J-A20028-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ESTATE OF ASHLEY NICHOLE BOUHER, 

JENNIFER S. BOUHER AND RICHARD A. 

BOUHER,

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT 

OF PENNSYLVANIA

Appellants

v.

GIFTWARES CO., INC., CONSOLIDATED 

RAIL CORPORATION PENNSYLVANIA 

LINES, LLC., BARRY DICKMAN, GREGG 

DICKMAN, MITCHELL DICKMAN, 

GIFTWARES ASSOC., NORFOLK 

SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, 

ROYERSFORD BOROUGH AND PATRICK 

J. SULLIVAN,

Appellees No. 2999 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Order Entered October 9, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County

Civil Division at No(s): 2009-37236

BEFORE: DONOHUE, SHOGAN, and WECHT, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED OCTOBER 23, 2015

The Estate of Ashley Nichole Bouher, Jennifer S. Bouher, and 

Richard A. Bouher (collectively, the “Estate”) appeals from the order dated 

October 9, 2014, in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, 

granting summary judgment in favor of Consolidated Rail Corporation 

Pennsylvania Lines, LLC and Norfolk Southern Railway Co. (the “Railroads”), 

and Giftwares Co., Inc., Barry Dickman, Gregg Dickman, and 

Mitchell Dickman, (“Giftwares”). After careful review, we affirm in part and 

reverse in part. 
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The trial court detailed the factual and procedural background, as 

follows:

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY:

The present appeal arises out of a fatal motor vehicle 

accident which occurred on March 10, 2008, at approximately 

7:55 pm in Royersford, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. 

Patrick Sullivan, Defendant herein, was the driver of the vehicle 

(then 19 years old); Leonard Luciano (then 19 years old), Kyle 

Warfel (then 17 years old) and Ashley Bouher (then 16 years 

old) were all passengers. Passenger Ashley Bouher died as a 

result of the accident.

A. Factual Background

For background purposes, the record shows that 

Defendant/Sullivan had just purchased the 2003 Ford Crown 

Victoria [on the] morning of March 10, 2008, at the Mannheim 

Auto Auction. Later that afternoon, Mr. Sullivan picked up the 

passenger/friends listed above, as well as Lauren Perry who 

purchased a case of beer for the underage occupants. Sullivan 

dropped off Perry, post-purchase, and then drove the remaining 

passengers to a drinking area known as the “firepit” in a clearing 

on First Ave/River Road in Royersford. The friends spent an 

hour or two at the firepit where they drank beer and/or allegedly 

used drugs. Driver Sullivan consumed either one or two beers.

Thereafter, Sullivan and his passengers returned to the 

vehicle and travelled through Royersford. By this time, it was 

after sunset. According to the crash investigation performed by 

Montgomery County Detectives, Sullivan’s vehicle travelled north 

on First Avenue at approximately 62 mph, in a posted speed 

limit of 25 mph, when his vehicle crossed over railroad tracks 

which were located at a slight curve in the roadway, and lost 

lateral stability. The vehicle then left the paved road surface and 

entered a stone parking area on Defendant Giftware’s private 

property. The vehicle travelled across a portion of this area, and 

then the driver side rear door of Sullivan’s vehicle, where Ms. 

Bouher sat, struck the right corner of Giftware’s parked trailer, 

impacting Ms. Bouher at head level. This trailer was parked 17 

feet off the roadway. Due to the impact, the driver’s side door 

sustained damage, and opened. The car then spun counter-
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clockwise and ejected Ms. Bouher from the vehicle. The vehicle 

crossed back over First Avenue, struck a utility pole, and came 

to rest on Giftware’s private property on the eastern side of First 

Avenue. Ms. Bouher was pronounced dead at the scene.

Subsequent police inspection of Sullivan’s vehicle showed 

no mechanical problems. In addition, Montgomery County 

Detective Turner re-enacted the accident, and indicated that the 

markings in the street were all consistent with the application of 

hard acceleration and forceful steering, and that, there was no 

indication that Sullivan ever applied the brakes. Finally, a 

witness indicated that, earlier that afternoon, he saw Sullivan’s 

vehicle pass him very quickly, drive down River Road, enter 

Defendant Giftware’s parking lot, and proceed to do a donut or 

donuts with the car.

As a result of the above accident, the Commonwealth of 

Pennsylvania filed criminal charges against the driver, Patrick 

Sullivan. On January 23, 2009, the Defendant/driver Sullivan 

pled guilty to one count of Involuntary Manslaughter and two 

counts of Recklessly Endangering Another Person, here, Ashley 

Bouher. In the plea transcript, Defendant Sullivan admitted to 

travelling at an excessive rate of speed which caused him to lose 

control of his vehicle on the night in question. (See Notes of 

Testimony from Guilty Plea, 1/23/09, Pgs. 9-10)[.] During the 

guilty plea, Sullivan also admitted that he was familiar with the 

terrain and layout of First Avenue where the accident occurred, 

and likewise admitted that he was aware of the condition of the 

road. Id. These sworn statements, on the record, provided the 

factual basis for Sullivan’s guilty plea. Id.

Thereafter, the Estate of Ashley Nichole Bouher, by and 

through her parents Richard A. Bouher and Jennifer S. Bouher, 

as Administrators of her Estate; Richard A. Bouher, individually; 

and, Jennifer S. Bouher, individually, filed the present civil suit 

against several Defendants. The Defendants include (1) 

Giftwares Company, Inc., d/b/a Giftwares Company, Giftwares 

Associates, and its principles, Barry Dickman, Mitchell Dickman 

and Gregg Dickman (collectively, “Giftwares”); (2) Consolidated 

Rail Corporation and Norfolk Southern Railway Co. (collectively, 

“the Railroad Defendants”); and (3) Patrick J. Sullivan, the 

driver. The Borough of Royersford was an additional Defendant 

in the above captioned matter, however the Plaintiffs settled 

with the Borough. Notably in 2014, the Plaintiffs settled their 

civil suit against Defendant driver, Patrick Sullivan. (See 
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Montgomery County Docket Entry 387, Amended Order-Approval 

of Settlement dated 1/15/14)[.] Consequently, with the present 

posture, the Giftwares and Railway Defendants are the only 

Defendants remaining in the action. 

With reference to these remaining Defendants, Plaintiffs 

allege, inter alia, that the Giftwares Defendants and the 

Railroad Defendants each failed to maintain their property, 

and that such lack of maintenance contributed to the accident in 

question. Plaintiffs likewise allege that Defendant Giftwares

created a dangerous condition in the way that it parked [its] 

trailers on [its] property, thereby contributing to the accident in 

question.

