# Patent

## Title
Dynamic allocation of computer memory

## Abstract

A method for processing requests or commands for writing and reading to and from memory that has not been allocated and reserved for one or more volumes, and a method for establishing one or more volumes, where the one or more volumes define an area of the memory that is accumulatively greater than the actual memory capacity, thus allowing for memory to be added at a later time.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The subject invention relates to dynamic allocation method that allows computer memory space, such as disk space, to be allocated to a virtual disk on demand rather than having the entire space pre-allocated.
BACKGROUND
Volumes are created on a hard disk by providing parameters to disk creation utilities such as Fdisk on Windows NT or Disk Druid on Linux. The parameters includes information such as partition type, volume name and volume size. The disk utility creates the new volume by allocating the disk space as dictated by the user's given parameters. Therefore if the disk utility is instructed to create a 1 GB volume, 1 GB of disk space will be allocated and reserved for the volume's exclusive use. Once the disk space is allocated, the disk space belongs to that volume, and that volume only, whether data is written to it or not.
This method of creating volumes in which the required disk space must be pre-allocated is not very efficient in terms of cost. From an accounting standpoint, a resource costs less to own and maintain if it is used rather than if the same resource is standing by empty. Unused resources serve no purpose. In terms of storage devices, a large percentage of the disk space will remain unused until users can generate enough data to utilize the entire capacity. An analogy to this inefficiency is similar to creating and stocking large amounts of a product in anticipation of consumers wanting to buy the product. If the product is in great demand, then the necessity of creating and stocking is worth the effort because the product will be consumed very quickly. There is minimal inventory cost to maintain the storage and upkeep of the product. However, if due to the nature of the product, consumers slowly purchase the product over time, the inventory cost in stocking the product is very high. Storage fees will need to be paid to store the product in a warehouse, maintenance fees will need to be paid if the product can deteriorate if a proper environment is not maintained, and the product can lose its usefulness to the consumer if the product “sits on the shelf” for too long. A more efficient model is to create the product as needed and to maintain a very small inventory in the event of a sudden surge in the consumption of the product.
Disk space in a server environment also suffers from the above issues. The consumers are the users on a network who utilizes the disk storage on servers. A volume's disk space is the product that users consume. In general, users do not consume a volume's entire available disk space in a short time, but rather a first amount of disk space is used when the volume is initially created to store their applications and data files, and then the disk space is used in small amounts over an extended period of time as new files are created or as old files grow larger. Data is more likely to be “read from” than “written to” a disk. Therefore large amounts of disk space can remain unused for a long period of time.
An administrator tends to create a volume with much more capacity than is initially required because it is very difficult to predict the exact usage of a volume since disk space usage is very dynamic. New users may be added. Old users and their data may be deleted. Some users may need very little additional storage after their initial applications and data files are stored, while other users may require a large amount of storage in an instant. The administrator must take into account all these factors and will generally over allocate the disk storage.
Veritas' Volume Manager software is capable of expanding the size of a volume, but can only do so manually. An administrator must manually enlarge a volume's capacity by first adding additional physical disk drives and then using the software to configure each volume with the new storage. Since this method is manual, the administrator must add on enough disk space so that he does not need to perform this procedure frequently. Therefore this expansion technique also has the inherent disadvantage of having large amounts of unused disk space over a large period of time.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The disk space allocation method of the present invention is a disk space allocation technique that assigns disk space to a virtual disk drive as needed. The dynamic allocation technique functions on the drive level. All disk drives that are managed by the dynamic disk space allocation are defined as virtual drives. The virtual drive system allows an algorithm to manage a disk drive whose physical storage is not all present. Very large disk drives can virtually exist on a system without requiring an initial investment of an entire storage subsystem. Additional storage can thus be added as it is required without committing these resources prematurely.
The present invention allocates disk space or sectors when the space will be utilized. Presume two 1-GB volumes need to be created and the hard disk drives are purchasable in 1-GB capacities. The user will need to purchase two 1-GB hard disks to create the volumes needed. However, if the subject invention is employed, the user will need to purchase only one 1-GB hard disk initially, create a virtual disk, and define the two volumes on the same virtual disk. Since the subject invention allocates disk space as it is used, the advantages are:

    
    
        1. The two volumes together may never use a total of 1 GB of used disk space and a second 1-GB hard disk will never be needed, thereby saving the cost of purchasing an additional hard disk.
        2. The percentage of actual disk space used to actual disk space unused will be high (will be explained in full detail later). Therefore the cost of storing data will be lower because there is less unused disk space.
        3. Volumes can be created at their maximum supported capacities without requiring the actual disk space to exist.
    
    


