#### In re MERRILL LYNCH TYCO RESEARCH SECURITIES LITIGATION.

No. 03 Civ. 4080(JFK).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

April 16, 2008.

*127Law Offices of Bernard M. Gross, P.C., Deborah Gross, Esq., of Counsel, Philadelphia, PA, Pomerantz, Haudek, Block, Gross-man & Gross, LLP, Marc Gross, Esq., of Counsel, New York, NY, Vianale & Vianale, LLP, Kenneth Vianale, Esq., of Counsel, Boca Raton, FL, for Class Plaintiffs.

Hughes, Hubbard & Reed, LLP, Vicki Andreadis, Esq., of Counsel, New York, NY, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP, Jay Kasner, Esq., Scott Musoff, Esq., of Counsel, New York, NY, for Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN F. KEENAN, District Judge.

This Opinion considers the petition of the lead plaintiffs for class certification and final approval of a proposed settlement and plan of allocation in this securities class action. The putative class members are direct purchasers of common stock in Tyco, who alleged that Merrill Lynch, through its star analyst, Phua Young, issued fraudulent research reports in which the defendants knowingly overvalued Tyco’s worth and issued ill-advised “buy” or “hold” recommendations. As a result of the issuance of fraudulent research reports, the plaintiffs alleged that investors purchased shares of Tyco at an artificially inflated price and suffered financial losses when Merrill Lynch’s misconduct was made public. The Court also considers counsels’ application for an award of attorneys’ fees and reimbursement of litigation expenses. For the reasons that follow, the Court (i) grants class certification to the settling plaintiffs, (ii) approves the settlement and plan of allocation, (iii) awards attorneys’ fees in the amount of 22.5% of the settlement fund, and (iv) awards reimbursement of litigation expenses to counsel.

BACKGROUND

On January 22, 2002 (the first day of the Class Period), Tyco announced that it was breaking up into four independent, publically-traded companies, retiring $11 billion in debt, and selling off its subsidiary, CIT Group. Subsequently, Defendant Phua Young (“Young”), a well-known and very widely read Merrill Lynch research analyst who covered Tyco, issued a series of research reports in which Young “positively portrayed the restructuring of Tyco, including the CIT-spin-off, while not disclosing that Young believed the asset valuations were inflated and questioned whether a sale of CIT would occur.” (Declaration of Deborah Gross (“Gross Deel.”) H16.) Despite his private misgivings about Tyco’s actual asset value and the prospects for the CIT sale, Young recommended that investors either hold or purchase Tyco stock. On June 6, 2002 (the last day of the Class Period), Merrill Lynch, through a different research analyst, issued a report disclosing negative information about Tyco and advising investors to reduce their holdings in Tyco. After this disclosure, Tyco’s share price fell from $17.30 to $14.60. As counsel note, a number of other events that occurred around the same time also could have contributed to the decline in Tyco’s share price. Those events included the announcements that Tyco’s CEO, Dennis Kozlowski, had resigned for “personal reasons”; that Tyco planned to take a $6 billion loss for its ultimate failure to sell off its CIT Group; and that a governmental investigation had been launched into Kozlowski’s allegedly improper personal use of Tyco’s funds.

*128In April 2002, the Office of the New York Attorney General (the “NYAG”) announced that it had been conducting an extensive investigation into Merrill Lynch’s issuance of allegedly false research reports. In May 2002, the NYAG announced that Merrill had agreed to a civil settlement of $100 million. The Tyco Action was among numerous lawsuits brought against Merrill Lynch in the wake of the NYAG’s highly publicized investigation of and settlement with Merrill Lynch.

The bulk of the actions against Merrill Lynch originally were assigned to the late Honorable Milton J. Pollack for pre-trial purposes, in *In re Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Research Reports Sec. Litig.,*02 MDL 1484, pursuant to an order of the Judicial Panel on Multidistriet Litigation (“MDL”) which consolidated before Judge Pollack numerous claims, alleging securities fraud against Merrill Lynch and other defendants. The eases were reassigned to me upon Judge Pollack’s death. I have presided over three global settlements of the cases consolidated under the MDL (the “MDL Cases”). The first global settlement involved three consolidated cases, relating to claims brought on behalf of shareholders of three different Merrill Lynch proprietary mutual funds (the “Mutual Fund Cases”), and was approved by this Court on February 1, 2007. *See In re Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Research Reports Sec. Litig.,*02 MDL 1484(JFK), 2007 WL 313474, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2007) (the “Mutual Fund Decision”). The second global settlement involved twenty consolidated cases, relating to claims brought on behalf of direct purchasers of stock in the Internet-based companies that were the subjects of Merrill Lynch’s allegedly fraudulent reports (the “Internet Cases”), and was approved by the Court on September 5, 2007. *See In re Merrill Lynch & Co. Research Reports Sec. Litig.,*246 F.R.D. 156 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (the “Internet Cases Decision”). The third global settlement involved one consolidated case, relating to claims brought on behalf of direct purchasers of Merrill Lynch’s stock, who alleged that Merrill Lynch’s research analysts gave materially misleading favorable ratings to a number of Internet-based stocks in order to generate business for Merrill Lynch’s investment banking operation, and that the share value of Merrill Lynch’s stock declined when the fraud was exposed (the “ML Shareholders Case”). That settlement was approved by the Court on December 20, 2007. *See In re Merrill Lynch & Co. Research Reports Sec. Litig.,*02 MDL 1484, 2007 WL 4526593, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93423 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2007) (the “ML Shareholders Decision”). Although the Tyco Action is not part of the multi-district litigation and thus has proceeded separately from the MDL Cases, the procedural posture and factual and legal bases for the claims in this case share much in common with the MDL Cases, and the similarities are important in determining the propriety of class certification and final approval of the settlement, as well as the proper award of attorneys’ fees.

*Procedural History*

This action commenced in June 2003 with the filing in the Southern District of New York of six putative class action complaints against Merrill Lynch and Young. By Order dated August 26, 2003, the related class actions were consolidated under the caption of the instant case and assigned to Judge Pollack. By the same Order, Ronald and Deborah Gutzwiller were named Lead Plaintiffs and the Law Offices of Bernard M. Gross, P.C. was appointed as Lead Counsel. On September 25, 2003, Lead Plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint (the “Complaint”) on behalf of individuals who purchased Tyco’s common stock between January 22, 2002 and June 6, 2002, asserting claims under sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, against Merrill Lynch, its broker-affiliate (Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc.), and Young. The Complaint alleged, among other things, that the defendants wrote and published purportedly “independent” research reports on Tyco during the Class Period when, in fact, (i) the defendants had no reasonable basis for their opinions about Tyco’s projected share price; (ii) the defendants were not independent in making their recommendations; (iii) the defendants failed to disclose that they actually held views about Tyco stock that were contrary to the opinions expressed in *129the research reports; and (iv) the defendants failed to disclose that the falsely positive research reports were issued in order to benefit Tyco, retain Tyco as a corporate client, and generate future underwriting business with Tyco. Plaintiffs claimed that the defendants’ misconduct caused Tyco’s stock to become artificially inflated, resulting in Plaintiffs financial losses when the defendants’ fraudulent conduct was revealed.

