UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO. 18-6091

AMANDA JANE WOLFE AND PETER E.BOERSCHINGER

INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,PETITIONERS,

V.

DENIS MCDONOUGH,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS,RESPONDENT.

Before GREENBERG, ALLEN, and FALVEY, Judges.

O R D E R

ALLEN, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. FALVEY, Judge, filed a dissenting opinion.

Pending before us is respondent's Motion for Suspension of Secretarial Action Pending 

Appeal of Wolfe v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 1 (2019), to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal 

Circuit ("Motion"). Petitioners opposed the Motion. In addition, we requested the parties to provide 

supplemental briefing concerning the propriety of this Motion under our Rules of Practice and 

Procedure (Rules) and our jurisdiction to address the Motion given the pendency of the Federal 

Circuit appeal. After careful consideration, and for the reasons we will explain below, (1) we 

conclude we have jurisdiction to consider the Motion; (2) while the Motion is possibly not 

appropriate under our Rules, we have inherent authority to stay enforcement of our orders in 

appropriate circumstances; however (3) after considering the Motion on the merits, we will deny 

the Secretary the relief he seeks.

We begin by reviewing the history of this matter's proceedings, which substantially impact 

our analysis of the Motion. While the parties are, no doubt, intimately familiar with the course of 

proceedings, it is important that everyone is on the same page. We then turn to questions of 

jurisdiction and the propriety of the Motion under our Rules and our inherent authority. Finally, 

we address the parties' arguments on the merits and explain why we will deny the Motion.

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Though this action has a long history, we need not exhaustively rehash it. A few key 

developments set the stage for our analysis and explanation of our denial of the Motion. 

After extensive pre-argument briefing, oral argument, and supplemental briefing postargument, on September 9, 2019, the Court issued a precedential order concerning the petition. As 

relevant to the Motion before us, the Court's order provided as follows:1

 

1 All the cited provisions of our September 2019 order appear in Wolfe v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 1, 41 (2019).
2

• We certified the following class for purposes of the order: "All claimants whose 

claims for reimbursement of emergency medical expenses incurred at non-VA 

facilities VA has already denied or will deny, in whole or in part, on the ground that 

the expenses are part of the deductible or coinsurance payments for which the 

veteran was responsible."

• We invalidated 38 C.F.R. § 17.1005(a)(5) because we determined that it was 

contrary to 38 U.S.C. § 1725.

• We determined that the Secretary's decisions made under § 17.1005(a)(5), to the 

extent they denied reimbursement to class members for medical expenses deemed 

deductibles or coinsurance, in whole or in part, were invalid. Accordingly, we 

ordered the Secretary to readjudicate those reimbursement claims under section 

1725's proper interpretation.

• And we directed the Secretary to cease sending letters to claimants containing 

incorrect information about reimbursement claims and provided that within 45 days 

of the date of the order the Secretary prepare and submit to the Court for approval 

a plan for providing notice to veterans affected by the provision of notice that 

contained an incorrect statement of the law concerning reimbursement of costs for 

non-VA emergency care.

On October 24, 2019, the Secretary described his corrective action plans. That same day, 

the Secretary filed opposed motions (1) for entry of judgment or, in the alternative, certification 

for interlocutory review; and (2) to stay the precedential effect of the Court's September 2019 

order. On December 19, 2019, petitioners responded to both motions. And on January 23, 2020, 

we heard oral argument on both motions.

The next day, in an order that explained our reasoning,2 we denied respondent's motion to 

stay the precedential effect of the September 2019 order, based on Rule 8 and the Ribaudo3factors.

We held the motion for entry of judgment in abeyance, pending more briefing. And, on March 13, 

2020, petitioners filed an opposed motion to enforce the September 2019 order.

In an April 6, 2020 order, we resolved both the Secretary's motion concerning entry of 

judgment as well as petitioners' motion to enforce.4 With respect to the Secretary's motion, we 

directed that he take certain actions related to beginning the process of notifying class members 

concerning the readjudication process and indicated that we would enter judgment promptly after

that action had been taken. 5 Accordingly, we prospectively denied his motion as moot. 6 We 

 

2 Order, Wolfe v. Wilkie, No. 18-6091 (Jan. 24, 2020).

3 Ribaudo v. Nicholson (Ribaudo II), 21 Vet.App. 137, 140 (2007) (en banc) (per curiam).

4

See Order, Wolfe v. Wilkie, No. 18-6091 (April 6, 2020).

5

Id. at 4.

6

Id.
3

granted-in-part petitioners' motion and, in relevant part, ordered the Secretary to begin 

readjudications as required by the September 2019 order.7

The Secretary complied with the April 2020 order, and the Court entered judgment on April 

15, 2020. In June 2020, the Secretary filed his appeal to the Federal Circuit. That appeal remains 

pending and the Federal Circuit has started to receive briefing.

On January 22, 2021, respondent filed the present Motion, asking the Court to "authorize 

the Secretary to suspend retroactive readjudications of finally denied and unappealed Wolfe class 

claims pending the outcome of the appeal of the Wolfe Order to the Federal Circuit."8 Petitioners 

responded to the Motion on February 12, 2021, insisting that the Secretary has not adequately 

defined the subset of claims for which action should be suspended, much less shown that the 

Ribaudo factors weigh in his favor.9 For the reasons that follow, we agree with petitioners on the 

merits of the Motion.