Dynamic disk space allocation should be used on volumes where their data grows at a steady and predictable rate. This will allow time for the administrator to add or assign more physical storage to the system when the actual available disk space approaches total usage.
Unless otherwise stated, any references to “disk drives” and “sectors” refer to their logical, not their physical representation. This means that a logical disk drive can be composed of one or more physical disk drives that are aggregated together to form one large disk drive or one logical drive. Logical sectors may be composed of one or more physical sectors and their logical sector addresses may be different from their physical addresses.
In an embodiment of the invention, a method is disclosed for processing a request or command to write data to a memory, where the request or command includes a starting logical sector address. The memory is represented as a plurality of segments, each having a predetermined number of logical sectors. The method includes reading the starting logical sector address and selecting a segment from the plurality of segments. The segment and the predetermined number of logical sectors associated therewith, are associated with the logical starting sector address. Physical sector addresses are selected and also associated with the predetermined number of logical sectors associated with the segment. A physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address is determined and the data is written in the memory at the physical sector address. Indicators are utilized to indicate whether segments have been selected, and whether the segment and associated predetermined number of logical sectors are associated with the starting logical sector address.
The physical sector address is determined using a starting logical segment address, a starting physical sector address of the segment, and the starting logical sector address. The physical sector address is calculate by subtracting the starting logical segment address from the starting logical sector address producing a result, and by adding the result to the starting physical sector address.
In another embodiment of the invention, data is written to a memory having physical sector addresses that have not been assigned to logical sector addresses. A write command is received having associated therewith a starting logical sector address. The starting logical sector address is assigned to a group of the physical sector addresses, and the group of the physical sector addresses are assigned to a group of logical sector addresses. Utilizing the group of the physical sector addresses, a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address is determined, and the data is written to the physical sector address within the group of the physical sector addresses associated with the starting logical sector address. The write command can be associated with a write sector count, the group of the physical sector addresses having a physical starting sector address, a sector count, and the group of logical sector addresses having a group starting logical sector address.
It can also be determined whether an amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds a predefined amount, and this may be indicated to a user of the present invention if the amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds the predefined amount.
Determining from the group of the physical sector addresses a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address can include determining a value by subtracting the group starting logical sector address from the starting logical sector address, and determining a second value by adding the value to the physical starting sector address.
When data is written to a memory having physical sector addresses that have not been assigned to logical sector addresses, it can be determined whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available within the group of the physical sector addresses. If it does exceed the amount, a second starting logical sector address is determined, the second starting logical sector address is assigned to a second group of the physical sector addresses, and the second group of the physical sector addresses is assigned to a second group of logical sector addresses. When determining whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available, the physical starting sector address can be added to the sector count producing a third value, of which the second value can be subtracted from the third value producing a fourth value, and the fourth value can be compared to the write sector count. If the write sector count is greater than the fourth value, then the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available.
In another embodiment, a method is disclosed that establishes one or more logical partitions of a memory, where the one or more logical partitions define an area of the memory that is accumulatively greater than the memory capacity. The method includes representing the memory as a plurality of segments, of which each segment is associated with a plurality of logical sectors. The sum of the logical sectors are accumulatively greater than the memory capacity. A list of the plurality of segments that are available for association to the one or more logical partitions is maintained, and a data structure associated with a segment selected from the plurality of segments is established. The data structure defines the properties of the segment. The properties can include a starting physical sector address that is associated with the segment and the associated plurality of logical sectors, and a starting logical segment address. When a request or command to write data is received, where the request or command includes a starting logical sector address, a physical sector address is determined so that the data can be written to memory. The physical sector address is determined using the method in the embodiment described above. If a second data structure is established and physical sector addresses cannot be determined an indicator is set to indicate a need for more memory.
In another embodiment, a request or command to read data, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value is processed. A segment descriptor that is associated with the starting logical sector address is read, and from the segment descriptor a starting physical sector address and an ending physical sector address is determined. The data located within a range from the starting physical sector address and the ending physical sector address is read from the memory.
It can also be determined whether the data located within the range from the starting physical sector address and the ending physical sector address is associated with a second segment descriptor. If the range is associated with a second segment descriptor, then the second segment descriptor is read, and determined from the segment descriptor is a second starting physical sector address and a second ending physical sector address. The data located within a second range from the second starting physical sector address and the second ending physical sector address is read from the memory. The segment descriptor can include a physical starting sector and a second sector count value.
In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for processing a request or command to read data, having a starting logical sector address. The starting logical sector address is read, and it is determined whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor. If the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then data is generated and the request or command is responded to by returning the generated data. If the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then read the data associated with the segment descriptor from the memory. A table can be searched for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address. The reading of the data associated with the segment descriptor can include reading a physical starting sector address and a sector count from the segment descriptor; and determining which physical sector addresses to read the data from.
