UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS 

No. 20-7299 

KEVIN G. WALLEMAN, APPELLANT, 

V. 

DENIS MCDONOUGH, 

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE. 

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals 

(Argued March 24, 2022 Decided June 9, 2022) 

Christian A. McTarnaghan, with whom Grace Hurley and Kevin A. Medeiros, all of 

Providence, Rhode Island, were on the brief for the appellant. 

Ronen Z. Morris, with whom Richard A. Sauber, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief 

Counsel; and Christopher W. Wallace, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, D.C., were on 

the brief for the appellee. 

Before BARTLEY, Chief Judge, and ALLEN and LAURER, Judges. 

ALLEN, Judge: This appeal calls on us to revisit the multifaceted means by which VA 

compensates service-connected knee disabilities. Appellant Kevin G. Walleman served the Nation 

honorably in the United States Army from December 1971 to April 1972 and from March 2003 to 

June 2004.1

 We gratefully acknowledge Mr. Walleman's service, for which he earned the Global 

War on Terrorism Expeditionary Service Medal and the Army Commendation Medal, among other 

distinctions.2 In this appeal, which is timely and over which we have jurisdiction,3 he contests an 

August 27, 2020, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied (1) an initial disability 

rating higher than 10% under 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code (DC) 5259 (2020), and (2) a 

separate evaluation under 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2020), for his left knee disability.4 The 

1

 Record (R.) at 263, 225. 

2

 R. at 225. 

3 See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), 7266(a). 

4

 R. at 5-24. The Board also remanded appellant's claims for entitlement to service connection for (1) a right hip 

disability as secondary to the service-connected left knee disability; (2) a left hip disability, as secondary to the serviceconnected left knee disability; and (3) a right knee disability, including as secondary to the left knee disability. R. at 
2 

Board also granted appellant a 10% disability rating under 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5260 (2020).5

Appellant argues that the Board erred when it did not award him a separate evaluation under DC 

5257 and a higher disability rating under DC 5260 for his left knee disability. 

This matter was submitted to a panel of the Court principally to address whether the rule 

against pyramiding categorically precludes a separate disability rating for lateral instability under 

DC 5257 (2020), when (1) a claimant is already rated under DC 5259, which may contemplate 

lateral instability if it is a residual of a meniscectomy, and (2) there are other residuals that could 

independently warrant a compensable rating under DC 5259. On March 24, 2022, we held oral 

argument at the Penn State Law School in University Park, Pennsylvania. The Court thanks the 

students, faculty, and staff at Penn State Law for their hospitality during our visit. 

The Court holds that an assignment of a disability rating under DC 5259, for symptoms 

that do not include lateral instability, does not preclude as a matter of law a separate evaluation 

under DC 5257 for lateral instability of the same knee. As we explain, lateral instability may be a 

distinct manifestation of a knee disability that independently warrants entitlement to a separate 

evaluation under DC 5257. There is nothing in the law that renders assignments of disability ratings 

under DC 5257 and DC 5259 categorically violative of the rule against pyramiding. Accordingly, 

the Court will reverse the Board's finding that appellant is precluded from a separate disability 

rating under DC 5257 for his slight instability and remand the matter for further development, as 

necessary, and readjudication consistent with this decision. We will also remand for the Board to 

consider whether appellant's November 2019 VA medical examination is adequate and to 

determine the appropriate disability rating for appellant's left knee under all relevant DCs at issue 

in this matter. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Following his first separation from service, appellant underwent a left knee meniscectomy 

in 1997.6

 He later mobilized to Iraq in March 2003 and reported that the duties he performed there 

5. The Court lacks jurisdiction over these matters. See Breeden v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 475, 478 (2004) (per curiam 

order). 

5

 The Board's finding that appellant is entitled to a 10% disability rating under DC 5260 is a favorable determination 

we may not review. See Medrano v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 165, 170 (2007). 

