UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 19-0517

JOAN NAILOS, APPELLANT,

V.

DENIS MCDONOUGH,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued June 17, 2021 Decided August 10, 2021)

Christopher F. Attig, of Little Rock, Arkansas, for the appellant.

Mark D. Vichich, with whom William A. Hudson, Jr., Principal Deputy General Counsel; 

Mary Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; and Sarah W. Fusina, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, 

D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

Before GREENBERG, MEREDITH, and TOTH, Judges.

MEREDITH, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. GREENBERG, Judge, filed a 

dissenting opinion.

MEREDITH, Judge: The appellant, Joan Nailos, surviving spouse of the veteran, 

William F. Nailos, appeals through counsel1an October 22, 2018, Board of Veterans' Appeals 

(Board) decision that denied an effective date prior to May 30, 2017, for the award of aid and 

attendance benefits. Record (R.) at 2-9.

2 This appeal is timely, and the Court has jurisdiction to 

review the Board's decision pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a). This matter was 

referred to a panel of the Court to determine under what circumstances 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1)

permits an effective date for the award of increased dependency and indemnity compensation 

(DIC) based on the need for aid and attendance earlier than the date of receipt of the claim for aid 

1 The appellant was initially self-represented and filed an informal brief. However, after the Court requested 

that the Veterans Consortium Pro Bono Program respond to whether representation could be secured, counsel entered 

an appearance on behalf of the appellant, and the Court permitted both parties to submit substitute briefing.

2 References to the record are to the amended record of proceedings filed on February 23, 2021.
2

and attendance benefits.

3 For the following reasons, the Court concludes that § 3.402(c)(1) does 

not permit an effective date earlier than the date of the aid and attendance claim unless DIC is in 

effect for a period prior to the date of the DIC claim, i.e., there is a retroactive award of DIC. The 

Court will thus affirm the Board's decision.

I. BACKGROUND

The veteran served on active duty in the U.S. Navy from November 1940 to January 1946.

See R. at 924. He died in May 2002; his death certificate reflects that thrombo-embolism of the 

pulmonary arteries was the immediate cause of death, and coronary artery disease was a significant 

condition contributing to death. R. at 1343. The appellant applied for DIC, death pension, and 

accrued benefits by a surviving spouse the following month. R. at 2377-80. After a VA regional 

office (RO) denied the claim, she perfected an appeal to the Board and, ultimately, the Court 

affirmed an April 2004 Board decision denying entitlement to DIC. R. at 1869-94, 2003-05, 

2007-31, 2104-06; see R. at 118. 

Several years later, the appellant sought to reopen her claim, asserting that radiation 

treatment for the veteran's service-connected disabilities had contributed to the conditions that 

caused his death. R. at 1735-47. VA subsequently obtained a medical opinion reflecting that the 

veteran's heart disease was related to that radiation treatment. See R. at 925-26. Based on that 

evidence, the RO, in March 2015, found that the veteran's cause of death was related to military 

service and granted DIC, effective November 2009, the date of the claim to reopen. R. at 900-03, 

923-27. The appellant disagreed with the assigned effective date and perfected an appeal to the 

Board. R. at 888-89; see R. at 841-65. 

In April 2017, the Board denied the appellant's request for an earlier effective date for the 

award of DIC. R. at 591-601. The appellant again appealed to the Court. See R. at 117-20. In a 

September 2018 decision, the Court affirmed the Board's denial of an effective date prior to 

November 2009, determining in part that, because the Court previously had affirmed the Board's 

April 2004 denial of DIC, the appellant could not challenge that decision on the basis of clear and 

3 Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 1310, when a veteran dies from a service-connected disability, the surviving spouse 

may qualify for DIC, which currently is paid at a standard monthly rate of $1,357.56. 2021 VA DIC Rates for Spouses 

and Dependents, U.S. DEP'T OF VETERANS AFFS., https://www.va.gov/disability/survivor-dic-rates/#survivingspouse-rates-if-the- (last updated Mar. 2, 2021). That DIC payment may be increased by $336.32 per month, id., if the 

survivor is "so . . . significantly disabled as to need or require the regular aid and attendance of another person," 

38 U.S.C. § 1311(c).
3

unmistakable error. R. at 119. Further, the Court explained that the appellant had not "presented 

any argument to counter the Board's finding that '[t]here was no informal or formal claim, or 

written intent to file a claim for service connection for DIC dated after the April 19, 2004[,] Board 

denial and prior to the November 12, 2009[,] claim to reopen.'" Id.

In the meanwhile, in May 2017, the appellant submitted an intent to file a claim, as well as 

a completed aid and attendance examination report reflecting that her son helped her out of bed, 

cooked for her, managed her money, and assisted with her bathing, hygiene, and medication. R. at 

583-84, 590. The appellant also submitted medical records revealing that she recently had been 

diagnosed with atypical ductal hyperplasia of the right breast. R. at 542; see R. at 540-49. In June

2017, the appellant's son submitted a Fiduciary Statement in Support of Appointment, together 

with a statement from the appellant indicating that she was appointing her son to act as her 

fiduciary. R. at 450-53. 

A private examiner completed an aid and attendance examination in August 2017, 

reflecting that the appellant's son performs most of her activities of daily living. R. at 426-27. The 

same month, the RO granted aid and attendance benefits, effective May 30, 2017, the date the 

appellant submitted her intent to file a claim. R. at 423-25, 438-40. The appellant disagreed with 

the effective date for the award, asserting that her aid and attendance benefits should date back to 

June 2015, when she had an accident and became totally disabled. R. at 374-75. She attached 

emergency room and private medical records documenting a June 2015 work-related injury that 

resulted in a "[c]losed head injury without loss of consciousness." R. at 350; see R. at 350-73. 

