UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 19-4776

WILLIAM SHEPPARD, APPELLANT,

V.

DENIS MCDONOUGH,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Decided March 15, 2021)

Jennifer L. Lohnes, of Charlottesville, VA, and Benjamin R. Binder, of Tampa, FL, for the 

appellant.

William A. Hudson, Jr., Principal Deputy General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief

Counsel; Christopher W. Wallace, Deputy Chief Counsel; and Abigail J. Schopick, all of 

Washington, D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

Before BARTLEY, Chief Judge, and ALLEN and FALVEY, Judges.

FALVEY, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. BARTLEY, Chief Judge, filed a dissenting

opinion.

FALVEY, Judge: Army veteran William Sheppard appeals through counsel a May 28, 

2019, Board of Veterans' Appeals decision denying reopening of claims for service connection for 

an unspecified right-hand disability (other than the service-connected residuals of removal of a 

ganglion cyst in the right hand) and for a mental disease. The appeal is timely and the Court has 

jurisdiction to review the Board decision. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), 7266(a). On August 10, 2020, 

the Court issued a single-judge decision affirming the May 2019 Board decision. On August 31, 

2020, Mr. Sheppard filed a motion for single-judge reconsideration or, in the alternative, panel 

review. The Court grants panel review and will withdraw the August 10, 2020, decision and issue 

this decision in its stead.

We are first asked to decide whether the Board failed to provide notice that there was a 

new-and-material-evidence issue where the RO had previously reopened the unspecified righthand disability and mental disease claims. Although Jackson v. Principi, 265 F.3d 1366, 1369 
2

(Fed. Cir. 2001), was issued before VA promulgated 38 C.F.R. § 20.101(d),

1 Jackson's analysis is 

applicable to cases like Mr. Sheppard's, particularly because § 20.101(d) does not apply to requests 

to reopen claims. Further, Mr. Sheppard did not meet his burden of proving prejudice on appeal.

Thus, the arguments in his briefs and motion for panel review are unpersuasive or without merit. 

We are also asked to decide whether the Board erred by not addressing reasonably raised 

claims related to the unspecified right-hand disability and mental disease claims. But Mr. 

Sheppard's arguments about these matters are underdeveloped and unpersuasive. For these 

reasons, we will affirm the May 2019 Board decision.

 

I. FACTS

Mr. Sheppard served on active duty from September 1971 to May 1972. Record (R.) at

2954. In June 2006, he filed a claim for service connection for his right hand. R. at 3958. In 

September 2006, a regional office (RO) granted service connection for right wrist ganglion cyst 

removal and assigned a noncompensable rating effective June 2006, finding that a VA examination 

had shown that, although the veteran reported intermittent pain and decreased strength in the right 

hand, a compensable rating was not warranted because there was no limited range of motion. R. 

at 3941-42.

In July 2007, he requested service connection for stress and depression. R. at 3932. In 

August 2007, Mr. Sheppard stated that he experienced stress and depression after developing 

frostbite during basic training and because of his in-service hand surgery. R. at 3911. In October 

2007, he stated that his hand burned and "sho[]t sharp pain up into my arm since I have been on 

crutches." R. at 3897 (also stating he wore a wrist brace). In March 2008, the RO denied service 

connection for a mental disease and an unspecified right hand disability (other than the serviceconnected residuals for cyst removal). R. at 3817-19. The veteran did not appeal this decision and 

it became final. 

In November 2010, Mr. Sheppard requested that VA reopen his right hand claim. R. at 

3758. In August 2011, the RO declined to reopen the unspecified right hand disability claim 

because new and material evidence had not been submitted. R. at 3632 (stating that records from 

the Columbia VA medical center were reviewed but that there was no evidence establishing a 

1 Effective February 2019, VA redesignated this regulation as 38 C.F.R. § 20.104(c)-(d). 
3

nexus between his condition and service). The veteran did not appeal this decision and it too 

became final.

In March 2013, Mr. Sheppard again requested that VA reopen his right hand claim. R. at 

3620 (noting pain and numbness). In March 2014, a VA examiner stated that the veteran was 

service connected for his right wrist and that his condition continued to worsen, noting that his 

wrist burned, that there was numbness and tingling in his fingers, and that pain radiated down from 

his neck. R. at 3557. The examiner also indicated that the veteran reported that he was diagnosed 

with carpel tunnel syndrome in 2000, but that he was later informed that he did not have that 

condition. Id. (examiner noting that his splint was a carpel tunnel splint and that his symptoms 

correlated with that condition). The examiner diagnosed limited wrist motion. R. at 3556. 

In April 2014, the RO granted a 10% rating for residuals of right wrist cyst remo val, 

effective March 2013, basing the increased rating on painful motion of the wrist under 38 C.F.R. 

§ 4.59. R. at 3105-07 (noting that that regulation allows for consideration of functional loss due to 

painful motion). But the RO declined to reopen the unspecified right hand disability and mental 

disease claims because new and material evidence had not been submitted. R. at 3105, 3109 

(stating that records from the Columbia VA medical center had been reviewed for both conditions). 

That same month, Mr. Sheppard filed a Notice of Disagreement (NOD) as to that decision. R. at 

3096-102. 

In June 2014, the RO issued another rating decision, again declining to reopen the 

unspecified right hand disability and mental disease claims because new and material evidence 

had not been submitted. R. at 2990-92 (stating that Social Security Administration (SSA) records

had been reviewed). In October 2014, he filed another NOD, stating that if he did not wear his 

wrist brace all the time his hand would ache and burn and that he was stressed and depressed 

because he did not have control of his daily activities. R. at 2956-76 (noting that he had to take 

pain medication).