In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for processing a request or command to read data, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value. The starting logical sector address is read, and it is determined whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor. A table can be searched for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address. If the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then data is generated and the request or command is responded to by returning the generated data. If the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then the data is read from a location in memory that is associated with the starting logical sector address and the sector count value, as defined by the segment descriptor.
Reading the data from a location in memory can include: reading a physical starting sector address and a sector quantity from the segment descriptor; determining physical sector addresses defined by the association of the starting logical sector address and the sector count value with the physical starting sector address and the sector quantity from the segment descriptor; reading the data located in memory at the physical sector addresses.
In another embodiment, a method is disclosed that processes a request or command to read data, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value. The starting logical sector address is read, and a segment descriptor associated with the starting logical sector address is determined from a group of segment descriptors. A table can be searched for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address. The data is read from a location in memory that is associated with the starting logical sector address and the sector count value, as defined by the segment descriptor. Reading the data can include reading a physical starting sector address and a sector quantity from the segment descriptor, determining physical sector addresses defined by the association of the starting logical sector address and the sector count value with the physical starting sector address and the sector quantity from the segment descriptor, and reading the data located in memory at the physical sector addresses.
In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for processing a request or command to write data having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value. The starting logical sector address is read, and from a group of segment descriptors a segment descriptor associated with the starting logical sector address is determined. A table can be searched for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address. The data is written to a location in memory that is associated with the starting logical sector address and the sector count value, as defined by the segment descriptor. Writing the data to memory can include reading a physical starting sector address and a sector quantity from the segment descriptor; determining physical sector addresses defined by the association of the starting logical sector address and the sector count value with the physical starting sector address and the sector quantity from the segment descriptor; and writing the data to a location in memory associated with the physical sector addresses.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a free segment list;
FIG. 2 illustrates relationships between a free segment list and segment map;
FIG. 3 illustrates relationships between segments and disk sectors;
FIG. 4 illustrates relationships between a storage disk and a virtual disk;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the steps of dynamically allocating disk space;
FIG. 6 illustrates relationships between sector addresses and segments;
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of writing data to a physical sector of a segment in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of writing data to physical sectors spanning two segments in accordance with the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Dynamic Allocation Algorithm
The dynamic allocation (DA) algorithm of the present invention does not literally allocate individual disk sectors as they are used, which would be highly inefficient. Instead dynamic allocation of disk space requires a virtual storage device where all the sectors are grouped into larger allocation units called segments, and the DA parcels out segments as they are needed. Within the context of the present invention, generally, a virtual storage device can be any conventional type of computer memory that has been defined by a user of the present invention to have an amount of memory or storage capacity that is greater than the actual physical memory or storage capacity. For example, the virtual storage device can be a device that a server, workstation, or computer, utilizing the device perceives the device as a physical storage unit, where in actuality, the virtual storage device's physical structure can consist of only a portion of a predefined storage unit, portions of many storage units, combinations of many storage units, or even a single storage unit. A software program, called a driver, is used to present a virtual storage device as a single physical device to an operating system. A segment comprises of physical disk sectors, where the number of physical disk sectors in a segment can be one sector or a group of sectors having an upper limit, which is defined by the programmer or by a user. For example, if a virtual storage device has a defined memory capacity of 100 GB of storage and an actual physical memory capacity of less than 100 GB of storage, the virtual storage device is divided into one hundred 1-GB segments. It should be realized that references to a disk(s), or a storage device(s) throughout the detailed description is for nonlimiting illustrative purposes and that other types of memory can be used.
Segments are allocated as needed, such as when data is to be stored on the virtual storage device. The DA uses a free list, shown in FIG. 1, which is illustrated as a table that is used to keep track of all available segments. When a virtual storage device is initially defined, or when additional storage is assigned to the virtual storage device, the memory space (for example, disk space on drives) is divided into segments. Each segment has associated with it segment descriptors, which are stored in the free list table in memory. Generally, a segment descriptor defines the segment it represents; for example, the segment descriptor may define a home storage device location, physical starting sector of the segment, sector count within the segment, and segment number. The free list table includes unused segment descriptors. A segment map is a table that maintains information representing how each segment defines the virtual storage device. More specifically, the segment map provides the logical sector to physical sector mapping of a virtual storage device. Since the DA allocates memory (for example disk space) as needed, the free list table represents an incomplete list of descriptors because the information in the table only represents the storage that is physically available.
A free list table can be implemented in various ways. For example, if the segments are fixed lengths, the free list table could be a table having only one descriptor 2 that is constantly updated after it is allocated. The reason is that it is easy to calculate the location of the next available segment since the size of each segment is the same. In another example, if the segment size is 100 sectors, the free descriptor will contain information that includes the segment's starting physical address 12, the segment's size (which is 100), and the ID of the device 10 that it resides on. Once the segment descriptor is allocated from the free list 2, a new segment descriptor is created by adding 100 to the starting physical address field 12 and this is now the next free descriptor. Next, a check is performed to verify that the descriptor did not exceed its boundaries on its current physical drive. If the descriptor did not exceed its boundaries, nothing else is done until the descriptors are allocated. If the boundaries were exceeded, three things can happen:

    
    
        1. It reached the virtual storage device and reached the end of its total capacity, no error is generated and an indicator is set to reflect this status.
        2. It reached the end of its allocated disk area on its current physical drive and another physical drive is already available to continue its expansion, the fields in the free descriptor are updated to reflect the new disk. The fields include the starting physical address 12 and device ID 10 fields.
        3. It reached the end of its allocated disk area on its current physical drive and no drive is available to continue its expansion. Indicators are set to reflect this status and on the next segment allocation, an error will most likely be generated.

If the segments are variable length, the free list table can contain many descriptors where the segment length field of each descriptor can contain a different number in the free list 20, shown in FIG. 1. The method of determining each segment length is based on the problem that it was intended to solve. For example, in many situations designs that require a variable segment length scheme involve using a series of repeating numbers, such as 2, 4, 6, 8 and then repeats, or is based on an equation that determines a segment length based on current conditions. However the rules on the handling of boundary conditions are the same as the fixed length method.

    
    


Referring to FIG. 2, as segments are needed the next available segment descriptor 54 is identified from the free segment list 50 and assigned to a new table called a segment map 66. The segment map 66 stores the information on how the allocated segments define a virtual storage device. A free segment descriptor is pre-initialized with information that defines the actual physical location of the storage area that the segment represents. After the free segment descriptor 54 is moved or stored in the appropriate area in the segment map 66, which in our example is slot 1 70, the descriptor is no longer a free segment but is now an allocated segment. The descriptor may also be updated with additional information that was not known until it was allocated. Status flags (not shown in diagram) is an example of additional information that may be saved into the descriptor. Status flags are generally bit-wise fields that are used to represent a variety of true/false, valid/invalid, on/off, enabled/disabled, etc, states of particular conditions. Without the segment map, the order of the segments on the virtual storage device will be unknown. As a back up, two or more copies of the segment map can be stored on the disk in different locations to provide redundant copies.
A Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) checksum or any type of data validation algorithm can be added to the segment map to enhance the integrity of the data stored in the segment map. Only the segment map that contains data, which matches its CRC can be used. As mentioned above, the segment map provides the logical sector to physical sector mapping of a virtual storage device that is using the DA method. Thus, an inaccurate segment map can cause catastrophic results on a storage device if the incorrect data is read or the data is incorrectly written to the wrong areas due to bad data stored in the segment map. Error detecting codes embedded into segment maps can help to insure the correctness of the maps. Any segment map that contains corrupt data can be replaced with a valid segment map if a duplicate segment map exists.
Segment descriptors are allocated by selecting the next available descriptor and are not dependant on the order of the physical disk sectors of the virtual storage device. Thus, a segment can represent any set of logical sectors on the virtual storage device, such as a logical disk. The logical disk sectors that a segment will represent are defined at the moment the segment is allocated. The reason is that hard disks and similar storage devices are random access; this means that any sectors on a disk can be accessed at any time and in any order. The physical locations of a segment are not related to the locations they represent on a disk. For example, referring to FIG. 3, if each segment represents 100 sectors, the first segment starts with segment 0 and is physically located at physical sector addresses 0–99. If the first sectors to be written start at logical sector address 423, then the DA will allocate Segment 0 105 to represent sectors 400 to 499 155. If the next logical sector to be written starts at sector 1, then the DA will allocate Segment 1 110 as its next available segment and define it to represent logical sector addresses 0–99 145. However, if sector 450 is to be written next, the DA will not allocate a new segment since Segment 0 105 already represents logical sector addresses 400–499 155, and therefore the data will be written to memory within Segment 0 105. To summarize, FIG. 3 shows that logical Segment 0 155 occupies physical sector addresses 0–99 105; logical Segment 1 145 occupies physical sector addresses 100–199 110, etc. Physical Segment 0 105 also represents logical sectors 400–499 155 and physical Segment 1 110 also represents logical sectors 0–99 145.
The DA manages storage devices as a virtual disk, which means that the entire physical disk space does not exist. In other words, the selected or defined memory capacity of the virtual disk may exceed the actual physical memory capacity of the storage device. Only a portion of the virtual disk's selected or defined memory capacity is physically present and thus available in the storage device. If it is required that the actual physical memory capacity be increased, physical storage is added to the system. When new additional physical disk drives are added, their information is stored in a reserved area. This reserved area can be a separate data structure or a data structure that is stored in the header of a free list table and/or segment map. This data structure would contain all the information that is necessary to describe the new drive(s) and how it is linked together with the previous drives. New segment descriptors can be added to the free list or generated as the current segment descriptor. The new disk is segmented and added to a virtual storage device's free list so that the DA can make use of the new space.
The prior art method of defining volumes and allocating their disk space is shown in the left column of FIG. 4, in which a storage device 200 contains three volumes 205, 210, 215 of varying capacities. All of the disk space that will be used is reserved for the volume at the moment that it is created. With the prior art method, if a 1-terabyte volume is required, then a terabyte storage system will need to be physically present when the volume is created. However, with the present invention the DA will not require that the entire 1-terabyte volume be present; instead only a percentage of the volume that is necessary to satisfy the users' initial needs is required. For example, if it is anticipated that a 1-terabyte volume is required for the system, but it would take approximately 6 months to fill 500 MBs of the volume, then the administrator could create the 1-terabyte volume having only 500 MBs of actual physical memory present and add an additional 500 MBs of physical memory or more, when needed.
FIG. 4 shows two views of the same virtual storage disk unit 200 and 225. The first view, illustrating the prior art, is a logical volume view, which shows a virtual storage disk unit 200 that has been partitioned into three virtual volumes 210, 215, and 220. The second view, illustrating the present invention, is a re-illustration of storage unit 200 as storage unit 225 with the same three volumes 210, 215 and 220 as they would look if DA is used. FIG. 4 illustrates the following;

    
    
        1. The segments 235 and 250 for Volume 1 are completely allocated, and no additional segments are needed.
        2. Volume 2 is very large, currently uses segments 240, 260 and 265, and will need one additional segment to reach its maximum size.
        3. Volume 3, which uses segments 245 and 255, will also need an additional segment.

By using the DA, free segments such as 270 and 275:

        1. Can be used for Volumes 2 and 3 if more disk space is needed.
        2. May never be used because Volumes 2 and/or 3 may have reached their maximum capacity of usage. Maximum capacity of usage means that a volume has reached a state where data to be added and data to be deleted have reached equilibrium.
        3. Can be used to create a new volume or partition since unused disk space is available.
    
    


As show above, the DA manages all of the storage devices as virtual devices since the total physical storage may not exist until the storage is nearly full.
Software Driver
It is impossible to architect all the standards necessary to communicate with every peripheral device currently in existence or peripheral devices that will exist in the future. Therefore all operating systems communicate with their peripheral devices through a special program called a device driver. A driver is a specialized program that provides an interface for the operating system to a particular peripheral device(s). In the present invention, the peripheral devices are storage devices which can include, by nonlimiting example, a single physical drive, or multiple drives connected together, RAID, Rewriteable CDROMs (CDRW) or any kind of read/write random access storage device.
There are two basic classes of device driver: “Block,” which is used to read/write large amounts of data and “Character,” which is used to process data one byte at a time. An example of a block device driver is the driver, which manages hard disks and CDROMs. A character device driver is the driver, which manages the input from a keyboard. Traditionally, block device drivers are used to manage random access storage devices and therefore any driver referred in this document may be a block driver. However, the dynamic allocation methodology of the present invention can be applied to character drivers also if a character driver is developed to manage storage devices with a need for dynamic storage allocation.
I/O Request Blocks
The most popular operating systems (OS), Windows NT/2000, UNIX, NetWare and Linux, all use a special “data structure” to communicate their storage requests to the device driver. A data structure is a block of memory that has been defined by a device driver architect to store a set of values, which are used to retain data and/or communicate data between programs. A “Storage Request” is a command that the operating system is requesting a driver to perform on a device. The storage request can be a command to write data, to read data, to identify itself, to perform a self-diagnostic, etc. The data structure is known under a variety of different names based on their operating system:

    
    
        1. Under Windows NT/2000, this data structure is call an I/O Request Packet (IRP).
        2. Under UNIX and Linux, the data structure is known as buf.
        3. Under NetWare, the data structure is a hacb.
    