Those records included a September 2015 private medical opinion that the appellant was "currently 

100% totally disabled." R. at 355. The appellant subsequently perfected her appeal to the Board

and asserted that she did not know about aid and attendance benefits prior to her May 2017 intent 

to file a claim. R. at 312-13; see R. at 314-40. She testified before the Board in April 2018 that she 

had been totally disabled since 2015. R. at 216; see R. at 210-29.

The Board issued the decision on appeal in October 2018, denying entitlement to an 

effective date prior to May 2017 for the award of aid and attendance benefits. R. at 2-9. Of note, 

the Board found that, because the appellant had been receiving DIC since 2009, "the provisions 

[in § 3.402(c)(1)] regarding retroactive aid and attendance based on an award of retroactive DIC 

are not applicable." R. at 5. This appeal followed.
4

II. ANALYSIS

As noted above, this case turns on the proper interpretation of the regulation governing the 

effective date for an award of aid and attendance benefits for a surviving spouse, which provides:

Awards of pension, compensation, or [DIC] to or for a surviving spouse will be 

effective as follows:

. . . .

(c) Aid and attendance and housebound benefits.

(1) Date of receipt of claim or date entitlement arose[,] whichever is later. However, 

when an award of [DIC] or pension based on an original or reopened claim is 

effective for a period prior to date of receipt of the claim, any additional DIC or 

pension payable to the surviving spouse by reason of need for aid and attendance 

or housebound status shall also be awarded for any part of the award's retroactive 

period for which entitlement to the additional benefit is established.

38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (2017).

4 There is no dispute that the first sentence of subsection (c)(1) is 

the general rule governing the effective date for an award of aid and attendance benefits. See 

Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 6, 12, 16; Secretary's Br. at 8-9, 11. The key dispute is whether the 

exception to that general rule, created by the "[h]owever" sentence, applies here. 38 C.F.R. 

§ 3.402(c)(1).

A. The Parties' Arguments

The appellant asserts that the Court should interpret 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) as providing

an exception to the general effective date rule when a claimant seeks aid and attendance benefits 

after having already been awarded DIC and that, under that exception, she is entitled to a 

retroactive award of aid and attendance benefits prior to the date of her claim for those benefits. 

Appellant's Br. at 6. First, she argues that the regulation is not genuinely ambiguous. Id. at 8-18. 

She contends that, although a "misplaced modifier" exists in the exception sentence—"date of 

receipt of the claim"—the text surrounding it, the rule of contra proferentem, and the pro-veteran 

4 Effective February 19, 2019, Congress amended portions of section 5110 and VA amended portions of 

38 C.F.R. § 3.402 to comply with the appeals processing changes mandated by the Veterans Appeals Improvement 

and Modernization Act of 2017, Pub. L. No. 115-55, 131 Stat. 1105 (Aug. 23, 2017). See Pub. L. No. 115-55, § 2(x), 

131 Stat. at 1115 (providing the effective date of statutory amendments); VA Claims and Appeals Modernization, 

84 Fed. Reg. 138, 170 (Jan. 18, 2019) (final rule); VA Claims and Appeals Modernization, 84 Fed. Reg. 2449, 2449 

(Feb. 7, 2019) (notification of effective date for regulatory amendments). However, the regulatory changes apply only 

to claims in which an initial decision is issued after February 19, 2019, unless a "legacy" claimant elects to use the 

modernized review system. 84 Fed. Reg. at 177. There is no assertion that the new statute or rule should apply here; 

thus, the Court's analysis is confined to the law in effect at the time of the August 2017 decision that assigned May 30, 

2017, as the effective date for the award of aid and attendance benefits.
5

canon are all tools of construction that should guide the Court's interpretation of the regulation. Id.

at 9; see id. at 9-11. Using those tools, she concludes that the phrases "'[d]ate of receipt of claim'"

in the general rule and "'date of receipt of the claim'" in the exception sentence both refer to a claim 

for aid and attendance benefits. Appellant's Br. at 12-13 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1)); see 

Appellant's Br. at 12-18. In other words, she reads the first portion of the "[h]owever" sentence as 

permitting retroactive aid and attendance benefits "when an award of [DIC] . . . based on an original 

or reopened claim is effective for a period prior to date of receipt of the [aid and attendance] claim."

38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (modified to reflect the appellant's proffered interpretation); see

Appellant's Br. at 7. If the regulation is read otherwise, she avers, it would govern an "impossible 

scenario" because DIC may be paid retroactively if the claim is received within 1 year of the 

veteran's death and a DIC claim could not be "reopened" during that 1-year period. Appellant's Br. 

at 14. 

Next, the appellant contends that, even if the Court concludes that the regulation is

genuinely ambiguous, deference is not owed to the Secretary's interpretation because any such 

interpretation is not the product of his fair and considered judgment. Appellant's Br. at 19-22 (first 

citing Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997); and then quoting Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 

(2019)). Third, she avers that the Court should likewise not defer to the Agency's reading under 

Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944), because the Secretary's interpretation lacks 

persuasive force. Appellant's Br. at 22-24. She compares the Secretary's lack of guidance on how

the regulation here should operate to Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 575 U.S. 206 (2015), a 

case in which the Supreme Court did not afford Skidmore deference. Appellant's Br. at 23-24. 

Finally, she contends that she was harmed by the Board's finding that the exception within the 

regulation did not apply because, had the Board found otherwise, she would have been entitled to 

aid and attendance benefits as of the date in 2015 when her need arose or, alternatively, the Board 

would have made factual findings as to the proper date that she could have appealed to this Court. 

