COMMITTEE ON RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE

OF THE

JUDICIAL CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20544

JOSEPH F WEIS, JR CHAIRMEN OF ADVISORY COMMITTEES

CHAIRMAN JON 0 NEWMAN

APPELLATE RULES

JOHN F GRADY

CIVIL RULES

JAMES E MACKLIN JR

SECRTARYLELAND C NIELSEN

CRIMINAL RULES

LLOYD D GEORGE

Memorandum BANKRUPTCYRULES

TO: Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure

FROM: Daniel R. Coquillette, Reporter, and

Mary P. Squiers, Director, Local Rules Project

RE: Report of the Local Rules Project:

Local Rules on Admiralty Practice

DATE: June 21, 1990

Attached for your review and comment at the meeting of the

Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure scheduled for July 12 and 13,

1990 is the Report of the Local Rules Project concerning the local rules on

admiralty practice. The Report consists of three sections. The format of this

material is quite similar to that of the Project Report on Local Civil Rules that

was sent to the jurisdictions last year.

The first section contains a suggested uniform numbering system

for the jurisdictions based on the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty

and Maritime Claims [hereinafter Supplemental Rules]. As you are aware, this

Committee recommended that a uniform numbering system, based on the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, be used by all jurisdictions when numbering

their local rules on civil practice. The Judicial Conference, at its September,

1988 meeting, approved this recommendation and urged the districts to adopt

such a uniform numbering system. See Report of the Judicial Conference

(September, 1988) 103. Consistent with that proposal, the Local Rules Project

now suggests that the numbering system for the admiralty rules correlate

with the Supplemental Rules.

The second section consists of a discussion and analysis of the

existing local rules on admiralty practice. The rules are discussed by topic.

The topics covered in this material are arranged according to the

Supplemental Rules. Within the discussion of each topic, the material is

further arranged into one or more of the following five categories: 1. Rules

that Should Remain Subject to Local Variation; 2. Rules that Should Become the

Subject of a Model Local Rule; 3. Rules that Repeat; 4. Rules that Conflict; and,

5. Rules that Form a Topic for Advisory Committee Review. There are local

rules which do not correspond to any existing provision of a Supplemental
Page 2

Rule. If such rules were appropriately the subject of one particular

Supplemental Rule, then the discussion was set forth under that Rule, as an additional subheading. If the rules did not relate to any Supplemental Rule, they were discussed under heading "G. Miscellaneous."

The third portion of the material are lists of the local admiralty rules

of each individual jurisdiction. Each of these lists contains the local admiralty

rules of a particular jurisdiction, using its original numbering system. Each

rule is numbered and, then, identified as a repetitive local rule, an

inconsistent local rule, a potential Model Local Rule, a rule that should remain

subject to local variation, or a rule that should be incorporated into the

Supplemental Rules. There is also a designation next to each of these local

rules indicating where in the materials the discussion on the particular rule

can be found.

This Report raises two issues which require Committee action:

1. The first concerns your approval of the Model Local Rules as

set forth in the analysis section of the material. There are six

Model Local Rules suggested by the Project.

2. The second concerns your approval of the Project's

recommendation that each of the ninety-four jurisdictions be

given this material. Although only thirty-seven jurisdictions

have local admiralty directives, it may be helpful for all of the

districts to receive copies of this material for several reasons.

First, any district may want to adopt the Model Local Rules.

Second, a district may be interested in adopting other admiralty local rules and this material may be of assistance.

Lastly, providing this information to all of the jurisdictions

may assist in the rulemaking process generally. Any of the

jurisdictions may be interested in commenting on possible

amendments to the Supplemental Rules suggested by the

Advisory Committee on Civil Rules as a result of this Report.
COMMITTEE ON RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE

OF THE

JUDICIAL CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20544

JOSEPH F. WEIS, JR. CHAIRMEN OF ADVISORY COMMITTEES

CHAIRMAN JON 0. NEWMAN

APPELLATE RULES

JOHN F. GRADY

CIVetL RULES

JAMES E. MACKLIN. JR.

SECRETARY LELAND C. NIELSEN

CRIMINAL RULES

LLOYD D. GEORGE

BANKRUPTCY RULES

REPORT OF THE LOCAL RULES PROJECT:

LOCAL RULES ON ADMIRALTY PROCEDURE

As authorized by the United States Judicial Conference

on the recommendation of the

Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure

Agenda 6-7

September 1984

Standing Committee Secretary

Hon. Joseph F. Weis, Jr. Chairman James E. Macklin, Jr.

Hon. George C. Pratt Deputy Director

Hon. Charles E. Wiggins Admin. Office of the

Hon. William 0. Bertelsman U.S. Courts

Hon. Robert E. Keeton

Hon. Sam C. Pointer, Jr. Reporter

Hon. Sarah Evans Barker Daniel R. Coquillette

Hon. Edwin J. Peterson Dean and Professor

Gael Mahony, Esq. Boston College Law School

W. Reece Bader, Esq.

Prof. Charles A. Wright Project Director

Prof. Thomas E. Baker Mary P. Squiers

Local Rules Project

(617) 552-8851
Uniform Numbering System for Local Admiralty Rules

Thirty-seven jurisdictions have local admiralty rules. Currently,

there is no uniform numbering system for these directives. Some of the

jurisdictions have admiralty rules which are simply numbered sequentially

beginning at "1". E.g., Southern District of Alabama; District of Alaska. Other

jurisdictions have admiralty rules which are arranged by topic, designated

with a "100," "200," or "300," followed by a hyphen and the rule number or

letter. E.g., District of Hawaii; Eastern District of California. Still other

jurisdictions have admiralty rules which are found in the district's other local

rules as one rule with numerous subparts. E.g., Middle District of Louisiana;

Western District of Louisiana; Northern District of Mississippi. Only several of

the jurisdictions have admiralty rules which are numbered to correspond to

the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims

[hereinafter Supplemental Rules]. E.g., Central District of California; District

of Maryland; Eastern District of Virginia.

The Judicial Conference has recommended that a uniform

numbering system be adopted which would standardize the numbering of the

local rules on civil practice. See Report of the Judicial Conference (September,

1988) 103. Such a uniform system has many advantages. It would be helpful to

the bar in locating rules applicable to a particular subject. This is especially

important for those attorneys with multi-district practices. It is also

significant for any attorney needing to locate a particular rule or to learn

whether a local rule on a specific topic exists in the first instance. In the past,

it has been difficult to find any case law relating to a particular local rule, in

part because there is no uniform numbering. The uniform system will also

0I
2

ease the incorporation of local rules into the various indexing services such as

West Publishing Company and the Lexis computer services.