6

 R. at 850. 
3 

further aggravated his left knee disability. 7 In May 2011, appellant filed a claim seeking 

entitlement to service connection relating to his left knee.8

In July 2013, appellant underwent a knee and lower leg VA examination as part of his 

claim.9 The examiner noted that appellant injured his left knee during service and underwent a 

meniscectomy.10 A July 2013 rating decision granted service connection for a left knee torn 

meniscus status post meniscectomy, effective May 2011.11 The decision assigned appellant a 10% 

disability rating for painful motion and symptomatic residuals of semilunar cartilage removal 

under DC 5259-5260.12 Appellant disagreed with the assigned rating and appealed.13 

In May 2018, the Board remanded appellant's claim concerning an increased disability 

rating for his left knee disability, concluding that the July 2013 VA medical opinion was 

inadequate because the examiner did not include passive range-of-motion measurements or pain 

on weight-bearing testing pursuant to Correia v. McDonald, 28 Vet.App. 158 (2016).14 The Board 

directed the RO to obtain a new medical examination that tested appellant's active motion, passive 

motion, and pain with weight-bearing and without weight-bearing.15 VA subsequently afforded 

appellant a new VA examination in November 2019.16

The November 2019 examination noted appellant's diagnoses of a left knee meniscal tear 

and osteoarthritis, and a history of slight lateral instability in his left knee.17 The examiner stated 

that "where possible," appellant's knees "were assessed for both weight[-]bearing and non[-

7 See R. at 225, 500, 508. 

8

 R. at 864. 

9

 R. at 128-38. 

10 R. at 129. 

11 R. at 280-86, 298-307. 

12 Id. 

13 R. at 276-78. 

14 R. at 172-76. 

15 Id.

16 R. at 53-64. 

17 R. at 53, 59. 
4 

]weight[-]bearing testing," and that appellant experienced antalgic gait in weight-bearing 

situations.18 

The matter returned to the Board, which rendered the decision on appeal on August 27, 

2020.19 In that decision, the Board determined that appellant's "left knee disability has manifested 

as symptoms of painful motion, tenderness to palpation, stiffness, swelling, achiness, popping, 

locking, clicking, grating, effusion, crepitus, antalgic gait, slight instability, and a genu varus."20

The Board found that appellant's disability is most appropriately rated separately under DCs 5259 

and 5260, rather than collectively under 5259-5260. 21 The Board assigned appellant a 10% 

disability rating, but not higher, under DC 5260 for limited, but otherwise noncompensable, flexion 

of the left knee due to pain.22 Additionally, the Board assigned a separate 10% disability rating 

under DC 5259 based on appellant's "symptomatic residuals from his left knee meniscectomy 

[that] have manifested by swelling, popping, locking, stiffness, grating, and clicking."23 The Board 

also acknowledged appellant's slight instability of the left knee, but it declined to award another 

separate 10% disability rating under DC 5257 because "[k]nee instability is contemplated by the 

rating criteria under both [DCs] 5257 and 5259, with instability as a symptomatic residual of the 

meniscectomy."24 The Board concluded that assigning a disability rating under DC 5257 under 

these circumstances would violate the rule against pyramiding.25 This appeal followed. 

II. THE PARTIES' ARGUMENTS

Appellant contends that the Board erred when it determined that separate disability ratings 

under DC 5257 and DC 5259 were precluded as a matter of law under the rule against pyramiding. 

Specifically, appellant argues that assigning disability ratings under both DC 5257 and DC 5259 

does not violate the rule against pyramiding because DC 5259 does not list any specific symptoms. 

18 R. at 64. 

19 R. at 5-24. 

20 R. at 15; see R. at 5-6. 

21 R. at 6. 

22 R. at 6, 16-17. 

23 R. at 17. 

24 Id.

25 R. at 18. 
5 

He alleges that merely because lateral instability may be contemplated under DC 5259, that does 

not mean it cannot be rated separately under DC 5257—as long as such lateral instability is not 

compensated twice. Appellant points to the Court's decision in Lyles v. Shulkin to support his 

contention, in which the Court held "that evaluation of a knee disability under DCs 5257 or 5261 

or both does not, as a matter of law, preclude separate evaluation of a meniscal disability of the 

same knee under DC 5258 or 5259, and vice versa."26

Moreover, appellant contends that pooling all manifestations of his left knee disability 

under DC 5259, even though certain manifestations can independently support entitlement to 

compensation under another DC, is contrary to VA's duty to maximize benefits. Appellant argues 

that because VA's duty requires it to exhaust all schedular alternatives for rating disabilities, 

including rating a single disability under multiple DCs, appellant is entitled to compensation under 

DC 5259 for his symptoms of swelling, popping, locking, stiffness, grating, effusion, and clicking, 

and compensation under DC 5257 for lateral instability of his left knee.

