UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 16-1537

WALTER G. LONG, APPELLANT,

V.

ROBERT L. WILKIE,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued August 28, 2019 Decided December 30, 2020)

Jenna E. Zellmer, with whom Shawn D. Murray was on the brief, both of Providence, 

Rhode Island, for the appellant.

Ronen Z. Morris, with whom Megan Flanz, Interim General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, 

Chief Counsel; Kenneth A. Walsh, Deputy Chief Counsel; and Lance P. Steahly, were on the brief, 

all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

Before BARTLEY, Chief Judge, and PIETSCH, GREENBERG, ALLEN, MEREDITH, 

TOTH, and FALVEY, Judges, and DAVIS and SCHOELEN, Senior Judges.

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TOTH, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. SCHOELEN, Senior Judge, filed an opinion 

concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part. MEREDITH, Judge, filed a dissenting opinion, 

in which GREENBERG and ALLEN, Judges, joined.

TOTH, Judge: Air Force veteran Walter G. Long appealed the Board's decision not to refer 

his noncompensable bilateral hearing loss rating for extraschedular consideration. Specifically, he 

claims that the Board erred by not explaining how the diagnostic criteria for hearing loss 

contemplated the various symptoms and effects he experienced, including: anxiety and depression, 

reduced self-esteem, inability to understand spoken conversations without hearing aids, difficulty 

hearing in meetings, and ear pain resulting from his use of hearing aids. 

We thank Mr. Long for his patience throughout multiple stays and a lengthy en banc 

process; nonetheless, we affirm the Board decision because the symptomatology he presents is not 

exceptional, as it is readily capable of evaluation under the relevant diagnostic criteria and 

 

1

Judges Davis and Schoelen are Senior Judges acting in recall status. In re Recall of Retired Judge, U.S.

VET. APP. MISC. ORDER 04-20 (Jan. 2, 2020); In re Recall of Retired Judge, U.S. VET. APP. MISC. ORDER 03-20 (Jan. 

2, 2020).
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available rating tools. Thus, there was no error in the Board's ruling that referral for extraschedular 

consideration was not warranted under 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1). 

I. BACKGROUND

Walter G. Long served in the Air Force from 1969 to 1976. R. at 394, 675. He spent much 

of that time as an air traffic control radar repairman, working without ear protection in close 

proximity to active runways. R. at 675-76. In 2009, he filed a claim for service connection for his 

resulting hearing loss. R. at 690. VA granted his claim and assigned a noncompensable rating 

based on the results of an audiological examination. R. at 625 

He appealed that decision but did not contest that the schedular rating criteria directed a 

noncompensable rating; instead, he asked the Board to refer his claim for extraschedular 

consideration because he experienced certain functional effects of hearing loss not contemplated 

by the schedular rating criteria. R. at 36. Mr. Long asserted that the mechanical nature of the 

criteria (essentially audiometric test results applied to rating tables comprised of Roman numeral 

values) rendered them inadequate because they failed to account for the functional effects of his 

hearing loss.2 R. at 38. These included: anxiety and depression symptoms, decreased self-esteem 

and personal satisfaction, problems with speech discrimination not helped by hearing aids,

interference with his ability to work with his students, increased difficulty writing lesson plans and 

preparing for classes, and ear pain resulting from the use of hearing aids. See generally R. at 401-

25. Finally, despite undergoing a VA examination, Mr. Long was not diagnosed with a psychiatric 

disorder recognized by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 

Disorders (DSM-5) in relation to these complaints. 

As to his anxiety and depression symptoms, the Board cited a 2011 VA clinical 

psychologist's determination that Mr. Long's mental health issues were less likely than not related 

to hearing loss. R. at 501. The psychologist noted that, when discussing his symptoms of 

depression, the veteran did not mention hearing loss but consistently referred to marital and 

interpersonal difficulties, alcoholism, and a family history of mental health issues that made him 

 

2 Our prior decisions have explained in detail how the rating criteria for hearing loss operate, and so we need 

not do so here again at length. See, e.g., Rossy v. Shulkin, 29 Vet.App. 142, 144 (2017); Doucette v. Shulkin, 

28 Vet.App. 366, 368 (2017). In short, the rating criteria are characterized as mechanical because, instead of listing 

symptoms, results of audiometric tests are applied to rating tables comprised primarily of Roman numeral values. See 

generally 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.85and 4.86 (2020).
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vulnerable to psychiatric manifestations as an adult. Id. The Board found Mr. Long not competent 

as a lay person to offer a competing opinion as to the etiology of his depression and anxiety. R. at 

7. On balance, the Board found that the medical evidence did not otherwise support such a 

connection. It also noted that he never appealed earlier decisions in which VA denied service 

connection for these conditions, including as secondary to hearing loss. Id.

As to speech discrimination, the Board noted that hearing loss evaluations hinge "on a 

mechanical application of specifically defined regulatory standards" and that it was clear that the 

need to wear hearing aids was simply "not a factor in the evaluation for hearing impairment" under 

such criteria. R. at 7.

For his work-related difficulties, the Board noted Mr. Long's ability to work with students, 

write lesson plans, and prepare for classes. R. at 8. It found that both VA examiners fulfilled their 

duty to "fully describe the functional effects caused by a hearing disability" beyond merely noting 

the results of the hearing test. Id.; see Martinak v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 447, 455 (2007) 

(outlining examiners' duties). To that end, the 2009 VA examiner noted that people had to repeat 

themselves to Mr. Long and that he had difficulty in meetings, while the 2014 VA examiner 

concluded that he needed hearing aids but would not be otherwise limited in the work environment. 

R. at 121, 389. The Board also considered whether the 2011 private examiner included any such 

information but found only a notation that Mr. Long's hearing had decreased since his last 

evaluation. R. at 8.

Ultimately, the Board concluded that the evidence did not present an unusual or exceptional 

disability picture because the rating criteria reasonably described his disability level and 

symptomatology. R. at 9. It found no indication that he lost considerable time at work or 

experienced frequent hospitalization due to his hearing loss. Id. Further, any interference with his 

ability to work with his students or prepare lesson plans was proportional to the severity of his 

hearing loss. Id. Thus, the Board found that application of the regular schedular standards was not 

impractical and referral for further consideration was not warranted. Id.

II. ANALYSIS

The Board's findings that the veteran has not presented an exceptional disability picture 

because the rating criteria reasonably described his disability level and symptomatology are factual 

determinations reviewed under the "clearly erroneous" standard of review. See Chudy v. O'Rourke, 
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30 Vet.App. 34, 38 (2018); see also Kuppamala v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 447, 454 (2015) 

(characterizing the Director of Compensation's assessment as a "fact-driven analysis"). A finding 

is "clearly erroneous" when, although there is evidence to support it, the Court is convinced on 

review of the entire evidence that a mistake has been made. Miller v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 249, 254 

(2020).