The Report of the Local Rules Project examining the local rules on

civil practice which was sent to the chief judges of the district courts in the

spring of 1989 suggested a uniform numbering system based on the

numbering system already used for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This

system is already familiar to the bar. Consistent with that proposal, the Local

Rules Project now suggests that the numbering system for the admiralty rules

correlate with the Supplemental Rules.

What follows, therefore, is a numbering system for admiralty local

rules proposed by the Local Rules Project which tracks the Supplemental

Rules. Each local rule corresponds to the letter of the related Supplemental

Rule. For example, the designation "LRC(1).I" refers to the local rule entitled:

. "Undertaking in Lieu of Arrest." The designation "LR" indicates it is a local

rule; the letter "C" indicates that the local rule is related to Supplemental Rule

C; the number "(1)" after the letter "C" indicates that the rule specifically

addresses the first part of Supplemental Rule C; and, the number "1" after the

period indicates that it is the first local rule concerning Supplemental Rule

C(1).
3

Uniform Numbering System

A. Scope of Rules

LRA.1 Scope of the Rules.

B. Attachment and Garnishment: Special Provisions

LRB(1).1 Contents of the Affidavit.

LRB(1).2 Issuance of Process.

LRB(2).1 Default Judgment.

C. Actions in Rem: Special Provisions

LRC(1).I Undertaking in Lieu of Arrest.

LRC(3).I Actions in Rem-Intangible Property.

LRC(4).1 Notice.

D. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions.

E. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General

Provisions.

LRE(2)(b).1 Security for Costs.

LRE(3).1 Instructions to the Marshal.

LRE(3).2 Process in In Forma Pauperis Actions.

LRE(4)(b).1 Custody of Property.

LRE(4)(e).I Responsibilities of the Marshal.

LRE(4)(f).1 The Post-Arrest or Post-Attachment Hearing.

LRE(5)(a).1 Appraisal.

LRE(5)(b).1 General Bond.

LRE(5)(c). 1 Release by Consent or Stipulation.

LRE(9)(b). I Interlocutory Sales.

LRE(9)(c). 1 Sales.

F. Limitation of Liability.

LRF(1).1 Security for Costs.
4

LRF(4).I Notice to Claimants.

LRF(7).1 Appraisal.

LRF(10).1 Order of Proof at Trial.

G. Miscellaneous.

LRG.1 Taxation of Costs.

LRG.2 Assignment of Actions

LRG.3 Stay of Execution.

LRG.4 Dismissal.

LRG.5 Jury Trial Election.

LRG.6 Discovery.

LRG.7 Summary Determination.

LRG.8 Bifurcation.
Local Rules Addressing Admiralty Practice

A. Scope of the Rules (Page 2)

B. Attachment and Garnishment: Special Provisions (Page 9)

1. When Available: Complaint, Affidavit, Judicial Authorization, and

Process (Page 9).

a. The Complaint (Page 9).

b. The Affidavit (Page 12).

c. The Process (Page 14).

2. Notice to Defendant (Page 16).

3. Answer (Page 18).

C. Actions in Rem: Special Provisions (Page 20)

1. When Available (Page 20).

2. Complaint (Page 21).

3. Judicial Authorization and Process (Page 24).

4. Notice (Page 26).

5. Ancillary Process (Page 28).

6. Claim and Answer; Interrogatories (Page 28).

7. Default (Page 30).

D. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions (Page 32)

E. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions

(Page 34)

1. Applicability (Page 34).

2. Complaint; Security (Page 34).

a. Complaint (Page 35).

b. Security for Costs (Page 38).

3. Process (Page 39).

4. Execution of Process; Marshal's Return... (Page 41).
a. In General (Page 41).

b. Tangible Property (Page 42).

c. Intangible Property (Page 46).

d. Directions with Respect to Property in Custody (Page 46).

e. Expenses of Seizing and Keeping Property; Deposit

(Page 46).

5. Release of Property (Page 50).

a. Special Bond (Page 50).

b. General Bond (Page 52).

c. Release by Consent of Stipulation;.... (Page 53).

d. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions (Page 55).

6. Reduction or Impairment of Security (Page 55).

7. Security on Counterclaim (Page 56).

8. Restricted Appearance (Page 56).

9. Disposition of Property; Sales (Page 56).

10. Intervention and Joinder (Page 58).

F. Limitation of Liability (Page 61)

1. Time for Filing Complaint; Security (Page 61).

2. Complaint (Page 63).

3. Claims Against Owner; Injunction (Page 65).

4. Notice to Claimants (Page 65).

5. Claims and Answer (Page 69).

6. Information to Be Given Claimants (Page 70).

7. Insufficiency of Fund or Security (Page 70).

8. Objections to Claims; Distribution of Fund (Page 74).

9. Venue; Transfer (Page 74).

10. Order of Proof at Trial (Page 74).

•l, ~ ~ .~ ~ .• ~ •~ ~ ['I••r,, ~ ~ ~ I / Ar' N 
i11

1. Rate of Prejudgment Interest (Page 74).

2. Deserting Seamen (Page 75).

3. Taxation of Costs (Page 76).

4. Assignment of Actions (Page 78).

5. Stay of Execution (Page 78).

6. Dismissal (Page 79).

7. Jury Trial Election (Page 80).

8. Discovery (Page 81).

9. Rules for Summary Determination (Page 81).

10. Bifurcation (Page 82).

11. Other Matters (Page 82).
Thirty-seven jurisdictions have local rules augmenting the

Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims [hereinafter

Supplemental Rules]. What follows is a discussion of those rules. The rules are

discussed by topic. Within each topic, the rules are further arranged into one

or more of the following five categories: 1. Rules that Should Remain Subject

to Local Variation; 2. Rules that Should Become the Subject of a Model Local

Rule; 3. Rules that Repeat; 4. Rules that Conflict; and, 5. Rules that Form a

Topic for Advisory Committee Review.

Each of the topics is set forth under its corresponding Supplemental

Rule. Accordingly, local rules concerning the procedure to obtain a default in

an attachment proceeding, for example, would be discussed under subheading

"(2) Notice to Defendant" of heading "B. Attachment and Garnishment:

Special Provisions" since default in an attachment proceeding is found,

generally, in Supplemental Rule B(2). Similarly, local rules relating to the

need for any security for costs in an admiralty proceeding are discussed under

subheading "(2)(b) Security for Costs" of heading "E. Actions in Rem and Quasi

in Rem: General Provisions" since this issue is presented in Supplemental

Rule E(2)(b). If there are no local rules under a particular subheading, the

subheading is set forth, but without any text.