Finally, appellant argues that the Board erred when it relied on his November 2019 VA 

medical examination because it is inadequate for adjudication purposes. Specifically, he contends 

that the opinion falls short of the requirements stated in the Court's Correia decision by failing to 

adequately convey information about his functional loss due to pain and explain why certain 

required testing could not be performed. 

The Secretary defends the Board's decision in full and urges affirmance. The Secretary 

contends that DCs 5259 and 5257 contemplate distinct disabilities that involve distinct components 

of the knee, and asserts that where, as here, a claimant exhibits instability as a residual of a 

meniscectomy, that represents a distinct component of the knee that is only compensable under 

DC 5259. Therefore, the Secretary argues that, based on the facts here, the Board was on solid 

footing when it concluded that the rule against pyramiding precludes a separate rating under DC 

5257 as a matter of law. In addition, at oral argument the Secretary argued that allowing separate 

ratings under DC 5259 and DC 5257 as appellant argues would require the Court to exceed our 

jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. § 7252. Finally, the Secretary contends that appellant failed to raise 

his argument concerning the adequacy of the November 2019 VA medical examination to the 

Board. Alternatively, the Secretary asserts that the Board properly relied on appellant's November 

26 29 Vet.App. 107, 109 (2017). 
6 

2019 VA medical examination and that the examination is adequate for adjudication purposes. The 

Secretary argues that the examination sufficiently discusses appellant's functional loss due to pain 

and complies with the requirements set out in Correia. 

III. ANALYSIS

A. Availability of a Separate Rating 

Under DC 5257 when a Claimant Has a Rating Under DC 5259

Appellant's principal argument concerns the interaction among DCs 5257, 5259, and the 

rule against pyramiding. The parties do not dispute that appellant is entitled to a 10% disability 

rating under DC 5259, which is a favorable determination we could not review in any event.27 The 

question at the heart of this case involves whether a claimant can have a separate rating under DC 

5257 for lateral instability when the claimant is already rated under DC 5259, which may 

contemplate such instability, and there are other residuals that could independently warrant a 

compensable rating under DC 5259. Accordingly, we must review the relevant DCs involved in 

this appeal and the basic principles underlying this Court's interpretive endeavors concerning those 

DCs. After doing so, we conclude that separate ratings are permissible. 

1. Legal landscape. 

The rating schedule for disabilities represents the average impairment in earning capacity 

on civil occupations as a result of each disability and its residuals.28 Generally, all disabilities, 

including those arising from a single disease entity, are to be rated separately.29 When more than 

one disability rating is applied, the individual evaluations are combined pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 

4.25 "to determine the veteran's overall impairment in earning capacity, with combined evaluations 

corresponding to different statutory amounts of monthly disability compensation."30

The rating schedule contains several DCs addressing the evaluation of knee disabilities. As 

relevant to this aspect of the appeal, two DCs are in play. But before we address them, we note 

that effective February 7, 2021, DC 5257 was amended in a way that significantly changed the 

27 See Medrano, 21 Vet.App. at 170. 

28 See 38 U.S.C. § 1155; 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2021); see also Esteban v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 259, 260 (1994). 

29 38 C.F.R. § 4.25(b) (2021) ("Except as otherwise provided in this schedule, the disabilities arising from a single 

disease entity . . . are to be rated separately as are all other disabiling [sic] conditions, if any."). 

30 Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 113. 
7 

criteria for evaluating disabilities under the DC.31 There is no question that the amended regulation 

is not applicable to appellant's claim because it was enacted after the Board's decision. Therefore, 

the Secretary's attempt to rely on the current—that is, amended—criteria of DC 5257 and the 

comments relating to it in the Federal Register adds nothing to our analysis.32 To be perfectly clear, 

we have not considered the amended version of DC 5257 in reaching our decision today. 

With this preliminary matter out of the way, we turn to the relevant DCs. First, the version 

of DC 5257 that is applicable to appellant's claim provides, in full: 

Knee, other impairment of: 

Recurrent subluxation or lateral instability: 

Severe 30 

Moderate 20 

Slight 10 

In addition, DC 5259 (2020) provides a 10% evaluation for "Cartilage, semilunar, removal of, 

symptomatic." To underscore, the DC provides nothing more than this one general phrase. 

