision on appeal, denying entitlement to a 

compensable schedular rating for his bilateral hearing loss and extraschedular referral because it

found "the rating criteria reasonably describe [the appellant's] disability levels and 

symptomatology, and provide[] for higher ratings for more severe symptoms." The Board also 

denied extraschedular referral on a collective basis. This appeal followed.
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II. PARTIES' ARGUMENTS

The appellant argues the Board erred by (1) finding that all of the functional effects of his 

bilateral hearing loss were contemplated by the rating criteria, such that extraschedular referral 

was not warranted; (2) failing to consider his entire disability picture when deciding not to refer 

his claim for extraschedular consideration; and (3) failing to provide adequate reasons or bases for 

its decision not to consider the combined effects of his other service-connected disabilities in 

declining to refer his claim for extraschedular consideration. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 1-19.

The Secretary argues in response that (1) all of the functional effects of the appellant's 

bilateral hearing loss are contemplated by the rating schedule; (2) the Board was not required to 

consider the appellant's entire disability picture because the other functional effects the appellant 

argues should be considered with his bilateral hearing loss are already attributed to non-serviceconnected disabilities; and (3) the appellant was not entitled to extraschedular referral based on 

the combined effects of his service-connected disabilities because there is no evidence that his 

bilateral hearing loss interacts with his post-traumatic stress disorder to create functional effects 

not already contemplated by the rating criteria. Secretary's Br. at 1-26.

III. ANALYSIS

We begin by framing the lens through which we review the Board's actions. The Board's 

determination of whether referral for extraschedular consideration is appropriate is a finding of 

fact that the Court reviews under the "clearly erroneous" standard of review. Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 

115. "'A factual finding 'is "clearly erroneous" when although there is evidence to support it, the 

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake 

has been committed.'" Hersey v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 91, 94 (1992) (quoting United States v. 

U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)). Despite this deferential standard of review of the 

factual determinations encompassed in an extraschedular analysis, the Court reviews legal 

questions implicated in the Board's decision de novo. See Butts v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 532, 538 

(1993) (en banc).

The Board's decision here raises two central issues: (1) whether, in fact, the rating criteria 

adequately contemplated the functional effects of the appellant's bilateral hearing loss such that 

extraschedular referral was not required and (2) whether the availability of higher schedular ratings 
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has any role in an extraschedular analysis by the Board. We consider each issue in turn, but first 

provide the relevant legal context.

A. Schedular and Extraschedular Analyses

1. The Statutory and Regulatory Framework

Veterans with disabilities resulting from injuries sustained in or diseases contracted during 

service are entitled to receive service-connected benefits. 38 U.S.C. § 1110. After VA has found a 

disability to be service connected, it applies rating criteria established in diagnostic codes (DCs) 

to assign a disability rating. 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(a) (2017). These rating criteria are intended to 

"represent as far as can practicably be determined, the average impairment in earning capacity in 

civil occupations resulting from disability." Id. In other words, the DCs are used as means to 

translate a given service-connected disability into dollars and cents based on an assessment of the 

average effect on a veteran's ability to earn a living.

Ordinarily, evaluating a disability using either a corresponding or analogous DC is 

sufficient to adequately compensate a veteran for his or her service-connected disability. See

38 C.F.R. §§ 4.20 (2017), 4.27 (2017). Recall, however, that the rating schedule is based on 

average impairment. Accordingly, for exceptional cases, VA has provided for the assignment of 

extraschedular ratings in 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1), which reads, in relevant part:

To accord justice . . . to the exceptional case where the schedular evaluations are 

found to be inadequate, the Under Secretary for Benefits or the Director, 

Compensation and Pension . . . is authorized to approve on the basis of the criteria 

set forth in this paragraph an extra-schedular evaluation commensurate with the 

average capacity impairment due exclusively to the service-connected disability or 

disabilities. The governing norm in these exceptional cases is: A finding that the 

case present such an exceptional or unusual disability picture with such related 

factors as marked interference with employment or frequent periods of 

hospitalization as to render impractical the application of the regular schedular 

standards.

There is an important point here that bears emphasis, one that can often be lost in the 

technicalities of the law. The goal of the entire rating process is to appropriately compensate 

veterans. The schedular and extraschedular analyses are just different means of doing so. One can 

think of them as something like Robert Frost's diverging roads in his famous poem The Road Not 

Taken.

2 The more traveled road (traditional schedular analysis) may not always adequately 

 

2 Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, available at www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44272/the-road-nottaken (last visited Nov. 16, 2017).
5

encapsulate a veteran's disability picture. Therefore, veterans may, provided there is sufficient 

evidence of record, take the one less traveled by (extraschedular analysis). Regardless of which 

road is chosen, and unlike Frost's poetic description, the destination is the same: providing veterans 

with compensation appropriate to make up for the earning-related impact of a service-connected 

disability.

