11.1

JUDICIARY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUND

GENERAL STATEMENT AND INFORMATION

The Judiciary Information Technology Fund (JITF) was established by Congress in fiscal year (FY) 1990 (28 U.S.C. § 612) to assist 

the judiciary in implementing its information technology (IT) initiatives. The authority of the JITF was extended indefinitely in the 

FY 1998 Commerce, Justice, State, Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-119). The JITF was authorized 

“without fiscal year limitation” for the procurement of information technology resources. The fund makes it possible to manage the 

IT program over a multi-year planning cycle, which allows more effective and efficient planning, budgeting, and use of funds for IT 

activities.

In keeping with the judiciary’s mission and primary business objectives, the IT program must identify, implement, and maintain costeffective solutions for the judiciary, bar, and the public. All IT expenses for the appellate, district, and bankruptcy courts and for 

probation and pretrial services offices must be paid from the JITF. 

Requirements are financed via the JITF from a variety of sources:

• deposits from the courts’ Salaries and Expenses (S&E) account;

• fee collections from the Electronic Public Access program for IT expenses specifically related to improving public access to 

information (see Appendix 2, Electronic Public Access for more information on this program);

• unobligated balances in the fund from prior year financial plan savings (unencumbered);

• proceeds from the sale of excess IT equipment;

• annual allotments to the courts originally for non-IT purposes that are reprogrammed locally by the courts for IT initiatives, in 

accordance with the judiciary’s budget decentralization program; and

• deposits from other judiciary appropriations that are non-mandatory judiciary users of the fund (such as the Court of Appeals for 

the Federal Circuit (CAFC), the Court of International Trade (CIT), the U.S. Sentencing Commission (USSC), Court Security, the 

Federal Judicial Center (FJC), and the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO)).

The majority of financing in the JITF originates from deposits from the S&E account. Table 11.1 on the following pages displays

JITF requirements and funding sources for FY 2021 through the FY 2023 request. Tables 11.2 and 11.3 provide additional data about 

obligations and outlays.
11.2

Table 11.1 Judiciary Information Technology Fund Obligations and Financing ($000) 

FY 2021 

Actual

 FY 2022 

Assumed

Obligations

FY 2023 

Request

Obligations:

Salaries & Expenses Requirements (with carryforward) 512,844 627,955 653,984

EPA Program 129,640 219,298 182,240

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts 4,214 2,002 0

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 964 0 689

Court of International Trade 613 915 167

Court Security 0 101 0

Federal Judicial Center 0 250 0

U.S. Sentencing Commission 0 1,669 0

TOTAL JITF 648,275 852,190 837,080

Financing:

Salaries and Expenses

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 63,701 65,616 20,000

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 514,759 582,339 633,984

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -65,616 -20,000 0

Total Salaries & Expenses 512,844 627,955 653,984

EPA Program

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 136,512 152,482 77,684

Estimated Receipts and Prior Year Recoveries 145,610 144,500 144,500

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -152,482 -77,684 -39,944

Total EPA Program 129,640 219,298 182,240

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 4,626 2,002 0

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 1,590 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -2,002 0 0

Total Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts 4,214 2,002 0
11.3

FY 2021 

Actual

 FY 2022 

Assumed

Obligations

FY 2023 

Request

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 3,817 4,342 4,342

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 1,489 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -4,342 -4,342 -3,653

Total Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (non-EPA) 964 0 689

Court of International Trade

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 1,191 1,082 167

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 504 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -1,082 -167 0

Total Court of International Trade (non-EPA) 613 915 167

Court Security

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 56 101 0

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 45 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -101 0 0

Total Court Security 0 101 0

Federal Judicial Center

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 824 974 724

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 150 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -974 -724 -724

Total Federal Judicial Center 0 250 0

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Unobligated Balance, Start of Year 1,669 1,669 0

New Deposits and Prior Year Recoveries 0 0 0

Unobligated Balance, End of Year -1,669 0 0

Total U.S. Sentencing Commission 0 1,669 0

GRAND TOTAL JITF $648,275 $852,190 $837,080
11.4

Table 11.2 Judiciary Information Technology Fund

Obligations by Budget Object Class ($000) 

FY 2021 FY 2022 FY 2023

1100 Personnel compensation 532 699 687

1200 Personnel benefits 3,483 4,579 4,497

2100 Travel 964 1,267 1,245

2200 Transportation of things 1 1 1

2300 Communications, utilities & miscellaneous 75,943 99,831 98,061

2400 Printing and reproduction 4,954 6,512 6,397

2500 Other services 394,346 518,388 509,196

2600 Supplies and materials 7,538 9,909 9,733

3100 Equipment 160,514 211,004 207,262

648,275 852,190 837,080

Obligations by Budget Object Class

$(000)

