Fiscal Year 2024 Assumed Appropriation 

Fiscal Year 2025 Appropriation Request  Requested Increase from Fiscal Year 2024 Assumed Appropriation 

APPROPRIATION LANGUAGECOURTS OF APPEALS, DISTRICT COURTS, AND OTHER JUDICIAL SERVICESCOURT SECURITY(INCLUDING TRANSFERS OF FUNDS)

COURTS OF APPEALS, DISTRICT COURTS, AND OTHER JUDICIAL SERVICES

Court SecuritySUMMARY STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT REQUIREMENTS

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, incident to the provision of protective guard services for United States 

courthouses and other facilities housing Federal court or Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, the procurement, 

installation, and maintenance of security systems and equipment for United States courthouses and other facilities housing Federal court or Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, building ingress-egress control, inspection of mail and packages, directed security patrols, perimeter security, basic security services provided by the Federal Protective Service, and other similar activities as authorized by section 1010 of the Judicial Improvement and Access to Justice Act (Public Law 100-702), 

[$766,445,000]$805,933,000, of which not to exceed $20,000,000 shall remain available until expended, to be expended directly or transferred to the United States Marshals Service, which shall be responsible for administering the Judicial Facility Security Program 

consistent with standards or guidelines agreed to by the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and the Attorney General: Provided, That funds made available under this heading may be used for managing a Judiciary-wide program to 

facilitate security and emergency management services among the Judiciary, United States Marshals Service, Federal Protective Service, General Services Administration, other Federal agencies, state and local governments and the public; and for purposes authorized by the 

Daniel Anderl Judicial Security and Privacy Act of 2022 (Public Law 117-263, Division C, Title LIX, subtitle D) and 28 U.S.C. 604(a)(24).(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, updated to reflect the judiciary'sfiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 
Fiscal Year 2025 Resource Requirements:

Page 

FY 2024 Total Available Resources (Annual Appropriation, Supplemental Funds, Prior Year Funds)1 

Total FY 2024 Obligations 

 

A. Adjustments to Base to Maintain Current Services:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments

7.16 

7.16 

7.16 

7.16 

7.17 

7.17 

7.17 7.17 

7.17 

7.18

7.18 

Total Current Services Appropriation Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FISCAL YEAR 2025

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

SUMMARY OF REQUEST

COURT SECURITY

3. FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3.0%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. Inflationary increases in charges for contracts, services, supplies, and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6. Changes in Federal Protective Service security charges

a. Increase in basic security charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b. Increase in building-specific security charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7. Adjustments to base requirements for security systems and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Subtotal, Adjustments to Base to Maintain Current Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 Continuing Resolution. The $112.5 mi

 will be obligated over 3 years.

Less supplemental funds for courthouse hardening carried forward into FY 2025. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Less FY 2024 obligations associated with courthouse hardening supplemental funds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less encumbered carryforward from FY 2023 into FY 2024. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less unencumbered carryforward and recoveries from prior years into FY 2024. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fiscal Year 2024 Assumed Annual Appropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. Proposed January 2025 pay adjustment (2.0% for nine months) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Annualization of January 2024 pay adjustment (5.2% for three months) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. Promotions and within-grade increases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d. Health benefits increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. FICA adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2. Annualization of court security officer (CSO) positions (6 CSOs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. Increase in GSA space rental costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Page B. Program Increases

7.22 8. Vulnerability Management Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 9. Security infrastructure for new courthouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7.22 10. Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial Services Office and Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building . . . . 7.22 11. External cameras for Video Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.23 12. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court Security Branch Program staffing and equipment. . . . . . . . 

7.23 13. Court Security Officer hours increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.23 

  

Financing the Fiscal Year 2025 Request:

 

7.24 

7.24 16. Anticipated continuing obligation of FY 2025 courthouse hardening supplemental funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Estimated Obligations, Fiscal Year 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Fiscal Year 2025 Appropriation Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Appropriation Increase, Fiscal Year 2024 to Fiscal Year 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 Subtotal, Program Increases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Appropriation Required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

15. Anticipated unencumbered carryforward from FY 2024 and prior years into FY 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Active vehicle barrier support equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
FY 2023

Actual

FY 2024

Assumed

FY 202

Reques

Total Obligations 776,259 848,686 

Court Security (no-year funding) (34,572) (28,426) 

Emergency Supplemental (no-year)1 (112,500) (91,555) 

 PY Recoveries (864) 240 

 Transfers to Court Security (no-year) (15,000) (15,000) Court Security (expiring annual) 16,860 - 

Emergency Supplemental (no-year)1 91,555 37,500 

Court Security (no-year) 28,426 15,000 

Appropriation 750,163 766,445 

FY 2023

Actual

FY 2024

Assumed

FY 202

Reques

11.1 Full-Time Permanent 10,059 11,600 

11.5 Other Personnel Compensation 356 367 

12.1 Civilian Personnel benefits 3,897 3,163 21.0 Travel and Transportation of Persons 670 1,268 22.0 Transportation of Things 26 56 

23.1 Rental Payments to GSA 6,660 7,696 23.2 Rental Payments to Other 4 3 

23.3 Communications, Utilities, and Miscellaneous Charges 1,452 3,386 25.1 Advisory and Assistance Services 599 628 25.2 Other Services from Non-Federal Sources 17,357 15,040 

25.3 Other Goods and Services from Federal Sources 111,638 125,160 

25.4 Operation and Maintenance of Facilities 492,266 506,965 

25.4 Operation and Maintenance of Equipment 33,993 45,106 26.0 Supplies and materials 968 442 

31.0 Equipment 14,816 19,660 

32.0 Land and Structures 81,461 108,093 42.0 Insurance Claims and Indemnities 38 53 

Direct Obligations 776,259 848,686 

Description

Activity

COURTS OF APPEALS, DISTRICT COURTS AND OTHER JUDICIAL SERVICES

COURT SECURITY

Obligations by Activity ($000)

Obligations by Budget Object Class ($000)

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year:Unobligated Balance, End of Year: be obligated over 3 years.

