The Judiciary

Fiscal Year 2024 

Congressional Budget Summary

PREPARED BY

THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS

WASHINGTON, DC

March 2023
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Foreword

Overview

The Judiciary’s fiscal year (FY) 2024 discretionary budget request of $9.1 billion is an 

8.0 percent increase over the FY 2023 enacted appropriation of $8.5 billion. The Judiciary’s 

FY 2024 appropriations request also includes $796.0 million in mandatory appropriations. 

The Judicial Conference is grateful for the support that Congress has shown the Judiciary 

through the annual appropriations process. The Conference respectfully requests that Congress 

continue to make the Judiciary a funding priority in FY 2024. Our constitutional system of 

government, with separation of powers and checks and balances, cannot function as intended if 

the judicial branch is not sufficiently resourced. We ask that Congress acknowledge the nature 

and importance of the work of the federal courts and the impact this work has on society and our 

democracy by providing the Third Branch with the necessary resources to carry out its 

constitutional responsibilities. 

Fiscal Year 2023 Priorities 

The FY 2023 enacted levels will fund pay and non-pay adjustments to base and other 

Judiciary priorities. For the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, the FY 2023 enacted level 

will allow the courts to maintain on-board staffing levels and also fund six additional magistrate 

judge positions, additional probation and pretrial services officers, additional chambers staff to 

support the 69 Article III judges confirmed in FY 2022 and an additional 65 projected FY 2023 

confirmations, new staff for national law clerk programs and information technology (IT) 

initiatives, and additional resources for case-related and other travel as pandemic-era travel 

restrictions are lifted. The FY 2023 enacted level also includes the second-year costs of the 

Judiciary’s multi-year cybersecurity and IT modernization plan that is intended to address the 

branch’s most critical IT infrastructure vulnerabilities and needs. We greatly appreciate 

Congress recognizing that the Judiciary has significant needs in these areas and are grateful for 

the $114.1 million that Congress provided for FY 2023. 

The FY 2023 enacted level for the Defender Services account will provide sufficient

resources to the defender services program to perform its constitutional mission under the Sixth 

Amendment. Resources will fund additional federal defender organization staff, particularly in 

districts impacted by the Supreme Court’s 2020 decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma, meet all

projected requirements for panel attorney payments, and support working through the pending 

criminal cases remaining from the pandemic. 

The FY 2023 enacted level for the Court Security account will support essential security 

needs, including full-year funding for the vulnerability management program (VMP) begun in 
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the wake of the murder of Judge Esther Salas’ son; infrastructure costs associated with ongoing 

courthouse construction projects; continued investments for the modernization and cyclical 

replacement of security systems and equipment; additional emergency management 

requirements; and additional court security officers (CSOs) and U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) 

staff. In addition, the $112.5 million supplemental appropriation provided in the initial FY 2023 

Continuing Resolution will support upgrades to harden approximately 100-150 courthouses 

against individuals or groups seeking to breach court facilities and disrupt the judicial process. 

The FY 2023 enacted level for the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account should be 

sufficient to meet petit and grand juror requirements for FY 2023. The Judicial Conference

appreciates that Congress restored funding levels for this account as juror activity has rebounded 

closer to pre-pandemic levels. This will allow the Judiciary to continue to pay for the statutory 

fees and expenses of grand and petit jurors and compensation of land commissioners in FY 2023. 

Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Request 

The Judiciary’s FY 2024 discretionary budget request represents an 8.0 percent increase 

over the FY 2023 enacted level. Much of the requested increase is necessary to maintain current 

services, including meeting government-wide obligations to fund previously-enacted federal 

employee pay increases and required adjustments to employee health benefit contributions; 

funding a 5.2% FY 2024 federal pay raise consistent with the President’s pay proposal; 

addressing continued high non-pay inflation; and modernizing or replacing existing and outdated 

judicial facilities and infrastructure. Other resources are needed to meet unique demands on the 

Branch, including supporting the anticipated high number of Article III judge confirmations, and 

expected increases in workload and caseloads that the Judiciary does not control. The request 

also funds the Judiciary’s national IT initiatives, including critical ongoing investments in 

cybersecurity and IT modernization, and other operations supporting the business of the courts. 

The Judiciary’s budget request seeks the resources required to sustain operations and meet these 

additional demands while still honoring our ongoing commitment to efficiency and cost 

containment. 

For the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, the Judiciary requests $6.4 billion, an 

increase of $466.2 million (7.9 percent) in discretionary appropriations over the FY 2023 enacted 

level. This request funds a number of critical new investments, including an additional full-time 

magistrate judge position, additional clerks’ and probation and pretrial services office staff due to 

higher workload estimates, and tenant alterations required to address life and safety issues. The 

request also includes $156.7 million to support the FY 2024 portion of the Judiciary’s multi-year 

cybersecurity and IT modernization plan, with $30.9 million of that total for program increases 

to upgrade the Judiciary’s financial management system, upgrade software licenses, and improve 

network security. 

For the Defender Services account, the Judiciary requests $1.5 billion, an increase of 

$150.3 million (10.9 percent) over the FY 2023 enacted level. This request includes funding to 
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maintain current services and support federal defender organization staffing requirements and all 

projected panel attorney representations in FY 2024. The request also includes $22.4 million for

federal defender cybersecurity and IT modernization requirements with $9.9 million of that total 

for program increases to support the FY 2024 portion of the Judiciary’s multi-year plan. 

For the Court Security account, the Judiciary requests $783.5 million, an increase of 

$33.3 million (4.4 percent) over the FY 2023 enacted level. The FY 2024 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services, as well as several program increases 

for the VMP, emergency management activities, additional USMS staffing requirements, 

continued replacement and modernization of security systems and equipment, and additional 

CSO requirements. 

For the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account, the Judiciary seeks $59.9 million, an 

increase of $1.7 million (2.9 percent) over the FY 2023 enacted level. The FY 2024 request is 

sufficient to fund all projected petit and grand juror requirements. 

Courthouse Construction and Capital Security Improvements

The Judiciary’s courthouse construction and capital security projects are funded from the 

General Services Administration’s (GSA) budget. The Judiciary continues to focus on 

effectively managing the 19 courthouse/federal building projects whose construction costs have 

been funded since FY 2016. As of December 2022, GSA has completed the following eight 

courthouse projects: one courthouse acquisition (Rutland, Vermont), two courthouse annexes 

(Charlotte, North Carolina; Savannah, Georgia), four new courthouses (San Antonio, Texas; 

Nashville, Tennessee; Anniston, Alabama; Greenville, South Carolina) and one courthouse 

renovation and alteration (Charlotte, North Carolina). While work continues on the remaining 

projects, additional resources are required to address the Judiciary’s three partially-funded 

courthouse priorities fully. These include $315.6 million in design and construction funding to 

address a judicial space emergency in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and $128.1 million and $76.3 

million to fully fund construction of the new courthouses in Hartford, Connecticut, and 

Chattanooga, Tennessee, respectively. Our FY 2024 courthouse construction priorities include a 

new courthouse in Bowling Green, Kentucky, however, GSA is still finalizing the cost estimate 

for that project. 

The Capital Security Program (CSP) provides funding to address security deficiencies in 

existing courthouse buildings where physical renovations are viable in lieu of construction of a 

new courthouse. Stable, consistent funding for these projects is crucial to address serious 

deficiencies that threaten the safety and security of the Judiciary and the public. For the Capital 

Security Program, the Judiciary requests that Congress provide GSA $29.3 million in FY 2024 

for its two highest priorities, projects in Augusta, Georgia, and Fort Wayne, Indiana. 
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Cost Containment

The Judiciary works to contain costs whenever possible and has implemented a number 

of major cost-containment initiatives since 2004. These efforts have achieved significant cost 

savings and cost avoidance for nearly twenty years and will continue to do so. The 

overwhelming majority of the Judiciary’s budget relates to personnel and space costs. The 

Judiciary’s cost-containment initiatives have similarly focused on these two areas as they have 

the greatest impact on long-term savings. 

The Judiciary is now exploring lessons learned from operating during the pandemic with 

the goal of identifying additional efficiencies that could be implemented on a longer term or 

permanent basis.

Conclusion

The Judiciary’s FY 2024 discretionary budget request of $9.1 billion and its mandatory 

budget request of $796.0 million are summarized in the following pages. A more detailed 

description of the Judiciary’s FY 2024 request, as well as the requests for courthouse 

construction and capital security requirements, can be found in The Judiciary, FY 2024 

Congressional Budget Justification.

Amy J. St. Eve 

United States Circuit Judge

 For the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals 

Chair, Budget Committee of the 

 Judicial Conference of the United States 

Roslynn R. Mauskopf 

United States District Judge

Director, Administrative Office

 of the United States Courts 

Secretary, Judicial Conference of the United States
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Table of Contents

Page

Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... i 

Overview of the Judiciary .............................................................................................................1 

Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Summary - Details of Request ............................................................5 

Summary Tables

Judiciary Appropriation Funding for Fiscal Year 2022 – Fiscal Year 2024 ......................13 

Summary of FTE for Fiscal Year 2022 – Fiscal Year 2024 ..............................................14 

Fiscal Year 2024 Summary of Requested Changes ...........................................................15 

Outlays for Fiscal Year 2022 – Fiscal Year 2024 ..............................................................18 

Fiscal Year 2024 Request Summary by Appropriation

Supreme Court of the United States: 

Salaries and Expenses ..................................................................................................21 

Care of the Building and Grounds ...............................................................................25

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit .....................................................27 

United States Court of International Trade ........................................................................29 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services (CADCOJS): 

Salaries and Expenses ..................................................................................................31 

Defender Services ........................................................................................................43 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners ..............................................................................49 

Court Security ..............................................................................................................53 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts ............................................................59 

Federal Judicial Center ......................................................................................................63 

United States Sentencing Commission ..............................................................................65 

Title III Administrative Provisions – The Judiciary ..........................................................67 

Judicial Retirement Funds ..................................................................................................71 

Judiciary Space Priorities for the Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Request 

Courthouse Construction ...................................................................................................75 

Capital Security Program ...................................................................................................77 
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The organization of the judiciary, the district and circuit boundaries, the places of holding court, and 

the number of federal judges are established by laws passed by Congress and signed by the President. 

The number of federal judges in each district and in the courts of appeals is authorized by Congress 

on the basis of workload. 

In addition to the adjudication of cases, 

other related functions, such as the 

provision of criminal defense services and 

the supervision of offenders, are prescribed 

by statute. Following is a brief overview of 

the work of the courts and other related 

activities of the Judicial Branch.

United States Supreme Court

The United States Supreme Court consists 

of nine justices, one of whom is appointed 

as Chief Justice of the United States. The 

Supreme Court is the final arbiter in the 

federal court system.

United States Courts of Appeals

There are 12 regional courts of appeals and 167 authorized appellate court Article III judgeships 

nationwide. These 12 courts of appeals have jurisdiction over cases within a regional area or 

“circuit.” The 12 regional courts of appeals review cases from the United States district courts and 

the United States Tax Court as well as orders and decisions from a number of federal administrative 

agencies.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has exclusive national jurisdiction over a 

large number of diverse subject areas, including international trade, government contracts, patents, 

trademarks, certain monetary claims against the United States government, federal personnel, and 

veterans’ benefits. Appeals to the court come from all 94 federal district courts, as well as the United 

States Court of Federal Claims, the United States Court of International Trade, and the United States 

Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. There are 12 authorized Article III circuit judgeships on the 

Court. 

Overview of the Judiciary
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United States District Courts

There are 94 district courts in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico, and the territories of Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The 

U.S. District Courts are the courts of general jurisdiction in the federal court system, and most federal 

cases are initially tried and decided in these courts. There are 677 authorized Article III district court 

judgeships nationwide. 

The Federal Magistrates Act of 1968 created the office of magistrate judge to assist the district court 

judges. Magistrate judges are non-Article III judges appointed by the district judges, and they serve 

for a term of years rather than a lifetime appointment. Full-time magistrate judges serve a term of 

eight years and may be reappointed. 

United States Bankruptcy Courts

The bankruptcy courts are separate units of the 

district courts. Federal courts have exclusive 

jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases; a bankruptcy 

case cannot be filed in a state court. United States 

bankruptcy judges are non-Article III judges 

appointed by the courts of appeals for a term of 

years, rather than a lifetime appointment. They 

serve for a term of 14 years and may be 

reappointed. 

United States Court of International Trade

The Court of International Trade, with nine Article III judges, has exclusive nationwide jurisdiction 

of civil actions against the United States, its agencies and officers, and certain civil actions brought 

by the United States, arising out of import transactions and the administration and enforcement of the 

federal customs and international trade laws.

United States Court of Federal Claims

The Court of Federal Claims has nationwide 

jurisdiction over certain types of claims against 

the federal government. Its 16 judges are 

appointed for a term of 15 years by the 

President with the advice and consent of the 

Senate. Judges appointed to the Court of 

Federal Claims are authorized under Article I 

of the Constitution and do not have the tenure 

and salary protections of Article III judges.
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Probation and Pretrial Services

Federal probation and pretrial services officers protect the public through the investigation and 

supervision of defendants and offenders within the federal criminal justice system. A pretrial services 

officer supervises defendants awaiting trial who are released into communities and provides a source 

of information upon which the court can determine conditions of release or detention while criminal 

cases are pending adjudication. In support of sentencing determinations, which require both 

uniformity of practice and attention to individual circumstances, probation officers provide the court 

with reliable information concerning the offender, the victim, and the offense committed, as well as 

an impartial application of the sentencing guidelines. Probation officers supervise offenders 

sentenced to probation, as well as offenders coming out of federal prison who are required to serve a 

term of supervised release.

Defender Services

The federal judiciary oversees and administers the federal defender and appointed counsel program, 

which provides legal representation and other services to persons financially unable to obtain counsel 

in criminal and related matters in federal court. The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees 

that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the assistance of 

counsel for his defense.” The Criminal Justice Act provides that courts shall appoint counsel from 

federal public and community defender organizations or from a panel of private attorneys (“panel 

attorneys”) established by the court. 

Court Security

The judiciary’s Court Security appropriation funds protective guard services and security systems and 

equipment for United States courthouses and other facilities housing federal court operations. These 

services are contracted for and managed by the Department of Justice’s United States Marshals 

Service, with additional guard services provided by the Department of Homeland Security’s Federal 

Protective Service. Additionally, this appropriation funds the branch’s Vulnerability Management 

Program that provides programs designed to protect judges and courts, such as the identification and 

removal of personally identifiable information of judges (authorized by the Daniel Anderl Judicial 

Security and Privacy Act) along with education and awareness programs to support these efforts.

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

The judiciary receives funding to provide for the statutory fees and allowances of federal grand and 

petit jurors and for the compensation of land commissioners.
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Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts is the central support entity for the judicial branch. It 

has management oversight of the court security program, the probation and pretrial services program, 

and the defender services program. It supports the Judicial Conference of the United States in 

determining judiciary policies; develops new methods, systems, and programs for conducting the 

business of the federal courts efficiently and economically; develops and supports the application of 

technology; collects and analyzes statistics on the business of the federal courts for accurate planning 

and decisions about resource needs; provides financial management services and personnel and 

payroll support; and conducts audits and reviews to ensure the continued quality and integrity of 

federal court operations.

Federal Judicial Center

The Federal Judicial Center is the judiciary’s research and education agency. The Center undertakes 

research and evaluation of judicial operations and procedures for both the committees of the Judicial 

Conference and the courts themselves. It provides judges, court personnel, and others orientation, 

continuing education, and training through seminars; curriculum units for in-court use; monographs 

and manuals; and audio, video, and interactive media programs. 

Payment to Judicial Trust Funds

This appropriation finances annuity payments to retired bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges, 

U.S. Court of Federal Claims judges, and spouses and dependent children of deceased judicial 

officers.

United States Sentencing Commission

The U.S. Sentencing Commission promulgates sentencing 

policies, practices, and guidelines for the federal criminal 

justice system. The Chair, three Vice Chairs, and three other 

voting commissioners are appointed by the President with the 

advice and consent of the Senate.
Budget Summary - Details of Request 

The judiciaiy's appropriation request for fiscal yeai· (FY) 2024 totals $9,934,829,000 (including 

$796,144,000 in mandato1y appropriations and $9,138,685,000 in discretionaiy appropriations). 

The judiciaiy's discretionaiy request is $677.2 million (8.0 percent) above FY 2023 enacted 

annual discretiona1y appropriations. 

Summary ofFY2024 Request 

($000) 

Mandatory Discretionary Total 

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 761,366 8,461,479 9,222,845 

FY2024 Adjustments to Base 34,778 561,426 596,204 

FY 2024 Program Increases - 115,780 115,780 

FY 2024 Total Increases 34,778 677,206 711,984 

FY 2024 Total Request 796,144 9,138,685 9,934,829 

Fiscal Year 2023 Appropriations 

The judiciaiy built the FY 2024 budget request on the FY 2023 enacted appropriation level. For 

bill language, the judiciaiy used the language from P.L. 117-328, Financial Services and General 

Government Appropriations Act, 2023. 

Adjustments to Base (Mandatory Appropriations) 

An increase of $34.8 million is requested for mandato1y judiciaiy appropriations for FY 2024, as 

follows: 

1. An increase of $25.8 million is for pay and benefit adjustments for Aliicle III judges for the

Supreme Court; the Comi of Appeals for the Federal Circuit; the Court of International

Trade; and active, senior, and retired Aliicle III judges and bankmptcy judges within the

comis' Salai·ies and Expenses account, including the annualization of the Januaiy 2023 pay

adjustment of 4.1 percent for judges and an assumed additional 4. 7 percent pay adjustment

for judges effective Janua1y 2024.

2. For the comis' Salaries and Expenses account, an increase of $8.9 million is associated with

an additional 18 active Aliicle III judge FTE (based on an assumption of 45 confinnations ),

an additional 7 senior judge FTE, and an additional 8 bankmptcy judge FTE.

3. An increase of $0.1 million is necessa1y for the Judicial Retirement Tmst Funds account

based on requirements calculated by an independent actuaiy.

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Adjustments to Base (Discretionary Appropriations)

Of the requested $677.2 million increase in discretionary appropriations, $561.4 million (83 

percent) will provide for pay adjustments, inflation, and other adjustments to base necessary to 

maintain current services. Base adjustments include:

1. An increase of $346.8 million will provide for inflationary pay and benefit increases for 

magistrate and Court of Federal Claims judges, judges’ staff, other judiciary personnel, and 

panel attorney rate adjustments. This includes an assumed federal pay adjustment effective 

January 2024 (4.7 percent for magistrate and Court of Federal Claims court judges and 5.2 

percent for staff), annualizing the January 2023 pay adjustment (4.1 percent for magistrate 

and Court of Federal Claims court judges and 4.6 percent for staff), changes in benefit costs, 

one more compensable day, and a wage rate adjustment for court security officers (CSOs). 

2. An increase of $84.4 million in financing adjustments is necessary to maintain current 

services due to changes in the availability of carryforward balances and/or non-appropriated 

resources, composed of the following increases: 

• $7.4 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, 

• $70.8 million for the Defender Services account,

• $0.3 million for the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account, 

• $4.5 million for the Court Security account, and

• $1.3 million for the Administrative Office (AO) account.

The judiciary will keep the Appropriations Subcommittees informed of any change in this 

estimate. 

3. A net increase of $44.1 million in information technology (IT) requirements for the courts’ 

Salaries and Expenses account is due to:

• an increase of $28.5 million for Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools, 

• an increase of $17.5 million for Court IT allotments,

• an increase of $17.2 million for Cybersecurity and IT Modernization Plan, 

• an increase of $1.2 million for the IT Court Reimbursable Program,

• a decrease of $1.9 million for Judicial Statistical and Reporting Systems,

• a decrease of $2.4 million for Administrative and Management Systems, 

• a decrease of $6.0 million for the Telecommunications Program, and

• a decrease of $9.9 million for Court Administration and Case Management Systems. 
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4. An increase of $41.3 million will provide for increases in contract rates and other standard 

inflationary increases. Of this amount, $0.9 million is for the Vaccine Injury Compensation 

Trust Fund. 

5. A net increase of $31.0 million is associated with changes in the judiciary’s space program, 

including: 

• a net $27.2 million increase is attributed to the court’s Salaries and Expenses account: 

o an increase of $31.3 million for tenant improvements, 

o an increase of $21.2 million for inflationary adjustments to building operations and 

GSA space rental costs,

o an increase of $9.1 million for changes in space/new space expected to be delivered 

in FY 2024, 

o a decrease of $1.4 million associated with the space reduction program, and

o a decrease of $32.9 million in non-recurring space adjustments. 

• an increase of $3.8 million is associated with space rental increases of $2.1 million, $1.4 

million, $0.3 million, and $18,300 for the Defender Services, Court of Appeals for the 

Federal Circuit, Court of International Trade, and the Supreme Court accounts, 

respectively. 

6. An increase of $18.9 million is for chambers staff associated with the additional active and 

senior Article III judges and bankruptcy judges (noted above in the mandatory adjustments to 

base section), specifically, 100 FTE for chambers staff for active Article III judges, 35 FTE 

for senior judges, and 23 FTE for bankruptcy judges.

7. An increase of $11.3 million is associated with the annualization of positions funded in 

FY 2023, including: 

• $3.0 million for a net increase of 27 positions (14 FTE) for the Defender Services 

account, consisting of decreases in federal public defender organization (FPDO) (-26 

positions/-13 FTE) and community defender organization (CDO) (-6 positions), offset by 

increases related to the Supreme Court decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma (44 positions /22 

FTE), national programs (9 positions/5 FTE), and the reimbursable program (8 

positions); 

• $8.0 million for 109 CSO and 16 USMS positions (8 FTE) for the Court Security 

account; and 

• $0.4 million for 4 positions (2.0 FTE) for the AO account. 

8. An increase of $5.1 million is associated with the annualization of programs at the Supreme 

Court, including: 
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• $1.1 million for the annualization of 2 IT security positions and building security 

contracts, and

• $4.0 million for the annualization of police pay adjustments and protective activities that 

were funded by the supplemental appropriation provided in FY 2022. 

9. An increase of $3.3 million is for estimated increases in Federal Protective Service (FPS) 

security charges.

10. An increase of $0.7 million is associated with a projected net change in juror requirements 

based on FY 2024 projected caseload. 

11. A decrease of $1.8 million is associated with adjustments to security systems and equipment 

requirements in the Court Security account. 

12. A decrease of $4.0 million is associated with a change in panel attorney requirements based 

on FY 2024 caseload projections in the Defender Services program.

13. A decrease of $19.7 million is associated with a reduction in non-recurring requirements in

the Supreme Court Building and Grounds ($18.7 million) and the Federal Judicial Center 

($1.0 million) accounts. 

Program Changes (Discretionary Appropriations) 

The remaining $115.8 million (17 percent) of the requested increase is for program 

enhancements, including: 

1. An increase of $21.8 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund tenant 

alterations to address life and safety requirements, including repair and replacements of 

judges’ elevators. 

2. An increase of $16.0 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund a major 

upgrade to the Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System.

3. An increase of $11.5 million for the Defender Services account is for information technology

requirements, including: 

• $1.4 million for 3 data and data management initiatives, 

• $0.2 million for contract management requirements, and

• $9.9 million for cybersecurity and IT modernization. 

4. An increase of $10.1 million is associated with an increase of 198 positions (99 FTE) in court 

support staffing in the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account due to changes in projected 

caseload.
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5. An increase of $7.9 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account is associated with a 

multi-year initiative to upgrade the judiciary’s enterprise-wide Microsoft Office 365 licenses. 

6. An increase of $7.0 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund a multiyear initiative to implement an identity access management system. 

7. An increase of $6.5 million in the Supreme Court Buildings and Grounds account is for 

physical security improvements to reinforce the Supreme Court Building. 

8. An increase of $5.9 million in the Supreme Court Salaries and Expenses account is 

associated with the expansion of the Supreme Court Police’s protective activities for Justices.

9. An increase of $5.5 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund 58 

additional reimbursable positions (29 reimbursable FTE) to support the implementation of 

the multi-year cybersecurity and IT modernization plan. 

10. An increase of $5.0 million for the Court Security account is associated with the 

implementation of an equipment modernization and cyclical replacement strategy for 

screening systems. 

11. An increase of $3.1 million for the Supreme Court Buildings and Grounds account will fund 

the continuation of the courtyard restoration project at the Supreme Court. 

12. An increase of $3.0 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund the 

continued implementation of the multi-year initiative to produce an annual consolidated 

financial statement as part of the judiciary data integrity, reporting, and controls (JDIRC) 

program. 

13. An increase of $2.6 million in the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund 23 FTE 

for the national court law clerk program. 

14. An increase of $2.2 million is associated with training operations in the Defender Services 

account, including:

• $0.9 million for 21st century training operations, which includes funding for an updated 

Event Management System, a Learning Management System, and a real-time 

polling/survey platform, 

• $0.8 million to meet the demand for hybrid (in-person and virtual) training in the postpandemic world, and 

• $0.6 million for additional training requirements on case management; mental health; 

representing clients with intellectual disabilities; diversity; managing electronically stored 

information; and FDO budget, procurement, and financial training and materials.
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15. An increase of $1.7 million for the Court Security account will fund 9 additional judiciaryfunded USMS positions (5 FTE) and 2 contractors. 

16. An increase of $1.5 million for the Judiciary Vulnerability Management Program in the 

Court Security account will fund additional software licenses, automated tools, and support 

for identifying, redacting, and reducing personally identifiable information from the internet 

for judges and eligible family members.

17. An increase of $1.0 million for the Court Security account will fund the operations, 

maintenance, and life-cycle replacement costs for emergency management equipment in 

remote districts in order to sustain satellite communications equipment for continuity of 

operations. 

18. An increase of $1.0 million for the Court Security account will fund 4 new emergency 

management reimbursable positions (4 reimbursable FTE). 

19. An increase of $0.8 million is associated with contractor support for the acquisition and 

procurement improvement activities in the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account. 

20. An increase of $0.7 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund 1 

additional full-time magistrate judge position, 4 support staff (4 FTE), and associated 

operating costs for the Northern District of Oklahoma at Tulsa.

21. An increase of $0.6 million in the Supreme Court Salaries and Expenses account will fund 5 

IT engineer positions (2.5 FTE) in cybersecurity, software development, and network 

engineering at the Supreme Court. 

22. An increase of $0.4 million for the AO account will fund 4 positions (2 FTE) for 

implementing best practices for IT project management across the AO. 

23. An increase of $0.4 million for the Court Security account will fund 6 additional CSO 

positions related to increased requirements as a result of the Supreme Court’s decision in 

McGirt v. Oklahoma. 

24. An increase of $0.3 million will fund 3 reimbursable positions in the Defender Services 

account to support program reviews and budgetary/financial operations for federal defenders 

and their staff in the areas of audit preparation, financial management, internal controls, 

procurement, and accountable officer liability.

25. An increase of $0.2 million for the court’s Salaries and Expenses account will fund 2 

reimbursable positions (1 reimbursable FTE) in the AO's Office of Public Affairs to help 

support the judiciary’s programs. 
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26. An increase of $0.2 million for the AO account will fund 2 positions (1 FTE) associated with 

the Office of Judicial Integrity at the AO for investigative support for workplace conduct 

matters, to include conducting investigations, consultative support, and investigations 

training. 

27. An increase of $0.2 million for the AO account will fund 2 positions (1 FTE) for the 

Department of Technology Services, which provides staff support to the Judicial Conference 

Committee on Information Technology (IT Committee) and other stakeholder groups that 

provide advice on IT policies and their implementation. 

28. An increase of $0.1 million for the AO account will fund 1 position (0.5 FTE) to staff the 

incoming Chief Information Officer’s efforts to review recommendations and assess the 

AO’s organizational structure and authority.

29. An increase of $0.1 million for the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit account will fund 

a newly created Director of Civic Engagement position. 

30. A decrease of $1.4 million for the Defender Services account is associated with a decrease of 

6 FTE for 12 fewer FDO staff (12 FPDO positions/6 FTE) based on current caseload 

projections. 
12 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
13 

Summary Tables

 Appropriation Account Mandatory1 Discretionary Total Mandatory1 Discretionary Total Mandatory Discretionary Total

Supreme Court

 Salaries and Expenses 2,789 98,338 101,127 109,551 2,896 112,447 127,063 3,073 130,136

 Building and Grounds - 14,434 14,434 - 29,246 29,246 - 20,688 20,688

 Total, Supreme Court 2,789 112,772 115,561 2,896 138,797 141,693 3,073 147,751 150,824

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 3,241 34,280 37,521 3,356 36,735 40,091 3,532 39,682 43,214

Court of International Trade 1,717 20,600 22,317 2,163 21,260 23,423 2,383 22,404 24,787

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses 460,225 5,580,052 6,040,277 501,151 5,905,055 6,406,206 535,256 6,370,391 6,905,647

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund - 9,850 9,850 - 9,975 9,975 - 10,869 10,869

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 460,225 5,589,902 6,050,127 501,151 5,915,030 6,416,181 535,256 6,381,260 6,916,516

 Defender Services - 1,343,175 1,343,175 - 1,382,680 1,382,680 - 1,533,015 1,533,015

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners - 32,603 32,603 - 58,239 58,239 - 59,902 59,902

 Court Security - 704,800 704,800 - 750,163 750,163 - 783,465 783,465

 Total, CADCOJS 460,225 7,670,480 8,130,705 501,151 8,106,112 8,607,263 535,256 8,757,642 9,292,898

Administrative Office of the U S Courts - 98,545 98,545 - 102,673 102,673 - 112,974 112,974

Federal Judicial Center - 29,885 29,885 - 34,261 34,261 - 35,082 35,082

Judicial Retirement Funds 272,600 - 272,600 251,800 - 251,800 251,900 - 251,900 

Sentencing Commission - 20,564 20,564 - 21,641 21,641 - 23,150 23,150

 Total Direct 740,572 7,977,276 8,717,848 761,366 8,451,504 9,212,870 796,144 9,127,816 9,923,960

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund - 9,850 9,850 - 9,975 9,975 - 10,869 10,869

 Total, Judiciary 740,572 7,987,126 8,727,698 761,366 8,461,479 9,222,845 796,144 9,138,685 9,934,829

 Supreme Court Supplemental Appropriation - 9,100 9,100 - - - - - - 

 Court Security Supplemental Appropriation - - - - 112,500 112,500 - - - 

 Total, Judiciary, Annual + Supplemental 740,572 7,996,226 8,736,798 761,366 8,573,979 9,335,345 796,144 9,138,685 9,934,829

1

 FY 2022 mandatory levels reflect actuals with the exception of the Supreme Court, which reflects the FY 2022 financial plan level 

 FY 2023 mandatory levels represent FY 2023 assumed financial plan levels.