There are local rules which do not correspond to any existing

provision of a Supplemental Rule. If such rules were appropriately the

subject of one particular Supplemental Rule, then the discussion was set forth

under that Rule, as an additional subheading. For example, the discussion of

local rules addressing default in Supplemental Rule C actions was set forth as

subheading "(7) Default" of heading "C. Actions in Rem: Special Provisions",

since there was no existing subheading for such rules. If the rules did not

relate to any Supplemental Rule, they were discussed under heading "G.
Page 2

Miscellaneous". For example, rules on the rate of prejudgment interest are

found under subheading "(1) Rate of Prejudgment Interest" of heading "G.

Miscellaneous".

A. Scope of the Rules

Thirty-one jurisdictions have local admiralty rules relating to the

scope of these local rules. Thirty of these jurisdictions have local rules which

explain the applicability of such rules in their respective jurisdictions. The

Local Rules Project recommends that the jurisdictions adopt one Model Local

Rule that covers, generally, the issues addressed in these existing local rules.

That Model Local Rule is set forth below. The other jurisdiction has a local rule

that repeats existing law and should, therefore, be rescinded. In addition, six

of the thirty jurisdictions have local rules that either repeat or conflict with

existing law and should also be rescinded.

MODEL LOCAL RULE

The full text of the Model Local Rule recommended by the Local Rules

Project is set forth below. A detailed discussion of each of the subsections

follows.

Model Local Rule A.1

Scope of the Rules.

(a) Title and Citation. These Rules shall be known as

the Local Admiralty Rules of the United States District Court

for the District of _. They may be cited as

"_.D.. LR_."

(b) Effective Date. These Rules become effective on

S
Page 3

(c) Scope of Rules. These Rules apply to admiralty and

maritime claims within the meaning of Rule 9(h) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and remedies within the

meaning of Supplemental Rule A of the Supplemental Rules

for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims [hereinafter

Supplemental Rules]. Other local civil rules of this district are

also applicable except to the extent they are inconsistent with

the Supplemental Rules or with these local admiralty rules.

(d) Relationship to Prior Rules; Actions Pending

on Effective Date. These local admiralty rules supersede all

previous local admiralty rules. They shall govern all

applicable proceedings brought after they take effect. They

shall also apply to all proceedings pending at the time they

take effect, except to the extent that, in the opinion of the

court, the application thereof would not be feasible or would

work injustice, in which event the former rules shall govern.

(e) Definitions. The following definitions shall apply:

1.

2.

DISCUSSION

Subsection (a) of this Model Local Rule includes the title and citation

form for the local admiralty rules. Currently, there is no uniform citing

system and title for local admiralty rules in the districts. In fact, only eight

jurisdictions provide a title for the rules and eleven jurisdictions set forth a

citation form. The Southern District of Alabama, for example, calls its rules

. "Admiralty Supplemental Rules" (S.D.Ala. ALR1), while the District of Alaska
Page 4

names its rules: "Local Admiralty Rules" (D.Alaska LARI). A local admiralty

rule for the Middle District of Florida requires that a rule in that district be

cited as "Supplemental Rule (__)." M.D.Fla. LR7.01(b). Other jurisdictions

require that the rules be cited as "Local Admiralty Rules." E.D.Wash. LAR100;

W.D.Wash. LAR100; N.D.Ohio LAR1.01 (rules are cited in the same manner "or

abbreviated as 'L.Adm.R.'."). The rules for the District of New Jersey "may be

cited by the letters 'LAR' and the lower case letters and numbers in

parentheses" (D.N.J. LAR(b)(1)); "[t]he lower case letter is intended to associate

the local admiralty rule with the Supplemental Rule that bears the same

capital letter (D.N.J. LAR(a)(2)). The "Local Rules of Admiralty Practice for the

United States District Court for the District of Oregon .... may be cited as

'L.R. '." D.Or. LR1000-1. Other jurisdictions have no directives in the local

rules concerning how the rules must be cited. E.g., Western District of

* Pennsylvania; Eastern District of Wisconsin.

The Local Rules Project recommends a standard method of labeling

and citing all local rules. This method is set forth in subsection (a) of the

Model Local Rule, infra. The format used consists of the abbreviation of the

district court, followed by the designation "LR" to denote a local rule, the letter

of the related Supplemental Rule and then a number referring to the

subsection of the related Supplemental Rule. Accordingly, a local rule

concerning the provision of security in a limitation of liability proceeding in

the Western District of Pennsylvania would be cited as: "W.D.Pa. LRF(1)."

A standard and uniform system of labeling and citing the local rules

is, for several reasons, preferable to the variations which currently exist.

First, uniformity among the jurisdictions will be helpful, to those attorneys

with multi-state practices. Second, uniformity will assist the companies that

index legal materials. This is particularly significant for those companies that
Page 5

have computer systems which rely on exact citation forms for retrieving

information. For example, a user of a computer research system who attempts

to find cases challenging a particular local supplemental rule, and who types a

rule number which deviates only slightly from the form used by the

jurisdiction may not find the information requested. Lastly, the citation form

employs the district court abbreviations already in use when citing district

court opinions so all attorneys can easily conform to the method.

Subsection (b) of the Model Local Rule sets forth the effective date

of the local admiralty rules. This subsection simply provides a sentence

indicating that the rules become effective on a particular date. The date is

inserted by the individual jurisdiction in the blank space provided.

Subsection (c) of the Model Local Rule concerns the applicability

and scope of the rules. Twenty-nine of the jurisdictions have similar

. provisions, listing what actions the local admiralty rules "apply to." E.g.,

S.D.Ala. ALR1; C.D.Cal. LRA.1; E.D.Wis. LR22.01. The first sentence of the Model

Local Rule is taken, almost verbatim, from the Local Rule of the Northern

District of Florida. N.D.FIa. LARt. It indicates that these local rules apply to

admiralty and maritime claims as defined by Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure and remedies as defined by Supplemental Rule A. The second

sentence of this subsection is intended to assure that, although the district's

other local rules on civil practice also apply to these proceedings, the local

admiralty rules, along with the Supplemental Rules, take precedence over

other such rules.

Subsection (d) of the Model Local Rule provides that the local

admiralty rules supersede all previous admiralty rules promulgated by the

court. Only one jurisdiction has a local rule that specifically discusses this

issue:
Page 6

Actions presently docketed as Admiralty actions will continue

as docketed. Further proceedings in all Admiralty and

Maritime actions to which these rules apply, however

docketed, will be governed by these Rules.

S.D.Fla. LAR1(B).

Subsection (d) also includes a provision which allows the court to use the

previous local admiralty rules, when necessary, in cases that are pending at

the time the new local supplemental rules become effective. This sentence is

more flexible than that in the local rule of the Southern District of Florida

which does not allow the use of the new rules, after their promulgation, in

pending actions.

