* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 12 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JASON STARR,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF

CORRECTIONS STATE

PENITENTIARY WARDEN, also

known as Duane Shillinger;

WYOMING ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 96-8033

(D.C. No. 93-CV-259)

(D. Wyo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before ANDERSON, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

Jason Starr, a Wyoming state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma

pauperis, appeals for a second time the district court’s dismissal of his habeas

corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court dismissed the petition
1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

2 Petitioner filed his notice of appeal on April 11, 1996. On May 22, 1996,

the district court issued a certificate of probable cause (CPC). We have

previously held that the standard for issuing a CPC is the same as the standard for

issuing a certificate of appealability, required in its stead as of April 24, 1996 by

the Antiterrorist and Effective Death Penalty Act. See Lennox v. Evans, 87 F.3d

431, 434 (10th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 65 U.S.L.W. 3488 (U.S. Jan. 13, 1997)

(No. 96-6621). Accordingly, the district court’s CPC determination permits

petitioner to proceed on appeal.

In its May 22, 1996 order, the district court also allowed petitioner to

proceed in forma pauperis on appeal. The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA),

which became law on April 26, 1996, imposes filing fee obligations on a

“prisoner” who “brings a civil action or files an appeal in forma pauperis.” Pub.

L. No. 104-134, § 804(a)(3), 110 Stat. 1321 (1996). Even assuming that a § 2254

habeas petition is subject to the PLRA, the PLRA does not apply to the petition

before us because Starr filed his notice of appeal on April 11, 1996, fifteen days

before the PLRA became law. See White v. Gregory, 87 F.3d 429, 430 (10th Cir.)

(finding amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 inapplicable to an appeal of § 1983

action where notice of appeal filed before Act became law), cert. denied, 117 S.

Ct. 528 (1996).

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this time on the ground of state procedural default.

1

 We exercise jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, and affirm.2

In 1985, petitioner was charged in Wyoming state court with one count of

first degree murder and one count of attempted murder. Counsel was appointed to

represent him. At his arraignment, the court was presented with a plea agreement

whereby, in exchange for guilty pleas, the state agreed to reduce the attempted

murder charge to aggravated assault and to recommend sentences of life on the
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murder charge and five to ten years for the assault. As the factual basis for the

pleas was being established, petitioner told the court that the murder victim had

threatened to shoot him, see R., doc. 21, ex. J at 18, and had reached for the glove

compartment where petitioner thought a gun might be concealed, see id. at 18-19. 

When petitioner persisted in this self-defense claim, the court rejected the plea

agreement and set the case for trial.

Five hours later, after talking with his lawyer, petitioner again came before

the court in a change-of-plea hearing. The plea agreement was again presented, 

and petitioner did not renew his self-defense claim. Following testimony from the

sheriff who investigated the crimes, which provided no support for a claim of

self-defense, the court accepted petitioner’s guilty pleas and sentenced him

accordingly. Petitioner did not file a direct appeal; however, over the course of

the next eight years, he proceeded to make numerous other filings.

In 1986, petitioner filed a motion for credit for presentence incarceration in

state court. This motion was denied, and no appeal was taken. In 1990, he filed

in state court a motion for correction of an illegal sentence, seeking merger of

offenses. That motion was also denied, but this time petitioner appealed. 

Because the record was not timely docketed, the Wyoming Supreme Court

dismissed the appeal, but treated it as a petition for writ of certiorari and granted

the petition. On certiorari, the court affirmed the district court’s denial of
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petitioner’s motion for correction of an illegal sentence; however, the Court sua

sponte granted petitioner the presentence incarceration credit he had earlier

requested. See Starr v. State, 821 P.2d 1299, 1300-01 (Wyo. 1991).

In 1993, petitioner filed in state court a petition for post-conviction relief,

claiming “false imprisonment, kidnaping, illegal sentence, [and] illegal

incarceration.” R., doc. 1 at 4. This petition was dismissed, and petitioner did

not seek review by the state Supreme Court. Next, petitioner filed a habeas 

petition in federal district court, which was dismissed without prejudice for

failure to exhaust state remedies. No appeal was taken. Petitioner returned to

state court, filing in the Wyoming Supreme Court a “Petition for Writ of

Certiorari for Restoration of Petitioner’s Direct Appeal.” Petitioner alleged he

was denied his right to direct appeal, had received ineffective assistance of

counsel, that his guilty pleas were not voluntary, and that he was denied access to

the courts. The Wyoming Supreme Court denied the petition without reaching the

merits, characterizing it as an improperly filed second petition for post-conviction

relief, and barred as successive. R., doc. 1, attach.

In 1993, petitioner filed this habeas action, claiming he was denied his right

to direct appeal, that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, and that he

was denied access to the courts. He later added that his guilty pleas were

coerced. The district court initially dismissed the petition without prejudice as
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“mixed,” containing both exhausted and unexhausted claims, and petitioner

appealed. We concluded that the district court erred in finding unexhausted

claims, reversed the order of dismissal, and remanded the case for consideration

of the state procedural default issue.

On remand, the district court concluded, on cross motions for summary

judgment, that petitioner by his failure to follow state procedural rules had

defaulted his habeas claims in state court. The court further found that petitioner

had failed to demonstrate the necessary cause and prejudice to excuse his default,

and ordered the petition dismissed with prejudice. Petitioner again appeals, this

time challenging the district court’s conclusion that he failed to establish the

cause and prejudice necessary to excuse any default, and further arguing that a

refusal to hear his claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. 

