Topical Fire Report Series

Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to 

the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2020)

June 2022 | Volume 22, Issue 1

To p i c a l r e p o r t s a r e 

designed to explore facets 

of the U.S. fire problem as 

depicted through data 

collected in the U.S. Fire 

Administration’s National 

Fire Incident Reporting 

System (NFIRS). Each 

topical report briefly 

addresses the nature of the 

specific fire or fire-related 

topic, highlights important 

findings from the data, 

and may suggest other 

resources to consider for 

further information. 

Findings

ĵ In 2020, fire departments responded to 26,959,000 incident runs or calls as reported 

to the NFIRS. This total is a 6% decrease in the number of runs reported in 2019.

ĵ Nearly two-thirds (64%) of the reported calls required emergency medical services 

(EMS) and rescue services from fire departments.

ĵ Only 4% of all reported fire department runs were fire related.

ĵ In 2020, fire runs were more prevalent on Saturdays, while severe weather calls 

peaked on Tuesdays and Thursdays. 

ĵ More than half (55%) of the reported calls were to residential properties. Of these 

calls to residential properties, 70% required EMS or rescue services, while only 

3% were fire related.

ĵ Approximately 8% of reported runs involved mutual or automatic aid.

Fire departments provide invaluable services to communities nationwide. They respond to all types of emergency 

and nonemergency situations. Emergencies involve fires, explosions, rescues, medical emergencies, hazardous 

conditions, natural disasters and false alarms. Nonemergency situations include service calls and good intent calls. 

Often, what is described to dispatchers does not reflect the actual incident type; nevertheless, fire departments 

are trained and prepared to respond to a wide variety of situations.1

To understand the fire department’s full role in a community, this topical report profiles fire department run 

activity as reflected in the 2020 NFIRS Public Data Release (PDR) file.2 In 2020, fire departments across the U.S. 

responded to 26,959,000 incident runs or calls as reported to the NFIRS.3 This count reflects a 6% decrease in the 

number of calls (28,534,400) reported to the NFIRS in 2019, the latest year in which these data were examined.4

“Runs” or “calls” have different meanings for different fire departments. As NFIRS incident data reflect summary 

data from individual fire departments (not from individual fire stations in a fire department), a run or call as used 

in this topical report means the fire department’s collective response to an incident. Runs and calls are used 

interchangeably throughout the report.

Types of incident runs 

While “fire suppression” is one of the more complex fire department activities, only 4% of runs made by fire 

departments involved fire, as shown in Figure 1. EMS and rescue, good intent, false alarm, and service call 

incident type categories accounted for 92% of all reported runs.5 Specifically, 64% of all fire department runs 

were categorized as EMS and rescue. Good intent calls (12%), false alarms and false calls (8%), and service calls 

(8%) were the next most prevalent incident type categories, followed by fire. The percentage distribution of runs 

by major incident type category is comparable to that reported to the NFIRS in 2019.6

Within the major incident type categories, EMS, medical assist, and dispatched and canceled en route calls were the 

leading specific types of fire department runs.7 EMS calls accounted for 43% of all fire department runs. Medical 

assist calls accounted for 9% of runs, and fire departments were dispatched and canceled en route in 8% of calls.

National Fire Data Center

16825 S. Seton Ave.

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

usfa.fema.gov
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Figure 1. Fire department overall runs by major incident type category (Percent of runs, 2020)

Percent of runs

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Overpressure rupture/explosion (no fire)

Severe weather/natural disaster

Special incident type

Hazardous condition (no fire)

Fire

Service call

False alarm/false call

Good intent call

EMS/rescue 64.2

11.7

8.0

7.6

3.9

3.4

0.8

0.2

0.1

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: Total does not add up to 100% due to rounding.

Hourly, weekly, monthly and seasonal profile of runs

Fire departments respond to incidents every day, at all times of the day and night. In 2020, the demand for fire 

department services was relatively constant from the late morning through the early evening. Peak demand was 

from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m., as shown in Figure 2. 

Each type of run has its own characteristic daily profile, as shown in Figure 3. All run types were lowest in the very 

early morning hours and increased during the morning as daily activities began. Most run types reached near peak 

demand in midmorning and remained relatively constant with peak hours occurring in the mid-to-late afternoon until 

early evening. Fire, severe weather, and explosion or overpressure rupture (e.g., citizen complaint) runs were notable 

exceptions. Fire runs increased slowly but steadily during the day, peaked from midafternoon to early evening, and 

then steadily decreased. Severe weather runs had below-average demand until noon, increased sharply through 

late afternoon and early evening, then decreased sharply during the late evening hours. Explosion or overpressure 

rupture runs had below-average demand until 10 a.m., steadily increased through the afternoon and early evening, 

then peaked at 9 p.m. and decreased sharply through midnight.