In September 2016, the RO issued a Statement of the Case (SOC), finding that the 

unspecified right hand disability and mental disease claims were reopened, but denying them on 

the merits because the SSA, VA treatment, and private medical records did not establish a nexus 

between those conditions and service. R. at 98-99. In October 2016, Mr. Sheppard perfected his 

appeal and requested a Board hearing at his local RO. R. at 58-60. In June 2017, he amended his 

request for a hearing in the Board's Washington, D.C., office. R. at 44-45. In April 2019, VA 
4

informed him that it had scheduled his hearing, R. at 24, and, later that month, the veteran withdrew 

his request, stating that a hearing was unnecessary to decide his case and that he did not want to 

travel "to try and provide any new information" about his conditions, R. at 18. 

In May 2019, the Board issued the decision on appeal. The Board found that new and 

material evidence had not been submitted and thus denied reopening the unspecified right hand 

disability and mental disease claims. R. at 5. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Board Declining to Reopen the Unspecified Hand Disability and Mental Disease Claims

First, Mr. Sheppard states that whether new and material evidence has been submitted is a 

jurisdictional requirement that the Board must consider. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 6-7. Indeed, "the 

Board has a jurisdictional responsibility to consider whether it was proper for a claim to be 

reopened." Jackson v. Principi, 265 F.3d 1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2001). He therefore argues that 

38 C.F.R. § 20.101(d) applies to his case and that, contrary to the regulation, the Board did not 

provide him notice or the opportunity to respond. Appellant's Br. at 6-7. 

Before February 2019, § 20.101(d) authorized the Board to "address questions pertaining 

to its jurisdictional authority to review a particular case, including, but not limited to, determining 

whether [NODs] and Substantive Appeals are adequate and timely, at any stage in a proceeding 

before it, regardless of whether the agency of original jurisdiction addressed such question(s)." 38 

C.F.R. § 20.101(d) (2018).

That regulation also provided that

when the Board, on its own initiative, raises a question as to a potential 

jurisdictional defect, all parties to the proceeding and their representative(s), if any, 

will be given notice of the potential jurisdictional defect(s) and granted a period of 

60 days following the date on which such notice is mailed to present written 

argument and additional evidence relevant to jurisdiction and to request a hearing 

to present oral argument on the jurisdictional question(s).

Id.

2

2 Effective February 2019, VA redesignated this regulation as 38 C.F.R. § 20.104(c)-(d). Under § 20.104(c), 

[t]he Board shall decide all questions pertaining to its jurisdictional authority to review a particular 

case. When the Board, on its own initiative, raises a question as to a potential jurisdictional defect, 

all parties to the proceeding and their representative(s), if any, will be given notice of the potential

jurisdictional defect(s) and granted a period of 60 days following the date on which such notice is 
5

The Secretary asserts that Mr. Sheppard does not acknowledge that the U.S. Court of 

Appeals for the Federal Circuit has issued precedent on the matter of notice in this exact situation. 

Secretary's Br. at 9-10 (citing Jackson, 265 F.3d at 1369). The Secretary explains that the Federal 

Circuit addressed whether the Board must give notice when it determines that new and material 

evidence has not been submitted where the RO had previously reopened the claim. Id. The 

Secretary notes that the Federal Circuit found that a claimant is not prejudiced in such situations, 

even without additional notice, because of the large degree of overlap in the evidence that would 

be required for either reopening a claim or addressing that same claim on the merits. Id. (citing 

Jackson, 265 F.3d at 1370-71). 

Mr. Sheppard responds that Jackson was issued before VA promulgated § 20.101(d) and 

that the due process provided in that regulation goes beyond the "fundamental principles of 

fairness" raised in Jackson. Appellant's Reply Br. at 1-3. The Court notes that Jackson was issued 

in September 2001; VA adopted § 20.101(d) in October 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 53,339 (2001); and it 

became effective in November 2001, id. With that in mind, we will first address why § 20.101(d) 

(now § 20.104(c)-(d)) does not apply to requests to reopen claims, and then discuss why Jackson

is thus still good law and applies to cases like Mr. Sheppard's.

i. 38 C.F.R. § 20.101(d) (now 38 C.F.R. § 20.104(c)-(d))

In April 2001, VA proposed to amend its regulations to clarify that the Board may address 

questions related to its jurisdiction in the first instance. 66 Fed. Reg. 17,840 (2001). As 

background, VA explained that filing an appeal with the Board was a three-step procedure: (1) the 

claimant filed an NOD; (2) the agency of original jurisdiction (AOJ) issued an SOC; and (3) the 

claimant then filed a Substantive Appeal (SA). Id. at 17,841. VA noted that an August 1999 VA

General Counsel (GC) precedent opinion held that the Board may address the question of the 

timeliness of a Substantive Appeal, no matter if the AOJ addressed that question. Id. (citing VA

Gen. Coun. Prec 9-99 (Aug. 18, 1999)). The opinion further held that the Board may dismiss an 

mailed to present written argument and additional evidence relevant to jurisdiction and to request a 

hearing to present oral argument on the jurisdictional question(s).