Total Obligations
11.5

Table 11.3 Judiciary Information Technology Fund

Relation of Obligations to Outlays ($000)

FY 2022

FY 2021 Assumed FY 2023

Actual Obligations Request

Direct obligations incurred 648,275 852,190 837,080

Obligated balance, start of year 365,136 348,136 624,681

Adjustments of prior year activity (12,297) 0 0

Obligated balance, end of year (348,136) (624,681) (775,840)

Total Outlays 652,978 575,645 685,921

Less Offsets (215) 0 0

Net Outlays 652,763 575,645 685,921
11.6

PROGRAMS FUNDED FROM THE SALARIES AND EXPENSES ACCOUNT

Under the guidance of the Judicial Conference of the United States and according to the strategic direction and objectives contained in 

the Long-Range Plan for Information Technology in the Federal Judiciary, the judiciary continues to implement IT systems to meet 

the mission of the courts. The judiciary, like the rest of the public sector, depends on technology for communication systems, 

research, and information management systems to fulfill mission-critical needs. 

The judiciary has a successful enterprise-wide IT program upon which judges, court staff, probation/pretrial services officers, and 

others depend to conduct their mission-critical functions. This program includes a vital data communications infrastructure that 

connects all court units securely and is the lifeline for information transfer, applications that ensure the judiciary manages its resources 

effectively, and various court support projects and case management systems that provide judges and staff the tools they need to 

perform their day-to-day work. 

Judges and chambers staff rely on IT equipment, software, and complex data communication networks through which they access 

electronic case management systems, email, legal research databases, and numerous websites and applications. Many courtrooms are 

equipped with technologies that improve the quality and efficiency of courtroom proceedings through reduced trial time and improved 

fact-finding. A number of IT tools help judges do their work more efficiently in areas ranging from text-search capability across 

pleadings, opinions, and court records to the timely receipt of critical information through seamless transmission of data from one 

court type to another. 

The judiciary continues to develop critical improvements to court support systems, including the financial management system, 

probation and pretrial services case management system, and court case management systems, as well as support essential 

cybersecurity programs. 

COVID-19 

The judiciary adjusted quickly to a remote work environment due to the COVID-19 pandemic and took steps to strengthen IT 

infrastructure to address the increased use of technology for remote work and remote court proceedings. These efforts included

increasing the judiciary’s bandwidth to meet the additional demand for remote capabilities. The judiciary also acquired additional 

licenses for technology solutions needed to support remote operations, adjusted the judiciary’s video storage retention policy to 
11.7

support additional capacity, upgraded bandwidth at 175 court locations to address higher network demands associated with remote 

hearings, and implemented additional functionality for Microsoft Teams to support meetings and collaboration. 

IT Infrastructure

The combination of sharp increases in cyberattacks on judiciary IT systems and aging legacy applications critical to court operations 

has created IT vulnerabilities that require additional resources. Not addressing these IT vulnerabilities will impact the judiciary’s 

ability to provide core IT services and cyber protections for the courts, or to undertake much needed modernization projects. 

The American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2), passed in March 2021, appropriated $1.0 billion to GSA’s Technology Modernization 

Fund for federal cybersecurity and IT modernization efforts, but this fund is available only to executive branch entities. Other recently 

enacted investments in cybersecurity and IT modernization, such as significant new appropriations to the Department of Homeland 

Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), have also been focused on executive branch requirements and 

priorities to the exclusion of the judiciary. As an independent branch of government with its own significant needs and concerns, the 

judiciary requires a similarly focused broad investment, tailored to its requirements and business practices, to address the IT 

infrastructure of the courts and federal defender offices. 

In July 2021, the judiciary transmitted to Congress an infrastructure request totaling $1.54 billion for consideration as part of an 

ongoing infrastructure reconciliation process. The request included $515.0 million for cybersecurity and IT modernization, including 

funding to support cybersecurity improvements to respond to increasing threats and attacks against judiciary IT systems; a range of IT 

initiatives related to application modernization, network management modernization, and data security modernization; and funding to 

relocate one of the judiciary’s data centers to another location due to a forced move. The request assumed the IT funds would be 

obligated over four fiscal years. Unfortunately, no iteration of the reconciliation package drafted to date has included any portion of 

the judiciary’s request. As a result, the judiciary has been forced to begin integrating these unmet requirements into its annual budget 

request. $20.8 million of these IT-related requirements were included in the judiciary’s FY 2022 fall re-estimate, and an additional 

$32.4 million was addressed through an intra-judiciary transfer request the Appropriations Committees approved last year; however, 

the majority of the requirements remain unfunded. The FY 2023 JITF request includes an additional $80 million related to these IT 

infrastructure requirements in the sections discussed below, including investments related to cybersecurity, IT modernization, and the 

move of one of the judiciary’s data centers.
11.8

Cybersecurity

Like other commercial and government entities, the judiciary is subject to frequent cyberattacks. These attacks have increased significantly 

over the last several years. Judiciary cyber-defenses blocked more than 43 million harmful events from reaching court local area networks 

in 2020. This nearly doubles the 24 million attacks blocked in 2019. These incidents target a range of critical areas, including core business 

functions, relationships with trusted partners, and key security functions such as multi-factor authentication. Though most attacks were 

successfully thwarted, some incidents caused actual damage, such as localized ransomware infections, payroll redirects, and web page 

defacements. 

These cyberattacks are increasing not only in frequency but also in sophistication as criminal and nation-state bad actors continuously look 

for new ways to penetrate judiciary networks. As a result of the SolarWinds cyberattack, the judiciary requested an IT security assessment 

be conducted by CISA. The results highlighted several serious judiciary cybersecurity vulnerabilities that, collectively, pose significant 

threats to the security and integrity of judiciary IT systems. The judiciary’s cyber-defenses must be strengthened to address these 

vulnerabilities and confront growing threats.

Since implementing a more robust cybersecurity strategy in 2016, the judiciary has initiated significant upgrades and expansions to its 

cybersecurity operations and continually strengthened its cybersecurity posture. Sustaining these efforts and implementing additional 

security-related initiatives continues to require substantial resources. The judiciary’s data communication network and its underlying 

infrastructure are ongoing targets of cyberattacks. Sophisticated attackers seek to exploit vulnerabilities and continually develop new 

capabilities to compromise judiciary information and disrupt, destroy, or threaten the delivery of essential services. 

Cybersecurity activities and the employment of security-related assets are integral to the many IT systems, networks, and operations of 

the judiciary. The Judicial Conference requires all judiciary organizations to conduct annual security awareness training and maintain 

the security health of their local area networks. At the local court level, court units receive enterprise-license security software for 

endpoint protection, web-based threat protection, and vulnerability scanning. 

For FY 2023, the judiciary requests $102.5 million in appropriated S&E funding for cybersecurity, which represents an increase of 

$5.0 million above the FY 2022 assumed level of $97.5 million. (This number represents the subset of judiciary IT activities that 

meets a specified definition of cybersecurity, but additional investments outside of these specific activities also help to improve the 

branch’s cybersecurity posture. For example, the replacement of an outdated IT system with a more modern alternative may be done 

for operational reasons, but the new system may also offer better cybersecurity protections than the old version. As a result, the 
11.9

cybersecurity funding numbers presented here should not be read as a comprehensive total of every investment that contributes to 

judiciary cybersecurity but rather as the total of investments targeted solely at cybersecurity.) These resources will be used to support 

ongoing cybersecurity initiatives as well as new requirements. For example, insider threats are a grave risk to the confidentiality and 

integrity of judiciary data due to the individuals’ current access to judiciary systems, data, and premises. In FY 2023, the judiciary 

will use dedicated resources (“Red Teams”) to create an insider threat program, which will identify and document repeatable 

processes and procure technologies that support cybersecurity program implementation (ex. Multi Factor Authentication, National 

Active Directory, Identity Access Management). Red Teams will help identify and assess potential cyber vulnerabilities so that the 

judiciary can effectively address them. 

Second, the judiciary plans to create an IT Security Officer (ISO) Service to allow the AO to appoint a dedicated ISO for each system 

within the judiciary’s national IT portfolio. Many AO offices and programs do not have ISOs designated for the systems they own. 

Without ISOs, judiciary systems will continue to struggle with security and put the judiciary at a much higher risk level. Additional 

ISO support for system security packages will also be included as part of the existing National System Security Assessment service

that provides comprehensive evaluation of the security posture of national information technology applications.

In addition, the FY 2023 request includes 27 additional positions to support the judiciary’s cybersecurity efforts. These positions will 

support court unit IT security assessment services, ISO services, Red Teams, advanced cybersecurity training, and additional 

cybersecurity improvements. 

Cybersecurity costs are separately presented in table 11.4 on page 11.10 to provide information detailing the judiciary’s financial 

commitment to cybersecurity. (Additional cybersecurity funds are included, but not displayed separately, in the budget accounts for 

the CAFC, the CIT, the USSC, the FJC, the AO, Defender Services, and Court Security). Within the courts’ S&E account, 

cybersecurity accounts for nearly 16 percent of the total FY 2023 JITF requirements. Cybersecurity resources are interspersed 

throughout the various IT program components and are a subset of the total requirements included in the program components shown 

in table 11.5 on page 11.15.
11.10

Table 11.4 Salaries and Expenses JITF Cybersecurity Requirements ($000)

IT Program Component ($000) FY 2022 Planned FY 2023 Request 

Increase/(Decrease) 

From FY 2022 

Judicial Statistics & Reporting Systems 212 267 55

Administrative & Management Systems 624 720 96

Telecommunications Program 36,000 40,530 4,530

Infrastructure & Collaboration Tools 59,109 60,367 1,258

Court Administration & Case 

Management 1,532 618 (914)

TOTAL, S&E JITF Cybersecurity 97,477 102,502 5,025

The FY 2023 S&E JITF cybersecurity request includes adjustments as follows: 

• A $0.2 million inflationary increase in Judicial Statistics and Reporting Systems and Administrative and Management Systems

components.

• A $4.5 million increase in the Telecommunications program is associated with cyclical replacements and upgrades of

cybersecurity hardware and software ($2.6 million), data communication network monitoring devices ($1.0 million), and

operations and maintenance of the national logging service ($0.9 million).

• A net increase of $1.3 million in the Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools program component will support the

implementation of enterprise multi-factor authentication ($1.0 million) and a team that will test and validate the judiciary’s

security program ($0.3 million).

• A decrease of $0.9 million in Court Administration and Case Management is associated with non-recurring cybersecurity costs

incurred in FY 2022.

Additionally, in FY 2023, the judiciary plans to use $39.7 million of Electronic Public Access receipts (compared to $39.3 million in 

FY 2022) for cybersecurity activities associated with security assets and operations to protect the Case Management/Electronic Case 

Files system and the Public Access to Court Electronic Records network, resulting in a total FY 2023 court cybersecurity program of 

approximately $142.2 million.
11.11

Modernization Efforts

IT modernization efforts are vital to ensuring the judiciary’s IT systems and programs are up-to-date and effectively support the work 

of the courts, and they are components of several of the budget line items discussed in this chapter. Many of the judiciary’s 

applications do not meet current security requirements and several use programming technologies that are or will quickly become 

obsolete. Due to these issues, numerous applications present significant security vulnerabilities that are exceedingly difficult for the 

judiciary to overcome or continue to maintain without additional resources. It is necessary to upgrade or replace aging legacy 

applications with current and secure solutions that support the mission and administrative needs of the judiciary (such as with PACTS 

360, discussed below, and eVoucher). 

Additionally, with a rise in the frequency of cyberattacks, these application vulnerabilities present easy targets for malicious actors 

that want to steal judiciary data, hold systems or data for ransom, or conduct other cyberattacks that can severely impact data integrity 

of these applications. 

It is also important for the judiciary to upgrade its IT architecture and enhance and expand Data Communications Network (DCN) 

segmentation, which will strengthen IT security by protecting against cyberattacks and improve network performance. The judiciary 

will also use the requested resources to improve the delivery of cloud and data center services. It will provide real-time application 

failover (allows applications to seamlessly transition from data center to data center when a data center is down) and allow the 

judiciary to evaluate and strengthen the data center security architecture. Requested resources will also be used to implement a 

software defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) to enhance the security of the Judiciary's networks and optimize bandwidth use and 

redundancy. 

The judiciary also plans to use JITF resources to develop a data strategy and governance plan that will enable the judiciary to manage 

and secure its data as an enterprise asset on par with its people, buildings, and technology. It also allows for standardization of datarelated applications, services, and security protocols. These data management efforts help address a finding from the CISA 

assessment that the judiciary should prioritize and complete the overall data categorization and classification efforts currently 

underway. These IT modernization efforts are integrated into several of the IT program components discussed later in this chapter.
11.12

PACTS 360

The Probation and Pretrial Services Automated Case Tracking System (PACTS) is the case management system used by probation 

and pretrial services offices to manage the supervision and investigation of defendants and offenders. In recent years, the information 

technology applications supporting the probation and pretrial services (PPS) system have had significant problems with reliability and 

performance. At the judiciary there are more than 30 applications that work together with PACTS to enable probation and pretrial 

services offices to perform their official duties. These applications, along with PACTS, have experienced recurring outages and 

slowdowns, which impede the ability of officers and staff to access crucial case file information. 

PACTS 360 development is focused on the replacement system for the legacy PACTS suite of applications. The judiciary has 

undertaken a two-phased approach to address problems with the reliability and performance of PACTS and the related applications. 

The first step, which has been successful though not a long-term solution, is to stabilize legacy PACTS and existing applications while 

a replacement system is developed and deployed. The second step is to develop a replacement system (referred to as PACTS 360) for 

legacy PACTS and ancillary systems. 

For the replacement system, the judiciary has developed and begun a multi-year strategy to implement a Software-as-a-Service 

solution to replace the existing PACTS system. Beginning in 2020, the judiciary issued a series of contract service orders to work on 

the various components of PACTS 360 development. Thus far, the PACTS 360 project has mainly been funded through carryforward 

from the initial PACTS investments in FY 2017 ($11.1 million) and FY 2019 ($13.4 million) as well as a small base amount of 

approximately $3.5 million. As the project moves forward, costs have increased. Additional PACTS 360 development funding was 

included in the FY 2022 fall re-estimate, and the judiciary’s FY 2023 budget request includes $33.1 million for the continuation of 

development and implementation activities. The FY 2023 request also includes 3 positions to support the PACTS 360 development 

and implementation processes. Two of these positions will be responsible for ensuring a robust data management framework for

migration from legacy PACTS to PACTS 360. The additional position’s duties will include product development, enhancement and 

modifications to support business and system capabilities.

Assuming the necessary funding is provided, implementation of PACTS 360 is scheduled to be completed in FY 2024. However, if 

additional funding is not secured, the project will likely be delayed, and the overall costs for implementation are expected to increase. 

In addition, without a new, reliable system, probation and pretrial services will not have immediate access to the critical data they need 
11.13

on defendants and offenders. This would jeopardize officer safety, create an increased risk to public safety, and cause delays in 

providing services to courts and other agencies. 

Data Center Move

The judiciary has two internet data centers, located in Ashburn, Virginia and in San Diego, California. The data centers are 

geographically dispersed to serve the eastern and western halves of the country. In 2018, AT&T, the owner of the two data centers, 

sold several of their data centers including those at Ashburn and San Diego. The judiciary must move out of the internet data center in 

San Diego, California by July 2024 and is proceeding with a plan to replace the data center (in a yet-to-be determined location) and 

move parts of the infrastructure (such as archival storage and public websites) to the cloud. These infrastructure areas have been 

deemed cloud-ready and will be moved to the cloud at the same time as the migration to the new data center and after a cloud contract 

is established in 2022. The impending move plan is designed to minimize operational disruptions to the courts. 

The judiciary requires substantial resources to complete the data center move, including funding for additional hardware to stand up a 

new data center and contractual labor to support the move. The FY 2022 fall re-estimate included $17.9 million to begin these 

efforts, and the FY 2023 request includes $12.6 million to continue these efforts. The contracting process for the data center move is 

underway, so costs could shift depending on the final procurement outcome.

If funding is not received for this initiative, the judiciary would have to operate from a sole hosting center to support the Data 

Communications Network (DCN) and Wide Area Network (WAN), which creates high operational risk. A cyberattack or other 

disruption at the sole data center could result in a potential total shutdown of judiciary IT operations. 

Technology Associated with New Courthouse Construction

In FY 2016, Congress provided nearly $1 billion for eleven courthouse construction projects, which included full funding for eight 

new courthouses and partial funding for a ninth new courthouse on the Courthouse Project Priorities (CPP) list, and funding for new 
11.14

construction and acquisition of two federal buildings that jointly house courthouses and other federal agencies that were on GSA’s 

long-range plan. In FY 2018, Congress provided $437 million to fully fund the ninth FY 2016 courthouse project and to construct two 

additional courthouses. Congress appropriated partial funding in FY 2021 for two more new courthouse projects. Though funding for 

the construction of courthouses is appropriated directly to GSA, the judiciary requires funding for IT, security, and other space-related 

infrastructure requirements to ensure that these new courthouses are fully functional and operational as required by the U.S. Courts 

Design Guide. 

The FY 2023 JITF requirements include $6.3 million for the costs of providing local-area networks, communications infrastructure,

and courtroom technology to new courthouse projects. The total of $6.3 million in FY 2023 requirements reflects a decrease of $1.6

million from FY 2022 requirements of $7.9 million.

Judiciary Information Technology Fund Program Requirements

The FY 2023 request reflects an essential growth in requirements for the ongoing demands of maintaining intricate data 

communications networks, operating systems, and effective and secure applications. To enable the courts to function most effectively, 

the judiciary has also taken an aggressive approach to maintaining and upgrading critical court support systems that provide financial 

reporting, personnel and payroll management, statistical reporting, and case management. A total of $577.7 million of base IT 

requirements are assumed to be funded in FY 2022. This represents the assumed amount that will be deposited in the JITF from the 

S&E account. The requirements for FY 2023 are $654.0 million. As shown in table 11.5 on page 11.15, funding for the S&E JITF 

obligations supports seven program components.
11.15

Table 11.5 Salaries and Expenses Obligations – Judiciary Information Technology Fund Program Requirements

($000)

IT Program Component

FY 2022

Projected 

Obligations 

(Col A)

FY 2021

Slipped

Requirements 

(Col B)

FY 2022

Base

Requirements

(Col A - Col B)

Change:

FY 2022

Adj. Base

Requirements

to FY 2023

Current

Services

Requirements

FY 2023 

Program

Increases

FY 2023

Total

Requirements

Judicial Statistics & Reporting Systems 12,859 1,145 11,714 645 0 12,359

Administrative & Management Systems 71,119 3,807 67,312 13,723 3,791 84,826

Telecommunications Program 125,646 8,068 117,578 6,439 0 124,017

Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools 177,201 21,134 156,067 4,280 2,000 162,347

Court IT Allotments 116,006 535 115,471 2,603 0 118,074

Court Administration & Case Management 49,120 15,537 33,583 30,340 0 63,923

Court Support Reimbursable Program 76,004 0 76,004 9,603 2,831 88,438

TOTAL, S&E JITF 627,955 50,226 577,729 67,633 8,622 653,984

This FY 2023 budget request is based on assumed FY 2022 obligations. The FY 2022 assumed funding level of $577.7 million will 

be deposited into the JITF from the S&E account. Any changes to FY 2023 requirements due to the final FY 2022 appropriations will 

be included in the judiciary’s re-estimates of its FY 2023 budget request. 
11.16

The following sections present FY 2023 requirements for the 

S&E portion of the JITF. In total, requirements increase from 

an assumed base level of $577.7 million in FY 2022 to $654.0

million in FY 2023. The FY 2023 request includes program 

increases of $8.6 million associated with operational support 

for the internal controls program ($3.8 million), 30 additional 

positions for cybersecurity improvements and PACTS360 

($2.8 million), and judiciary IT standardization ($2.0 million). 

The following pages discuss significant changes between the 

FY 2022 base requirements and the FY 2023 requirements.

Judicial Statistical & Reporting Systems

FY 2023 Requirements: $12,359,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $645,000

This category includes systems to support gathering and 

reporting statistics in the judiciary; data analysis and 

management reporting across judiciary-wide data sources; and 

planning and decision-making with staffing, financial, and 

workload data. 

The base adjustment in this category includes increases of $0.4

million associated with data security management and 

governance and $0.2 million for inflationary adjustments.

Administrative & Management Systems

FY 2023 Requirements: $84,826,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $13,723,000

Program Increase: $3,791,000

This category includes the judiciary’s financial and personnel 

management systems, as well as systems to support and 

manage space and facilities projects, travel expenses, and 

judiciary web sites. 

The base adjustment of $12.4 million will fund minimum 

requirements for the upkeep of finance and human resources 

systems such as software license renewals and periodic 

updates necessitated by legal and policy changes, and $1.3

million for inflationary adjustments. If not funded, the 

judiciary will see an overall degradation of support to 

administrative systems including a potential delay in upgrading 

the financial disclosure system and other systems. 

The $3.8 million program increase will fund internal controls 

evaluation software and self-assessment tools for the Internal 

Controls Evaluation (ICE) system, which is a software 

application that helps managers evaluate compliance with 

internal controls requirements and judiciary procurement 

policies. The funds will be used for system upgrades, help 

desk support, and training.
11.17

Telecommunications Program

FY 2023 Requirements: $124,017,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $6,439,000

This program involves support for voice and data transmission

services and telecommunications. The judiciary’s 

communications program enables the judiciary to operate 

communications services for the appellate, district, and 

bankruptcy courts and for probation and pretrial services 

offices, as well as to procure communications equipment for 

new courthouses and courthouses undergoing major repairs and 

alteration. 

Included in the $124.0 million request are base adjustments of

$2.4 million for inflationary adjustments, $2.1 million to 

continue judiciary data communication network cybersecurity 

improvements, $1.0 million for data communication network 

monitoring devices, and $0.9 million for operations and 

maintenance of the national logging service.

Infrastructure & Collaboration Tools

FY 2023 Requirements: $162,347,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $4,280,000

Program Increase: $2,000,000

This category encompasses building and maintaining a robust, 

reliable, and resilient judiciary-wide IT infrastructure. 

Included are the costs of hardware, software, and IT security 

associated with the judiciary’s full enterprise hosting and cloud 

computing services and email and collaboration systems. This 

category also includes the costs of IT infrastructure for new 

courthouse construction projects and operating systems’

support, maintenance, testing, and research.

The base adjustment of $4.3 million in FY 2023 provides 

funding for IT security operations including security 

engineering, awareness, assessment, testing, policy 

development, and vulnerability remediation support ($0.8

million) and operations and maintenance of national messaging 

and collaboration systems ($0.4 million). The request also 

includes $3.1 million for inflationary adjustments and a 

program increase of $2.0 million to implement IT 

standardization which includes the enterprise architecture 

program. This program will develop and publish technical 

standards, recommendations, and frameworks to ensure lower 

costs and improve efficiency across judiciary related data

applications, services, and security protocols.

 

Court IT Allotments

FY 2023 Requirements: $118,074,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $2,603,000

These allotted funds cover costs paid directly by courts for 

operating, maintaining, and replacing computers, printers, 

local-area-network equipment, and software. Also included in 
11.18

this category are costs for local telecommunications services, 

equipment, maintenance, and courtroom technology.

The base adjustment is due to inflationary adjustments ($2.3 

million) and higher FY 2023 requirements for IT infrastructure 

and maintenance expenses ($0.3 million).

Court Administration & Case Management

FY 2023 Requirements: $63,923,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $30,340,000

This category contains a variety of tools, including Probation 

and Pretrial Automated Tracking System (PACTS) 360, to 

access critical case information and law enforcement 

databases; systems for juror qualification, management, and 

payment; tools for jury participants to communicate with the 

courts; as well as the system that captures requests for 

payments to private court-appointed counsel and expert service 

providers.

The base adjustment is associated with increases in FY 2023 

for the continuation of development and implementation of 

PACTS 360 ($26.4 million), architecture and security 

maintenance of eVoucher ($2.1 million), and support for 

PACTS legacy application integration to PACTS360 ($1.1 

million). The increase also includes an inflationary adjustment 

($0.7 million).

If additional funding is not received, the judiciary will be 

unable to upgrade or replace aging legacy applications with 

current and secure solutions that support the mission and 

administrative needs of the judiciary. Many of the judiciary’s 

applications do not meet current security requirements and 

several use programming technologies that are or will quickly 

become obsolete. These vulnerabilities present easy targets for 

malicious actors that want to steal judiciary data, hold systems 

or data for ransom, or conduct other cyberattacks that can 

severely impact data integrity of these applications.

Court Support Reimbursable Program

FY 2023 Requirements: $88,438,000

Adjustments to Base from Fiscal Year 2022: $9,603,000

Program Increase: $2,831,000

This category funds AO staff that provide IT development, 

management, and maintenance services to the courts. These 

services include IT policy and planning guidance; architecture 

and infrastructure support; security services; development, 

testing, and implementation of national IT applications; IT 

training; and other administrative and IT support services on 

behalf of the courts.

The FY 2023 budget request for the court support reimbursable 

program includes $88.4 million for the salaries, benefits, and 

related expenses of AO staff that are reimbursed from the S&E 

account. The net $12.4 million increase is attributable to $3.6 
1

1.19

million for standard pay and benefit increases for existing 

reimbursable positions, $2.5 million for salaries and benefits 

for contractor insourcing positions, $1.5 million increase for 

non-pay inflation, $2.4 million in adjustments for the operation 

and maintenance of IT policy, infrastructure support, testing 

and administrative support services, and $0.9 million for 

annualization costs related to 10 IT positions assumed to be 

funded in FY 2022. The request also includes a program 

increase of $2.8 million for 30 positions to support the increase 

in requirements for cybersecurity improvements (27 positions) 

and PACTS360 (3 positions). 

During FY 2023, the AO intends to begin implementing 

another phase of contractor insourcing, which will eliminate 

approximately 33 contractor positions in FY 2023 and insource 

the work with a like number of new federal employees. 

Anticipated FY 2023 savings in the S&E account associated 

with this insourcing is $1.2 million due to lower compensation 

for federal workers versus contractors. When insourcing 

occurs, the costs of these contractor services that are dispersed 

in the JITF program components decline while costs in the 

Court Support Reimbursable program component increase. For 

more on contractor insourcing and the associated savings, 

please see page 4.50 in the S&E chapter. For more information 

on contractor insourcing and AO reimbursable positions, please 

see the AO chapter, page 8.22 and 8.21. 
11.20

PROGRAMS FUNDED FROM DEPOSITS FROM 

OTHER JUDICIARY ACCOUNTS

Organizations within the judiciary that are not mandatory users 

of the JITF may deposit funds to assist them in managing their 

IT efforts. In recent years, the following organizations and 

programs have made such deposits.

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

The Court anticipates obligating $689,000 from the JITF in 

FY 2023. This amount includes all required cyclical 

replacement of equipment. Cyclical information technology 

equipment replacements scheduled for FY 2023 include the 

court’s network printers used by chambers staff and 

telecommunications devices. The five-year cyclical 

replacement of the court’s desktop computers, including a 

combination of desktop towers and Virtual Desktop 

Infrastructure (VDI) clients, will also occur in FY 2023.

Obligations will also include contract services related to Office 

365 projects for the Clerk’s Office, including Microsoft 

Dynamics. In addition, the JITF will be used for the annual 

renewal of software licenses such as Office 365 and the many 

other software packages integral to Court operations. Finally, 

IT equipment maintenance expenses will be paid using funds 

from the JITF.

Court of International Trade

At the beginning of FY 2022, $1,082,000 was available in 

carry forward balances from the JITF. The Court is planning to 

obligate $915,000 from the JITF in FY 2022 to:

• Purchase additional audio/video technology for use in 

courtrooms; 

• Purchase mobile audio/video carts to enhance 

videoconferencing capabilities;

• Continue licensing and maintenance of the court’s IT 

hardware and software applications; 

• Continue to maintain and support digital systems, data 

network and voice connections, (VPN), Voice Over 

Internet Protocol (VOIP) and the (DCN); and

• Purchase computer desktop systems, monitors, laptops, 

mobile devices, and printers, according to the 

judiciary’s cyclical replacement program and to 

facilitate videoconferencing needs.

At the beginning of FY 2023, the Court anticipates that 

$167,000 will be available in carryforward balances in the 

JITF. These funds will be used to continue the Court’s 

information technology initiatives as described above and to 

support its short-term and long-term IT needs.

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

At the beginning of FY 2022, the AO had $2,002,195 available 

in the JITF from deposits that were made in previous fiscal 

years. In FY 2022, the AO intends to obligate the entire 
11.21

amount to replace AO personal computers, laptops, printers, 

and related equipment pursuant to an approximate four-year 

replacement cycle, as well as copiers, video conference 

equipment, and software as required. The AO currently does 

not anticipate an end-of-year balance to be carried forward into 

FY 2023.

Federal Judicial Center

At the beginning of FY 2022, the FJC had $974,000 available 

in the JITF from deposits that were made in previous fiscal 

years. A total of $250,000 is planned for obligation in FY 

2022 to provide for the estimated costs associated with IT 

infrastructure, contract services to support maintenance of IT 

systems and planned life-cycle replacement of various office 

automation and technology equipment. The FJC assumes an 

end-of-year carryforward balance of $724,000. Currently there 

are no plans to use JITF funds in FY 2023.

U.S. Sentencing Commission

At the beginning of FY 2022, the USSC had $1,669,000 

available in the JITF from deposits that were made in previous 

fiscal years. This balance is planned for obligation in FY 2022. 

Court Security

At the beginning of FY 2022, $101,000 was available in the 

JITF account for the Facility Access Card (FAC) project. The 

FAC project is the judiciary’s version of Homeland Security 

Presidential Directive-12 (HSPD-12), which developed 

standards for a secure and reliable form of identification (also 

known as “smart cards”) for federal government employees 

and contractors. The implementation of the FAC project was 

completed in FY 2018 and moved into a sustainment phase in 

FY 2019. No JITF resources are requested for this or any other 

Court Security project in FY 2023.