Figure 2. Fire department overall runs by time of alarm (Percent of runs, 2020)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

11 p.m. - Mid

10 - 11 p.m.

9 - 10 p.m.

1 - 2 p.m.2 - 3 p.m.3 - 4 p.m.4 - 5 p.m.5 - 6 p.m.6 - 7 p.m.7 - 8 p.m.8 - 9 p.m.

12 - 1 p.m.

11 a.m. - 12 p.m.

10 - 11 a.m.

9 - 10 a.m.

1 - 2 a.m.2 - 3 a.m.3 - 4 a.m.4 - 5 a.m.5 - 6 a.m.6 - 7 a.m.7 - 8 a.m.8 - 9 a.m.

Mid - 1 a.m.

2.8 2.4 2.1

3.2

4.1

4.8

5.3 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.3 4.9

4.4

3.8

3.2

1.9 1.9 2.0 2.4

Percent of runs

Time of alarm

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: Total does not add up to 100% due to rounding.
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Figure 3. Fire department overall runs by time of alarm and major incident type category 

(Percent of runs, 2020)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

11 p.m. - Mid

10 - 11 p.m.

9 - 10 p.m.

1 - 2 p.m.2 - 3 p.m.3 - 4 p.m.4 - 5 p.m.5 - 6 p.m.6 - 7 p.m.7 - 8 p.m.8 - 9 p.m.

12 - 1 p.m.

11 a.m. - 12 p.m.

10 - 11 a.m.

9 - 10 a.m.

1 - 2 a.m.2 - 3 a.m.3 - 4 a.m.4 - 5 a.m.5 - 6 a.m.6 - 7 a.m.7 - 8 a.m.8 - 9 a.m.

Mid - 1 a.m.

Percent of runs

Time of alarm

Special incident type

Severe weather/natural disaster

False alarm and false call

Good intent call

Service call

Hazardous condition (no fire)

EMS and rescue

Overpressure rupture/explosion (no fire)

Fire

Average

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Except for calls to fires, explosions or overpressure ruptures, hazardous conditions, and severe weather events, fire 

department runs followed a consistent pattern by day of the week (Figure 4). In 2020, severe weather calls peaked 

on Tuesdays and Thursdays. More than half of the severe weather events reported on Tuesdays occurred in only 

1 month — August (59%), whereas 59% of the severe weather events reported on Thursdays occurred over the 3 

months of October (29%), August (18%) and April (12%).8 Fire calls and explosion or overpressure rupture calls were 

more prevalent on Saturdays, whereas hazardous condition calls were more frequent on Tuesdays.

The monthly run occurrence was relatively constant (Figure 5). However, there was a slight increase in runs during 

January and July (each at 9%). Fire departments experienced the least runs during April at 7%.

EMS and rescue responses were the most prevalent fire department responses each season, as shown in Figure 6.9

This situation is to be expected as 64% of all fire department runs were categorized as EMS and rescue. Overall, the 

percentage distribution of the type of runs remained relatively consistent for each season.
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Figure 4. Fire department overall runs by major incident type category and day of week (Percent of runs, 2020)

Special incident type

Severe weather/natural disaster

False alarm and false call

Good intent call

Service call

Hazardous condition (no fire)

EMS and rescue

Overpressure rupture, explosion, 

overheat (no fire)

Fire

9.0

11.0

13.0

15.0

17.0

19.0

21.0

23.0

25.0

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Percent of runs

Day of week

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Figure 5. Fire department overall runs by month (Percent of runs, 2020)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

November

December

October

September

August

July

April

May

June

March

February

January

9.1 8.5 7.9 8.4

9.1 8.9

8.0 8.3 8.1 8.4 8.3

7.1

Percent of runs

Month of year

Source: NFIRS 5.0. 