    


In the past, device drivers were monolithic drivers, singular pieces of software, which interacted directly with the operating system and its peripheral device. Most modern day operating systems use a different architecture to allow device drivers to be layered. This allows drivers to have a specialize functions and these functions can be utilized by drivers from different vendors. Drivers are layered or sandwiched between other drivers such that the driver on top communicates with the operating system, the driver on the bottom communicates directly with the peripheral device and the driver in the middle can provide special features such as compression and encryption of data. This architecture is called “Layered Device Drivers” (LDD).
A SCSI device driver is an example of a special function LDD driver that processes SCSI commands received through a data structure called an SRB. A SRB is similar to the function of an IRP in that it also contains commands such as read/write a disk, identify itself, and to perform self-diagnostics but in terms of SCSI. The driver above the SCSI driver in the LDD will receive an IRP from the OS, which it converts into an SRB; the SCSI driver will receive the SRB, which it will process and send its request to a lower device driver in the LDD. The relevance of the SRB is to make it known that storage requests do not have to come directly from the OS; they can also be received from other device drivers. As operating systems and their device drivers continue to evolve, the storage request structures will also evolve.
“IRP” as used herein refers to any storage request data structure or any data structure that is used to communicate similar information. IRPs are used to communicate storage requests/commands from the OS to a driver so that the data can be read from or written to the storage device. Among the information contained within an IRP are the starting sector address, sector counts (the number of contiguous sectors to read or write beginning with the start sector address), and the identifier for the destination storage device (one device driver is capable of managing one or more storage devices). The OS dictates where and how much data will be written or read to the device driver. However, since a device driver is the actual controller of the device, it can alter where and how the data will be written or read. Due to the high-level command architecture of the OS, the actual physical location of the data is not relevant as long as the OS commands are fulfilled.
A software driver is used to manage the dynamic allocation process. The software driver can be a monolithic driver, a layered driver, or a driver based on some other architecture, as long as the driver can receive the sector address and device information. The driver will receive IRPs from the operating system and analyze the sector addresses to determine if they lie within an allocated segment. If the segment has been allocated, the driver will perform the requested action on the sectors. If the segment has not been allocated, the driver will retrieve an unallocated segment from its pool of free segments, assign the segment to the device and will then perform the requested action.
Dynamic Allocation of Disk Space
A flowchart showing the Dynamic Allocation (DA) of memory space method is shown in FIG. 5. At block 300 the device driver receives an IRP from the operating system. FIG. 5 shows a monolithic device driver. If the device driver is a layered driver, then the driver will receive an IRP from another driver. The IRP's contents are examined at block 305 to determine if the command is a Read or Write. The Read and Write commands are used as representative examples. Other commands may exist which will also need to be processed through the dynamic allocation algorithm, but their steps will just be a variation of the same steps used by the Read and Write commands and thus need not be detailed herein.
Besides examining the commands, the sector addresses and destination device identifier are also analyzed. If the destination device is not using dynamic allocation, then the Read/Write command is redirected to the normal paths of execution (not shown). A reserved area may exist on the disk, which is generally an exclusive storage area for the device driver to store information about the segments and the storage disk. The sector address will be adjusted to compensate for this reserved area at block 310. The existence of the reserved area is dependent on the algorithm's implementation. The sector address is next examined to determine if it begins within an allocated segment at block 320.
If Sectors to Read/Write are within an Allocated Segment:
If the sector to read/write is within an allocated segment, the segment is located, and the given logical sector address is converted to a physical sector address that is relative to the segment's location within the disk. This is called the “starting sector.” The starting sector is the first sector of a contiguous range of sectors that the driver was requested to read/write by the operating system (provided that more than one sector was requested), and is located at block 325. The algorithm must next determine how many of the requested sectors reside within the allocated segment at block 340. The operating system is unaware that the dynamic allocation driver has organized the disk sectors into dynamic allocation segments. A sector range can be requested to read or write where the data can reside in two separate segments. The algorithm will determine how many sectors reside within the segment at block 340 and will read/write the data at block 350 into the segment. A new starting sector address and sector count is calculated at block 365 to represent any additional data that needs to read/written in another segment. If there are additional sectors to be read/written, at block 375 the algorithm will perform the same steps again against the new starting address and sector count (back to block 320). If no additional data is needed, the driver will send the necessary acknowledgments and requested data to the operating system to signal that the requested operation has been completed at block 380.
If Sectors to Read/Write are not within an Allocated Segment:
Segments are allocated for write operations only because written data requires actual disk space in order to record their information. Segments are not allocated for read operations because a read operation on sectors in an unallocated segment does not contain any valid data. No valid data exist on the sectors because no data was written to the sectors yet. In order for a sector to have valid information, a sector must be written first before it can be read. Therefore if a sector is read before it is written (unallocated), which may occur, for example, if an image backup program causes reads of an unwritten sector, its data can be manufactured by the driver and returned to the requester (OS or application) thereby saving segments from being unnecessarily allocated. The steps that are taken during Read and Write requests on unallocated segments follow.
In FIG. 5, if the starting sector is not located in an allocated segment at block 320, the algorithm will need to determine if the operation will be a read or write at block 335. If the operation is a Write, a check is made to determine if there are unallocated segments available at block 330, and if available, a segment is allocated at block 315. Then the algorithm will loop back to block 320 where, this time, the starting sector will reside in an allocated segment. The algorithm will then proceed from block 320 as though the segment had always been allocated (i.e., to blocks 325, 340, etc.). If the available segment check has failed at block 330, the algorithm will create the proper error reply at block 370 to the operating system to inform it that the write operation could not be completed.
If the operation was a read at block 335, the algorithm must next calculate how many sectors reside within an unallocated segment at block 345. The operating system may have requested a read operation where the sectors cross two segments. Two scenarios can occur: either one segment is unallocated while the other segment is allocated, or both segments are not allocated. Determination is made at block 345 to determine if the sectors reside within an allocated or unallocated segment, and if the sectors are within an unallocated segment, the required amount of data is manufactured at block 360. Although the manufactured data can be any pattern, the normal practice is to use a pattern of zeros. A new start address and sector count is calculated at block 365 to represent the remaining sectors in the next segment. If there are no additional sectors to be read at block 375, then the algorithm will exit at block 380. The algorithm will proceed back to block 320 to read the remaining sectors if more sectors are to be read at block 375.
Segment Organization