Id. at 24-25 (noting that she was "still pursuing an appeal of the grant of DIC in 2017 when she 

claimed aid and attendance"). She asks the Court to reverse the Board decision or, alternatively, to 

remand for the Board to address the Court's interpretation of the regulation. Id. at 25-26.

The Secretary agrees with the appellant that § 3.402(c)(1) is not genuinely ambiguous and

the plain meaning of the regulation controls. Secretary's Br. at 5-8. Specifically, the Secretary 

agrees that "'[d]ate of receipt of claim'" from the general rule and "'date of receipt of [the] claim'"
6

from the exception sentence both refer to a claim for aid and attendance benefits. Secretary's Br. 

at 7-8 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1)). However, the Secretary contends that the additional 

language in the exception sentence limits its scope and thus the Board's finding that the exception

did not apply to the appellant's case was correct. Secretary's Br. at 9-23.

Specifically, the Secretary asserts that, when read as a whole, the regulation is meant "to 

carve out a narrow effective date exception for scenarios when aid and attendance entitlement 

arises during and in conjunction with the period in which a retroactive DIC award is granted." Id.

at 9. The Secretary points to the use of "award" and "the award[]" in the exception sentence and 

asserts that both uses refer to an award of DIC,5and "that in order to receive an effective date of 

the date that entitlement to aid and attendance arises, any aid and attendance entitlement must have 

arisen and been awarded as part of the retroactive DIC award." Id. at 12. He avers that, because 

the appellant here had already been granted DIC, rather than having a pending claim for DIC when

the issue of aid and attendance arose, the regulation does not apply. Id. at 13. He maintains that, if 

the regulation is instead read as permitting a retroactive award of aid and attendance benefits any

time a claimant is in receipt of DIC before seeking aid and attendance benefits, the "vast majority" 

of awards would be governed by the exception, thus eviscerating the general rule. Id. at 14. 

The Secretary also asserts that the explanation provided in 1980 when VA published the

proposed regulation supports his position because VA specified that a retroactive award of aid and 

attendance benefits must be made "'in conjunction'" with a retroactive award of DIC, illustrating 

that the words "shall also" in the exception were intended to mean that the aid and attendance claim 

must arise in the context of a pending DIC claim. Secretary's Br. at 13-14 (quoting Veterans'

Benefits; Effective Date of Awards, 45 Fed. Reg. 9297, 9297 (Feb. 12, 1980)). Otherwise, the 

Secretary avers that the appellant's remaining arguments are unpersuasive because it would not be 

impossible, as she contends, for a claim for DIC to be reopened within 1 year of a veteran's death; 

the appellant does not dispute that she did not file her aid and attendance claim until May 30, 2017; 

and the appellant cites no support for her argument that, because her appeal of the effective date 

for DIC was pending when she filed a claim for aid and attendance benefits, the exception applies. 

5 Under that reading, the second part of the "[h]owever" sentence would provide that "any additional DIC . . . 

payable . . . by reason of need for aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the [DIC] award's 

retroactive period." 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (modified to reflect the Secretary's proffered interpretation).
7

Secretary's Br. at 15-17. Finally, the Secretary argues that, if the Court finds the regulation 

ambiguous, his reading should be afforded Auer or, alternatively, Skidmore deference. Id. at 18-23.

In her reply brief, the appellant disputes the Secretary's argument that "award" and "the 

award[]" in the exception sentence refer to DIC; rather, she asserts that "award" refers to DIC but

that "the award[]" refers to aid and attendance benefits.6 Reply Br. at 4-7.7 The appellant further 

contends that the Secretary, by citing to both his general rulemaking authority, 38 U.S.C. § 501, 

and a specific statutory scenario, 38 U.S.C. § 5110(d), as the authorizing statutes for § 3.402(c)(1), 

"signaled that the regulation applied not just to the specific scenario described in the specific 

statute, but to other situations not addressed in other statutes." Reply Br. at 8; see id. at 7-10. She 

avers that nothing in the Secretary's proposed regulation limited the exception to the specific 

scenario of section 5110(d) or the example provided in the Federal Register. Id. at 9-10. Finally, 

she avers that applying the exception in her case does not "eviscerate" the general rule, the 

exception "merely applies," Reply Br. at 10; see id. at 10-11; she also reiterates her argument that 

the Secretary's interpretation should not be afforded deference, id. at 11-14.

B. Board Decision

In the October 2018 decision on appeal, the Board first acknowledged that it had previously

denied entitlement to an effective date prior to November 2009 for the award of DIC and that the 

Court had affirmed that decision. R. at 4. Turning to the issue of an effective date prior to May 

2017 for the award of aid and attendance benefits, the Board acknowledged the appellant's 

contention that she was entitled to a June 2015 effective date based on when she was injured and 

became disabled. Id. After explaining the rules governing the effective date for an award of aid 

and attendance benefits, the Board concluded that the exception found in § 3.402(c)(1) was 

inapplicable. R. at 5. The Board explained that "the [a]ppellant has been receiving DIC since 

November 2009; therefore, the provisions regarding retroactive aid and attendance based on an 

award of retroactive DIC are not applicable." Id. Applying the general effective date rule, the 

Board found that the appellant had filed an intent to file a claim on May 30, 2017, and that "[t]he 

6 Under that reading, "any additional DIC . . . payable . . . by reason of need for aid and attendance . . . shall 

also be awarded for any part of the [aid and attendance] award's retroactive period." 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (modified 

to reflect the appellant's proffered interpretation).