In November 2003, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, arguing that the plaintiffs had failed adequately to plead loss causation, failed to plead fraud with sufficient particularity, and failed to support a strong inference of scienter regarding Young’s and Merrill Lynch’ s relationship with Tyco. In February 2004, Judge Pollack granted the motion to dismiss with prejudice, holding that the complaint failed adequately to plead loss causation and failed to plead fraud with sufficient particularity. In March 2004, Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal. In May 2004, the defendants moved to stay the appeal pending the Second Circuit’s resolution of the appeal of Judge Pollack’s dismissal-with-prejudice of the complaints in two “test cases” that had proceeded in the MDL Cases. Plaintiffs opposed the stay, and the Second Circuit denied Defendants’ motion to stay the appeal. The parties briefed the appeal and oral argument was scheduled for February 2005. Shortly thereafter, the Second Circuit granted Defendants’ request to adjourn oral argument until after the Second Circuit had adjudicated the “test eases.” On January 20, 2005, the' Second Circuit issued its opinion in *Lentell v. Merrill Lynch,*396 F.3d 161 (2d Cir.2005), affirming Judge Pollack’s dismissal-with-prejudice of the “test cases” on loss causation grounds.

*The Settlement*

Settlement discussions in this case began in the summer of 2005, several months after the issuance of the Court of Appeals decision in *Lentell.*In 2006, the parties filed a stipulation with the Second Circuit withdrawing the pending appeal from active consideration while the parties continued settlement negotiations.

On June 19, 2007, the parties filed a proposed Settlement Stipulation (“Stipulation”). On August 7, 2007, the Court granted preliminary approval of the Stipulation (“Preliminary Order”), which among other things granted preliminary certification to the settlement class and to the Lead Plaintiffs as class representatives; set forth the deadlines for notice to potential class members and the filing of objections and requests for exclusion; set the date of a fairness hearing; appointed Valley Forge Administrative Services (‘VFAS”) as claims administrator to administer settlement proceeds and disseminate notice of settlement to potential class members; and approved the form and substance of the proposed notice of settlement and the proof of claim form.

The Stipulation provides for a cash payment in the amount of $4.9 million, plus interest (“Settlement Fund”).1 The Settlement Class consists of persons who acquired Tyco common stock between January 22, 2002 and June 6, 2002, inclusively, and retained the stock at least until June 6, 2002 and suffered financial losses. Plaintiffs’ counsel request 25% of the Settlement Fund in attorneys’ fees, amounting to approximately $1,225,000, plus interest. Counsel also request $38,139.88 (as of January 9, 2008) as reimbursement for litigation expenses.

Pursuant to the Stipulation, the Settlement Fund will be used to pay taxes and tax expenses, attorneys’ fees, and litigation expenses. The remaining amount of the Settlement Fund (“Net Settlement Fund”) then will be distributed to valid claimants pursuant to the Plan of Allocation. The Stipulation also contains a release and waiver, barring any participating Class Members from bringing against the defendants any future claims, known or unknown, that arise out of or relate to this action.

*Notice to Class*

In August 2007, pursuant to the Preliminary Order, the court-approved claims administrator, VFAS, began mailing notice of the proposed settlement and proof of claim forms to potential class members. As of *130December 12, 2007, VFAS mailed a total of 604,687 notices. In addition, also pursuant to the Preliminary Order, summary notices describing the settlement were published in the *USA Today*and, electronically, on the *PR Newswire,*on October 31, 2007. VFAS also established a website that provided potential class members with downloadable versions of the notice and proof of claim forms, as well as information regarding class members’ rights under the proposed settlement.

*Plan of Allocation*

The Plan of Allocation calls for the Settlement Fund, after payment of attorneys’ fees and litigation costs, notification costs, and claims administration costs, to be distributed to class members who have submitted valid and timely proof of claims on a pro rata basis. The amount of distribution to each class member will depend on the number of Tyco shares purchased by that member and the timing of the purchase and sale of those shares. Each class member’s recovery will depend upon that claimant’s percentage of the total recognized claims of all class members who submitted timely and valid proof of claims.

*Reaction of Class to the Notice of Proposed Settlement*

The class has reacted favorably to the proposed settlement. As of the date of the Fairness Hearing, only twelve potential class members requested exclusion and only two objections to the proposed settlement were received.2

*Fairness Hearing*

Lead Counsel has submitted a Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement. Class Counsel3 have submitted a Motion on Class Counsel’s Joint Application for Award of Counsel Fees and Reimbursement of Expenses, and accompanying memoranda and exhibits. Defendant has not submitted any papers.

A Fairness Hearing was held on January 8, 2008. Plaintiffs’ counsel addressed the Court in support of the fairness of the proposed Settlement and Plan of Allocation, and in support of the application for attorneys’ fees of 25% of the Settlement Fund. Counsel for Merrill Lynch also appeared at the Fairness Hearing but did not address argument to the Court. No Objectors attended the Hearing.

DISCUSSION

*(i) Certifícation of the Settlement Class*

The Stipulation contemplates certification of the settlement class. “Before certification is proper for any purpose-settlement, litigation, or otherwise-a court must ensure that the requirements of Rule 23(a) and (b) have been met.” *Denney v. Deutsche Bank, A.G.,*443 F.3d 253, 270 (2d Cir.2006). Rule 23(a) imposes four threshold requirements on putative class actions: numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation. *Id.*at 267. In addition, Rule 23(b)(3) imposes the following two requirements: “Common questions must ‘predominate over any questions affecting only individual members’; and class resolution must be ‘superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.’” *Id.*(quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3)). The Court considers each requirement in turn. *Numerosity*

Rule 23(a)(1) requires that the putative class be “so numerous that joinder of all class members is impracticable.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(1). While no minimum number of plaintiffs is required for a suit to be maintained as a class action, “[generally, courts will find a class sufficiently numerous when it comprises 40 or more members.” *DeMarco v. Nat’l Collector’s Mint, Inc.,*229 F.R.D. 73, 80 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (citation and internal quotations omitted). Here, VFAS identified more than 604,000 potential class members. At the Fairness Hearing, Lead *131Counsel informed the Court that, as of January 9, 2008, approximately 83,000 claims had been filed. The settlement class in this Action clearly is so large that individual actions by all potential plaintiffs would not be possible. The numerosity requirement therefore is easily satisfied.

*Commonality*

Under Rule 23(a)(2), class certification is appropriate where “there are questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(2). The commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) is satisfied if “all class members are in a substantially identical factual situation and the questions of law raised by the plaintiff[s] are applicable to each class member.” *In re Playmobil Antitrust Litig.,*35 F.Supp.2d 231, 240 (E.D.N.Y. 1998). The rule does not require that every question of law or fact be common to each class member. *Id.*“The commonality requirement has been applied permissively in the context of securities fraud litigation.” *In re Veeco Instruments, Inc., Sec. Litig.,*235 F.R.D. 220, 238 (S.D.N.Y.2006). The Tyco Action raises questions of law and fact that are common to each class member. Plaintiffs are suing under the same federal securities laws, alleging identical misrepresentations and/or omissions of material statements by the defendants regarding Tyeo’s stock, and alleging that the misrepresentations artificially inflated the price of Tyco’s stock, thereby resulting in the plaintiffs’ financial losses when the alleged fraud was revealed. Thus, “the success of each plaintiffs claim turns on establishing the existence, nature and significance of the same alleged misrepresentations and omissions.” *Id.*The commonality requirement is satisfied.

*Typicality*

Rule 23(a)(3) is satisfied if “the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3). The “typicality” requirement is met where “the claims of the named plaintiffs arise from the same practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of the proposed class members.” *Schwab v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.,*449 F.Supp.2d 992, 1104 (E.D.N.Y.2006) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Here, there is no indication that the claims of the lead plaintiffs differ in any respect from the claims of the rest of the putative class members, apart from the amount of damages allegedly suffered by each member of the class. “Differences in the damages sustained by individual class members does not preclude a showing of typicality, nor defeat class certification.” *In re Playmobil Antitrust Litig.,*35 F.Supp.2d at 242. Thus, the typicality requirement is satisfied.