FIG. 6 illustrates the relationship of sector addresses to their segments. The first left column of FIG. 6 shows a segment map 400 as it would appear once it is stored in a computer's memory from a hard disk during initialization. The free segment list 426 is an illustration of the free list table that was discussed earlier. Free list table 426 is an alternative design that also uses fixed length segments. In this case, the free list table 426 includes many descriptors and is used now for ease of explanation. The segment map is used to quickly determine if a sector address is within an allocated segment and which segment the sectors are located. The segment map 400 begins with a data structure called a “Virtual Disk Descriptor” (VDD) 402 that contains the information that defines the characteristics of a virtual disk. There is one segment map per virtual disk. The VDD 402 is followed by arrays of “Segment Descriptors” (SD) 404–424. SDs are data structures that defines the properties of a segment. The number of SDs 448 is dependent on the size of the virtual disk. If the virtual disk is 100 GB and each SD 448 represents sectors totaling 1 GB, then the Segment Map 400 will have 100 SDs. A sample SD 448 is shown with an excerpt of its contents in FIG. 4. The SD 448 contains the segment's starting address and its range. In most cases, the number of sectors represented by a segment is fixed; this field was added in the event that the segments may represent a variable number of sectors instead of a fixed number of sectors in a future implementation. Variable number (or length) means that each segment descriptor will represent different number of sectors. Fixed length means that each segment descriptor represents the same number of sectors.
The segment map 400 is organized in order of logical sectors as illustrated by 460, 462, 464 and 466. This design provides a quick look up method of determine whether a segment has been allocated when an operation is requested on a sector range. The operating system will request an operation to be performed on a starting sector and range and the algorithm checks if the starting sector falls within an allocated segment or not.
Assume each segment represents 100 sectors as shown in FIG. 6. If the dynamic allocation algorithm receives a write request of sector 315, the algorithm will perform a mathematical calculation to determine which segment descriptor is used to represent sectors 300–399 within the segment map. The calculation will determine that it will be the fourth listed SD 410. Next the dynamic allocation algorithm will determine if SD 410 is a free SD (e.g., 406, 412, 414) or a used SD (e.g., 404, 408, 410). A free SD represents an unallocated segment and a used SD represents an allocated segment.
If SD 410 is a free segment, the dynamic allocation algorithm will get an unallocated segment from the free list 426. According to free list 426 segments 1–5 430–438 have been allocated; the next free segment is Segment 6 440. Segment 6 440 is taken from the free list and is assigned into the segment map. Since the segment map 400 is organized in logical address order, the fourth segment descriptor field 410, which represents logical sectors 300–399, is used. Segment 6, from the free list 426, which reside on physical disk sectors 500–599 574 is made to represent logical sectors 300–399 in the segment map. This is accomplished by storing the starting physical address of the segment into a descriptor's 448 physical starting sector field 452. Therefore, if the logical sectors starting at 315 were to be written, the physical sectors starting at 515 that will actually be written.
If SD 410 is an allocated segment, the dynamic allocation algorithm will read the information stored in the segment descriptor to ascertain where the actual physical address that logical sector 315 should be written. Segment descriptor 448 contains all the information necessary to define the segment. Its data includes the segment's size and the location of the physical sectors that the segment descriptor represents. The home device 450, starting sector 452, and the sector count 454 are three fields in the SD. The home device field 450 is present to handle the event if the virtual disk is a multi-device configuration. It contains all the necessary information to identify the physical devices the segment actually resides on. If the device was a SCSI hard disk, the field may contain a SCSI ID, Logical Unit Number (LUN), and a controller ID (that identifies the controller that is operating the hard disk). The Starting Sector 452 and the Sector Count 454 field state where the first physical sector of the segment begins and the number of contiguous sectors that the segment encompasses, respectively.
FIG. 7 illustrates how the data is written to the physical sectors of a segment when an IRP is received. The first action that occurs is that the device driver receives an IRP 502 from the OS 500. An IRP contains all the information necessary for a device driver to complete a requested operation. In the case of a Write operation, the IRP 502 contains a starting logical sector address 506 and the number of sectors to write 508 as well as the command itself 504. The IRP also contains other fields such as a pointer to a memory buffer that contains the data to write but this field and other fields are not shown because they are not necessary for the explanation of the example. The driver receives the IRP and assesses that it is being requested to write data to logical sector 780 and to write 10 logical sectors. Depending on how the device driver was designed to manage the storage device, a logical sector may consist of one or more physical sector. For illustrative, non-limiting purposes only, one logical sector will assume to consist of one physical sector. The device driver uses simple arithmetic as shown in 534 to calculate the physical sector address to write. Since the size of a logical sector is the same as a physical sector, the device driver calculates the difference between the given logical sector to write 506 and starting logical address of the segment 524 it adds it to the starting physical address of the segment 514 to ascertain that the data will be written to physical sector address 380 526. The device driver must next determine how many sectors can be written within this segment. Two or more segments may be required to complete a requested Write operation. The dynamic allocation algorithm is shown in 536, where the difference between the last physical sector address 538 and the starting physical sector address to write 526 is determined to give the number of sectors remaining until the end of the segment 540, and if the remaining sectors are greater or equal to the number of sectors that was requested to write 516, then the given count 516 will be used. In FIG. 5, the requested write operation 502 of 10 sectors 508 will fit within one segment because the remaining sectors of 20 540 is greater than the request of 10 sectors 508. Therefore the data will be written to the sectors 532 starting at physical sector address 380 526 for 10 sectors 530 on the designated device 512.
However, if the remaining is less than the given 516, then at least two segments will be used, and the remaining sector count will be used to write to the current segment. FIG. 8 illustrates how a two segment write operation is completed. The example is the same as FIG. 7 except that the sector count is extended to 25 608. The device driver first receives an IRP 600 from the operating system. The driver is instructed to write 604 25 sectors 608 starting at logical sector address 780 606. The driver will determine that the starting sector address is 380 626 by using the calculation explained in FIG. 7. Next, the calculation is made to determine how many sectors can be written with this segment. The calculation (536 of FIG. 7) will show that only 20 sectors can be written until the end of the segment is reached. Therefore only 20 sectors 634 will be written within this segment starting at physical address 380 626 onto the designated device 612. After the data is written to the first segment 622, the driver will then determine where the remaining data will be written by calculating a new starting logical sector address. The driver takes the logical sector address that was written, 780 626, and adds the sectors written 20 634, to locate the new starting logical sector address of 800. The new sector count is 5 since 20 of the requested 25 sectors have already been written. Logical sector 800 is contained within the segment descriptor 650. Segment descriptor 650 represents a segment that starts at physical address 200 654 and consists of 100 sectors 656. The calculation 690 determines that starting physical address of the next segment to begin writing is 200 666. The sector count calculation will show that 5 sectors 670 needs to be written and that all the remaining data can be written within this segment 662. Therefore to complete the requested write operation 602, 5 sectors 670 will be written starting at physical sector address 200 654 onto the designated device 652.
Although the examples in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 used Write as their requested operation, Reads and any other operations that require accessing the segment will also follow the same general steps.
Management Program
A management program manages the dynamically allocated storage system. A device driver does not have a user interface and cannot initiate any operations on its own. The operating system dictates almost all the operations and activities of a device driver. Special entry points can be coded into a device driver to allow management programs to request operations to be performed and to read status information. These entry points called IOCTLs are legal entry points that are defined in a device driver's architecture to allow programmer-defined operations to take place. Through these entry points, a program can:

    
    
        1. Create and initialize a storage device to allow dynamic allocation to be used.
        2. Monitor when the number of available segments are running low and alert the administrator to add additional storage.
        3. Integrate additional storage when new storage devices are added on;
        4. Provide diagnostic utilities to test the integrity of the dynamic allocated storage system.
        5. Provide utilities such as defragmentation to help enhance the performance of the system.
        6. Provide statistical information on the storage system to help the administrator to better manage the system.
    
    


The above presents various principles and features of the invention through descriptions of various embodiments. It is understood that skilled artisans can make various changes and modifications to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, which is defined by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method for writing data to a memory having physical sector addresses that have not been assigned to logical sector addresses, the method comprising:
receiving a write command having associated therewith a starting logical sector address;
assigning the starting logical sector address to a group of the physical sector addresses;
assigning the group of the physical sector addresses to a group of logical sector addresses;
determining from the group of the physical sector addresses a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address; and
writing data to the physical sector address within the group of the physical sector addresses associated with the starting logical sector address.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the write command has associated therewith a write sector count, the group of the physical sector addresses having a physical starting sector address and a sector count, and the group of logical sector addresses having a group starting logical sector address.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the determining from the group of the physical sector addresses comprises:
determining a value by subtracting the group starting logical sector address from the starting logical sector address; and
determining a second value by adding the value to the physical starting sector address.

4. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
determining whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available within the group of the physical sector addresses;
if it does, determining a second starting logical sector address;
assigning the second starting logical sector address to a second group of the physical sector addresses; and
assigning the second group of the physical sector addresses to a second group of logical sector addresses.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the determining whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available further comprises:
adding the physical starting sector address to the sector count producing a third value;
subtracting the second value from the third value producing a fourth value; and
comparing the fourth value to the write sector count, if the write sector count is greater than the fourth value, then the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining whether an amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds a predefined amount.

7. The method of claim 6 further comprising indicating that the amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds the predefined amount, if the amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds the predefined amount.

8. A system for processing data comprising:
a memory having physical sector addresses that have not been assigned to logical sector addresses; and
a processor configured to:
receive a write command having associated therewith a starting logical sector address;
assign the starting logical sector address to a group of the physical sector addresses;
assign the group of the physical sector addresses to a group of logical sector addresses;
determine from the group of the physical sector addresses a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address; and
write data to the physical sector address within the group of the physical sector addresses associated with the starting logical sector address.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein:
the write command has associated therewith a write sector count;
the group of the physical sector addresses has a physical starting sector address and a sector count; and
the group of logical sector addresses has a group starting logical sector address.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein the processor is configured to determine from the group of the physical sector addresses a physical sector address by:
determining a value by subtracting the group starting logical sector address from the starting logical sector address; and
determining a second value by adding the value to the physical starting sector address.

11. The system of claim 9 wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available within the group of the physical sector addresses;
if it does, determine a second starting logical sector address;
assign the second starting logical sector address to a second group of the physical sector addresses; and
assign the second group of the physical sector addresses to a second group of logical sector addresses.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available by:
adding the physical starting sector address to the sector count producing a third value;
subtracting the second value from the third value producing a fourth value; and
comparing the fourth value to the write sector count,
if the write sector count is greater than the fourth value, then the write sector count exceeds an amount of physical sector addresses available.

13. The system of claim 8 wherein the processor is further configured to determine whether an amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds a predefined amount.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the processor is further configured to indicate that the amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds the predefined amount, if the amount of data written to the group of the physical sector addresses exceeds the predefined amount.

15. A method for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address, to write data to a memory, where the memory has not been allocated and reserved, the method comprising:
grouping physical sector addresses into a plurality of segments;
reading the starting logical sector address;
selecting a segment from the plurality of segments;
associating the segment and physical sector addresses associated therewith, with the starting logical sector address and a plurality of logical sector addresses;
determining a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address; and
writing the data in the memory at the physical sector address.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising setting an indicator indicating that the segment is selected.