A. Exceptionality and Extraschedular Analysis

To warrant referral for extraschedular consideration, a disability must be so exceptional or 

unusual that it renders application of the regular schedular ratings impractical. 

38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) (2020). By its very nature, an "exceptional" or "unusual" disability defies 

easy classification, and so it has been an enduring challenge to fashion a standard sufficiently 

flexible to allow for individualized consideration of truly unusual impairments but not so 

expansive as to effectively discard the "exceptionality" requirement. In Thun v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 

111, 115 (2008), we spelled out a general standard for determining whether a veteran's disability 

is exceptional or unusual under § 3.321(b)(1). Known as Thun's "first step," it requires adjudicators 

to compare "the level of severity and symptomatology of the claimant's service-connected 

disability with the established criteria found in the rating schedule for that disability." Id. If "the 

criteria reasonably describe the claimant's disability level and symptomatology, then the claimant's 

disability picture is contemplated by the rating schedule" and the schedular evaluation is adequate

and "no referral is required." Id.

Significantly, we have consistently declined to treat Thun's first step as a mechanical test 

that is satisfied whenever a veteran presents a symptom not expressly listed in the diagnostic code. 

This makes sense, as Thun sought merely to interpret what § 3.321(b)(1) means by "exceptional" 

cases; it never intended to displace the regulation with a more lenient, court-created, standard 

whereby anything not expressly listed in a diagnostic code is automatically deemed exceptional. 

Thus, in Doucette v. Shulkin, 28 Vet.App. 366, 369 (2016), we held that the rating criteria 

for hearing loss contemplated symptomatology (i.e., the full range of symptoms) related to 

decreased hearing, even though the diagnostic code failed to list any symptoms but relied solely 

on audiometric tests. Further, the Court expressly rejected the same line of argument Mr. Long 

raises here, namely that the mere absence of alleged symptoms and effects from the diagnostic 

criteria suffices to satisfy Thun's first step. In rejecting this argument, Doucette cautioned that 

reading Thun's first step too rigidly would have the adverse effect of requiring the Board to engage 
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in extraschedular analysis in all hearing loss cases, a result directly at odds with the stated intent 

of the rating criteria—to compensate veterans for the average loss of earnings capacity that results 

from a disability. Id at 371. 

Here, we break no new ground in holding that exceptionality remains the touchstone in 

determining whether extraschedular consideration is warranted under § 3.321(b)(1) and that Thun's 

first step is satisfied only when a veteran presents symptoms that are truly unusual or exceptional. 

Further, because the determination of whether a veteran presents exceptional symptomatology is, 

by nature, fact-bound and highly contextual, Thun's first step should be approached as a totality of 

the factors inquiry rather than as a mechanical formula. Properly framed, Thun's first step centers 

on whether the veteran's disability picture as a whole—that is, the full symptomatology—presents 

an impairment that is so exceptional that the rating schedule is not capable of assessing it in the 

first instance. This inquiry is not reducible to a mere comparison between symptoms and the 

diagnostic criteria but requires a reasoned assessment of both the veteran's full disability picture 

and the capacity of the rating schedule to evaluate such. 

This is the exact approach we took in Doucette. There, rather than engaging in a line-item 

accounting of each symptom and effect as compared to the diagnostic criteria, we based our ruling 

on the common-sense observation that a diagnostic code designed to assess hearing loss 

necessarily contemplates those symptoms and effects commonly associated with such. 

Nonetheless, we cautioned against an overly broad reading that would foreclose extraschedular 

relief where the veteran did, in fact, present exceptional symptoms. For demonstrative purposes, 

we listed examples of symptoms that may prove exceptional in certain cases. Doucette,

28 Vet.App. at 371. 

Doucette thus employed no magic formula in concluding that the diagnostic criteria for 

hearing loss contemplated the veteran's symptomatology and so failed to satisfy Thun's first step; 

instead, the Court considered the veteran's full disability picture and drew reasonable inferences 

about the ability of the rating criteria to evaluate it. Because the veteran's various complaints were 

"precisely the effects that VA's audiometric tests are designed to measure," id. at 369, they could 

not be deemed exceptional. 

B. Some Factors for Consideration

While we reemphasize that Thun's first step operates as a broad, totality-of-factors inquiry, 

we nonetheless offer some guiding principles, gleaned from various decisions of this Court and 
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the Federal Circuit, that sharpen the focus as to how to recognize whether symptomatology is 

exceptional under § 3.321(b)(1). We offer this guidance with a note of caution, that the following 

is not an exhaustive list of mandatory factors but should be considered as guiding considerations 

in determining whether a veteran's symptomatology is "exceptional" under Thun's first step. 

First, the sole focus of Thun's first step is on the ability of the rating schedule to evaluate 

any impairment manifested by the veteran's symptomology. Thus, a veteran's symptomology is 

exceptional under 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) when it is of such nature or severity that conventional 

rating tools are not adequate to evaluate it properly. Extraschedular consideration is simply not 

applicable to claims that are evaluated properly but ultimately denied under the schedular ratings; 

it applies only after conventional rating tools prove inadequate to evaluate a veteran's 

symptomatology in the first place due to its exceptional nature. Thus, the "rating schedule must be 

deemed inadequate before extraschedular consideration is warranted." Sowers v. McDonald, 

27 Vet.App. 472, 478 (2016) (emphasis added). 

For this reason, we held in Morgan v. Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 162, 168 (2019), that 

extraschedular consideration is appropriate only after the agency has exhausted all other tools for 

a disability rating, whether direct, secondary, or analogous ratings. We noted that focusing "on the 

full scope of schedular rating devices will significantly reduce the need to address extraschedular 

referral, reserving it for those cases that are truly 'exceptional.'" Id. As such, "exceptionality"—as 

interpreted via Thun's first step—must be viewed in the context of all available rating tools and 

cannot be reduced to a mere comparison of a veteran's symptomatology with the language of a 

particular diagnostic code. See, e.g., Spellers v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 211, 218 (2018). A symptom 

cannot be deemed exceptional (and so satisfy Thun's first step) where it is capable of evaluation 

by conventional rating means. 

Second, as the basis of any disability evaluation, functional impairments serve as the 

operative focus of Thun's first step. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.10 (2020). In Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 

1356, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2018), the Federal Circuit noted that in veterans law, the "term 'disability' 

refers to a condition that impairs normal functioning and reduces earning capacity." By contrast, 

the term "functional effects" pertains to an examiner's obligation to describe a veteran's disability 

picture in full, and that term has never carried a central role within VA's compensation system—

as evidenced by its absence from statute or regulation. See Martinak, 21 Vet.App. at 455 

(discussing the duties of examiners conducting hearing evaluations). 
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For this reason, we echo our earlier precedent treating functional effects as relevant to 

Thun's second step, which examines whether the veteran's exceptional symptomatology causes 

"marked interference with employment," "frequent periods of hospitalization," or other related 

factors. § 3.321(b)(1). Underscoring the distinction between symptoms and effects, we noted in 

Yancy v. McDonald that "the first Thun element compares a claimant's symptoms to the rating 

criteria, while the second addresses the resulting effects of those symptoms." 27 Vet.App. 484, 

494 (2016). Likewise, in Thun we noted that evidence of a claimant's lost income "might be 

relevant" to the second step "but unequivocally is not part of" the first step. 22 Vet.App. at 117 

n.3; see also Anderson v. Shinseki, 22 Vet.App. 423, 429 n.2 (2009) (noting that the "loss of 

hypothetical employment advancement opportunities and an inability to work . . . have little 

relevance to the threshold inquiry into the adequacy of the rating schedule."). 

Third, we draw attention to our recent holding in Martinez-Bodon v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 

393, 404 (2020), that a valid DSM-5 diagnosis is required to compensate a psychiatric disability. 

Thus, a veteran's complaints about various psychological or emotional difficulties that may be 

associated with a separate disability generally would not constitute a valid diagnosis of a mental 

health disorder. This applies equally in contexts where a veteran seeks referral for extraschedular 

consideration to obtain an increased rating for an existing service-connected disability. Whether a 

symptom or impairment is compensable under the rating schedule is a different inquiry than 

whether a service-connected condition is adequately compensated. Accordingly, where alleged

psychological conditions are not compensable in the first instance due to the lack a formal 

diagnosis, they do not warrant extraschedular consideration as this would amount to a backdoor 

means to obtaining compensation for conditions the rating schedule intends to exclude. 

Fourth, extraschedular consideration does not provide an exception to the rule that a 

disability is not compensable if it "cannot be attributed to an 'injury' or a 'disease' incurred or 

aggravated in the line of duty." Terry v. Principi, 340 F.3d 1378, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (discussing 

38 U.S.C. §§ 1110 and 1131). Extraschedular ratings are no different from their schedular 

counterparts insofar as they are "meant to compensate only service-connected disabilities." 

Langdon v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 291, 298 (2020). Thus, consideration is not warranted for 

downstream effects that clearly lack a requisite and legally recognized nexus to service or to a 

service-connected disability. 
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Fifth, the Board need only discuss "possible schedular alternatives for rating a disability" 

if they are "raised by the claimant or reasonably raised by the record." Morgan, 31 Vet.App. at 

168. The requirement to assess whether a veteran's symptomatology is exceptional does not require 

it "to raise and reject 'all possible' theories of entitlement." Robinson v. Peake, 21 Vet.App. 545, 

553 (2008), aff'd sub nom. Robinson v. Shinseki, 557 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Extraschedular 

consideration requires a reasoned assessment of the veteran's disability picture in its full 

complexity; it is not an impossible quest to uncover matters only hinted at by the record. See id. at 

555 ("It is impractical to require the Board to explicitly mention every prior medical record noting 

any type of symptom and state that there is no evidence that the symptom is directly connected to 

the current condition."). 

Finally, as a creature of regulation, extraschedular consideration does not provide an 

exception to the court's duty under 38 U.S.C. § 7261(c)(2) to "take due account of the rule of 

prejudicial error." See Simmons v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 267, 279 (2018). For example, in Payne v. 

Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 373, 394 (2019), we held that a veteran who failed to raise an argument that 

Thun's second step was met failed to demonstrate prejudice from any error in the Board decision. 

Thus, a failure on the Board's part to discuss whether extraschedular consideration is warranted 

for a given symptom does not require an automatic remand. 

C. Mr. Long's Case

At last, we turn to Mr. Long's case. He alleges that the diagnostic criteria for hearing loss 

fail to account for his varied symptoms and effects, including: anxiety and depression symptoms; 

decreased self-esteem and personal satisfaction, problems with speech discrimination not helped 

by hearing aids, interference with his ability to work with his students, increased difficulty writing 

lesson plans and preparing for classes, and ear pain resulting from the use of hearing aids. See 

generally R. at 401-25.

As already discussed, in Doucette we held that "the rating criteria for hearing loss 

contemplate the functional effects of decreased hearing and difficulty understanding speech in an 

everyday work environment, as these are precisely the effects that VA's audiometric tests are 

designed to measure." 28 Vet.App. at 369. Doucette issued after briefing began in this case, and 

Mr. Long concedes that its holding applies to some of his symptoms—namely his limited ability 

to hear the television or conversation without hearing aids or to understand speech in the presence 

of background noise. Reply Br. at 1-2. 
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Because Mr. Long's hearing-related symptoms are clearly covered by Doucette, we find no 

error in the Board's ruling that the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplated such issues.

At the heart of this case is his remaining contention, that the Board was required to explain 

how the mechanical nature of the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the various functional 

effects that he experiences beyond the "inability to hear or understand speech or to hear other 

sounds in various contexts." Doucette, 28 Vet.App. at 369. These effects, per the veteran, include 

difficulty establishing and keeping relationships, reduced self-esteem and personal satisfaction, 

and various work-related difficulties such as interacting with students and writing lesson plans. He 

contends that the "Court explicitly placed such effects outside the subset of 'functional effects of 

difficulty hearing and understanding speech' that the rating criteria contemplate." Reply Br. at 2 

(quoting Doucette, 28 Vet.App. at 371).

1. Reduced Self-esteem and Personal Satisfaction

Insofar as his complaints of reduced self-esteem and social impairment suggest psychiatric 

disabilities, there's no indication, let alone argument, that these conditions cannot be adequately 

evaluated under VA's General Rating Formula for Mental Disorders. That rating formula expressly 

contemplates, among other things, "social impairment." 38 C.F.R. § 4.130 (2020). As we stated 

clearly above, a disability cannot be deemed exceptional where it is capable of evaluation by 

conventional rating means. 

What's more, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Mr. Long's self-esteem-related 

allegations comprise a mental disability warranting compensation. If the requirement to show a 

valid DSM-5 diagnosis is an obstacle to compensation, see Martinez-Bodon, 32 Vet.App. at 404, 

extraschedular compensation for hearing loss (or any other service-connected disability) is not a 

path around it. The Board did not err in declining to consider whether extraschedular consideration 

was warranted for those conditions. 