Subsection (e) of the Model Local Rule includes any definitions a

district court may find necessary to state. Nine jurisdictions have similar

"definitions" section. E.g., N.D.Cal. LR600-2; D.Haw. LR600-2; D.Md. LAR(a)(3).

Two local rules give the authority for the rules' existence. W.D.Pa.

LAR(a)(1); E.D.Va. LAR(a)(1). While these provisions may be appropriate for

0 inclusion in an order adopting the local rules, it appears unnecessary to

include them in the rules themselves. Such a statement, therefore, has been

omitted from the Model Local Rule.

A RULE THAT REPEATS

One jurisdiction has a rule that reiterates that the Supplemental

Rules "govern all admiralty and maritime actions in this Court." E.D.Tex. LR16.

The "Advisory Notes" for this rule indicate that it is "merely for the

information of the Bar." E.D.Tex. LR16 Advisory Note. Such a rule is

unnecessary since members of the Bar should know this fact based on their

familiarity with the Supplemental Rules.

0
Page 7

RULES THAT REPEAT OR CONFLICT

Seven jurisdictions have local rules requiring a designation in the

complaint that the case is an admiralty case. N.D.Fla. LAR; M.D.Fla. LR7.01(d);

S.D.Fla. LAR7(A); S.D.Ga. LAR7(A); E.D.Wis. LR22.02; E.D.Cal. LR510(a); E.D.N.C.

LR87.00(a). These rules either conflict with or repeat existing law and should,

therefore, be rescinded.

For example, the Northern District of Florida has a local rule that

requires that any person intending to file a claim for relief within the

admiralty jurisdiction of the court which is also within the jurisdiction of the

federal court on other grounds insert the following "identifying statement in

the first paragraph of the initial pleading":

'This is an admiralty or Maritime claim within the meaning of

Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for the

United States District Courts.'

N.D.Fla. LAR2(A).

This rule also requires that a seaman setting forth a claim for relief insert the

following statement in the first paragraph of the initial pleading:

'This is a Seaman's Suit within the meaning of Title 28, United

States Code, Section 1916.'

Id. at (B).

To the extent these provisions require the pleader to choose to have

the claim heard pursuant to the court's admiralty jurisdiction, they repeat

Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h). That Rule

provides for the same election:

A pleading or count setting forth a claim for relief within the

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction that is also within the

jurisdiction of the district court on some other ground may

contain a statement identifying the claim as an admiralty or

maritime claim....

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h).
Page 8

See also 28 U.S.C. §1331(1) ("The district courts shall have original

jurisdiction...of [a]ny civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to

suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled").

To the extent, however, that these directives preclude a party from

maintaining an action pursuant to the court's admiralty jurisdiction if the

person has not provided the precise required statement, they are inconsistent

with several Federal Rules. Rule 9(h) recognizes that, in some instances,

jurisdiction is only in admiralty, regardless of any statements made by a party:

If the claim is cognizable only in admiralty, it is an admiralty

or maritime claim for those purposes whether so identified or

not.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h).

These directives also conflict with Federal Rules 8, concerning the content of

an allegation of jurisdiction, and 10, concerning the form of allegations

generally, by requiring specific language. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8, 10. Under Rule 8

"[n]o technical forms of pleadings or motions are required." Fed. R. Civ. P.

8(e)(1). With respect to specific allegations of jurisdiction, Rule 8(a) provides:

A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an

original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party

claim, shall contain, (1) a short and plain statement of the

grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unless

the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new

grounds of jurisdiction to support it....

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

Rule 10 sets out the general form of pleadings and does not require any special

language. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10.

The other six jurisdictions have local rules concerning the content

of the caption of a complaint. For example, the local rule in the Middle District

of Florida requires:

Every complaint filed as a Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(h) action shall boldly

set forth the words 'IN ADMIRALTY' following the designation 0 of the court. This requirement is in addition to any statements
Page 9

which may be contained in the body of the complaint.

M.D.Fla. LR7.01(d).

To the extent this rule precludes the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction by the

district court in the absence of the required designation, it is inconsistent with

Rules 9(h), 8, and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(h),

8, 10; see discussion of N.D.Fla. LAR2, supra.

B. Attachment and Garnishment: Special Provisions

1. When Available; Complaint, Affidavit, Judicial Authorization, and Process

Twenty-five jurisdictions have local rules concerning the procedure

in attachment and garnishment actions found in subsection (1) of

Supplemental Rule B. These rules address three topics: 1. The verification of

the complaint; 2. The contents of the affidavit which must accompany the

complaint; and, 3. The method for process to issue, generally. These topics will

be discussed below.

a. The Complaint

Twenty-one jurisdictions have local rules concerning the need for

verification of Supplemental Rule B complaints. Some of these rules should be

rescinded because they repeat existing law. Others should be rescinded

because they are inconsistent with existing law.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Eighteen of the twenty-one jurisdictions have local rules that repeat

the requirement in Supplemental Rule B(1) that a complaint be verified. E.g.,

E.D.Mo. LAR4; E.D.Wis. LR22.03; S.D.Fla. LAR8. These rules are simply

unnecessary.
Page 10

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Twenty of the twenty-one jurisdictions have local rules that define

the form of the required verification and who can verify. E.g., E.D.Wis.

LR22.03; S.D.Ga. LAR8; D.Alaska LAR2. These rules, generally, provide that

someone other than the party or an officer of a corporate party can verify.

E.g., M.D.Fla. LR7.01(e); E.D.N.C. LR88; E.D.Mo. LAR4. One of the jurisdictions

states that a verification made by someone not a party "will be deemed to be

that of the party, as if verified personally." S.D.Ala. ALR6. Several of the

jurisdictions provide that an interested party may move for the personal oath

of a party if another person, such as an agent or attorney of the party, makes

the verification at the outset. E.g., E.D.Cal. LR511; S.D. Ala. ALR6; E.D.Wis.

LR22.03. At least two of the districts provide that the personal oath can be

secured by an interested party "on good cause." E.g., E.D.Wash. LAR105;

. W.D.Wash. LAR105. These local rules are inconsistent with existing law in

several respects and should be rescinded.

First, they are inconsistent with Supplemental Rule B(1) which

anticipates that the verification of a complaint be made by a party. Fed. R. Civ.

P. Supp.R. B(1). That Supplemental Rule reads, in relevant part:

With respect to any admiralty or maritime claim in personam

a verified complaint may contain a prayer for process ....

Such a complaint shall be accompanied by an affidavit signed

by the plaintiff or the plaintiffs attorney....

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1).