1 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 Continuing Resolution. T
FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 

Actual Assumed Req

Direct Obligations 776,259 848,686 

Obligated balance, start of year 279,157 344,567 

Adjustments for prior year activity 2,393 - 

Obligated balance, end of year (344,567) (452,000) Total Outlays 713,242 741,253 

Less Offsets (298) (301) Net Outlays 712,945 740,952 

FY 2023 FY 2023 FY 

Actual Assumed Req

Total compensable workyears (FTE): United States Marshals Service 72.0 104.0 Total, Court Security 72.0 104.0 

COURTS OF APPEALS, DISTRICT COURTS AND OTHER JUDICIAL SERVICES

COURT SECURITY

Relation of Direct Obligations to Outlays ($000)

Personnel Summary
GENERAL STATEMENT AND INFORMATION

The Court Security appropriation funds the necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, incident to the provision of protective 

guard services, and the procurement, installation, and maintenance of security systems and equipment for United States courthouses 

and other facilities housing federal court operations. This includes building access control, inspection of mail and packages, directed 

security patrols, perimeter security, other similar activities as authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 604(a)(22), and managing a judiciary-wide 

program to facilitate security and emergency management services among the judiciary, United States Marshals Service, Federal 

Protective Service, General Services Administration, other federal agencies, state and local governments and the public. 

Federal courthouses are often the most visible symbols of the U.S. Government presence in communities outside of Washington, D.C., 

and, as such, may be considered inviting targets for terrorist attacks. In addition, the judicial process compels the attendance of 

alleged and convicted criminals to its facilities daily, which invites additional risks. At the same time, witnesses, jurors, family 

members of the alleged or convicted criminals, members of the Bar of the Court, the press, court employees, and the public must be 

able to enter and use the buildings. Maintaining the proper balance between ensuring an open court system and having secure court 

facilities is a complex task given the increasing number of threats against the federal judiciary. 

The fiscal year (FY) 2025 Court Security appropriation request of $805,933,000 will provide an appropriate level of security at 

existing court facilities and provide security coverage at new and renovated facilities. It will also allow the judiciary to sustain and 

make progress on several existing major strategic security initiatives, each of which is in a different stage of development, including 

equipment modernization and cyclical replacement for physical access control systems (PAC), video management systems (VMS), 

and other equipment; additional Vulnerability Management Program (VMP) requirements; additional USMS staffing requirements; 

and additional court security officer (CSO) requirements. 

SECURING THE COURTS

Court security is provided jointly by the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) United States Marshals Service (USMS) and the Department 

of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Federal Protective Service (FPS). By statute, the USMS has primary responsibility for the security of 

the federal judiciary, including the safe conduct of court proceedings, as well as the security of federal judges and court personnel at 

court facilities and off-site. The security that FPS provides may include, to varying degrees, entry screening, perimeter patrols, garage 

access control, and mail and package screening. Each is discussed below. 

7.6
UNITED STATES MARSHALS SERVICE PROTECTION

The USMS is responsible for the security of the judiciary (28 U.S.C. §§ 564, 566), including securing prisoners; conducting protective 

investigations on threats against judges and other judiciary personnel; providing protective details when necessary; and providing 

security for witnesses and high threat trials. This mission is funded by DOJ/USMS operating funds. 

The USMS is also responsible for the day-to-day management of the Judicial Facility Security Program (JFSP), which is funded solely 

by the judiciary’s Court Security appropriation. The JFSP is a collaborative effort between the judiciary and the DOJ to ensure the 

integrity of the judicial process by providing secure facilities in which to conduct judicial business. To support the JFSP, funding 

from the Court Security appropriation is transferred to the USMS, which is responsible for administering the JFSP consistent with 

standards and guidelines agreed to by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO) Director and the Attorney General. 

The goals of the JFSP are ensuring: 

1. an adequate CSO presence at new, renovated, and existing court facilities;

2. that effective security screening and/or access control systems are in place for judiciary facilities housing judges, probation and

pretrial services offices, and other federal court operations; and

3. timely installation and maintenance of required security systems and equipment at new, renovated, and existing courthouses.

CSOs and security systems and equipment are key aspects of providing physical security to the courts. Together, they are an integral 

part of the USMS’s security plan to prevent and deter violence that can undermine the effectiveness, viability, and integrity of the 

judicial process and erode public confidence in the judicial system. 

FEDERAL PROTECTIVE SERVICE SECURITY

FPS is the primary federal agency responsible for patrolling and protecting the perimeter of GSA-controlled facilities and enforcing 

federal laws and regulations in those facilities. FPS imposes two types of facility-related security charges on government facilities, 

including those occupied by the judiciary: 

• “basic” security charge, to provide FPS with general funding to operate; and

7.7
• “building-specific” security charge, to reimburse FPS for FPS-provided, site-specific contract guards and security systems

and equipment.

Perimeter Security Pilot Program

The judiciary’s FY 2008 appropriations bill authorized the USMS to establish a perimeter security pilot program to consolidate the 

responsibility for perimeter security guarding and security systems and equipment under the district U.S. Marshal, who is supported 

by the judiciary-funded and USMS-administered JFSP. The pilot was implemented at seven courthouses in FY 2009. An eighth 

courthouse was added in FY 2015. At the pilot locations, the USMS is responsible for all interior and perimeter security.

The pilot was designed to address several issues, including: 

• the bifurcated systems of two security providers - the FPS and the USMS - providing physical security at many federal

courthouses,

• problems with FPS security equipment not functioning for extended periods, and

• a lack of national standards for determining how many FPS guards are needed to provide adequate security at federal

facilities, including courthouses.

The response to the pilot from judges, court unit executives, and district USMS office staff has been uniformly positive. The benefits

of the program include improved quality of security services, improved security coverage, unified command and control over 

courthouse physical security, improved communication, and improved stewardship and monitoring of security equipment. 

Each year since the pilot began, the judiciary’s annual appropriations bills have authorized the pilot project to continue. The 

judiciary’s FY 2025 appropriation request includes language to continue the pilot (see General Provisions, page 12.1). The judiciary 

will continue to explore additional sites and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of expanding the pilot to more locations. 

FY 2024 APPROPRIATIONS 

In the absence of an enacted appropriation, the judiciary built the FY 2025 discretionary budget request for Court Security on the 

assumed FY 2024 appropriation of $766,445,000, which is based on the mid-point between the House and Senate marks. For bill 

language, the judiciary used the language from H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government appropriations

7.8
bills, 2024, which are identical, as the closest approximation of the eventual enacted FY 2024 appropriations language, updated with 

the assumed level as described above.

SIGNIFICANT ISSUES FOR FY 2025 

Courthouse Hardening

In response to the civil unrest during the summer of 2020 and the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, the judiciary sought 

from Congress supplemental appropriations to fund enhanced security measures to protect judges and the judicial process, including 

funding to harden court facilities against individuals and groups attempting to breach court facilities and disrupt the judicial process. 

Congress provided $15.0 million in the FY 2022 Court Security appropriation and $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding in 

the initial FY 2023 Continuing Resolution (P.L. 117-180), for a total of $127.5 million for courthouse hardening. 

The judiciary is working with the USMS, FPS, and GSA to analyze the security measures needed to harden each courthouse. 

Depending on the configuration of an individual courthouse, the following building features are initial measures to stop individuals 

and groups from breaching court facilities and disrupting the judicial process: 

• Windows – replace with (or add, as appropriate) break-resistant glass or glass coverings for pedestrian accessible windows

(windows that can be accessed without ladders or climbing).

• Exterior doors – harden exterior doors with break-resistant glass or glass film, roll down gates, and other capabilities, as

needed.

• Automatic exterior door locks – install automatic door locks that can be engaged by the security officers at their guard stations

and from the control room.

• Fencing – install anti-scalable fencing, where needed, to protect the perimeter of the facility.

While every effort will be made to harden as many facilities as possible with available resources, priority will be based on the 

following factors:

• The amount of judicial activity in the courthouse, as determined by the number of judges resident in the building and the

caseload of the district/circuit,

7.9
• Information regarding incidents which have damaged courthouses during recent periods of civil unrest and proximity of the

courthouse to locations that are the site of protests, including incidents of violent civil unrest or violent response to peaceful

protest,

• Information from federal law enforcement agencies that the courthouses are in communities or locations where civil unrest has

been or could be directed against federal courthouses,

• The design and construction of the facility and the extent to which hardening is already incorporated into the facility as part of

its construction, and

• The ability to make cost-effective improvements to harden the facility perimeter, including barriers to these efforts such as the

historic fabric of the facility and historic preservation requirements.

The initial facilities that will be hardened include both primary courthouses and multi-tenant federal facilities, as well as single 

buildings and multi-facility campus locations. 

The judiciary’s $112.5 million request for supplemental funding assumed it would cost an average of $250,000 per facility for 450 

primary courthouses. AO staff later revised the per facility hardening estimate to a range of approximately $300,000 to $3 million, 

depending on the courthouse size and design. The $127.5 million in hardening funding was expected to support implementing 

countermeasures at approximately 100-150 additional courthouse facilities. AO staff, working with GSA, FPS, and USMS, obligated 

the initial $15 million for 11 projects1 in FY 2022 and $20.9 million of the supplemental no-year funding in FY 2023 for 37 projects.

2

 

The AO is moving forward aggressively to assess additional courthouses to obligate the remaining $91.6 million in supplemental 

funding over the next two fiscal years ($54.1 million for FY 2024 and $37.5 million for FY 2025). It is anticipated that several 

projects will begin construction in the second quarter of 2024. Additional funding will be needed in future fiscal years to harden more 

judiciary facilities. 

When court facilities were initially reviewed, it was believed that these hardening measures could be implemented quickly and

inexpensively based on judiciary facility assessments and cost estimates. However, the AO has learned that to meet the judiciary's 

hardening criteria, many of the solutions have proven to be more expensive, difficult to execute, or not achievable in all locations. 

1 The 11 courthouse hardening projects include eight fully funded, two design only, and one study. The design projects will need future construction funding, 

and the study will require future design and construction funds.

2

 The 37 courthouse hardening projects include eight fully funded, and 29 design only. The design projects will require future construction funding.

7.10
Certain facilities are significantly more challenging to harden than anticipated due to the nature of their design, current security 

posture, and historic status. In many locations, achieving the level of protection sought by the judiciary will require significant 

measures such as renovation of courthouse entrances and/or perimeter spaces at significantly higher costs not assumed in the original 

formulation of the funding request transmitted to Congress. This will impact the number of courthouse facilities that may be hardened

within the existing funding. 

Vulnerability Management Program (VMP)

As a result of the July 2020 fatal attack at a New Jersey federal judge’s home and increasing threats against federal judges, the 

judiciary and the USMS reviewed existing vulnerabilities impacting judges’ security and identified the need to reduce judges’ online 

footprints and the ready availability of judges’ personally identifiable information (PII). In FY 2022, the judiciary received approval 

from the Appropriations Committees to reprogram $7.9 million from Court Security prior-year unobligated balances to implement a 

VMP to address these risks. In addition, the FY 2022 appropriation included language authorizing the use of court security funds for 

identifying, redacting, and reducing PII on the internet of judges and relatives who live at the judge’s domicile. Enactment of the 

Daniel Anderl Judicial Security and Privacy Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-263) in December 2022 provided the judiciary with permanent PII 

removal authority. 

The VMP serves as a resource to judges on ways to enhance their personal security and the security of court personnel and facilities. 

The program is intended to create (1) situational awareness across security specialties, (2) active and coordinated preventative 

measures, (3) consistent information sharing, and (4) advanced analytic capabilities. To support implementation of the Daniel Anderl 

Act, the judiciary expanded the original scope of the Judicial Disaster and Recovery Tool (JDART)3 services and renamed it the 

Vulnerability Management Information Services (VMIS) in FY 2023. VMIS is a suite of services that provides staffing and solutions 

to support the following activities:

• Redacting eligible PII from government databases, data aggregators, and the internet;

• Enrolling judges (and other covered individuals) into the PII reduction and redaction program;

• Tracking the status of any pending requests made by judges for removal of covered information under the Daniel Anderl Act;

3 In FY 2022, JDART, the emergency management tool, was realigned from the Courts’ Salaries and Expenses account to the Court Security account. The 

existing JDART contractual services include the establishment of a secure cloud-based environment to support information management and operations. 

7.11
• Monitoring web-based activities (e.g., social media, dark web) for mentions of covered information and risks to the judiciary;

• Monitoring, analyzing, and reporting, through improved information sharing with federal and state public safety and security

agencies, judiciary risks and vulnerabilities;

• Educating judges and other judiciary personnel on the need to minimize online information about themselves and their family

members;

• Training and creating national standards for appointed emergency management coordinators and others tasked with emergency

management and related duties within local courts and circuits; and

• Hiring additional AO staff located within the circuits they serve to be responsible for facilitating security services among the

judiciary, USMS, FPS, General Services Administration, and other appropriate federal and local law enforcement agencies.

The full-year cost in FY 2023 to implement the VMP was $10.5 million for 19 positions and 33 contractors. The FY 2024 budget 

request included an additional $1.5 million for additional software licenses to support PII redaction and removal, and the FY 2025 

budget request includes another $4.4 million for the VMIS. (Refer to page 7.22 for more details.) 

Security Systems (Physical Access Control Systems (PACS) and Video Management Systems (VMS)) 

PACS and VMS are critical components of the court security program. Each is described more fully below.

PACS

PACS are designed to ensure that unauthorized and potentially dangerous people do not gain entry to court facilities, and only judges, 

authorized federal employees, and contractors can access secure interior court space. Access is managed with cards, issued to 

authorized persons, that are read by automated card readers at exterior and/or interior doors, and for judges at secure elevators. Many 

of the current PACS are fragile and failing, or in danger of failing, due to aging equipment and outdated software no longer supported 

by the vendor. The judiciary worked with the USMS to develop a risk-based strategy that focuses resources on the highest priority 

PACS requirements, addressing facilities with the greatest need in a timeframe that avoids system failures. The risk-based approach 

attempts to contain costs by focusing on equipment replacements at court facilities with the highest risk for a PACS failure. In 

addition, the strategy incorporates a refreshment cycle for PACS to ensure the program is sustainable in the future. 

The judiciary gradually increased PACS funding by approximately $5 million each year to reach $42 million in annual funding in FY 

2022, after which funds were adjusted annually for inflation. This funding level supports PACS upgrades and begins to refresh PACS 

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on a 10-year cycle, starting in FY 2024. Future budget requests will continue to be revised for inflation, as well as necessary changes 

in technology, equipment, and networking protocols. 

VMS

VMS are the camera systems that allow the USMS to monitor doors, hallways, courtrooms, and other court space. With a VMS 

system failure, the USMS control room operators lose viewing capability of all closed-circuit television (CCTV) coverage within a 

facility, crippling the USMS’s ability to visually assess potential threats. The loss of camera views and control capability makes a 

facility particularly vulnerable. Similar to the PACS issue, most existing VMS have exceeded their useful life expectancies, are at risk 

of failure, and are no longer supported by the manufacturers. Further, most judiciary VMS are analog systems, and these systems 

need to be upgraded to digital internet protocol (IP) based systems. Using the PACS funding strategy as a model, the judiciary seeks a 

multi-year funding approach with VMS. 

The judiciary started with $6.3 million in FY 2020 and by FY 2023 the total annual funding was $25.8 million. This funding level 

supports VMS upgrades and begins to refresh VMS on a 10-year cycle, starting in FY 2024. Similar to PACS, future budget requests 

will continue to be revised for inflation, as well as necessary changes in technology, equipment, and networking protocols. 

The FY 2025 budget request includes $3.8 million to add external cameras to VMS projects. Refer to page 7.22 for more details. FPS 

is responsible for providing security to over 9,000 GSA-controlled The facilities. Part of this protection is the responsibility for 

maintaining perimeter security cameras. The USMS also maintains VMS within court facilities that include cameras to monitor court 

space. In facilities that have both FPS perimeter cameras and USMS VMS, the FPS and USMS share video feeds between these 

systems to ensure that activity is being monitored and to avoid duplication of systems. USMS staff has determined that various 

federal courthouse facilities lack adequate camera coverage of certain external areas. These include building entrances and areas of 

approach needed to detect the presence of objects in areas of interest, determine or classify objects (animal, debris, person), and 

identify objects based on appearance (identify a person). To address this vulnerability, USMS proposes to provide the following 

external cameras, where needed:

• Point cameras, that monitor individual gates, doors, sally ports, and other means of access to a facility compound and its

buildings.

• Field-of-view cameras, to monitor discrete areas such as a street leading up to a facility, the grounds just inside the facility

perimeter, and around building entrances.

7.13
• Surveillance cameras, which extend the view for security personnel. USMS staff control these cameras, and they must be

placed to supplement the fields of view that point cameras provide. These cameras will be placed high enough to encompass

areas such as parking lots, fences, and extended walkways, and view approaching routes to a facility.

Providing this funding is not an alternative for FPS seeking the funding needed to replace its perimeter cameras. The USMS would 

only be able to install external cameras that address certain security risks to the judiciary. These cameras would not replace FPS 

cameras. This request does not represent a solution to the overall problem associated with FPS’ perimeter cameras.

Joint PACS/VMS Projects 

The USMS awarded 20 joint PACS/VMS projects in FY 2020 and FY 2021, 28 joint projects in FY 2022, and 34 joint PACS/VMS in 

FY 2023. 

Impact of Not Receiving FY 2024 Increase for Base Adjustments and Program Increases, and the Need for Re-Requesting Any 

Requirements

The FY 2024 assumed appropriation level includes $17.0 million in security cuts relative to the judiciary’s FY 2024 request, 

consisting of $8.3 million in cuts to base for security systems and equipment requirements and the deferral of $8.7 million in program 

increases. A large portion of the decrease comes from a $13.3 million4 reduction that will impact the current services for security 

systems and equipment as well as the implementation of a multi-year modernization of screening systems that is part of the cyclical 

strategy developed and requested by the USMS. In addition, $2.0 million of the reduction would impact the equipment and personnel 

necessary for court units and federal defenders to effectively prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies. Lastly, $1.7 

million would come from deferring the addition of seven USMS positions and two contractors, who are necessary to support 

restructuring the JFSP based on an updated workload analysis. It is important to note that that these funding reductions would come at 

a time when the Judicial Branch is working to enhance courthouse security in response to growing security threats. These threats 

require sufficient security equipment and personnel to ensure court proceedings and other judiciary activities may continue in order to 

provide equal justice under the law. 

4 The $13.3 million includes $8.3 million in security systems and equipment required to maintain current services and $5.0 million for a program increase for the 

implementation of a multi-year equipment modernization and cyclical strategy for screening systems. 

7.14
$000 CSO Positions FTE $000 CSO Positions FTE

Court Security Officers 506,965 4,746.5 526,324 4,746.5

Federal Protective Service Charges 90,500 93,215

Systems and Equipment1 189,399 170,527

Program Administration 61,822 104.0 68,367 105.5 

Total Direct Obligations 848,686 858,433

Prior Year Carryforward

 Systems and Equipment Slippage (Encumbered) (13,151) -

 Program Administration Slippage (Encumbered) (35) -

 Systems and Equipment Savings (Unencumbered) (15,000) (15,000)

Supplemental

Obligations Associated with Courthouse Hardening Supplemental Funds1 (54,055) (37,500)

Discretionary Appropriation 766,445 805,933

1

 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 Continuing Resolution. The $112.5 million will be obligated over 3 years.

Court Security Program Summary

FY 2024 Assumed FY 2025 Request

7.15
JUSTIFICATION OF CHANGES

The judiciary requests $805,933,000 for Court Security in 

FY 2025, a 5.2 percent increase over the FY 2024 assumed 

appropriation of $766,445,000. The FY 2025 request reflects 

the necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services, 

as well as several program increases related to the CSO 

program, security systems and equipment needs, additional 

USMS staffing requirements, and additional AO program 

requirements. The majority of the funding in this request is 

transferred to the USMS, which is responsible for 

administering the Judicial Facility Security Program (JFSP).

The following sections provide information and justification 

for each of the adjustments to base and program increases. 

A. ADJUSTMENTS TO BASE TO MAINTAIN

CURRENT SERVICES

1. Pay and benefits adjustments

a. Proposed January 2025 pay adjustment

Requested Increase: $305,000 

Based on guidance from the Office of Management and 

Budget, the judiciary is assuming federal pay rates will 

increase by 2.0 percent in January 2025. The requested 

increase provides for the cost of nine months of the anticipated 

pay raise in FY 2025, from January 2025 to September 2025. 

(If the pay adjustment included in the President’s FY 2025 

budget request is different than 2.0 percent, the judiciary will 

revise this line item in its FY 2025 budget re-estimate.)

b. Annualization of January 2024 pay adjustment

Requested Increase: $357,000 

The requested increase provides for the annualized costs of a

2024 pay adjustment for Employment Cost Index (ECI) and 

locality pay. As a result of an ECI and locality adjustment, 

federal pay rates increased by an average of 5.2 percent, 

effective as of January 2024. The requested increase provides 

for the cost of three months (from October 2024 to December 

2024) of the 2024 pay increase in FY 2025. 

c. Promotions and within-grade increases

Requested Increase: $181,000 

The requested increase provides for promotions and withingrade increases for personnel. The AO salary plan and the 

USMS salary plan both provide for periodic within-grade 

increases for staff who receive at least a satisfactory 

performance rating. 

d. Health Benefits increases

Requested Increase: $70,000 

Based on information from the Office of Personnel 

Management, agency health benefit premium contributions are 

projected to increase by an average of 5.0 percent both in 

7.16
January 2024 and January 2025. The requested increase 

annualizes the 2024 premium increase and includes a ninemonth provision for the increase anticipated for FY 2025. 

e. FICA adjustment

Requested Increase: $6,000 

Based on information from the Social Security Administration, 

employer contributions to the Old Age, Survivor, and 

Disability Insurance (OASDI) portion of the FICA tax will 

increase in 2024. The salary cap for OASDI increased from 

$160,200 to $168,600 in January 2024. The requested amount 

is needed to pay the agency’s contribution in FY 2025. 

2. Annualization of CSO positions

Requested Increase: $285,000 

In FY 2024, funding was provided to support 6 new CSO 

positions for McGirt-related requirements. This request 

includes the increase required to fund the full-year cost of these

6 CSO positions in FY 2025. 

3. FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments

Requested Increase: $14,466,000 

A total of $14.5 million is requested for anticipated increases in 

the hourly rates and overtime pay for CSO contract services in 

FY 2025. The request is an average increase of 3.0 percent on 

a national basis over FY 2024 projected levels. 

The minimum hourly wage rates paid by the vendors who are 

retained by the USMS to provide CSO services are determined 

by the Department of Labor and vary around the country based 

on an annual assessment of the prevailing wage rates paid for 

occupations like the CSO category of service in a specific 

locality. CSO wages are also adjusted through collective 

bargaining agreements negotiated between CSO contractors 

and unions. In accordance with the Service Contract Labor 

Standards (41 U.S.C. 6701-6707), the contract CSOs must be 

paid the hourly rates determined by the Department of Labor 

unless a collective bargaining agreement is in place. 

4. Inflationary increases in charges for contracts, services,

supplies, and equipment

Requested Increase: $690,000 

Consistent with guidance from the Office of Management and 

Budget, this requested increase is required to fund inflationary 

increases of 2.2 percent for operating expenses such as travel, 

communications, printing, contractual services, supplies and 

materials, and furniture and equipment (excluding the CSO 

contracts).

5. Increase in GSA space rental costs

Requested Increase: $231,000 

This request represents a 2.0 percent inflationary increase and 

adjustments in the cost of GSA space rental charges for space 

for FY 2025. 

7.17
6. Changes in Federal Protective Service security charges

Requested Increase: $2,715,000 

The FY 2025 security cost estimate of $93.2 million for FPS 

security services consists of basic security ($31.7 million) and 

building-specific security costs ($61.5 million). This cost 

represents an increase of $2.7 million from the FY 2024 

estimate of $90.5 million. Additional information regarding 

the changes in FPS security charges is summarized below:

a. Increase in basic security charges: $924,000

The FY 2025 request for basic security charges is $31.7 

million, which is $0.9 million above the FY 2024 estimated 

level. 

b. Increase in building-specific security charges:

$1,791,000

The total FY 2025 request for building-specific security 

charges is $61.5 million, which is $1.8 million above the 

FY 2024 estimated level. The requested increase supports new 

countermeasure projects. 

Building-specific charges are based on FPS-provided 

countermeasures for a specific building and are charged to all 

federal tenants in the building in direct proportion to each 

customer agency’s percentage of federal occupancy. Each 

building is supposed to have a facility security committee 

(FSC). The FSC consults with and seeks recommendations 

from FPS on new or revised countermeasures. A tenant agency 

cannot avoid a building-specific charge if a majority of FSC 

members endorse a countermeasure. FPS is responsible for 

maintaining records of these operating expenditures on a 

building-by-building basis. These expenses are based on FPS 

projections and may be adjusted as a result of the judiciary’s 

regular review of FPS charges. 

Building-specific expenses include:

• Facility contract guards, both fixed post and roving,

assigned to a specific building; and

• Purchase, installation, and maintenance of perimeter

security devices such as cameras, alarms, motion detectors,

and other physical security features.

