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State of New York

Court of Appeals

MEMORANDUM

This memorandum is uncorrected and subject to 

revision before publication in the New York Reports.

No. 16 

The People &c.,

 Respondent,

 v.

Elijah Foster-Bey,

 Appellant.

Dina Zloczower, for appellant.

Seth M. Lieberman, for respondent.

The Innocence Project; Office of the Appellate Defender, Inc.; and The Legal Aid Society, 

amici curiae.

MEMORANDUM:

The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed. 

This case was argued with People v Cadman Williams (___ NY3d ___ [decided 

herewith]) and, although the underlying facts of the respective matters are different, the 
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analysis and the result are the same. In this case defendant shot a New York City police 

officer twice in the leg in an incident that was described for the jury by the victim as well 

as another police officer eyewitness. Two more police witnesses, respectively, linked 

defendant to the gun and established that defendant admitted to having shot the subject 

police officer, albeit accidentally per his claim. 

In addition to that evidence, the People intended to link defendant to the gun not 

through a standard DNA analysis, which could not connect defendant to the gun, but 

through LCN and FST evidence. Defendant sought an order precluding that evidence, but 

the trial court denied that application without first holding a Frye hearing. Similar to 

Williams, defendant relied on a scholarly writing from Dr. Bruce Budowle in contending 

that LCN evidence had not been deemed generally acceptable in the relevant scientific 

community, and that OCME was the only government facility employing that method for 

analysis of evidence to be used in a criminal prosecution. Further similar to Williams, 

defendant contended that the FST had not been generally accepted within the scientific 

community inasmuch as it had not been validated by anything or anyone other than OCME. 

The motion court denied defendant’s application in a terse ruling that relied on People v 

Garcia (39 Misc 3d 482 [Sup Ct, Bronx County 2013]) and People v Megnath (27 Misc 3d 

405 [Sup Ct, Queens County 2010]). The Appellate Division followed suit (158 AD3d 641 

[2d Dept 2018]). 

Our analysis tracks that set forth in Williams (___ NY3d at ___) in that it was an 

abuse of discretion as a matter of law to admit LCN and FST evidence without first holding 

a Frye hearing given defendant’s showing that there was uncertainty regarding whether 
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such proof was generally accepted in the relevant scientific community at the time of the 

subject motion. We also conclude, however, that the error here was harmless in light of

the eyewitness testimony as to the shooting and defendant’s admission to his involvement 

in that incident (see generally People v Crimmins, 36 NY2d 230, 241-242 [1975]). 
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People v Elijah Foster-Bey

No. 16

DiFIORE, Chief Judge (concurring):

I concur for the reasons stated in my concurring opinion in People v Cadman 

Williams ( __ NY3d __ [decided herewith]), and agree with the majority that any error in 

the court’s denial of the Frye hearing (Frye v United States, 293 F 1013 [DC Cir 1923]) 
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was harmless, given the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s identity as the shooter. 

Although defendant’s motion papers were relatively sparse, a factual issue was sufficiently 

joined as here the multiple-source DNA sample at issue was 16.3 picograms – below the 

apparent 25 picogram threshold validated by Office of the Chief Medical Examiner’s 

internal studies and approved for use by the DNA subcommittee and the Commission on 

Forensic Science – and, at the time of the motion practice in April 2013, no prior 

determination on the general acceptability of forensic statistical tool (FST) evidence in the 

relevant scientific community had been issued after a Frye hearing. Therefore, the court’s 

“complete deference” to the decision in People v Garcia (39 Misc 3d 482 [Sup Ct., Bronx 

County 2013], affd 170 AD3d 462 [1st Dept 2019], lv denied 33 NY3d 482 [2019]), which 

held, without a Frye hearing, that both low copy number testing results and FST evidence 

were generally accepted in the scientific community and admissible, was not a sufficient 

basis to deny the Frye hearing (see Williams, concurring op. at 7).

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Order affirmed, in a memorandum. Judges Rivera, Stein, Fahey and Wilson concur. Chief 

Judge DiFiore concurs in result in an opinion in which Judges Garcia and Feinman 

concur.

Decided March 31, 2020