This subsection indicates that the affidavit, stating that the defendant cannot

be found within the district, can be signed by someone other than the

plaintiff. There is no similar provision with respect to the verification of the

complaint. If the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules had intended that a nonparty could verify the complaint, it could have easily provided for this in the

Rule.
Page 11

In addition, these local rules are inconsistent with the intent of

Section 1746 of Title 28, which provides an alternative method for verification

of documents. 28 U.S.C. §1746. Before this statute was enacted, a person,

seeking to verify a document, had to sign the document before a personal

legally authorized to administer oaths, such as a notary public. H.R. No. 1616,

94th Cong., 2d Sess. 1, reprinted in 1976 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 5644.

This was viewed as an inconvenient procedure because it generally required

additional documents "to prove such things as the authority of the officer who

administers the oath and the authenticity of his seal." Id. Section 1746 permits

the signer to subscribe to a document "executed subject to the penalties of

perjury. Id. at 2. Although Section 1746 was designed to make the verification

process easier, it was not amended to permit someone else to verify a document

even, when such a substitution may be easier. If Congress had been willing to

permit an alternate person to verify a document, Congress could have easily

made this allowance in Section 1746.

Lastly, these local rules are inconsistent with existing case law

which indicates that, when verification of a complaint is required, it must be

made by the plaintiff. For example, in the context of a shareholder's

derivative action, the Supreme Court has explained that Rule 23.1 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which states that "the complaint shall be

verified" (Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1), requires "that a shareholder's complaint ... be

verified by the plaintiff." Surowitz v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 383 U.S. 363, 365

(footnote omitted), rehearing den'd 384 U.S. 915 (1966). This was mandated

although the plaintiff did not base the verification on her own knowledge or

information but on the advice provided her by her son-in-law. Id. at 370-71;

cf. Surowitz, supra, at 374, Harlan, J., concurring, stating that a reasonable

interpretation of the Federal Rule is that a verification from an attorney is
Page 12

. sufficient. Accordingly, to determine the validity of the verification, the court

must be assured

that some person, party, attorney, advisor, or otherwise has

responsibly investigated the allegations at the behest of the

named plaintiff, who then stands behind the merits of the

complaint.

Rogosin v. Steadman, 65 F.R.D. 365, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 1974).

See also, Surowitz, supra; Brown v. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, 96 F.R.D. 64 (N.D.Ill.

1982). In the admiralty context, it has also been recognized that "it is not

required that the verifying plaintiff have detailed personal knowledge."

United States v. Banco Cafetero International, 608 F.Supp. 1394, 1400 (S.D.N.Y.

1985) (quoting Rogosin, supra, at 367). Rather, it is sufficient that the plaintiff

is satisfied that the averments in the complaint are true, "based either upon

his own knowledge or upon information and belief." Id. at 1400 (quoting 7A J.

Moore & A. Palaez, Moore's Federal Practice ¶B.09 at B-402 (2d ed. 1983)).

b. The Affidavit

Seventeen jurisdictions have local rules concerning the need for an

affidavit to establish that the defendant is not within the district. E.g., W.D.Pa.

LAR(b)(1); D.Alaska LAR5(A); E.D.Mich. LR34. Supplemental Rule B(1) requires

the plaintiff to provide an affidavit:

Such a complaint shall be accompanied by an affidavit signed

by the plaintiff or by the plaintiffs attorney that, to the

affiant's knowledge, or to the best of the affiant's information

and belief, the defendant cannot be found within the district.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1).

RULES THAT REPEAT

Three jurisdictions have local rules that repeat, generally, the

applicability of Supplemental Rule B(1). N.D.Fla. LAR13; S.D.Ga. LAR7(E);

E.D.Mich. LR34. These rules are unnecessary.
Page 13

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Twelve of the seventeen jurisdictions have local rules that set forth,

in minor detail, the required contents of the affidavit. E.g., N.D.Cal. LR603;

D.Md. LAR(b); D.Or. LR1015-2. These rules provide that the affidavit must state

"with particularity the efforts made to locate the defendant in the district."

W.D.Wash. LAR115(b); E.D.Wash. LARl15(b). Supplemental Rule B(1) places the

burden on the plaintiff at the outset of establishing that the defendant cannot

be found within the district and requires the court to make its determination

as to whether the process of attachment and garnishment shall issue based on

a review of this affidavit. The requirements in these local rules may be

helpful to the court in making this determination.

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Six jurisdictions have local rules that conflict with Supplemental

Rule B(1) and should, therefore, be rescinded. C.D.Cal LRB; N.D.Cal. LR603;

E.D.Cal. LR510(d); M.D.Fla. LR7.02(a); E.D.N.C. LR82.00(c); E.D.Va. LAR(b)(1).

These rules seek to define the phrase: "the defendant cannot be found within

the district." See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1); e.g., C.D.Cal. LRB (means that "the

defendant cannot be served with the summons and complaint as provided in

FRCivP 4(d)"); E.D.Va. LAR(b)(1) (means that "the defendant cannot be served

with the summons and complaint as provided in Federal Rule 4(d)"). The Notes

from the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules concerning Supplemental Rule

B(1) acknowledge that the prior Admiralty Rules did not define this clause and

that this Supplemental Rule likewise made no attempt at a definition.

Fed.R.Civ.P. Supp.R. B Advisory Committee Notes. Rather, the Advisory

Committee recognized that "[t]he subject seems one best left for the time being
Page 14

to development on a case-by-case basis." Id. Relying on a local rule on the

subject is contrary to relying on case law development.

TOPICS FOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE REVIEW

The Advisory Committee on Civil Rules may want to consider

amending Supplemental Rule B(1) to incorporate two topics addressed by local

rules that concern the use of affidavits. See discussions of topics, supra. The

Advisory Committee may want to consider amending Supplemental Rule B(1) to

require that the affidavit state with particularity the efforts used to locate the

defendant. Secondly, the Advisory Committee may want to consider defining

the phrase: "the defendant cannot be found within the district," to reflect the

current case law and practice in this area.

c. The Process

Twenty jurisdictions have local rules discussing, in some fashion,

the procedure used to issue process of an attachment or garnishment. E.g.,

D.Alaska LAR5(B); E.D.Pa. LAR4; E.D.Va. LAR(b)(4). Supplemental Rule B(1)

provides that the complaint and affidavit shall be reviewed by the court to

determine if process shall issue. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1). If, however, the

plaintiff or the plaintiffs attorney certifies "that exigent circumstances make

review by the court impracticable," then the clerk may issue the process and

the plaintiff, at a post-attachment hearing, must establish that exigent

circumstances did, in fact, exist. Id.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Six jurisdictions have local rules that should remain subject to local

variation because they are appropriate additions to Supplemental Rule B(1). .Five of the jurisdictions have local rules explaining that, if the plaintiff is
Page 15

invoking state procedures to attach or garnish, as allowed in Supplemental

Rule B(1), the process must state that fact. D.Md. LAR(b); D.N.J. LAR(b)(2);

E.D.Va. LAR(b)(4); E.D.N.C. LR82.00(c); W.D.Pa. LAR(g)(2). Five of the districts

have local rules providing that the review of the complaint and affidavit "is

conducted in the absence of the affiant party or attorney." E.D.Cal. LR512(c);

see also W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(3); E.D.Va. LAR(e)(4); D.Md. LAR(e)(4); D.N.J. LAR(e)(4).