2. Anxiety and Depression

The same result applies to Mr. Long's arguments regarding anxiety and depression. He 

does not take issue with the Board's finding that the only competent and probative medical 

evidence of record attributed these conditions to marital and interpersonal difficulties, alcoholism, 

and a family history of mental health issues—not to hearing loss. Nor does he suggest that his 

alleged anxiety and depression were not capable of evaluation under the diagnostic codes relevant 

to mental disabilities. See, e.g., 38 C.F.R. § 4.130, Diagnostic Codes 9413 (unspecified anxiety 
10

disorder) and 9435 (unspecified depressive disorder). Indeed, these are recognized disabilities with 

their own diagnostic codes and well-established means for compensation, and the Board noted that 

VA had already evaluated his anxiety and depression separately under the appropriate schedular 

rating criteria for these disabilities. See R. at 452–53 (2011 rating decision denying service 

connection for anxiety and depression). 

Again, where a disability proves capable of evaluation by conventional means, it cannot be 

deemed exceptional. And the mere fact that Mr. Long's conditions were not, according to VA's 

initial determination, recognized as compensable under the criteria specifically designed to 

evaluate psychiatric disorders is not enough to trigger extraschedular consideration. 

Additionally, there is no evidence linking his anxiety and depression to his hearing loss. 

He never described these impairments within the context of hearing loss, nor did any examiner 

associate them with his hearing loss. In King v. Shulkin, 29 Vet.App. 174, 182 (2017), we noted 

that, even where the Board erred in determining what an individual rating contemplated, any such 

error would be harmless where there was no linkage between the alleged complaint and an 

underlying disability. The same applies here: absent evidence of a link between Mr. Long's anxiety 

and depression and his underlying hearing loss, he cannot demonstrate error in the Board's 

determination that such symptoms failed to warrant extraschedular consideration. 

3. Ear Pain

Likewise, Mr. Long's challenge to the Board's findings regarding ear pain falters due to a 

lack of linkage between the complaint and his hearing loss. He consistently attributed his ear pain 

to his use of hearing aids and not to hearing loss. R. at 421. He testified to this effect at his Board 

hearing. Id. And at no point has he shown competent evidence associating his pain with his hearing 

loss. Without sufficient evidence that the alleged unusual functional impairment is attributed to 

the underlying service-connected disability, extraschedular consideration is foreclosed.

B. Thun's Second Step

While our discussion of Thun's first step resolves Mr. Long's allegations, we note that he 

could not prevail without satisfying Thun's second step: whether the "veteran's disability picture 

evinces related factors such as marked interference with employment or frequent periods of 

hospitalization," Nat'l Org. of Veterans' Advocates, Inc. v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 927 F.3d 

1263, 1265 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quotes omitted).
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Mr. Long's brief focused exclusively on Thun's first step, namely whether the diagnostic 

criteria for hearing loss contemplated the various symptoms and effects he alleged. He did not 

challenge any findings related to Thun's second step. Failing to raise such a challenge is, as we've 

said, fatal to his appeal. See Payne, 31 Vet.App. at 394. To the extent the veteran may have raised 

such assertions during oral argument, we decline to exercise our discretion to take up that inquiry 

in this case. See Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377–78 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Exercising that 

discretion requires us to consider factors such as the potential harm to the veteran caused by 

delaying a ruling or countervailing considerations such as protecting the Agency's administrative 

authority and promoting judicial efficiency. Id. These interests are not at stake here. 

III. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the Board's March 16, 2016, decision is AFFIRMED.

SCHOELEN, Senior Judge, concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part: For the past 

several years, this Court's extraschedular jurisprudence has been nothing short of disjointed – a 

veritable grab-bag of concepts and ideas resulting in a never-quite-cohesive outcome. This Court 

has struggled with an excessive amount of litigation surrounding the proper interpretation and 

implementation of 38 C.F.R. § 3.321, particularly in the context of hearing loss. Doucette and its 

progeny have done little to illuminate the correct path, and disagreements abound with every new 

application of facts to the Thun framework. This case is no exception. I write separately today to 

respectfully address, again, the frustration I espoused in Doucette, as well as to explain my 

conclusion that extraschedular referral and awards are simply unavailable for Diagnostic Codes

(DCs) without listed symptoms.

I. Problems with the Majority's Changes to the Basic Extraschedular Framework

In 2007, the Martinak Court addressed extraschedular consideration in the context of 

hearing loss, counseling that medical examiners must elicit "functional effects" information from 

veterans. Martinak v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 447, 455 (2007). "Functional effects" was a term 

of art used in that case that has persisted ever since, and by requiring examiners to provide 

functional effects information for hearing loss cases, the Court was unmistakably signaling to 
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adjudicators that they must take a holistic look at a veteran's disability picture to determine whether 

the veteran is being adequately compensated:

The policy of describing the results of all tests conducted makes sense, particularly 

in the context of the extraschedular rating provision 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b). Unlike 

the rating schedule for hearing loss, § 3.321(b) does not rely exclusively on 

objective test results to determine whether a referral for an extraschedular rating is 

warranted. The Secretary's policy facilitates such determinations by requiring VA 

audiologists to provide information in anticipation of its possible application.

Id.

The following year, the Court in Thun attempted to craft a workable and meaningful 

framework for the extraschedular referral and assignment process. Step 1 of Thun requires VA to 

compare the severity and symptomatology of a veteran's disability picture to the DC at issue to 

determine whether the DC is adequate to compensate the veteran. Thun v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 

111, 115 (2008). If the DC is inadequate to compensate the veteran, the first element is met, and 

the adjudicator proceeds to Thun step 2, which requires VA to determine whether the veteran's 

disability is "so exceptional or unusual due to such related factors as marked interference with 

employment or frequent periods of hospitalization." 3 Id. at 115-16. If the second element is also 

met, the adjudicator is required under Thun step 3 to refer the matter to the Director of 

Compensation Service or his or her delegatee to determine whether an extraschedular rating is 

warranted. Id. at 116. Even with recent regulatory changes, I believe this framework to be sound 

and well-grounded in the text of the regulation; therefore, it should continue to serve as the bedrock 

of our extraschedular analysis.

In the case at hand, the majority appears to agree that Thun should remain the law of the 

land; however, their decision recasts Thun's steps – particularly its first step – in an attempt to stem 

litigation perceived as unnecessary. Notably, the majority appears to replace Thun's step 1 

comparison of severity and symptomatology to the DC at issue with a new approach fashioned as 

a "totality of the factors inquiry rather than as a mechanical formula." Ante at 5. Although I agree 

with the majority in principle that extraschedular consideration requires a holistic approach to 

 

3 Effective January 8, 2018, VA's amendment to § 3.321(b)(1) changed the extraschedular analysis so that it 

no longer requires consideration of the collective impact of service-connected disabilities. See Department of Veterans 

Affairs, Extra-Schedular Evaluations for Individual Disabilities, 82 Fed. Reg. 57,830 (Dec. 8, 2017). This regulatory 

change also made minor alterations to language relevant to Thun steps 2 and 3. Because I do not believe this change 

in language has any effect on the substance or structure of the Thun analysis, I have inserted the current regulatory 

language into the Thun framework.
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determine whether referral is warranted, their reformulation of Thun step 1 deviates from past 

precedent. Thun states that "initially, there must be a comparison between the level of severity 

and symptomatology of the claimant's service-connected disability with the established criteria 

found in the rating schedule for that disability." 22 Vet.App. at 115. The majority opinion largely 

subverts this relatively straightforward legal test, instead holding that "[t]his inquiry is not 

reducible to a mere comparison between symptoms and the diagnostic criteria but requires a 

reasoned assessment of both the veteran's full disability picture and the capacity of the rating 

schedule to evaluate such." Ante at 5. Of course, the majority is free to change precedent in the 

context of an en banc case, but it should be clear in its intentions and execution when doing so. 