While we were considering the Motion, we determined that we required additional briefing 

on two matters. First, while neither party raised a jurisdictional concern, "[t]he Court has an 

independent obligation to ensure it has jurisdiction to act."

10 So, we asked the parties to address 

whether we have jurisdiction to consider the Motion given the pendency of the Federal Circuit 

appeal. In addition, we directed the parties to address whether our Rules allow the Secretary's 

Motion at this point in the proceedings and, if they do not, whether we should suspend the Rules 

and address the merits on the Motion. As we will explain, we have jurisdiction to address the 

Motion. Moreover, while the Secretary's Motion is possibly inappropriate under our Rules, we

conclude we have inherent authority to suspend the effect of our judgments, so we will address the 

Motion on its merits whether or not Rule 8's plain language authorizes such a motion.

II. JURISDICTION AND PROPRIETY UNDER THE RULES

We begin with our jurisdiction to consider the Secretary's Motion. Up front, we 

acknowledge that "[t]he filing of a notice of appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance—it 

confers jurisdiction on the court of appeals and divests the [lower] court of its control over those 

aspects of the case involved in the appeal."

11

Because the Secretary has appealed the September 9, 2019, precedential order, it might 

appear at first glance that we lack jurisdiction to consider the Secretary's Motion. But we do not. 

The Secretary asks only to suspend his own action on some claims. He in no way asks us to exercise 

"control over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal" currently pending at the Federal 

Circuit. Therefore, addressing the Secretary's Motion poses no "danger" that both we and the 

 

7

Id.

8 Respondent's (Resp't's)Motion (Mot.) 3.

9 Petitioners' (Pet'rs')Response (Resp.) 3-10.

10 Demery v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 430, 434 (2019); see Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't, 523 U.S. 83 (1998); 

Barnett v. Brown, 83 F.3d 1380, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

11 Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982).
4

Federal Circuit "would be simultaneously analyzing the same judgment," which generally is the 

reason why a filing of a notice of appeal functions as an event of jurisdictional significance. 12

Rather, here, we will do no more than comport with our clear precedent that "we retain 

jurisdiction over the enforcement of our decisions even after we no longer have jurisdiction over 

the merits of a case because it has been appealed to the Federal Circuit."

13 Again, the Secretary 

moves to suspend his own action as to some claims, pending the Federal Circuit's decision. In other 

words, he seeks to pause enforcement of our prior order as to some claims. We can think of no 

good reason why we would lack jurisdiction over a motion to pause enforcement of a judgment if 

we otherwise have jurisdiction over a motion to enforce a judgment. The Secretary's Motion does 

not change the merits questions currently pending review before the Federal Circuit. Therefore, 

despite the pendency of the Federal Circuit appeal, we conclude that we have jurisdiction to 

address the Secretary's Motion because it concerns the enforcement, not the merits, of our prior 

decision.14

But that conclusion does not end our inquiry. The Motion must also be appropriate under 

our Rules or some other authority. The parties debate whether Rule 8, the vehicle the Secretary 

relies on to bring the Motion, authorizes the Motion. There is a serious question whether Rule 8 

contemplates a motion made after an appeal has been taken to the Federal Circuit. However, we 

need not conclusively resolve that issue because we also conclude that we retain inherent authority 

to suspend the effect of our judgments in certain circumstances. So, we will consider the Motion 

to have been made under that authority and, to the extent Rule 8 does not allow such a motion, we 

will suspend that Rule.

15

Turning first to Rule 8, it provides as follows in relevant part:

After an appeal or petition has been filed, a party seeking a Court order to 

suspend action by the Secretary or the Board or the precedential effect of 

a decision of this Court pending its appeal shall submit for filing with the 

Clerk a motion [to that effect].[16]

As we noted, the parties dispute whether Rule 8 allows a party to file a motion after a party 

has appealed to the Federal Circuit, as here. The Secretary says yes; petitioners, no. To argue that 

his Motion is proper under Rule 8, the Secretary leans on Ribaudo I17 and II, as well as Malik v. 

 

12 Id. at 58-59; see Rudisill v. McDonough, No. 16-4134, slip op. at 3 (Vet. App. May 7, 2021) (order granting 

injunction pending Federal Circuit decision) (reasoning similarly to hold that the Court had jurisdiction over a motion 

after a party had appealed to the Federal Circuit).

13 Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 139-40 (emphasis added) (overruling "[a]ny panel opinion by this Court suggesting 

otherwise").

14 See Rudisill, slip op. at 3-4 (reasoning similarly to hold that the Court had jurisdiction over a motion after a party 

had appealed to the Federal Circuit).

15 See U.S.VET. APP.R. 2.

16 U.S. VET. APP.R. 8(a).

17 Ribaudo v. Nicholson (Ribaudo I), 20 Vet.App. 552 (2007), abrogated on other grounds by Martin v. O'Rourke, 

891 F.3d 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
5

Peake.

18 For their part, petitioners argue that Rule 8's plain text applies to the time between the 

filing of an appeal or petition to this Court and the filing of a notice of appeal to the Federal Circuit.

We approach Rule 8's interpretation much as we would a question of statutory 

interpretation. We give our Rules their plain meaning.19 "As with a statute, our inquiry is complete 

if we find the text of the Rule to be clear and unambiguous. "

20 We seek to give effect to all terms 

and to avoid rendering any "inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant. "

21 We also mind the 

rule of the last antecedent, which "provides that 'a limiting clause or phrase . . . should ordinarily 

be read as modifying only the noun or phrase that it immediately follows.'"