The Giftwares Defendants argue, inter alia, that no cause 

of action exists against them for the following reasons: (1) the 

occupants of the vehicle were trespassers and there is no 

evidence of willful or wanton conduct by Giftwares; (2) Giftwares 

had no duty to ensure that their private property was suitable for 

out-of-control vehicles that enter upon its’ land; (3) Giftwares 

owed no duty to institute measures that would attempt to 

prevent the vehicle from entering its’ private property; and (4) 

no proximate cause exists as none of the alleged actions by 

Giftwares caused Sullivan’s vehicle to deflect from the highway.

The Railway Defendants argue that in the 1980s, they 

formally abandoned any ownership interest in the industrial track 

running along the river side of River Road, and have had no 

dealings with the property since that time. In addition, the 

Railway Defendants assert that they did not negligently maintain 

the railway tracks crossing over River Road.

B. Procedural Background

The Honorable Emanuel A. Bertin, since retired, was 

assigned this civil action, pre-trial. On April 10, 2013, Judge 

Bertin issued a protective order in favor of Defendant, Patrick 

Sullivan. 

* * *

This action was subsequently rotated to the undersigned. 

On August 26, 2014, the matter was given an assigned trial date 

of October 14, 2014 through October 28, 2014. The parties filed 

several pre-trial motions including, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Lift 

Protective Order and Defendants’ Motions in Limine pursuant to 
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Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923). The court 

held argument on September 15, 2014 and October 1, 2014, 

respectively. The opinion subjudice addresses these pre-trial 

rulings, which ultimately form the basis for the presently 

appealed, October 9, 2014, summary judgment rulings in favor 

of the Defendants.

That is, on October 9, 2014, the trial court granted 

Defendant, Giftwares Company, Inc.’s oral Motion for Summary 

Judgment and entered judgment in favor of Defendant Giftwares 

Company Inc. and against Plaintiffs. (See October 9, 2014, 

Order)[.] On that same date, the trial court also granted the 

Railway Defendants’ oral Motion for Summary Judgment and 

entered judgment on behalf of Defendants, Norfolk Southern 

Railway Company, Pennsylvania Lines LLC and Consolidated Rail 

Corporation and against Plaintiffs. (See October 9, 2014, 

Order)[.]

Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 1–7 (emphases in original).

The trial court had also earlier authored Findings of Fact and 

Conclusions of Law relative to the Railroads’ and Giftwares’ motions in limine

to preclude the Estate’s experts, Dr. Steven Batterman (“Batterman”) and 

Russell J. Kolmus (“Kolmus”), from testifying. The trial court granted the 

motions in part as to Batterman and in full as to Kolmus. Order, 10/8/14, at 

23–25. The day after the trial court issued its order on the allowable scope 

of the experts’ testimonies, the Railroads and Giftwares orally motioned for 

summary judgment, arguing that the Estate could not prove causation. The 

Estate conceded that without Batterman and Kolmus, it had no evidence of 

causation. Telephone Conference, 10/9/14, at 10–11. The concession 

reasoned the trial court’s summary judgment award in favor of the Railroads 

and Giftwares. Id. at 12. This appeal followed.

The Estate raises six issues for review:
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Did the Trial Court err in failing to compel the deposition of 

Defendant Patrick Sullivan and granting a Protective Order 

regarding the same? 

Did the Trial Court err[] in failing to review the Protective 

Order and not allowing Plaintiffs to properly review the Protective 

Order?

Did the Trial Court err in precluding the testimony of 

Plaintiffs’ expert witnesses?

Did the Trial Court [err in] applying the Frye standard and 

[in failing] to conduct a procedurally correct Frye hearing?

Did the Court err in failing to correct the record upon 

showing of demonstrable error?

Did the Honorable Carolyn Carluccio err in failing to recuse 

herself upon a clear showing of the bias and failing to properly 

consider Plaintiffs’ motion regarding the same?

Estate’s Brief at 4. We condense these issues into three—the protective 

order, the Frye issue, and the motion for recusal. 

Protective Order

On July 27, 2012, Patrick Sullivan (“Sullivan”) filed a motion for a 

protective order to preclude his deposition and testimony at trial because 

engaging in such activities would result in a serious risk of harm to his 

mental health. Giftwares filed a motion to compel Sullivan’s deposition and 

testimony, and the Estate joined Giftwares’ motion. 

On January 18, 2013, the presiding judge, Honorable Emanuel A. 

Bertin, conducted an evidentiary hearing on both motions. Sullivan did not 

appear. Sullivan’s mother, Teresa Sullivan, testified that her son had been 

treated for bipolar disorder prior to the accident that killed Ashley Bouher. 
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N.T. (Protective Order Hearing), 1/18/13, at 39. She also recounted that 

Sullivan twice attempted suicide following the accident. Id. at 16. In 

conjunction with one of the suicide attempts, Sullivan typed on his computer 

“Ashley take me home.” Id. at 18. Mrs. Sullivan described her son at the 

time of the hearing as being “in a really dark place” who has “lost his will to 

live.” Id. at 14. 

Sullivan also submitted four letters from his treating psychiatrist, 

Dr. Samir Farag. Motion for Protective Order, 7/27/12, Exhibits A–D.1 

Dr. Farag stated that Sullivan had been under his care for monthly 

medication management for a mood disorder and psychotherapy since 

August 2007. After the car accident in 2008, Dr. Farag explained that 

Sullivan experienced symptoms of “severe Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 

(PTSD).” Id. at Exhibit A. 

In his first letter dated May 26, 2011, Dr. Farag wrote that Sullivan 

was “emotionally unstable,” “fragile,” and has “suicidal thoughts.” Motion 

for Protective Order, 7/27/12, Exhibit A. Dr. Farag also confirmed the 

suicide attempts and four hospitalizations for psychiatric reasons. Id. He 

opined that Sullivan would not be able to participate in a deposition 

____________________________________________

1

 Dr. Farag’s letters dated May 26, 2011, June 15, 2011, and July 5, 2012, 

were attached as Exhibits A through C to the motion for the protective order. 

The motion was supplemented with Exhibit D, Dr. Farag’s letter dated 

January 17, 2013, at the January 18, 2013 hearing on the motion. N.T. 

(Protective Order Hearing), 1/18/13, at 100–101. 
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concerning the auto accident due to an “increase[d] risk of suicide and 

exacerbation of his unstable symptoms.” Id. One month later, Dr. Farag 

penned a second letter representing that Sullivan continued to experience 

severe depression symptoms, and offered that Sullivan would need “at least 

three more months of treatment with medication and psychotherapy in order 

to be able to participate in the deposition.” Id. at Exhibit B. Dr. Farag 

wrote a third letter one year later, describing Sullivan as “depressed and 

withdrawn,” and suffering from “suicidal ideations.” Id. at Exhibit C. He 

further clarified that he was unaware of what a deposition would entail when 

he had previously represented that Sullivan might be able to be deposed 

after more therapy and now believed that Sullivan may “never be able to 

safely, without serious risk to his mental status or physical well-being, to 

participate in a deposition or testify in a trial regarding his car accident.” Id. 

In his final letter, dated January 17, 2013, Dr. Farag stated that Sullivan 

“remains depressed, emotionally labile, fragile and withdrawn, having 

flashbacks and suicidal ideations off and on.” Sullivan’s Second 

Supplemental Brief, 3/21/13, Exhibit D. Dr. Farag reiterated his psychiatric 

opinion that it was unlikely that Sullivan would ever be able to participate in 

a deposition or testify in a trial regarding the car accident because of the risk 

of suicide. Id.

On April 10, 2013, Judge Bertin denied the motion to compel Sullivan’s 

deposition and granted Sullivan’s motion for a protective order. 
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Judge Bertin ordered additionally that “in the event of an improvement in 

Patrick Sullivan’s medical condition prior to trial, Patrick Sullivan may not 

testify at trial unless he first appeared and submitted to a deposition in this 

action.” Order, 4/10/13, at unnumbered 1–2 (emphases added).2 

The Estate lodged two objections to the propriety of the original 

issuance of the protective order.3 In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of 

errors complained of on appeal, the Estate asserted:

1. The Court committed an error regarding Patrick Sullivan in 

[the] following ways:

a. The Court committed an error in granting a 

protective order regarding Patrick Sullivan.

b. The Court committed an error in considering 

unsubstantiated out of court statements in granting 

a protective order.

Estate’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, 11/5/14, at 1. 

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 4012 governs the procedures for 

seeking a protective order and provides, inter alia: 

____________________________________________

2

 On April 19, 2013, the Estate filed a motion pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. 

§ 702(b) to amend Judge Bertin’s April 10, 2013 order to include the 

certification required for a permissive interlocutory appeal. Judge Bertin 

denied the motion on May 7, 2013. On May 23, 2013, the Estate filed a 

petition for review of Judge Bertin’s order refusing to amend the April 10, 

2013 order in this Court. By per curiam order dated June 28, 2013, the 

petition for review was denied. Estate of Bouher v. Giftwares, Inc., et 

al, 66 EDM 2103 (Pa. Super. 2013).

3

 The remaining four challenges relate to the trial court’s denial of Sullivan’s 

motion to lift the protective order discussed infra. 
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(a) Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom 

discovery or deposition is sought, and for good cause shown, the 

court may make any order which justice requires to protect a 

party or person from unreasonable annoyance, embarrassment, 

oppression, burden or expense, including one or more of the 

following:

(1) that the discovery or deposition shall be prohibited; 

(2) that the discovery or deposition shall be only on specified 

terms and conditions, including a designation of the time and 

place[.] 

Pa.R.C.P. 4012(a)(1)(2).

While Pennsylvania appellate courts have yet to define the “good 

cause” requirement, “a party seeking a protective order must, at the very 

least, present some evidence of substance that supports a finding that 

protection is necessary. Such evidence must address the harm risked. . . .” 

Dougherty v. Heller, 97 A.3d 1257, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), 

appeal granted in part, 109 A.3d 675 (Pa. 2015).4 With respect to a court’s 

role in granting a protective order, we have recognized that no “hard-andfast” rules govern how courts decide a motion for a protective order. 

____________________________________________

4

 In Dougherty, the February 4, 2015 order granting the petition for 

allowance of appeal, one issue before the Supreme Court certified as:

[w]hether the Superior Court’s en banc ruling below, that 

affirmed the trial court’s order denying protective relief under 

Pa.R.C.P. 4012, should be reversed because (a) the ruling now 

elevates the burden of proving “good cause” in Pa.R.C.P. 4012 

matters to a practically unattainable level. . . . 

Dougherty v. Heller, 109 A.3d 675 (Pa. filed February 4, 2015).
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Hutchison v. Luddy, 606 A.2d 905, 908 (Pa. Super. 1992). “‘Whether to 

grant or deny the motion, and what kind or kinds of protective orders to 

issue are matters that lie within the sound judicial discretion of the 

court. . . .’” Id. (quoting Allegheny West Civic Council, Inc. v. City 

Council of the City of Pittsburgh, 484 A.2d 863, 866 (Pa. Commwlth. 

1984)). 

The trial court, Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio, determined that the 

record contained sufficient evidence to support Judge Bertin’s issuance of 

the protective order, namely, Sullivan’s mother’s testimony and Dr. Farag’s 

letters. Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 15. The court also found it 

significant that the Estate represented that it did not need to depose Sullivan 

because it had ample evidence from the criminal proceedings and social 

media to cross-examine Sullivan at trial. Id. at 13–14. The trial court then 

rejected the Estate’s contention that the protective order protected only 

Sullivan’s deposition testimony and that his trial testimony was governed by 

Pa.R.E. 601—competency. The trial court concluded that Rule 601 was not 

relevant to Judge Bertin’s ruling because there was no claim that Sullivan 

was not competent to testify. Id. at 14.

 An exercise of discretion by a trial court whether to grant or deny 

motions for protective orders may not be overturned by an appellate court 

because the latter is persuaded that it might have taken a different action. 

Allegheny West, 484 A.2d at 866. Whether to grant or deny the motion 
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for a protective order lies within the sound judicial discretion of the court; 

the court’s determination as to these matters will not be disturbed unless 

that discretion has been abused. Hutchinson, 606 A.2d at 908. An abuse 

of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; it is judgment which is 

manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will 

as shown by evidence of record. Fanning v. Davne, 795 A.2d 388, 393 

(Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted).

In its appellate brief, the Estate raises three points of error regarding 

the issuance of the protective order: 1) its constitutional right to confront 

and cross-examine another party and call relevant witnesses at trial was 

violated; 2) the trial court lacked the authority and factual record to make a 

finding concerning Sullivan’s medical condition; and 3) the trial court erred 

in failing to address Sullivan’s competency. Estate’s Brief at 27–35. 

At the outset, we are compelled to determine which of these 

arguments has been properly preserved for appellate review. See 

Commonwealth v. Hill, 16 A.3d 484, 494 (Pa. 2011) (appellate courts may 

sua sponte determine whether issues have been properly preserved under 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925)). Our concern is focused on issue one, the constitutional 

argument, and issue three, competency. 

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held in Commonwealth v. Lord, 

719 A.2d 306 (Pa. 1998), that “from this date forward, in order to preserve 

their claims for appellate review, [appellants] must comply whenever the 
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trial court orders them to file a Statement of Matters Complained of on 

Appeal pursuant to Rule 1925. Any issues not raised in a 1925(b) statement 

will be deemed waived.” Id. at 309. Subsequently, in Commonwealth v. 

Castillo, 888 A.2d 775 (Pa. 2005), the Supreme Court voiced its displeasure 

with “decisions of the intermediate courts to the extent that they have 

created exceptions to Lord and have addressed issues that should have 

been deemed waived.” Castillo, 888 A.2d at 780 (citations omitted). Thus, 

Pennsylvania jurisprudence is now well-settled that Rule 1925(b) sets out an 

unambiguous rule that any issues not raised in the 1925(b) statement will 

be deemed waived. Hill, 16 A.3d at 494. See also In re Estate of 

Daubert, 757 A.2d 962, 963 (Pa. Super. 2000) (an issue not identified for 

review in a Rule 1925(b) statement is waived whether or not the lower court 

actually addresses the issue in an opinion). 

The Estate did not include the constitutional or competency claims in 

its Rule 1925(b) statement. Even though the trial court addressed the issue 

of Sullivan’s competency in its opinion, we are constrained to conclude that 

both issues are waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925 (b)(4)(vii) (issues not included 

in the 1925(b) statement are waived).5

____________________________________________

5

 Absent waiver, the Estate’s competency argument is without merit. As 

the trial court correctly recognized, Sullivan never claimed that he was 

incompetent to testify under Pa.R.E. 601 and Rule 601 considerations did 

not reason Judge Bertin’s decision to impose the protective order. Trial 

Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 14–15. 
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We turn to the Estate’s remaining argument that Judge Bertin’s order 

granting the protective order was not supported by evidence of good cause. 

Specifically, the Estate contends that Sullivan failed to present any 

admissible or relevant evidence from which Judge Bertin could issue a ruling 

based on Sullivan’s medical condition. The Estate characterized 

Mrs. Sullivan’s testimony as revealing scant knowledge of Sullivan’s current 

medical condition. The Estate’s primary objection to the evidence 

considered by Judge Bertin, however, focuses on the letters submitted by 

Dr. Farag. The Estate contends that the letters themselves were 

inadmissible hearsay and that Dr. Farag’s failure to testify at the hearing 

precluded the Estate from cross-examining him as to the basis for his 

medical opinion. Additionally, the Estate disputes that the Health Insurance 

Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPPA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1181 et 

seq., precluded Dr. Farag from testifying at the hearing, and criticizes the 

trial judge for her conclusory statement that HIPPA prohibited Dr. Farag’s 

live testimony. See Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 9 n.3 (“Due to HIPPA 

constraints, Dr. Farag could not provide live testimony.”). 

We observe that the Estate has raised some colorable arguments 

regarding the proper admission and evidentiary value of Dr. Farag’s letters, 

and whether HIPPA’s restrictions are overridden when a party puts his 

mental state at issue. We need not address these issues, however, because 
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the Estate was not prejudiced by the issuance of the protective order, even if 

granted in error. 

To constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be 

erroneous, but must harm or prejudice the complaining party. Parr v. Ford 

Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 690–691 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quoting Winschel v. 

Jain, 925 A.2d 782, 794 (Pa. Super. 2007)). We have also upheld a trial 

court’s decision that the improper exclusion of evidence is harmless error 

when the testimony sought is cumulative. Potochnick v. Perry, 861 A.2d 

277, 282 (Pa. Super. 2004). 

At the hearing on the protective order motion, the Estate advised 

Judge Bertin that: 

[The Estate] as a general proposition do[es] not consider it 

critical to their case that they depose Mr. Sullivan because [the 

Estate has] his statement to the police, they have his testimony 

[from Sullivan’s guilty plea proceeding] and [it has] testimony 

[from] the sentencing hearing, and statements in the press, and 

statements on Twitter, and statements on Facebook, and a 

myriad of other places where we have evidence that would be of 

value in preparing for [Sullivan’s] examination at trial. 

N.T. (Protective Order Hearing), 1/18/13, at 87–88.

On appeal, the Estate acknowledges reciting the statement quoted

above but explains that it was uttered prior to the trial court’s later exclusion 

of most of the Estate’s expert witness testimony. This explanation, 

however, is of no import. We assess whether the ruling under scrutiny was 

proper when it was issued and not by how later events might have impacted 
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it. Therefore, the Estate’s claim that Judge Bertin erroneously granted 

Sullivan’s motion for a protective order is unavailing. 

The Estate next challenges the trial court’s dismissal of its motion to 

lift the protective order. On September 10, 2014, approximately one month 

before trial was scheduled to begin, the Estate filed a motion to lift the 

protective order precluding Sullivan’s testimony. In its motion, the Estate 

asserted that it had evidence of improvement in Sullivan’s mental condition 

and requested the trial court to order Sullivan to make himself available for 

a deposition. 

A hearing on the motion to lift the protective order was held on 

September 15, 2014. At the outset of the hearing, the trial court identified 

“an improvement in [Sullivan’s] medical condition” as the basis for 

modification of Judge Bertin’s protective order. N.T. (Motion In Limine 

Hearing), 9/15/14, at 8. The Estate represented that it intended to offer 

medical testimony that would support lifting the protective order. Id. The 

Estate then proffered evidence that Sullivan was enrolled in a college class 

on Death and Dying, that Sullivan was interacting with the Probation 

Department, and that Dr. John O’Brien, a forensic psychiatrist, was available 

to testify that the record did not support Sullivan’s PTSD diagnosis, in part, 

because of changed circumstances in Sullivan’s life. Id. at 23, 26. 

According to the Estate’s motion to lift the order, Dr. O’Brien offered that it 

was “impossible . . . to consider the validity of an opinion from another 
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purported ‘expert’” without knowledge of the subject’s testing or exposure to 

the expert’s testimony. Motion to Lift Protective Order, 9/10/14, at 7 ¶ c. 

With this caveat, the Estate described Dr. O’Brien’s estimation regarding 

Sullivan’s current ability to testify, as follows:

While [Dr. O’Brien] has no way of knowing the severity, if any, 

of [Sullivan’s] PTSD now or at the time of the hearing before 

Judge Bertin one year and 8 months ago, he said in exact quote: 

“[Estate’s counsel], your instincts are exactly right. If this guy 

feels he can voluntarily participate in a class on “Death and 

Dying” without there being suicidal ideation, then he certainly 

can testify in court as to his part in killing another person. 

Id. at ¶ d. 

After considering the Estate’s proffer that Sullivan’s medical condition 

had changed, and entertaining argument, the trial court dismissed the 

motion to lift the protective order because the Estate failed to tender 

evidence showing an improvement in Sullivan’s medical condition. N.T. 

Motion In Limine Hearing, 9/15/14, at 34. The trial court further explained 

the basis for its ruling in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion:

Indeed, [the Estate’s] proffer presented nothing new. [The 

Estate] alleged that Sullivan would take a course on death and 

dying, but Sullivan was already taking college courses. 

Moreover, [the Estate] had no evidence to support [its] quantum 

leap that if a person takes a death course, that person is 

emotionally strong. Finally, the death course did not reflect a 

present change in circumstances, it presented a possible, 

speculative, future change in circumstance. Sullivan was not 

taking the course at the time of the Motion to Amend the 

Protective Order. He was merely signed up for the course. All 

sorts of scenarios could occur which would result in Sullivan 

never taking the course, making [the Estate’s] assertion 

premature at best. Therefore, [the Estate] proffered no relevant 
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evidence to warrant a hearing on their Motion to Lift the 

Protective Order, and the court properly dismissed the same[.]

Trial Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 23.6

On appeal, the Estate urges that it was error for the trial court to 

require medical evidence to support its assertion of changed circumstances 

relative to Sullivan’s mental condition. The Estate claims that there is no 

legal requirement that it produce medical evidence, particularly because 

there was no medical evidence to override. The underlying rationale for this 

argument appears to be the Estate’s characterization of Dr. Farag’s letters as 

inadmissible hearsay. 

We discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s dismissal of the 

motion. Judge Bertin’s initial ruling on the protective order allowed for 

reconsideration of its issuance “in the event of improvement in [Sullivan’s] 

medical condition.” Order, 4/10/13, at unnumbered 1. Thus, it was Judge 

Bertin’s language that required evidence of a change in Sullivan’s mental 

____________________________________________

6

 The trial court also concluded that even if its decision in this regard was 

improper, the Estate was not prejudiced by the court’s evidentiary rulings for 

three reasons—the Estate’s counsel had previously indicated that Sullivan’s 

testimony was not crucial, the Estate had settled with Sullivan, and the 

Estate’s expert witnesses asserted that they did not need Sullivan’s 

testimony in order to opine on Giftwares’ and the Railroads’ liability. Trial 

Court Opinion, 2/23/15, at 24–25. The Estate’s settlement with Sullivan 

however, occurred after the trial court’s ruling on the motion to lift the 

protective order. We have faulted the Estate for referring to events 

subsequent to Judge Bertin’s ruling in its argument concerning the propriety 

of the underlying protective order; so too the trial court incorrectly relied on 

an ensuing event in concluding that the Estate was not prejudiced by its 

dismissal of the motion to lift the protective order. 
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health, not the trial court’s imposition of an incorrect legal standard, as the 

Estate propounds. Additionally, we agree with the trial court that Sullivan’s 

enrollment in the Death and Dying course, an anticipatory, not an actual 

event, coupled with the acknowledgment from the Estate’s expert that he 

could not opine on whether Sullivan’s condition had improved, was not 

sufficient evidence of changed circumstances that would justify lifting the 

protective order. Therefore, the Estate’s claim of error on this evidentiary 

ruling cannot succeed. 

Frye Hearing

Pennsylvania adheres to the Frye7test, which provides that novel 

scientific evidence is admissible “‘if the methodology that underlies the 

evidence has general acceptance in the relevant scientific community.’” 

Commonwealth v. Walker, 92 A.3d 766, 789–790 (Pa. 2014) (quoting 

Grady v. Frito–Lay, Inc., 839 A.2d 1038, 1044 (Pa. 2003)). Frye is 

likewise applicable when scientific methods are utilized in novel ways. Betz 

v. Pneumo Abex LLC, et al., 44 A.3d 27, 53 (Pa. 2012) (quoting Grady,

839 A.2d at 1045). 

On September 5, 2014, Giftwares filed motions in limine to preclude 

the expert reports and trial testimony of the Estate’s experts, Batterman 

____________________________________________

7

 Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
J-A20028-15

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and Kolmus.8 The Estate proffered Batterman as an accident reconstruction 

expert to provide an opinion related to the manner in which Giftawares

parked its trailers, the crush damage to Sullivan’s vehicle, the impact speed 

of Sullivan’s vehicle, the role that the railroad tracks contributed to the loss 

of control of the vehicle, and the hazards posed by Giftwares’ maintenance 

of the trailer parking area. Giftwares’ Motion In Limine to Preclude 

Batterman’s Report and Testimony, 9/5/14, Exhibit G (Batterman’s Expert 

Report). Kolmus, a forensic investigator, was retained to “examine the 

incident site and review the submitted material to determine whether the 

incident roadway and its appurtenances were maintained in accordance with 

engineering standards and practice.” Giftwares’ Motion in Limine to Preclude 

Kolmus’s Report and Testimony, 9/5/14, Exhibit G (Kolmus’s Report). 

As to Batterman, Giftwares claimed that his expert report was “unique 

in the context of a Frye determination in that its failures are not due to its 

reliance on unreliable evidence but are rather due to its complete lack of 

scientific or technical foundation whatsoever.” Giftwares’ Motion in Limine to 

Preclude Batterman’s Report and Testimony, 9/5/14, at 7 (emphasis in 

original). Regarding Kolmus, Giftwares argued that his expert report could 

not assist a jury because the report “provides no explanation as to how the 

conclusions were reached. . . .” Giftwares’ Motion in Limine to Preclude 

____________________________________________

8

 The Railroads joined in Giftwares’ motion. 
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Kolmus’s Report and Testimony, 9/5/14, at 11. Giftwares also contended 

that Kolmus’s report “fails to identify any methodology or technical 

considerations let alone those accepted by the scientific community.” Id. 

The Estate filed a response to both motions asserting that the Frye standard 

is not applicable because “[t]here is no novel science or theory behind any of 

the reports of [the Estate’s] experts.” Estate’s Omnibus Response to 

Defendant’s Motions Regarding Plaintiff’s Expert Witnesses, 9/12/14, at 4.

On September 15, 2014, the trial court held a hearing wherein 

Giftwares informed the court that its “Frye motion” was based primarily 

upon its position that Batterman “didn’t use a methodology that’s generally 

accepted in a number of areas in his report.” N.T. (Motion in Limine

Hearing), 9/15/14, at 64. Giftwares summarized Batterman’s report as 

accepting “all of Detective Turner’s9observations and opinions with regard to 

the happening of this accident.” Id. at 65. Giftwares then referred to 

Batterman’s opinion that “the impact speed of the [vehicle] with the trailer 

was in the range of 38 to 43 miles per hour” and criticizes the conclusion 

because they had “no idea what methodology he uses to come to this 

conclusion. What [we] believe Dr. Batterman does is he relies upon all of 

Detective Turner’s opinions and his review of the physical evidence and then 

____________________________________________

9

 Detective M. Robert Turner was a Montgomery County Detective and 

collision reconstructionist who investigated the accident and prepared a 

report in preparation of the criminal case. 
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some way comes up with pre-impact speed.” Id. at 65–66. Giftwares’ 

argument continued: “[T]here is really no scientific basis or methodology 

that’s been provided with regard to Batterman and coming up to a speed 

analysis at the point of impact.” Id. at 68. 

Regarding Kolmus, Giftwares stated: “Mr. Kolmus, unlike 

Mr. Batterman, has absolutely no scientific reasoning. He just has bald 

opinions. . . . [T]here is nothing to look at from a Frye standard to 

determine a methodology.” N.T. (Motion in Limine Hearing), 9/15/14, at 

101. Giftwares then conceded, “[We] can’t even argue that the 

methodology isn’t generally accepted because there isn’t a 

methodology. . . .” Id. at 102. 

The Railroads offered the following rationale for joining in Giftwares’ 

motions in limine: “We have Batterman’s report and we have the Kolmus 

report. They are just the same without any foundation that Sullivan left this 

roadway as a result of facts beyond his control or situations beyond his 

control.” N.T. (Motion in Limine Hearing), 9/15/14, at 74. The Railroads 

further explained its objection to the experts: “[W]ithout Sullivan’s 

testimony as to why he left the roadway there is simply no foundation for 

the expert’s opinion. An opinion without fact violates Frye, the same as an 

incorrect arithmetical calculation.” Id. at 82. After some discussion about a 

discrepancy in Detective Turner’s testimony as to the speed of the vehicle on 

the day of the accident and Batterman’s assessment of the speed, the Estate 
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contended: “[T]hat’s not Frye. [Batterman’s] opinions are based on wellknown science of accident reconstruction. Did he apply the science 

correctly? That’s for cross-examination.” Id. at 79. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court determined that a Frye

hearing was necessary for Batterman and Kolmus to “present their 

methodology.” Id. at 132. The trial court memorialized its decision in an 

order filed September 25, 2014, directing all parties to appear “for a Frye

hearing challenging the methodology of [the Estate’s] expert witnesses, 

[Batterman and Kolmus].” Order, 9/25/14, at 2. Subsequently, on 

September 30, 2014, the Estate filed a memorandum of law substantiating 

its position that the decision of the court to hold a Frye hearing was 

inappropriate because its expert witnesses utilized non-novel science, and 

the opposing parties were simply objecting to the witnesses’ conclusions. 

After what can only be described as a torturous back-and-forth 

regarding scheduling, the Frye hearing was held on October 1, 2014. At the 

outset of the hearing, there was some discussion between the Estate and the 

trial court as to the correct procedural posture of the hearing. The Estate 

offered that, because the trial court had ordered a Frye hearing, it had 

impliedly ruled that that novel science was involved. The Estate thus 

contended that it carried the initial burden on the question of the novelty of 

the science employed by its experts. Frye Hearing, 10/1/14, at 6. The trial 

court disputed this characterization, and opined: “[T]he defense has alleged 
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that there was no methodology put forward. So we don’t even get to the 

novelness [sic] of it until there’s a methodology outlined.” Id. at 6. The 

Estate then proceeded to question Batterman as to his credentials, 

background, and published articles in the area of accident reconstruction. In 

the context of this questioning, Batterman explained: “Automobile 

construction is nothing more than the application of Newton’s law of 

mechanics to the physical facts which may be left at an accident scene by an 

automobile or automobiles.” Id. at 31. When the Estate later posed the 

quintessential question about the scientific principles utilized by Batterman 

in the field of study relevant to the litigation, Batterman responded: “[T]he 

basic principles here are Newton’s laws of mechanics which were first 

promulgated in 1686 and are universal.” Id. at 39. Batterman repeated 

this description after the trial court’s direct question to the witness 

concerning methodology: “The methodology [is] Newton’s laws of 

mechanics applied to the physical facts left at the accident.” Id. at 45. 

Giftwares commenced its cross-examination of Batterman by stating: 

“So I’m going to ask you a couple of questions about your conclusions, if you 

don’t mind.” Frye Hearing, 10/1/14, at 50. The Estate objected on the 

basis that conclusions are not at issue in a Frye hearing. Id. Although the 

trial court overruled the objection, the Estate continually objected to the 

nature of the cross-examination questions as beyond the proper scope of a 

Frye hearing. The trial court consistently overruled each objection. 
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The questioning of Kolmus traveled a more conventional path. The 

Estate elicited information from the witness regarding his qualifications as an 

expert in civil engineering. Frye Hearing, 10/1/14, at 123–146. Kolmus 

then explained that he prepared his report based upon depositions, a 

reenactment video and photographs created by police investigating the 

accident, a survey, and discovery of the parties. Id. at 148. Kolmus also 

testified that he visited the site at both day and night to evaluate the 

roadway conditions. Id. After he gathered his information, he compared it 

to “what standards and practice were in the field for the various conditions 

that I found in the field and from that and from the testimony in evidence, I 

drew conclusions and eventually opinions.” Id. at 149–150. 

Following the Frye hearing, on October 8, 2014, the trial court issued 

findings of fact, conclusions of law, and an order precluding the bulk of 

Batterman’s expert testimony and Kolmus’s testimony in its entirety. The 

trial court determined that Kolmus’s report was “devoid of methodology 

generally accepted in the civil engineering community, and/or provides lay 

opinion, and/or renders legal conclusions, and/or fails to cite facts upon 

which the opinion is based.” Order, 10/8/14, at 23. As to Batterman, the 

trial court concluded that his expert opinion as to the manner in which 

Giftwares parked its trailers contributed to the severity of the accident, the 

impact speed of Sullivan’s vehicle, the role that the railroad tracks 

contributed to the loss of control of the vehicle, and the hazards posed by 
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Giftwares’ maintenance of the trailer parking area, were “not supported by 

methodology generally accepted in the engineering and biomechanical 

community.” Order, 10/8/14, at 24. Batterman was permitted to offer his 

opinion that the damage to Sullivan’s vehicle “was caused by an underride 

that resulted in the fatal injuries sustained by Ashley Bouher while she was 

seated in the vehicle.” Id. at 25. 

In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, the Estate alleged nine trial court 

errors concerning the applicability of Frye, the conduct of the Frye hearing, 

and the trial court’s eventual exclusion of the majority of the Estate’s 

experts’ opinions. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court did not respond 

to the Estate’s general averment that it abused its discretion when it 

determined that Frye applied to the Estate’s experts’ opinions. As to the 

appropriateness of the hearing itself, the trial court quoted extensively from 

the discussion between the Estate and the court as to the procedural 

mechanics of the hearing, but offered no comment on whether the hearing 

was conducted properly. Finally, as to its ultimate decision regarding the 

exclusion of most of Batterman’s and all of Kolmus’s testimonies, the court 

referred this Court to its October 8, 2014 findings of fact, conclusions of law, 

and order “in lieu of reiterating its reasoning herein.” Trial Court Opinion, 

2/23/15, at 32. 

In its appellate brief, the Estate narrows its argument as to whether 

the trial court erred in ordering a Frye hearing and then failed to conduct a 
J-A20028-15

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procedurally proper Frye hearing. The Estate urges that its experts utilized 

non-novel science that did not warrant a Frye hearing. The Estate also 

avers that because the trial court inappropriately conducted the hearing, its 

experts were improperly exposed to cross-examination regarding their 

conclusions. “‘[T]he admission of expert scientific testimony is an 

evidentiary matter for the trial court's discretion and should not be disturbed 

on appeal unless the trial court abuses its discretion.’” Commonwealth v. 

Safka, 95 A.3d 304, 307 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal granted in part, 104 

A.3d 525 (Pa. 2014) (quoting Commonwealth v. Harrell, 65 A.3d 420, 

430 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted)).