The relatively few sentences in § 3.321(b)(1) establishing extraschedular consideration 

have proven to be deceptively difficult to implement. Today's decision is yet another in a line of 

cases this Court has decided attempting to give context to the extraschedular analysis. We turn 

now to consider the most significant of the Court's cases to complete our setting of the legal stage.

2. The Thun Framework

In Thun v. Peake, this Court held that the determination of whether a veteran is entitled to 

referral for consideration of an extraschedular rating under § 3.321(b) is a three-part inquiry. 

22 Vet.App. at 115. The first element3requires the Board to determine whether the "evidence 

before VA presents such an exceptional disability picture that the available schedular evaluations 

for that service-connected disability are inadequate." Id. This first element requires the Board to 

do nothing more than compare a veteran's specific symptoms and their severity with those 

contemplated by the plain language of the rating schedule. To be sure, this assessment might be 

difficult in certain applications. Nevertheless, the components to be considered in the first step are 

clear: symptoms and their severity on the one hand and the plain language of the schedular criteria 

on the other. Any impact—or the absence of such impact—on a veteran's employment is irrelevant 

at this step in the analysis.4 Such an impact on employment is not a symptom. Rather, it is in the 

second step that one addresses the underlying effects and their severity that may create an impact

on employment.

Returning to the required analysis, if the Board determines that a veteran's symptoms or 

their severity are not contemplated by the rating schedule as part of its consideration of the first 

element, the second element requires the Board to "determine whether the claimant's exceptional 

disability picture exhibits other related factors," such as marked interference with employment or 

 

3 After Thun, we made clear that the "steps" in the analysis are, in fact, elements. See Anderson v. Shinseki, 

22 Vet.App 423, 427 (2009). Thus, a veteran must show that all the elements have been established to trigger a referral 

for consideration of an extraschedular rating. Id.

4 Of course, if a particular DC itself contains a reference to employment-related matters, the situation would 

likely be different. The Court need not address that situation in the context of this appeal, however.
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frequent periods of hospitalization. Id. at 116. In this second element, the effects of the symptoms 

and severity of a veteran's disabilities would be insufficient to warrant extraschedular referral

without evidence showing "other related factors" such as marked interference with employment.

See, e.g., Hunt v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 292, 296 (1991) (stating that the overall purpose of the 

statutory and regulatory scheme governing VA compensation law is reflected in the ratings 

schedule, which rates different mental and physical maladies based upon diminished earning 

capacity to pay "compensation to veterans when they have, in honorable service to their nation, 

suffered a loss that is reflected in the decreased ability to earn a living for themselves and their 

families").

At this point, one moves to the final element. In reality, this last step adds little to the 

analysis beyond a conclusion because the Board has no choice in what it must do. When the first 

two elements have been found to exist, the final element mandates that the Board refer the claim 

to the Under Secretary for Benefits or the Director of the Compensation Service for a determination 

about whether an extraschedular rating is warranted. Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 116.

B. Application to this Appeal

Now that we have established the relevant legal framework, we turn to the application of 

that framework to Mr. King's appeal. Regarding extraschedular referral for bilateral hearing loss, 

the Board found, in relevant part:

Here, the rating criteria reasonably describe [the appellant's] disability levels and 

symptomatology, and provide[] for higher ratings for more severe symptoms. As 

the disability pictures are contemplated by the Rating Schedule, the assigned 

schedular ratings are, therefore, adequate. Consequently, referral for extraschedular consideration is not required under 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1).

The Board, thus, declined to refer the appellant for consideration for an extraschedular rating 

because it determined that his case did not satisfy the first Thun element.

As noted above, it was the Board's reference to "higher ratings for more severe symptoms" 

that principally drew our attention to this appeal in terms of the need for a precedential opinion.

Before addressing that question, however, we must take a brief detour to address a rather 

remarkable argument the Secretary advances in support of affirmance.

1. Doucette: Dicta or Holding?

Our detour concerns the Court's recent decision in Doucette v. Shulkin, 28 Vet.App. 366 

(2017). In Doucette, this Court held that "the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the 
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functional effects5of decreased hearing and difficulty understanding speech in an everyday work 

environment." Id. at 369 (footnote added). Later in the opinion, the Court wrote that:

To be clear, although the Court holds that the rating criteria for hearing loss 

contemplate the functional effects of difficulty hearing and understanding speech, 

the Court does not suggest that the rating criteria contemplate all functional 

impairment due to a claimant's hearing loss. On the contrary, a hearing loss claimant 

could provide evidence of numerous symptoms, including—for purposes of 

example only—ear pain, dizziness, recurrent loss of balance, or social isolation due 

to difficulties communicating, and the Board would be required to explain whether 

the rating criteria contemplate those functional effects.

Id. at 371 (emphasis in original).

Relying in part on this portion of Doucette, the appellant argues the rating criteria for 

bilateral hearing loss do not contemplate the functional effects of his disability, namely social 

isolation stemming from his inability to hear the telephone ring, his need to turn the volume of his 

television up which drove his wife to leave the room, his need to face a speaker, his inability to 

hear bird sounds, and his anger at having to ask others to repeat words to him. In this same vein, 

the appellant also points out that he suffers from balance problems and dizziness. Unsurprisingly, 

the Secretary rejects this argument. While his rejection of the appellant's argument is not 

surprising, the same cannot be said of his reasoning. He argues that the section of Doucette quoted 

above is "dicta because it was not necessary to the disposition of the case." Secretary's Br. at 19.

The Secretary's contention about Doucette is clearly wrong. To the extent that the Secretary 

challenges that portion of Doucette stating that there is a class of functional effects that are outside 

the rating schedule as "dicta," we affirmatively hold now that it was not. The notion that there is a 

class of functional effects existing outside the rating schedule was integral to the Court's holding 

there. Doucette further provided a non-exhaustive list of functional effects that could make up that 

class of functional effects. But the Court did not, and did not need to, catalogue every conceivable 

effect that may or may not be included within that class. Nor did the Court in Doucette need to 

explain how the Board should make those determinations. That decision simply acknowledged the 

existence of effects that would be inherently outside the rating schedule but, as none of those 

effects were present in that case, it did not address them further. Similarly, here, the Court need 

not address the functional effects that would or would not be contemplated by the rating schedule 

 

5 We note that this Court's decision in Doucette referred to "symptoms," "functional effects," and "functional 

impairments" interchangeably without discussing possible distinctions among these terms. Here, we also use these 

terms interchangeably and do not address the propriety of doing so.
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because, as explained below, the Court will remand the Board's decision in this matter on other 

grounds.6See Best v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 18, 20 (2001).

2. Availability of Higher Schedular Ratings in an Extraschedular Analysis

Having cleared away the Secretary's argument concerning Doucette, we now turn to the 

question of what role, if any, the availability of higher schedular ratings should play in an 

extraschedular analysis. As discussed below, and in accord with the Secretary's concession at oral 

argument, we hold that the availability of higher schedular ratings plays no role in an 

extraschedular analysis and that it is inappropriate for the Board to deny extraschedular referral on 

this basis.

The appellant argues the Board misinterpreted the law by using the availability of higher 

schedular ratings as a basis for denying extraschedular referral. Appellant's Br. at 14-15. The 

Secretary's position has been less consistent. He initially argued that (1) the "[a]ppellant distorts 

the Board's extraschedular analysis" by focusing on the part of the Board's statement regarding the 

availability of higher ratings and not the part finding that the rating criteria reasonably contemplate 

the functional effects of the appellant's disability and (2) the statement at issue "is a recognition 

that that[sic] [the] [a]ppellant's symptoms are already contemplated by the schedular rating 

criteria." Secretary's Br. at 22-23. In the Secretary's supplemental brief, however, he seemed to 

change his position by arguing that "[i]t would be improper for the [Board] to base its 

extraschedular analysis on the availability of higher schedular ratings because this would not 

account for symptoms or severity of symptoms outside the rating schedule." Secretary's Response 

to the Court's September 7, 2017, Order (Secretary's Supp. Br.) at 4. And at oral argument, the 

Secretary took an unequivocal position that the availability of higher schedular ratings is irrelevant 

to the extraschedular analysis. However, the Secretary has consistently taken the position that the 

Board's statement regarding the availability of a higher schedular rating was "superfluous" in this 

matter and "does not invalidate the Board's extraschedular analysis . . . ." Id. at 4-5.

The Board's apparent use of the fact that the rating criteria "provided for higher ratings for 

more severe symptoms" as a reason to deny the appellant referral for extraschedular consideration 

is incorrect as a matter of law. As discussed above, schedular and extraschedular ratings exist as 

 

6 We also need not and do not address the question of whether determining what qualifies as a functional 

effect not contemplated by an applicable rating criteria is a question of law or a question of fact. It is clear, however, 

that the determination of the adequacy of evidence demonstrating the presence or absence of functional effects is a 

question of fact.
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two separate and distinct paths to disability compensation. The plain language of § 3.321(b)(1) 

makes this clear: extraschedular consideration should be considered "where the schedular

evaluations are found to be inadequate." 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) (emphasis added).

It cannot possibly be the case, as the Secretary once suggested and that the Board appears 

to believe, that the availability of higher schedular ratings "underscore[s] the fact that [a veteran's] 

symptoms could still be compensated by the rating schedule" in an extraschedular analysis.

Secretary's Br. at 23. This logic would functionally invalidate § 3.321(b)(1) entirely. Consider the 

following example: assume that a veteran has a disability that awards compensation at a 30% rating 

for veterans with symptoms "a" and "b." Assume also that this disability is awarded a 50% rating 

for veterans with symptoms "a," "b," "x," and "z." Now presume a veteran is before the Board who 

is rated at 30% and has sufficient medical evidence exhibiting symptoms "a," "b," and "x" but not

"z." Under the Board's logic, no matter how significantly that veteran's earning ability were 

impaired, the Board would be permitted to grant the veteran only a 30% rating and deny referral 

for extraschedular consideration because, as it found here, the rating criteria "provided for higher 

ratings for more severe symptoms." Such a finding, however, would leave the veteran entirely 

uncompensated for symptom "x" with no recourse to extraschedular consideration because 

symptom "x" is contemplated by a higher schedular rating. This example is precisely the situation 

§ 3.321(b)(1) was created to address. The fact that the Board's logic (supported at least in the 

Secretary's original brief) causes the regulation to be ineffective to accomplish its principal goal is 

powerful evidence of why that logic is wrong.

Furthermore, as the appellant notes, "[u]sing the possibility of a higher schedular rating to 

deny extraschedular consideration also reads out the 'severity' portion" of the first Thun element. 

Appellant's Supp. Br. at 4. The first element of Thun, as discussed above, requires the Board to 

compare both the symptomatology and severity of a disability when determining if schedular 

ratings adequately contemplate a veteran's symptoms. Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115. Therefore, 

relying on the availability of higher schedular ratings in denying extraschedular consideration is 

directly contrary to this Court's ruling in Thun and warrants remand. See Tucker v. West, 

11 Vet.App. 369, 374 (1998) (holding that remand is warranted "where the Board has incorrectly 

applied the law, failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determinations, 

or where the record is otherwise inadequate").
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At oral argument and in his briefs, the Secretary argued that any error in the Board's 

decision was harmless because the Board's reference to the availability of higher schedular ratings 

was "superfluous." Secretary's Suppl. Br. at 4-5. We can find no basis for finding it so. The Board's 

rather cursory discussion of extraschedular referral unmistakably cites the higher schedular ratings 

when declining to refer the matter. There is no way to disentangle this reasoning from the Board's 

decision such that we could find any error harmless. Common sense would dictate that the Board, 

as busy as it is, would not include a reason for declining to take an action when, in reality, that 

reason was not a reason at all. At a minimum, the Court is uncertain about the bases for the Board's 

decision, something that alone would require remand. See Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 57 

(1990) (holding that remand is warranted when an agency's inadequate statement of reasons or 

bases for its decision frustrates judicial review).

The only other way to find the Board's error harmless would be if we concluded that the 

evidence did not establish the presence of the various functional effects not contemplated by the 

rating schedule or that, if such effects were present, there was insufficient evidence of their linkage 

to a service-connected disability. Such determinations would require us to engage in a host of fact 

finding, something this Court is unwilling to do on this record.

There is one last question to consider: is there anything special about hearing loss that 

suggests that the principles discussed in this opinion are limited to that type of claim? We hold 

that there is not. Section 3.321 is applicable to all claims. Without a basis to do so in the text of 

the regulation, it would be inappropriate for the Court to hold that this regulation applies to one 

type of claim alone or, conversely, that one type of claim is excluded from the general meaning.

See Lockheed Corp. v. Widnall, 113 F.3d 1225, 1227 (Fed. Cir. 1997) ("To interpret a regulation 

we must look at its plain language and consider the terms in accordance with their common 

meaning."). Accordingly, our interpretation of § 3.321(b) set forth above applies regardless of the 

type of disability at issue.

Given the disposition of the appeal described above, the Court need not address the 

remaining arguments and issues raised by the appellant at this time. See Best, 15 Vet.App. at 20. 

On remand, the appellant is free to submit additional evidence and argument, including the 

arguments raised in his briefs to this Court, in accordance with Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet.App. 

369, 372-73 (1999) (per curiam order), and the Board must consider any such evidence or 

argument submitted, Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). The Court reminds the Board 
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that "[a] remand is meant to entail a critical examination of the justification for the decision," 

Fletcher v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 394, 397 (1991), and the Board must proceed expeditiously, in 

accordance with 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109B and 7112.

IV. CONCLUSION

After consideration of the parties' briefs and oral arguments, the record on appeal, and the 

governing law, the Board's June 1, 2016, decision is SET ASIDE and REMANDED for further 

proceedings consistent with this decision.