RULES THAT REPEAT

Five jurisdictions have local rules that repeat existing Federal Rules

and should, therefore, be rescinded. Three of the jurisdictions have local rules

that repeat many of the provisions of Supplemental Rule B(1). E.D.La. LR25.01;

M.D.La. LR25.01; W.D.La. LR25.01. A local rule in the Eastern District of North

Carolina repeats that Supplemental Rule B(1) is applicable. E.D.N.C. LR81.00(c).

A local rule in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania repeats Rule 4(c) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. E.D.Pa. LAR4(A).

RULES THAT REPEAT OR CONFLICT

Eleven jurisdictions have local rules that either repeat or conflict

with existing law and should, therefore, be rescinded.

Ten of these jurisdictions have local rules that repeat, in large

measure, the requirement of Supplemental Rule B(1) that the complaint and

affidavit are reviewed by the court. E.g., W.D.Wash. LARl15(c); E.D.N.C.

LR81.00(a); N.D.Fla. LAR13. Yet, these rules alter the anticipated practice

under Supplemental Rule B(1) because they do not repeat all of the

Supplemental Rule and because they seem to change the standards set forth in

that Rule. For example, the local rules in most of these jurisdictions state that

"the complaint and accompanying affidavit must be reviewed by a judge."

W.D.Wash. LARI15(c); E.D.Wash. LAR1l5(c); E.D.N.C. LR81.00(a). These local
Page 16

rules omit any discussion of the provision in Supplemental Rule B(l) that, if

exigent circumstances exist, no pre-attachment review is required. Fed. R. Civ.

P. Supp.R. B(l). To the extent 'these local rules intend to require preattachment court review in all instances, they are inconsistent with

Supplemental Rule B(1). In addition, several of these local rules state that the

court will issue the process of attachment and garnishment only if "probable

cause exists." M.D.Fla. LR7.02(c); see also D.Alaska LAR5(b); D.Or. LR1015-3. The

standard provided in Supplemental Rule B(1) for issuing process is: "if the

conditions set forth in this rule appear to exist." To the extent the standard in

the local rules differs from that in the Supplemental Rule, these local rules are

inconsistent with the Supplemental Rule.

A local rule in the Eastern District of California repeats that process

will issue without pre-attachment review by the court if exigent

circumstances exist and "no such process shall be issued until every effort to

secure judicial review has been pursued, including conducting a hearing by

telephone conference." E.D.Cal. LR512(d). To the extent this local rule seeks to

add requirements to Supplemental Rule B(1) concerning when process will

issue without court review, it is inconsistent with that Rule.

2. Notice to Defendant

Five jurisdictions have local rules specifically addressing subsection

(2) of Supplemental Rule B concerning the need to provide adequate notice to

the defendant before seeking a default judgment. M.D.Fla. LR7.02(d), 7.02(f),

7.02(g); E.D.N.C. LR91.00; S.D.N.Y. LAR1O(b); E.D.N.Y. LAR1O(b); N.D.Ohio

LAR2.06. Portions of these rules are inconsistent with existing law and should

be rescinded while other portions should remain subject to local variation.
Page 17

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Two local rules from the Middle District of Florida set out the

procedural requirements for securing an entry of default and, then, a

judgment of default. M.D.Fla. LR7.02(f), 7.02(g). These rules include provisions

for submitting briefs, motions, and oppositions thereto; they also explain that

the default judgment may be entered without oral argument. Id. These

requirements are appropriate as local directives.

RULES THAT CONFLICT

A local rule in the Middle District of Florida provides that the notice

requirement of Supplemental Rule B(2) be satisfied in a particular manner.

M.D.Fla. LR7.02(d). Specifically, this rule states, in relevant part:

[1]t is expected that plaintiff and/or garnishee will initially

attempt to perfect service in accordance with Supplemental

Rule (B)(2)(a) or (b). However, when service of notice cannot

be perfected in accordance with Supplemental Rule (B)(2)(a)

or (b), plaintiff and/or garnishee should then attempt to

perfect service in accordance with Supplemental Rule

(B)(2)(c).

Id.

This rule conflicts with Supplemental Rule B(2) which sets out three methods

of providing notice, without relying on a hierarchy. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R.

B(2).

A local rule in the Northern District of Ohio is also inconsistent with

Supplemental Rule B(2) by permitting or requiring notice by publication.

N.D.Ohio LAR2.06. Although this rule is entitled: "Decree on Default, How

Obtained in Rem," the text of the rule refers to in personam actions and, to the

extent it refers to attachments, it should be rescinded.

A local rule in the Eastern District of North Carolina is entitled:

"Entry of Default" and, to the extent it refers to attachments, it is also
Page 18

' inconsistent with Supplemental Rule B(2) in requiring notice by publication.

E.D.N.C. LR91.00.

Local rules in the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York that

require that the plaintiff give "prompt notice to the defendant of the

attachment" by a writing which "may be given by telex, telegram, or cable,"

are also inconsistent with Supplemental Rule B(2) and other Federal Rules.

E.D.N.Y. LAR10(b); S.D.N.Y. LAR10(b). Supplemental Rule B(2) provides a notice

requirement which must be satisfied in order to secure a default judgment.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(2). That subsection requires that the plaintiff or

garnishee give notice to the defendant in one of several enumerated ways or

that the plaintiff or garnishee make an affidavit indicating an inability to

give notice to the defendant. Id. In addition, Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure requires that all parties be served with pleadings and other

papers after the service of the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 5. To the extent these

local rules seek to impose an additional notice requirement on the plaintiff,

even when such notice may be unnecessary if the garnishee has already

provided it, they are inconsistent with Supplemental Rule B(2) both because

they provide additional methods of notice and because they omit methods of

notice set forth in that Supplemental Rule. Lastly, there seems to be no great

purpose served by these rules. The defendant is protected from a default

judgment by Supplemental Rule B(2). And, the defendant will receive notice

of all other pleadings and papers pursuant to Rule 5. Accordingly, a defendant

will not be ignored in the proceedings with the existing Federal Rules.

3. Answer

Eleven jurisdictions have local rules relating to Supplemental Rule

B(3) which explains the time limits and other requirements that must be
Page 19

followed by a garnishee and a defendant in answering a complaint. Fed. R. Civ.