7 The Court notes that the appellant's counsel clarified at oral argument that "the award[]" in § 3.402(c)(1) 

may also refer to the award of DIC for a retroactive period. Oral Argument (OA) at 25:00-25:56, 

http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_audio.php. The appellant's counsel asserted that "the result will still be 

the same." Id. at 25:16-25:42.
8

record does not contain any communication from the [a]ppellant that may be reasonably construed 

as a formal claim or an intent to file a claim for regular aid and attendance received by VA prior 

to this date." R. at 6. The Board then determined that, "[e]ven assuming she met the criteria for 

regular aid and attendance as early as June 2015, she did not submit a claim for benefits with VA 

at that time, and the date the claim was received by VA is the later of the two dates." R. at 7. 

Accordingly, the Board concluded that there was "no basis for awarding an earlier effective date." 

Id.

C. Regulatory Interpretation

This case presents a question of regulatory interpretation, which is a legal question that the 

Court reviews de novo. See Lane v. Principi, 339 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Moody 

v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 329, 336 (2018) (per curiam). "Regulatory interpretation begins with the 

language of the regulation, the plain meaning of which is derived from its text and structure." 

Petitti v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 415, 422 (2015). "[I]f the meaning of the regulation is clear from 

its language, then that is 'the end of the matter.'" Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 320 (2006) 

(quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 120 (1994)); see Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415 (instructing 

that deference is inappropriate when uncertainty does not exist; "[t]he regulation then just means 

what it means—and the court must give it effect"); see also Otero-Castro v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 

375, 380 (2002) ("The basic principles that apply to construing statutes apply equally to construing 

regulations."). If it is not clear, "the Court may look to other sources, including the history and 

purpose of the regulation." Bailey v. Wilkie, 33 Vet.App. 188, 194 (2021); see Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 

2415 (explaining that to exhaust the traditional tools of regulatory construction, "a court must

'carefully consider[]' the text, structure, history, and purpose of a regulation" (quoting Chevron 

U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 n.9 (1984))). "[D]eference [to the 

Agency] can arise only if a regulation is genuinely ambiguous[,] . . . after a court has resorted to 

all the standard tools of interpretation." Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2414. 

1. Text and Structure of the Regulation

Following that legal framework, the Court turns first to the text of § 3.402(c)(1), which is 

repeated here for purposes of clarity:

Date of receipt of claim or date entitlement arose[,] whichever is later. However, 

when an award of [DIC] or pension based on an original or reopened claim is 

effective for a period prior to date of receipt of the claim, any additional DIC or 

pension payable to the surviving spouse by reason of need for aid and attendance 
9

or housebound status shall also be awarded for any part of the award's retroactive 

period for which entitlement to the additional benefit is established. 

38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1). As noted above, there is no dispute that the first sentence sets forth the 

general rule that, when VA awards to a surviving spouse benefits based on the need for aid and 

attendance, the effective date will be the date the need arose or the date of the claim seeking those 

benefits, whichever is later. The regulatory question before the Court is whether the exception 

created by the second sentence allows for benefits to be paid for periods prior to the date of the aid 

and attendance claim where, as here, the appellant was already in receipt of DIC when she sought 

aid and attendance benefits. See R. at 5.

The first portion of the "[h]owever" sentence—"when an award of [DIC] . . . based on an 

original or reopened claim is effective for a period prior to date of receipt of the claim"—sets forth 

the circumstances under which the exception is triggered, while the second portion of the sentence 

explains the scope of the exception—"any additional DIC . . . payable . . . by reason of need for 

aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the award's retroactive period for 

which entitlement to the additional benefit is established." 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1). Starting with 

the triggering event, the regulation refers to a "claim" and then to "the claim." Id. The first use 

explains what led to an award of DIC—"an original or reopened claim"—and thus is a reference 

to the DIC claim. Id. (emphasis added). When "the claim" then appears 11 words later, it 

reasonably is understood as referring to the "claim" that was just mentioned—the DIC claim. Id.

(emphasis added); see Nielsen v. Preap, 139 S. Ct. 954, 965 (2019). 

This is particularly so, given that the intervening words continue to discuss only the DIC 

award. 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) ("when an award of [DIC] . . . is effective for a period prior to 

. . ."); see Jarecki v. G. D. Searle & Co., 367 U.S. 303, 307 (1961) ("[A] word is known by the 

company it keeps . . . ."). Additionally, inclusion before the second "claim" of a definite article—

the—rather than an indefinite article, such as "a" or "an," indicates that the "'following noun . . . is 

definite or has been previously specified by context.'" Preap, 139 S. Ct. at 965 (quoting MERRIAMWEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 1294); see id. ("[T]he 'rules of grammar govern' statutory 

interpretation 'unless they contradict legislative intent or purpose.'" (quoting A. SCALIA & B.

GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 140 (2012))); THE CHICAGO 

MANUAL OF STYLE ¶ 5.71 (17th ed. 2017) ("A definite article points to a definite object that . . . is 

so well understood that it does not need description."). Because the words between "claim" and 
10

"the claim" do not introduce another object to which "the claim" could refer, the straightforward 

reading is that it references the previously specified DIC claim. See Preap, 139 S. Ct. at 965.

Although the appellant instead looks to the phrase "[d]ate of receipt of claim" in the general 

rule to conclude that "the claim" in the exception refers to a claim for aid and attendance, see

Appellant's Br. at 12-18;

8

see also Secretary's Br. at 7 (agreeing with the appellant's analysis as to 

the date of claim), because "the claim" appears later in the same clause of the same sentence that 

discusses a DIC claim, it should be read as referring back to that more immediate use of claim,

rather than a farther removed use in a different sentence.9 Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118 (noting that 

the "presumption that a given term is used to mean the same thing throughout a statute . . . [is] at 

its most vigorous when a term is repeated within a given sentence" (citation omitted)). With this 

understanding, the exception may apply "when an award of [DIC] . . . is effective for a period prior 

to date of receipt of the [DIC] claim," 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1)—in other words, if there is a 

retroactive award of DIC.10

The Court's reading is further buttressed by language in the second portion of the sentence. 