*Adequacy of Representation*

Rule 23(a)(4) requires that “the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(4). This necessitates a two-part inquiry: first, whether the lead plaintiffs’ interests are antagonistic to the interests of other members of the class, and second, whether plaintiffs’ attorneys are qualified, experienced and able to conduct the litigation. *Baffa v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp.,*222 F.3d 52, 60 (2d Cir.2000). Regarding the first prong there is no indication that the lead plaintiffs’ claims conflict in any way with the claims of other class members. As stated above, the claims of the named plaintiffs appear to be typical of the claims of the remainder of the class. The second prong also is satisfied. It is clear from the firm resumes submitted to the Court that counsel have ample experience in the field of class securities litigation, and from the record of this case it is evident that counsel represented the class adequately and zealously for more than four years, and enabled the class to obtain a favorable and certain cash recovery. Thus, the final requirement of Rule 23(a) has been met.

*Rule 23(b)(3): Predomination and Superiority*

Rule 23(b)(3) requires “[1] that common questions of law or fact predominate over individual questions and [2] that a class action is superior to other methods of adjudication.” *In re Veeco Instruments, Inc.,*235 F.R.D. at 240. “In determining whether *132common questions of fact predominate, a court’s inquiry is directed primarily toward whether the issue of liability is common to members of the class.” *In re Blech Sec. Litig.,*187 F.R.D. 97, 107 (S.D.N.Y.1999). Common questions also predominate where, “even if each Class member were to bring an individual action, each would be required to prove the existence of the alleged activities of the defendants in order to prove liability.” *Id.*

Here, only the issue of damages will be different for each class member, depending upon the number of shares owned by a each class member and the dates on which those shares were purchased and sold. Further, as discussed above, the class members’ claims involve the same questions of fact and law. Thus, if each class member were to bring suit individually, each would have to allege and prove virtually identical facts. Therefore, common questions predominate.

Rule 23(b)(3) sets forth the following factors to be considered in making a determination of superiority: “(A) The interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution ... of separate actions; (B) The extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by ... members of the class; (C) The desirability ... of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and (D) The difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). As the court observed in *In re Blech Sec. Litig.,*

> In general, securities suits ... easily satisfy the superiority requirement of Rule 23. Most violations of the federal securities laws ... inflict economic injury on large numbers of geographically dispersed persons such that the cost of pursuing individual litigation to seek recovery is often not feasible. Multiple lawsuits would be costly and inefficient, and the exclusion of class members who cannot afford separate representation would neither be ‘fair’ nor an adjudication of their claims. Moreover, although a large number of individuals may have been injured, no one person may have been damaged to a degree which would induce him to institute litigation solely on his own behalf.

187 F.R.D. at 107.

The reasoning of the court in *Blech*applies in the present action, where there are potentially several hundred thousand class members, and the expected recovery per share is low. Because of the large number of potential claimants and the relatively small damage suffered by each claimant, it is unlikely that individual plaintiffs would endure the expense of litigation in order to bring their claims. Moreover, there is no indication that counsel are likely to encounter any difficulties in administering the settlement of the actions. Therefore, because class action treatment is superior to any other method for the fair and efficient adjudication of this action, the requirements of Rule 23(b)(3) are satisfied.

Because the factors for class certification set forth in Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3) have been met, the application to certify the classes for settlement is granted.

*(ii) Approval of Final Settlement*

Federal Rule 23(e) governs the settlement of class actions and requires court approval before a settlement is executed. Adequate notice of the proposed settlement must be provided and the proposed settlement must be the subject of a fairness hearing. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e)(1). In addition, a court may approve a settlement that is binding on the class only if it determines that the settlement is “fair, adequate, and reasonable” and not a “product of collusion.” *Joel A. v. Giuliani,*218 F.3d 132, 138 (2d Cir.2000). This evaluation requires the court to consider both “the settlement’s terms and the negotiating process leading to settlement.” *Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A. Inc.,*396 F.3d 96, 116 (2d Cir.2005). The determination of the fairness of a settlement is a matter addressed to the district court’s sound discretion. *Joel A.,*218 F.3d at 139.

*Adequacy of Notice*

While there are no rigid rules to determine the adequacy of notice in a class action, the standard is generally that of reasonableness. *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 113-14. *133Notice need not be perfect, but need be only the best notice practicable under the circumstances, and each and every class member need not receive actual notice, so long as class counsel acted reasonably in choosing the means likely to inform potential class members. *Weigner v. City of New York,*852 F.2d 646, 649 (2d Cir.1988). Notice is generally deemed reasonable if the average person understands the terms of the proposed settlement and the options provided to class members thereunder. *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 114.

Counsel provided potential class members with adequate notice of the Settlement. Counsel, through a Court-approved claims administrator, disseminated the Notice to more than 604,000 potential claimants. In plain language that is easily understood by the average person, the notice set forth essential information, including the background of the Action, the terms of the Settlement, the Plan of Allocation, and the various rights of class members under the Settlement (including the right to opt out, file objections, and attend the Fairness Hearing). Appended to each Notice was a form for proof of claim, which contained detailed instructions for filing claims under the Settlement. Counsel also complied with the publication requirement, causing summary notice to be published in the *USA Today*and electronically on the *PR Newswire.*The summary notice contained the required information regarding the Settlement terms and process and provided clear instructions on how potential claimants could obtain a copy of the notice and proof of claim. Accordingly, the Court finds that notice of the proposed settlement of this case was reasonable.

*Procedural Fairness*

“A ‘presumption of fairness, adequacy, and reasonableness may attach to a class settlement reached in arm’s-length negotiations between experienced, capable counsel after meaningful discovery.’ ” *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 116 (quoting Manual for Complex Litigation, Third, § 30.42 (1995)). “ ‘The experience of counsel, the vigor with which the case was prosecuted, and the coercion or collusion that may have marred the negotiations themselves’ shed light on the fairness of the negotiating process.” *Hicks v. Morgan Stanley & Co.,*No. 01 Civ. 10071, 2005 WL 2757792, at *5, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2005) (quoting *Malchman v. Davis,*706 F.2d 426, 433 (2d Cir. 1983)).

From the record of this case, there is every indication that the negotiations leading to the Settlement were proeedurally fair. As counsel state, the settlement “was the result of lengthy negotiations between Plaintiffs’ Lead counsel and Defendants’ counsel over several months.” (Lead Plaintiffs’ Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement (“Pl.Mem.Settle.”) at 25.) The parties first discussed the potential for settlement in the summer of 2006 after the Second Circuit decided *Lentell,*and continued negotiations until the execution of the Stipulation in August 2007. As noted, class counsel and defendants’ counsel are experienced in complex securities class litigation. Further, as discussed below, given class counsels’ access to discovery from the NYAG’s investigation and given their research and analysis of the applicable law in light of the Second Circuit’s developing jurisprudence as the litigation progressed, counsel were in an excellent position to evaluate the strength of the class claims and arrive at a reasonable settlement sooner rather than later.

In sum, counsel with wide experience and demonstrated skill in the field of class action securities litigation represented both sides in reaching the Stipulation after protracted negotiations. There is nothing in the record of this litigation to rebut the presumption of procedural fairness in the negotiation process. The Court thus finds that the process by which the parties negotiated the proposed settlement was fair and reasonable.

*Substantive Fairness*

Courts of the Second Circuit examine the well-established “Grinnell factors” to determine whether a settlement is substantively fair and reasonable as required by Rule 23(e). The factors that a district court considers are:

> *134(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation, (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement, (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed, (4) the risks of establishing liability, (5) the risks of establishing damages, (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial, (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment, (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery, (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation[.]