(Note: In courthouse facilities, the FPS contract guards and 

security device expenses listed above are usually limited to the 

perimeter of the building because security for interior judicial 

space is provided by the USMS.) 

7. Adjustments to base requirements for security systems

and equipment

Requested Increase: $3,666,000 

($000)

FY 2024 Assumed $176,248

Adjustments to base - net increase 3,666

FY 2024 Current Services $179,914

7.18
The requested amount reflects a net increase of $3.7 million for 

the security systems and equipment program. Table 7.1 on 

page 7.21 and the following justification of changes provide 

further information regarding the judiciary's security systems 

and equipment funding requirements. 

Increased Funding for Security Systems and Equipment

• Physical Access Control Systems (PACS)/Video

Management Systems (VMS)

Requested Increase: $2,113,000

PACS are designed to ensure that unauthorized and

potentially dangerous people do not gain entry to court

facilities, and only judges, authorized federal employees,

and contractors can access secure interior court space.

Access is managed with cards, issued to authorized persons,

that are read by automated card readers at exterior and/or

interior doors, and for judges at secure elevators.

VMS are the camera systems that allow the USMS to

monitor doors, hallways, courtrooms, and other court space.

The increases of $1,324,000 for PACS and $789,000 for

VMS are due primarily to inflationary cost adjustments.

• Nationwide Maintenance Contract for Existing Security

Systems and Equipment

Requested Increase: $536,000

The national contract for security systems installation 

provides for the maintenance of the inventory of security 

systems located in all facilities nationwide, such as the 

repair of CCTV systems, access control systems, alarm 

systems, and other command and control center 

components. The contract also provides for off-site 

monitoring of alarms for buildings without a 24-hour CSO 

presence and for repairs and preventive maintenance for the 

nationwide inventory of x-ray machines. The increase is 

due primarily to inflationary cost adjustments.

• Other Additional and Replacement Equipment

Requested Increase: $356,000

This program provides for general enhancements or

upgrades to closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance

systems, alarm systems, and command and control centers

in newly occupied space in existing court facilities and

replaces outdated equipment in currently occupied space.

The increase is due primarily to inflationary cost

adjustments.

• Miscellaneous Systems and Equipment

Requested Increase: $661,000

An increase of $661,000 is requested for various systems

and equipment requirements in FY 2025. This includes

increases of $210,000 for GSA installation and

maintenance; $160,000 for perimeter security

7.19
improvements; $120,000 for the nationwide vehicle barrier 

maintenance contract; $109,000 for cyclical replacement of 

x-ray screening equipment and walk-thru metal detectors;

$50,000 for CSO radios, accessories, repairs, and over-theair re-key; and $12,000 for equipment for probation and 

pretrial services offices and federal public defender 

organizations. 

7.20
FY 2023

Financial Plan

FY 2024 

Assumed

FY 2025 

Adjustments to 

Base

FY 2025 

Current 

Services

FY 2025 

Program 

Increases / 

Decreases

FY 2025

Request1

Change 

FY 2024 to

FY 2025

$000 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000

Courthouse Hardening - Infrastructure Improvements2 37,500 54,055 - 54,055 - 37,500 (16,555)

PACS 42,840 44,125 1,324 45,449 - 45,449 1,324

- 

VMS (with Exterior Cameras) 25,800 26,316 789 27,105 3,800 30,905 4,589

Nationwide Maintenance Contract for Existing Security Systems and Equipment 17,340 17,861 536 18,397 - 18,397 536

Other Additional and Replacement Equipment (Excludes VMS) 12,235 11,861 356 12,217 - 12,217 356

TMFJB 99 - - - 1,900 1,900 1,900

New Courthouse Construction Projects 4,750 - - - 750 750 750

Active Vehicle Barrier (AVB) Support Equipment - - - - 440 440 440

Miscellaneous Systems and Equipment

 GSA Installation/Alterations 6,880 7,000 210 7,210 - 7,210 210

 Perimeter Security Improvements 10,038 5,339 160 5,499 - 5,499 160

 Cyclical Replacement of X-Ray Screening Equipment and Walk-Thru Metal Detectors 4,672 3,618 109 3,727 - 3,727 109

 Nationwide Vehicle Barrier Maintenance Contract 4,379 4,000 120 4,120 - 4,120 120

 CSO Radios, Accessories, Repairs and Over-the-Air-Re-key 2,416 1,673 50 1,723 278 2,001 328

 Equipment for Probation, Pretrial Services, and Defender Services 910 400 12 412 - 412 12

Total Miscellaneous Systems and Equipment 29,295 22,030 661 22,691 278 22,969 939

Total Security Systems and Equipment 169,859 176,248 3,666 179,914 7,168 170,527 (5,721)

1 Excludes encumbered carryforward

2

 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 Continuing Resolution. The $112.5 million will be obligated over 3 years.

Category

Court Security Appropriations

Table 7.1

Security Systems & Equipment Funding Summary

7.21
B. PROGRAM INCREASES

8. Vulnerability Management Information Service (VMIS)

Requested Increase: $4,400,000 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $4.4 million for the 

Vulnerability Management Information Service (VMIS), which 

supports the implementation of the Daniel Anderl Judicial 

Security and Privacy Act (Daniel Anderl Act). VMIS is a suite 

of services that includes PII redactions and other necessary 

capabilities (i.e., DeleteMe licensing, internet and dark web 

search and monitoring services, privacy services, etc.) to assist 

judges in mitigating vulnerabilities in their online profile. The 

request will support an increase in contracted labor to support 

requests for removal from open-source sites and annual cost 

escalation on contracts. 