There, the regulation explains that, once the exception is triggered, aid and attendance "shall also 

be awarded for any part of the award's retroactive period for which entitlement to the additional 

benefit is established."

11 Id. (emphasis added). In discerning whether "award's" is referring to DIC 

8 The appellant's assertion in part relies on the incorrect notion that the phrases "[d]ate of receipt of claim" 

and "date of receipt of the claim," 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (emphasis added), are "identical . . . , both omitting the 

definite article 'the.'" Appellant's Br. at 13. Although the appellant also contends that "date of receipt of the claim" is 

a "misplaced modifier," she offers no explanation for why that characterization is appropriate or why words in a 

previous sentence would serve as the "nearest reasonable referent." Appellant's Br. at 13; see THE CHICAGO MANUAL 

OF STYLE ¶ 5.115. 

9 As noted above, the appellant further contends that, if "date of receipt of the claim" refers to DIC in the 

exception sentence, it would create an "impossible scenario" because DIC may be paid retroactively if the claim is 

received within 1 year of the veteran's death and a DIC claim could not be "reopened" during that 1-year period. 

Appellant's Br. at 14. However, the appellant does not address whether a reopened DIC claim could result in a 

retroactive award under other statutory or regulatory provisions or whether a reopened pension claim could lead to a 

retroactive award. See, e.g., 38 U.S.C. § 5110(g), (i), (k), (l) (2017); 38 C.F.R. § 3.400(g), (v) (2017). The Court will 

not further address this argument. See Coker v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 439, 442 (2006) (per curiam) ("The Court 

requires that an appellant plead with some particularity the allegation of error so that the Court is able to review and 

assess the validity of the appellant's arguments."), vacated on other grounds sub nom. Coker v. Peake, 310 F. App'x 

371 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (per curiam order); see also Locklear v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 410, 416 (2006).

10 As discussed below, the regulation defines the period prior to date of receipt of the DIC claim for which 

DIC is paid as the "retroactive period." 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1).

11 As outlined above, the appellant initially maintained that this portion of the regulation provides that "any 

additional DIC . . . payable . . . by reason of need for aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the 

[aid and attendance] award's retroactive period," 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (modified to reflect the appellant's proffered 
11

or aid and attendance, it is noteworthy that the first mention of an award in § 3.402(c)(1) is 

explicitly to DIC. Id. ("an award of [DIC] . . . based on an original or reopened claim"). The later 

use of "the award[]" thus should be read as referring back to the only award previously 

mentioned.12 Id. (emphasis added); see Preap, 139 S. Ct. at 965. Further, the regulation specifies 

that additional benefits based on the need for aid and attendance "shall also be awarded for any 

part of the award's retroactive period." 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) (emphasis added). By including 

the word "also" before awarded, the regulation signifies that more than one type of benefit is being 

discussed in that portion of the sentence. See WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 76

(2d ed. 1948) [hereinafter WEBSTER'S] (defining "also" as "[i]n addition"); see also Nielson v. 

Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 56, 59 (2009) ("The plain meaning of a term 'begins with its ordinary, 

contemporary, common meaning,'" and "[i]t is commonplace to consult dictionaries to ascertain a 

term's ordinary meaning." (citations omitted)), aff'd, 607 F.3d 802 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Indeed, it 

would be redundant for the regulation to direct that aid and attendance benefits be awarded in 

addition to aid and attendance benefits.

13 See G. D. Searle & Co., 367 U.S. at 307-08 (refusing to 

"adopt a strained reading which renders one part [of the statute] a mere redundancy"). 

Similarly, the reference to "any part" of the retroactive period suggests that aid and 

attendance benefits could be awarded for less than the full retroactive period. See WEBSTER'S at

1781 (defining "part" as "[o]ne of the portions, equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, 

or regarded as divided; something less than a whole"). It would be nonsensical to read that 

language as explaining that aid and attendance benefits could be awarded for less than the entire 

period for which aid and attendance benefits have been awarded. Rather, the natural reading of 

interpretation); the Secretary understands it to mean that "any additional DIC . . . payable . . . by reason of need for 

aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the [DIC] award's retroactive period," 38 C.F.R. 

§ 3.402(c)(1) (modified to reflect the Secretary's proffered interpretation).

12 Although the word "awarded" also appears in the regulation, it is used as a verb to describe what action 

must be taken if the regulatory exception applies and thus refers to payment of aid and attendance benefits. See 

38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1) ("aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the award's retroactive period"

(emphasis added)). That future action could not also be "the award[]" that has already taken place. Id. Additionally, 

because VA in the same portion of that sentence used the phrases "additional DIC" and "additional benefit" to describe 

aid and attendance benefits, it is reasonable to conclude that VA would have similarly used "additional benefits' 

retroactive period" if that was the intent.

13 Specifically, under the appellant's reading, "any additional DIC . . . payable . . . by reason of need for aid 

and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the [aid and attendance] award's retroactive period." 38 C.F.R. 

§ 3.402(c)(1) (modified to reflect the appellant's proffered interpretation).
12

that phrase is that additional monthly benefits based on the need for aid and attendance may be 

paid for some or all of the period for which DIC is paid retroactively. See Gardner, 513 U.S. at 

119 (relying on the "natural read[ing]" of the statute in question). Accordingly, the portion of the 

sentence laying out the scope of the exception is also dependent upon there first being a retroactive 

DIC award.14

Putting all this together, the meaning of the regulation is clear from its text and structure: 

"[W]hen an award of [DIC] . . . based on an original or reopened claim is effective for a period 

prior to date of receipt of the [DIC] claim, any additional DIC . . . payable to the surviving spouse 

by reason of need for aid and attendance . . . shall also be awarded for any part of the [DIC] award's 

retroactive period for which entitlement to the additional benefit is established." That means, if 

DIC has not been awarded for a period prior to the date of the DIC claim—and there is thus no 

retroactive period—the exception in (c)(1) simply does not apply.