17. The method of claim 15 further comprising setting an indicator indicating that the segment and associated plurality of logical sector addresses are associated with the starting logical sector address.

18. The method of claim 15 wherein the segment has a starting logical segment address, and associated therewith a starting physical sector addresses associated with the segment includes a starting physical sector address, the determining the physical sector address further comprising:
subtracting the starting logical segment address from the starting logical sector address producing a result; and
adding the result with the starting physical sector address.

19. A system for processing a data write request or command, having a starting logical sector address, comprising:
a memory that has not been allocated and reserved; and
a processor configured to:
group physical sector addresses into a plurality of segments;
read the starting logical sector address;
select a segment from the plurality of segments;
associate the segment and physical sector addresses associated therewith, with the starting logical sector address and a plurality of logical sector addresses;
determine a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address; and
write the data in the memory at the physical sector address.

20. The system of claim 19 wherein the processor is further programmed to set an indicator indicating that the segment is selected.

21. The system of claim 19 wherein the processor is further configured to set an indicator indicating that the segment and associated plurality of logical sector addresses are associated with the starting logical sector address.

22. The system of claim 19 wherein:
the segment has a starting logical segment address, and associated therewith a starting physical sector addresses associated with the segment includes a starting physical sector address;
the processor being further configured to determine the physical sector address by:
subtracting the starting logical segment address from the starting logical sector address producing a result; and
adding the result with the starting physical sector address.

23. A method for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address, to write data to a memory, where the memory has not been allocated and reserved and is represented as a plurality of segments, the method comprising:
reading the starting logical sector address;
selecting a first segment from the plurality of segments;
selecting a first set of physical sector addresses;
associating the first segment and the first set of physical sector addresses to the starting logical sector address;
associating the first set of physical sector addresses with a set of logical sector addresses;
determining a physical sector address associated with the starting logical sector address;
determining a quantity of physical sectors available within the first segment;
determining whether the data exceeds the quantity of physical sectors;
if the data exceeds the quantity of physical sectors, selecting a second segment from the plurality of segments;
selecting a second set of physical sector addresses;
associating the second segment and the second set of physical sector addresses to a second starting logical sector address;
associating the second set of physical sector addresses with a second set of logical sector addresses;
determining a second physical sector address associated with the second starting logical sector address; and
writing the data in the memory at the first set of physical sector addresses and the second set of physical sector addresses.

24. A method for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count, to write to a memory, where one or more segments having a predetermined number of logical sector addresses has been allocated and reserved for the memory, the method comprising:
determining whether the starting logical sector address is within a segment of the one or more segments;
if the starting logical sector address is within a segment of the one or more segments, determining the segment that the starting logical sector address is within;
determining whether the sector count exceeds the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the segment that are available;
if the sector count does not exceed the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the segment that are available, writing to the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the segment that are available;
if the sector count does exceed the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the segment that are available,
writing data to the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the segment that are available,
determining a second starting logical sector address and a second sector count, and
determining whether the second starting logical sector address is within a second segment of the one or more segments; and

if the second starting logical sector address is within the second segment of the one or more segments, writing data to the predetermined number of logical sector addresses in the second segment that are available.

25. A method for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address, to read data from a memory, the method comprising:
reading the starting logical sector address;
determining whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor;
if the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then generating data and respond to the request or command by returning the generated data; and
if the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then reading the data associated with the segment descriptor from the memory.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein the determining step comprises searching a table for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address.

27. The method of claim 25 wherein the step of reading the data associated with the segment descriptor comprises:
reading a physical starting sector address and a sector count from the segment descriptor; and
determining which physical sector addresses to read the data.

28. A system for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address, to read data from a memory, the system comprising:
a memory for storing data; and
a processor configured to:
read the starting logical sector address;
determine whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor;
if the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then generate data and respond to the request or command by returning the generated data; and
if the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then read the data associated with the segment descriptor from the memory.

29. The system of claim 28 wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor by searching a table for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address.

30. The system of claim 28 wherein the processor is configured to read the data associated with the segment descriptor by:
reading a physical starting sector address and a sector count from the segment descriptor; and
determining which physical sector addresses to read the data.

31. A method for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value, to read data from a memory, the method comprising:
reading the starting logical sector address;
determining whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor;
if the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then generating data and respond to the request or command by returning the generated data; and
if the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then reading the data from a location in memory that is associated with the starting logical sector address and the sector count value, as defined by the segment descriptor.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the determining step comprises searching a table for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address.

33. The method of claim 31 wherein the step of reading the data from a location in memory comprises:
reading a physical starting sector address and a sector quantity from the segment descriptor;
determining physical sector addresses defined by the association of the starting logical sector address and the sector count value with the physical starting sector address and the sector quantity from the segment descriptor; and
reading the data located in memory at the physical sector addresses.

34. A system for processing a request or command, having a starting logical sector address and a sector count value, to read data from a memory, the system comprising:
a memory for storing data; and
a processor configured to:
read the starting logical sector address;
determine whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor;
if the starting logical sector address is not associated with the segment descriptor, then generate data and respond to the request or command by returning the generated data; and
if the starting logical sector address is associated with the segment descriptor, then read the data from a location in memory that is associated with the starting logical sector address and the sector count value, as defined by the segment descriptor.

35. The system of claim 34 wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the starting logical sector address is associated with a segment descriptor by searching a table for a segment descriptor having a logical sector address range that is associated with the starting logical sector address.

36. The system of claim 34 wherein the processor is configured to read the data from a location in memory by:
reading a physical starting sector address and a sector quantity from the segment descriptor;
determining physical sector addresses defined by the association of the starting logical sector address and the sector count value with the physical starting sector address and the sector quantity from the segment descriptor; and
reading the data located in memory at the physical sector addresses.