And, under § 20.104(d)(1), for legacy appeals, claimants

have the right to appeal a determination made by the agency of original jurisdiction that the Board 

does not have jurisdictional authority to review a particular case. Jurisdictional questions which a 

claimant may appeal, include, but are not limited to, questions relating to the timely filing and 

adequacy of the Notice of Disagreement and the Substantive Appeal. 
6

appeal when it discovers in the first instance that no Substantive Appeal had been filed in a case 

certified to it for appellate review, or that the Substantive Appeal was not timely filed. Id. The 

opinion noted, however, that the Board's dismissal of an appeal under those circumstances raised

the possibility that a claimant will be prejudiced by not having been afforded the benefit of all 

procedural safeguards, such as the right to notice, to a hearing, and to submit evidence in support 

of a claim. Id. Thus, it found that, if the Board intended to dismiss an appeal on this basis, it should 

afford the claimant adequate procedural protections regarding notice and the opportunity to be 

heard. Id. 

VA stated that the proposed regulation (§ 20.101(d)) was to make clear that the Board may 

dismiss an appeal when it determines that it lacks jurisdiction, regardless of the AOJ's failure to 

adjudicate the jurisdictional question. Id. at 17841. VA explained that the regulation would include 

a requirement that the Board ensure that no prejudice to a claimant would result from the Board's 

sua sponte consideration of a jurisdictional question. Id. VA concluded that the Board would thus 

follow procedural safeguards—including notice and the opportunity to submit additional evidence 

and argument on the relevant jurisdictional questions and addressing such questions at a hearing—

before dismissing an appeal based on jurisdictional defects. Id. Effective February 2019, VA 

replaced the appeals process with a new review process that offered various review lanes, such as 

going straight from an initial AOJ decision to a Board appeal. 84 Fed. Reg. 138 (implementing the 

Veterans Appeals Improvement and Modernization of 2017 (AMA)). In so doing, VA redesignated 

§ 20.101 as § 20.104 and, in § 20.104(c), removed references to procedural steps, such as NODs 

and SAs, that are not part of the AMA. Id. at 180. But, for legacy appeals, VA continued to include 

those procedural steps in § 20.104(d) when discussing jurisdictional questions. Id.

3

Mr. Sheppard is correct that we assess a regulation's meaning by first reviewing its text. 

See Good Samaritan Hosp. v. Shalala, 508 U.S. 402, 409 (1993). In so doing, if no uncertainty 

exists, the "regulation then just means what it means—and the court must give it effect." Kisor v. 

Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019). Further, courts "must apply all traditional methods of 

interpretation to any rule, and must enforce the plain meaning those methods uncover." Id. at 2419.

Here, § 20.101(d) authorized the Board to address questions pertaining to its jurisdictional 

authority, including determining whether NODs and SAs are adequate and timely, at any stage in 

3 Although § 20.104(d) may not be a model of clarity, the parties raise no issue as to its validity and thus,

because it is not relevant to addressing the parties' arguments, the Court will not address any such matter. 
7

a proceeding before it; and that when the Board, on its own initiative, raised such a defect, it had 

to provide notice, an opportunity to submit argument and evidence, and a hearing. When VA 

redesignated this regulation as § 20.104(c)-(d) it continued to include the NOD and SA examples 

for legacy appeals. Thus, the plain language reflects that this regulation applies to situations in 

which the jurisdictional question (e.g., whether an NOD was timely or an SA was filed) differs 

from a question on the merits of the claim (e.g., whether there was a nexus warranting service 

connection). 

Although the list of examples in the regulation is not exhaustive, the history of the 

regulation demonstrates that the regulation only be applied when the jurisdictional and merits 

questions differ. See 66 Fed. Reg. 17,841 (noting the prior three-step process for appealing to the 

Board (NOD, SOC, SA), providing an example from the 1999 GC opinion about SAs, and stating 

that the regulation provided the Board with authority to review relevant jurisdictional questions

even if the AOJ did not address them); 84 Fed. Reg. 138 (VA changing the regulation to comply 

with the new AMA procedural steps); see also Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415 (holding that, before 

concluding that a rule is ambiguous, a court must exhaust all the traditional tools of construction 

and, to make that effort, must carefully consider the text, structure, history, and purpose of a 

regulation). And, although § 20.101(d) notes that questions related to jurisdictional authority 

include, but are not limited to, determining whether NODs and SAs are adequate and timely, there 

is at least one other example, at least for legacy appeals, where the jurisdictional question would 

significantly differ from amerits question: whether there were any deficiencies regardingthe SOC.

We acknowledge that, in the regulatory history, VA cited Barnett v. Brown, 83 F.3d 1380, 

1383 (Fed. Cir. 1996), a case in which the Board had denied a service-connection claim and then 

denied the claimant's request to reconsider its ruling after determining that no new and material 

evidence had been submitted. But VA cited that case not to include new and material evidence 

assessments under the regulation, but to emphasize the general requirement that any statutory 

tribunal must ensure that it has jurisdiction before adjudicating the merits and that a potential 

jurisdictional defect may be raised by the tribunal, sua sponte, or by any party at any stage in the 

proceedings. Id. (citing FW/PBS, Inc. v. Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 230–31 (1990)); see 66 Fed. Reg. 

17,841 (VA, after citing Barnett, stating that the regulation made clear that the Board may address 

jurisdictional questions in the first instance and then noting the safeguards when the Board raised 

those questions). Indeed, it seems that VA intended to distinguish the new and material evidence 
8

question from other jurisdictional matters because, when referencing Barnett, it used the phrase 

"in a case discussing the Board's jurisdiction in another context." 66 Fed. Reg. 17,841.

We also note that the Board did not address Mr. Sheppard's request to reopen in the first 

instance. Instead, the RO first decided that matter. SeeR. at 7, 98-99. Further, logic seems to dictate 

that the Board did not sua sponte raise the issue of new and material evidence, given that it is 

statutorily obligated to always review whether there was new and material evidence sufficient to 

reopen a claim. Prillaman v. Principi, 346 F.3d 1362, 1365-66 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (noting that the 

decision in Jackson made clear that even when a claim was denied on the merits, the Board must 

review the RO's underlying new and material evidence determination to determine whether a claim 

was properly reopened). This underscores the difference between new and material evidence 

determinations and other jurisdictional matters. That is, no one should ever be surprised that the 

Board independently considered whether there was sufficient evidence to reopen a claim because

it is required to do so. However, although the Board generally must ensure its jurisdiction, if it sua 

sponte raises an issue with an NOD, SOC, or SA, that may come as a surprise to a claimant and

necessitates different evidence and argument than the merits of the claim. 

In addition, how the Board disposes of requests to reopen claims versus other jurisdictional 

matters further demonstrates the distinction between the two. When the Board determines that 

there is no new and material evidence, it does not find that it lacks jurisdiction to consider the 

claim as a whole and thus dismiss the appeal of the claim, as it does for other jurisdictional matters. 

See, e.g., Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet.App. 119, 128 (1999) (the Board determining that, because 

the appellant had not filed a Substantive Appeal as to two claims, those issues were not before the 

Board, while denying other claims it considered properly before it); Marsh v. West, 11 Vet.App. 

468, 469-70 (1998) (the Board dismissing the veteran's appeal due to an untimely NOD); see also 

Skaar v. Wilkie, No. 17-2574, 2020 WL 7393453, at *13 (Vet. App. Dec. 17, 2020) (noting that, 

because no SOC had been issued regarding a claim, the Board may order the RO to complete the

required procedural development); Evans v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 7, 9-10, 14–15 (2011) (the 

Court holding that, under § 20.101(d), the Board had to provide notice of the perceived defect in 

the SA, where the Board had dismissed the claims because those issues were not included in the 

SA). Rather, the Board denies the request to reopen. See, e.g.,R. at 5 (here, the Board denying the 

request to reopen the claims for service connection for an unspecified right-hand disability and a 

mental disease); Shade v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 110, 112 (2010) (the Board denying a request to 
9

reopen a claim because a nexus opinion had not been provided); see also Woehlaert v. Nicholson, 

21 Vet.App. 456, 459-60 (2007) (although holding that "a summary dismissal of the claim" is 

required if the Board finds that new and material evidence has not been submitted, the Court 

affirmed the Board's decision to deny the request to reopen because there was no new and material 

evidence).

The Federal Circuit's and our cases may characterize the new and material evidence 

question as a jurisdictional one. See generally Dissent;see also Prillaman v. Principi, 346 F.3d 

1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (finding that the "mere use of the term 'jurisdictional'" to characterize

new and material evidence determinations does not invoke de novo review at all levels). But how

the Board has always handled and disposed of requests to reopen versus other jurisdictional matters 

and that our Court has never faulted the Board for denying a request to reopen, rather than 

dismissing the appeal of that claim, further demonstrates the distinction between the two. See 66 

Fed. Reg. 17,841 (VA explaining that § 20.101(d) makes clear that the Board may dismiss an 

appeal when it determines that it lacks jurisdiction, regardless of the RO's failure to adjudicate the 

jurisdictional question); id. (VA further explaining that the regulation will provide procedural 

safeguards before the Board dismisses an appeal based on jurisdictional defects).

And, as we will discuss next in relation to Jackson, when the Board reviews a request to 

reopen a claim, it must assess whether new and material evidence was submitted. And, although 

we recognize that a new and material evidence determination differs from a determination on the 

merits, see Shade, 24 Vet.App. at 117, the assessment on whether to reopen necessarily overlaps 

with the merits of the claim. For example, the Board would review the same or similar evidence 

to determine whether there was new and material evidence of nexus sufficient to reopen the claim

as it would to assess whether there was nexus warranting an award of service connection. But, in 

the cases in which § 20.101(d) (now § 20.104(c)-(d)) applies, the Board would review different 

evidence to determine jurisdiction (e.g., evidence of whether an NOD was timely, an SOC was 

issued, or an SA was filed) than it would to assess the merits (e.g., evidence of nexus warranting 

service connection). Thus, in those situations, the additional procedural safeguards are necessary 

because a claimant would presumably have only submitted argument on the merits of the claim 

(e.g., nexus), and not on a jurisdictional issue (e.g., whether an NOD was timely, an SOC was 

issued, or an SA was filed). That is not true for requests to reopen claims and thus § 20.101(d) 

(now § 20.104(c)-(d)) does not apply to those cases. 
10

ii. Jackson

As a result, because § 20.101(d) (now § 20.104(c)-(d)) does not apply to requests to reopen, 

we find that Jackson is still germane. And although Jackson was issued before VA adopted

§ 20.101(d) and Mr. Sheppard does not raise a due process argument, the Federal Circuit's 

reasoning and logic in Jackson are still equally valid and persuasive here. Mr. Jackson argued that 

the Board violated his due process rights because the RO had determined that new and material 

evidence existed and he was not notified that the new-and-material-evidence issue would be in 

dispute before the Board. Jackson, 265 F.3d at 1368 (noting that the RO had denied the claim on 

the merits because Mr. Jackson had not established that his back disability related to service). The 

Federal Circuit determined that Mr. Jackson was on notice that he still needed to persuade the 

Board that his newly submitted evidence established a nexus between his disability and service. 

Id. at 1370-71.

Similarly, Mr. Sheppard was also on notice that he still needed to persuade the Board that 

his newly submitted evidence showed a nexus between his unspecified hand and mental health 

disabilities and service. See R. at 98-99 (in the September 2016 SOC, the RO denied these claims 

because the SSA, VA treatment, and private medical records he submitted did not establish a nexus 

between those conditions and service); see also R. at 3632 (in August 2011, the RO declined to 

reopen the unspecified hand claim because the VA medical records he submitted did not establish 

a nexus between that condition and service). Moreover, like in Jackson, there is a large degree of 

overlap in the evidence necessary to reopen the unspecified hand and mental health claims and to 

address those same claims on the merits because both require evidence of nexus. See R. at 7-8 (the 

Board declining to reopen the claims because there was no evidence of an in-service disability or 

injury (separate from the cyst removal), in-service incurrence, or nexus); see also R. at 98-99, 

3632; Jackson, 265 F.3d at 1370-71. The Court thus finds Mr. Sheppard's argument—that "[t]his 

issue is more than a procedural oversight, as the [decision review officer] did not notify [a]ppellant 

of his right to submit evidence and argument specific to reopening—which is wholly separate from 

a merits analysis," Appellant's Br. at 9—unpersuasive. And, although we recognize that there is a 

lower threshold for reopening a claim than for establishing service connection, see Shade, 24 

Vet.App. at 117, both questions—whether there was a reasonable possibility of substantiating the 

claims and whether service connection was warranted for the unspecified hand disability and 

mental disease—depend on whether there was evidence of a nexus. 
11

iii. Prejudicial error analysis 

In addition, Mr. Sheppard has identified no newly submitted evidence that shows nexus, 

see Appellant's Br. at 4-9; Appellant's Reply Br. at 1-3, and the Court is aware of none. Nor does 

the veteran argue that he has any such evidence to have provided the Board, had it informed him 

that there may be a new-and-material-evidence issue. See Appellant's Br. at 9 (stating simply that 

he "could have" presented arguments and additional evidence); see also Jackson, 265 F.3d at 1370-

71 (finding that nexus evidence would also support the merits of a claim). Thus, even if § 20.101(d)

(now § 20.104(c)-(d)) applied, Mr. Sheppard has failed to prove that he was prejudiced by any 

Board failure to provide notice under that regulation or to discuss it. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) 

(mandating that the Court must "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); Shinseki v. 

Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409-410 (2009) (stating that the appellant bears the burden of proving

prejudice on appeal); Simmons v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 267, 280 (2018) (discussing the appellant's 

burden to prove prejudicial error). 

The veteran also asserts that, had the Board informed him that it did not consider his claims 

reopened, he could have attended a hearing and presented evidence. 4 Appellant's Br. at 9. But, the 

Board gave him the opportunity to provide nexus evidence during a hearing, and Mr. Sheppard 

withdrew his request because he felt that a hearing was unnecessary to decide his case and he did 

not want to travel "to try and provide any new information" about his conditions. R. at 17-19; see 

also R. at 44-45, 58-60 (amending his request for a Board hearing at his local RO and asking that 

it instead be held at the Board's offices in Washington, D.C., before the withdrawal). To be clear, 

we recognize that a new and material evidence determination is different from a merits 

determination. But, as stated, there is overlap in the evidence necessary to reopen the unspecified 

hand and mental health claims and to address those same claims on the merits because both require 

evidence of nexus. It is unclear how the outcome would have changed if the Board had informed 

Mr. Sheppard about the lower hurdle of reopening (a gateway to obtaining benefits), where the 

veteran stated, on the merits (the higher hurdle), that he did not want to provide any new 

information about his conditions. In other words, even if he cleared the lower hurdle, he had no 

4

In his motion for panel review, Mr. Sheppard argues that this statement contradicts the Court's earlier 

statement that he did not argue that he had any evidence to provide the Board had it informed him there was a 

jurisdictional issue. Mot. for Panel Review at 5. The veteran misunderstands the Court's statements. Although Mr. 

Sheppard generally asserts that he "could have" presented additional evidence, see Appellant's Br. at 9, he never 

specifies what that evidence is, aside from stating it would be hearing testimony, Mot. for Panel Review at 5. This is 

insufficient to show prejudicial error. See Sanders, 556 U.S. at 409-10.
12

argument or evidence to provide at the hearing, and still offers none, that would establish the actual 

benefit he sought (service connection for his conditions). TheCourt is thus also not convinced that 

he was prejudiced by any Board error related to a hearing. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2); Sanders, 

556 U.S. at 409-10; Simmons, 30 Vet.App. at 280.Thus, contrary to Mr. Sheppard's request, we 

will not reverse the Board's decision to decline to reopen the unspecified hand disability and mental 

disease claims based on his arguments above. 

B. Reasonably Raised Hand Claim

Next, Mr. Sheppard presents several underdeveloped arguments regarding a reasonably 

raised theory related to his unspecified hand disability claim. 

First, he references March and June 2014 notations of hand pain and weakness and then 

contends that the "Board acknowledged this newly submitted evidence as constituting evidence of 

secondary service connection, referring to 'a March 2014 VA examination where right-hand pain 

and weakness were attributed to the right wrist disability.'" Appellant's Br. at 12 (citing R. at 7). 

But, he asserts that "the Board also failed to address whether this newly submitted evidence, 

combined with VA's duty to assist the veteran, and considering other evidence of record, raised a 

reasonable possibility of substantiating the claim, which would require a reopening of the claim." 

Id.; see Mot. for Panel Review at 7 (stating that the March 2014 VA examination raised a theory 

of secondary entitlement and is new and material evidence on the issue). 

The Secretary argues that the veteran's argument is unclear, that he is already compensated 

for painful motion associated with his service-connected wrist condition, and that his current 

appeal is for an unspecified right-hand disability not related to the service-connected wrist 

condition. Secretary's Br. at 14-15. Mr. Sheppard does not respond to these issues in his reply brief. 

See Appellant's Reply Br. at 1-4. Without further development of his argument or an explanation 

from Mr. Sheppard, which his motion for panel review does not provide, the Court cannot identify 

any error related to this assertion; particularly where, following the March 2014 VA examination, 

the April 2014 RO decision increased his rating for cyst removal residuals based on pa inful motion 

of the wrist. See R. at 3106-07 (RO citing the March 2014 examination); see also Locklear v. 

Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 410, 416 (2006) (holding that the Court will not entertain underdeveloped 

arguments). 

Second, Mr. Sheppard summarily contends that the March 2014 VA examiner "alluded 

that the [a]ppellant may now have carpal tunnel syndrome, but the examiner failed to opine as to 
13

whether or not this could be related to his wrist problems, and the Board failed to consider or 

properly develop the claim." Appellant's Br. at 12. Like the Secretary, Secretary's Br. at 15-16, the 

Court is unsure as to what the veteran is trying to argue here, see also Appellant's Reply Br. at 1-

4 (not addressing this issue); and, therefore, we will not entertain this contention, see Locklear, 20 

Vet.App. at 416. Even so, we note that, after conducting an in-person examination and considering 

the veteran's statement about pain and a prior carpal tunnel diagnosis and noting his splint, the 

March 2014 examiner diagnosed limited wrist motion, R. at 3556, and, as stated, the RO increased 

his rating for cyst removal residuals based on this painful motion, R. at 3106-07. In his motion for 

panel review, Mr. Sheppard summarily states that he had a carpal tunnel diagnosis and a present 

disability would be new and material evidence that the Board did not properly consider. Mot. for 

Panel Review at 6. This argument is still underdeveloped, see Locklear, 20 Vet.App. at 416, and, 

at any rate, should have been elaborated on in his briefs.

Third, Mr. Sheppard notes that, in a September 2015 statement, he reported that he gets 

sharp pains in his hands when he uses his walker or crutches, and that he uses his walker and 

crutches at times due to his service-connected bilateral foot condition. Appellant's Br. at 12-13 

(citing R. at 2564). The medical record he cites documents assistive device use due to several 

disabilities related to his back, knee, and foot conditions. R. at 2564; seeR. at 2993-94 (the veteran 

appears to be service connected for residuals of frostbite in the right and left feet, but not for a 

back or knee condition). He then summarily states that the Board failed to consider this as a 

secondary condition and argues that remand is required for correction. Appellant's Br. at 13; see

also Appellant's Reply Br. at 1-4 (not addressing this issue). 

The Court agrees with the Secretary that his argument is underdeveloped, Secretary's Br. 

at 16-17, and thus we will also not entertain it, see Locklear, 20 Vet.App. at 416. But we note that 

the September 2015 statement regarding hand pain while using assistive devices appears 

cumulative of his October 2007 statement that his hand burned and pain shot into his arm while he 

was on crutches, see R. at 3897, and he fails to explain how a seemingly cumulative statement 

warrants reopening of his claim,5 see R. at 3817-19 (final prior March 2008 RO decision denying 

service connection for an unspecified hand disability).

5 Aclaimant may overcome a decision's finality by requesting reopening based on new and material evidence

See Cook v. Principi, 318 F.3d 1334, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (en banc). For a legacy claim such as we have here, new 

evidence is evidence not previously part of the record before agency adjudicators. 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(a) (2020). New 
14

Because Mr. Sheppard's arguments about a reasonably raised theory related to his 

unspecified hand disability claim are underdeveloped and he has thus not met his burden of proving

prejudice, see Sanders, 556 U.S. at 409-10; Locklear, 20 Vet.App. at 416, we will not, as he 

requests, reverse the part of the Board decision declining to reopen this claim. We also will not 

address any arguments related to Saunders v. Wilkie, 866 F.2d 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2018), that Mr. 

Sheppard referenced in his motion for panel review because he did not raise any such arguments 

in his briefs. 

C. Reasonably Raised Mental Disease Claim

Finally, Mr. Sheppard argues that the Board failed to address the theory that his serviceconnected conditions caused, or at least contributed to, his mental disability. Appellant's Br. at 13-

16 (noting that he had conveyed many timesthat pain from his service-connected frostbite residual 

foot conditions and right hand cyst removal residuals caused or exacerbated his depression).

The Secretary contends that Mr. Sheppard has several non-service-connected conditions 

that cause pain. Secretary's Br. at 18 (noting that he has chronic pain syndrome and neck, back, 

and knee pain). The Secretary also asserts that the veteran does not explain how the evidence he 

references differs from the evidence of record at the time of VA's prior denial. Id. at 19. Mr. 

Sheppard responds that, in an April 2014 statement, he specified that his service-connected feet 

and cyst removal residuals were factors contributing to his mental disability. Appellant's Reply Br. 

at 3-4. 

In August 2007, Mr. Sheppard stated that he experienced stress and depression after 

developing frostbite during basic training and because of his in-service hand surgery. R. at 3911 

(noting pain and weakness at the time of the surgery). In March 2008, the RO denied service 

connection for a mental disease, R. at 3817-19, and, because the veteran did not appeal this 

decision, it became final. Mr. Sheppard fails to explain how his April 2014 statement—that his 

service-connected frostbite and cyst removal residuals caused or exacerbated his depression—is 

not cumulative of the August 2007 statement, so that his mental disease claim should be reopened. 

See § 3.156(a); see also Locklear, 20 Vet.App. at 416. We find his argument underdeveloped and 

unpersuasive. See R. at 8 (the Board noted that, at the time of the March 2008 decision, there was 

evidence of the veteran reporting stressful in-service incidents such as having frostbite during basic 

and material evidence can be neither cumulative nor redundant of the evidence of record at the time of the last final 

denial.Id. 
15

training and that, in statements since the last final decision, he repeated similar statements). 

Accordingly, we will not, as he requests, reverse the part of the Board decision declining to reopen 

this claim.

III. CONCLUSION

On consideration of the above, the May 28, 2019, Board decision denying reopening of 

claims for service connection for an unspecified right-hand disability (other than the serviceconnected residuals of removal of a ganglion cyst in the right hand) and for a mental disease is 

AFFIRMED. 

BARTLEY, Chief Judge, dissenting: I disagree with my colleagues as to the scope of 

38 C.F.R. § 20.101(d), and with their determination that it does not apply in Mr. Sheppard's case. 

Section 20.101(d) is a VA-created rule that affords veterans the right to notice, a hearing, and the 

opportunity to submit evidence where the Board raises a potential jurisdictional defect, and the 

Board was bound to apply it here. Thus, I respectfully dissent.

Like the majority, I begin with the plain language of the regulation. The 2018 version of 

38 C.F.R. § 20.101(d) indicated that it applied where the Board addresses "questions pertaining to 

its jurisdictional authority to review a particular case, including, but not limited to, determining 

whether [NODs] and Substantive Appeals are adequate and timely, at any stage in a proceeding 

before it, regardless of whether the agency of original jurisdiction addressed such question(s)." 38 

C.F.R. § 20.101(d) (2018). For legacy appeals like Mr. Sheppard's, the updated regulation, 

§ 20.104 (d)(1), follows the same rule. Both versions of the regulation stipulate that the special 

regulatory safeguards are "not limited to" situations involving the timeliness and adequacy of 

appeal documents. Thus, I would effectuate the plain language of the regulation and ho ld that 

former § 20.101(d) and current § 20.104(d)(1), which provide a special process to prevent an 

appellant being surprised by a Board finding of no jurisdiction, apply to cases where a Board 

determination as to new and material evidence reveals a potential jurisdictional defect. See Kisor 

v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019) (holding that, if a regulation is unambiguous, "[t]he 

regulation then just means what it means—and the court must give it effect"). 

Aside from the plain language of the regulation, caselaw supports the conclusion that the 

regulation applies here. Both the Federal Circuit and this Court have held numerous times that 
16

whether there is new and material evidence to reopen a finally denied clam is a jurisdictional 

question that the Board must address prior to addressing merits issues. Prillaman v. Principi, 346 

F.3d 1362, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Jackson v. Principi, 265 F.3d. 1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2001); 

Barnett v. Brown, 83 F.3d 1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Woehlaert v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 456, 

460 (2007); Hickson v. West, 11 Vet.App. 374, 377 (1998); Butler v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 167, 171 

(1996).

The majority relies in part on the rulemaking history of § 20.101 to find that it applies to 

some jurisdictional questions, mainly questions related to appeal documents, but not to the 

jurisdictional question of whether there is new and material evidence to reopen a final decision. 

They find it telling that VA described the appeal process and appeal documents when it proposed 

adding § 20.101(d). However, in that same rulemaking document and immediately after discussing 

appeal documents, VA states:

Furthermore, in a case discussing the Board's jurisdiction in another context, the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated that "it is wellestablished judicial doctrine that any statutory tribunal must ensure that it has 

jurisdiction over each case before adjudicating the merits, that a potential 

jurisdictional defect may be raised by the court or tribunal sua sponte or by any 

party, at any stage in the proceedings, and, once apparent, must be adjudicated." 

Barnett v. Brown, 83 F.3d 1380, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citations omitted, emphasis 

in original). 

66 Fed. Reg. 17,840 (April 4, 2001). The rulemaking for § 20.101(d) cites to Barnett, the case that 

held that reopening assessments as to new and material evidence are Board jurisdictional 

determinations; references that case as "a case discussing the Board's jurisdiction"; and does not 

stipulate in either the Federal Register discussion or the plain language of the regulation that the 

jurisdictional reopening context is excluded from the special procedures outlined in § 20.101(d). 

Although the majority suggests that the proposed rule cited Barnett only to emphasize that a 

tribunal must ensure that it has jurisdiction over a matter before deciding the merits and not to 

include new and material evidence determinations in § 20.101(d), there is nothing in the proposed 

rule that supports that conclusion. Rather, the proposed rule explains that a 1999 General Counsel 

opinion demonstrates the need for procedural safeguards when the Board dismisses an appeal due 

to lack of jurisdiction and then references Barnett as "another context" when the Board must ensure 

that it has jurisdiction over a case before adjudicating the merits. These factors indicate that 