P. Supp.R. B(3). Four districts have local rules that repeat Supplemental Rule

B. In addition, rules in the other seven districts either repeat or are

inconsistent with existing law.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Four of the jurisdictions have local rules setting forth a return date

for in personam actions. E.D.N.C. LR81.00(c); S.D.Ga. LAR(C); S.D.Fla. LAR2(C);

M.D.Fla. LR7.01(h). These rules state that the return date shall be twenty days

"except process within the contemplation of Supplemental Rule B, F.R.Civ.P.

which shall be in conformity therewith." E.D.N.C. LR81.00(c). These rules

repeat the applicability of Supplemental Rule B and, to that extent, are

unnecessary.

A local rule in the Southern District of Florida is superfluous in

requiring that an answer or motion in a Supplemental Rule B action be filed

"in conformity therewith." S.D.Fla. LAR9(A). In addition, a local rule in the

Middle District of Florida simply repeats that an answer must be filed and

served pursuant to existing law. M.D.Fla. LR7.02(e)(1).

RULES THAT REPEAT OR CONFLICT

Seven jurisdictions have local rules with respect to service on

garnishees that repeat and are inconsistent with existing law. E.g., E.D.N.Y.

LAR1O(a); E.D.Va. LAR(b)(3); N.D.Ill. LAR10(a). The first sentence of these

rules, explaining the process used where a garnishee is served, repeats

Supplemental Rule B(1) and Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure by

requiring that the garnishee be served when named in the process. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 4, Supp.R. B(1). It also conflicts with these Federal Rules in

enumerating only two methods of adequate service. Id. The second sentence
Page 20

simply repeats that the court has authority to make a final judgment in the

case once it is established that the garnishee holds property that, in fact,

belongs to the defendant.

C. Actions in Rem: Special Provisions

1. When Available

Nine jurisdictions have local rules authorizing a party to accept a

written undertaking as a substitute for the arrest of the vessel or other

property. E.g., C.D.Cal. LRC(l); D.Haw. LR602-1. The Local Rules Project

recommends that the jurisdictions intending to have such a directive, adopt

the following Model Local Rule.

MODEL LOCAL RULE

Model Local Rule C(1).1

Undertaking in Lieu of Arrest.

If, before or after commencement of suit, a party accepts any

written undertaking to respond on behalf of the vessel or

other property sued in return for foregoing the arrest or

stipulating to the release of such vessel or other property, the

undertaking shall become a party in place of the vessel or

other property sued and be deemed referred to under the

name of the vessel or other property in any pleading, order,

or judgment in the action referred to in the undertaking.

DISCUSSION

This Model Local Rule is taken, almost verbatim, from the local rule

in the District of Oregon. D.Or. LR1024-1. The other existing rules on this
Page 21

subject are basically identical. A Model Local Rule may be helpful for those

jurisdictions interested in regulating this area.

2. Complaint

Twenty-three jurisdictions have local rules concerning the need for

verification of Supplemental Rule C complaints. Some of these rules should be

rescinded because they repeat existing law. Others should be rescinded

because they are inconsistent with existing law.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Fifteen of the twenty-three districts have local rules that repeat the

requirement in Supplemental Rule C that a complaint be verified. E.g., S.D.Fla.

LAR8; D.Md. LAR(e)(3); E.D.Va. LAR(e)(3). These rules are simply unnecessary.

A local rule in the District of Alaska is similarly unnecessary in .requiring that a complaint in a Supplemental Rule C action "set forth with

particularity sufficient facts ....." since this provision repeats, in substance, the

second sentence of Supplemental Rule C(2). D.Alaska LAR4(A).

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Twenty-one of the twenty-three jurisdictions have local rules that

define the form of the required verification and who can verify. E.g., E.D.Wis.

LR22.03; S.D.Ga. LAR8; D.Alaska LAR2. These rules, generally, provide that

someone other than the party or an officer of a corporate party can verify.

E.g., M.D.Fla. LR7.01(e); E.D.N.C. LR88.00; E.D.Mo. LAR4. One of the jurisdictions

states that a verification made by someone not a party "will be deemed to be

that of the party, as if verified personally." S.D.Ala. ALR6. Several of the

jurisdictions provide that an interested party may move for the personal oath

of a party if another person, such as an agent or attorney of the party, makes
Page 22

the verification at the outset. E.g., E.D.Cal. LR511; S.D.Ala. ALR6; E.D.Wis.

LR22.03. At least two of the districts provide that the personal oath can be

secured by an interested party "on good cause." E.g., E.D.Wash. LAR105;

W.D.Wash. LAR105. These local rules are inconsistent with existing law in

several respects and should be rescinded.

First, they are inconsistent with Supplemental Rule C(2) which

anticipates that the verification of a complaint be made by a party. Fed. R. Civ.

P. Supp.R. C(2). That Supplemental Rule reads, in relevant part:

In actions in rem the complaint shall be verified on oath or

solemn affirmation. It shall describe with reasonable

particularity the property that is the subject of the action and

state that it is within the district or will be during the

pendency of the action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(2).

This subsection provides no alternative to verification. If the Advisory

Committee on Civil Rules had intended that a non-party could verify the

complaint, it could have easily provided for this in the Rule. Such an option is

found in Supplemental Rule B(1) which states that the affidavit that

accompanies a complaint for attachment may be "signed by the plaintiff or the

plaintiffs attorney". Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1).

In addition, these local rules are inconsistent with the intent of

Section 1746 of Title 28, which provides an alternative method for verification

of documents. 28 U.S.C. §1746. Before this statute was enacted, a person,

seeking to verify a document, had to sign the document before a person legally

authorized to administer oaths, such as a notary public. H.R. No. 1616, 94th

Cong., 2d Sess. 1, reprinted in 1976 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 5644. This

was viewed as an inconvenient procedure because it generally required

additional documents "to prove such things as the authority of the officer who

administers the oath and the authenticity of his seal." Id. Section 1746 permits
Page 23

the signer to subscribe to a document "executed subject to the penalties of

perjury." Id. at 2. Although Section 1746 was designed to make the

verification process easier, it was not amended to permit someone else to

verify a document even when such a substitution may be easier. If Congress

had been willing to permit an alternate person to verify a document, Congress

could have easily made this allowance in Section 1746.