Petitioner also contends: (1) he has been denied due process and equal protection

in this habeas action because, despite repeated requests, he has never received

copies of all the documents submitted by the state in opposing his petition; and

(2) the district court was prejudiced against him and failed to properly review his

case.

We review the district court’s order dismissing this habeas petition de

novo, applying the same legal standard as did the district court under Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(c). See Shillinger v. Haworth, 70 F.3d 1132, 1136 (10th Cir. 1995). 
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Summary judgment is appropriate only if “there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

Petitioner apparently has not conceded that he defaulted his claims in state

court. See Appellant’s Br. at 3(d). The Wyoming Supreme Court was clear,

however, that it would not consider the claims because petitioner failed to follow

the state’s procedural rules in seeking post-conviction relief. “The law of

procedural defaults . . . applies to preclude federal habeas review of claims that

have not been adjudicated on the merits by a state court because of

noncompliance with a state procedural rule.” Brecheen v. Reynolds, 41 F.3d

1343, 1354 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2564 (1995). Petitioner’s

default arises from his failure to pursue the claims now before us in his first

petition for post-conviction relief filed in state court.

Because of his procedural default, we may not consider petitioner’s claims

unless he is able to show “cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of

the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the

claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Coleman v.

Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). To show cause, petitioner must establish

that some objective factor, external to him and not fairly attributable to him,

impeded his efforts to comply with the state’s procedural rules. See id. at 753.
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On appeal, petitioner asserts that cause exists, advancing two arguments. 

First, he asserts that the trial court told him he could not file a direct appeal. 

Second, he contends his trial attorney was ineffective in (1) failing to object to

the court’s “false advice”; (2) in failing to inform him of his right to appeal; and

(3) in “allow[ing] the trial court to ‘coerce’ [him] into involuntarily pleading

guilty.” See Appellant’s Br. at 3. Even were these assertions supported by the

record and sufficient to establish cause for petitioner’s failure to file a direct

appeal, they do not excuse petitioner’s default, i.e., his failure to include in his

first post-conviction petition in state court all of his claims for post-conviction

relief. That failure is the default upon which the Wyoming Supreme Court relied

in refusing to address the claims now before us, and that is the default for which

cause must be established.

Our own review of the record reveals nothing which would constitute cause

for petitioner’s failure to abide by the procedural rules governing Wyoming’s

post-conviction proceedings. Petitioner apparently did not have the benefit of a

transcript of the change of plea hearing at the time he filed his first state court

petition for post-conviction relief. However, petitioner was present at the hearing

and asserts that he did not file a direct appeal because of a statement by the judge

made at that hearing. Under these circumstances petitioner cannot now take the
-8-

position that he was unaware of the judge’s statement—and thus the basis of his

claim—until after he saw a transcript of the hearing.

Although petitioner has failed to establish cause to excuse his procedural

default, we may nevertheless address his claim if our failure to do so would result

in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750. The

fundamental miscarriage of justice exception applies only when a petitioner

“‘supplements his constitutional claim with a colorable showing of factual

innocence.’” Brecheen, 41 F.3d at 1357 (quoting Herrera v. Collins, 113 S. Ct.

853, 862 (1993)) (further quotations omitted). Although petitioner now claims to

have been “coerced” into abandoning his claim of self-defense and pleading

guilty, he has made no showing whatsoever that he was indeed acting in selfdefense during the incident which gave rise to his conviction. On the contrary,

the transcripts upon which he relies reflect that, although he suggested he acted in

self-defense at his arraignment, see R., doc. 21, ex. J at 18-19, he later

represented to the court that he was not alleging self-defense, see R., doc. 21, ex.

K at 3-4, admitted to shooting and killing the victim because he “lost [his] head,” 

id. at 14-15, and further admitted that he did not think the victim would try to kill

him, see id. at 17. Accordingly, petitioner has not made a sufficient showing of

actual innocence to overcome his procedural default.
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Petitioner also argues that he has been denied due process and equal

protection in this habeas action because, despite repeated requests, he has never

received copies of three of the fourteen exhibits which accompanied the state’s

motion to dismiss in district court, and thus “could not defend against

evidence . . . used against him” in this action. Appellant’s Br. at 2. In particular,

he complains of not having received Respondent’s Exhibit E (report of

petitioner’s mental evaluation at the Wyoming State Hospital), Respondent’s

Exhibit F (report of independent psychological evaluation of petitioner), and

Respondent’s Exhibit G (petitioner’s plea agreement). Even if petitioner did not

receive these three exhibits, there has been no constitutional violation. The

record indicates that all three were provided to the district court by way of

background information, and the court did not rely upon them in dismissing the

petition. Nor do we. Furthermore, Exhibit G embodies the plea agreement

presented to the state court at petitioner’s arraignment and at his change of plea

hearing, which both he and his counsel acknowledged in open court. See R., doc.

21, ex. J at 13-14 and ex. K at 8-9. Plainly, petitioner cannot now claim to be

unaware of its contents.

Finally, petitioner also alleges bias on the part of the district court in this

habeas proceeding, citing as “evidence” its rulings against him and its failure to

order respondent to provide him copies of the requested exhibits. Adverse rulings
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alone do not establish judicial bias, and we find none here. Cf. Bradshaw v.

Story, 86 F.3d 164, 166 (10th Cir. 1996) (affirming dismissal of § 2241 petition,

where petitioner argued that § 2255 was an inadequate remedy, citing sentencing

court’s denial of his previous § 2255 petitions as evidence of bias).

AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Carlos F. Lucero

Circuit Judge