The majority creates an additional and unnecessary complication in its new Thun

formulation: It finds the term "functional impairment" most relevant to step 1, while the term 

"functional effects" gets recategorized as relevant only to step 2. Past caselaw has used the terms 

"symptoms," "functional effects," and "functional impairments" interchangeably, and I see no need 

to delineate those concepts to shoehorn the DCs that do not list specific symptoms into the Thun

framework. See King v. Shulkin, 29 Vet.App. 174, 180 & n.5 (2017) (continuing Doucette's use 

of interchangeable terms when comparing the veteran's disability picture to the DC and refusing

to address the propriety of doing so). "Impairment" as a term is no clearer in limiting or censoring 

out the type of issues that veterans, such as Mr. Long, have raised. Mr. Long's ear pain is just as 

much an impairment as it is an effect. Moreover, suddenly requiring veterans and their advocates 

to use the magic word "impairment" will further confuse this already confusing area of the law. 

Additionally, shifting all functional-effects considerations to Thun step 2 undercuts the 

majority's holistic approach. As stated above, Martinak held that examiners must elicit functional 

effects information so that the Board can ascertain whether a veteran's entire disability picture is 

exceptional or unusual. But placing functional effects solely under step 2 means that if a veteran 

displays uncharacteristic severity for his or her disability, as evidenced by his or her functional 

effects, the Board nevertheless is not obligated to compare that level of severity to the DC. In 

essence, this allows the Board to artificially cut off the Thun analysis at step 1 without actually 

comparing severity to the DC at issue by simply labeling the manifestation of the veteran's 

disability as an "effect." Through this ideological shift, the Court appears to abdicate its role of 

interpreting the regulation to the Board, content to allow the Board an "I'll-know-it-when-I-see-it" 
14

test regarding Thun's first step that will be effectively unreviewable on appeal. The majority's 

formulation ultimately results in severity being read out of the application of the regulation. 

As support for its position the majority cites Yancy v. McDonald, stating that "the first Thun

element compares a claimant's symptoms to the rating criteria, while the second addresses the 

resulting effects of those symptoms." 27 Vet.App. 484, 494 (2016); ante at 7. But Yancy's step-2 

discussion and citations clearly contemplate economic effects, not "functional effects" like the 

dizziness or ear pain mentioned in Doucette. See Yancy, 27 Vet.App. at 494 (using the "loss of 

hypothetical employment advancement opportunities and an inability to work" and "[e]vidence of 

a claimant's lost income" as examples of "effects" belonging to Thun step 2) (citations omitted). 

Perhaps the majority's interpretation of Yancy highlights a schism in the Court's extraschedular 

jurisprudence, but I find this interpretation to be a novel and flawed interpretation of the postDoucette landscape, and the traditional understanding of Thun should not be replaced on this 

basis.

4

II. Limitation of Extraschedular Evaluations

Even if the majority here today applied Thun in the way I believe it is traditionally 

understood, there is a more fundamental and overarching problem with the Court's extraschedular 

jurisprudence – namely, there is no way for the Board to conduct the Thun step-1 analysis for 

hearing loss or any other condition with a DC that does not list symptoms or explain the basis for 

its assignment of severity. I first raised this issue in my Doucette dissent, wherein I stated that 

"[b]ecause no symptoms are listed in the rating schedule for hearing loss, there is no way to 

 

4

If I endorsed the majority's Thun formulation (which I do not), I would be forced to dissent from the 

majority's affirmance of Mr. Long's Board decision. Their conclusion regarding the veteran's ear pain requires the 

Court to fact-find, and I would remand under Doucette for the Board to engage in that analysis in the first instance. 

Notably, this fact-finding regarding Mr. Long's ear pain creates a new and higher bar for a nexus. The reason Mr. 

Long asserts that he has ear pain is because of hearing aids he must wear because of his service-connected hearing 

loss. That chain of causation is not too attenuated. Such a stringent requirement is not required by our case law. See 

Roper v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 173 (2006), aff'd, 240 F. App'x 422 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Similarly, the majority conducts 

its own analysis of evidence and arguments regarding whether Mr. Long's alleged psychological symptoms and effects 

are sufficiently compensable under this Court's recent decision in Martinez-Bodon v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 393 (2020), 

and I would remand for the Board to provide that analysis. However, because I find an extraschedular evaluation 

unavailable for hearing loss (see Section II), I ultimately must concur with the majority's conclusion; nevertheless, I 

strongly disagree with its logic, particularly regarding Mr. Long's ear pain.
15

adequately compare the 'level of severity and symptomatology' to the rating criteria as Thun

requires when determining whether the schedular rating criteria adequately contemplate a veteran's 

disability picture." 28 Vet.App. 366, 375 (2017) (Schoelen, J., dissenting). 

The Doucette majority disagreed with that assessment, instead deciding – absent any Board 

analysis or medical evidence – what types of second-order ("functional") effects were not 

contemplated by the hearing loss DC. Specifically, the majority affirmatively stated that "the 

rating criteria for hearing loss contemplate the functional effects of difficulty hearing and 

understanding speech," but that not all functional effects of hearing loss are contemplated by § 4.85 

so that the Board would be required to assess whether the DC contemplates functional effects such 

as "ear pain, dizziness, recurrent loss of balance, or social isolation due to difficulties 

communicating." Id. at 371. To this day, I still believe it was improper for the Court to determine, 

as a matter of law, that particular effects of hearing loss were or were not contemplated by the DC. 

We are ill-situated to determine what medical symptoms, effects, or severities are contemplated 

by a DC that does not on its face provide any textual evidence for what should be considered part 

of the disability. 