9. Security infrastructure for new courthouses

Requested Increase: $750,000 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $0.8 million for screening 

equipment for five new courthouse construction projects, 

estimated at $150,000 per location. Based on current schedules 

for FY 2025, the systems and equipment funds will be used for 

courthouse construction projects at Toledo, OH (Repair and 

Alterations - R&A); Charlotte, NC (R&A); Savannah, GA 

(R&A); Huntsville, AL; and Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 

10. USMS Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial

Services Offices and Thurgood Marshall Federal

Judiciary Building

Requested Increase: $192,000 FTE: 1 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $0.2 million (six months 

funding) for two additional USMS positions. One position (0.5 

FTE) will support facility screening services for the Probation 

and Pretrial Services Offices (PPSO), and one position (0.5 

FTE) will support systems countermeasures for the Thurgood 

Marshall Federal Judiciary Building. The two additional 

USMS positions are required to advise and consult with AO 

and PPSO staff on screening and facility perimeter security, 

including conducting initial and continual follow-up on-site 

inspections to determine the security systems needed and the 

condition of existing systems at PPSO facilities.

11. External cameras for Video Management Systems

Requested Increase: $3,800,000 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $3.8 million to increase the 

funding of Video Management Systems (VMS) to add external 

cameras to projects where there is an identified vulnerability. 

USMS has provided a list of 110 locations that have analog 

VMS systems and are in line to be replaced with digital 

systems and that could benefit from some additional external 

cameras. The estimated cost of adding external cameras to 

these systems is $11.4 million, which will be phased in over 

three years. After three years, maintenance and cyclical 

7.22
replacement costs will be included in future budget requests. 

Refer to pages 7.13-7.14 for more details.

12. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

(AOUSC)/National Court Security Branch (NCSB)

Program Staffing and Equipment

Requested Increase: $2,326,000 0.5 FTE 

Currently, security for the Administrative Office and National 

Court Security Branch is managed by a single Deputy U.S. 

Marshal, responsible for maintaining the defensive posture for 

judicial security of two highly visible facilities within the city 

limits of Washington, DC: the AOUSC and Court of Federal 

Claims (COFC). Assigning all of the security requirement and 

contract management to a single position results in increased 

risk for the continuity of security execution. 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $2.3 million to fund one 

additional USMS position (0.5 FTE) for $0.1 million and $2.2 

million for equipment requirements to oversee and manage 

security services for the AOUSC/NCSB. The new position 

will be assigned to the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary 

Building (TMFJB) to provide onsite supervision of the security 

officers and ensure a rapid response to any security needs, 

which may arise in the facility. This new position will be 

dedicated to ensuring the complex security needs and large 

court security officer (CSO) workforce at the TMFJB and 

COFC is properly managed and overseen. 

13. Court Security Officer hours increase

Requested Increase: $4,608,000 

Currently, the CSO program is funded at 1,889 annual work 

hours per CSO position. However, 1,992 hours per CSO 

position is required by the CSO staffing standards implemented 

in FY 2015. According to the USMS, funding shortfalls result 

in posts, which were determined as vital to the security of the 

courthouse in the CSO Staffing Standards, being left unstaffed. 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $4.6 million to fund an 

additional 16.5 hours per CSO position, for a multi-year phased 

approach to a full year 1,992 hours per CSO position as 

required by the CSO staffing standards. 

14. Active vehicle barrier (AVB) support equipment

Requested Increase: $440,000 

For FY 2025, the judiciary requests $0.4 million to fund two 

mobile barriers and two portable guard booths for $110,000 

each. 

The USMS has an inventory of five mobile barriers for 

nationwide deployment. The USMS inventory for mobile 

vehicle barriers is stored on the U.S. eastern seaboard. As part 

of an improved deployment plan for temporary security, two 

new mobile barriers would be purchased and stored in the 

western United States for rapid deployment. The purchase of 

two new barriers is an initial request, as the USMS plans on 

requesting funding for additional AVB purchase in future years 

7.23
for an inventory build-up so each judicial circuit will have its 

own AVB supply. 

In addition, portable guard booths are key to an effective 

security system. Being able to move a security booth to any 

location at any time, quickly and easily, is a tactical advantage 

at judicial facilities for and during special events.

FINANCING THE FY 2025 REQUEST

15. Anticipated carryforward balances from FY 2024 and

prior years into FY 2025

Estimated Funds Available: $15,000,000 

The judiciary projects $15.0 million will be available through 

anticipated savings and prior-year recoveries to carry forward 

from FY 2024 into FY 2025 to offset partially the FY 2025 

appropriation request for the Court Security program. The 

judiciary will advise the appropriations subcommittee staffs of 

changes to this estimate.

16. Anticipated continuing obligation of FY 2023

courthouse hardening supplemental funds

Estimated Funds Available: $37,500,000 

Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year 

funding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 Continuing 

Resolution legislation (P.L. 117-180). The full $112.5 million 

supplemental funding will be obligated over three years – 

FYs 2023 - 2025. Refer to pages 7.9-7.11 for more details.

7.24