*D’Amato v. Deutsche Bank,*236 F.3d 78, 86 (2d Cir.2001) (citing *City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp.,*495 F.2d 448, 463, abrogated on other grounds by *Goldberger v. Integrated Resources, Inc.,*209 F.3d 43 (2d Cir.2000)). A court need not find that every factor militates in favor of a finding of fairness; rather, a court “consider[s] the totality of these factors in light of the particular circumstances.” *In re Global Crossing Sec. & ERISA Litig.,*225 F.R.D. 436, 456 (S.D.N.Y.2004).

In the Tyco Action, as in the three global settlements of the MDL Cases over which this Court has presided, the factors that weigh most heavily in favor of approval of the settlement are: the positive reaction of prospective class members to the proposed settlement; the great difficulty that the plaintiffs would confront in attempting to establish liability and damages; and the range of reasonableness of the litigation, in light of the attendant risks of pressing forward with this case.

As noted, the reaction of the class has been overwhelmingly positive. Counsel received only twelve requests for exclusion and two objections, neither of them substantive, as discussed below, after more than 604,000 notices were sent to potential class members. “If only a small number of objections are received, that fact can be viewed as indicative of the adequacy of the settlement.” *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 118. Here, the relatively small number of objections and requests for exclusion militate in favor of approving the settlement as fair, adequate, and reasonable. *See, e.g., D'Amato,*236 F.3d at 86 (approving settlement where eighteen objections were filed after notice was sent to 27,883 class members); *McBean v. City of New York,*233 F.R.D. 377, 386 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (approving settlement where, after notice was sent to 40,352 class members, only four objected and 36 opted out of settlement); *Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, at *6, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *16 (finding that reaction of class supported approval, where 123 class members out of approximately 100,000 requested exclusion and only three filed objections).

The high risk of proceeding with this case and attempting to prove the defendants’ liability and establish damages weighs most heavily in favor of finding the settlement fair, adequate, and reasonable. Here, as in the MDL Cases, plaintiffs suffered in the district court dismissal with prejudice on loss causation grounds. While the parties awaited the scheduling of oral argument on plaintiffs’ pending appeal, the Second Circuit decided *Lentell,*396 F.3d at 161, in which the Court of Appeals affirmed on loss-causation grounds Judge Pollack’s with-prejudice dismissal of the “test cases,” which like this case involved plaintiffs’ claims that they had incurred losses as a result of allegedly fraudulent research reports issued by Merrill Lynch. *See also Joffee v. Lehman Bros.,*209 Fed.Appx. 80 (2d Cir.2006) (unpublished opinion) (affirming dismissal of complaint in putative securities class action, relating to allegedly fraudulent research reports, on loss causation grounds). Given the grim prospects faced by the class in light of the Second Circuit’s rulings, “[t]here is little question that the settlement agreements ... are fair and adequate to the class because they would provide what further litigation could not— any recovery for class members.” *In re Stock Exchs. Options Trading Antitrust Litig.,*No. 99 Civ. 0962, 2006 WL 3498590, at *7-8, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87825, at *26 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2006) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Here, as in the MDL Cases, the alternative to settlement was likely the affirmance by the Second Circuit of Judge Pollack’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ Complaint.

Similarly, the reasonableness of the settlement, in light of the risk faced by the plain*135tiffs in going forward, militates in favor of approval. Here, the Settlement Fund will amount to a certain cash recovery for the class of $4.9 million, plus interest. When balanced against the very high risk of complete non-recovery, the settlement is reasonable. Moreover, the estimated recovery of three percent of the total damages estimated by the plaintiffs, does not meaningfully diverge from the range of reasonableness for settlements of similarly-sized securities class actions. *See, e.g., Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, at *7 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *19 (finding a settlement representing 3.8% of plaintiffs’ estimated damages to be within range of reasonableness); *see also*Ellen M. Ryan & Laura E. Simmons, Cornerstone Research, Securities Class Action Settlements: 2007 Review and Analysis, at 6, available at http://seeurities.cornerstone.com/pdfs/ settlements_2007.pdf (reporting that, in 2007, the median settlement as a percentage of estimated damages was 3.5% in securities class actions where estimated damages ranged between $126 and $500 million).

In sum, after considering the relevant *Grinnell*factors, the Court finds that the Settlement is substantively fair and reasonable.

*Objections to Settlement*

Only two objections to the settlement have been received. The objections, which are both addressed, have no merit.

*Hugh Lowe:*Mr. Lowe, an attorney, complains that he did not receive his notice of the pending settlement until December 18, 2007, which was after the December 3, 2007 deadline that was set for the filing of objections or requests for exclusion. Mr. Lowe also protests “Inadequate Procedural Safeguards and Inadequate Representation.” In particular, he objects to the fact that, in order to submit a valid proof of claim form, he is required to find certain financial records he claims that he does not possess and does not know how to find. Mr. Lowe suggests that class counsel re-send notice to all potential class members and include with each notice the records of each individual recipient’s ownership of Tyco shares. Following Mr. Lowe’s suggestion would increase the costs incurred by counsel and therefore significantly reduce the amount of recovery. This is a bad idea.

*William Wright:*Mr. Wright, a retired attorney, protests that the proposed settlement will provide only a nominal recovery to individual class members and that filing proof of claim forms will simply not be worth the effort. Mr. Wright also objects to class counsels’ requested fee of $1.25 million, in light of each class member’s nominal recovery.

Neither objection addresses the *Grinnell*factors or otherwise weighs against a finding that the settlement is fair, reasonable and adequate. The objections are overruled. *Adequacy of Plan of Allocation*

“In approving an allocation plan, the Court must ensure that the distribution of funds is fair and reasonable.” *Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, at *7, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *19-20 (citations omitted). A plan of allocation that is devised by competent and experienced class counsel “need have only a reasonable, rational basis.” *Id.*(internal quotations and citation omitted).

The Plan of Allocation calls for the Net Settlement Fund to be distributed on a pro rata basis to valid class members based on their proof of recognized loss, which is a function of the amount of Tyco shares owned by each claimant during the class period and the dates on which the shares were purchased, then sold. A plan of allocation that calls for the pro rata distribution of settlement proceeds on the basis of investment loss is presumptively reasonable. *See In re Merrill Lynch & Co. Research Reports Sec. Litig.,*2007 WL 313474, at *11-12, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *39-40; *Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, at *7-8, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *21 (citing *In re Global Crossing,*225 F.R.D. at 462). Further, the Plan of Allocation in this case was described in detail in the notice that was sent to each potential class member, and no class member has objected to the plan. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Plan of Allocation is fair and reasonable.

In sum, the Court approves the Settlement and Plan of Allocation as fair, reasonable, and adequate.

*136*(iii) Attorneys’ Fees*

Lead Counsel request an award of attorneys’ fees in the amount of 25% of the Settlement Fund. As of January 9, 2008, the Settlement Fund amounted to approximately $5 million. Thus, the percentage requested by counsel translates to a fee award of approximately $1.25 million. The requested award translates, in turn, to a multiple of approximately 2.33 of counsels’ aggregate lodestar of $537,309. If granted, the requested percentage would award counsel an hourly rate of approximately $1,009 for the legal and paraprofessional work expended in this litigation. The requested percentage comports with the terms of the notice that was sent to potential class members, which stated that counsel would not request fees in excess of 25% of the Settlement Fund.