Judiciary Appropriation Funding ($000)

FY 2022 Enacted FY 2023 Enacted FY 2024 Request

 THE JUDICIARY 
14 

 Appropriation Account Mandatory Discretionary Total Mandatory Discretionary Total Mandatory Discretionary Total

Supreme Court

 Salaries and Expenses 499 9 508 527 9 536 531 9 540

 Building and Grounds - 46 46 - 50 50 - 50 50

 Total, Supreme Court 9 545 554 9 577 586 9 581 590

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 12 132 144 12 140 152 12 141 153

Court of International Trade 9 56 65 9 68 77 9 68 77

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses 1,840 25,449 27,289 1,887 25,393 27,280 1,920 25,678 27,598

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund - - - - - - - - -

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 1,840 25,449 27,289 1,887 25,393 27,280 1,920 25,678 27,598

 Defender Services - 3,182 3,182 - 3,451 3,451 - 3,459 3,459

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners - - - - - - - - -

 Court Security - 72 72 - 96 96 - 109 109

 Total, CADCOJS 1,840 28,703 30,543 1,887 28,940 30,827 1,920 29,246 31,166

Administrative Office of the U S Courts - 585 585 - 649 649 - 656 656

Federal Judicial Center - 123 123 - 128 128 - 128 128

Judicial Retirement Funds - - - - - - - - -

Sentencing Commission - 96 96 - 96 96 - 96 96

 Total Direct 1,870 30,240 32,110 1,917 30,598 32,515 1,950 30,915 32,865

 Reimbursables, AO - 640 640 - 824 824 884 - 884

 Total, Judiciary 1,870 30,880 32,750 1,917 31,422 33,339 1,950 31,799 33,749

 THE JUDICIARY 

FY 2022 Actual FY 2023 Enacted FY 2024 Request

Summary of FTE
15 

FY 2024 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes

Supreme Federal International Total 

Court Circuit Trade CADCOJS 1

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTEs ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Mandatory 9 2,896 12 3,356 9 2,163 1,887 501,151

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Discretionary 577 138,797 140 36,735 68 21,260 28,940 8,106,112

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - -

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 586 

FY 2024 Adjustments to Base

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 1% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

 - Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships - 

 - Increase in average number of senior judges - 

 - Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships - 

 - Payments to judiciary retirement trust funds - 

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: 

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 6% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

- One more compensable day - 

- Annualization of 2023 IT positions and building security contracts at Supreme Court 1 

- Annualization of 2023 for police pay and protective activities at Supreme Court - 

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney capital rate - 

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney non-capital rate - 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase in positions (including McGirt) - 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions - 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of USMS positions - 

- FY 2024 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) - 

 - Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - 

 - Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 

 - Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - 

 - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - 

 - Information technology requirements - 

- Change in projected panel attorney requirements - 

 - Change in available jurors - 

 - FPS security service charges - 

 - Reduction for non-recurring requirements - 

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment - 

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Adjustments to Base 1 

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory - 

141,693 152 

37 - 

140 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

914 - 

4,094 - 

322 - 

1,101 - 

4,028 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

1,114 - 

18 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

(18,700) - 

- - 

(6,934) - 

177 - 

40,091 77 

31 - 

145 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

175 - 

986 - 

77 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

163 - 

1,448 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

3,025 - 

176 - 

23,423 30,827 

48 - 

172 - 

- 118 

- 42 

- 31 

- - 

89 - 

517 - 

41 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- 14 

- - 

- 8 

- - 

- - 

173 - 

267 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

57 - 

- - 

- - 

1,364 213 

220 33 

8,607,263

6,964

27,163

16,835

6,032

4,914

- 

50,327

232,801

19,790

- 

- 

863

10,913

2,990

5,284

2,680

5,348

83,079

38,477

29,299

894

44,079

(4,000)

743

3,248

- 

(1,848)

586,875

34,105

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary 1 (7,110) - 2,849 - 1,144 180 552,770

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - - - - - - - -

FY 2024 Adjusted Base 587 

FY 2024 Program Changes

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

 - Magistrate judges and staff - 

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: 

 - Expansion of protective activities at Supreme Court - 

 - IT security positions at Supreme Court 3 

 - Courtyard restoration at Supreme Court - 

 - Physical security improvements at Supreme Court - 

 - Position director of civic engagement at Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit - 

 - FY 2023 court support staffing due to workload changes - 

 - National court law clerk program - 

 - Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System - 

 - Identity Access Management System (IdAM) - 

 - Reimbursable positions for IT infrastructure and modernization - 

 - Reimbursable positions for Office of Public Affairs - 

 - Office 365 upgrade - 

 - Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - 

 - Judiciary Data Integrity, Reporting, and Controls initiative - 

 - Acquisition and Procurement Improvement - 

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - 

 - Defender Services training operations - 

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - 

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements - 

 - Service to support the removal of Judges' PII from the internet - 

 - Emergency management equipment sustainment - 

 - Emergency management reimbursable positions - 

 - USMS staffing positions for Judicial Facility Security Program - 

 - Screening equipment replacement and disposal - 

 - CSO staffing for McGirt requirements - 

 - Office of Judicial Integrity at AO - 

 - IT oversight support staff at AO - 

 - Project management staff at AO - 

 - DTS Judicial Conference and Advisory Council Support at AO - 

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Program Changes 3 

Total Program Changes, Mandatory - 

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 3 

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - 

Total Mandatory Increases - 

134,759 152 

- - 

5,897 - 

585 - 

3,082 - 

6,500 - 

- 1 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

16,064 1 

 - - 

16,064 1 

 - - 

177 - 

43,116 77 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

98 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

98 - 

 - - 

 98 - 

 - - 

 176 - 

24,787 31,040 

- 5 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- 99 

- 23 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

 - (6) 

 - - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- 5 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

 - 126 

 - - 

 - 126 

 - - 

 220 33 

9,194,138

721

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

10,052

2,559

16,000

7,000

5,510

207

7,905

21,796

3,025

750

(1,368)

2,233

316

11,486

1,500

1,000

1,000

1,691

5,000

377

- 

- 

- 

- 

98,760

 -

98,760

 -

34,105

Total Discretionary Increases 4 8,954 1 2,947 - 1,144 306 651,530

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - - - - - - - -

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Total Increases 4 

FY 2024, Total Mandatory Appropriation 9 

9,131 1 

3,073 12 

3,123 - 

3,532 9 

1,364 339 685,635

2,383 1,920 535,256

FY 2024, Total Discretionary Appropriation 581 147,751 141 39,682 68 22,404 29,246 8,757,642

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - -

FY 2024, Total Judiciary 590 

 1 Includes Salaries and Expenses, Defender Services, Fees of Jurors and Commissioners, and Court S

150,824 153 

ecurity accounts

43,214 77 24,787 31,166 9,292,898
16 

 FY 2024 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes

Administrative Fed. Judicial Sentencing Judicial Total 

Office Center Commission Retirement Funds Judiciary

FTE

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Mandatory - 

($000) FTE

- - 

($000) FTE

- - 

($000) ($000) FTE

- 251,800 1,917 

($000)

761,366

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Discretionary 649 102,673 128 34,261 96 21,641 - 30,598 8,461,479

 AO Reimbursable FTE 824 - - - - - - 824 -

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 1,473 

FY 2024 Adjustments to Base

102,673 128 34,261 96 21,641 251,800 33,339 9,222,845

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 1% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

 - Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - - 

- - - 

- - 118 

7,080

27,620

16,835

 - Increase in average number of senior judges - - - - - - - 42 6,032

 - Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships - - - - - - - 31 4,914

 - Payments to judiciary retirement trust funds - - - - - - 100 - 100

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: 

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 6% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

- One more compensable day - 

- Annualization of 2023 IT positions and building security contracts at Supreme Court - 

- Annualization of 2023 for police pay and protective activities at Supreme Court - 

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney capital rate - 

1,062 - 

6,028 - 

541 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

287 - 

1,225 - 

101 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

195 - - 

1,104 - - 

69 - - 

- - 1 

- - - 

- - - 

53,049

246,755

20,941

1,101

4,028

863

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney non-capital rate - 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase in positions (including McGirt) 2 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions - 

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of USMS positions - 

 - FY 2024 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) - 

- - 

378 - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - - 

- - 16 

- - - 

- - 8 

- - - 

10,913

3,368

5,284

2,680

5,348

 - Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - 1,318 - - - - - - 84,397

 - Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 116 - 208 - 141 - - 40,392

 - Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - - - - - - - - 31,032

 - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - - - - - - - - 894

 - Information technology requirements - - - - - - - - 44,079

- Change in projected panel attorney requirements - 

 - Change in available jurors - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - - 

- - - 

(4,000)

743

 - FPS security service charges - - - - - - - - 3,305

 - Reduction for non-recurring requirements - - - (1,000) - - - - (19,700)

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment - 

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Adjustments to Base 2 

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory - 

- - 

9,443 - 

 - - 

- - 

821 - 

 - - 

- - - 

1,509 100 216 

 - 100 33 

(1,848)

596,203

34,778

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary 2 9,443 - 821 - 1,509 - 183 561,426

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes 25 

FY 2024 Adjusted Base 1,500 

FY 2024 Program Changes

 - - 

112,116 128 

 - - 

35,082 96 

 - - 25

23,150 251,900 33,580

 

 

 -

9,819,049

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

 - Magistrate judges and staff - - - - - - - 5 721

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: 

 - Expansion of protective activities at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - 5,897

 - IT security positions at Supreme Court - - - - - - - 3 585

 - Courtyard restoration at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - 3,082

 - Physical security improvements at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - 6,500

 - Position director of civic engagement at Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit - - - - - - - 1 98

 - FY 2023 court support staffing due to workload changes - - - - - - - 99 10,052

 - National court law clerk program - - - - - - - 23 2,559

 - Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System - - - - - - - - 16,000

 - Identity Access Management System (IdAM) - - - - - - - - 7,000

 - Reimbursable positions for IT infrastructure and modernization - - - - - - - - 5,510

 - Reimbursable positions for Office of Public Affairs - - - - - - - - 207

 - Office 365 upgrade - - - - - - - - 7,905

 - Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - - - - - - - - 21,796

 - Judiciary Data Integrity, Reporting, and Controls initiative - - - - - - - - 3,025

 - Acquisition and Procurement Improvement - - - - - - - - 750

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - - - - - - - (6) (1,368)

 - Defender Services training operations - - - - - - - - 2,233

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - - - - - - - - 316

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements - - - - - - - - 11,486

 - Service to support the removal of Judges' PII from the internet - - - - - - - - 1,500

 - Emergency management equipment sustainment - - - - - - - - 1,000

 - Emergency management reimbursable positions - - - - - - - - 1,000

 - USMS staffing positions for Judicial Facility Security Program - - - - - - - 5 1,691

 - Screening equipment replacement and disposal - - - - - - - - 5,000

 - CSO staffing for McGirt requirements - - - - - - - - 377

 - Office of Judicial Integrity at AO 1 186 - - - - - 1 186

 - IT oversight support staff at AO 1 110 - - - - - 1 110

 - Project management staff at AO 2 389 - - - - - 2 389

 - DTS Judicial Conference and Advisory Council Support at AO 1 

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Program Changes 5 

Total Program Changes, Mandatory - 

172 - 

858 - 

 - - 

- - 

 - - 

 - - 

- - 1 

 - - 134 

 - - - 

172

115,780

 -

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 5 858 - - - - - 134 115,780

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes 36 

Total Mandatory Increases - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 36 

 - 100 33 

 -

34,778

Total Discretionary Increases 7 10,301 - 821 - 1,509 - 317 677,206

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes 60 

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Total Increases 66.5 

FY 2024, Total Mandatory Appropriation - 

 - - 

10,301 - 

 - - 

 - - 

821 - 

 - - 

 - - 60 

1,509 100 410 

 - 251,900 1,950 

 -

711,984

796,144

FY 2024, Total Discretionary Appropriation 656 112,974 128 35,082 96 23,150 - 30,915 9,138,685

 AO Reimbursable FTE 884 - - - - - - 884 -

FY 2024, Total Judiciary 1,540 112,974 128 35,082 96 23,150 251,900 33,749 9,934,829
17 

Fees of Jurors and 

Commissioners

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Mandatory 1,887 501,151 - - - - - 1,887 501,151

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation Level - Discretionary 25,393 5,915,030 3,451 1,382,680 58,239 96 750,163 28,940 8,106,112

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - - -

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 27,280 6,416,181 3,451 1,382,680 58,239 96 750,163 30,827 8,607,263

FY 2024 Adjustments to Base

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 1% for three months) - 6,964 - - - - - - 6,964

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 27,163 - - - - - - 27,163

- Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships 118 16,835 - - - - - 118 16,835

- Increase in average number of senior judges 42 6,032 - - - - - 42 6,032

- Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships 31 4,914 - - - - - 31 4,914

- Payments to judiciary retirement trust funds - - - - - - - - -

Court Personnel and Other Programs:

- Annualization of 2023 pay adjustment (4 6% for three months) - 43,279 - 6,833 - - 215 - 50,327

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 195,840 - 35,993 - - 968 - 232,801

- One more compensable day - 15,335 - 2,400 - - 2,055 - 19,790

- Annualization of 2023 IT positions and building security contracts at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

- Annualization of 2023 for police pay and protective activities at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney capital rate - - - 863 - - - - 863

- Annualization of 2023 panel attorney non-capital rate - - - 10,913 - - - - 10,913

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase in positions (including McGirt) - - 14 2,990 - - - 14 2,990

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions - - - - - - 5,284 - 5,284

- Annualization of FY 2023 increase of USMS positions - - - - - 8 2,680 8 2,680

- FY 2024 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) - - - - - - 5,348 - 5,348

- Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - 7,400 - 70,830 - 326 4,523 - 83,079

- Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 28,879 - 8,743 - 594 261 - 38,477

 - Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - 27,196 - 2,103 - - - - 29,299

 - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - 894 - - - - - - 894

- Information technology requirements - 44,079 - - - - - - 44,079

- Change in projected panel attorney requirements - - - (4,000) - - - - (4,000)

- Change in available jurors - - - - 743 - - - 743

 - FPS security service charges - - - - - - 3,248 - 3,248

- Reduction for non-recurring requirements - - - - - - - - -

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment - - - - - - (1,848) - (1,848)

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Adjustments to Base 191 424,810 14 137,668 1,663 8 22,734 213 586,875

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory 33 34,105 - - - - - 33 34,105

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary 158 390,705 14 137,668 1,663 8 22,734 180 552,770

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - - -

FY 2024 Adjusted Base 27,471 6,840,991 3,465 1,520,348 59,902 104 772,897 31,040 9,194,138

FY 2024 Program Changes

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

 - Magistrate judges and staff 5 721 - - - - - 5 721

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: - -

 - Expansion of protective activities at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

 - IT security positions at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

 - Courtyard restoration at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

 - Physical security improvements at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - -

 - Position director of civic engagement at Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit - - - - - - - - -

 - FY 2023 court support staffing due to workload changes 99 10,052 - - - - - 99 10,052

 - National court law clerk program 23 2,559 - - - - - 23 2,559

 - Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System - 16,000 - - - - - - 16,000

 - Identity Access Management System (IdAM) - 7,000 - - - - - - 7,000

 - Reimbursable positions for IT infrastructure and modernization - 5,510 - - - - - - 5,510

 - Reimbursable positions for Office of Public Affairs - 207 - - - - - - 207

 - Office 365 upgrade - 7,905 - - - - - - 7,905

 - Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - 21,796 - - - - - - 21,796

 - Judiciary Data Integrity, Reporting, and Controls initiative - 3,025 - - - - - - 3,025

 - Acquisition and Procurement Improvement - 750 - - - - - - 750

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - - (6) (1,368) - - - (6) (1,368)

 - Defender Services training operations - - - 2,233 - - - - 2,233

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - - - 316 - - - - 316

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements - - - 11,486 - - - - 11,486

 - Service to support the removal of Judges' PII from the internet - - - - - - 1,500 - 1,500

 - Emergency management equipment sustainment - - - - - - 1,000 - 1,000

 - Emergency management reimbursable positions - - - - - - 1,000 - 1,000

 - USMS staffing positions for Judicial Facility Security Program - - - - - 5 1,691 5 1,691

 - Screening equipment replacement and disposal - - - - - - 5,000 - 5,000

 - CSO staffing for McGirt requirements - - - - - - 377 - 377

 - Office of Judicial Integrity at AO - - - - - - - - -

 - IT oversight support staff at AO - - - - - - - - -

 - Project management staff at AO - - - - - - - - -

 - DTS Judicial Conference and Advisory Council Support at AO - - - - - - - - -

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Program Changes 127 75,525 (6) 12,667 - 5 10,568 126 98,760

Total Program Changes, Mandatory - - - - - - - - -

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 127 75,525 (6) 12,667 - 5 10,568 126 98,760

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - - -

Total Mandatory 33 34,105 - - - - - 33 34,105

Total Discretionary 285 466,230 8 150,335 1,663 13 33,302 306 651,530

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - - -

 Subtotal, FY 2024 Total Increases 318 500,335 8 150,335 1,663 13 33,302 339 685,635

FY 2024, Total Mandatory Appropriation 1,920 535,256 - - - - - 1,920 535,256

FY 2024, Total Discretionary Appropriation 25,678 6,381,260 3,459 1,533,015 59,902 109 783,465 29,246 8,757,642

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - - -

FY 2024, Total Judiciary 27,598 6,916,516 3,459 1,533,015 59,902 109 783,465 31,166 9,292,898

FY 2024 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes - Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services (CADCOJS) Details

Salaries 

and Expenses

Defender 

Services

Court 

Security

Total 

CADCOJS
18 

THE JUDICIARY

Outlays - FY 2022 to FY 2024

 Appropriation FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Supreme Court

 Discretionary 106,609 114,436 126,811

 Mandatory 2,789 2,896 3,073

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 109,398 117,332 129,884

 Buildings and Grounds 25,333 30,499 22,564

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

 Discretionary 26,796 35,024 36,336

 Mandatory 3,241 3,356 3,532

 Total, Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 30,037 38,380 39,868

Court of International Trade

 Discretionary 19,916 17,637 18,565

 Mandatory 1,717 2,163 2,383

 Total, Court of International Trade 21,633 19,800 20,948

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses - Discretionary 5,719,355 6,157,191 6,565,848

 Salaries and Expenses - Mandatory 460,225 501,151 535,256

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 6,179,580 6,658,342 7,101,104

 Defender Services 1,316,821 1,494,064 1,573,953

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners 50,322 58,195 59,882

 Court Security 660,760 723,966 769,939

Total, Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services 8,207,483 8,934,567 9,504,877

Administrative Office of the United 

 States Courts 98,552 106,463 116,399

Federal Judicial Center 27,707 34,272 35,026

Judicial Retirement Funds (Mandatory) 272,600 251,800 251,900

Sentencing Commission 21,197 20,810 22,228

 Subtotal, Discretionary 8,073,367 8,792,557 9,347,551

 Subtotal, Mandatory 740,572 761,366 796,144

 Total 8,813,939 9,553,923 10,143,695
19 

Fiscal Year 2024 Request

Summary by Appropriation

 
20 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
21 

Supreme Court of the United States

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 9 2,896 527 109,551 536 112,447

Adjustments to Base - 177 1 11,030 1 11,206

Program Increases - - 3 6,482 3 6,482

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 9 3,073 531 127,063 540 130,136

The U.S. Supreme Court requests $130.1 million ($3.1 million for mandatory expenses and 

$127.1 million for discretionary expenses) in FY 2024 for the Salaries and Expenses account. 

The $127.1 million request for discretionary appropriations represents a 16.0 percent increase 

over the FY 2023 enacted discretionary appropriation. This request reflects the necessary

adjustments to base to maintain current services. The Court also requests $5.9 million and $0.6 

million in program increases relating to security conducted by the Supreme Court Police and IT 

security positions, respectively. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes $0.2 million for standard pay increases and changes in benefits for 

the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Supreme Court requests an $11.0 million increase for discretionary expenses for standard 

pay and benefits adjustments, other inflationary adjustments, one more compensable day, and 

other adjustments to maintain current services in FY 2024. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $4.9 million

An increase of $4.9 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in benefit 

rates, and one more compensable day.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $1.0 million

An increase of $1.0 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories, 

including off-site GSA space rental costs.
22 

3. Annualization for IT positions and building security contracts: $1.1 million and 1 

FTE

Funding is required to annualize costs for 2 IT security positions (1 FTE) and building security 

contracts funded in FY 2023. 

4. Annualization for protective activities: $4.0 million

Funding is required for the annualization of police pay adjustments and protective activities that 

were funded by the supplemental appropriation provided in FY 2022.

III. Program Changes 

The FY 2024 request includes $6.5 million for program changes. These changes include: 

1. Expansion of protective activities: $5.9 million

The Court requests $5.9 million to expand Supreme Court Police security activities to protect the 

Justices. Ongoing threat assessments show evolving risks that require continuous protection. 

Additional funding would provide for contract positions, eventually transitioning to full-time 

employees, that will augment capabilities of the Supreme Court police force and allow it to 

accomplish its protective mission.

2. New IT security positions: $0.6 million and 2.5 FTE 

The Court requests $0.6 million to fund five new IT engineer positions (2.5 FTE) in 

cybersecurity, software development, and network engineering. 

IV. Appropriations Language 

Supreme Court of the United States 

Salaries and Expenses

For expenses necessary for the operation of the Supreme Court, as required by law, excluding 

care of the building and grounds, including hire of passenger motor vehicles as authorized by 

31 U.S.C. 1343 and 1344; not to exceed $10,000 for official reception and representation 

expenses; and for miscellaneous expenses, to be expended as the Chief Justice may approve, 

[$109,551,000]$127,063,000, of which $1,500,000 shall remain available until expended. 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for salaries 

of the chief justice and associate justices of the court.

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 
23 

V. Summary of Obligations

U.S. Supreme Court - Salaries and Expenses

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 78,018 81,589 88,598

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,477 1,701 1,752

Travel 1,140 1,448 2,075

Other 23,397 33,683 38,711

Total Obligations 104,032 118,421 131,136

Other Adjustments 6,195 (5,974) (1,000)

Available Appropriation 110,227 112,447 130,136

 Mandatory Appropriation 2,789 2,896 3,073

 Discretionary Appropriation 98,338 109,551 127,063

 Supplemental Appropriation 9,100 - -
24 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
25 

Supreme Court of the United States

Care of the Building and Grounds

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 50 29,246

Adjustments to Base - (18,140)

Program Increases - 9,582

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 50 20,688

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

The U.S. Supreme Court requests $20.7 million for its Care of the Building and Grounds account 

in FY 2024, a net decrease of 29.3 percent from the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. 

The Architect of the Capitol provides for the structural and mechanical care of the U.S. Supreme 

Court Building and Grounds, including maintenance and operation of mechanical, electrical, and 

electronic equipment. This request includes the necessary adjustments to base to maintain 

current services. The Court also requests $9.6 million in program increases for continued 

courtyard restoration and physical security improvements for FY 2024. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Supreme Court requests a net decrease of $18.1 million for standard pay and benefits 

adjustments, other inflationary adjustments, one more compensable day, and other adjustments to 

maintain current services in FY 2024. These adjustments include:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $0.4 million

An increase of $0.4 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in benefit 

rates, and one more compensable day.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.1 million

An increase of $0.1 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories.

3. Reduction for non-recurring requirements: ($18.7 million) 

A decrease of $18.7 million is for non-recurring requirements associated with additional physical 

upgrades and courtyard restoration. 
26 

II. Program Changes 

The FY 2024 request includes $9.6 million for program changes. These changes include: 

1. Courtyard restoration: $3.1 million

The Supreme Court’s courtyards and plazas include stone carvings, fountains, plumbing, and 

electrical systems that are original to the building, constructed in 1935. Congress funded $4.8 

million of this multi-year project in FY 2017. In FY 2022, the Supreme Court reprogrammed 

$8.5 million to support the project. In FY 2023, Congress provided an additional $15.9 million. 

The Court requests $3.1 million in FY 2024. Another $2.5 million will be required in FY 2025, 

the final program year of the project.

2. Physical security improvements: $6.5 million 

The Court requests $6.5 million for physical security upgrades resulting from a comprehensive 

review and recommendations by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The requested funding is 

needed to reinforce the building. 

III. Appropriations Language 

Supreme Court of the United States 

Care of the Building and Grounds

For such expenditures as may be necessary to enable the Architect of the Capitol to carry out the 

duties imposed upon the Architect by 40 U.S.C. 6111 and 6112 under the direction of the Chief 

Justice, [$29,246,000]$20,688,000, to remain available until expended.

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

IV. Summary of Obligations

Category

FY 2022

Actual

FY 2023

Assumed

FY 2024

Request

Compensation and Benefits 6,996 7,350 7,647

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,863 2,000 2,100

Travel - 2 3

Other 16,081 27,640 10,814

Total Obligations 24,940 36,992 20,564

Other Adjustments (10,506) (7,746) 124

Available Appropriation 14,434 29,246 20,688

U.S. Supreme Court - Care of the Building and Grounds

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)
27 

 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 12 3,356 140 36,735 152 40,091

Adjustments to Base - 176 - 2,849 - 3,025

Program Increases - - 1 98 1 98

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 12 3,532 141 39,682 153 43,214

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit requests $43.2 million ($3.5 million for mandatory 

expenses and $39.7 million for discretionary expenses) for FY 2024. 

The $39.7 million request for discretionary appropriations represents an 8.0 percent increase over 

the FY 2023 enacted discretionary appropriation. This request includes the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services and one program increase for a Director of Civic 

Engagement. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes $0.2 million for standard pay and benefits increases for judges. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Court requests an increase of $2.8 million for standard pay and benefits adjustments, other 

inflationary adjustments, one more compensable day, and other adjustments to maintain current 

services in FY 2024. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $1.2 million

An increase of $1.2 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in benefit 

rates, and one more compensable day.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $1.6 million

An increase of $0.2 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories. In 

addition, an increase of $1.4 million is for a space rental adjustment for leased space at 1401 H 

Street. 
28 

III. Program Changes 

The request includes $0.1 million for a newly created Director of Civic Engagement position. 

This position would be responsible for development of the various physical spaces to house 

displays and the creation of a high-tech classroom-like environment, organizing and supervising 

the planning for displays and programming, and collaborating with chambers and other court 

staff to create content for tours and educational programs. The Director would also be 

responsible for developing relationships with public and local schools, the Federal Circuit Bar 

Association, Federal Circuit Historical Society, and other relevant civic and educational 

organizations to maximize outreach and coordinating with all departments about upcoming 

events and requirements. 

IV. Appropriations Language 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Salaries and Expenses

For salaries of officers and employees, and for necessary expenses of the court, as authorized by 

law, [$36,735,000]$39,682,000.

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of the chief judge and judges of the court.

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

V. Summary of Obligations

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 22,561 24,161 25,678

Rent, Communications and Utilities 6,655 7,104 8,560

Travel 29 158 162

Other 7,189 8,668 8,814

Total Obligations 36,434 40,091 43,214

Other Adjustments 1,087 - -

Available Appropriation 37,521 40,091 43,214

 Mandatory Appropriation 3,241 3,356 3,532

 Discretionary Appropriation 34,280 36,735 39,682
29 

United States Court of International Trade

Salaries and Expenses

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 9 2,163 68 21,260 77 23,423

Adjustments to Base - 220 - 1,144 - 1,364

Program Increases - - - - - - 

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 9 2,383 68 22,404 77 24,787

FY 2024 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

The Court of International Trade requests $24.8 million ($2.4 million for mandatory expenses 

and $22.4 million for discretionary expenses) in FY 2024. 

The $22.4 million request for discretionary appropriations represents a 5.4 percent increase over 

the FY 2023 enacted discretionary appropriation. This request reflects the necessary adjustments 

to base to maintain current services. The Court requests no program increases for FY 2024. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes $0.2 million for standard pay and benefits increases for judges. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes an increase of $1.1 million for standard pay and benefits 

adjustments, other inflationary adjustments, and one more compensable day. 

III. Appropriations Language 

United States Court of International Trade

Salaries and Expenses

For salaries of officers and employees of the court, services, and necessary expenses of the court, 

as authorized by law, [$21,260,000]$22,404,000. 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of the chief judge and judges of the court. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 
30 

IV. Summary of Obligations

Category

FY 2022

Actual

FY 2023

Assumed

FY 2024

Request

Compensation and Benefits 10,525 12,153 13,020

Rent, Communications and Utilities 8,846 8,936 9,204

Travel 64 117 119

Other 2,792 2,217 2,444

Total Obligations 22,227 23,423 24,787

Other Adjustments 90 - -

Available Appropriation 22,317 23,423 24,787

 Mandatory Appropriation 1,717 2,163 2,383

 Discretionary Appropriation 20,600 21,260 22,404

United States Court of International Trade

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)
31 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Salaries and Expenses Enacted Appropriation 1,887 501,151 25,393 5,905,055 27,280 6,406,206

Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund Enacted Appropriation

 Total, FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation

 - - - 9,975 - 9,975

 1,887 501,151 25,393 5,915,030 27,280 6,416,181

Adjustments to Base 33 34,105 158 389,811 191 423,916

Adjustments to Base - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund

 Total, Adjustmements to Base

 - - - 894 - 894

 33 34,105 158 390,705 191 424,810

Program Changes

 Total, Program Changes

 - - 127 75,525 127 75,525

 - - 127 75,525 127 75,525

FY 2024 Salaries and Expenses Appropriation 1,920 535,256 25,678 6,370,391 27,598 6,905,647

Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund Appropriation

 Total, FY 2024 Appropriation Request

 - - - 10,869 - 10,869

 1,920 535,256 25,678 6,381,260 27,598 6,916,516

The judiciary requests $6,916.5 million for the Salaries and Expenses account in FY 2024, 

including $535.3 million for mandatory expenses; $6,370.4 million for discretionary expenses;

and $10.9 million for the Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund. The FY 2024 total 

discretionary request of $6,381.3 million is a 7.9 percent increase over the FY 2023 enacted 

discretionary appropriation. 