As we have noted, the issue we face is under what circumstances a claimant may obtain 

ratings under both DC 5257 and DC 5259. This brings us to VA's rule against pyramiding, which 

is a regulatory exception to the general rule that all disabilities are to be rated separately.33 The 

relevant regulation provides that evaluation of the "same disability" or the "same manifestation" 

under various diagnoses "is to be avoided."34 The prohibition prevents the rating schedule from 

being "employed as a vehicle for compensating a claimant twice (or more) for the same 

symptomatology" so as to not overcompensate the claimant, or stated differently, to compensate a 

claimant only for his or her actual impairment.35 Still, a claimant may have "separate and distinct 

manifestations attributable to two different disability ratings" that entitle him or her to be 

compensated under different diagnostic criteria.36 Two critical points in determining whether a 

separate evaluation is warranted are (1) that none of the symptoms are duplicative or overlapping 

31 Compare 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2021), with 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2020). 

32 See Oral Argument (OA) at 22-25:55, Walleman v. McDonough, U.S. Vet. App. No. 20-7299 (oral argument held 

Mar. 24, 2022), http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_audio.php. 

33 See 38 C.F.R. § 4.14 (2021). 

34 Id.; Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 113; Esteban, 6 Vet.App. at 261. 

35 Brady v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 203, 206 (1993); see Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 113 (quoting Brady, 4 Vet.App. at 206). 

36 Fanning v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 225, 230 (1993); see Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 113. 
8 

with the symptoms of the other conditions—i.e., none of the disabilities share a common 

manifestation—and (2) whether that common manifestation would be improperly compensated 

more than once.37

Additionally, the Secretary must maximize a claimant's benefits. 38 VA is required to 

"render a decision which grants every benefit that can be supported in law while protecting the 

interests of the Government." 39 This means the Board is required to "exhaust all schedular 

alternatives for rating a disability,"40 including rating a single disability under multiple DCs so 

long as doing so does not run afoul of, for example, the rule against pyramiding.41

Finally, questions of regulatory interpretation are ones of law that the Court reviews de 

novo.42 The basics of regulatory interpretation are well established. We look first to the text and 

structure of a regulation, which is the best indication of its plain meaning.43 If the plain meaning 

of the regulation is clear on its face, then such plain meaning controls, and "that is 'the end of the 

matter.'"44

2. The rule against pyramiding does not categorically preclude 

separate ratings under DCs 5257 and 5259. 

With the foregoing general principles in mind, we turn now to the question on appeal: 

whether the rule against pyramiding categorically precludes a separate disability rating for lateral 

instability under DC 5257, when a claimant is (1) already rated under DC 5259, which may 

contemplate such instability if it is a residual of a meniscectomy, and (2) there are other residuals 

of a meniscectomy that could independently warrant a compensable rating under DC 5259. We 

hold that the rule against pyramiding does not categorically preclude a separate rating under DC 

5257 for lateral instability simply because a claimant is also in receipt of a rating under DC 5259. 

37 See Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 118; Esteban, 6 Vet.App. at 262. 

38 Morgan v. Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 162, 167 (2019); Bradley v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 280, 294 (2008). 

39 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(a) (2021); see Morgan, 31 Vet.App. at 167. 

40 Morgan, 31 Vet.App. at 164. 

41 See id. at 168. 

42 See Foster v. McDonough, 34 Vet.App. 338, 344-45 (2021). 

43 See Goodman v. Shulkin, 870 F.3d 1383, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2017). 

44 Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 320 (2006) (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 120 (1994)); see also 

Kisor v. Wilkie, ––– U.S. –––, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415, 204 L. Ed.2d 841 (2019). 
9 

The crux of the Secretary's argument is that because the Board viewed appellant's 

instability as a residual of his meniscectomy, a separate evaluation under DC 5257 would be 

duplicative of an award of compensation under DC 5259. 45 And this is so according to the 

Secretary even if there are other symptoms of a meniscectomy that would independently support 

a rating under DC 5259. We find this argument unpersuasive for several reasons. As we discuss, 

the Secretary fails to consider the general, non-specific language of DC 5259. In addition, 

instability—as a distinct manifestation of a knee disability—would not be compensated twice. And 

finally, the Secretary's position is inconsistent with VA's duty to maximize benefits. 