“[W]here an attorney succeeds in creating a common fund from which members of a class are compensated for a common injury inflicted on the class ... the attorneys whose efforts created the fund are entitled to a reasonable fee-set by the court-to be taken from the fund.” *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 47. A district court has broad discretion to award attorneys’ fees, and an award of fees will be overturned only for abuse of that discretion. *Id.*In the Second Circuit, a district court may calculate attorneys’ fees in one of two ways. Under the “lodestar” method, “an attorney fee award is derived by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate.” *AR. v. N.Y. City Dep't of Educ.,*407 F.3d 65, 79 (2d Cir.2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The court then may apply a multiplier to the lodestar figure to account for other factors, such as the risk of the litigation, the performance of counsel, or the success achieved. *See In re Twinlab Corp. Sec. Litig.,*187 F.Supp.2d 80, 84-85 (E.D.N.Y.2002). The percentage of the fund method is a simpler calculation where the award is based on “some percentage of the fund created for the benefit of the class.” *Savoie v. Merchants Bank,*166 F.3d 456, 460 (2d Cir.1999) (citing *Blum v. Stenson,*465 U.S. 886, 900 n. 16, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984)).

Both the lodestar and percentage methods are permissible methods of calculating reasonable attorneys’ fees. *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 50. The trend in the Second Circuit, however, has been to express attorneys’ fees as a percentage of the total settlement, rather than to use the lodestar method to arrive at a reasonable fee. *Wal-Mart,*396 at 121; *In re Elan Sec. Litig.,*385 F.Supp.2d 363, 373 (S.D.N.Y.2005). The Second Circuit disfavors application of the lodestar method because the “lodestar create[s] an unanticipated disincentive to early settlements, tempt[s] lawyers to run up their hours, and compel[s] district courts to engage in a gimlet-eyed review of line-item fee audits.” *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 122 (internal quotations and citation omitted); *see also In re AOL Time Warner, Inc. Sec. & “ERISA” Litig.,*No. 02 Civ. 5575, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78101, at *24 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2006), report and recommendation adopted by 2006 WL 3057232, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77926 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2006) (noting that “every significant Southern District opinion facing the issue since *Goldberger*has embraced the percentage approach”). The percentage method usually is deemed to be preferable “because it reduces the incentive for counsel to drag the case out to increase the number of hours billed; also, fewer judicial resources will be spent in evaluating the fairness of the fee petition.” *Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, at *8, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890, at *23 (citation omitted). Use of the percentage method also comports with the statutory language of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”) which specifies that “total attorneys’ fees and expenses awarded by the court to counsel for the plaintiff class *shall not exceed a reasonable percentage*of the amount of any damages and prejudgment interest actually paid to the class ____” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(6) (emphasis added); *Maley v. Del Global Tech.,*186 F.Supp.2d 358, 370 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (noting that in amending the PSLRA, Congress “indicated a preference for the use of the percentage method”).

Whether the fee is calculated using the lodestar or percentage method, courts consider the following *Goldberger*factors in determining a reasonable award of fees: “(1) *137the time and labor expended by counsel; (2) the magnitude and complexities of the litigation; (3) the risk of litigation ...; (4) the quality of representation; (5) the requested fee in relation to the settlement; and (6) public policy.” *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 50. “Even when the percentage method is used, however, the Second Circuit ‘encourages the practice of requiring documentation of hours as. a “cross-check” on the reasonableness of the requested percentage.’ ” *In re Visa Check/Mastermoney Antitrust Litig.,*297 F.Supp.2d 503, 520-21 (E.D.N.Y.2003), aff'd *Wal-Mart,*396 F.3d at 96 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 50). In evaluating the lodestar value for “crosscheck” purposes, the hours submitted by the attorneys are reviewed but not exhaustively scrutinized. *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 50. In determining a reasonable award of attorneys’ fees, the Court seeks to balance the “overarching concern for moderation with the concern for avoiding disincentives to early settlements.” *In re Elan Sec. Litig.,*385 F.Supp.2d at 376 (citations and internal quotations omitted). A fee award “should be assessed based on scrutiny of the unique circumstances of each case, and ‘a jealous regard to the rights of those who are interested in the fund.’ ” *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 53 (quoting *Grinnell,*495 F.2d at 469).

Although reference to fee awards in other cases may not always be particularly helpful in fashioning a reasonable and fair award in a case that is currently before the court, the Tyco Action, as noted, is highly similar to the MDL Cases. Therefore, the awards of attorneys’ fees in the three previous global settlements of the MDL Cases provide useful benchmarks in determining a fair and reasonable award of fees in the present action. Accordingly, where appropriate, I contrast the application of the *Goldberger*factors in this case with their application in the previous global settlements of the MDL Cases.

*(1) Time and Labor Expended*

Plaintiffs’ counsel expended a total of 1238.75 hours of legal and paraprofessional work over the course of more than four years of litigation.4 By contrast, counsel in the Mutual Fund Cases expended a total of 9462 hours, over four years of litigation. Lead Counsel state that the work included: the preparing and filing of the initial complaints and the consolidated amended class complaint; filing a motion to consolidate the member cases and to appoint Lead Plaintiffs and Lead Counsel; review of publically available documents, including Tyco’s and Merrill Lynch’s public filings, research reports issued by the defendants, complaints relating to Tyco and its officers filed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), documents from the NYAG’s investigation, and transcripts from the trial of Dennis Kozlowski and his co-defendants; preparing and filing the opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss; preparing and filing an appellate brief in the Second Circuit; conducting settlement negotiations; and negotiating and drafting various documents relating to settlement, including the Stipulation, the proposed Preliminary Order, and the notice to potential class members.

Counsels’ work in this case resembles the efforts of counsel in the Mutual Fund Cases where, in addition to reviewing publically available documents and conducting settlement negotiations, the work included the vigorous litigation of motions to dismiss and appeal of the dismissals. Here, however, as in the Mutual Fund Cases, where I granted an award of 22.5% of attorneys’ fees, informal discovery was limited to the review of public documents and therefore “did not involve intricate disputes over privilege or other difficult legal issues nor did plaintiffs have to undertake special means to procure evidence that was hard to obtain.” *In re Keyspan Corp. Sec. Litig.,*No.2001-5852, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29068, at *30 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 25, 2005). By contrast, the relative ease of discovery in this case distinguishes it from the more difficult work that was performed in the Internet Cases, in which I awarded attorneys’ fees in the amount of *13824%, where counsel were forced to fight for access to documents from the NYAG’s investigation of Merrill Lynch and attempt to overcome the NYAG’s claim of privilege. In addition, there is no indication that settlement negotiations in this case were particularly hard-fought, or that formulating the Plan of Allocation or any other provisions of the Settlement was especially complex or arduous.

In sum, the time and labor expended by counsel in this case do not weigh in favor of an especially generous award of attorneys’ fees. By the same token, the labor expended in this matter was substantial, and this factor does not call for an award far below counsels’ requested 25%.

*(2) Magnitude and Complexity*

Securities class litigation “ ‘is notably difficult and notoriously uncertain.’ ” *In re Sumitomo Copper Litig.,*189 F.R.D. 274, 281 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (quotinq *In re Michael Milken and*Assoc. *Sec. Litig.,*150 F.R.D. 46, 53 (S.D.N.Y.1993)). The magnitude and complexity of a case, however, also should be evaluated in comparison with other securities class litigations. *See In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Secs. Litig.,*361 F.Supp.2d 229, 234 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (evaluating the complexity of the class action relative to other securities actions); accord *FTR Consulting Group, Inc v. Advantage Fund II Ltd.,*No. 02 Civ. 8608, 2005 WL 2234039, at *5, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20013, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 14, 2005).

Counsel assert that the “magnitude and complexity of this Action, particularly with respect to loss causation and damages, is just as great as in the mutual fund and internet stock research report cases against Merrill Lynch.” (Motion on Class Counsels’ Joint Application for an Award of Counsel Fees and Reimbursement of Expenses (“Pl.Mem.Attny.Fees”) at 13.) Counsel point to the Second Circuit’s decisions, first in *Lentell,*and then, approximately one year later, in *Joffee,*209 Fed.Appx. at 80, in which the Court of Appeals affirmed with-prejudice dismissals of eases in which the defendants were alleged to have issued fraudulently optimistic research reports, on the ground that the plaintiffs had failed adequately to plead loss causation.

Counsel are correct that the plaintiffs in this case faced very high, if not insurmountable, hurdles in pleading and proving their claims. However, the analysis of the “magnitude and complexity” of this case is similar to that undertaken in the Mutual Fund Decision, in which the Court found that “[a]l-though the plaintiffs faced a steep uphill, and ultimately losing, battle in prosecuting their claims, the magnitude of these Actions and the complexity of the factual issues involved ... were not so enormous as to warrant a determination that this factor weighs significantly in favor of the award of generous attorneys’ fees.” *Mutual Fund Decision,*2007 WL 313474, at 15, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *51. Here, as in the Mutual Fund Cases, the magnitude and complexity of the litigation are not remarkable when compared with those aspects in other complex securities class actions. *Compare In re Visa Check/Mastermoney Litig.,*297 F.Supp.2d at 523 (finding magnitude and complexities of case “enormous” where the “ease involved almost every U.S. bank and more than five million U.S. merchants”); *In re Sumitomo Copper Litigation,*74 F.Supp.2d 393, 395 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (case involved “almost overwhelming magnitude and complexity”); *In re NASDAQ Market-Makers Antitrust Litig.,*187 F.R.D. 465, 474, 488 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (finding that “liability in this case requires proof of an unusually complex conspiracy involving 37 Defendants and a ‘checkerboard’ of fact situations and disparate periods for each of 1,659 different securities” and that “the issues were novel and difficult requiring a challenge to a longstanding industry practice and the exercise of skill and imagination”). Plaintiffs certainly encountered difficulty in pressing forward with their legal theories, but the issues confronted by the plaintiffs, consisting among other things of pleading and proving loss causation, were not substantially more complicated than the issues most plaintiffs typically encounter in prosecuting securities class action claims.

As in the Mutual Fund Cases, factors that typically denote complexity were absent from *139this litigation. For example, although counsel were required to familiarize themselves with developments in securities law, they were not required to master a new or novel area of law. *See, e.g., Denney v. Jenkens & Gilchrist,*230 F.R.D. 317, 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) , aff'd in part, vacat’d in part on other grounds by *Denney v. Deutsche Bank, A.G.,*443 F.3d 253 (2d Cir.2006) (finding complexity to be a significant factor where “Class Counsel had to expend significant time learning the complicated tax shelter business in order to prosecute plaintiffs’ claims”); *Ling v. Cantley & Sedacca, L.L.P.,*No. 04 Civ. 4566, 2006 WL 290477, at *1-2, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4711, at *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2006) (finding that work performed by class counsel, though extensive, did not include “the use of any particularly novel or complex skill”). In addition, as noted, fact investigation and informal discovery in this case largely involved the review of public documents and was not especially difficult. By the time the parties reached settlement, no formal document discovery had taken place, and no witnesses had been deposed.

In this case, therefore, as in the Mutual Fund Cases, where I awarded a fee of 22.5% and which counsel expressly invoke in support of their application for an award of 25%, the “magnitude and complexity” factor does not call for a particularly generous fee.

*(3) Risk of Litigation*

Courts of the Second Circuit have recognized the risk of litigation to be “perhaps the foremost factor to be considered in determining” the award of appropriate attorneys’ fees. *In re Elan Sec. Litig.,*385 F.Supp.2d at 374 (internal quotations and citation omitted). There is generally only a very small risk of non-recovery in a securities class action. *See Dreyfus Aggressive Growth Mutual Fund Litigation,*No. 98 CV4318, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8418, 2001 WL 709262, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2001) (‘What empirical data does exist indicates that all but a small percentage of class actions settle, thereby guaranteeing counsel payment of fees and minimizing the risks associated with contingency fee litigation.”) (citing S.Rep. No. 104-98, at 9 (1995)) (estimating that about 300 securities lawsuits are filed each year and that 93% of these cases reach settlements). In the Mutual Fund Decision, I noted that “ ‘where claims were precipitated by public events,’ the risk undertaken by class counsel is especially slight.” *Mutual Fund Decision,*2007 WL 313474, at *16, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *54 (quoting *In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Sec. Litig.,*361 F.Supp.2d at 234); *see also Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 54 (2d Cir.2000) (finding contingency risk to be low where case arose from notorious fraud prosecution); *Karpus v. Borelli (In re Interpublic Secs. Litig.),*No. 03 Civ. 1194, 2004 WL 2397190, at *12, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21429, at *35 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2004) (“This was not a case in which there was a government investigation that had resulted in disclosure of misconduct and was also driving a settlement.”); *In re Visa Check/Mastermoney Antitrust Litig.,*297 F.Supp.2d at 523 (determining litigation to be risky where “Lead Counsel did not benefit from any previous or simultaneous government litigation”); *Rogers v. Sterling Foster & Co. (in Re Sterling Foster & Co.),*238 F.Supp.2d 480, 488 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (finding contingency risk to be low in light of previous government investigations of defendants); *In re Dreyfus Aggressive Growth Mut. Fund Litig.,*2001 WL 709262, at *5, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8418, at *20-21 (finding risk to be low “where there was substantial overlap between the government’s investigations and the plaintiffs’ claims”); *In re Bausch & Lomb, Inc. Sec. Litig.,*183 F.R.D. 78, 87 (W.D.N.Y.1998) (SEC investigation begun after commencement of securities action “clearly overlapped” and “put additional pressure on [defendant] to settle the case, and would also have given plaintiffs’ counsel greater reason to believe that they could prevail”).

Here, counsel compare their risk with that faced by counsel in the Internet Cases, rather than the risk faced by counsel in the Mutual Fund Cases. In the Mutual Fund Cases, I found that the risk of non-recovery faced by the plaintiffs was minimal, given the NYAG’s highly publicized investigation into Merrill Lynch’s misconduct and the resulting settlement between Merrill Lynch and the NYAG, even though plaintiffs in the Mutual Fund Cases were faced with the daunting *140prospect of proving loss causation. In the Internet Cases Decision, I found that the risk was comparatively greater, because the first of the twenty consolidated Internet Cases was filed months before the NYAG’s investigation of and settlement with Merrill Lynch became public. Counsel in the present action claim that “[t]he risk of non-recovery for Plaintiffs’ Counsel in this litigation in June 2003 [when this action commenced] was comparable if not greater than, the risk that existed for counsel in the [Internet Cases]. Plaintiffs’ Counsel had to prove their case against Merrill and Young without relying on regulatory or governmental investigations and settlements, as well as prove that Merrill and Young were not defrauded by the corruption that existed at Tyco.” (Pl. Mem. Attny. Fees at 16.) Counsel contend that, at the time this action commenced, they “embarked on investigating and filing this case with the understanding that no governmental or regulatory investigation existed at the time involving Merrill Lynch related to the Company’s coverage of and relationship with Tyco.” *(Id.*at 17.)

Counsel fail to show how the risk in this action is substantively different from that faced by counsel in the Mutual Fund Cases. First, it is simply not true that counsel in this case did not rely on “regulatory or governmental investigations or settlements” in prosecuting this case. As counsel themselves acknowledge in their memorandum, document review in this case consisted of review of the NYAG’s voluminous documentation relating to Merrill Lynch’s allegedly fraudulent practices as well as a review of the transcripts of the criminal trials of Dennis Kozlowski and other Tyco executives. Second, the fact that the government had not initiated an investigation that specifically related to Merrill Lynch’s relationship with Tyco is of no moment. As in the present action, at the time the initial complaints were filed in the Mutual Fund and Internet Cases (excluding the first of the twenty consolidated actions), there was no governmental investigation pending against Merrill Lynch. In other words, neither the Tyco Action nor any of the MDL Cases that have been settled (apart from the first of the twenty consolidated Internet Cases) were litigated concurrently with governmental or regulatory proceedings.