The request maintains base funding for operations of the courts and related offices at a current 

services level, as well as several program changes to address critical staffing and infrastructure 

requirements. The program changes include one new full-time magistrate judge and associated 

support staff; changes in court support staff due to caseload and workload estimates; new staff 

for information technology, public affairs, and the national district court law clerk program; a 

variety of critical information technology systems and projects; and tenant alterations projects 

required for the protection of life and safety.

This account provides for the operating expenses of the 12 regional circuit courts of appeals, 

district courts, bankruptcy courts, and probation and pretrial services offices. This account 

utilizes other funding sources, including fee collections and prior year carryforward balances, to 

offset appropriated funds. The judiciary currently projects that these sources of non-appropriated 

funds will total $327.8 million in FY 2023, $7.4 million less than the FY 2024 estimated level of 

$320.4 million.
32 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base 

The FY 2024 request includes $34.1 million for mandatory increases for Article III, senior, and 

bankruptcy judges as follows: 

1. Pay and benefit cost adjustment for Article III, senior, and bankruptcy judges: 

$25.2 million

An increase of $25.2 million will provide for expected changes in pay and benefits for 

Article III, senior, and bankruptcy judges, including the annualization of the January 

2023 pay adjustment and an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment.

2. Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships: $4.9 million and 18 FTE 

An increase of $4.9 million will provide for an additional 18 filled Article III judgeship

FTEs anticipated in FY 2024, based on a projected 45 confirmations in FY 2024, partially 

offset by active judges projected to take senior status or retire. 

3. Increase in average number of senior judges: $1.9 million and 7 FTE

An increase of $1.9 million will provide for an additional 7 senior judges anticipated in 

FY 2024. 

4. Increase in average number of bankruptcy judgeships: $2.1 million and 8 FTE 

An increase of $2.1 million will provide for an additional 8 filled bankruptcy judgeships 

anticipated in FY 2024. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes a net increase of $390.7 million for discretionary adjustments to 

base. This consists of a net increase of $312.0 million for standard pay and benefits increases, 

other inflationary adjustments, and one more compensable day; a net increase of $27.2 million 

for space-related adjustments; a net increase of $44.1 million for information technology 

requirements; and an increase of $7.4 million due to an anticipated decrease in non-appropriated 

funds. 

1. Pay and benefit cost adjustment for magistrate and claims court judges: $8.9 million

An increase of $8.9 million will provide for expected changes in pay and benefits for 

magistrate and claims court judges including the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment and an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment. 
33 

2. Increase in the number of filled Article III judges’ staff: $12.0 million and 100 FTE

An increase of $12.0 million will provide for an additional 100 staff FTE to support the

additional 18 filled Article III judgeships anticipated in FY 2024 (noted above in the 

mandatory adjustments to base section). 

3. Increase in the number of senior judges’ staff: $4.1 million and 35 FTE

An increase of $4.1 million will provide for an additional 35 staff FTE to support the 7 

additional senior judges anticipated in FY 2024 (noted above in the mandatory 

adjustments to base section). 

4. Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships: $2.8 million and 23 FTE

An increase of $2.8 million will provide for an additional 23 staff FTE to support the 8 

additional filled bankruptcy judgeships anticipated in FY 2024 (noted above in the 

mandatory adjustments to base section). 

5. Pay and benefit adjustments for court personnel: $254.5 million

An increase of $254.5 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in 

benefits rates, and one more compensable day. 

6. Funding necessary to maintain FY 2023 current service levels due to an anticipated 

decrease in non-appropriated funds: $7.4 million

In FY 2023, $327.8 million in estimated non-appropriated funds were available to finance 

FY 2023 requirements. In FY 2024, the judiciary expects $320.4 million in nonappropriated funds to be available, which is a decrease of $7.4 million from FY 2023. 

Therefore, the judiciary requests an increase of $7.4 million in appropriations due to a 

lower amount of anticipated non-appropriated funds.

7. Non-pay inflationary and contractual increases: $28.9 million

An increase of $28.9 million is requested for a 2.4 percent general inflationary increase 

and other contractual and miscellaneous increases.

8. Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund: $0.9 million

The FY 2024 level reflects an increase of $0.9 million for standard pay and non-pay 

inflationary adjustments and a rent increase as a result of rent relief ending in FY 2023 

for the Vaccine Injury program. 
34 

9. GSA space rental and related expenses: net $27.2 million

The FY 2024 request includes a net increase of $27.2 million for General Services 

Administration (GSA) space rental and related expenses consisting of: 

• tenant improvements (+$31.3 million),

• building operations and GSA rent costs (+$21.2 million), 

• changes in space/new space to be delivered in FY 2024 (+$9.1 million), 

• space reduction savings (-$1.4 million), and 

• non-recurring space adjustments (-$32.9 million). 

10. Information technology (IT) requirements: net $44.1 million

The FY 2024 request includes a net increase of $44.1 million consisting of: 

• Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools (+$28.5 million), 

• Court IT allotments (+$17.5 million),

• Cybersecurity and IT Modernization Plan (+$17.2 million),

• IT Court Support Reimbursable Program (+$1.2 million),

• Judicial Statistical and Reporting Systems (-$1.9 million),

• Administrative and Management Systems (-$2.4 million), 

• Telecommunications Program (-$6.0 million), and 

• Court Administration and Case Management Systems (-$9.9 million). 

III. Program Changes

The FY 2024 request includes an increase of $75.5 million for program changes. These changes 

include: 

1. New FY 2024 full-time magistrate judges and staff: $0.7 million and 5 FTE

The judiciary requests an additional $0.7 million for one additional full-time magistrate 

judge position, four support staff (4 FTE), and associated operating costs for the Northern 

District of Oklahoma at Tulsa. 

2. FY 2024 court support staffing due to workload changes: $10.1 million and 99 FTE

The judiciary requests an increase of $10.1 million for 198 new court support staff (99

FTE) in appellate, bankruptcy administrators, district, and probation and pretrial services 

offices in FY 2024 based on projected changes in workload. 
35 

Court Support Staffing 

FY 24 Workload Increase

Fiscal Year Dollars in Program 2024 FTE Thousands

Appellate 13 $1,528 

Bankruptcy Administrators 1 72 

District 50 4,788 

Probation/Pretrial 35 3,664 

Total 99 $10,052 

3. National court law clerk program: $2.6 million and 23 FTE

The FY 2024 request reflects an increase of $2.6 million and 23 FTE for the national 

court law clerk program. The additional law clerks would provide needed relief to 

district courts experiencing significant caseload challenges brought on by rising cases and 

a shortage in Article III judges. The program would allow district courts to apply for a 

court law clerk position under three eligibility tracks: (1) a high caseload per judgeship, 

(2) a low judge occupancy rate, or (3) a significant qualitative issue or circumstance 

(when potentially unquantifiable conditions create a burden for the district). Based on 

eligibility criteria, the judiciary projects needing funding for 23 additional law clerk 

positions in FY 2024, above the 18 law clerks funded through this program in FY 2023.

4. Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System: $16.0 million

The judiciary requests $16.0 million to fund a major upgrade to the Judiciary Integrated 

Financial Management System (JIFMS), the judiciary’s official budget, accounting, and 

procurement system.  The current version of JIFMS (Momentum 7.02) is over eight years 

and ten releases behind the current release of the commercial off-the-shelf Momentum 

product. This large gap in updates renders JIFMS technologically obsolete, which causes 

performance degradations and poses significant supportability and security risks. The 

upgrade of JIFMS to version 7.9 is critical to address numerous audit and security 

concerns, technical obsolescence of third-party support tools, performance concerns, and 

government compliance functionality. 

5. Identity access management system: $7.0 million 

The judiciary requests $7.0 million to fund a multi-year initiative to implement an 

identity access management system (IdAM). IdAM will establish standard identity and 

access management for all national IT systems. Judiciary users have multiple logon IDs 

and passwords to access various national systems, making it difficult to track users' 

movements from one system to the next. The judiciary’s current IdAM was first 
36 

implemented in 2007 and is outdated. Overhauling the IdAM system and implementing a 

cloud-based system capable of supporting a multi-cloud environment will enhance the 

judiciary’s security posture, enhance audit capabilities, provide services faster, and 

provide a better user experience. 

6. Reimbursable positions for cybersecurity and IT modernization: $5.5 million 

The judiciary requests $5.5 million for 58 reimbursable positions (29 reimbursable FTE) 

for the implementation of the multi-year cybersecurity and IT modernization plan. These 

positions will support the judiciary’s critical cybersecurity efforts.

7. Reimbursable positions for Office of Public Affairs: $0.2 million 

The judiciary requests $0.2 million for 2 reimbursable positions (1 reimbursable FTE) for 

web development in the AO's Office of Public Affairs to help support the judiciary’s 

programs. 

8. Office 365 upgrade: $7.9 million

The judiciary requests $7.9 million to implement a multi-year initiative to upgrade the 

judiciary's Microsoft Office 365 licenses. The upgrade of the judiciary’s enterprise-wide 

Microsoft Office 365 licenses will provide additional security features. 

9. Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements: $21.8 million 

An increase of $21.8 million is required to fund tenant alterations projects needed to 

address life and safety requirements, including repair and replacements of judges’ 

elevators. The elevator repair program develops a national inventory of elevators and 

prioritizes elevators for repair, modernization or replacement, as appropriate, to address 

life and safety issues, accessibility issues, or both. In FY 2024, 15 such elevators have 

been identified as needing critical repair.

10. Judiciary Data Integrity, Reporting, and Controls initiative: $3.0 million 

The judiciary requests $3.0 million to continue implementation of a multi-year initiative 

to produce an annual consolidated financial statement as part of the Judiciary Data 

Integrity, Reporting and Controls (JDIRC) program. 

11. Acquisition and Procurement Improvement: $0.8 million

This initiative closely aligns with the principles of JDIRC for an effective internal control 

structure to promote increased accountability and transparency into the judiciary’s 
37 

financial management practices. The judiciary requests $0.8 million for contractor 

support for the acquisition and procurement improvement activities. 

IV. Appropriations Language 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Salaries and Expenses

For the salaries of judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, magistrate judges, and all 

other officers and employees of the Federal Judiciary not otherwise specifically provided for, 

necessary expenses of the courts, and the purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for 

Probation and Pretrial Services Office staff, as authorized by law, [$5,905,055,000] 

$6,370,391,000 (including the purchase of firearms and ammunition); of which not to exceed 

$27,817,000 shall remain available until expended for space alteration projects and for furniture 

and furnishings related to new space alteration and construction projects. 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of circuit and district judges (including judges of the territorial courts of the United 

States), bankruptcy judges, and justices and judges retired from office or from regular active 

service.

In addition, for expenses of the United States Court of Federal Claims associated with processing 

cases under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-660), not to 

exceed [$9,975,000]$10,869,000, to be appropriated from the Vaccine Injury Compensation 

Trust Fund. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 
FY 2024 Budget Request 

Salaries and Expenses Account 

(Obligations) 

Operations and Judges & Chambers 

Maintenance Staff Salaries & 

9% Expenses 

24% Infonnation 

Technology 

11% 

Court Suppo1t 

Personnel Salaries Court Support 

22% Personnel Benefits 

18% 

V. Summary of Obligations

Comts of Appeals, Distlict Comts and Other Judicial Services 

Sala1ies and Expenses 

Comparative SUlllfilary of Obligations by Category 

($000) 

FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 

Catego1y Actual AssUllled Request 

Compensation and Benefits 3,983,008 4,330,624 4,649,572 

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,115,429 1,197,834 1,252,347 

Travel 51,551 53,302 56,095 

Other 1,113,647 1,347,248 1,278,895 

Total Obligations 6,263,635 6,929,008 7,236,909 

Other Adjustments (223,358) (522,802) (331,262) 

Available Approp1iation (Direct) 6,040,277 6,406,206 6,905,647 

Vaccine Iniury Comnensation Tmst Fund 9,850 9,975 10,869 

Total Available Annrop1iation 6,050,127 6,416,181 6,916,516 

Mandato1y Aoorooriation 460,225 501,151 535,256 

Discretionary Appropriation - Salaries and 

Ex!Jenses Direct 5,580,052 5,905,055 6,370,391 

Discretionary Appropriation - Vaccine Injllly 

Comoensation Tmst FUlld 9,850 9,975 10,869 

VI. Budget Request by Category

38 
Court Support Staffing 

z3,.soo -

FY 2012 - FY 2024 

!3,000 -

!l,SOO -

!l,000 -

ll,.500 -

ll,000 -

!0,500 -

!0,000 -

19,31! 

o.board 

19,500 -

19,000 - � 19,283 

On-board 19,194 13,m '-----'I 0.-boanl Estitmted 

18,500 -

18,000 -

17,500 -

17,000 + 

9/30/l0I! 9/3012013 9/3012014 9/30/l015 9/30/l016 9/3012617 9/30/l0IS 9/30/l019 9/30120!0 9/30/l0ll 9/30/l0?l 9/30120!3 9/30120!4 

-Cb-BoordFJE 

VII. Court Support Staffing

VIII. Judiciary Workload Factors

WORKLOAD FACTOR* Actual2017 Actual2018 Actual2019 Actual2020 Actual2021 Actual2022 Projected 2023 

Crmnal Filing; 58,121 67;2.57 73,012 64,853 59,500 55,220 57,500 

Year-to-Year c1u...,,.: -4.8% 15.7% 8.6% -11.2% -8.3% -7.2% 4.1% 

Crmnal Deb:lants Filed 75;2.35 84,828 90,541 79,122 75,407 69,466 70,100 

Year-to-Year Cmru,e: -5 9% 12.8% 6.7% -12.6% -4.7% -7.9"/o 0.9% 

Civil Filings ** 271,721 281,202 293,520 421,082 374,250 293,762 278,300 

Year-to-Year C1unOP: -6.4% 3.5% 4.4% 43.5% -11.1% -21.5% -5.3%

Appellate Filings 52,028 49,220 47,783 49,044 45,790 42,094 43,200 

Bankruptcy 

Year-to-Year Change: -13.4% -5.4% -2.9"/o 2.6% -6.6% -8.1% 2.6% 

Filings 796,037 775,578 773,361 682,363 462,309 380,634 447,600 

Year-to-YearClruu,e: -2.8% -2.6% -0.3% -11.8% -32.2% -17.7% 17.6% 

Pretrial Servi:es: Cases Activated 82,265 90,951 98,627 83,839 71,647 67,701 78,100 

Year-to-Year Clunao: -6.7% 10.6% 8.4% -15.0% -14.5% -5.5% 15.4% 

Pretrial Servi:es: Persons Under Supervision 43,998 43,997 46,539 46,646 52,915 55,471 54,100 

Year-to-YearClruu,e: -3.6% 0.0% 5.8% 0.2% 134% 4.8% -2.5%

Probation: Presentence Reports 60,669 60,498 66,622 68,974 47,628 62,829 65,300 

Year-to-Year Clunao: 1.9"/o -0.3% 10.1% 3.5% -30.9% 31.9% 3.9% 

Probation: Persons Uooer Supervision 135,947 131,036 128,120 126,875 124,249 124,167 124,800 

Year-to-Year Chan<>-e: -1.4% -3.6% -2.2% -1.0% -2.1% -0.1% 0.5% 

• Both actual am projected worlcbad fictors are lor 12-momhperiods encmgJ1111e 30 each year. 

** The actual FY 21, FY 22 am projected FY 23 civil filing; mcWe � related to the �t liligation(MDL) Case 2885 (InRE: 3M Con:J>at.Anns Earphig 

Prodocts Liabiliy Liigat¥,n) in the Northern District ofFhma. 

39 
40 

IX. Other Sources of Funding for the Judiciary

Explanation of Other Funding Sources

In addition to appropriated funds, each year the judiciary uses other non-appropriated funds to 

offset its appropriation requirements. Fee collections, primarily from court filing fees, comprise 

the majority of these sources of funds. These funds are used to offset expenses within the 

Salaries and Expenses account, allowing the judiciary to request fewer appropriated dollars from 

Congress. 

“Unencumbered” Funds

In addition to fee collections, in certain instances the judiciary may carry funds forward from one 

year to the next. These carryforward funds are considered “unencumbered” when they are 

generated by savings in the financial plan where budgeted costs did not materialize, such as 

slower than expected hiring or space delivery dates. These savings are usually unforeseen and 

uncontrollable by the judiciary. 

Recognizing that savings in the financial plan tend to occur each year, but at unpredictable 

levels, the judiciary has tried to estimate the level of unencumbered funds that will be available 

to offset FY 2024 requirements. As the table below indicates, the judiciary has estimated that 

unencumbered funds will total $320.4 million in FY 2024, including $170.4 million in new fee 

collections and $150.0 million in other unencumbered carryforward. This level of 

unencumbered funds represents a net decrease of $7.4 million from the $327.8 million estimated 

in FY 2023 to help finance court operations. The discretionary adjustments to base above 

include an increase of $7.4 million in appropriations due to the lower amount of anticipated nonappropriated funds in FY 2024. 

The judiciary’s estimates for non-appropriated funds typically fluctuate during the fiscal year. 

AO staff will update the appropriations subcommittee staffs on changes in non-appropriated 

funding levels during FY 2023. 

Sources of Non-Appropriated Unencumbered Funds

in Salaries and Expenses

($000)

Dollars in Thousands

FY 2023

Plan

FY 2024

Request

Difference

Fee Collections 138,236 170,393 32,157

Other Carryforward 189,557 150,000 (39,557)

Total, Non-Appropriated 

Sources of Funding, 327,793 320,393 (7,400)

Excluding Encumbered
41 

“Encumbered” Funds 

Carryforward funds are considered “encumbered” when both the funds and the associated need 

for the funds shift, or slip, to the next year. The judiciary has no-year authority for specific 

purposes for multi-year IT investments and new space-related requirements. Further, in some 

cases, similar to unencumbered funds described above, carryforward of fee balances from the 

prior year includes savings where planned expenses did not occur. This authority is used when 

planned expenses are delayed, or slipped, from one year to the next. In FY 2023, $185.0 million 

of financing and requirements were slipped from FY 2022. 

“Encumbered” funds, while adding to the judiciary’s projected obligations in a given fiscal year, 

do not impact the judiciary’s appropriation requirements. Even if the total amount fluctuates 

from year to year, the funds associated with the specific project are brought forward from the 

prior year to fund the project, resulting in no additional appropriation requirements.
42 

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43 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and

Other Judicial Services

Defender Services

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 3,451 1,382,680

Adjustments to Base 14 137,668

Program Changes (6) 12,667

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 3,459 1,533,015

The judiciary requests $1,533.0 million for Defender Services in FY 2024, a 10.9 percent increase

over the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. The FY 2024 request reflects the necessary adjustments 

to base to maintain current services, as well as program changes for federal defender organization

(FDO) staffing requirements related to workload adjustments; IT, cybersecurity, and IT 

modernization requirements; training requirements; and additional program oversight positions. 

This funding supports the provision of constitutionally-mandated legal representation and other 

services to persons financially unable to obtain counsel in criminal and related matters in federal 

court. The Criminal Justice Act provides that courts shall appoint counsel from federal public and 

community defender organizations or from a panel of private attorneys established by the court. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

A net increase of $137.7 million is requested for adjustments to base for pay and benefits, other 

inflationary increases, and one more compensable day, as well as for adjustments that will allow 

the judiciary to meet its constitutional obligation to provide defense counsel to all eligible persons 

in FY 2024. These increases include:

1. Pay and benefit adjustments: $57.0 million

An increase of $57.0 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment (including inflationary panel rate adjustments), an assumed January 2024 pay 

adjustment (including inflationary panel rate adjustments), within-grade increases, changes 

in benefits rates, and one more compensable day. 
44 

2. Other inflationary increases: $10.8 million

An increase of $10.8 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay 

categories, including space rental costs.

3. Change in projected panel attorney requirements: ($4.0 million)

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, panel attorney caseload and payments showed 

significant increases. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a large 

reduction in panel attorney vouchers and representations, and the recovery to pre-pandemic 

levels in panel attorney caseload and payments has been slower than expected. Therefore, 

to adjust for these trends, a base decrease of $4.0 million is requested. Even with this $4.0 

million base reduction, there are adequate funds in the FY 2024 Defender Services request 

to meet projected panel attorney payment and representation requirements. 

4. Annualization of FY 2023 positions: $3.0 million and 14 FTE

Funding is required to annualize positions that were funded in FY 2023, including -26 

federal public defender organization (FPDO) positions (-13 FTE); -6 community defender 

organization (CDO) positions; 44 positions (22 FTE) related to the Supreme Court’s 

decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma; 9 national positions (5 FTE); and 8 reimbursable 

positions that will support the Defender Services Office.

5. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $70.8 million

In FY 2023, $110.8 million in balances from FY 2022 and prior years will be available to 

finance requirements. In FY 2024, the judiciary currently projects $40.0 million in 

carryforward to be available, a decrease of $70.8 million from FY 2023. Because the 

judiciary anticipates having $70.8 million less in carryforward funding available in 

FY 2024, it requests $70.8 million in funding to substitute direct appropriations for base 

expenses previously funded from carryforward balances. The judiciary will advise 

Congress if any additional savings materialize in FY 2023 that may reduce FY 2024 

appropriations requirements for this account.

II. Program Changes

The FY 2024 request includes a net increase of $12.7 million for program changes. These changes 

include: 

1. Change in projected FDO requirements: ($1.4 million) and (6 FTE) 

The FY 2024 request includes a decrease of $1.4 million and 6 FTE for 12 fewer FDO staff 

(12 FPDO positions/6 FTE) due to projected workload adjustments. This decrease 

maintains authorized staffing levels at 98 percent of formula requirements.
45 

2. Information technology, cybersecurity, and IT modernization: $11.5 million

The requested increase will support three data management initiatives ($1.4 million), 

contract management requirements ($0.2 million), as well as cybersecurity and IT 

modernization initiatives ($9.9 million). 

3. Training: $2.2 million

The requested increase will support the following three initiatives: 

• 21st century training operations ($0.9 million), which will include an Event 

Management System, a Learning Management System, a Customized Continuing 

Legal Education (CLE)-enabled platform and a Real-time Polling/Survey Platform; 

• training post-COVID ($0.8 million), which will meet the demand for hybrid (inperson and virtual) training; and 

• additional training requirements ($0.6 million), which will expand training 

programs on case management; mental health; representing clients with intellectual 

disabilities; diversity; managing electronically stored information; and FDO budget, 

procurement, and financial training and materials.

4. Reimbursable positions: $0.3 million

The requested increase supports three additional reimbursable positions for the AO’s 

Defender Services Office. These positions will support program reviews and 

budgetary/financial operations for federal defenders and their staff in the areas of audit 

preparation, financial management, internal controls, procurement, and accountable officer 

liability.

III. Appropriations Language 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Defender Services

For the operation of Federal Defender organizations; the compensation and reimbursement of 

expenses of attorneys appointed to represent persons under 18 U.S.C. 3006(a) and 3599, and for 

the compensation and reimbursement of expenses of persons furnishing investigative, expert, and 

other services for such representations as authorized by law; the compensation (in accordance with 

the maximums under 18 U.S.C. 3006(a) and reimbursement of expenses of attorneys appointed to 

assist the court in criminal cases where the defendant has waived representation by counsel; the 

compensation and reimbursement of expenses of attorneys appointed to represent jurors in civil 

actions for the protection of their employment, as authorized by 28 U.S.C. 1875(d)(1); the 

compensation and reimbursement of expenses of attorneys appointed under 18 U.S.C. 983(b)(1) in 

connection with certain judicial civil forfeiture proceedings; the compensation and reimbursement 

of travel expenses of guardians ad litem appointed under 18 U.S.C. 4100(b); and for necessary 

47 

VI. Defender Services Workload Factors

Total Representations

Workload Factor 2018 

Actual

2019 

Actual

2020 

Actual

2021 

Actual

2022

Actual

2023

Projected

2024

Projected

FDO weighted – non-capital 

representations 142,750 152,496 151,025 116,721 130,062 131,250 137,900

FDO weighted – capital 

prosecutions 2,101 1,174 1,019 663 1,019 1,000 1,000

Total FDO weighted 

1 Representations 144,851 153,670 152,044 117,384 131,081 132,250 138,900

Panel Attorneys 77,130 89,079 93,189 64,326 62,866 62,400 65,200

Total Representations2 221,981 242,749 245,233 181,710 193,947 194,650 204,100

Year-to-Year Change 9.4% 1.0% -25.9% 6.7% 0.4% 4.9%

1

 FDO caseload actuals and projections are based on raw cases converted to weighted cases. 

2

 Statistical data are for a 12-month period through March 31 of each year.
48 

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49 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation - 58,239

Adjustments to Base - 1,663

FY 2024 Appropriation Request - 59,902

The judiciary requests $59.9 million for Fees of Jurors and Commissioners in FY 2024, a 2.9 

percent increase over the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. The FY 2024 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services. 

Costs associated with this account may vary and are driven by the number of jury trials, the length 

of those trials, and statutory rates for reimbursement paid to jurors. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2024 request includes a net increase of $1.7 million in adjustments to base associated with 

inflationary adjustments, projected changes in juror days, and other adjustments to maintain 

current services. This increase will allow the account to continue to pay for the statutory fees and 

expenses of grand and petit jurors and compensation of land commissioners in FY 2024. These 

adjustments include:

1. Inflationary adjustments: $0.6 million

In addition to attendance fees, jurors also are reimbursed for certain expenses, including 

meals and lodging for sequestered jurors and transportation of juries to view evidence or 

crime scenes. Inflationary increases associated with these expenses are expected to total 

$0.2 million for grand jurors and $0.4 million for petit jurors in FY 2024. 

2. Projected change in juror days: $0.7 million

Overall expenses for grand and petit jurors are expected to increase by $0.7 million in 

FY 2024 based on the projected number of available grand and petit jurors.

3. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $0.3 million

In FY 2023, $1.3 million in balances from FY 2022 and prior years is available to finance 

FY 2023 requirements. In FY 2024, the judiciary currently projects $1.0 million in nonappropriated funds to be available, a decrease of $0.3 million. Because the judiciary 
50 

anticipates having $0.3 million less in carryforward funding in FY 2024, it requests $0.3 

million in additional appropriations to maintain current services. The judiciary will advise 

Congress if any additional savings materialize in FY 2023 that may reduce FY 2024 

appropriations requirements for this account. 

II. Appropriations Language 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

For fees and expenses of jurors as authorized by 28 U.S.C. 1871 and 1876; compensation of jury 

commissioners as authorized by 28 U.S.C. 1863; and compensation of commissioners appointed in 

condemnation cases pursuant to rule 71.1(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C. 

Appendix Rule 71.1(h)), [$58,239,000]$59,902,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, 

That the compensation of land commissioners shall not exceed the daily equivalent of the highest 

rate payable under 5 U.S.C. 5332. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

III. Summary of Obligations

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 24,676 27,565 29,320

Rent, Communications and Utilities 2,812 3,584 2,965

Travel 21,207 23,237 25,625

Other 2,962 5,179 2,992

Total Direct Obligations 51,657 59,565 60,902

Other Adjustments (19,054) (1,326) (1,000)

Available Appropriation 32,603 58,239 59,902

52 

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53 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services

Court Security

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 

(Excluding Supplemental Appropriation) 96 750,163

Adjustments to Base 8 22,734

Program Increases 5 10,568

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 109 783,465

The judiciary requests $783.5 million for Court Security in FY 2024, a 4.4 percent increase over 

the FY 2023 enacted annual appropriation. This FY 2024 request reflects the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services. The request also includes several program

increases related to the court security officer (CSO) program, security systems and equipment 

needs, additional U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) staffing requirements, additional Vulnerability 

Management Program (VMP) requirements, and additional Administrative Office staffing and 

emergency management requirements. The majority of the funding in this account is transferred 

to the USMS, which is responsible for administering the Judicial Facility Security Program. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base 

The Court Security request includes $22.7 million for adjustments to base for pay and benefits, 

other inflationary increases, one more compensable day, and other adjustments to maintain 

current services in FY 2024. These adjustments include:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $3.2 million

An increase of $3.2 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in 

benefit rates, and one more compensable day. 

2. Annualization of CSO positions (109): $5.3 million

Funding is required to annualize costs for 109 CSOs funded in FY 2023: 7 additional 

CSO positions needed to staff new courthouse construction projects in FY 2024, 16 new 

CSO positions for McGirt requirements, and 86 new CSO positions to complete the 

implementation of the CSO staffing standards. 
54 

3. Annualization of USMS positions: $2.7 million and 8 FTE

Funding is required to annualize costs for positions funded in FY 2023: 4 new USMS 

positions (2 FTE) to support the equipment modernization and cyclical replacement 

strategy and 12 new USMS positions (6 FTE) for the Judicial Facility Security Program. 

4. FY 2024 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments: $5.3 million

This increase provides for an average 3.0 percent wage adjustment for contract CSOs, as 

established by the U.S. Department of Labor and based on collective bargaining 

agreements.

5. Non-pay inflationary increase: $0.3 million

An increase of $0.3 million is requested for a 2.4 percent general inflationary increase for 

travel, supplies, equipment, and other contractual services (exclusive of CSO contracts). 

6. Changes in Federal Protective Service security charges: $3.2 million

The requested increase of $3.2 million will fund basic and building-specific security 

expenses based on anticipated billings from the Department of Homeland Security 

Federal Protective Service (FPS). The total request for FPS charges is $90.5 million in 

FY 2024, which is a 3.7 percent increase from the $87.3 million projected for FY 2023. 

($000) FY 2023 FY 2024 Difference

Basic 27,500 28,400 900

Building-Specific 59,752 62,100 2,348

Total FPS 87,252 90,500 3,248

7. Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment: ($1.8 million) 

The requested amount reflects a net decrease of $1.8 million in the court security systems 

and equipment acquisition plan (excluding proposed program increases). The net 

decrease is due to non-recurring security systems requirements for new courthouse 

construction projects, partially offset by increases for physical access control systems 

(PACS), video management systems (VMS), other additional and replacement 

equipment, the nationwide maintenance contract for existing security systems and 

equipment, and miscellaneous systems and equipment. 

8. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $4.5 million

In FY 2023, $19.5 million in balances from FY 2022 and prior years is available to 

finance FY 2023 requirements. In FY 2024, the judiciary expects $15.0 million in nonappropriated funds to be available, a decrease of $4.5 million from FY 2023. Because the 

judiciary anticipates having $4.5 million less in carryforward funding available in 
55 

FY 2024, it requests $4.5 million more in appropriated funding to maintain current 

services. The judiciary will advise Congress if any additional savings materialize in 

FY 2023 that may reduce FY 2024 appropriations requirements for this account. 

II. Program Changes

The FY 2024 request includes $10.6 million for program increases. These increases include:

1. Services to support the removal of judges’ personally identifiable information (PII) 

from the internet: $1.5 million 

The FY 2024 request includes an increase of $1.5 million for the Vulnerability 

Management Program for additional software licenses, automated tools, and support for 

identifying, redacting, and reducing PII for judges and eligible family members. 

2. Emergency management equipment sustainment: $1.0 million

The FY 2024 request includes $1.0 million to fund the recurring operations, maintenance, 

and life-cycle replacement costs for emergency management equipment in order to 

sustain satellite communications equipment in remote districts for continuity of 

operations. Remote districts in Guam, Saipan, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. 

Virgin Islands require satellite communications equipment and hybrid generators 

(solar/gas) for emergency communications. 

3. Emergency management reimbursable positions: $1.0 million 

The FY 2024 request includes $1.0 million for 4 new emergency management positions 

(4 reimbursable FTE). These positions will provide subject-matter expertise in 

emergency management. These positions will also implement AO emergency 

management programs and provide guidance, templates, and tools to court units and 

federal defenders with consistent program implementation per judiciary guidance. 

Additionally, staff will coordinate with other government agency safety staff. 

4. USMS staffing for positions for Judicial Facility Security Program: 

$1.7 million and 5 FTE 

The judiciary requests $1.7 million for 9 additional USMS positions (5 FTE) and 2 

contractors in FY 2024. This request consists of 7 positions (3.5 FTE) for operational 

and administrative support to district judicial security inspectors, 2 positions (1.5 FTE) 

for ensuring contract compliance, and 2 contractors for CSO and Systems support. 

5. Screening equipment replacement and disposal: $5.0 million 

Screening systems at federal courthouses include X-ray machines and walk-through 

metal detectors, and half of the screening systems in place do not provide an acceptable 
56 

level of protection. The FY 2024 request includes $5.0 million for the continued 

implementation of a multi-year equipment modernization and cyclical replacement 

strategy for screening systems. 

6. CSO staffing for McGirt requirements (6 CSOs): $0.4 million

In FY 2024, the judiciary requests an increase of $0.4 million for 6 additional CSO 

positions related to increased requirements as a result of the Supreme Court’s decision in 

McGirt v. Oklahoma. 

III. Appropriations Language 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Court Security

(Including Transfers of Funds)

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, incident to the provision of protective guard 

services for United States courthouses and other facilities housing Federal court or 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, the procurement, installation, and 

maintenance of security systems and equipment for United States courthouses and other facilities 

housing Federal court or Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, building 

ingress-egress control, inspection of mail and packages, directed security patrols, perimeter 

security, basic security services provided by the Federal Protective Service, and other similar 

activities as authorized by section 1010 of the Judicial Improvement and Access to Justice Act 

(Public Law 100-702), [$750,163,000]$783,465,000, of which not to exceed $20,000,000 shall 

remain available until expended, to be expended directly or transferred to the United States 

Marshals Service, which shall be responsible for administering the Judicial Facility Security 

Program consistent with standards or guidelines agreed to by the Director of the Administrative 

Office of the United States Courts and the Attorney General: Provided, That funds made 

available under this heading may be used for managing a Judiciary-wide program to facilitate 

security and emergency management services among the Judiciary, United States Marshals 

Service, Federal Protective Service, General Services Administration, other Federal agencies, 

state and local governments and the public; and[, notwithstanding sections 331, 566(e)(1), and 

566(i) of title 28, United States Code, for identifying and pursuing the voluntary redaction and 

reduction of personally identifiable information on the internet of judges and other familial 

relatives who live at the judge's domicile] for purposes authorized by the Daniel Anderl Judicial 

Security and Privacy Act of 2022 (Public Law 117-263, Division C, Title LIX, subtitle D) and 

28 U.S.C. § 604(a)(24).

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 
57 

IV. Summary of Obligations

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services

Court Security

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 12,939 15,505 20,788

Rent, Communications and Utilities 8,182 10,825 11,151

Travel 519 1,817 1,872

Court Security Officers Contract 456,646 493,692 506,965

Federal Protective Service Charges 77,192 87,252 90,500

Other 150,040 213,144 204,689

Total Direct Obligations 705,518 822,235 835,965

Other Adjustments (718) (34,572) (15,000)

Obligations Associated With Courthouse 

1 Hardening Supplemental Funds - (37,500) (37,500)

Available Appropriation 704,800 750,163 820,965

1

 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023

 Continuing Resolution. The $112.5 million will be obligated over 3 years.
58 

V. Budget Request by Category
59 

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

FY 2024 Request Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 649 102,673

Adjustments to Base 2 9,443

Program Increases 5 858

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 656 112,974

The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO) requests $113.0 million in FY 2024, a 10.0 

percent increase over the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. The FY 2024 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services and program increases to expand staff 

in the Office of Judicial Integrity, the Department of Technology Services, and agency project 

management teams. 

In addition to the appropriation provided by Congress, the AO receives non-appropriated funds 

from sources such as fee collections and carryover balances to offset its appropriation 

requirements. The AO also receives reimbursements from other judiciary accounts for 

information technology development and other services that are in direct support of the courts, 

the court security program, and defender services. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The AO requests an increase of $9.4 million in adjustments to base in FY 2024 for standard pay

and benefits adjustments, inflationary increases, one more compensable day, and other 

adjustments to maintain current services in FY 2024. These adjustments include:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $7.6 million

An increase of $7.6 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in 

benefit rates, and one more compensable day. 

2. Annualization of positions: $0.4 million and 2 FTE 

Funding is required to annualize positions that were funded in FY 2023, including 2 

positions (1 FTE) for the contractor suitability/background investigation program, 1 
60 

position (0.5 FTE) for the Office of Compliance and Risk, and 1 position (0.5 FTE) for 

the Fair Employment Practices Office. 

3. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $1.3 million 

In FY 2023, $18.1 million in estimated non-appropriated funds were available to finance 

FY 2023 requirements. In FY 2024, the judiciary expects $16.9 million in nonappropriated funds to be available, which is a decrease of $1.3 million from FY 2023. 

Therefore, the judiciary requests an increase of $1.3 million in appropriations due to a 

lower amount of anticipated non-appropriated funds. 

4. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.1 million

An increase of $0.1 million is requested for a 2.4 percent general inflationary increase 

and other contractual and miscellaneous increases.

II. Program Increases

The FY 2024 request includes $0.9 million for program increases. These increases include:

1. Office of Judicial Integrity: $0.2 million and 1 FTE 

The judiciary requests $0.2 million and 2 positions (1 FTE) for investigative support for 

workplace conduct matters, to include conducting investigations, consultative support, 

and investigations training. This additional investigative staffing capacity can also be 

shared with other AO offices with investigative responsibilities, such as to the Office of 

Fair Employment Practices and the staff who address Fraud, Waste, and Abuse 

allegations, when capacity issues arise.

2. IT oversight support: $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE 

As a result of the July 2022 GAO study and other reviews supporting the need for a 

strengthened role for IT leadership at the AO, including the establishment of a Chief 

Information Officer, the judiciary requests $0.1 million and 1 position (0.5 FTE) to staff 

the incoming Chief Information Officer’s efforts to review recommendations and assess 

the AO’s organizational structure and authority. 

3. Project management staff: $0.4 million and 2 FTE

The judiciary requests $0.4 million and 4 positions (2 FTE) for implementing best 

practices for IT project management across the AO. A GAO study completed in July 

2022 identified opportunities for improvement in IT project management. Rather than 

the current department-level approach, GAO recommended that all departments comply 

with agency-wide guidance and standard processes for IT project management. The new 
61 

positions will support new IT project management guidance, including the development 

of comprehensive cost estimates and improved project schedules. 

4. Department of Technology Services: $0.2 million and 1 FTE

The judiciary requests $0.2 million and 2 positions (1 FTE) for the Department of 

Technology Services, which provides staff support to the Judicial Conference Committee 

on Information Technology (IT Committee) and other stakeholder groups that provide 

advice on IT policies and their implementation. Two additional staff positions are 

requested to support policy development and coordination responsibilities, including IT 

Committee support, working with stakeholders to consider proposed changes, updating 

policies and other guidance, and communicating changes to stakeholders from court units 

and federal public defender organizations. 

III. Appropriations Language 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts as authorized by 

law, including travel as authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1345, hire of a passenger motor vehicle as 

authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1343(b), advertising and rent in the District of Columbia and elsewhere, 

[$102,673,000]$112,974,000, of which not to exceed $8,500 is authorized for official reception 

and representation expenses.

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

IV. Summary of Obligations

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 234,677 275,533 304,770

Rent, Communications and Utilities 470 604 620

Travel 685 1,370 1,406

Other 9,879 8,364 8,580

Total Direct Obligations 245,711 285,871 315,376

Other Adjustments (16,196) (18,181) (16,863)

Reimbursable Program (130,970) (165,017) (185,539)

Available Appropriation 98,545 102,673 112,974
62 

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63 

Federal Judicial Center

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 128 34,261

Adjustments to Base - 821

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 128 35,082

The Federal Judicial Center (FJC) requests $35.1 million in FY 2024, a 2.4 percent increase over 

the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. This request reflects the necessary adjustments to base to 

maintain current services. The FJC requests no program increases for FY 2024. 

The FJC, which is the research and education arm of the Third Branch, provides judges and other 

judiciary personnel with education and training on legal developments and efficient litigation 

management and court administration. As such, its workload is derived in large part from the 

population of the courts. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Federal Judicial Center requests $0.8 million in adjustments to base for standard pay and 

benefits increases, other inflationary adjustments, one more compensable day, and other 

adjustments to maintain current services in FY 2024. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $1.6 million

An increase of $1.6 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2023 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2024 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, changes in benefit 

rates, and one more compensable day.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.2 million

An increase of $0.2 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories. 

3. Reduction for non-recurring requirements: ($1.0 million) 

A decrease of $1.0 million is for non-recurring requirements associated with a workplace 

conduct study with NAPA funded in FY 2023. 
64 

II. Appropriations Language 

Federal Judicial Center

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses of the Federal Judicial Center, as authorized by Public Law 90-219, 

[$34,261,000]$35,082,000; of which $1,800,000 shall remain available until September 30, 

[2024]2025, to provide education and training to Federal court personnel; and of which not to 

exceed $1,500 is authorized for official reception and representation expenses. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

Federal Judicial Center

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 23,097 24,722 26,335

Rent, Communications and Utilities 542 638 653

Travel 3,532 5,328 5,461

Other 2,887 3,882 2,913

Total Direct Obligations 30,058 34,570 35,362

Other Adjustments (173) (309) (280)

Available Appropriation 29,885 34,261 35,082

III. Summary of Obligations 
65 

United States Sentencing Commission

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2024 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation 96 21,641

Adjustments to Base - 1,509

FY 2024 Appropriation Request 96 23,150

The United States Sentencing Commission (the Commission) requests $23.2 million in FY 2024, 

a 7.0 percent increase over the FY 2023 enacted appropriation. The FY 2024 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services. The Commission requests no 

program increases for FY 2024. 

The Commission reviews and revises the sentencing guidelines regularly, collects data from 

federal sentencing courts, analyzes these data to provide meaningful information on federal 

sentencing practices, and provides extensive training to guideline users. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Commission requests $1.5 million in adjustments to base for standard pay and benefits 

increases, other inflationary adjustments, and one more compensable day. 

II. Appropriations Language 

United States Sentencing Commission

Salaries and Expenses

For the salaries and expenses necessary to carry out the provisions of chapter 58 of title 28, 

United States Code, [$21,641,000]$23,150,000, of which not to exceed $1,000 is authorized for 

official reception and representation expenses. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 
66 

III. Summary of Obligations

United States Sentencing Commission

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2022 FY 2023 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 16,273 17,013 18,263

Rent, Communications and Utilities 26 25 26

Travel 46 312 330

Other 4,045 4,291 4,531

Total Direct Obligations 20,390 21,641 23,150

Other Adjustments 174 - -

Available Appropriation 20,564 21,641 23,150
67 

Title III Administrative Provisions – The Judiciary

Note: For bill language, the judiciary used the language from P.L. 117-328, Financial 

Services and General Government Act, 2023. Therefore, the bracketed and italicized 

changes reflected below are being made to FY 2023 language as it appears in P.L. 117-

328. 

SEC. 301. Appropriations and authorizations made in this title which are available for salaries 

and expenses shall be available for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109. 

SEC. 302. Not to exceed 5 percent of any appropriation made available for the current fiscal year 

for the Judiciary in this Act may be transferred between such appropriations, but no such 

appropriation, except “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services, Defender 

Services” and “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services, Fees of Jurors 

and Commissioners”, shall be increased by more than 10 percent by any such transfers: 

Provided, That any transfer pursuant to this section shall be treated as a reprogramming of funds 

under sections 604 and 608 of this Act and shall not be available for obligation or expenditure 

except in compliance with the procedures set forth in section 608. 

SEC. 303. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the salaries and expenses appropriation 

for “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services” shall be available for 

official reception and representation expenses of the Judicial Conference of the United States: 

Provided, That such available funds shall not exceed $11,000 and shall be administered by the 

Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts in the capacity as Secretary of 

the Judicial Conference.

SEC. 304. Section 3315(a) of title 40, United States Code, shall be applied by substituting 

“Federal” for “executive” each place it appears.

SEC. 305. In accordance with 28 U.S.C. 561–569, and notwithstanding any other provision of 

law, the United States Marshals Service shall provide, for such courthouses as its Director may 

designate in consultation with the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States 

Courts, for purposes of a pilot program, the security services that 40 U.S.C. 1315 authorizes the 

Department of Homeland Security to provide, except for the services specified in 40 U.S.C. 

1315(b)(2)(E). For building-specific security services at these courthouses, the Director of the 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall reimburse the United States Marshals 

Service rather than the Department of Homeland Security.

SEC. 306. (a) Section 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650; 28 

U.S.C. 133 note), is amended [in the matter following paragraph 12–]

[(1)] in the second sentence (relating to the District of Kansas) following paragraph 

(12), by striking “[31]32 years and 6 months” and inserting “[32]33 years and 6 months”[; 

and]
68 

[(2) in the sixth sentence (relating to the District of Hawaii), by striking “28 years and 6 

months” and inserting “29 years and 6 months”]. 

(b) Section 406 of the Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, 

the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 (Public Law 109–

115; 119 Stat. 2470; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) is amended in the second sentence (relating to the 

eastern District of Missouri) by striking “[29]30 years and 6 months” and inserting “[30]31 years 

and 6 months”. 

