If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

December 19, 2019

v No. 343438

Wayne Circuit Court

TYWUANTE LESHAUN CRUMP, LC No. 17-005080-01-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and CAVANAGH and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his departure sentences of 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment on 

jury convictions of reckless driving causing death, MCL 257.626(4), and failing to stop at the 

scene of an accident resulting in death, MCL 257.617(3). We affirm defendant’s convictions, 

but remand to the trial court to either issue an order further articulating its reasons for the extent 

of the departure sentences or to resentence defendant.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This case arises out of a car accident involving defendant and Tonya Billingsley. At the 

time of the accident, defendant worked at the Varsity Lounge in Detroit, Michigan. Billingsley 

had just left the Varsity Lounge when defendant announced over a microphone that people 

needed to move their vehicles. Sherry Thomas gave her keys to defendant to move her car. 

Defendant took Thomas’s car keys, got inside her car, and drove away from the Varsity Lounge. 

One block from the Varsity Lounge, at the intersection of Stoepel Street and Dover Avenue, 

defendant crashed Thomas’s vehicle into the side of Billingsley’s vehicle, killing her. The speed 

limit on both streets was 25 miles per hour. Defendant drove northbound on Stoepel Street, 

traveling at 69 miles per hour at the time of impact. Billingsley drove westbound on Dover 

Avenue, traveling at 28 miles per hour at the time of impact. Despite the existence of a stop sign 

on Stoepel Street, defendant did not apply the brakes before impact. There was no stop sign on 

Dover Avenue. After the accident, defendant walked back to the Varsity Lounge, where he 

informed Thomas that somebody hit Thomas’s vehicle. Despite the obvious seriousness of the 
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damage to Billingsley’s vehicle, defendant did not alert police or emergency services about the 

accident, or try to help Billingsley, although he was friends with her.

At trial, the prosecution presented Officer John Velasco as a witness. On redirect 

examination, the following exchange occurred:

Q. Detective, is there any indication at all that Ms. Billingsley, the driver 

of the Grand Prix did anything wrong?

A. Other than not wearing her seatbelt and being a couple miles over the 

speed limit, I have no indication.

Q. Would the seatbelt have saved her in this case?

A. I don’t think so.

At sentencing, the trial court noted that Billingsley was a 42-year-old mother of three 

children and defendant failed to render any assistance to her following this fatal accident; 

instead, he fled the scene. The court noted that the 21-year-old defendant had a criminal history 

that began at the age of 15 years old. And he had had the benefit of two diversion programs as a

juvenile, as well as probation, and a wardship. In particular, the court noted, defendant was in 

juvenile court in 2010 and then had two more contacts with the juvenile court in 2011—both 

related to traffic incidents. In 2012, defendant again was charged with crimes involving a motor 

vehicle (including reckless driving and failure to stop after a collision), and pleaded to a reduced 

charge of operating without a license for which he was placed on probation and subjected to a 

wardship. The trial court also noted that, in 2012, defendant pleaded nolo contendere on an 

incorrigible charge and was, again, placed on probation. In 2013, defendant was again back in 

juvenile court on another charge for which he was placed on probation. Then, the court noted, 

defendant began his adult history with the criminal justice system, pleading on a charge of 

larceny less than $200. The court recognized that for years the court system had tried to provide 

help and services to rehabilitate defendant but such efforts had been unsuccessful. Further, the 

court noted, defendant had a pending probation violation in the 17th District Court, as well as a 

pending felony warrant for a drug offense in the 34th District Court—which was not considered 

when scoring the guidelines. And, the court noted, the facts that defendant had prior motor 

vehicle related offenses and the escalation in severity of defendant’s offenses was not considered 

when scoring the guidelines. The court also noted that three children lost their mother, including 

a 15 year old child and a child who is significantly impaired with cerebral palsy; Billingsley 

provided their sole support. The sentencing guidelines range was 36 to 71 months, but the trial 

court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment for each of 

defendant’s convictions.

II. DISPROPORTIONATE SENTENCE

Defendant argues that his sentences are an unreasonable and disproportionate upward 

departure from the recommended guidelines range. We disagree, in part.

“A sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range will be reviewed by an 

appellate court for reasonableness.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 

(2015). This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion whether a sentence is reasonable. People 
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v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327 (2017) (Steanhouse II). A sentence is 

reasonable if it adheres to the principle of proportionality, which “requires sentences imposed by 

the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense 

and the offender.” People v Walden, 319 Mich App 344, 351-352; 901 NW2d 142 (2017) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Courts may consider various factors under the 

proportionality standard, including:

(1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by 

the guidelines; and (3) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the 

relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s misconduct 

while in custody, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, and the defendant’s 

potential for rehabilitation. [Id. at 352-353 (quotation marks and citation 

omitted).]