On some level, I understand the Doucette Court's inclination to effectively say that "hearing 

loss is hearing loss, and hearing loss is inherently contemplated by the hearing loss DC," because 

that is an intuitive observation predicated on information in the Federal Register at the time the 

regulation was promulgated that purported to explain what was being measured by the hearing 

tests an examiner is required to perform. See Doucette, 28 Vet.App. at 368-69. However, the 

Doucette majority divined what "functional effects" were not contemplated by the DC without 

relying on any regulatory text or other sources. Moreover, their hearing-loss-is-hearing-loss 

observation fails to account for Thun's call to compare severity – not just symptomatology – to the 

rating criteria. As discussed, § 4.85 simply requires mechanical application of outputs from 

audiometric testing and renders a Roman numeral on a grid to determine the appropriate level of 

disability compensation. There are no symptoms and nothing by which to judge the severity of a 

veteran's disability picture. For a veteran to be awarded a 10% disability rating, should that veteran 

be able to hear someone speaking if the speaker's back is turned? Should a veteran be able to hear 

a television without having to turn up the volume to an uncomfortable level for others in the room? 

There is no way for us to know, because the regulation does not explain what level of difficulty 

hearing is contemplated by a particular Roman numeral.
16

The same problem that exists in the hearing loss DC exists throughout the rating schedule. 

For instance, the hypertension DC, DC 7101, lists no symptoms or functional effects, but instead 

assigns disability ratings strictly based on diastolic blood pressure readings. 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, 

DC 7101 (2020). Although common sense dictates that the DC is inherently meant to contemplate 

the severity of a veteran's hypertension, I have no way of comparing an individual veteran's 

manifestations of that hypertension to the Code to determine whether those manifestations are 

unusual or exceptional, and I find any attempt by the Court to do so to be outside the bounds of 

the law. 

Leaving the matter exclusively to the Board – as the Doucette majority seemed to 

envision – also provides no principled solution, as I believe any attempt by the Board to compare 

symptoms and functional effects with nonexistent rating criteria forces the Board to make a 

medical determination, resulting in a Colvin violation.

For nearly as long as this Court's doors have been open to veterans, we have held that the 

Board "must consider only independent medical evidence to support their findings rather than 

provide their own medical judgment in the guise of a Board opinion." Colvin v. Derwinski, 

1 Vet.App. 171, 172 (1991), overruled on other grounds by Hodge v. West, 155 F.3d 1356 (Fed. 

Cir. 1998). The heart of this analysis is the need for the Board to provide adequate reasons or 

bases when interpreting medical facts so as not to substitute its own judgment for that of medical 

professionals. See id. at 175 ("[A]ll medical evidence contrary to the veteran's claim will be made 

known to him and be a part of the record before this Court.").

This Court has construed Colvin violations broadly, encompassing a plethora of ways that 

the Board substitutes its own judgment for that of medical professionals. See Frost v. Shulkin, 

29 Vet.App. 131, 141 (2017) (finding a Colvin violation when the Board determined the date of 

onset of the appellant's PTSD absent adequate evidence); see also Leopoldo v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 

216, 219 (1993) (finding remand for a Colvin violation was warranted when the Board determined 

the appellant's back condition was etiologically related to a leg disability, absent medical evidence: 

"As judges, we have no idea how significant, medically speaking, leg length discrepancy might be 

as to the etiological origins of the appellant's back condition"). For example, in Kahana v. 

Shinseki, this Court found that the Board violated Colvin while analyzing a disability claim for an 

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury:
17

[T]he Board [made] a medical determination as to the relative severity, common 

symptomatology, and usual treatment of an ACL injury without citing to any 

independent medical evidence to corroborate its finding. Indeed, the record is 

devoid of any medical evidence establishing the relative severity, common 

symptomatology, and usual treatment of an ACL injury.

24 Vet.App. 428, 434 (2011). The implications of Colvin are easily seen in this schedular context: 

The Board must utilize independent medical evidence to establish relative severity, common 

symptomatology, and usual treatment of the disability. In the extraschedular context, the Board 

must weigh similar factual information regarding severity and symptomatology when making an 

extraschedular decision, as per Thun. In both instances (under DCs with listed symptoms), the 

Board simply compares the severity and symptomatology of the veteran's condition to the criteria 

in the DC and assigns the appropriate rating. Under an extraschedular analysis for a DC without 

listed rating criteria, however, the Board takes the medical evidence of record and attempts to 

compare it to nonexistent symptoms and severities in the DC. Although determining what 

symptoms or functional effects a veteran displays is a factual determination within the Board's 

purview, see King, 29 Vet.App. at 181 n.6 (refusing to decide "whether determining what qualifies 

as a functional effect not contemplated by an applicable rating criteria is a question of law or a 

question of fact," but stating that "the determination of the adequacy of evidence demonstrating 

the presence or absence of functional effects is a question of fact"), forcing the Board to ascertain 

what is or is not contemplated by a DC devoid of listed rating criteria unmoors the analysis from 

the regulation and requires them to essentially decide sua sponte what a disability medically 

entails. That act amounts to a Colvin violation.

III. The Unavailability of Extraschedular Ratings for DCs Without Listed Symptoms

If, then, in the context of extraschedular referral for hearing loss the Board cannot properly 

apply Thun without running afoul of Colvin, the only logical conclusion is that we must judicially 

create an exception to Thun that either (1) applies § 3.321 to DCs without listed symptoms in a 

manner that allows for compliance with Colvin, or (2) holds that extraschedular referral is simply 

unavailable for these types of DCs. As to the first method, creating an alternative framework to 

Thun is inappropriate because it would require the Court to operate outside the bounds of the 

regulation. The regulation is clear on its face: "The governing norm in these exceptional cases is 

a finding . . . that application of the regular schedular standards is impractical because the disability 
18

is so exceptional or unusual due to such related factors as marked interference with employment 

or frequent periods of hospitalization." 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b). Thun's pronouncement, that 

"initially, there must be a comparison between the level of severity and symptomatology of the 

claimant's service-connected disability with the established criteria found in the rating schedule 

for that disability," 22 Vet.App. at 115, still holds weight because it is a straightforward application 

of the regulatory text. 

It is my belief, therefore, that the en banc Court should take the second approach: Accept 

Thun as good law based on the regulation; hold that extraschedular evaluations are unavailable for 

DCs that require mechanical applications of test results and are devoid of listed criteria; and 

overrule any other conflicts in our previous jurisprudence – including Martinak, to the extent that 

it endorses the idea that extraschedular ratings are available for hearing loss.5 

As applied to the case at hand, the Board's decision would be based on an incorrect theory 

of law; however, because an extraschedular evaluation would be unavailable for hearing loss, I 

would find it harmless error. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due account 

of the rule of prejudicial error"); Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (holding that the 

harmless-error analysis applies to the Court's review of Board decisions and that the burden is on 

the appellant to show that he or she suffered prejudice as a result of VA error). Therefore, I believe 

that the Board's decision should be affirmed.6

 

5

I do not reach this conclusion lightly. I do not believe veterans or the system are well served by determining 

that significant regulatory provisions lie beyond the review of this Court or that certain disabilities are more worthy 

of extraschedular evaluations. However, I believe that creating this type of exception to the Thun framework for these 

types of DCs is the only way to prevent the Board from making prohibited medical determinations. Although these 

regulations appear highly objective because of their mechanical application of set criteria, through their silence of 

specific symptoms they negate a veteran's right to be fully compensated for his or her disability picture. These DCs 

ignore the very nature of extraschedular evaluations, which require listed symptoms and disability levels with which 

to compare the veteran's symptomatology and severity. I would urge VA to write more comprehensive regulations 

that encompass objective criteria as well as specific symptoms, such as the DCs for diabetes mellitus. See 38 C.F.R. 