For the purpose of evaluating the risk of non-recovery faced by counsel at the litigation’s outset, the key fact is that the present case, like all but one of the MDL Cases, were commenced against Merrill Lynch *after*the NYAG announced the results of its long-term investigation into alleged conflicts of interest between Merrill Lynch’s brokerage and investment banking divisions. The fact that Merrill Lynch settled with the NYAG did not remove the pressure brought to bear on the company by the highly publicized announcement of the governmental proceeding. *See Mutual Fund Decision,*2007 WL 313474, at *17, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *57 (describing the “publicity generated by the NYAG’s investigation and settlement, and the pressure brought to bear upon the defendants as a result of those events”.) Here, too, the misconduct that Merrill Lynch and Phua Young are accused of is precisely the activity that was the subject of the NYAG’s proceeding: namely, the issuance of fraudulent research reports to unsuspecting investors, in which Merrill Lynch’s analysts provided falsely optimistic opinions about certain companies’ stock so that Merrill Lynch could generate investment banking revenue from those companies. As the NYAG stated in a May 2002 press release, “A core issue [in the NYAG’s investigation] was whether or not analysts were being truthful and fair in their public pronouncements on stocks of companies for which Merrill Lynch did investment banking business.” NYAG Press Release, *Spitzer, Merrill Lynch Reach Unprecedented Agreement to Reform Investment Practices,*May 21, 2002, available at http://www.oag. state.ny.us/press/2002/may/may21aA)2.html.

In sum, the relevant proceedings here, as in the MDL Cases, were the NYAG’s prior proceedings against Merrill Lynch, not the proceedings launched by other governmental actors against Tyco and its officers. Given the pressure brought to bear upon Merrill Lynch in the aftermath of the NYAG’s investigation and settlement, counsel commenced this Action with the justified expectation of a favorable disposition, despite the development of unfavorable legal precedent. Ac*141eordingly, the slight risk of non-recovery in this action weighs against the award of a particularly high percentage of the Settlement Fund.

*(k) Quality of Representation*

To evaluate the “quality of the representation,” courts review the recovery obtained and the backgrounds of the lawyers involved in the lawsuit. *See In re Global Crossing Sec. & ERISA Litig.,*225 F.R.D. at 467. “The quality of opposing counsel is also important in evaluating the quality of Class Counsels’ work.” *In re KeySpan Corp. Sec. Litig.,*2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29068, at *35 (citing *Warner Communications Sec. Litig.,*618 F.Supp. 735, 749 (S.D.N.Y.1985)).

Here, as noted above, counsel obtained a reasonable recovery for the Class Members of approximately 3% of total claimed damages. Given the grim procedural posture of this action and the likelihood of complete non-recovery in the event that the litigation continued, the settlement obtained constitutes a favorable result for the class.

Counsel assert that “[e]ach of the plaintiff firms practice extensively in the highly complex field of shareholder securities litigation.” (Pl. Mem. Attny. Fees at 17.) Counsel also point to the defense mounted by defendants’ counsel, “with vast resources at their disposal who vigorously defended their clients and challenged Lead Plaintiff’s claims on substantive grounds.” *(Id.*at 18.) I further note that defense counsel in this case also acted as counsel for the defendants in the MDL Cases and the global settlements, where I acknowledged the high quality of representation provided by both plaintiffs’ and defendants’ counsel.

Accordingly, I find that the quality of representation in this case does not militate against the award of a generous fee.

*(5) Requested Fee in Relation to Settlement*

Counsel observe that “awards in the range of 25 percent have often been approved in this Circuit.” (Pl. Mem. Attny. Fees at 19) (citing cases). Counsel also cite to this Court’s award of a 22.5% fee in the Mutual Fund Cases and a 24% fee in the Internet Cases, and state that the “25 percent fee requested is reasonable and certainly in line with the fee percentages awarded in other research report cases.” *(Id.)*

Although counsel are correct that a number of cases could be cited to support or oppose the argument that a 25% fee in a securities class action of this size is reasonable, “reference to awards in other eases is of limited usefulness.” *In re KeySpan Corp. Sec. Litig.,*2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29068, at *40 (citing *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 53). This is because “fee awards should be assessed based on the unique circumstances of each ease.” *In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Secs. Litig.,*361 F.Supp.2d at 236 (citing *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 52). Nevertheless, in light of the many similarities between this case and the Mutual Fund Cases, the 22.5% fee that I granted in the Mutual Fund Cases provides a highly useful benchmark from which to assess the reasonableness of counsel’s present request for a 25% fee.

The awards of 22.5% in the Mutual Fund Cases and that of 24% in the Internet Cases were based on a painstaking application of the *Goldberger*factors to the facts of those cases. Here, the time and labor expended by counsel and the risk of litigation counsel confronted at the outset of the case share more in common with those factors as they applied in the Mutual Fund Cases than in the Internet Cases. As discussed, the Internet Cases involved more arduous discovery and more extensive, varied, and complicated labor than was involved in either the Mutual Fund Cases or this action. In addition, the risk of non-recovery was somewhat greater for counsel in the Internet Cases than it was for counsel in either the Mutual Fund Cases or this action. Thus, the reasonableness of the requested fee in relation to the settlement is better evaluated with reference to the Mutual Fund Cases, where I awarded a 22.5% fee.

*(6) Public Policy*

Public policy concerns favor the award of reasonable attorneys’ fees in class action securities litigation. *See In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig.,*388 F.Supp.2d 319, 359 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (“In order to attract well-qualified *142plaintiffs’ counsel who are able to take a case to trial, and who defendants understand are able and willing to do so, it is necessary to provide appropriate financial incentives.”). As Judge Holwell explained in *Hicks,*2005 WL 2757792, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890,

> Private actions to redress real injuries further the objectives of the federal securities laws by protecting investors and consumers against fraud and other deceptive practices. Such actions could not be sustained if plaintiffs’ counsel were not to receive remuneration from the settlement fund for their efforts on behalf of the class. Due to the dispersed, and relatively small, losses among a large pool of investors, the class action mechanism and its associated percentage-of-recovery fee award solve the collective action problem otherwise encountered by which it would not be worthwhile for individual investors to take the time and effort to initiate the action. To make certain that the public is represented by talented and experienced trial counsel, the remuneration should be both fair and rewarding. The concept of a private attorney acting as a private attorney general is vital to the continued enforcement and effectiveness of the Securities Acts.

*Id.*at *9, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24890 at *26-27 (citation and internal quotations omitted).

Here, where many if not most class members are individual investors, public policy supports an award sufficient to encourage counsel to act on behalf of such investors. *See In re Bristol-Myers Squibb,*361 F.Supp.2d at 236; *In re Visa Check/Master-Money,*297 F.Supp.2d at 524 (“The fees awarded must be reasonable, but they must also serve as an inducement for lawyers to make similar efforts in the future.”). An award of fees in excess of that required to encourage class litigation, however, does not necessarily serve public policy.

Here, as discussed at greater length below, the requested fee of 25% translates to an aggregate rate of $1,009 for every hour of legal and paraprofessional work expended during this litigation. This rate is in excess of what is required to induce qualified counsel to bring securities class litigation that would otherwise not be prosecuted. Accordingly, public policy concerns do not weigh in favor of granting the requested fee of 25%. *Lodestar Cross-Check*

Even in cases where the court applies the percentage method of fee calculation, documentation of hours remains a useful “crosscheck” on the reasonableness of the requested percentage. *Goldberger,*209 F.3d at 50. Nevertheless, “where used as a mere crosscheck, the hours documented by counsel need not be exhaustively scrutinized by the district court. Instead, the reasonableness of the claimed lodestar can be tested by the court’s familiarity with the case____” *Id.*Under the lodestar method of fee computation, a multiplier is typically applied to the lodestar. *In re Global Crossing Sec. & ERISA Litig.,*225 F.R.D. at 467-68. The multiplier represents the risk of the litigation, the complexity of the issues, the contingent nature of the engagement, the skill of the attorneys, and other factors. *Id.*

Counsel have expended 1238.75 hours during the litigation, for total billed charges, or a “lodestar”, of $537,308.50, and these figures are supported by detailed time records submitted by counsel. The lodestar represents an aggregate hourly rate of approximately $434. The rates charged at counsels’ firms fall well within the range of reasonableness. For example, the hourly rates charged by Lead Counsel range from $615 (for the named partner) to $350, for associates. *See In re Gilat Satellite Networks,*No. 02 Civ. 1510, 2007 WL 2743675, at *17, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68964, at *54 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2007) (finding that hourly rates ranging from $325 for associates to $725 for senior partners were reasonable); *Williamsburg Fair Hous. Comm. v. N.Y. City Hous. Auth.,*No. 76 Civ. 2125, 2005 WL 736146, at *12-13, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5200, at *35 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2005) (observing that “a recent billing survey made by the National Law Journal shows that senior partners in New York City charge as much as $ 750 per hour and junior partners charge as much as $ 490 per hour”) (citing *In Focus: Billing; A Firm-by-Firm Sampling of Billing Rates Nationwide,*Nat’l Law Journal, December 6, 2004, at 22). According to counsels’ time *143records, the majority of the work in this Action (approximately 68%) was performed by personnel charging rates below $500 per hour, which distinguishes this case from both the Mutual Fund Cases and the Internet Cases, where the majority of the work was performed by lawyers who billed their time at more than $500 per hour. Thus, the hourly rates charged by the lawyers who worked on this case are reasonable.

Counsel’s requested fee of 25% of the Settlement Fund represents a multiple of approximately 2.33 of the aggregate loadstar. Counsel cite the multipliers that resulted from the awards granted in the Mutual Fund Cases (a multiplier of 1.95), and the Internet Cases (a multiplier of 1.985), in support of their application.

Although the multiplier of 2.33 is not *per se*exorbitant, neither is it particularly modest. As I noted in the Mutual Fund Cases, where I refused to grant counsels’ request for a fee of 28% and instead awarded 22.5%, “as a rule, *‘post-Goldberger*courts ...' have generally refused multipliers as high as 2.03.’” *Mutual Fund Decision,*2007 WL 313474, at *20, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *66 (quoting *In re Twinlab Corp. Sec. Litig.,*187 F.Supp.2d at 87. *See also In re Arakis Energy,*No. 95 Civ. 3431, 2001 WL 1590512, at *15, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19873, at *51 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2001)) (stating that an award that was equivalent to a 1.2 multiplier would not “deviate materially from *post-Goldberger*decisions of courts within the Second Circuit as to whether or not to apply a multiplier to a given lodestar”). Thus, the lodestar multiplier of 2.33 that counsel request in this case bucks the trend among courts after *Goldberger*refusing to award fees that equate to more than twice counsels’ lodestar.

In cross-checking the requested percentage against the lodestar, the Court must “confirm that the percentage amount does not award counsel an exorbitant hourly rate.” *In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Sec. Litig.,*361 F.Supp.2d at 233 (citing *In re NASDAQ Market-Makers Antitrust Litig.,*187 F.R.D. 465, 486, 489 n. 24 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (internal citations omitted)). Here, as noted above, the requested percentage of 25% of the Settlement Fund translates to a multiple of counsel’s lodestar of 2.33 and to an aggregate hourly rate of $1,009. In the Mutual Fund Cases, the Court reduced the requested fee percentage so that the award resulted in a multiplier of 1.95 and an aggregate hourly compensation of $959, which was deemed to be a “princely rate of pay, by any standard” but ultimately reasonable. *Mutual Fund Decision,*2007 WL 313474, at *24, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9450, at *78. Similarly, in the Internet Cases, the Court found that a multiplier of 1.985 and an aggregate hourly wage of $913 were reasonable, and in the ML Shareholders Decision, found that a multiplier of 2.02 and an aggregate hourly wage of $946 were reasonable.

Here, too, counsel’s fee request must be reduced in order to provide a fair and reasonable fee that translates to a multiplier that is not markedly greater than twice counsels’ lodestar and an aggregate hourly wage that is less than $1,000.

*Reasonable Fee Award*

After applying the *Goldberger*factors and performing the lodestar “cross-check,” the Court finds that an award of 22.5% of the Settlement Fund constitutes a reasonable fee. This award will result in a high but not excessive multiplier of 2.09 and an hourly compensation of $908, sums which comport not only with this Circuit’s jurisprudence *posb-Goldberger*but also with this Court’s awards of fees in the settlements of the related MDL Cases.

*(iv) Reimbursement of Litigation Expenses*

Counsel request reimbursement of $38,139.88 in litigation costs and expenses. Counsel is entitled to reimbursement from the common fund for reasonable litigation expenses. *Miltland Raleigh-Durham v. Myers,*840 F.Supp. 235, 239 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (quoting *Reichman v. Bonsignore, Brignati & Mazzotta, P.C.,*818 F.2d 278, 283 (2d Cir.1987)).

Counsels’ application is for an amount less than that stated in the notice, which provided that the request for reimbursement of expenses would not exceed *144$50,000. Expenses incurred in litigating this case include such standard items as computer research fees, copying costs, postage, court fees, travel expenses, and professional fees paid to counsels’ damages expert and accountant. Each of the law firms has submitted a line-item accounting of expenses incurred during the litigation. No class members have objected to the expenses claimed. The expenses submitted by counsel are reasonable and should be reimbursed in full out of the Settlement Fund.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants certification to the settlement classes and approves the Settlement and Plan of Allocation as fair and reasonable. Plaintiffs’ remaining claims are dismissed with prejudice. Counsel are awarded attorneys’ fees in the amount of 22.5% of the Settlement Fund and reimbursement of costs and expenses in the amount of

The Court will enter an Order and Final Judgment, to be submitted by counsel, confirming and finalizing its approval of the Settlement and its award of fees and expenses consistent with all of the proceedings in this ease are this Opinion and Order. Attorneys fees and expenses are to be a administered pursuant to the terms of the Order and Final Judgment. In addition, counsel are permitted to petition the Court for reimbursement or any additional reasonable litigation costs and expenses as they are incurred in this action.

SO ORDERED.

1

. As of January 9, 2008, approximately $90,000 of interest had accrued.

2

. At the Fairness Hearing, counsel noted that, of the twelve requests for exclusion that were filed, only three appeared to be filed by valid class members. However, counsel requested that the Court approve the exclusion of all twelve applicants for exclusion, and I granted the request.

3

. In addition to Lead Counsel (the Law Offices of Bernard M. Gross), the following counsel participated on behalf of the plaintiffs: Vianale & Vianale LLP; Berger & Montague, P.C.; and Pomerantz, Haudek, Block, Grossman & Gross, LLP (acting as local Liaison Counsel).

4

. The hours worked by each law firm are as follows: Law Offices of Bernard M. Gross (Lead Counsel) expended 878.9 hours; Vianale & Vianale expended 50.5 hours; Berger & Montague expended 139.9 hours; and Pomerantz, Block, Grossman, and Gross (Liaison Counsel) expended 170.45 hours.