The Estate first challenges the trial court’s decision to hold a Frye

hearing. The Estate contends that neither Batterman nor Kolmus intended 

to offer “novel scientific evidence” requiring a Frye hearing; rather its 

experts utilized standard principles of engineering and physics. 

The admissibility of expert opinion is governed by Pennsylvania Rule of 

Evidence 702. The Rule provides that an expert witness may testify “in the 

form of an opinion if the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized 

knowledge is beyond that possessed by the average layman” and “will help 

the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact 

on issue[.]” Pa.R.E. 702(a), (b). The Rule also requires that “the expert’s 

methodology is generally accepted in the relevant field.” Pa.R.E. 702(c). 
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The Frye test is part of Rule 702. Grady, 839 A.2d at 1043. The test 

only applies where a party seeks to introduce novel scientific evidence from 

an expert scientific witness, and is not triggered “every time science enters 

the courtroom.” Trach v. Fellin, 817 A.2d 1102, 1108–1109 (Pa. Super. 

2003) (en banc) (emphasis added). Nonetheless, a “reasonably broad 

meaning should be ascribed to the term ‘novel,’” and “a Frye hearing is 

warranted when a trial judge has articulable grounds to believe that an 

expert witness has not applied accepted scientific methodology in a 

conventional fashion in reaching his or her conclusions.” Betz, 44 A.3d at 

53. Further, what constitutes novel scientific evidence is decided on a caseby-case basis. Commonwealth v. Dengler, 890 A.2d 372, 382 (Pa. 2005). 

The Frye test is a two-step process. Commonwealth v. Foley, 38 

A.3d 882, 888 (Pa. Super. 2012). First, the party opposing the evidence 

must show that the scientific evidence is “novel” by demonstrating “that 

there is a legitimate dispute regarding the reliability of the expert’s 

conclusions.” Id. If the moving party has identified novel scientific 

evidence, then the proponent of the scientific evidence must show that “the 

expert’s methodology has general acceptance in the relevant scientific 

community” despite the legitimate dispute. Id. (emphasis added); see also

Commonwealth v. Walker, 92 A.3d 766, 790 (Pa. 2014) (“[O]nce 

determined to be novel evidence, under Frye, the proponent must show that 
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the methodology is generally accepted by scientists in the relevant field, but 

need not prove the conclusions are generally accepted.”). 

Herein, the motions in limine and the argument propounding the 

necessity of the Frye hearing are profoundly lacking in reference to novel 

science relied upon by the Estate’s experts. Indeed, Giftwares 

acknowledged in its motions that Frye is not precisely implicated. Giftwares’ 

motion characterized Batterman’s expert report as “unique in the context of 

a Frye determination in that its failures are not due to its reliance on 

unreliable evidence but are rather due to its complete lack of scientific or 

technical foundation whatsoever.” Giftwares’ Motion in Limine to Preclude 

Batterman’s Report and Testimony, at 7 (emphasis in original). Giftwares 

further argued that Kolmus’s expert report “provides no explanation as to 

how the conclusions were reached. . . .” and “fails to identify any 

methodology or technical considerations let alone those accepted by the 

scientific community.” Giftwares’ Motion in Limine to Preclude Kolmus’s 

Report and Testimony, at 11. Later, Giftwares represented during the 

motion in limine hearing that its “Frye motion” was consistent with its 

position that Batterman “didn’t use a methodology that’s generally accepted 

in a number of areas in his report.” N.T. (Motion in Limine Hearing), 

9/15/14, at 64. It is therefore apparent that Giftwares’ request for a Frye

hearing was premised on a position that the experts provided no 

methodology, as opposed to novel methodology, in forming their opinions. 
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We do not agree that Frye applies when the question is a lack of 

methodology. The fact that Betz and Walker endorse a broad meaning of 

“novel” in no way dissipates the requirement that the moving party meet the 

threshold showing of novelty. See also Trach, 817 at 1110 (“[W]e are 

merely stating the law in Pennsylvania when we state that Frye applies only 

to novel science.”). And, while “novel science” has not been defined 

precisely, even a most lenient definition of the term would not include the 

concept of “no methodology.” Novelty remains the sine qua non of the 

threshold Frye inquiry.10

The trial court likewise erred in its understanding of the Frye inquiry. 

Despite the moving parties’ failure to interject the concept of novel science 

into its motions and argument, at the conclusion of the motion in limine

hearing, the trial court decided, without elaboration, that a Frye hearing was 

necessary for Batterman and Kolmus to “present their methodology.” N.T. 

(Motion in Limine Hearing), 9/15/14, at 132. While this statement could 

reasonably be interpreted as the court deciding that a novel science Frye

inquiry was necessary, at the outset of the Frye hearing itself, the trial court 

made the following statement disclosing its rationale for ordering the 

____________________________________________

10

 The Railroads also displayed a fundamental misunderstanding regarding 

the necessity of a Frye hearing. During the motion hearing, the Railroads 

asserted: “An opinion without fact violates Frye, the same as an incorrect 

arithmetical calculation.” N.T. (Motion in Limine Hearing), 9/15/14, at 82. 

Actually, neither an opinion without fact nor an incorrect calculation 

implicates Frye considerations. 
J-A20028-15

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hearing: “[T]he defense has alleged that there was no methodology put 

forward. So we don’t even get to the novelness of it until there’s a 

methodology outlined.” Frye Hearing, 10/1/14, at 6. Thus, the trial court 

incorrectly transposed the two-step Frye analysis. Rather than requiring the 

moving party to first demonstrate the utilization of novel science, the trial 

court inaccurately understood that the methodology itself was the threshold 

inquiry. This conclusion was in error and requires that we reverse the trial 

court’s decision to conduct a Frye hearing. 

Having so determined, we need not address the Estate’s argument 

that the trial court failed to conduct a procedurally proper Frye hearing. 

Additionally, because the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of 

Giftwares and the Railroads when the Estate conceded that it could not 

prove causation without its experts, the award of summary judgment must 

also be reversed and the matter remanded. This conclusion, however, does 

not end our review. As the matter is to be remanded, we must address the 

Estate’s final argument that the trial judge should have recused herself 

because she was unable to overcome her bias against the Estate’s counsel. 

Recusal

The Estate filed and served its recusal motion at the Frye hearing held 

on October 1, 2014. The motion alleged that a series of rulings against the 

Estate, i.e., the refusal to lift the protective order, the handling of the Frye

hearing, and the language employed by the court in a scheduling order 
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demonstrated that the trial court was unfairly biased. The trial court read 

the motion and denied it.

In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, the Estate alleged the following 

errors in the trial court’s denial of its recusal motion:

3. The Court committed an error in failing to correct the 

record and an order of the Court dated September 24, 2014 that 

the Court issued upon motion by Plaintiffs to do so. Said order 

deliberately distorted the record in an effort to make it appear as 

if Plaintiffs were non-compliant, which was demonstrably untrue 

and Plaintiffs in written motion asked the Court to correct the 

erroneous order.