Note: Total does not add up to 100% due to rounding.
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Figure 6. Fire department overall runs by season and major incident type category (Percent of runs, 2020)

Percent of runs

Season

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

Overpressure rupture/

explosion (no fire)

Severe weather/

natural disaster

Special incident type

Hazardous condition (no fire)

Fire

Service call

False alarm and false call

Good intent call

EMS and rescue

Fall

Summer

Spring

Winter

11.3

66.4

7.6

7.2

3.7

2.9

0.7

0.1

0.1

12.0

62.8

7.9

8.0

4.6

3.5

0.8

0.2

0.1

11.8

63.0

8.6

7.7

3.9

3.8

0.9

0.3

0.1

11.7

64.3

8.1

7.8

3.6

3.4

0.8

0.2

0.1

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: For the spring and summer distributions of runs, the total percentages do not add up to 100% due to rounding.

Regional profile of runs

Fire departments in the Southern region reported the most runs in 2020 at 40% (Table 1).10 This is to be expected as 

38% of the U.S. population resided in the South in 2020.11 Only 14% of all runs occurred in the Northeast.

For all regions, most calls to fire departments required EMS and rescue services (Figure 7).The Midwestern, Southern 

and Western regions reported the highest percentages of EMS and rescue runs ranging from 66% to 67%; the 

Northeast region had the lowest percentage at 50%. Some fire departments in the Northeast still limit their role to 

traditional fire suppression services, and others have only recently taken on EMS roles. This situation may explain 

the disparity between the percentages of EMS runs in the Northeast region and the rest of the nation.12
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Special incidents, such as citizen complaints, represented 4% of all runs in the Northeastern region, which was the 

highest out of all the regions. False alarm calls were also highest in the Northeast (16%), whereas good intent calls 

were highest in the West (14%).

Table 1. Fire department overall runs by region (Percent of runs, 2020)

Region Percent

Northeast 14.2

Midwest 21.5

South 39.6

West 24.7

Total 100.0

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Figure 7. Fire department overall runs by region and major incident type category (Percent of runs, 2020)

Percent of runs

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Overpressure rupture/explosion

 (no fire)

Severe weather/natural disaster

Special incident type

Fire

Hazardous condition (no fire)

Service call

Good intent call

False alarm and false call

EMS and rescue 65.7

7.3

12.3

7.7

2.9

3.5

0.3

0.2

0.1

Percent of runs

South West

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

67.1

5.4

14.3

7.0

1.9

4.0

0.3

0.0

0.1

Percent of runs

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Overpressure rupture/explosion

 (no fire)

Severe weather/natural disaster

Special incident type

Fire

Hazardous condition (no fire)

Good intent call

Service call

False alarm and false call

EMS and rescue 50.2

15.6

8.9

8.8

7.1

5.0

3.8

0.4

0.2

Percent of runs

Northeast Midwest

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

67.2

7.4

9.5

7.5

3.7

4.1

0.3

0.2

0.1

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: For the West distribution of runs, the total percentage does not add up to 100% due to rounding.
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Property use

In 2020, more than half of all calls involved residential properties (55%) followed by outside or special properties (17%), 

as shown in Figure 8.13 Generally, 70% of all reported calls to residences required EMS and rescue services. Service 

calls (9%) and false alarm calls (8%) accounted for an additional 17% of all residential calls. Only 3% of the reported 

calls to residences were fire related.

Figure 8. Fire department overall runs by major property use category (Percent of runs, 2020)

Percent of runs

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Undetermined

Missing/blank

Industry

Manufacturing

Other

Storage

Educational

None

Assembly

Stores/business

Health care

Outside/special property

Residential 55.2

6.9

16.8

4.2

2.7

1.3

2.3

0.9

1.1

0.4

0.3

5.0

2.7

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: Total does not add up to 100% due to rounding.

Fire department aid

Aid offers additional resources to neighboring fire departments for large-scale or specialized incidents, or when 

response time to an incident may be faster by another jurisdiction. Aid is given or received, either automatically or 

mutually, for a specific incident. Automatic aid involves prearranged agreements according to hazard conditions, 

jurisdictions or incidents requiring special equipment. Mutual aid is generally requested on a reactive basis as 

resources are depleted at the incident.

Informal and formal aid relationships vary depending on the location or the type of the incident. Innovative aid 

relationships, which focus on improving the allocation of resources and response times, continue to augment the 

advancement of fire department services. Overall, 8% of fire department runs involved giving or receiving aid, either 

mutual or automatic (Table 2).