22 However, we know 

that, "as with any canon of statutory interpretation, the rule of the last antecedent 'is not an absolute 

and can assuredly be overcome by other indicia of meaning.'"

23

After careful consideration, we conclude that Rule 8 is unclear as to whether it allows a 

party to file a motion after a party has appealed to the Federal Circuit. Two aspects of the rule 

speak to appropriate timing of motions. Yet, whether we look at those aspects individually or in 

tandem, we fail to find a clear answer in Rule 8.

Rule 8's introductory clause, "[a]fter an appeal or petition has been filed," does not specify 

whether it refers to an appeal or petition filed in this Court or the Federal Circuit. Nevertheless, 

we think the only way to give effect to all terms in Rule 8, and to avoid rendering "pending its 

appeal" inoperative or superfluous, is to understand Rule 8's introductory clause to mean "filed [in 

this Court]." In that case, we have a starting point for filing Rule 8 motions: after an appeal or 

petition has been filed in this Court.

As for a possible end point, or backstop, after which a party could not file a motion under 

Rule 8, the only textual reference is the phrase "pending its appeal," which in context would 

suggest that the time to file a Rule 8 motion is before the filing of an appeal to the Federal Circuit. 

At minimum, under the rule of the last antecedent, "pending its appeal" qualifies "the precedential 

effect of a decision of this Court." So, we know at a minimum that a motion to suspend the 

precedential effect of a decision may only be made under Rule 8 up to the time an appeal is taken 

to the Federal Circuit. But "pending its appeal" may also qualify "action by the Secretary or the 

Board," bringing into play the motion to suspend action, because it would make perfect sense to 

require all Rule 8 motions to be made within the same time frame.

To interpret Rule 8 to allow motions in a particular time frame—after an appeal or petition 

has been filed in this Court and before an appeal to the Federal Circuit is filed—would be 

 

18 22 Vet.App. 183 (2008) (per curiam).

19 See Bus. Guides, Inc. v. Chromatic Commc'ns Enters., Inc., 498 U.S. 533, 540 (1991) (concerning the Federal Rules 

of Civil Procedure).

20 See id. at 540-41.

21 Roper v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 173, 178 (2006) (quoting 2A Norman J. Singer, Sutherland Statutes and Statutory 

Construction § 46:06 (6th ed. 2000)), aff'd, 240 F. App'x 422 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

22 Lockhart v. United States, 577 U.S. 347, 351 (2016) (quoting Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 26 (2003)).

23 Id. at 352 (quoting Barnhart, 540 U.S. at 26).
6

consistent with Malik's interpretation of Rule 8. There, an appellant who had appealed from a 

Board decision "filed a motion for suspension of Secretarial action, pursuant to Rule 8 of this 

Court's Rules of Practice and Procedure."24 VA had terminated his accreditation, and he sought 

"reinstatement as an agent before VA pending disposition of the appeal."

25 In holding that we had 

jurisdiction to consider his motion under Rule 8, we reasoned that "Rule 8 of the Court's Rules of 

Practice and Procedure permits a party to seek extraordinary relief to suspend Secretarial action 

while the Court considers an appeal or petition currently before it"

26—meaning there currently 

before it on the merits. Admittedly, though, the Court in Malik seemingly rendered its 

interpretation in the absence of a question such as the one we face now about motions' timing.27

Contrary to what the Secretary seems to argue, neither Ribaudo I nor II bears on the 

question of our Rule 8's interpretation. Neither case arose under our Rule 8; rather, in those cases, 

the Court looked to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, 

and the Federal Circuit Rules for guidance in handling a situation that our Rules did not cover.28

All in all, we cannot say for sure whether Rule 8 permits the Secretary's Motion after he 

has filed an appeal to the Federal Circuit.29 But, even if Rule 8 does not permit his Motion, we 

conclude that, under Rule 2, we can suspend Rule 8 and otherwise order proceedings as we see 

fit.

30 Further, we conclude that we have inherent authority to suspend the effect of our judgments.31

So we will proceed to consider the merits of the Secretary's Motion. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD

We acknowledge that this Motion is different and narrower than respondent's prior motion 

to stay the precedential effect of the September 2019 order. However, the legal test that applied to 

the motion to stay also applies here.

32

 

24 Malik, 22 Vet.App. at 184.

25 Id.

26 Id. at 184-85 (emphasis added).

27 In their supplemental briefs, the parties also discuss whether the Secretary's Motion is properly characterized as a 

request for a stay or an injunction. Resp't's Supplemental (Suppl.) Brief (Br.) 7-9; Pet'rs' Suppl. Br. 3. Because the 

parties seem to agree that stay is the proper characterization, and both parties argued the Motion's merits under the 

Ribaudo factors, Resp't's Mot. 3-10, Pet'rs' Resp. 6-10, we see no need to say more about the Motion's characterization. 

Either way, the result would be the same.

28 Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 138-39 (citing the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and the Federal Circuit Rules); 

Ribaudo I, 20 Vet.App. at 559-60 (citing all three sets of rules).

29 The Court may wish to engage in rulemaking to clarify the scope of Rule 8.

30 U.S. VET. APP.R. 2.

31 Rudisill, slip op. at 5; see Monk v. Shulkin (Monk II), 855 F.3d 1312, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (holding that this Court 

has "authority to certify and adjudicate class action cases" "under the All Writs Act, other statutory authority, and the 

Veterans Court's inherent powers"); see also Skaar v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 156, 177-78 (2019) (citing Monk IIfor "our 

inherent authority . . . [and 38 U.S.C. § 7264(a) for] our ability to craft rules of practice and procedure"); Ribaudo I, 

20 Vet.App. at 559-60 (following "universally accepted Federal practice").

32 See Malik, 22 Vet.App. at 185 (holding that the Ribaudo factor test applies when a party seeks to suspend action 

under Rule 8).
7

In determining whether to grant such a motion, the Court looks to the "totality of the

circumstances" and pays specific attention to the following factors: (1) The movant's likelihood of

success on the merits of the appeal; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable harm in the

absence of a suspension of action; (3) the impact of a suspension of action on the non-moving 

party; and (4) the public interest.33 The movant bears the burden of demonstrating that a suspension 

of action is warranted.34

IV. SUSPENSION OF SECRETARIAL ACTION IS NOT WARRANTED.

Here, the Secretary has not met his burden of demonstrating that suspension of retroactive 

readjudications is warranted. As we will explain, none of the Ribaudo factors weigh in his favor. 

A. Likelihood of Success on Appeal

From the outset, we acknowledge that it may seem paradoxical, or even presumptuous, for 

us to predict how the Federal Circuit will rule on an appeal in which it is already engaged. Yet that 

is what the Secretary calls on us to do. He argues—for the first time, might we add35—that, by 

including in the Wolfe class definition reimbursement claims that VA "has already denied" and by 

ordering VA to retroactively readjudicate "finally denied and unappealed claims," we violated the 

rule of finality as well as our own en banc precedent in Skaar v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 156 (2019) 

(en banc), which issued after our September 2019 order.

36 We conclude that the Secretary has not 

shown likelihood of success on appeal, for both legal and practical reasons.

If one knew nothing more of Skaar's "expired claimant" holding, or of class actionequitable tolling caselaw more generally, than what the Secretary presents in his brief,37 then 

perhaps one might see a decent likelihood of success based in law. But we know better. We know 

that there is more to Skaar. We know that there is more to the caselaw. And we know that, 

assuming any class members qualify as "expired claimants,"38 we did not break new ground in 

Wolfe such that suspension of retroactive readjudications would be warranted.39 In fact, as we 

explain, the inclusion of any "expired claimants" in the Wolfe class is no less than a reasonable 

exercise of well-established discretion.40

 

33 Malik, 22 Vet.App. at 185; Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 140.

34 Malik, 22 Vet.App. at 185; Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 140; see U.S. VET. APP.R. 8(b)(2) (providing that a party 

seeking a suspension of actionmust provide "affidavits or other sworn statements addressing any facts in dispute").

35 The novelty of the Secretary's argument alone hurts his chances of success on appeal. See, e.g.,Boggs v. West, 188 

F.3d 1335, 1337-38 (Fed. Cir. 1999) ("As a general rule, an appellate court will not hear on appeal issues that were 

not clearly raised in the proceedings below.").And, of course, the novelty means that none of this order's subsequent 

analysis appears in our September 2019 order. Even so, we provide it to address the Secretary's Motion head on.

36 Resp't's Mot. 4-5.

37 See id. at 5-6.

38 See infra, p. 11.

39 See Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 141.

40 See id.("To determine the likelihood that any ruling of law will survive appeal, the best objective test is the degree 
8

Skaar applied the general rule that we do not include "expired claimants" in a class. In 

Skaar, we declined to exercise our discretion to waive the 120-day Notice of Appeal filing 

requirement for—and to thereby include in the class definition—"Expired Claimants," claimants 

who had "received final Board decisions but did not appeal them to this Court."41 There, waiver 

was not warranted because the appellant never alleged extraordinary circumstances on behalf of 

those potential class members;

42 he "presented no reason for [the Court] to depart from Bove [v. 

Shinseki]'s principle that the 120-day Notice of Appeal window to this Court will only be waived 

'when circumstances precluded a timely filing despite the exercise of due diligence.'"43 As a result, 

we saw "no principled way to distinguish the Expired Claimants here and any other claimants who 

have been denied benefits, failed to appeal to this Court, and later discovered their benefits denial 

was based on an incorrect reading of the law.'"44 We surmised, and rejected, an attempt to derive 

an unfair substantive legal advantage merely from the class action procedural device itself, an 

advantage that would not be available through a precedential decision.45

To further explain why the general rule applied in Skaar, we contrasted the circumstances 

in Skaar with those in a case that warranted exception: Bowen v. City of New York , 476 U.S. 467 

(1986).

46 In City of New York,we noted, the Supreme Court upheld certification of a class of Social 

Security claimants that included those who had not appealed adverse benefits determinations 

within the relevant appeal window, i.e. Expired Claimants.

47 There, the government "had adopted 

an unlawful, unpublished policy under which countless deserving claimants were denied 

benefits."48 And the Court concluded that equitable tolling was warranted because it "served the 

purpose of the [Social Security] Act where . . . 'the Government's secretive conduct prevents 

plaintiffs from knowing of a violation of rights.'"

49 To round out the equitable tolling discussion

in Skaar, we also acknowledged another Supreme Court case, Pittston Coal Group v. Sebben, 488 

U.S. 105, 123 (1988),

50 which noted that "the conditions for applying [equitable tolling] do not 

exist" when, unlike in City of New York, "[t]he agency action . . . was not taken pursuant to a secret, 

internal policy, but under a regulation that was published for all to see."51

 

to which it is rooted in well-established law.").

41 Skaar, 32 Vet.App. at 186.

42 Id. at 186-87. "[T]he extraordinary circumstances element [of equitable tolling] necessarily requires a case-by-case 

analysis and not a categorical determination." James v. White, 917 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2019).

43 Skaar, 32 Vet.App. at 187.

44 Id. at 187-88.

45 Id. at 188.

46 Id. at 187.

47 Id. (citing City of New York, 476 U.S. at 486).

48 City of New York , 476 U.S. at 473.

49 Id. at 481 (quotingCity of New York v. Heckler, 742 F.2d 729, 738 (1984)).

50 Skaar, 32 Vet.App. at 187.

51 Pittston Coal Grp., 488 U.S. at 123.
9

Since Skaar, and the Secretary's Motion, we have issued two more decisions that are worth 

mentioning here: Bowling52 and Beaudette.

53 At least when it comes to expired claimants, Bowling

bears a remarkable resemblance to Skaar; there too we would have declined to include expired 

claimants in the class, had we granted a class.

54 As did the Skaar appellant, the Bowling "appellants 

[sought] to certify a class that includes, among others, claimants with final VA denials because a 

precedential opinion would not otherwise be enforceable against them."

55 And, just as we did in 

Skaar, we rejected that attempt, this time with the benefit of Skaar.

56 What's more, when 

considering whether "class certification [was] superior to a precedential decision" in Bowling, we 

reasoned that "hypothetical noncompliance," which was all appellants alleged, "is inadequate to 

overcome the presumption that a precedential decision is adequate."

57 For this aspect of our 

decision, we compared Bowling to Skaar and contrasted it with Wolfe, noting in a parenthetical 

that in Wolfe we had "[held] that certifying a class was superior to a precedential decision because 

VA circumvented an earlier precedential decision on the same issue."58 In other words, we 

recognized in Bowling that Wolfe involved extraordinary circumstances that Bowling did not.

Then there was Beaudette, where we included expired claimants in the class. The Beaudette

"[p]etitioners maintain[ed] that VA ha[d] revoked the benefits of nearly 20,000 recipients since 

the Caregiver Program began and that VA ha[d] withheld judicial review for all benefits decisions 

under the Caregiver program."

59 So petitioners "move[d] the Court to certify a class of claimants 

who received an adverse decision under the Caregiver Program, exhausted available review under 

the VHA, and have not been afforded the right to appeal to the Board."60 We "determined that VA 

wrongfully denied claimants the right to seek Board review of Caregiver Program 

determinations."61 Faced with the proposed class definition, we acknowledged that petitioners

"ask[ed] us to certify a class of people who have not sought Board review."62 In deciding to include 

those people in the class, we noted that "any attempt by the proposed class members to obtain 

Board review 'would [have] amount[ed] to a useless act' and [would have been] 'futile'" because 

"the Secretary has stated that Caregiver Program benefits decisions are not reviewable by the 

Board, and of course, the Board cannot disobey the Secretary's instructions." 63 In short, 

extraordinary circumstances, namely how "VA affirmatively prevented [tens of thousands of] 

 

52 Bowling v. McDonough, No. 18-5263, 2021 WL 1249822, at *5 (Vet. App. Mar. 29, 2021).

53 Beaudette v. McDonough, No. 20-4961, slip op. (Vet. App. Apr. 19, 2021).

54 Bowling, 2021 WL 1249822, at *5-6.

55 Id. at *5 (emphasis added).

56 Id.

57 Id. at *6.

58 Id.

59 Beaudette, slip op. at 2.

60 Id.

61 Id. at 7.

62 Id.

63 Id. (citing Wolfe, 32 Vet.App. at 39; 80 Fed. Reg. 1366; 38 U.S.C. § 7104(c)).
10

Caregiver Program claimants from exercising their appellate rights at all" via an unlawful 

"adjudicative blockade," warranted inclusion of expired claimants in the class.

64

The circumstances that gave rise to Wolfe much more closely resemble those in City of 

New York or Beaudette than those in Skaar, Bowling, or even Pittston Coal Group. To be sure, as 

in Pittston Coal Group, the regulation at issue in Wolfe was published for all to see. But unlike the 

Pittston Coal Group regulation, the Wolfe regulation represents the second iteration of VA's 

unlawful action regarding the same statute—in spite of this Court's clear ruling on the very same 

issue. In our September 2019 order we recognized that extraordinary circumstances were at play: 

"Before Staab, VA wrongly interpreted and administered section 1725. . . . Then, in Staab, we 

authoritatively corrected VA's misunderstanding of section 1725. . . . After Staab, VA adopted a 

new regulation, purportedly to implement Staab,"

65 but that new regulation "functionally create[d]

a world indistinguishable from the world Staab authoritatively held impermissible under the 

statute."

66 What's worse is, "[e]ven after we decided Staab, and after VA dropped its appeal of 

Staab, VA was affirmatively . . . . telling veterans that the law was exactly opposite to what a 

Federal court had held the law to be."