§ 4.119, DC 7913 (stating that for a 100% disability rating, the veteran must show "more than one daily injection of 

insulin, restricted diet, and regulation of activities (avoidance of strenuous occupational and recreational activities) 

with episodes of ketoacidosis or hypoglycemic reactions requiring at least three hospitalizations per year or weekly 

visits to a diabetic care provider, plus either progressive loss of weight and strength or complications that would be 

compensable if separately evaluated").

6 Lastly, I recognize that this goes a step or more beyond the conclusion I reached in Doucette. After 

witnessing years of endless remands for poor reasons or bases and a general inability of the Board and the Court to 

review these cases, I see this evolution in philosophy as the natural and logical endpoint in the debacle that has been 

extraschedular analysis, with fidelity to the regulation and to this Court's foundational case of Colvin being of 

paramount importance. But again, I sincerely hope that VA remedies this impasse by drafting more comprehensive 

regulations.
19

MEREDITH, Judge, with whom GREENBERG and ALLEN, Judges, join, dissenting: 

Because we believe the majority reaches farther than necessary in this case, acts as the fact-finder 

rather than reviewer in affirming the decision on appeal, and does not offer clear guidance on the 

issue it purports to settle, we respectfully dissent.

First, as the majority recognizes, the Court's decision in Morgan v. Wilkie was clear: 

"[E]xtraschedular consideration is appropriate only after the agency has exhausted all other tools

for a disability rating, whether direct, secondary, or analogous ratings." Ante at 6 (citing Morgan, 

31 Vet.App. 162, 168 (2019) (emphasis added)). Here, the issue before the Board of Veterans' 

Appeals (Board) in March 2016 was "[w]hether referral for extraschedular consideration of the 

claim of entitlement to an initial compensable rating for the service-connected bilateral hearing 

loss disability is warranted." Record (R.) at 2. In considering that question, the Board noted that 

the appellant purported to identify "favorable evidence demonstrating severe functional effects of 

his hearing loss[,] including . . . interference with his ability to work with his students, including 

writ[ing] lesson plans and preparing for classes."7 R. at 6. On appeal, the appellant also asserts that 

the Board failed to adequately address evidence that he experiences ear pain as a result of his 

hearing aids and has difficulty with confidence/self-esteem and with his teaching duties due to his 

hearing loss. Appellant's Br. at 8; Reply Br. at 4; see R. at 420-21, 428. 

There is no dispute that the Board did not consider whether there are potential schedular 

rating alternatives for these difficulties. See R. at 6-9. Because that "threshold analysis" must 

precede any consideration of extraschedular evaluations "when possible schedular alternatives for 

rating a disability are either raised by the claimant or reasonably raised by the record," Morgan, 

31 Vet.App. at 168, see ante at 6, we would remand for the Board to provide that analysis in the 

first instance.8 More importantly, because, under Morgan, the Board's extraschedular analysis may 

 

7 The Board acknowledged that the appellant also alleged that his anxiety and depression were related to his 

hearing loss. R. at 6. However, our analysis excludes consideration of those difficulties because the Board found, and 

the appellant does not dispute, that those conditions are not related to any service-connected disability. R. at 7; see

Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 10; Reply Br. at 3-4. Thus, there is no need for the Board or the Court to discuss whether 

additional schedular or extraschedular options exist to account for those manifestations. Accordingly, we believe the 

majority's discussion of the merits of the allegations raised to the Board as to anxiety and depression goes farther than 

necessary. We also note that, in its discussion, the majority assumes without explanation that the fifth edition of the 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is applicable to the appellant's case. See ante at 7, 9-10. But 

see 79 Fed. Reg. 45093, 45094 (Aug. 4, 2014).

8 Although we do not opine as to whether the appellant could be compensated for these difficulties through 

schedular tools, we cannot conclude that no harm resulted from bypassing that analysis given the evidence that those 

difficulties caused work-related challenges. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2020) (explaining that the rating schedule 
20

now be considered premature where it occurs prior to the consideration of schedular alternatives, 

we would similarly conclude that it is premature for the Court to opine on the propriety of the 

Board's denial of referral for extraschedular consideration for this particular veteran and, more so, 

to generally reexamine the Court's caselaw on the extraschedular framework based on the facts of 

this case. Indeed, the majority's statement in the introduction to the opinion that the Board decision 

is affirmed "because the symptomatology [t]he [appellant] presents is not exceptional as it is 

readily capable of evaluation under the relevant diagnostic criteria and available rating tools,"9

ante at 1-2, signals clearly that the extraschedular discussion that follows is unnecessary and 

amounts to an advisory opinion.10 See Barnett v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 83, 87 (2019) (citing 

Waterhouse v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 473, 474 (1992) (holding that, absent the ability to redress an 

injury through a favorable decision, any act by the Court would be "'gratuitous'" (quoting Simon 

v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 38 (1976))).

Second, even if a remand under Morgan is not the appropriate action and the extraschedular 

framework is ripe for the Court's review, we would nevertheless conclude that remand is 

warranted. In that regard, the majority purports to lay out a revised framework for assessing the 

issue of extraschedular consideration, but the Board did not make the predicate factual findings 

necessary to apply that framework. Accordingly, the matter should be remanded for the Board to 

do so in the first instance. See Deloach v. Shinseki, 704 F.3d 1370, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2013) ("[T]he 

evaluation and weighing of evidence are factual determinations committed to the discretion of the 

factfinder—in this case, the Board."); Hensley v. West, 212 F.3d 1255, 1263 (Fed. Cir. 2000) 

("[A]ppellate tribunals are not appropriate fora for initial fact finding."); see also Washington v. 

Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 362, 369 (2005); Owens v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 429, 433 (1995). To 

 

compensates for impairment in earning capacity); see also 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due 

account of the rule of prejudicial error").

9 The majority does not explain why it would be appropriate to affirm on a different basis than that on which 

the Board decision rests. See Sec. Exch. Comm'n v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) ("[A] reviewing court, 

in dealing with a determination or judgment which an administrative agency alone is authorized to make, must judge 

the propriety of such action solely by the grounds invoked by the agency.").