§ 20.101(d) procedures apply when the Board encounters a potential jurisdictional defect while 

assessing whether there is new and material evidence to reopen. 
17

The majority distinguishes between new and material evidence determinations and other 

jurisdictional matters by asserting that claimants may be surprised when the Board sua sponte 

raises an issue with appeal documents but should not be surprised when the Board independently 

considers whether there is sufficient new and material evidence to reopen a claim because it is 

required to do so. But the Board is likewise required to evaluate the adequacy and timeliness of 

appeal documents to ensure its own jurisdiction before deciding an appeal, and as with an RO 

determination that a claimant has submitted new and material evidence sufficient to reopen a claim, 

the RO's processing and certification of an appeal conveys to the claimant that VA had previously 

perceived no jurisdictional defect with those appeal documents. An adverse Board determination 

on either matter—that new and material evidence had not, in fact, been submitted or that appeal 

documents were deficient or untimely—causes the same unfair surprise because it constitutes a 

change in VA position on a previously established jurisdictional question. This is precisely the

type of unfair surprise that § 20.101(d) was designed to protect against, and the fact that the Board 

is required to ensure that it has jurisdiction over an appeal before addressing the merits offers no 

distinction between those two jurisdictional questions. 

Additionally, although the majority deduces that the Board's practice of denying rather than 

dismissing a claim when it does not find sufficient new and material evidence is proof that 

questions of new and material evidence should be treated differently than questions as to the 

adequacy and timeliness of appeal documents, the Board's current practice is meaningless in 

interpreting the scope of § 20.101(d) if dismissing is the proper course of action. The Court in 

Woehlaert couldn't have been more clear: "whether new and material evidence has been 

presented[] is a jurisdictional issue for the Board" and "an unfavorable answer to this question 

requires a summary dismissal of the claim" without consideration of the merits. 21 Vet.App. at 

460. The proper inference to draw from the Board's current practice of denying, rather than 

dismissing, appeals when it concludes that reopening is not warranted is not that new and material 

evidence determinations are not jurisdictional; it is that the Board's current practice is legally 

incorrect. And to the extent that we have affirmed Board denials of reopening, we too have erred.

The majority's reliance on Jackson to reach a contrary conclusion is misplaced. As Mr. 

Sheppard argues, and the majority notes, the Federal Circuit issued Jackson in September 2001. 

VA adopted § 20.101(d) in October 2001. Chronology alone establishes that Jackson does not 

answer whether § 20.101(d) applies in Mr. Sheppard's case. Moreover, Jackson addresses whether 
18

the Board violates a veteran's constitutional right to due process when it makes a new and material 

evidence determination without prior notification. 265 F.3d at 1370-71. In Mr. Sheppard's case the 

question is whether VA rule § 20.101(d) requires the Board to provide procedural safeguards in 

excess of those constitutional minimums, and Jackson simply does not address that issue.

The majority reasons that, because it believes the evidence required for reopening overlaps 

with the evidence required to prove the merits of Mr. Sheppard's claim, any error in not applying 

§ 20.101(d) was harmless. I cannot agree for two reasons. First, the reopening statute and 

regulation, 38 U.S.C. § 5108 and 38 C.F.R. § 3.156, create a "low threshold" for determining 

whether new evidence creates a reasonable possibility of substantiating a claim. Shade v. Shinseki, 

24 Vet.App. 110, 117 (2010). Reopening is required if "such evidence, combined with VA 

assistance and considering the other evidence of record, would raise a reasonable possibility of 

substantiating the claim." Id. That lower threshold distinguishes the evidence involved in 

reopening a claim from that used to prove a claim on the merits, and the evidence needed to trigger 

VA's duty to assist for reopening purposes is generally much less strong than that needed to 

establish the corresponding element of service connection on the merits. Unlike the majority, I am 

not persuaded that Mr. Sheppard's choice not to present evidence aimed at proving a claim on the 

merits renders harmless VA's failure to afford him the opportunity to submit new and material 

evidence at that lower threshold. Holding that error nonprejudicial imposes the higher standard of 

evidence as to service connection, in this case the link between service and the current disability, 

on the evidence involved in determining whether there is a reasonable possibility of substantiating 

a claim. In my view, subjecting a claimant to a higher legal standard than that required by law is 

not a harmless error. See Wise v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 517, 532 (2014) (holding that the Board 

must apply the correct standard of proof and errs when it requires a greater level of proof than that 

required by law); see also Shade, 24 Vet.App. at 114. 

Second, Mr. Sheppard argued that the Board's error in not applying § 20.101(d) was 

prejudicial because he could have attended a hearing and presented new and material evidence had 

he known reopening was still at issue. The majority finds this argument unpersuasive because Mr. 

Sheppard was afforded the opportunity to provide linkage evidence during a hearing but ultimately 

withdrew that request because he felt that a hearing was unnecessary to decide his case. However, 

Mr. Sheppard's decision to withdraw his hearing request was made while he was under the 

impression that VA had reopened his claim and that the hearing would address the merits. His 
19

withdrawal decision was not made in consideration of the evidence necessary to reopen the claim. 

In Evans v. Shinseki, we held that VA's own regulations and the veteran-friendly, non-adversarial 

appeals process don't permit the Board, ab initio, to dismiss certain issues within an appeal without 

first affording the veteran the full benefit of procedures mandated by its own regulations. 

25 Vet.App. 7, 14 (2011). Evans determined that the Board's failure to comply with the procedural 

requirements of § 20.101(d) is prejudicial when it deprives an appellant of a meaningful 

opportunity to present argument and evidence on the issues on appeal before the Board issues its 

decision. Id. at 15. That holding should apply with equal force here.

In short, I conclude that § 20.101(d) applies to the Board's jurisdictional determination of 

whether new and material evidence has been presented and that the Board's failure in this case to 

afford Mr. Sheppard the benefit of that regulation's procedural protections was prejudicial. I 

therefore dissent.