While a trial court must score and consider the sentencing guidelines, the minimum sentencing 

guidelines range is advisory only. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392. However, the trial court must 

articulate reasons supporting its decision to impose a sentence outside the guidelines range in 

order to facilitate appellate review. People v Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App 490, 525; 909 NW2d 

458 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

In this case, the trial court imposed sentences that upwardly departed from the minimum 

sentencing guidelines range of 36 to 71 months’ imprisonment by sentencing defendant to 10 to 

15 years’ imprisonment. But it is clear from the record that, in imposing sentence, the trial court 

considered numerous factors, including defendant’s extensive criminal history. The trial court 

could not properly consider defendant’s criminal history alone as a basis to upwardly depart from 

the guidelines because defendant’s criminal history was already factored into the guidelines by 

prior record variable (PRV) 4, MCL 777.54 (low severity juvenile adjudications), PRV 5, MCL 

777.55 (prior misdemeanor juvenile adjudications), and PRV 6, MCL 777.56 (relationship to 

criminal justice system). But, in context, it is clear that the trial court did not consider 

defendant’s criminal history in and of itself. Instead, the trial court referred to defendant’s 

criminal history to highlight the extensive help and services—and numerous chances—that were 

given to defendant to rehabilitate and change the direction of his life. A low potential for 

rehabilitation is an appropriate factor for a trial court to consider because the potential for 

rehabilitation is not reflected in the guidelines. Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App at 525 n 9. Thus, it 

was proper for the trial court to consider defendant’s criminal history and the implication that 

defendant had a low potential for rehabilitation in imposing an upward departure sentence.

Defendant also argues that the trial court improperly considered the escalation of 

defendant’s criminal history. However, the trial court properly considered the escalating severity 

of defendant’s criminal history as a factor not considered by the guidelines. Id. at 525. Despite 

defendant’s young age and the associated lesser culpability of juveniles, People v Skinner, 502 

Mich 89, 105-106; 917 NW2d 292 (2018), defendant’s criminal history evidenced an escalation 

in the severity of crimes that defendant committed. Moreover, the trial court noted that three of 

defendant’s prior criminal acts involved vehicles. These were appropriate circumstances for the 

trial court to consider. See Walden, 319 Mich App at 351.
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The trial court also considered the impact that Billingsley’s death had on her family, 

noting that three children lost their mother, including a 15 year old child and a child who is 

significantly impaired with cerebral palsy. Defendant argues that the trial court erred in 

considering the impact of Billingsley’s death on her family because this factor is already 

considered in offense variable (OV) 5, MCL 777.35, which “is scored when a homicide or 

homicide-related crime causes psychological injury to a member of a victim’s family.” People v 

Calloway, 500 Mich 180, 184; 895 NW2d 165 (2017) (footnote omitted). But, as the 

prosecution argues, OV 5 did not adequately account for the family’s nonpsychological injuries, 

including the loss of a caregiver and financial provider, to say the least. See Dixon-Bey, 321 

Mich App at 527. Therefore, the impact of Billingsley’s death on her family was properly 

considered by the trial court.

Defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it considered that defendant left the 

scene of the accident without rendering assistance. But it is clear that the trial court did not 

believe such fact was adequately considered in light of the circumstances in this case. During 

the sentencing hearing defendant admitted that he “knew Ms. Billingsley personally” and that 

she was “a good friend” which means that, despite the obvious severity of this tragic collision—

defendant essentially T-boned Billingsley’s vehicle while driving 69 mph—he fled the scene and 

never called for assistance; instead, he left his “good friend” trapped in her vehicle to die. The 

trial court’s consideration of this factor was proper.

Defendant next argues that the extent of the upward departure was disproportionate. 

After determining that reasons exist to depart from the minimum sentencing guidelines range, a 

trial court must next consider the extent of the departure. People v Steanhouse (On Remand), 

322 Mich App 233, 239; 911 NW2d 253 (2017) (Steanhouse III), vacated in part on other 

grounds by People v Steanhouse, ___ Mich ___; 933 NW2d 276 (2019) (Docket No. 156900). 

“Therefore, even in cases in which reasons exist to justify a departure sentence, the trial court’s 

articulation of the reasons for imposing a departure sentence must explain how the extent of the 

departure is proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and 

the offender.” Id.