67 What we observed in September 2019 still holds true:

"Who knows how many veterans relied on such a misrepresentation—for that is what it was—in 

deciding not to appeal VA decisions that denied reimbursement for non-VA emergency medical 

care."68 In short, VA acted unlawfully, and misled veterans, in blatant disregard of a squarely onpoint, precedential court decision.

Those extraordinary circumstances make Wolfe the exception, on par with City of New 

York or Beaudette, not the rule.69 In all three cases, agency misinformation either prevented any 

"expired claimants" from realizing that they had potentially meritorious claims before their appeal 

windows closed (i.e., Wolfe and City of New York), or barred them from seeking further agency 

review at all (i.e., Beaudette). Accounting for agency misinformation strikes us as a principled way 

to distinguish the Expired Claimants here from the typical claimants.

70 We have no doubt that, in 

Wolfe, extraordinary circumstances precluded any expired claimants' timely filing of 

reimbursement claims despite the exercise of due diligence.71 Therefore, here, as in City of New 

York and Beaudette, an exception to the general principles of finality and exclusion of expired 

claimants from a class was warranted.

 

64 Id. at 9.

65 Wolfe, 32 Vet.App. at 11.

66 Id.

67 Id. at 12.

68 Id.

69 See Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 141 ("Where the decision of a court takes only a small incremental step from 

established law or relies on a strong analogy to clear precedent, then there is reason to believe that reversal is 

unlikely.").

70 See Skaar, 32 Vet.App. at 187-88.

71 Id.
11

On a more practical note, as petitioners point out,72 the Secretary assumes not only that the 

class actually includes "expired claimants," but also that their identity is self-evident and fixed.

We are not so sure—at least the Secretary failed to provide enough information in his Motion to 

assure us that the facts bear out his assumptions. As far as we can tell, any potential Wolfe class 

member's appeal window would have started, at the earliest, on January 9, 2018, when the 

challenged regulation became effective. And because petitioners filed their petition and sought 

class certification (of the class we later certified) on October 30, 2018, petitioners may have tolled 

the one-year appeal window for all potential class members who had not yet filed an NOD or 

subsequent appeal.

73 We need not decide today the applicability of the general rule under American 

Pipe in district courts to administrative deadlines in the VA system. There is no call for us make 

that determination. But if a rule similar to that in American Pipe applies here, for any potential 

class members who were waiting on a subsequent VA decision, their claims never became final. 

Again, we do not decide that American Pipe and its tolling rule apply to proceedings before this 

Court. But the fact that this question is uncertain underscores that the Secretary has not met his 

burden of showing that a suspension of our order is appropriate. In sum, we fail to see a potential 

subset of Wolfe class members who, in fact, would qualify as "expired claimants." In conclusion, 

the Secretary shows a likelihood of success neither in theory nor in fact.

B. Other Factors

None of the other three factors weigh in the Secretary's favor. The Secretary has not shown 

that, before the Federal Circuit decides his pending appeal of the September 2019 order, he will 

suffer irreparable harm in the absence of a suspension of retroactive readjudications of finally 

denied and unappealed Wolfe class claims. To be sure, he alleges harms, such as lost time and 

administrative disruption, that could in theory constitute irreparable harm.74 But the Secretary still

leaves the Court wondering whether any "finally denied and unappealed Wolfe class claims" exist 

in fact to cause the Secretary irreparable harm.

75 Certainly, the Secretary's Motion is premised on 

the existence of not just some but many such claims. Yet the Court sees no attempt at estimating, 

much less showing, how many claims remain to be readjudicated. The closest the Secretary comes 

to informing the Court of the scope of the potential harm at issue is to say that he has spent 

"countless"—or "hundreds upon hundreds of"—person hours adjudicating those claims in the 

past.

76 But he has not attempted to support any past or future alleged harm with data; the Fromm 

declaration is no better than an assurance that finally denied and unappealed Wolfe class claims 

exist and will cause irreparable harm "because I say so." Such an assurance does not meet the 

 

72 Pet'rs' Resp. 3-5.

73 See Bright v. United States, 603 F.3d 1273, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (holding that, upon single plaintiff's filing of suit 

and seeking class certification in an Article I court, a statutory limitations period was tolled for putative class 

members); see also Am. Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538, 554-55 (1974); see also Crown, Cork & Seal Co. 

v. Parker, 462 U.S. 345, 350-54 (1983) (concluding that American Pipe's holding applied broadly to all asserted 

members of the class, not just intervenors, and holding that "'the commencement of a class action suspends the 

applicable statute of limitations as to all asserted members of the class who would have been parties had the suit been 

permitted to continue as a class action'").

74 See Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. at 142-43.

75 See supra, p. 11.

76 Resp't's Mot. 7.
12

Secretary's burden. Finally, we note that the remaining time during which the Secretary could incur 

more alleged harm is the period until the Federal Circuit decides his Wolfe appeal. In other words, 

not long. All in all, we fail to see the irreparable harm that the Secretary alleges.

As for the impact of suspension on petitioners, once again77 the Secretary has failed to 

meaningfully engage in this analysis, much less to provide evidence on the matter. He speaks only 

in generalities, which do not inform a proper weighing of this factor.

Turning to the last factor, the Secretary does not show that the public interest supports 

granting a suspension. Although we acknowledge that not granting his Motion will require the 

devotion of resources and tax an otherwise burdened veterans benefits system, this concern would 

be present with any Court decision interpreting a benefits statute. And we underscore yet again 

that we are not talking about an indefinite time during which VA will labor under our decision. 