As an initial matter, we do not find any support for the Secretary's contention that our 

decision runs afoul of our jurisdictional limits.46 It is clear that the Court lacks jurisdiction to 

"review the content of the rating schedule," and instead has "jurisdiction to interpret 'the language 

in the regulations' related to or contained in the rating schedule."47 We emphasize what our 

decision today does not do: review the substantive content of the rating schedule, or as the 

Secretary put during oral argument, say that appellant's evaluation under DC 5259 is "not enough" 

or that he "deserves more money."48 The decision merely interprets the language relating to the 

rating schedule, which is clearly within our jurisdictional gambit.49 Indeed, such interpretative 

endeavors are the bread-and-butter of what courts do. 

Turning to the merits, we begin with the plain text of DC 5259, which provides a 10% 

disability rating for "[c]artilage, semilunar, removal of, symptomatic." 50 In other words, the 

regulation unambiguously provides compensation for symptoms that are residuals of a veteran's 

meniscectomy. The regulation does not identify (or exclude for that matter) any specific 

symptoms—unlike many of the conditions listed in VA's rating schedule.51 Nothing in the plain 

language of DC 5259 limits the symptoms of a meniscectomy that may support an evaluation under 

45 Secretary's Brief (Br.) at 8-11. 

46 The Secretary raised this argument for the first time during oral argument; however, we will still address it because 

it goes to our jurisdiction. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252. 

47 Foster, 34 Vet.App. at 344 (citing Smith v. Nicholson, 451 F.3d 1344, 1346-47 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). 

48 See OA at 48:54-49:10. 

49 See Foster, 34 Vet.App. at 344. 

50 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5259 (2020). 

51 See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a (2020); see also Doucette v. Shulkin, 28 Vet.App. 366, 368 (2017). 
10 

the broad, general language of this provision. Nor does the regulation enumerate any specific 

symptoms that are necessary to support a rating under DC 5259. It is inappropriate for a court to 

change a regulation in the way the Secretary's interpretation functionally asks us to do.52 

On the other hand, DC 5257 provides disability compensation for a specific condition, as 

relevant here, lateral instability of the knee. By its plain terms, it provides compensation "for 

veterans suffering from impairments of the knee, other than those enumerated elsewhere in the 

relevant regulations, that cause the symptoms of recurrent subluxation or lateral instability."53 This 

Court has previously held that when a condition is specifically listed in the rating schedule, it may 

not be rated by analogy.54 In that regard, we've held that it is most appropriate to rate a condition 

using a DC in which the condition is specifically listed, rather than rate the condition under a 

general, non-specific provision.55 Thus, when a veteran experiences lateral instability as a residual 

of his or her meniscectomy, it is most appropriately rated under DC 5257 (2020) because that 

regulatory provision specifically provides for evaluations based (as relevant here) on lateral 

instability of the knee. 56 This is true even if lateral instability was the only residual of a 

meniscectomy. In such a case, the lateral instability should only be rated under DC 5257 because 

that DC specifically provides for lateral instability that is slight, moderate, or severe, potentially 

entitling a claimant to more compensation than would be available under DC 5259.57 To hold that 

lateral instability must only be rated under DC 5259 because it flows from a meniscectomy would 

essentially render DC 5257 redundant in the context of a meniscectomy.58 Indeed, we conclude 

that the nature of the rating schedule compels the conclusion that DC 5257 is the appropriate 

vehicle by which to evaluate lateral instability of the knee. So, we reject the Secretary's contention 

52 See Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 252 (2010) (declining to read into a statute an express 

limitation that Congress did not include in the statute's plain language and holding that the Court of Appeals' decision 

to add one "more closely resembles 'invent[ing] a statute rather than interpret[ing] one'" (quoting Pasquantino v. 

United States, 544 U.S. 349, 359 (2005)). 

53 Delisle v. McDonald, 789 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2015); 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2020). 

54 Copeland v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 333, 337 (2015). 

55 See id. 337. 

56 See id.; 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2020). 

57 See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, DC 5257 (2020). 

58 Prokarym v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 307, 311 (2015) ("The Court simply cannot accept a construction that would 

render . . . [an] entire DC superfluous in this manner."). 
11 

during argument that any condition or symptom that results from meniscal surgery must be rated 

under DC 5259 and cannot be rated under other provisions.59 

We note that it strikes us that the Secretary's position is quite broad in its implications. If 

the Secretary's position were correct, it would be inappropriate for VA to rate a knee condition 

under any DC other than 5259 if the symptom at issue was related to a meniscectomy. Here, that 

position would suggest that the Board was wrong to provide a separate evaluation for appellant 

under DC 5260 since it appears his "limited, yet noncompensable, flexion of the left knee due to 

pain," was also the result of his meniscectomy.60 We see no support at all in the rating schedule to 

work such a revolutionary change in how we understand VA to have operated. 