Here, the trial court noted that defendant’s minimum sentencing guidelines range was 26 

to 71 months. The trial court then articulated its reasons for imposing a departure sentence and 

sentenced defendant to 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment for each conviction. Absent from the trial 

court’s statements was an explanation of how the extent of the departure was proportionate to 

defendant and the circumstances concerning the offenses. Steanhouse III, 322 Mich App at 242. 

It was unreasonable for the trial court to fail to explain why an upward departure of 49 months 

was proportionate. Therefore, we remand for the trial court to either issue an order further 

articulating its reasons for the extent of the departure sentences or to resentence defendant. See 

Steanhouse, ___ Mich at ___ ; slip op at 1.

Defendant also argues that the prosecution engaged in misconduct during sentencing. 

We disagree.

To preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must timely and 

specifically object, “except when an objection could not have cured the error, or a failure to 

review the issue would result in a miscarriage of justice.” People v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 
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329; 662 NW2d 501 (2003). A defendant must also request a curative instruction. People v 

Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). Defendant did not object to the 

prosecution’s allegedly improper remarks at sentencing, nor did defendant request a curative 

instruction. Therefore, this issue is unpreserved.

A claim of prosecutorial misconduct is reviewed de novo to determine if a defendant was 

denied a fair and impartial trial. People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 453; 678 NW2d 631 

(2004). However, when a claim of prosecutorial misconduct is unpreserved, “appellate review is 

for outcome-determinative, plain error.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 235; 749 NW2d 

272 (2008). “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) 

error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error 

affected substantial rights.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “The 

third requirement generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the 

outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. Reversal is only warranted if the plain error leads 

to “the conviction of an actually innocent defendant,” or where an error affects the “fairness, 

integrity, or public reputation” of the judicial proceedings. Id. at 763-764.

Defendant implies that the prosecution engaged in misconduct at sentencing by 

improperly arguing that the trial court should “throw out” the minimum sentencing guidelines 

range, and without supporting evidence, asserted that defendant had likely consumed alcohol on 

the night of the accident. As an initial matter, we note that defendant did not provide any citation 

of supporting authority for the assertion that the prosecution engaged in misconduct, and 

therefore, defendant abandoned this issue. People v Kelly, 231 Mich App 627, 640-641; 588 

NW2d 480 (1998). In any case, this claim is without merit.

Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided on a case-by-case basis, with the 

prosecutor’s remarks reviewed in context. People v Mann, 288 Mich App 114, 119; 792 NW2d 

53 (2010). The prosecutor’s argument that the trial court should disregard the minimum 

sentencing guidelines range was the prosecutor’s way of requesting that the trial court sentence 

defendant to the maximum time allowed. The prosecution argued, based on the facts of the case, 

that the maximum allowable sentence was appropriate. “The prosecution has wide latitude in 

arguing the facts and reasonable inferences, and need not confine argument to the blandest 

possible terms.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 66; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). The 

prosecutor’s statement that he was “willing to be damn near everything that I have [that 

defendant] was drinking that night,” was not supported by the evidence because there was no 

evidence introduced at trial regarding whether defendant had been drinking the night of the

accident. However, the prosecutor’s assertion was not a statement of fact, but was instead an 

expression of the prosecutor’s personal belief. See Unger, 278 Mich App at 241. Even if the 

prosecutor’s two remarks did constitute misconduct, defendant failed to establish how he was 

prejudiced by the remarks. See Carines, 460 Mich at 763. Thus, defendant’s argument fails.

III. LAY OPINION TESTIMONY

Defendant argues that Officer Velasco’s statement that a seatbelt would not have saved 

Billingsley’s life was improper lay opinion testimony, and that defense counsel was ineffective 

for failing to object to such testimony. We agree that Officer Velasco gave improper lay opinion 

testimony, but disagree that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object.
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“To preserve an evidentiary issue for review, a party opposing the admission of evidence 

must object at trial and specify the same ground for objection that it asserts on appeal.” People v 

Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101, 113; 631 NW2d 67 (2001). Defendant did not object to Officer 

Velasco’s testimony that is at issue in this appeal. Therefore, this issue is unpreserved and our 

review is for plain error affecting his substantial rights. People v Perry, 317 Mich App 589, 600; 

895 NW2d 216 (2016).

To properly preserve an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must move 

for a new trial or a Ginther1 hearing in the trial court. People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 188; 

774 NW2d 714 (2009). Defendant did not move for a new trial or a Ginther hearing in the trial 

court. Therefore, this issue is unpreserved and our review is limited to errors apparent on the 

record.” People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004).