(c) Section 312(c)(2) of the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization 

Act (Public Law 107–273; 28 U.S.C. 133 note), is amended— 

(1) in the first sentence by striking “[20]21 years” and inserting “[21]22 years”; 

(2) in the second sentence (relating to the central District of California), by striking 

“[19]20 years and 6 months” and inserting “[20]21 years and 6 months”; and

(3) in the third sentence (relating to the western district of North Carolina), by striking 

“[18]19 years” and inserting “[19]20 years”. 

[SEC. 307. Section 677 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the 

following:

“(d) The Counselor, with the approval of the Chief Justice, shall establish a retention and 

recruitment program that is consistent with section 908 of the Emergency Supplemental Act, 

2002 (2 U.S.C. 1926) for Supreme Court Police officers and other critical employees who agree 

in writing to remain employed with the Supreme Court for a period of service of not less than 

two years.”.] 

[SEC. 308. Section 996(b) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting “84 (Federal 

Employees’ Retirement System),” after “83 (Retirement),”.]

Sec 307. Section 3006A(d)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended in the first sentence by 

inserting after “Any attorney appointed pursuant to this section” the following: “ or the 

attorney’s law firm”.

This title may be cited as the “Judiciary Appropriations Act, [2023]2024”. 

Explanation of Changes

• Changes in section 306 extend 9 temporary district judgeships for 12 months each: AlabamaNorthern, Arizona, California-Central, Florida-Southern, Kansas, Missouri-Eastern, New 

Mexico, North Carolina-Western, and Texas-Eastern.

• Changes in sections 307 and 308 delete these provisions since they were already enacted as 

permanent law. 

• New section 307 is a technical change to allow payments to private “panel” attorneys 

appointed by courts under the Criminal Justice Act, to be made to the panel attorney’s law 

firm. A more detailed explanation of this provision is provided on the following page. 
69 

New Section 307 Explanation 

Federal courts appoint private attorneys to represent financially eligible defendants charged 

with a federal crime in accordance with the Criminal Justice Act (CJA). These attorneys are 

referred to as “panel” attorneys because they serve on a panel of qualified counsel maintained 

by a federal court. The CJA provides that panel attorneys are paid at authorized hourly rates. 

According to the Judiciary’s most recent data, approximately half of active panel attorneys 

are members of law firms.

The AO interprets the CJA as precluding direct payments to a panel attorney’s law firm for 

any CJA work performed by that panel attorney. As a result, all payments are currently made 

to individual panel attorneys via Treasury paper checks regardless of their employment or 

partnership arrangements. Panel attorneys at firms then turn over the checks to their law 

firm. Although panel attorneys support transitioning to direct deposit via electronic funds 

transfer (EFT) payments, they are concerned about EFT payments being deposited into their 

personal bank accounts and the additional steps required to transfer those funds to their law 

firms and file tax forms notifying the IRS that their firms are the true recipients of that 

income. 

The inability to pay law firms directly has led to complications with tax reporting for the CJA 

program and has delayed the Judiciary’s transition to EFT payments for panel attorney 

vouchers. This legislative provision would permit CJA attorneys to designate their law firm 

as the payee for CJA work, aligning such payments with tax reporting and billing for all 

other legal work and expediting the transition to the more secure and efficient EFT payments, 

as required by the Debt Collection Improvement Act. The Act requires that all federal 

payments other than tax refunds be made by EFT. 

The Judiciary also is concerned that, without this legislative provision, the ongoing 

administrative burden and tax complications of signing over CJA payments (made by 

Treasury paper check) to law firms will cause many attorneys to decline CJA appointments 

or resign from the panel. In addition, the reliance on Treasury paper checks for paying panel 

attorneys is particularly problematic as the Judiciary is seeing a significant increase in 

delayed mail, lost, stolen, and undelivered Treasury checks; difficulty depositing checks 

when they are signed over from panel attorneys to their law firm; and a growing number of 

canceled checks requests and check re-issuance. Treasury paper checks are inefficient and 

time consuming and resource intensive to administer. 

This technical amendment to the CJA would produce meaningful efficiencies for the 

Judiciary. Improving panel attorney retention by reducing the administrative burden on 

panel attorneys will result in reductions in panel management costs (i.e., recruitment, 

retention, and training of the panel) for the Judiciary. Eliminating paper checks will also 
70 

improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the payment process. In FY 2022, for 

example, the Judiciary requested the issuance of 105,053 Treasury paper checks totaling 

$357 million to pay CJA vouchers. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, paper 

checks are four times more expensive to issue, seven times more likely to have an exception 

claim (i.e., be lost, stolen, or returned), and 14 times more likely to have a non-receipt claim 

compared to electronic payments. 

In summary, this technical amendment to the CJA would significantly improve the efficiency 

of panel attorney payments, improve compliance with IRS tax reporting and statutes 

requiring EFT payments, facilitate the Judiciary’s transition to EFT for CJA payments, and 

support the recruitment and retention of qualified panel attorneys.
71 

Judicial Retirement Funds

Payment to Judiciary Trust Funds

FY 2024 Request

Mandatory

FTE ($000)

FY 2023 Enacted Appropriation - 251,800

Adjustments to Base - 100

FY 2024 Appropriation Request - 251,900

The judiciary requests $251.9 million in mandatory appropriations for the Judicial Retirement 

Funds in FY 2024, a net increase of $0.1 million above the FY 2023 enacted level. 

The Payment to the Judiciary Trust Funds is a mandatory account and is divided among three 

trust funds that finance payments to (1) retired bankruptcy and magistrate judges, (2) retired 

Court of Federal Claims judges, and (3) spouses and dependent children of deceased judicial 

officers. The appropriation requirements are calculated annually by an enrolled actuary pursuant 

to 31 U.S.C. 9503. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

Based on independent actuarial calculations, a net increase of $0.1 million is required for this 

account for FY 2024. 

II. Appropriations Language 

Sec. [618]__. (a) There are appropriated for the following activities the amounts required under 

current law: 

(1) Compensation of the President (3 U.S.C. 102). 

(2) Payments to--

(A) the Judicial Officers' Retirement Fund (28 U.S.C. 377(o)); 

(B) the Judicial Survivors' Annuities Fund (28 U.S.C. 376(c)); and 

(C) the United States Court of Federal Claims Judges' Retirement Fund (28 U.S.C. 

178(l)). 

(3) Payment of Government contributions--

(A) with respect to the health benefits of retired employees, as authorized by chapter 

89 of title 5, United States Code, and the Retired Federal Employees Health Benefits Act 

(74 Stat. 849); and 

(B) with respect to the life insurance benefits for employees retiring after December 

31, 1989 (5 U.S.C. ch. 87). 
72 

(4) Payment to finance the unfunded liability of new and increased annuity benefits under 

the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund (5 U.S.C. 8348). 

(5) Payment of annuities authorized to be paid from the Civil Service Retirement and 

Disability Fund by statutory provisions other than subchapter III of chapter 83 or chapter 84 

of title 5, United States Code.

(b) Nothing in this section may be construed to exempt any amount appropriated by this 

section from any otherwise applicable limitation on the use of funds contained in this Act. 

(P.L. 117-328 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2023) 

III. Summary of Obligations

Judicial Retirement Funds

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

Category

FY 2022

Actual

FY 2023

Assumed

FY 2024

Request

Other - Judicial Officers' Retirement Fund 238,100 222,500 220,900

Other - Judicial Survivors' Annuities Fund 30,400 26,200 27,700

Other - United States Court of Federal 

Claims Judges' Retirement Fund 4,100 3,100 3,300

Total Obligations/Appropriations 272,600 251,800 251,900
73 

Judiciary Space Priorities

for the

Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Request
74 

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75 

The federal courthouse construction program is administered jointly by the judiciary and General 

Services Administration (GSA). The judiciary establishes priorities for courthouse construction 

projects and sets the housing requirements for each project to ensure that completed facilities

meet the needs of the courts. GSA, as the holder of real property authority, secures the funding 

for courthouse construction, acquires the building site, and completes design and construction 

work on the facilities themselves. 

The judiciary sets forth its priorities for courthouse construction funding on its Federal Judiciary 

Courthouse Project Priorities (CPP) list. The CPP is divided into two parts. Part I consists of 

the judiciary’s highest courthouse construction funding priorities for the budget year. Part II 

identifies out-year courthouse construction priorities. 

Management of Prior Year Courthouse Construction Funding 

In FY 2016, Congress provided $948 million to GSA for the construction of courthouses on the 

judiciary’s CPP list, as approved by the Judicial Conference in September 2015. Consistent with 

congressional intent, this FY 2016 courthouse construction funding has been used to fully fund 

eight projects: Nashville, TN; Toledo, OH; Charlotte, NC; Des Moines, IA; Greenville, SC; 

Anniston, AL; Savannah, GA; and San Antonio, TX. Partial funding was also provided for 

Harrisburg, PA. In addition, Congress provided $53 million for GSA for new construction and 

acquisition of federal buildings that jointly house U.S. courthouses and other federal agencies in 

Greenville, MS, and Rutland, VT. Joint courthouse/federal building projects are prioritized by 

GSA and do not appear on the judiciary’s CPP. All these courthouse projects have been 

authorized by both the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Senate 

Committee on the Environment and Public Works. 

In FY 2018, Congress provided the remainder of funding needed to complete the project in 

Harrisburg, PA ($137.2 million), as well as complete construction funding for two additional 

projects: Huntsville, AL ($110.0 million), and Fort Lauderdale, FL ($190.1 million). Both the 

Huntsville and Fort Lauderdale projects have received authorization and are underway.

Between FY 2021 and FY 2023, Congress provided partial funding of $335.0 million for the 

Hartford, CT, courthouse and partial funding of $218.4 million for the Chattanooga, TN, 

courthouse, which represent the top two priorities on the current CPP, as well as partial funding 

of $22.5 million for the judicial space emergency in San Juan, PR. All of these projects are 

awaiting congressional authorization and remaining funds in FY 2024. 

Since receiving funding in FY 2016, the Rutland courthouse acquisition was completed in 

October 2018, and the Charlotte Annex, Savannah Annex, and the Greenville, SC projects were 

completed in FY 2021. In FY 2022, an additional three new courthouses were completed in 

Nashville, TN; San Antonio, TX; and Anniston, AL. The new courthouse projects in Harrisburg, 

Courthouse Construction
76 

PA and Des Moines, IA are expected to be completed in FY 2023, as well as the major 

renovation project at the Charles R. Jonas Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in Charlotte, 

NC. 

Each of the remaining fully funded projects (Greenville, MS; Toledo, OH; Savannah R&A, GA; 

Huntsville, AL; Ft. Lauderdale, FL; Hartford, CT; and Chattanooga, TN) is in a different stage of 

development. The AO continues to engage with GSA, USMS, and other Executive Branch 

stakeholders to ensure that additional milestones are reached, and projects remain on track. 

These activities include regular coordination and project status meetings; development of a 

communications and program management plan; the operation of a National Courthouse Change 

Management Board to provide key oversight of the changes impacting scope, schedule, and 

budget; and deployment of a program management dashboard to track progress. Coordination 

continues among judiciary stakeholders to address issues impacting the portfolio including risks, 

policies, and best practices.

Update to the CPP

In September 2022, the Judicial Conference of the United States approved an updated CPP list 

for FY 2024. For FY 2024, the approved CPP reflects the continuing judicial space emergency 

in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which makes that project the de facto top courthouse construction 

priority of the judiciary. 

Judicial Space Emergency of the CPP as listed below:

• San Juan, PR - $315.6 million for design and construction ($22.5 million previously 

funded in FY 2022 for design; site is federally owned)

Part I of the CPP includes three projects:

• Hartford, CT – $128.1 million for construction ($135.5 million previously funded in 

FY 2021 for site, design, and partial construction; $138.0 million funded in FY 2022 for 

partial construction; and $61.5 million funded in FY 2023 for partial construction) 

• Chattanooga, TN – $76.3 million for construction ($94.5 million previously funded in 

FY 2021 for site, design, and partial construction; $85.5 million funded in FY 2022 for 

partial construction; and $38.4 million funded in FY 2023 for partial construction) 

• Bowling Green, KY – TBD for site, design, and construction. GSA is working to finalize 

the cost estimate for a new courthouse in Bowling Green. 

Part II of the CPP includes five projects:

• Macon, GA 

• Anchorage, AK

• Greensboro/Winston Salem, NC 

• Norfolk, VA 

• McAllen, TX
77 

FY 2024 Request

U.S. Courthouse Project ($000)

U.S. Courthouse, Augusta, Georgia 4,300

Ross Adair Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Fort Wayne, Indiana 25,000

FY 2024 Request 29,300

The Capital Security Program (CSP) is funded as a Special Emphasis Program within GSA’s

Federal Buildings Fund. The CSP provides funding to address serious security deficiencies in 

existing courthouse buildings where physical renovations are viable in lieu of constructing a new 

courthouse. 

Fiscal Year 2024 Projects

The judiciary’s FY 2024 request for the CSP is $29.3 million for its two highest priorities. 

Actual projects funded, and the amounts associated with them, may change depending on the 

final amount appropriated for the CSP and the most recent project cost estimates available at the 

time of appropriation. If funding is limited or costs change, requested projects that cannot be 

accommodated within the available appropriation will be reduced in scope or deferred to the 

following fiscal year. 

1. U.S. Courthouse, Augusta, Georgia (construction only). $4.3 million 

The U.S. Courthouse in Augusta was constructed in 1916 and expanded in 1930. It is listed on 

the National Register of Historic Places. The 28,321 useable square feet, three-story plus 

basement structure houses two courtrooms, one hearing room, and three chambers. Its Asset 

Management Planning (AMP) process Facility Benefit Assessment (FBA) Security score is 26.4

out of a possible 100. Security deficiencies at this courthouse will be addressed by replacing an 

existing open air carport with an enclosed USMS sally port and separate judges’ parking area,

enlarging and reconfiguring the existing security screening queuing area, providing a dedicated 

judges’ elevator and a dedicated prisoner elevator, reconfiguring the first floor to provide secure 

and restricted circulation paths for prisoners and judges, and constructing a new prisoner 

movement circulation corridor over the first-floor roof to provide secure circulation on the second 

floor. This project was requested in FYs 2019 through 2022, but no program funding was 

provided. This project received $2 million for design in FY 2021 from the cancelled Raleigh, 

North Carolina, CSP project. The design completion date is planned for July 2023. As of 

February 2023, when the design development process was 35% complete, the estimated 

construction cost for this project is $23.0 million, $18.7 million of which is expected to be 

covered with FY 2023 CSP funds, leaving a request of $4.3 million to complete the project in 

FY 2024. 

Judiciary Capital Security Program
78 

2. Ross Adair Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Fort Wayne, IN (construction only): 

$25.0 million

This location was approved for a CSP study in June 2016 and currently has an AMP process 

FBA Security Score of 29.9. The study was completed in Fall 2018 and approved by the district 

and circuit courts. Security deficiencies at this courthouse will be addressed by adding a new 

judges’ parking garage, new USMS sally port and secured parking for USMS staff, two new 

prisoner elevators, a new security screening station, new fire egress stairs, a new jury room, and 

a new holding cell. Also, two dedicated judges’ elevators will be provided (one is repurposed 

from an existing shared elevator and the other is a new elevator that will provide restricted 

circulation to the second floor, including courtrooms). This project received $2 million for 

design in FY 2021 from the cancelled Raleigh, NC project. Design completion planned for June 

2023.