Our holding today is also consistent with the principles the Court articulated in Esteban

and Lyles for rating knee disabilities. We held in Esteban that it is possible for a veteran "to have 

separate and distinct manifestations from the same injury permitting two different disability 

ratings." 61 In Lyles, we held that "the pyramiding inquiry does not end with whether two 

disabilities share a common manifestation, but continues to inquire whether that common 

manifestation would be improperly compensated more than once."62 "It follows that, where a 

certain manifestation of a disability has not been compensated via an assigned evaluation under a 

particular DC, evaluation of that manifestation under another DC would not constitute 

pyramiding."63 The key consideration that precludes separate ratings is whether the ratings are 

compensating the same manifestation or symptom.64 As applicable here, if an assignment of an 

evaluation under DC 5259 is supported with residuals that do not include lateral instability, a 

claimant may also be entitled to an evaluation under DC 5257 for lateral instability because that 

symptom is a distinct manifestation that does not overlap with any other residuals of a 

meniscectomy. We stress that this way of approaching the situation is not rating individual 

59 See OA at 19:20-:50. 

60 See R. at 16-17; Mitchell v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 32, 44 (2011) (explaining that a VA joints examination must 

address the extent of functional loss or limitation caused by pain or a flare-up); DeLuca v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 202, 

205-06 (1995) (requiring VA to consider the disabling effect of painful motion when rating joints). 

61 Esteban, 6 Vet.App. at 261 (citing Fanning, 4 Vet.App. at 231). 

62 Lyles, 29 Vet.App. at 118. 

63 Id. 

64 Id. at 118-19. 
12 

symptoms, but instead is evaluating distinct manifestations from the same injury. And that is 

precisely what the rating schedule is meant to accomplish. 

We also note that VA's Adjudication Procedures Manual (M21-1), though not binding on 

us or the Board, is entirely consistent with our holding today.65 The (M21-1) states: "Evaluation 

of a knee disability under 38 CFR [§] 4.71a, DC 5257, DC 5260, or 5261 does not, as a matter of 

law, preclude separate evaluation of a meniscal disability of the same knee under . . . DC 5259 

(symptomatic removal of semilunar cartilage) . . . ."66 VA notes that the critical factor barring a 

separate assignment under DC 5259 is "when all the symptoms of the meniscal disability are used 

to support" an assignment under DC 5257.67 That condition does not exist here factually given the 

Board's finding that an evaluation under DC 5259 was supported by "swelling, popping, locking, 

stiffness, grating, and clicking."68 Thus, the M21-1 supports the notion that the assignment of an 

evaluation under DC 5259 does not preclude a claimant from a separate evaluation under DC 5257. 

Moreover, permitting a separate rating under DC 5257 is fully consistent with VA's duty 

to maximize benefits. VA must render decisions that grant every benefit the law supports and 

"exhaust all schedular alternatives for rating a disability,"69 including rating a single disability 

under multiple DCs.70 As applicable here, VA has a duty to maximize a veteran's benefits by 

assigning a separate rating under DC 5257 for lateral instability of the knee even if the veteran is 

assigned a rating under DC 5259 for symptoms independent of such instability. The mere fact that 

instability flows from a meniscectomy does not mean that the veteran is precluded from the 

evaluation contemplated under DC 5257. VA's duty requires it to resolve doubt in favor of 

veterans, and the Board did not fulfill its obligations by precluding a rating under DC 5257 when 

65 See Healy v. McDonough, 33 Vet.App. 312, 320-21 (2021); Overton v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 257, 264 (2018). 

66 M21-1, pt. V, subpt. iii, ch. 1, § B.4.e. (Separate Evaluation of Meniscal Disabilities), 

www.knowva.ebenefits.va.gov (last visited June 2, 2022). 