10 Notably, the majority appears to acknowledge that its discussion of the first step of Thun v. Peake, 

22 Vet.App. 111, 115 (2008), aff'd sub nom. Thun v. Shinseki, 572 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2009), is dicta by 

characterizing its recitation of potentially relevant factors as "guidance," ante at 6, and by acknowledging that the 

appellant's failure to challenge Thun step two is "fatal to his appeal," ante at 11. 
21

proceed otherwise under these circumstances would require the Court to engage in rather extensive 

fact-finding, as the majority has done here, ante at 9-10, and usurp the role of the Board.11

Third, although the majority attempts to synthesize the major caselaw pertaining to the 

extraschedular framework and announce clear rules governing that framework—a difficult 

undertaking, to be sure—the decision ultimately provides little clarity because it requires 

consideration of new and perhaps inapt terminology, imposes an additional burden that does not 

seem to align with the way in which disabilities are generally rated, and appears to overrule several 

precedential decisions without saying so.12 For example, the majority introduces the term 

"functional impairments" into this realm and then offers it as a synonym for "symptom." Compare 

ante at 6 ("[F]unctional impairments serve as the operative focus of Thun's first step."), with ante

at 5 ("Thun's first step centers on . . . the full symptomatology . . . ."). But, the usual meaning of 

symptom is "any subjective evidence of a disease or of a patient's condition, i.e., such evidence as 

perceived by the patient; a noticeable change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily or 

mental state."13 Dorland's at 1816-17; see Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 42 (1979) 

("[U]nless otherwise defined, words will be interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, 

 

11 For instance, although the majority purports to review "the Board's findings regarding ear pain," ante at 

10, the Board made no such findings, see R. at 2-9. Rather, the majority, in applying its new framework, finds in the 

first instance that there is no "linkage between the complaint [of ear pain] and [the appellant's] hearing loss" because 

he "consistently attributed his ear pain to his use of hearing aids and not to hearing loss." Ante at 10. Aside from the 

majority's disregard for the Court's role as reviewer rather than fact-finder, we question a finding that ear pain caused 

by hearing aids is not related to the hearing loss that necessitates the use of such assistive devices. 

12 We further note that the majority's characterization of the holding in Doucette v. Shulkin, 28 Vet.App. 366 

(2017), may lead to additional confusion in the extraschedular realm. For example, the majority states that the Court 

in Doucette "held that the rating criteria for hearing loss contemplated symptomatology (i.e., the full range of 

symptoms) related to decreased hearing even though the diagnostic code failed to list any symptoms but relied solely 

on audiometric tests." Ante at 4. But the holding in Doucette was more narrow: "[T]he rating criteria for hearing loss 

contemplate the functional effects of decreased hearing and difficulty understanding speech in an everyday work 

environment." 28 Vet.App. at 369. In other words, the only "symptom" of hearing loss contemplated by the rating 

schedule is difficulty hearing. Moreover, the majority states that, in Doucette, "rather than engaging in a line-item 

accounting of each symptom and effect as compared to the diagnostic criteria, we based our ruling on the commonsense observation that a diagnostic code designed to assess hearing loss necessarily contemplates those symptoms and 

effects commonly associated with such." Ante at 5. But, the question in Doucette was whether there were any 

diagnostic criteria other than hearing loss (i.e., difficulty hearing), so there was nothing in the rating schedule to 

compare the appellant's symptoms against.

13 We recognize that the medical definition of "symptom" is not entirely sufficient to capture the way in 

which the Court has used that word in the extraschedular context. As noted above, the word "symptom," medically 

speaking, captures the subjective aspect of evidence of disease; by contrast, the word "sign" is medically defined as 

"an indication of the existence of something: any objective evidence of a disease, i.e., such evidence as is perceptible 

to the examining physician, as opposed to the subjective sensations (symptoms) of the patient." DORLAND'S 

ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY 1708 (32d ed. 2012) [hereinafter DORLAND'S]. We generally understand the 

Court's use of the word "symptoms" to include both objective and subjective evidence of a particular condition.
22

common meaning."); Nielson v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 56, 59 (2009) ("It is commonplace to 

consult dictionaries to ascertain a term's ordinary meaning."). And, under the heading "[f]unctional 

impairment," a VA regulation explains that "[t]he basis of disability evaluations is the ability of 

the body as a whole, or of the psyche, or of a system or organ of the body to function under the 

ordinary conditions of daily life including employment," 38 C.F.R. § 4.10 (2020). In light of these 

definitions, it is unclear to us on what basis the word "symptom" could be a substitute for the term 

"impairment" or "functional impairment." 

Further, the term "disability" in 38 U.S.C. § 1110 "refers to the functional impairment of 

earning capacity, not the underlying cause of said disability." Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 1356, 

1363 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (emphasis added). It is thus similarly unclear to us how "functional 

impairment of earning capacity," id.—literally, the effect of the body's inability to function on the 

veteran's earning capacity—could also mean "evidence of a disease," Dorland's at 1708, 1816-17. 

In sum, we are concerned that the language the majority offers to govern the extraschedular 

analysis may lead to confusion in applying the revised framework. 

Additionally, in introducing the requirement that "[extraschedular] consideration is not 

warranted for downstream effects that clearly lack a requisite and legally recognized nexus to 

service or to a service-connected disability," ante at 7 (emphasis added), the majority appears to 

place a new burden on claimants14 and does not address whether medical evidence would generally 

be required to make such a nexus determination. If so, the majority's framework may result in 

additional burden on VA and further delay for claimants while VA obtains such a medical opinion. 

Finally, the majority's holding that the inquiry into whether a claimant's disability picture 

is exceptional or unusual "is not reducible to a mere comparison between symptoms and the 

diagnostic criteria," ante at 5, could be read as implicitly overruling Court decisions that have 

suggested that the inquiry is as simple as that. See, e.g., King v. Shulkin, 29 Vet.App. 174, 179 

(2017) ("This first element requires the Board to do nothing more than compare a veteran's specific 

symptoms and their severity with those contemplated by the plain language of the rating 

schedule. . . . [T]he components to be considered in the first step are clear: symptoms and their 

severity on the one hand and the plain language of the schedular criteria on the other."); Yancy v. 

 

14 It is unclear on what basis the Court could impose a new nexus requirement after service connection has 

already been established and the only question is whether the service-connected condition is so exceptional that a 

higher rating is warranted. Cf. 38 U.S.C. § 1110.
23

McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 484, 494 (2016) ("Essentially, the first Thun element compares a 

claimant's symptoms to the rating criteria, while the second addresses the resulting effects of those 

symptoms."); Thun, 22 Vet.App. at 115 ("[I]nitially, there must be a comparison between the level 

of severity and symptomatology of the claimant's service-connected disability with the established 

criteria found in the rating schedule for that disability."). In sum, we are concerned that the 

majority's unclear treatment of prior precedent may lead to confusion at both the agency and Court 

level.

For these reasons, we respectfully dissent.