Either the Federal Circuit will affirm our judgment, in which case there is no harm because VA 

will have been complying with the law, or it will reverse and, thereby, stop any harm. But in either 

case, the time between today and when we know what the Federal Circuit will do is likely relatively 

short.

Finally, we note that the Secretary has not accompanied his Motion with evidence that 

supports his assertions and, crucially, has not submitted evidence or argument specific to the period 

that the Secretary wishes to stay. Given Rule 8(b)(2)'s specific requirement that a party seeking a 

suspension of action must provide "affidavits or other sworn statements addressing any facts in 

dispute,"78 the Secretary's failure to support his contentions with specifics and data weighs against 

his Motion.

79 And the same would be true even if we consider the Motion under our inherent 

authority. Evidence is not a luxury; it is a necessity.

Considering the totality of the circumstances, the Secretary has not met his burden of 

demonstrating that we should allow him to suspend readjudications.

Upon consideration of the foregoing, it is 

ORDERED that, pursuant to Rule 2 of our Rules of Practice and Procedure, Rule 8 is 

suspended. And it is further

ORDERED that respondent's January 22, 2021, motion to suspend secretarial action is 

denied.

DATED: May 13, 2021

 

77 See Order 2, Wolfe v. Wilkie, No. 18-6091 (Jan. 24, 2020).

78 U.S. VET. APP.R. 8(b)(2).

79 See Vazquez-Flores v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 91, 94-95 (2008) (denying Secretary's motion to stay the precedential 

effect of a Court decision where the Secretary "present[ed] no evidence beyond his speculative assertions" of

irreparable harm).
13

FALVEY, Judge, dissenting: I respectfully dissent because I would grant the Secretary's 

motion to suspend readjudication of finally denied and unappealed claims. These are claims of 

people who have received a final Board decision and chose not to appeal. These claims are now 

final. Even if the Federal Circuit upholds our 2019 Wolfe order on appeal,

80 which I think is 

unlikely, these claimants would not benefit because "[n]ew legal principles, even when applied 

retroactively, do not apply to cases already closed."

81 And neither our mandamus power nor our 

authority to aggregate claims in a class action allows us to provide claimants with relief not 

authorized by law or to expand our appellate jurisdiction to those who have not appealed final 

Board decisions. Thus, I would permit the Secretary to pause outlays of taxpayer money and the 

efforts of an overburdened system while the Federal Circuit reviews this case. 

In Skaar v. Wilkie,

82 we specifically declined to include in the class "those whose claims 

have been denied and relevant appeal windows of those denials have expired."

83 We explained that 

those claimants did not appeal their final Board decisions, despite having had ample opportunity 

to do so, and "[w]e will not now excuse the Expired Claimants' lack of diligence in pursuing their 

claims, depart from precedent, and grant retrospective relief merely because this is a class 

action."

84 Skaar is precedential and binding, and we have followed it in our later cases.85 Thus, I 

see no support in the law for the majority's exercise of jurisdiction over a class that includes past 

and expired claimants. 

Neither Bowen v. City of New York 86 nor Beaudette v. McDonough87 provides shelter for 

Wolfe. In City of New York,the Supreme Court "held that the application of a secret, internal policy 

by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in adjudicating Social Security Act claims 

equitably tolled the limitations periods for seeking administrative or judicial review."

88 The 

Supreme Court explained in Pittston Coal, however, that the City of New York rule does not apply 

when the "agency action . . . was not taken pursuant to a secret, internal policy, but under a 

regulation that was published for all to see."

89

 

80 Wolfe v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 1 (2019) (panel order).

81 Reynoldsville Casket Co. v. Hyde, 514 U.S. 749, 758 (1995).

82 Skaar v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 156 (2019).

83 32 Vet.App. at 189.

84 Id. at 188.

85 Relevant here is Bowling v. McDonough, where we held that "'expired' or 'past' claimants cannot be part of the 

proposed class." No. 18-5263, 2021 WL 1249822, at *5 (Vet. App. Mar. 29, 2021) (quoting Skaar, 32 Vet.App. at 

187). Citing Skaar, we explained that "[b]ecause a precedential decision would have substantially the same effect, the 

Court is not persuaded that certification of a class is necessary or superior in this matter."Bowling, 2021 WL 1249822, 

at *6. See also Ward v. Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 233, 235 (2019) (the Court denied class certification "[b]ecause this is a 

precedential opinion, which should have full effect throughout VA").

86 Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U.S. 467 (1986).

87 Beaudette v. McDonough, No. 20-4961, 2021 WL 1526226 (Vet. App. Apr. 19, 2021)

88 Pittston Coal Grp. v. Sebben, 488 U.S. 105, 123 (1988) (describing City of New York, 476 U.S. at 478-82).

89 Id. at 123.
14

In Beaudette, we invalidated the Secretary's practice of refusing to allow Board review of 

decisions made under 38 U.S.C. § 1720G (Caregiver Program). Rejecting the Secretary's argument 

that subsection 1720G(c)(1) excluded Caregiver Program decisions from judicial review, we found 

that the Secretary's statutory interpretation was supported by only "oblique[] referenc[e] [to] a 

discrete agency regulation," which was insufficiently detailed to rebut the presumption of 

entitlement to judicial review.90 We explained that Beaudette was unlike a run-of-the-mill veterans 

benefits case in which the appellants had simply chosen not to appeal their benefits denials. 