4. The Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio committed an error 

regarding her recusal from the matter in the following ways.

a. The Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio committed a 

clear error in failing to even consider Plaintiffs’ 

motion for recusal properly.

b. The Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio committed an 

error by failing to even read Plaintiffs’ motion for a 

recusal prior to denying it.

c. The Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio committed an 

error by failing to properly consider the standard for 

recusal.

d. The Honorable Carolyn T. Carluccio committed an 

error, severely abused her discretion, and denied 

Plaintiffs due process of law, by continuing to preside 

over this matter despite overwhelming evidence of 

her bias against Plaintiffs.

Estate’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, 11/5/14, at 3–4. 

The trial court concluded that the recusal motion was time-barred 

because it was not raised “at the earliest possible moment. . . .” Trial Court 

Opinion, 2/23/15, at 38. It also proposed that the issue was waived 
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because the Estate did not object to the denial of the motion on the record. 

Id. at 39. On the merits, the trial judge noted that “[a]dverse rulings, 

without more, do not demonstrate the bias,” and that “a trial judge’s efforts 

to maintain orderly proceedings in the courtroom, in the face of the 

Appellant’s acknowledged intransigence and impertinence fall far short of 

proof of bias.” Id. at 41 (citations omitted). 

Our standard of review for a denial of recusal is well settled. The 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court presumes that this Commonwealth’s judges are 

“honorable, fair and competent,” and, in response to a recusal motion, are 

able “to determine whether they can rule impartially and without prejudice.” 

Commonwealth v. Druce, 848 A.2d 104, 109 (Pa. 2004). The party 

advocating recusal must produce evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or 

unfairness necessitating recusal, and the “decision by a judge against whom 

a plea of prejudice is made will not be disturbed except for an abuse of 

discretion.” Id. at 108 (quoting Commonwealth v. Darush, 459 A.2d 727, 

731 (Pa. 1983)). See also Becker v. M.S. Reilly, Inc., __ A.3d __, 2015 

PA Super 171 at * 1 (Pa. Super. 2015) (filed August 13, 2015) (“We review 

the trial court's denial of the recusal motion for abuse of discretion.”).

On appeal, the Estate claims that the trial court’s bias was exhibited 

by the following:

• Accommodating Defense Counsel for “big client meetings” 

by moving hearings 24 hours, yet refusing to move a hearing 

thirty (30) minutes for Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s childcare, or for 

Plaintiffs’ Counsel wife’s surgery.
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• Issuing a blatantly false Order (and not correcting it even 

upon oral notice and a written motion) painting Plaintiffs’ 

Counsel in a negative light.

• Refusing to enforce Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s subpoenas while 

threatening to sanction the “Plaintiffs” should their experts not 

appear, making Mrs. Bouher cry when counsel told her.

• Conducting a “Frye Hearing” without any justification and 

hijacking Plaintiffs’ ability to properly present evidence for a 

hearing that should never have occurred costing [P]laintiffs’ 

counsel tens of thousands of dollars in costs and time.

• The redrafting of a court order to ensure that Plaintiffs’ 

Counsel was no longer in compliance with the Order.

• Essentially adopting (often verbatim) whatever positions 

Defendants wanted her to with regard to Defendant Sullivan and 

Plaintiffs’ experts, regardless of whether there was a basis.

• Consistently berating Plaintiffs’ Counsel for being difficult 

or recalcitrant when Plaintiffs’ Counsel worked diligently to do 

everything asked of them.

Estate’s Brief at 53–54 (emphasis in original). 

Preliminarily, the Estate’s allegations of bias traceable to the trial 

court’s failure to consider its scheduling conflicts, the trial court’s refusal to 

enforce the Estate’s subpoenas, and the trial court’s acceptance of the 

opposing parties’ positions, are waived for failure to include these claims in 

its 1925(b) statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925 (b)(4)(vii) (issues not included 

in the 1925(b) statement are waived). The Estate’s remaining allegations of 

trial court bias fall into two categories—its rulings were not consistent with 

Pennsylvania law or procedure and the hostility that the Court evidenced 

against the Estate’s counsel. 
J-A20028-15

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As to the procedural concerns related to the motion, we first conclude 

that the Estate presented its recusal motion in a timely manner. Secondly, 

there is authority to support a finding of waiver for failure to note an 

objection on the record following the trial court’s denial of the motion. See 

Commonwealth v. King, 990 A.2d 1172, 1180 (Pa. Super. 2010) (holding 

that recusal argument was waived when the appellant did not object after 

judge refused to recuse himself). However, even if properly preserved, the 

Estate would not be entitled to relief on the merits. 

The Estate’s contention that the trial court’s bias was reflected in its 

rulings is not cognizable. As observed by the trial court, “a mere adverse 

ruling, without more, does not demonstrate the bias required for a recusal to 

be granted.” In re In the Interest of S.H., 879 A.2d 802, 808 (Pa. Super. 

2005) (quoting Arnold v. Arnold, 847 A.2d 674, 681 (Pa. Super. 2004)). 

Additionally, the Estate has presented its substantive objections to the trial 

court’s rulings to this Court in this appeal in which we have independently 

reviewed and decided.

The Estate also claims that certain of the trial court’s on-the-record 

statements and language in her 1925(a) opinion evidence open hostility to 

the Estate’s counsel. The Estate also submits de hors the record information 

concerning the historic animosity between the trial court and counsel. 

We have reviewed the trial court’s comments that the Estate cites as 

evidence of trial court bias. While the exchanges between the court and the 
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Estate’s counsel were often less than a model of professional civility, they 

did not rise to the level demonstrating either trial court bias or the 

appearance of bias requiring recusal. “A judge’s ordinary efforts at 

courtroom administration—even a stern and short-tempered judge’s ordinary 

efforts at courtroom administration—remain immune.” Commonwealth v. 

Kearney, 92 A.3d 51, 61 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quoting Liteky v. United 

States, 510 U.S. 540, 555–556 (1994)). The trial court’s statements and 

decisions that the Estate refers to as examples of bias are more correctly 

understood as the trial court’s attempt to maintain order in her courtroom. 

Accordingly, there was no abuse of discretion in her decision to deny the 

recusal motion. 

For the reasons explained above, we affirm the trial court’s rulings on 

the motion granting the protective order regarding Sullivan, the denial of the 

Estate’s motions to lift the protective order, and the denial of the Estate’s 

motion for recusal of the trial court. We reverse the trial court’s decision to 

conduct a Frye hearing and the order awarding summary judgment to 

Giftwares and the Railroads.

Order granting summary judgment reversed. Case remanded for 

proceedings consistent with this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judge Wecht joins the memorandum.

Judge Donohue Concurs in the Result.
J-A20028-15

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 10/23/2015