2. History and Purpose

Recognizing that the parties have each offered an interpretation of § 3.402(c)(1) that differs

from the meaning the Court finds evident from the text itself, the Court will proceed to examine 

whether the history and purpose of the regulation confirm our reading. Although the appellant at 

oral argument asked the Court to look only to the words of the regulation to answer the legal 

question before us, OA at 22:37-24:00, "the Court may look to other sources" to discern the 

meaning of a regulation. Bailey, 33 Vet.App. at 194 (citing Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415). In that 

regard, when VA proposed to adopt this regulation in 1980, it included the following in the Federal 

Register:

[VA] proposes to amend its regulations governing the effective date of an award of 

additional compensation, [DIC], or pension by reason of the need for aid and 

attendance . . . . The need for this action was brought to our attention by several of 

our field stations who pointed out that the regulations did not provide specific rules 

for the effective dates of these benefits. . . . 

. . . . 

Claims for . . . pension, compensation or DIC . . . may be effective for periods prior 

to the date the claim is filed with [VA]. (See, for example, § 3.400(b)(1) and (c)(2).) 

However, the regulations governing the effective dates of additional pension, 

14 In light of this conclusion, even if the parties are correct that "the claim" in the first portion of the exception 

sentence refers to the aid and attendance claim, there is still no basis for finding that aid and attendance could be paid 

prior to the date of the aid and attendance claim in the absence of a retroactive DIC award.
13

compensation or DIC by reason of need for aid and attendance . . . do not make 

clear that these benefits may also be awarded retroactively. . . .

Consequently, we are proposing to amend §§ 3.401(a), 3.402(c) and 3.404 to 

specifically provide that . . . the aid and attendance . . . benefit may also be awarded 

retroactively in conjunction with a retroactive award of pension, compensation or 

DIC. The following example illustrates the application of the proposed 

amendments.

A veteran files for pension on October 15, 1979. The evidence of record establishes 

the veteran's entitlement retroactive to March 15, 1979, the date the veteran became 

permanently and totally disabled. (38 C[.]F[.]R[. §] 3.400(b)(1)). The medical 

evidence also establishes that the veteran is in need of aid and attendance from 

March 15, 1979. This proposed amendment would clarify that the veteran is entitled 

to be paid at the aid and attendance rate from March 15, 1979. The current 

regulation can be interpreted to require payment to the veteran at the basic pension 

rate from March 15, 1979[,] to the date the claim was filed[,] October 15, 1979, and 

at the aid and attendance rate from October 15, 1979.

45 Fed. Reg. at 9297. As authority for this regulatory change, VA cited to 38 U.S.C. §§ 210(c) and 

3010(d) (now sections 501 and 5110(d), respectively). 45 Fed. Reg. at 9297-98. At that time, 

section 210(c) authorized VA to "make all rules and regulations which are necessary or appropriate 

to carry out the law administered by [VA]." 38 U.S.C. § 210(c) (1976). Section 3010 set forth the 

general rule that an effective date would not be earlier than the date of the claim, as well as a 

number of exceptions to that rule. The exception specifically cited by VA provided that "[t]he 

effective date of an award of . . . [DIC] . . . where application is received within one year from the 

date of death, shall be the first day of the month in which the death occurred." 38 U.S.C. § 3010(d) 

(1976).

In several ways, this sheds light on whether the words in the regulation require a retroactive 

award of DIC in order for the exception in § 3.402(c)(1) to apply. Because VA cited to both its 

general authority to prescribe regulations and a DIC effective date provision that did not discuss 

aid and attendance benefits, that suggests VA was prescribing for aid and attendance benefits an

effective date provision comparable to what was in effect for DIC. Although the appellant contends 

that these statutory citations signal that the Secretary meant for the regulation to apply in "other 

situations not addressed in other statutes," Reply Br. at 8, the explanation provided by VA does 

not support such a reading. Indeed, VA noted that claims for DIC "may be effective for periods 

prior to the date the claim is filed" and compared that to "the regulations governing the effective 
14

dates of . . . aid and attendance [which] do not make clear that these benefits may also be awarded 

retroactively." 45 Fed. Reg. at 9297. VA then explained that, under the proposed regulation, aid 

and attendance benefits "may also be awarded retroactively in conjunction with a retroactive award 

of . . . DIC." Id. (emphasis added). All of this suggests that VA's purpose was to permit a retroactive 

award of DIC to be paid at the higher aid and attendance rate and thus bolsters our conclusion that 

(c)(1) applies only when DIC has been awarded retroactively.

Also of note, the appellant at oral argument did not dispute that, under her reading of 

§ 3.402(c)(1), as long as DIC had already been awarded before a claimant seeks aid and attendance 

benefits, there would be no limit on the period of years prior to filing the aid and attendance claim 

for which VA would pay retroactive aid and attendance. OA at 25:55-27:30. Yet, VA in proposing 

(c)(1) cited to 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.400(b)(1) and (c)(2) as examples of provisions that allowed DIC and 

other benefits to be paid for periods prior to the date the claim is filed. Those provisions both 

permitted a retroactive award for no more than 1 year prior to the date of the claim. Similarly, the 

effective date exceptions contained in section 3010, including subsection 3010(d), capped at 1 year

the period for which benefits could be paid prior to the date of the claim. See 38 U.S.C. 