67 Id. (emphasis added). We note that the Board should have discussed this M21-1 provision in its decision because it 

was germane to the issue the Board decided. See Healy, 33 Vet.App. at 320-21; Overton, 30 Vet.App. at 264. Given 

our conclusion about the interpretation of the relevant DCs, something we review de novo, it is not necessary for us 

to remand the matter for the Board to discuss the M21-1 provision in the first instance. Nonetheless, we remind the 

Board that it must discuss relevant M21-1 provisions when it renders its decisions. 

68 R. at 17. 

69 Morgan, 31 Vet.App. at 164 (emphasis omitted). 

70 See id. at 168; 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(a). 
13 

appellant's residuals, not including instability, independently support his assignment of an 

evaluation under DC 5259.71

Finally, we can't say that the Board's error was harmless.72 The Board expressly found that 

appellant suffers from slight instability in his left knee.73 The Secretary's attempt to downplay this 

finding as mere reporting of medical history is contrary to our decisions in English v. Wilkie74 and 

Tedesco v. Wilkie,

75 in which we held that the Board cannot categorically favor objective medical 

evidence over lay reports of instability.76 Even if the finding of instability was based only on 

appellant's lay statements—a matter on which we express no opinion—appellant was competent 

to make such observations.77 We acknowledge that the Board did not state that appellant's slight 

instability was "lateral" instability as contemplated under DC 5257.78 But we note that the record 

at least suggests it was lateral instability.79 In any event, this Court is not in a position to weigh in 

on such a factual question.80 Here, the Board found that appellant suffers from slight instability, 

and the facts suggest that he may be entitled to an evaluation under DC 5257 when a factfinder 

views this matter through the correct legal lens. That is enough to reject the claim that any error 

here is harmless. 

In sum, we conclude that an assignment of a knee disability rating under DC 5259 does not 

preclude as a matter of law a separate evaluation under DC 5257 for lateral instability of the same 

knee. Therefore, we reverse the Board's determination that assigning a disability rating under DC 

5257 is categorically precluded by the rule against pyramiding when there is also a disability rating 

71 R. at 17; Morgan, 31 Vet.App. at 164, 168; see 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.103(a), 4.3 (2021). 

72 See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); Shinseki v. 

Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (explaining that "the burden of showing that an error is harmful normally falls 

upon the party attacking the agency's determination"). 

73 R. at 6; see also R. at 59 (noting appellant's history of slight lateral instability). 

74 30 Vet.App. 347 (2018). 

75 31 Vet.App. 360 (2019). 

76 See id. at 367; English, 30 Vet.App. at 352-53. 

77 See Buchanan v. Nicholson, 451 F.3d 1331, 1335-37 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (noting that claimants are competent to report 

on observable symptoms); see also Layno v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 465, 469 (1994) (distinguishing competence from 

credibility). 

78 See R. at 6. 

79 R. at 59 (noting appellant's history of slight lateral instability). 

80 See Tadlock v. McDonough, 5 F.4th 1327, 1336-37 (Fed. Cir. 2021). 
14 

assigned under DC 5259. We remand the matter for the Board to properly consider the evaluation 

criteria of DC 5257 to appellant's claim under the correct legal standard. 

B. Inadequacy of the November 2019 

VA Medical Examination 

Appellant also contends that his November 2019 VA medical examination is inadequate 

for adjudication purposes and that the Board erred by relying on it to deny him higher evaluations 

for his left knee condition. 81 Specifically, appellant argues that the examination does not 

adequately discuss the disabling effect of his pain, as required by Correia.

82 The Secretary argues 

that appellant failed to raise this argument below, and therefore should not be permitted to do so 

now. 83 Alternatively, the Secretary asserts that the examination is adequate for adjudication 

purposes.84 There is no question that the Board clearly relied on the 2019 examination in its 

decision. Yet, the Board did not expressly address the adequacy of the examination in its decision 

even though that determination is a factual finding for the Board to make.85 In such a case, it is 

entirely within the Court's discretion to infer that the Board implicitly determined that the 

examination upon which it relied was adequate.86 However, we conclude that, in the context of 

this particular appeal, where we have already determined that remand is warranted, the Board 

should address exam adequacy in the first instance. Even though we will not address the question 

of adequacy, the Court will provide guidance to the Board for its consideration of this issue on 

remand, pursuant to Quirin v. Shinseki.