Types of aid

While 92% of all fire department runs were not aid related, the level of aid runs varies with the type of incident.14

Aid-given and aid-received runs were more prevalent for fire incidents than for any other incident type category. While 

not as often as for fire incidents, good intent calls and explosion or overpressure rupture incidents also involved aid 

more often than other types of incidents (Table 2). 
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Table 2. Fire department overall runs by major incident type category and general type of aid

(Percent of runs, 2020)

Major incident type category

Aid

Aid No aid Total

received

Aid

given Total

Fire 10.1 21.7 31.8 68.2 100.0

Overpressure rupture/explosion (no fire) 8.1 5.5 13.7 86.3 100.0

EMS and rescue 2.7 3.2 5.9 94.1 100.0

Hazardous condition (no fire) 4.1 4.5 8.6 91.4 100.0

Service call 1.3 5.1 6.4 93.6 100.0

Good intent call 2.8 11.9 14.7 85.3 100.0

False alarm and false call 3.8 3.4 7.2 92.8 100.0

Severe weather/natural disaster 4.0 5.6 9.5 90.5 100.0

Special incident type 1.5 1.6 3.2 96.8 100.0

Overall 3.0 5.1 8.2 91.8 100.0

Source: NFIRS 5.0.

Note: Totals may not add up to 100% due to rounding.

NFIRS data specifications for overall fire department runs

Data for this report were extracted from the NFIRS PDR (full, all-incident data) file for 2020 (released February 2022).15

Only Version 5.0 data were extracted.

ĵ Overall fire department runs were defined using the major incident type categories as follows:

NFIRS major incident type 

category Description

100-173 Fire (excludes Incident Type 110)

200-251 Overpressure rupture/explosion (no fire)

300-381 EMS and rescue

400-482 Hazardous condition (no fire)

500-571 Service call

600-672 Good intent call

700-751 False alarm and false call

800-815 Severe weather/natural disaster

900-911 Special incident type

Note: For a complete listing of the specific NFIRS Incident Types, view the NFIRS 5.0 Complete Reference Guide: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/

pdf/nfirs/NFIRS_Complete_Reference_Guide_2015.pdf (January 2015).
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ĵ The major property use categories are defined as follows: 

NFIRS major property use 

category Description

100-186 Assembly

200-256 Educational

300-365 Health care, detention, and correction

400-464 Residential

500-599 Stores/businesses 

600-679 Industry

700 Manufacturing

800-899 Storage

900-984 Outside/special property

000 Property use, other

NNN None

UUU Undetermined

Note: For a complete listing of the specific NFIRS Property Use codes, view the NFIRS 5.0 Complete Reference Guide: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/

pdf/nfirs/NFIRS_Complete_Reference_Guide_2015.pdf (January 2015).

ĵ The major aid categories are defined as follows: 

NFIRS major aid category Description

1-2 Aid received

3-5 Aid given

N No aid given or received

Note: For a complete listing of the NFIRS aid given or received codes, view the NFIRS 5.0 Complete Reference Guide: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/

pdf/nfirs/NFIRS_Complete_Reference_Guide_2015.pdf (January 2015).

Although voluntary, the NFIRS is the world’s largest national database of incident information. By contributing to 

the NFIRS, the fire service is helping to make data-informed decisions ranging from local budget development to 

the identification of national preparedness initiatives. It is important that fire departments participate in the NFIRS 

and critical that the data they report are complete and accurate. This provides for sound decision-making that has 

impacts on reducing community risk and emergency response at the local level.

Analysis disclaimer

Complete or full years of data are required for statistical analyses presented in the topical reports. Although NFIRS 

data for a calendar year are often reported to the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) throughout the year, fire departments 

and/or states have until the official cutoff date as set forth by the National Fire Data Center to submit their data to the 

USFA. Typically, this cutoff date is July 1 after the end of the previous calendar year. This provides states with ample 

time to perform data quality checks and correct incidents with questionable reported data before they are set to 

“released” status in the national production database and Enterprise Data Warehouse. Once the data are released to 

the USFA, additional data quality reviews are completed before the data are prepared for public release.

The analyses contained in this report reflect the current methods used by the USFA. The USFA is committed to 

providing the best and most current information and continually examines data received from participating fire 

departments and the analytical methods used to fulfill this goal. 
TFRS Volume 22, Issue 1 | Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (2020)

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To request additional information, visit: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/contact.html. Provide feedback on this report.

Notes: 

1

The incident type is defined as the actual situation that emergency personnel found on the scene when they arrived.

2NFIRS 5.0 contains both converted NFIRS 4.1 data and native NFIRS 5.0 data. This topical report includes only incident types that reflect native 

5.0 data. Incident Type 110 (structure fire, other) is not included in this analysis as it is a “conversion only” code. That is, Incident Type 110 is 

technically a version 4.1 incident and, as such, is not included in this analysis. Aid runs, usually excluded in incident-based analyses, are included 

in the data for this report.