§ 3010(b)(1), (c), (d), (g) (1976). References to those 1-year retroactive periods, coupled with VA's 

purpose of mirroring for aid and attendance benefits what was already in effect for DIC, supports 

the conclusion that § 3.402(c)(1) did not create an indeterminate retroactive period for aid and 

attendance benefits.

15 Rather, § 3.402(c)(1) allows aid and attendance to be paid during the 1-year 

retroactive DIC period, and the appellant's reading to the contrary does not accord with the plain 

text, history, or purpose of that provision.

3. Meaning of § 3.402(c)(1)

In light of the above discussion, the Court holds that the text, structure, history, and purpose 

of § 3.402(c)(1) make clear that the exception outlined in the "[h]owever" sentence does not apply

unless the claimant has received DIC for a period prior to the date of the DIC claim, i.e., a 

retroactive award of DIC. Indeed, both the event triggering consideration of the exception—an 

award of DIC prior to the date of the DIC claim—and the manner in which the exception is 

implemented—increasing a retroactive DIC award to include aid and attendance benefits—are

15 Further, reading this provision as allowing an award for more than 1 year prior to the date of the aid and 

attendance claim would be inconsistent with the overall structure of VA's general effective date scheme. See 38 C.F.R. 

§§ 3.400-3.405 (2021).
15

tethered to an effective date for DIC that predates the DIC claim. Because, as discussed below, 

this conclusion is sufficient to resolve the current appeal, we need not address whether a DIC claim 

must be pending when a claimant seeks or becomes entitled to aid and attendance benefits. 

Secretary's Br. at 9-15 (maintaining that, for the (c)(1) exception to apply, aid and attendance must 

have arisen "'in conjunction with'" the DIC claim (quoting 45 Fed. Reg. at 9297)); see Appellant's 

Br. at 25 (suggesting that because her DIC claim was still pending when entitlement to aid and 

attendance benefits arose in 2015, she should be entitled to an effective date back to June 2015); 

Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 482 F.3d 1330, 1337-38 (Fed. Cir. 2007)

("Under [the prohibition against advisory opinions] doctrine, federal courts are to decide only 

'actual controversies by judgment which can be carried into effect, and not to give opinions upon 

moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect 

the matter in the case before it.'" (quoting Local No. 8-6, Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers Int'l Union 

v. Missouri, 361 U.S. 363, 367 (1960))). Further, because we do not find any genuine ambiguity 

in the regulation, the Court need not address the parties' competing arguments as to whether 

deference to the Secretary's interpretation is warranted. 

4. Application

Here, the Board noted that the Court in 2018 affirmed an April 2017 Board decision that 

had denied entitlement to an effective date prior to November 2009 for the award of DIC. R. at 4; 

see R. at 119. The Court takes judicial notice that, in the 2018 decision, the Court found that the 

Board's 2004 denial of DIC was final because the Court had affirmed that decision, and that the 

Board's April 2017 denial of an effective date for DIC earlier than the November 2009 claim to 

reopen was not in error. R. at 119; see Euzebio v. McDonough, 989 F.3d 1305, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 

2021); Monzingo v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 97, 101-03 (2012) (per curiam) ("The Court may take 

judicial notice of facts of universal notoriety that are not subject to reasonable dispute."). In seeking 

an earlier effective date for aid and attendance benefits, the appellant does not contend or provide 

factual support for concluding that her award of DIC was effective for a period prior to the date of 

the 2009 claim to reopen.16 Because she thus has not alleged or demonstrated that there was a 

16 Although the appellant through counsel asserted at oral argument that benefits paid for the period between 

her 2009 DIC claim and the 2015 RO decision awarding DIC benefits could trigger the exception, OA at 25:55-26:30, 

she did not raise that argument in her briefing and, in any event, that does not amount to an assertion that DIC was 

effective prior to the date of the DIC claim, which we have held is a necessary trigger for the (c)(1) exception.
16

retroactive DIC award, she has not shown error in the Board's conclusion that the (c)(1) exception

was not applicable. See R. at 5 ("[T]herefore, the provisions regarding retroactive aid and 

attendance based on an award of retroactive DIC are not applicable."). For that reason, she also 

has not demonstrated that any insufficiency in the Board's explanation is prejudicial.

17 See

38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); 

Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (holding that the harmless-error analysis applies to 

the Court's review of Board decisions and that the burden is on the appellant to show that he or she 

suffered prejudice as a result of VA error). Although the Court is sympathetic to the appellant's 

circumstances, because the plain meaning of the regulation does not support her contentions and 

she does not otherwise challenge the Board decision, there is simply no basis for finding that 

reversal or remand is warranted.

III. CONCLUSION

After consideration of the parties' pleadings and a review of the record, the Board's 

October 22, 2018, decision denying an effective date prior to May 30, 2017, for the award of aid 

and attendance benefits is AFFIRMED.

GREENBERG, Judge, dissenting:

I.

Again, I must respectfully dissent. "Dissents speak to a future age. It's not simply to say, 

'My colleagues are wrong and I would do it this way.' But the greatest dissents do become court 

opinions and gradually over time their views become the dominant view. So that's the dissenter's 

hope: that they are writing not for today, but for tomorrow." Ruth Bader Ginsburg, May 2, 2002.