87 

81 See Appellant's Br. at 17-22. Appellant also contends that the Board erred by relying on the July 2013 VA medical 

examination, which was previously determined to be inadequate. Id.; see R. at 174-76. Given the remand of this matter, 

the Court will also not address this argument on the merits. See Best v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 18, 20 (2001). However, 

we note that although inadequate examinations can retain some probative value, on remand the Board must explain 

what parts of the inadequate examination it determines to be probative and support that determination with an adequate 

statement of reasons or bases. See Monzingo v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 97, 107 (2017) (per curiam) ("[E]ven if a medical 

opinion is inadequate to decide a claim, it does not necessarily follow that the examination is entitled to absolutely no 

probative weight."). 

82 See Appellant's Br. at 17-22. 

83 Secretary's Br. at 16. 

84 Secretary's Br. at 17-18. 

85 D'Aries v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 97, 104 (2008) ("Whether a medical opinion is adequate is a finding of fact."). 

86 See Miller v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 249, 260-62 (2020) (discussing review of implicit fact-finding concerning 

credibility issues and canvassing other situations in which the Court has reviewed the Board's implicit fact-finding). 

87 See 22 Vet.App. 390, 396 (2009) (holding that the Court can address other arguments after determining that remand 

is warranted). 
15 

Once VA provides a medical examination, it must ensure that the examination is adequate. 

A medical examination is adequate when it is "based upon consideration of the veteran's . . . 

medical history and examinations and also describes the disability in sufficient detail" so that the 

Board's "evaluation of the claimed disability will be a fully informed one."88 "It is the factually 

accurate, fully articulated, sound reasoning for the conclusion . . . that contributes probative value 

to a medical opinion." 89 Additionally, medical examinations must comply with this Court's 

decision in Correia. There, the Court held that for a VA joints examination to be adequate, the 

examination must "include the results of range of motion testing described in the final sentence of 

[38 C.F.R.] § 4.59."90 Section 4.59 requires that the "joints involved should be tested for pain on 

both active and passive motion, in weight-bearing and non[-]weight-bearing and, if possible, with 

the range of the opposite undamaged joint."91 When the examiner is "unable to conduct the 

required testing or concludes that the required testing is not necessary, . . . he or she should clearly 

explain why that is so."92 

On remand, should the Board continue to rely on the November 2019 VA medical 

examination, it must specifically address whether the examination is adequate for adjudication 

purposes, including whether it fails to comply with Correia. In that regard, the examiner stated 

that "where possible," appellant's knees "were assessed for both weight[-]bearing and non[-

]weight[-]bearing testing," noting that pain was present during portions of the examination.93 The 

examiner does not indicate whether the range-of-motion measurements were obtained in a 

weightbearing position, nor does she specify where appellant's pain sets in during the range-ofmotion test.94 Additionally, the Board must address the fact that the examiner applied the tests 

"where possible" and does not explain why the tests could not be performed in certain situations.95

If the Board determines that the examination is adequate, it must provide a full statement of its 

88 D'Aries, 22 Vet.App. at 104 (internal quotations omitted). 

89 Nieves-Rodriguez v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 295, 304 (2008). 

90 Correia, 28 Vet.App. at 169-70. 

91 38 C.F.R. § 4.59 (2021). 

92 Correia, 28 Vet.App. at 170. 

93 R. at 64. 

94 Id. 

95 See Correia, 28 Vet.App. at 170.
16 

reasons for such a determination sufficient to allow a reviewing court to engage in judicial review. 

If the Board determines that the examination is not adequate, the Board must obtain a new medical 

examination. 

C. Appellant's Rights on Remand 

Because the Court is remanding this matter to the Board for readjudication, the Court need 

not address any remaining arguments now, and appellant can present them to the Board.96 On 

remand, appellant may submit additional evidence and argument and has 90 days to do so from 

the date of VA's postremand notice.97 The Board must consider any such additional evidence or 

argument submitted.98 The Board must also proceed expeditiously.99

IV. CONCLUSION

After consideration of the parties' briefs, the governing law, and the record, the Court 

REVERSES the Board's determination that appellant is categorically precluded from obtaining a 

separate disability rating under DC 5257; we SET ASIDE the August 27, 2020, Board decision 

and REMAND this matter for further proceedings consistent with this decision. 

 

96 Best v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 18, 20 (2001). 

97 Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet.App. 369, 372-73 (1999) (per curiam order); see also Clark v. O'Rourke, 30 Vet.App. 

92 (2018). 

98 Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). 

99 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109B, 7112.