3The count of NFIRS runs is rounded to the nearest 100. The actual count of NFIRS runs used for the analyses in this report was 26,958,988. This 

count reflects only runs that were identified as valid and released by the states to the NFIRS before Jan. 15, 2022. Runs with Incident Type 110 

(conversion-only code) were excluded from the analyses. In addition, runs were excluded from the analyses where the Incident Type or Aid fields 

contained blank values. By comparison, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) estimated that there were 37,272,000 fire department 

responses in 2019 (NFPA, “U.S. Fire Department Profile 2019,” December 2021).

4USFA, Topical Fire Report Series, “Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the NFIRS (2019),” Volume 21, Issue 1 (May 2021).

5“Fire” includes structure, vehicle, outside and other fires. “Overpressure rupture/explosion (no fire)” includes overpressure ruptures from steam, 

air or gas, and chemical reactions; explosions; and excessive heat, overheat scorch burns with no ignition. “EMS and rescue” includes incidents 

such as medical assists, EMS incidents, and searches and rescues. “Hazardous condition (no fire)” includes incidents such as combustible/

flammable liquid spills and leaks, chemical releases, radioactive conditions, electrical wiring problems, biological hazards, and bomb removal. 

“Service call” includes incidents involving a person(s) in distress, water problem, smoke or odor problem, animal problem or rescue, public 

service assistance, unauthorized burning, and cover assignments. “Good intent call” includes incidents such as dispatched and canceled en 

route, wrong location (no emergency found), controlled burning, steam or other gas mistaken for smoke, and hazardous materials release 

investigation (no hazardous condition found). “False alarm and false call” includes incidents such as malicious false alarms, bomb scares, system 

or detector malfunctions, unintentional system or detector operation (no fire), and biohazard scares. “Severe weather/natural disaster” includes 

incidents such as earthquake, flood, and windstorm assessments, lightning strikes (no fire), and severe weather standby. “Special incident type” 

includes citizen complaints, reports of code or ordinance violations, and other special incidents. For a description of how the major incident 

type categories are defined in the NFIRS, refer to the section of this report regarding NFIRS data specifications for overall fire department runs. 

For a complete list of the specific NFIRS Incident Types, view the NFIRS 5.0 Complete Reference Guide: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/

pdf/nfirs/NFIRS_Complete_Reference_Guide_2015.pdf (January 2015).

6USFA, Topical Fire Report Series, “Fire Department Overall Run Profile as Reported to the NFIRS (2019),” Volume 21, Issue 1 (May 2021).

7Within the major incident type categories in the NFIRS, there are many subcategories. For example, EMS calls and medical assist calls are 2 

specific subcategories of the EMS and rescue incident type category.

8The 2020 NFIRS data showed that of the severe weather and natural disaster runs that occurred on Tuesdays, there was 1 specific severe 

weather event that contributed to the spike on Tuesdays in 2020; 54% of all severe weather and natural disaster runs that occurred on Tuesdays 

happened on one single day: Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2020. On this date, 62% of the reported runs were in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York. 

According to the National Weather Service, on Aug. 4, 2020, Hurricane Isaias brought significant impacts all up and down the East Coast from 

flooding, tornadoes and strong winds. In all, there were 46 confirmed tornadoes from South Carolina to Connecticut that were associated with 

Hurricane Isaias (https://www.weather.gov/lwx/TropicalStormIsaias). 

9In this report, winter is defined as January through March; spring is defined as April through June; summer is defined as July through September; 

fall is defined as October through December.

10The regions of the U.S. are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Northeast (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont); South (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, 

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia); Midwest

(Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin); and West (Alaska, 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming).

11U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. July 1, 2020 population estimates from Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the 

United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (NST-EST2021-POP), Release Date: December 

2021, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-state-total.html.

12USFA, Topical Fire Report Series, “Fire Department Overall Run Profile,” Volume 7, Issue 4 (December 2007).

13For a description of how the major property use categories are defined in the NFIRS, refer to the section of this report regarding NFIRS data 

specifications for overall fire department runs.

14For a description of how the major aid categories are defined in the NFIRS, refer to the section of this report regarding NFIRS data specifications 

for overall fire department runs.

15The NFIRS PDR files are available for download at: https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets/fema-usfa-nfirs-annual-data.