Generally, relevant evidence is admissible, except as provided by the federal and state 

constitutions or other rules. People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 355; 749 NW2d 753 (2008). 

MRE 701 governs the admission of lay opinion testimony, and provides:

If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the 

form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are 

(a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear 

understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

Additionally, lay opinion testimony is “based on common sense,” and does not “involve highly 

specialized knowledge.” People v McLaughlin, 258 Mich App 635, 658; 672 NW2d 860 (2003).

Defendant argues that Officer Velasco’s testimony was outside the bounds of permissible 

lay opinion testimony in MRE 701. Specifically, defendant asserts that Officer Velasco’s reply, 

that he did not think that a seatbelt would have saved Billingsley’s life, was not a rational 

perception of the evidence because Officer Velasco used the interpretation of crash data, together 

with his training as an accident reconstructionist, to opine on fault and causation. 

Officer Velasco testified predominately about the relative speeds of Billingsley and 

defendant before and at the time of impact, whether either person applied the brakes before 

impact, and whether either wore a seatbelt. This testimony was on the basis of Officer Velasco’s 

perceptions because the information was available to Officer Velasco through the transfer crash 

data retrieval systems in both vehicles. Officer Velasco also visited the scene of the accident, 

where he took measurements to map the scene. Officer Velasco’s testimony that he did not 

believe that a seatbelt would have saved Billingsley’s life was related to his perceptions of the 

scene of the accident and the data from the vehicles. However, the trial court ultimately decided 

that the issue of Billingsley’s failure to wear a seatbelt was not relevant to an issue in the case:

 1 People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
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[T]he evidence of the decedent’s failure to use a seatbelt would only be relevant 

where the Defendant could show that the failure was the sole cause of harm to the 

decedent.

Additionally, there is evidence that has been presented in this case that one 

could conclude that [defendant’s] conduct was the substantial factor in the 

decedent’s death in this matter.

The Court is concerned, of course, with balancing the relevance of this and 

the danger of confusing the issues or misleading the jury and the Court is agreeing 

with the Prosecution that the issue of the seatbelt and the evidence before this 

Court that the absence of the seatbelt was not a factor in her death, and the Court 

is barring argument on the subject.

The trial court acknowledged that Officer Velasco’s testimony was not helpful to the jury’s 

determination of a fact in issue. Thus, Officer Velasco’s testimony was not admissible lay 

opinion testimony under MRE 701.

However, considering that this issue is unpreserved, the trial court’s admission of the 

improper lay opinion testimony did not prejudice defendant. There was ample evidence for the 

jury to convict defendant of reckless driving causing death without Officer Velasco’s statement. 

Corporal David Fitzpatrick of the Detroit Police Department described Billingsley’s vehicle as 

“crumpled,” and noted that the fire department had to “cut out” the windshield to extract 

Billingsley from the vehicle. Officer Velasco testified that at the time of impact, Billingsley was 

traveling at 28 miles per hour and defendant was traveling at 69 miles per hour. There was 

testimony that Stoepel Street, the street that defendant drove on, had a stop sign at the 

intersection of the accident, yet defendant did not apply the brakes before the accident. 

Additionally, defendant’s DNA was found on the airbag of Thomas’s vehicle. Accordingly, 

Officer Velasco’s testimony regarding Billingsley’s failure to wear a seatbelt did not affect 

defendant’s substantial rights because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to determine that 

defendant was guilty of the charged offenses and the error did not affect the “fairness, integrity, 

or public reputation” of the judicial proceedings. Carines, 460 Mich at 763-764. Thus, 

defendant’s argument fails.

Relatedly, defendant argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance of 

counsel by failing to object to Officer Velasco’s lay opinion testimony. To establish an 

ineffective assistance claim, a defendant must show that trial counsel’s performance was 

objectively deficient, and that such deficiencies prejudiced him. People v Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 

9; 917 NW2d 249 (2018). “To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show the existence of 

a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have 

been different.” People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001). Although it was 

error for the trial court to admit Officer Velasco’s lay opinion testimony, defendant was not 

prejudiced by the admission because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to convict 

defendant. Therefore, there is not a reasonable probability that, had defense counsel objected to 

Officer Velasco’s testimony, the trial would have resulted in an acquittal. Accordingly, 

defendant failed to establish that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel.
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Affirmed, but remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain 

jurisdiction.

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro