UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO. 09-0433

RUTH HILL FREDERICK, APPELLANT,

V.

ERIC K. SHINSEKI,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued November 23, 2010 Decided March 11, 2011) 

Paul M. Schoenhard, of Washington D.C., for the appellant.

Robert Schneider, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell,

Assistant General Counsel; and David L. Quinn, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, were on the

brief, all from Washington, DC, for the appellee. 

Before KASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL and MOORMAN, Judges.

KASOLD, Chief Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. 

KASOLD, Chief Judge: Mrs. Ruth Hill Frederick is the remarried surviving spouse of World

War II veteran Fred T. Hill. She appeals through counsel a November 19, 2008, decision of the

Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) that denied restoration of dependancy and indemnity

compensation (DIC) because she did not file an application for DIC within one year from the date

of the enactment of Public Law 108-183 (Public Law), much of which is codified at 38 U.S.C. 

§ 103(d)(2)(B) (2003). Mrs. Frederick essentially argues that the requirement for applying for DIC

within one year of enactment of the Public Law applies only to those who, for whatever reason, had

never applied for DIC prior to enactment of the Public Law and that this requirement does not apply

to her, a surviving spouse seeking reinstatement of such benefits. The Secretary disputes Mrs.

Frederick's interpretation of the statute. For the reasons set forth below, the Board's decision will
be reversed and the matters remanded for further adjudication. 

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Hill had active service from September 1942 to July 1945. Subsequent to Mr. Hill's

death on May 26, 1970, his surviving wife, Ruth Hill, was found to be entitled to and awarded DIC

benefits. On December 4, 1986, at the age of 57, Ruth Hill remarried and notified the Secretary of

her remarriage. At that time, the law did not authorize the continuation of DIC payments for

surviving spouses if they remarried, 38 U.S.C. §§ 101, 103 (1986), and such payments to Mrs. Ruth

Hill Frederick stopped. 

On December 16, 2003, Congress amended the law to authorize DIC for surviving spouses

even if they remarried, provided the remarriage occurred after the surviving spouse attained the age

of 57. Veterans Benefit Act of 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-183, § 101, 117 Stat. 2651, 2652-53 (2003);

see also 38 U.S.C. § 103(d)(2)(B) (2003). Upon learning of this change in law, Mrs. Frederick

sought reinstatement of her DIC payments in November 2007. However, the Board denied her

request because she sought reinstatement more than one year after passage of the Public Law. The

Board based its denial on an interpretation of a provision of the Public Law that has not been

codified. The Board interpreted this provision as requiring the submission of a new application for

DIC within one year of enactment of the Public Law, even for those surviving spouses who

previously were receiving DIC and otherwise needed only to have DIC reinstated. The uncodified

provision states: 

In the case of an individual who but for having remarried would be eligible for benefits under

title 38, United States Code, by reason of the amendment made by subsection (1) and whose

remarriage was before the date of the enactment of this Act and after the individual had

attained age 57, the individual shall be eligible for such benefits by reason of such

amendment only if the individual submits an application for such benefits to the Secretary

of Veterans Affairs not later than the end of the one-year period beginning on the date of the

enactment of this Act.

117 Stat. at 2652-53. 1

The codified statute, 38 U.S.C. § 103(2)(B), states that "[t]he remarriage after age 57 of the surviving spouse 1

of a veteran shall not bar the furnishing of benefits specified in paragraph (5) to such person as the surviving spouse of

the veteran," and does not include the provision in Pub. L. No. 108-183 that requires an application for DIC to be

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Succinctly stated, the issue before the Court is the scope of Public Law 108-183 and whether

the uncodified provision requiring an application for DIC to be submitted within one year of

enactment of the Public Law applies to a surviving spouse seeking reinstatement of DIC.

II. THE PARTIES' ARGUMENTS

Mrs. Frederick focuses on the language of the Public Law, which she contends has four

requirements to establish entitlement to DIC for a surviving spouse who remarried prior to enactment

of the Public Law: (1) The surviving spouse must be eligible for benefits "but for having remarried,"

(2) the remarriage must have occurred after the surviving spouse has attained the age of 57, (3) the

remarriage must have occurred before December 16, 2003, and (4) an application for DIC must be

submitted no later than December 15, 2004. The parties do not dispute that Mrs. Frederick meets

the first three requirements. As to the fourth requirement, Mrs. Frederick notes that she submitted

her application for DIC, shortly after her veteran-husband died, well before December 15, 2004, and

was found entitled to DIC benefits. Mrs. Frederick essentially reasons that the time limit to submit

an application for DIC provided in the Public Law effectively applies only to those claimants who

remarried after attaining the age of 57 and prior to enactment of the Public Law, but who had never

previously applied for DIC; these claimants are the ones required to submit an application for DIC

no later than December 15, 2004. Otherwise stated, Mrs. Frederick essentially contends she was not

applying for DIC; rather she was seeking reinstatement of DIC.2

The Secretary also focuses on the language of the Public Law, but he contends the statute

clearly creates a one-year window (from December 16, 2003 (date of enactment of the Public Law)

submitted before the end of the one-year period after enactment of the Public Law. The statutes at large are legal

evidence of the laws. See U.S. Nat'l Bank of Or. v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 448 (1993). Thus, 

Pub. L. No. 108-183 is controlling law. 

 Mrs. Frederick also focuses on the Secretary's regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 3.55(a)(10)(ii) (2010), which essentially 2

parrots the statute, and notes that whereas the Public Law requires "an application" to be submitted, the regulation states

"the application" must be submitted. Because the Secretary eschewed any intent to change the substance of the statute

by using "the" instead of "an," we do not further address this part of Mrs. Frederick's argument. See Gonzales v. Oregon,

546 U.S. 243, 257 (2006) (holding that if an agency regulation parrots the law, the question presented is one of statutory

interpretation); Haas v. Peake, 525 F.3d 1168 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Sharp v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 267, 276 (2009).

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to December 15, 2004) in which all surviving spouses who remarried after the age of 57 and prior

to enactment of the Public Law are required to apply for DIC, including reinstatement of DIC, or

forever forgo such benefit. The Secretary argues that the phrase "submits an application" supports

his interpretation because it is prospective in nature, which indicates that a new application must be

submitted and that past applications are not acceptable. The Secretary also argues that any other

interpretation creates an absurd result because it swallows the rule, and he further relies on the

legislative history, which he argues clearly supports his interpretation.

III. DISCUSSION

The Court interprets a statute de novo. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(1); Majeed v. Nicholson, 19

Vet.App. 525, 530-31 (2006); see also Lane v. Principi, 339 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003)

("[I]nterpretation of a statute or regulation is a question of law . . . ."). "[T]he starting point in every

case involving construction of a statute is the language itself." Santa Fe Indus., Inc. v. Green, 430

U.S. 462, 472 (1977). "Where the plain meaning of a statute is discernable, that 'plain meaning must

be given effect' . . . ." Tallman v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 453, 460 (1995) (quoting Gardner v.

Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 453, 587 (1991)). "Determining a statute's plain meaning requires examining

the specific language at issue and the overall structure of the statute." Gardner, 1 Vet.App. at 586

(citing Bethesda Hosp. Ass'n v. Bowen, 485 U.S. 399, 403-05 (1988)).

A. The Public Law does not create a one-year window for reinstatement of DIC.

Starting with the plain language of the Public Law, we note that, contrary to the Secretary's

interpretation, it does not create a one-year "window" in which to submit an application. Rather, the

language very clearly creates only an end date by which an application must be submitted. To wit,

the Public Law states that "an application" must be submitted "not later than the end of the one-year

period beginning on the date of the enactment." 117 Stat. at 2653 (emphasis added). 

There also can be no doubt that Congress knows how to create a window of time when it so

desires. Indeed, in the same Public Law in which Congress created this end-date provision, it

amended another statutory provision dealing with veterans benefits by replacing an explicitly

provided window, (to wit: "during the 1-year period"), with an end-date provision similar to the enddate provision applicable here, (to wit: "before the end of the one-year period beginning on the date

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of the enactment of [the Public Law]"). See id. (amending Veterans Benefits Act of 2002, Pub. L.

No. 107-330, 116 Stat. 2820, 2822 (2002)); Atl. Cleaners & Dryers v. United States, 286 U.S. 427,

433 (1932) (stating that there is a "natural presumption that identical words used in different parts

of the same act are intended to have the same meaning"); Talley v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 282, 286

(1992) ("'[E]ach part or section [of a statute] should be construed in connection with every other part

or section so as to produce a harmonious whole.'" (quoting 2A N. SINGER, SUTHERLAND ON

STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 46.05 (4th ed. 1984))).

The Secretary suggests that the universe of persons affected by this Public Law provision

includes only those who previously applied for benefits. He further reasons that if the universe of

persons affected by this portion of the Public Law is only those who previously applied for DIC, then

all such persons would have met the end date for submission of an application, rendering any such

interpretation of the uncodified provision of the Public Law meaningless. The Secretary's universe

of persons, however, is ill defined. Specifically, it ignores the fact that there likely are surviving

spouses who remarried after the age of 57 and prior to enactment of the Public Law who never

applied for DIC prior to enactment of the Public Law. Under the plain wording of the statute –

which sets an end date for application – these individuals clearly would have to submit an

application no later than December 15, 2004, or forever lose their benefits. Thus, the plain language

interpretation is not rendered meaningless and is not absurd, as the Secretary suggests. 

B. The Public Law does not specifically address reinstatement of DIC.

Although the Secretary contends that the Public Law requires an application for the

reinstatement of DIC for those whose remarriage previously imposed a bar to continued receipt of

DIC, he points to no language in the Public Law specifically addressing reinstatement of DIC or

review of one's entitlement to DIC. Further undercutting the Secretary's suggested interpretation

of the Public Law is the absence of any regulation requiring an application for reinstatement of DIC

and a past practice that has not always required such an application. For example, the termination

of a second marriage by death or divorce results in the reinstatement of DIC payments without

another "application," if the surviving spouse previously had been found eligible for DIC. 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.55(a) (2010); see also Owings v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 17, 18 (1995) (surviving spouse "notified"

regional office (RO) of divorce and "wished to begin receiving DIC"); Vecina v. Brown, 6 Vet.App.

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519, 521 (1994) (surviving spouse "corresponded" with RO, "requesting reinstatement of" DIC);

Dowlen v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 507, 507 (1992) (surviving spouse "submitted a request" for DIC to

be reinstated). 

Moreover, VA regulations provide only one form with regard to seeking DIC, and that is the

form for an initial application for DIC. See VA Form 21-534. This form requires the applicant to

provide information about the death of the veteran and the veteran's service, yet this information is

not required for reinstatement of DIC because entitlement based on the veteran's status was

established when DIC first was awarded. Thus, the uncodified portion of the Public Law referencing

an application logically refers to the initial application for benefits, consistent with Mrs. Frederick's

interpretation, and consistent with the plain wording of the Public Law that provides an end date for

submission of an initial application as opposed to a window in which a second or additional

application must be submitted.

C. A one-year window to request reinstatement of DIC is 

inconsistent with the statutory scheme and purpose.

Not only does the plain language of the Public Law not create a one-year window or

specifically address reinstatement of DIC, the Secretary's interpretation that reinstatement must be

sought by re-application within a one-year window is inconsistent with the statutory scheme for

veterans benefits. Congress has provided that the effective date for an award or increase of benefits

(explicitly including DIC) due to a liberalizing law shall be based on the facts found, but not earlier

than the date of the liberalizing law. See 38 U.S.C. § 5110(g). This same statutory provision also

provides for a retroactive effective date up to one year prior to the date of application or the date of

administrative determination. Id. And, the Secretary's implementing regulation provides for review

of a claim at either the request of the claimant or the initiative of the Secretary, and an effective date

up to one year earlier than such review. 38 C.F.R. § 3.114 (2010).

In this case, the Secretary undertook a review of Mrs. Frederick's claim for reinstatement of

DIC, not at his own initiative, but at her request. Pursuant to the Secretary's own regulation, Mrs.

Frederick may be authorized benefits up to one year prior to her request for reinstatement of DIC. 

Nothing in section 5110(g) or § 3.114 limits the submission of an application for reinstatement of

benefits, an administrative review, or submission of a request for review of entitlement to benefits,

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to only a one-year window after enactment of a liberalizing law, and, in the absence of congressional

intent to create such a limitation, no such limitation should be read into the Public Law. See Talley,

supra.

Moreover, the Secretary's interpretation would create a limitation to the award of DIC that

would be inconsistent with the general purpose of the Public Law, which was make more equitable

the veterans benefits system and, more specifically, to provide that "the remarriage after age 57 of

the surviving spouse of a veteran shall not bar the furnishing of benefits." 38 U.S.C. § 103(d)(2)(B)

(2010); 117 Stat. at 2651. Similarly, the Secretary's interpretation conflicts with the overall purpose

and fairness of the veterans benefit system. "Congress' intent in crafting the veterans benefit system

is to award 'entitlements to a special class of citizens, those who risked harm to serve and defend

their country. This entire scheme is imbued with special beneficence from a grateful sovereign.'" 

Barrett v. Nicholson, 466 F.3d 1038, 1044 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Bailey v. West, 160 F.3d 1360,

1370 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (Michel, J., concurring)). "[I]n the context of veterans' benefits where the

system of awarding compensation is so uniquely pro-claimant, the importance of systemic fairness

and the appearance of fairness carries great weight." Hodge v. West, 155 F.3d 1356, 1363 (Fed. Cir.

1998). 

In sum, in the absence of clear, unambiguous congressional language supporting the

Secretary's reading of the Public Law that it creates a one-year window for all surviving spouses to

seek reinstatement of DIC benefits, the Secretary's interpretation is not reasonable or warranted. See

Sursely v. Peake, 551 F.3d 1351, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (stating that, under Brown v. Gardner, 513

U.S. 115, 118 (1994), the government's interpretation is only permitted if it is unambiguously

supported by the statutory language). 

D. Prospective requirement to submit an application must be read in context.

Although the Secretary correctly argues that the phrase "submits an application" as used in

the Public Law indicates that a new application is needed to secure DIC, that phrase must be

considered in context. See King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991) ("[T]he meaning

of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context."); Cal. Indus. Prods., Inc. v. United States,

436 F.3d 1341, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2006) ("When a particular term is not expressly defined in a statute,

the meaning of that term may be discerned by 'look[ing] to the provisions of the whole law, and to

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its object and policy.'" (quoting Warner-Lambert Co. v. Apotex Corp., 316 F.3d 1348, 1355 (Fed.

Cir. 2003))); see, e.g., Shell Oil Co. v. Iowa Dep't of Revenue, 488 U.S. 19, 25 n.6 (1988) ("'Words

are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only communal existence; and not only does the

meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting

in which the are used . . . .'" (quoting NLRB v. Federbush Co., 121 F.2d 954, 957 (2d Cir. 1941) (L.

Hand, J.))). As discussed above, the Public Law does not specifically address reinstatement of DIC

nor does it create a one-year window in which an application for DIC must be submitted. As

discussed above, consistent with the overall statutory scheme, anyone who previously applied for

and was entitled to DIC could have their benefits reinstated sua sponte by the Secretary, or upon

request, without submission of another application. 38 U.S.C. § 5110(g); 38 C.F.R. § 3.114. Thus,

in context, the phrase "submits an application," although prospective in nature, applies only to those

who had not applied for DIC prior to passage of the Public Law, and cannot be interpreted to apply

to what Congress did not otherwise specifically address in the Public Law, i.e., review of entitlement

to or reinstatement of DIC. Cf. Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 321 n.1 (2006) ("[A]

functioning system of laws must give primacy to the plain language of authorities . . . . Without

standard word meanings and rules of construction, neither Congress nor the Secretary can know how

to write authorities in a way that conveys their intent and no practitioner or – more importantly –

veteran can rely on a statute or regulation to mean what it appears to say.").

E. Legislative history cannot trump plain meaning of statute.

We acknowledge the Secretary's reference to (1) a congressional compromise agreement that

states that spouses who had remarried on or before age 57 and before the enactment of the Public

Law "would have one year to apply for the reinstatement of these benefits," 149 CONG. REC.

S15,133-01 (daily ed. Nov. 19, 2003) (statement of Rep. Specter), and (2) a congressional costbenefit analysis that considered only the cost associated with surviving spouses who reapplied for

reinstatement of benefits within a one-year period, H.R. REP. NO. 108-211, at 2315-16, 2332 (July

15, 2003). Standing alone, these legislative references are reason for pause, but they do not stand

alone. 

We start with the axiom that legislative history is not legislation and cannot trump the plain

meaning of the legislation. See Van Wersch v. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 197 F.3d 1144,

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1152 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (holding that congressional intent, as clearly expressed in legislative history,

cannot "trump the irrefutably plain [statutory] language that emerged when Congress actually took

pen to paper"); see also Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 567 (2005)

(stating that legislative history is "often murky, ambiguous, and contradictory"); United States v.

LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751, 757 (1997) ("[W]e assume that in drafting this legislation, Congress said

what it meant."); Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 147 (1994) (holding that even where

"[t]here are . . . contrary indications in the statute's legislative history. . . . we do not resort to

legislative history to cloud a statutory text that is clear"). 

Similarly, it is axiomatic that, had Congress wanted to limit reinstatement of DIC for

remarried surviving spouses, as opposed to providing a limited time during which those remarried

surviving spouses who had never sought DIC could apply for such benefits, it easily could have done

so in the text of the Public Law, but did not. See Cypert v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 207, 311 (2008)

("[T]he Court cannot read into a statute an alternative purpose premised on congressional intent.").

Moreover, the overall legislative history is, at best, ambiguous, and even if it could trump the

statutory text, any ambiguity necessarily would be resolved in favor of Mrs. Frederick. Cf.Nat'l Org.

of Veterans' Advocates, Inc. v. Sec'y of VA, 260 F.3d 1365, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2001) ("[I]t is a wellestablished rule of statutory construction that when a statute is ambiguous, 'interpretive doubt is to

be resolved in the veteran's favor.'" (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118)); see also Sursely,

supra. Although the Secretary cites legislative history supporting an interpretation of the statute

other than its plain meaning, the fact, as noted above, that (1) Congress amended existing language

in the same Public Law creating a window for submission of an application for benefits to instead

create an end date by which an application must be submitted, and (2) the Public Law does not

specifically address reinstatement of DIC or re-evaluation of entitlement to DIC, supports an

interpretation of the statute that is consistent with its plain meaning, to wit: The uncodified provision

establishes an end date – not a window – for submission of an application for DIC by a remarried

surviving spouse who had not submitted an application prior to enactment of the Public Law. 

Accordingly, this provision does not apply to a remarried surviving spouse, such as Mrs. Frederick,

seeking reinstatement of DIC.

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IV. CONCLUSION

Read as a whole and in context of the veterans benefits statutory scheme, with recognition

that Congress knows how to draft legislation with an explicit filing window and did not do so here,

the plain language of the uncodified portion of the Public Law requiring an application for DIC to

be submitted within one year of enactment of the Public Law does not apply to a surviving spouse

seeking reinstatement of DIC. Rather, reinstatement of DIC benefits is governed by 38 U.S.C. 

§ 5110(g) and 38 C.F.R. § 3.114, which permit reinstatement of DIC based upon sua sponte review

by the Secretary or upon request by the surviving spouse, with an effective date up to one year earlier

than such review or request. 

Accordingly, the Board's decision denying DIC will be reversed and the matters remanded

for reinstatement of DIC and a determination of the proper effective date. See Gutierrez v. Principi,

19 Vet.App. 1, 10 (2004) (reversal is the appropriate remedy in cases in which the only permissible

view of the evidence is contrary to the Board's decision); Tucker v. West, 11 Vet.App. 369, 374

(1998) (holding that remand is appropriate "where the Board has incorrectly applied the law, failed

to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determinations, or where the record is

otherwise inadequate"). On remand, Mrs. Frederick may present, and the Board must consider, any

additional evidence and argument in support of the matters remanded. See Kay v. Principi, 16

Vet.App. 529, 534, (2002). These matters are to be provided expeditious treatment on remand. See

38 U.S.C. § 7112. 

The Board's decision that Mrs. Frederick was not entitled to reinstatement of DIC because

she did not submit an application within a one-year window from December 16, 2003, to December

15, 2004, is REVERSED, and the matters are REMANDED for further adjudication consistent with

this opinion.

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