Entry Regarding Motion Page 1 of 4 

Town of Pawlet v Daniel Banyai, No. 105-9-19 Vtec (Entry Order on Prelim. Injunction Motion) (Jan. 21, 2021)

VERMONT SUPERIOR COURT 

Environmental Division Docket No. 105-9-19 Vtec

32 Cherry St, 2nd Floor, Suite 303, 

Burlington, VT 05401

802-951-1740 

www.vermontjudiciary.org 

Town of Pawlet v Daniel Banyai 

ENTRY REGARDING MOTION 

Title: Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Motion: 5) 

Filer: Merrill E. Bent, attorney for the Town of Pawlet 

Filed Date: January 04, 2021 

(No specific response to this motion) 

The motion is GRANTED. 

The Town of Pawlet (“Town”) asks this Court to issue a preliminary injunction, barring 

Defendant Daniel Banyai (“Defendant”) from using his property as a school or firearms training 

facility until he applies for and receives the necessary municipal land use permits for such purposes. 

Defendant has not filed a specific objection to the Town’s motion, although he has filed a post-trial 

brief, contesting the Town’s enforcement action. To the extent that Defendant has stated claims 

that could be read as challenges to the Town’s injunction request, we address them here. 

We begin our analysis of the pending motion by noting that these proceedings are made less 

complex by the failure of Mr. Banyai to timely file an appeal from the notice of alleged zoning 

violation (“NOV”) issued by the Town of Pawlet Zoning Administrator (“ZA”), dated August 29, 

2019 and served upon Mr. Banyai by both first class and certified mailings. See, Town of Pawlet v. 

Banyai, No. 105-9-19 Vtec (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl. Div. June 5, 2020) (Durkin, J.) (hereinafter SJ 

Decision). While the regular mailing was returned to the Town after it had been marked “refused,” 

we have already ruled that service upon Mr. Banyai was completed by certified mailing, in 

accordance with 24 V.S.A. § 4451(a). SJ Decision at 5 (citing Town of Sharon v. Walter Radicioni, 

No. 56-6-18 Vtec, slip op. at 1, 3 & n.2 (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl. Div. Oct. 19, 2018) (Durkin, J.)). 

We have further already ruled that due to his failure to file a timely appeal the NOV served 

upon him, Mr. Banyai relinquished his right to challenge the factual and legal representations 

contained in the NOV. Id. at 5–6; see 24 V.S.A. § 4472(d) (establishing that failure to timely appeal 

binds all interested parties to determinations made by the decision or act). Thus, we turn to the 

NOV do determine whether the conceded facts warrant a granting of the requested preliminary 

injunction. 

The uncontested NOV established that Mr. Banyai, the then owner of a 30± acre parcel at 

541 Briar Hill Road, had “erected multiple structures in violation [of the applicable zoning] 
Entry Regarding Motion Page 2 of 4 

Town of Pawlet v Daniel Banyai, No. 105-9-19 Vtec (Entry Order on Prelim. Injunction Motion) (Jan. 21, 2021)

provision, and . . . [was] operating a training facility/shooting school in violation of this [same 

zoning] provision.” See Town’s Exhibit D: Notice of Zoning Violation filed on Dec. 14, 2020, at 1. 

The NOV directed that, “ [t]o cure the violation of the Town of Pawlet Unified Bylaws, [Mr. Banyai] 

must eliminate the unpermitted uses on the property, remove all unpermitted buildings, and not 

allow unpermitted uses to resume on the property.” Id. 

The ZA also noted in the NOV that “[t]he only permitted use on the 541 Briar Hill Road 

property is a 24’ by 23’ garage/apartment that was approved (Application #18-10-05) on October 5, 

2019 by the Zoning Administrator.” Id. 

Following the issuance of the SJ Decision, the Court conducted a merits hearing on 

December 16, 2020. Both Mr. Banyai and Attorney Bent appeared at that hearing, via WebEx video 

conference, and offered testimony and other evidence. The parties have both submitted their posttrial briefs. The merits decision will come under advisement once the parties time to file reply briefs 

expires on Monday, February 1, 2021. 

During the merits hearing, Defendant challenged the actions of the Town and its agents, but 

did not contest the primary allegations in the Town’s complaint: that he and his agents had erected 

buildings on Defendant’s property without receiving the necessary zoning permits and were using 

those unpermitted buildings as a school or other use for which Defendant had not received prior 

approval. 

Defendant also did not present credible evidence to contest the Town’s presentations that 

his unpermitted activities, namely, operation of a tactical shooting facility, with one or more 

shooting ranges, had been the source of abutting neighbors’ concerns and threats to them. Further, 

Defendant did not specifically contest the Town’s assertion that his use of the unpermitted buildings 

continued unabated, through the date of our trial. Defendant has also made no effort to apply for 

or obtain the municipal land use permits necessary to authorize his buildings, other than the 

garage/apartment building previously approved. See, Town of Pawlet Unified Bylaws, Art. VIII, § 2 

(noting that “[n]o building construction or land development may commence and no land or 

structure may be devoted to a new or changed use within the municipality without a zoning permit 

duly issued by the Zoning Administrator in accordance with . . . [24 V.S.A. §] 4449.”). 

During the merits hearing, the Town’s attorney made an oral motion, requesting that the 

Court issue an immediate preliminary injunction, prohibiting Defendant from operating the school 

or training facility activities while the Court researches and deliberates in anticipation of issuing its 

merits decision. The Court noted that it would consider the evidence presented during the merits 

hearing in its review of the Town’s injunction request, but directed the Town’s attorney to file its 

motion in writing, so that Defendant would have an opportunity to respond to the injunction 

request as well. The Town filed its preliminary injunction motion on January 4, 2021. As noted 

above, defendant has not filed a specific response to the Town’s injunction request. 

We first note that our Supreme Court has clearly established that a trial court, hearing a 

zoning enforcement action, may enjoin a property owner from using buildings in a manner that 

violate the applicable zoning provisions. See, Town of Brighton v. Griffin, 148 Vt. 264, 267–268 

(1987). The Griffin court specifically stated that an injunction against the use of a building or other 

land improvements may be issued prior to any order to remove the offending building or 

improvements. Id.; see also 24 V.S.A. § 4445; V.R.C.P. 65. The issue of whether Defendant here 

should be directed to remove buildings that have allegedly not received the necessary municipal land 

use permits is a subject that the Court anticipates addressing in its merits decision. 
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Town of Pawlet v Daniel Banyai, No. 105-9-19 Vtec (Entry Order on Prelim. Injunction Motion) (Jan. 21, 2021)

An injunction “is generally regarded as an extraordinary remedy and [should] not be granted 

routinely unless the right to relief is clear.” Committee to Save the Bishop’s House v. Medical 

Center Hospital of Vermont, Inc., 136 Vt. 213, 218 (1978), (citing 11 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal 

Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2942, at 368 (1973)). Our Rule 65(d) of the Vermont Rules of Civil 

Procedure, made applicable to proceedings before this Court by V.R.E.C.P. 3, requires that the trial 

court “set forth the reasons for [the injunction’s] issuance; shall be specific in terms; shall describe in 

reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to 

be restrained; and is only binding upon the parties to the action, their officers, agents, servants, 

employees, and attorneys, and upon those persons in active concert or participation with them who 

receive actual notice . . ..” V.R.C.P. 65(d). When considering a preliminary injunction request, the 

Court must consider: (1) the threat of irreparable harm to the movant; (2) the potential harm to the 

other parties; (3) the likelihood of success on the merits; and (4) the public interest. See In re J.G., 

160 Vt. 250, 255 n.2 (1993); Hulstrunk v. Ultracell Insulation, LLC, No. 110-7-18 OECV, slip op. at 

8 (Vt. Super. Ct. Sep. 18, 2018) (Harris, J.) (citing Taylor v. Town of Cabot, 2017 VT 92, ¶ 19, 205 Vt. 

586 (2017)). We have crafted this Entry order and adopted the proposed Preliminary Injunction 

order to comply with the Rule 65(d) directives. 

It is difficult for this Court to imagine an alleged zoning violation that could be the source of 

more significant irreparable harm than an unpermitted shooting range. When a land development 

begins prior to the necessary review under applicable land use regulations, the consequences that 

flow from the unpermitted use include a complete lack of notice to town officials and its citizens of 

what activities are occurring on a property and a review of whether those activities may cause risks 

to neighbors and other citizens. See Taylor v. Town of Cabot, 2017 VT 92, ¶ 40 (noting that if the 

root of the claim for a preliminary injunction appears to have no adequate alternative remedy in the 

form of damages or other relief, then an injunction may be used) (citing C. Wright & A. Miller, 

Federal Practice & Procedure § 2948.1 (3d ed. 2017)). Therefore, we recognize the potential harm 

to other parties and the public interest in adequate notice of unpermitted activities. The third factor, 

likelihood of success on the merits, is inconclusive in this case as this Court is currently undergoing 

deliberation of a merits decision. Thus, we give this factor neutral weight in our analysis. See Costco 

Final Plat & Site Plan Appeal, No. 104-8-12 Vtec, slip op. at 2 (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl. Div. May 17, 

2020) (Durkin, J.) (discussing likelihood of success on the merits). Compounding these concerns is 

the Defendant’s refusal of the Town’s and this Court’s requests to conduct a site visit of his 

property.. Given the high risk of potential harm to other parties and the public interest in adequate 

notice of an unpermitted shooting range's potential activities, we conclude that a preliminary 

injunction in this case is merited. 

For all these reasons, we hereby GRANT the Town of Pawlet’s request for a preliminary 

injunction. By the term added by the undersigned to the proposed Injunction Order presented by 

the Town, we conclude that the Injunction Order issued today satisfies the requirements of V.R.C.P. 

65. This Injunction shall continue from the moment it is received by Defendant Banyai and until 

further order of this Court. 
Entry Regarding Motion Page 4 of 4 

Town of Pawlet v Daniel Banyai, No. 105-9-19 Vtec (Entry Order on Prelim. Injunction Motion) (Jan. 21, 2021)

So Ordered. 

Electronically signed on January 21, 2021 at Newfane, Vermont, pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d). 

________________________________ 

Thomas S. Durkin, Superior Judge 

Environmental Division