"Dissent for its own sake has no value . . . . However, where significant and deeply held 

disagreement exists, members of the Court have a responsibility to articulate it. . . . Unanimity is 

not in and of itself a judicial virtue. . . . Judges have no power to declare law. Courts derive legal 

principles and have a duty to explain why and how a given rule has come to be. . . . [Judges] are 

17 Additionally, although the appellant seeks a remand for the Board to consider the Court's "final 

interpretation of 38 C.F.R. § 3.402(c)(1)," Appellant's Br. at 26, she has not identified any outstanding factual findings 

that would be necessary to decide whether the exception applies to her case. 
17

forced by a dissent to reconsider the fundamental questions and rethink the result . . . . In my 

judgment . . . the unique interpretive role of [our Court] with respect to the Constitution [and our 

authority] demands some flexibility with respect to the call of stare decisis. . . . [We should not be] 

captive to the anachronistic view of long-gone generations. . . . The right to dissent is one of the 

great and cherished freedoms by reasons of the excellent accident of our American births." William 

J. Brennan Jr., In Defense of Dissents, 37 Hastings L.J. 427, 427-35 (1985) (emphasis in original). 

Accordingly, I feel very much at home with this dissent. 18

II.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, William F. Nailos, was aboard the U.S.S. Arizona 

while the U.S. Navy was attacked by the Empire of Japan. See R. at 2040. 1,177 officers and 

crewmen lost their lives when the battleship went down.19 There are no words that could possibly 

capture the horror Mr. Nailos must have experienced as armor-piercing bombs, within a matter of 

minutes, transformed his 35,000-ton home into a fire-ravaged mass grave filled with his friends 

and fellow sailors. Mr. Nailos survived and then fought for his country in World War II. 

III.

Eighty years later, his widow, who worked continuously until injured at work, is in need. 

She is fighting VA for aid and attendance benefits to which she is entitled. No one disputes that. 

Congress could not have intended the result the majority reaches today. See 38 U.S.C. § 1311(c). 

The life of a widow in need of aid and attendance is already wrought with challenges. The widow 

is often in a particularly difficult situation where she is trying to navigate on her own through the 

complicated VA benefits system to obtain money necessary to live. Requiring a widow to reapply 

18 See e.g. Taylor v. Shinseki (Taylor II), No. 11-0254, 2013 WL 3283487 (Vet. App. June 28, 2013); see 

also Taylor v. Wilkie (Taylor IV), 31 Vet. App. 147 (2019); see Taylor v. McDonough, No. 2019-2211, 2021 WL 

2672307 (Fed. Cir. June 30, 2021), rev’g and remanding Taylor v. Wilke, 31 Vet.App. 147 (2019) (Greenberg, J., 

dissenting); Taylor v. McDonough, ___ F.4th ___, No. 2019-2211, 2021 WL 3087540 (Fed. Cir. July 22 2021) (per 

curiam order), vacating and granting rehearing en banc, ____ F.4th ___, 2021 WL 2672307, rev’g and remanding

Taylor v. Wilke, 31 Vet.App. 147 (2019) (Greenberg, J., dissenting). 

19 The U.S.S. Arizona sustained eight bomb hits; one hit on the forecastle glancing off the face plate of Turret 

II, penetrating the deck to explode in the black powder magazine, which in turn set off adjacent smokeless powder 

magazines. A cataclysmic explosion ripped through the forward part of the ship, touching off fierce fires that burned 

for two days; debris showered down on Ford Island in the vicinity. (last visited July 28, 2021). Again, Mr. Nailos 

was aboard the U.S.S. Arizona when it was blown up.
18

for aid and attendance benefits to which she is entitled puts an unnecessary burden on a claimant 

who needs the regular assistance of another, merely to survive. 

IV.

It is our Court's duty to interpret the regulation as applied.20 The holding here today leaves 

the widow of a Pearl Harbor veteran on her own for aid and attendance expenses. Claimants are 

presumed to be seeking the maximum benefits, see AB v. Brown, 6 Vet. App. 35 (1993), but that 

presumption is overcome by the widow merely checking the wrong box on a DIC application. 

"The VA disability compensation system is not a trap for the unwary," Comer v. Peake, 552 F.3d 

1362, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2009), yet today the majority has allowed the widow of a Pearl Harbor 

survivor to be ensnared by VA's maze-creating forms. For an examination of recent judicial review 

of regulatory matters involving veterans see Military-Veterans Advocacy v. Secretary of Veteran 

Affairs, ___ F.4d. ____, 2019-1600, _______ (Fed. Circ. July 30, 2021) .

V.

Courts are always open to provide remedies to right wrongs. It does not matter, nor should 

it matter whether a particular legal compartment or pigeon hole is available. See e.g. Driscoll vs 

Burlington Bridge Co., 8 N.J. 433, 486-87 (1952) (Vanderbilt, C.J., "[w]here rescission is prayed 

for and is warranted by the facts, but cannot be decreed because of the intervening equities of 

innocent third parties . . . , under general principles of equity the court may require the wrongdoers 

to account for their profits so that as nearly as may be the parties will be protected and equity 

done." See also Johnson v. Christ Hospital, 45 N.J. 108, 113, 211 A.2d 376, 379 (1965) (per 

curiam) aff'd for reasons stated below, Johnson v. Christ Hospital, 84 N.J. Super. 541, 202 A.2d 

874 (1964) (Matthews, Ch. Div.). I will continue to dissent from decisions which unfairly burden 

veterans or their beneficiaries. "La vérité est en marche; rien ne peut plus l'arrêter" (The truth is 

on the march and nothing can stop it). Emile Zola, January 13, 1898. 

20 If you must dive into the history and purpose of a regulation to determine its meaning, you are implicitly 

acknowledging that the regulation is ambiguous on its face. Conroy v. Aniskoff, 507 U.S. 511, 518-19 (1993) (Scalia, 

J., concurring); see also Boone v. Lightner, 319 U.S. 561, 576-79 (1943) (Black, J. dissenting).