Instead, the Secretary told claimants that their denials were not benefits decisions that they could 

appeal to the Board, prohibited the Board from hearing appeals from the Caregiver Program, and 

admitted to the Court that he would not "find and inform each past claimant of the right to appeal 

previous benefits decisions to the Board."

91 Given this "adjudicative blockade," and the extreme 

unlikelihood that appellants would, on their own, discover that they had the right to appeal, we 

found that an effective remedy required class certification.92

Thus, City of New York and Beaudette involved secretive or unclear policies that kept 

potential claimants from knowing their rights or ability to appeal their claims. That is unlike the 

published regulation that the Court invalidated in Wolfe. There is nothing clandestine or oblique 

about § 17.1005, and there is no contention that the language of that regulation hid any 

unauthorized VA practice or kept the claimants from either appealing or understanding that they 

had the right to appeal. The Court's opinion in Staab v. McDonald,

93 the part of 38 U.S.C. § 1725 

addressed in Staab, and the version of 38 C.F.R.§ 17.1005 that the Secretary promulgated in

response to Staab are all published. And when the Secretary denied reimbursement under his 

interpretation of section 1725, he did so explicitly and while explaining that the claimant could 

appeal to the Board if he or she disagreed.94 In this regard, City of New York and Beaudette are 

simply not on point.

Another important difference between Wolfe and both City of New York and Beaudette is 

that, in each of the latter cases, the holding was tailored to allow claimants to obtain statutorily 

authorized review of benefits decisions. In City of New York, the Supreme Court's order did not 

award claimants benefits but ordered that they receive "the procedure they should have been 

accorded in the first place."

95 Similarly, in Beaudette, we certified a class of "claimants who 

received an adverse benefits decision under the Caregiver [P]rogram, exhausted the administrative 

review process within the VHA, and have not been afforded the right to appeal to the Board of 

Veterans' Appeals."

96 Contrary to the majority's suggestion, there is no subset of the Beaudette

class that includes those who have received final Board decisions and chosen not to appeal. Instead, 

 

90 Beaudette, 2021 WL 1526226 at *5.

91 Id.

92 Id. 

93 Staab v. McDonald, 28 Vet. App. 50, 51 (2016).

94 Amended (Am.) Petition (Pet.) at 34-38 (Exhibit E).

95 City of New York , 476U.S. at 484.

96 Beaudette, 2021 WL 1526226 at *8.
15

the Secretary's actions "affirmatively prevented Caregiver Program claimants from exercising their 

appellate rights at all."

97

Wolfe differs. In Wolfe, the majority did not direct its order at obtaining a final Board 

decision that the petitioner could then appeal to the Court; Ms. Wolfe admitted that nothing 

prevented her from doing so and that she intended to "continue to pursue her direct appeal"

below.98 Instead, the Wolfe majority went straight to the merits and invalidated all the "Secretary's 

decisions made under § 17.1005(a)(5), to the extent they denied reimbursement to Wolfe Class 

members for medical expenses deemed deductibles or coinsurance."

99 Our decision in Wolfe, thus, 

did not help claimants obtain a Board decision that we could review on appeal. Instead, our 

decision obviated the need for a final Board decision, and appellate review. That is nothing like 

the remedy provided in City of New York or Beaudette.

Despite the majority's repeated references to extraordinary behavior by the Secretary, I see 

the Secretary's actions as reasonable. After we invalidated a regulation in Staab, the Secretary 

stopped denying claims under that regulation and promulgated § 17.1005(a)(5). He argues that his 

new regulation complies with Staab, and, as I said in my dissent in Wolfe, I think that argument is 

reasonable.100 I understand that the majority disagrees with my assessment of the law, but the 

proper way to resolve that disagreement is through an appeal of a final Board decision. The only 

extraordinary behavior that I see is the majority's unprecedented decision to directly invalidate a 

regulation, before the matter has been properly appealed, and to order the Secretary to grant 

benefits for an entire class of people who have chosen not to appeal a final Board decision. Because 

that decision is unsupported by City of New York, Beaudette, or any other case, I think it is likely 

to be overturned on appeal. Thus, I would find that the first Ribaudo II factor has been met.

101

I also think that the remaining Ribaudo II factors favor suspending secretarial action 

pending a decision by the Federal Circuit. Even if the Secretary can recover the improperly paid 

reimbursements, he will be unable to recoup the considerable expense associated with 

readjudicating claims, distributing reimbursement funds, and then, inevitably, clawing back those 

distributed funds when the case is eventually overturned on appeal. 102 And the Secretary 

establishes that it is not veterans but VA and insurance companies that will be affected by our 

decision and that the public interest supports suspending retroactive readjudication of Wolfe class 

claims. Thus, I would grant the Secretary's motion.

 

97 Id.

98 Am. Pet. at 10 n.2.

99 Wolfe, 32 Vet.App. at 41.

100 Id. at 45.

101 See Ribaudo II, 21 Vet.App. 137, 140 (2007) (en banc) (per curiam).

102 The majority appears to fault the Secretary for not providing exact figures for or documentinghow much money 

and effort VA must exert to readjudicate claims of those who did not want to appeal. But I don't think the exact 

numbers matter. It is enough that VA and taxpayers are unlikely to see that money again and that VA must focus on 

those who did not want to appeal while claimants that diligently pursued their rights get to wait longer. Neither result 

is appropriate until the Federal Circuit decides the merits.