Lastly, these local rules are inconsistent with existing case law

which indicates that, when verification of a complaint is required, it must be

made by the plaintiff. For example, in the context of a shareholder's

derivative action, the Supreme Court has explained that Rule 23.1 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which states that "the complaint shall be

verified" (Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1), requires "that a shareholder's complaint ... be

verified by the plaintiff." Surowitz v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 383 U.S. 363, 365

*(footnote omitted), rehearing den'd 384 U.S. 915 (1966). This was mandated

although the plaintiff did not base the verification on her own knowledge or

information but on the advice provided her by her son-in-law. Id. at 370-71;

cf. Surowitz, supra, at 374, Harlan, J., concurring, stating that a reasonable

interpretation of the Federal Rule is that a verification from an attorney is

sufficient. Accordingly, to determine the validity of the verification, the court

must be assured

that some person, party, attorney, advisor, or otherwise has

responsibly investigated the allegations at the behest of the

named plaintiff, who then stands behind the merits of the

complaint.

Rogosin v. Steadman, 65 F.R.D. 365, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 1974).

See also, Surowitz, supra; Brown v. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, 96 F.R.D. 64 (N.D.Ill.

1982). In the admiralty context, it has also been recognized that "it is not

required that the verifying plaintiff have detailed personal knowledge."

United States v. Banco Cafetero International, 608 F.Supp. 1394, 1400 (S.D.N.Y.
Page 24

1985) (quoting Rogosin, supra, at 367). Rather, it is sufficient that the plaintiff

is satisfied that the averments in the complaint are true, "based either upon

his own knowledge or upon information and belief." Id. at 1400 (quoting 7A J.

Moore & A. Palaez, Moore's Federal Practice ¶B.09 at B-402 (2d ed. 1983)).

3. Judicial Authorization and Process

Twenty-six jurisdictions have local rules concerning subsection (3)

of Supplemental Rule C. Twenty of the districts have directives concerning an

arrest when freight or other intangible property is involved. The Local Rules

Project has recommended a Model Local Rule for those jurisdictions intending

to regulate in this area. In addition, six jurisdictions have local rules that

repeat various portions of Supplemental Rule C(3). These rules should be

rescinded.

MODEL LOCAL RULE

The full text of the Model Local Rule recommended by the Local Rules

Project is set forth below. A brief discussion of each of the sentences follows.

Model Local Rule C(3).1

Actions in Rem-Intangible Property.

The summons issued pursuant to Supplemental Rule C(3) shall

direct the person having control of intangible property to

show cause no later than ten days after service why the

intangible property should not be delivered to the court to

abide the judgment. A judicial officer for good cause shown

may lengthen or shorten the time. Service of the summons

has the effect of an arrest of the intangible property and

brings it within the control of the court. The person who is
Page 25

served may deliver or pay over to the marshal the intangible

property proceeded against to the extent sufficient to satisfy

the plaintiffs claim and, if such delivery is made, the person

served is excused from the duty to show cause.

DISCUSSION

Twenty of the jurisdictions have local rules addressing the

obligation of the holder of intangible property to deliver such property to the

court pursuant to Supplemental Rule C(3). E.g., E.D.N.C. LR82.00(a); D.N.J.

LAR(c)(1); W.D.Wash. LARII0(c). These rules are, in substance, very similar.

The operative portion of Supplemental Rule C(3) reads:

If the property that is the subject of the action consists in

whole or in part of freight, or the proceeds of property sold,

or other intangible property, the clerk shall issue a summons

directing any person having control of the funds to show

cause why they should not be paid into court to abide the

judgment.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(3).

The local rules relating to this provision set out the procedure used to seek

delivery of the property into the court. The Model Local Rule set out above is

taken from the rule of the Northern District of California. N.D.Cal. LR605-2.

Other districts have almost identical provisions. E.g., E.D.Va. LAR(c)(2); W.D.Pa.

LAR(c)(1); S.D.Cal. LR305-3. Several other jurisdictions have directives with,

generally, the same substance but written in a slightly different format. E.g.,

D.Alaska LAR3(C); E.D.Wash. LAR110(c); W.D.Wash. LARIl0(c).

The first sentence of this Model Local Rule requires that the person

with control over the intangible property show cause within ten days after

service why such property should not be delivered into the court. All twenty

of the jurisdictions have a similar ten-day limit. E.g., E.D.N.C. LR82.00(a); D.N.J.
Page 26

LAR(c)(1); D.Or. LR1OIO-3. This sentence simply imposes a time limit on the

general provision in Supplemental Rule C(3).

The second sentence of the Model Local Rule permits a judicial

officer to lengthen or shorten this time limit "for good cause shown." This

provision is set forth in nineteen of the districts. E.g., E.D.Wash. LARll0(c);

E.D.Mo. LAR2(C); E.D.N.Y. LAR2. This provision recognizes the court's

flexibility to alter the time limit if the circumstances warrant such a change.

The third sentence simply states what is already implicit in the

Supplemental Rule, that service of the summons has the effect of an arrest.

Eleven of the jurisdictions use similar language. E.g., D.Alaska LAR3(C); E.D.Va.

LAR(c)(2); D.Md. LAR(c)(1).

The last sentence states that, if the person served turns the property

over to the marshal, then that person is excused from showing cause. Twelve

of the jurisdictions have an analogous provision. E.g., E.D.Wash. LAR1l0(c));

E.D.N.C. LR82.00(a); D.Haw. LR602-2. This sentence gives clear direction to a

holder of intangible property of the duties of that person.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Six jurisdictions have local rules that repeat, almost verbatim, many

portions of Supplemental Rule C(3). E.g., E.D.Mich. LR35; W.D.La. LR25.01(B);

M.D.Fla. LR7.03(b). For example, four of these jurisdictions have directives

that repeat that, with respect to intangible property, a summons will issue

directing the holder of such property to turn it over to the court. E.D.La.

LR25.03; M.D.La. LR25.03; W.D.La. LR25.03; E.D.Mich. LR35.

4. Notice

Thirty-three jurisdictions have local rules concerning subsection

. (4) of Supplemental Rule C. Generally, the directives in these jurisdictions
Page 27

should remain subject to local variation. Local rules in eight of the districts,

however, repeat Supplemental Rule C(4) and should, therefore, be rescinded.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Thirty-three jurisdictions have local rules that add to Supplemental

Rule C(4) concerning the public notice which must be given in certain

circumstances in actions in rem. E.g., D.Alaska LAR7; S.D.Ga. LAR3; E.D.N.C.

LR84.00. Supplemental Rule C reads, in relevant part:

If the property is not released within 10 days after execution

of process, the plaintiff shall promptly or within such time as

may be allowed by the court cause public notice of the action

and arrest to be given in a newspaper of general circulation

in the district, designated by order of the court. Such notice

shall specify the time within which the answer is required to

be filed as provided by subdivision (6) of this rule.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(4).

The existing local rules add to these requirements. For example,

thirty of the districts have local rules augmenting, in some manner, the

general procedure required for giving notice, most frequently by naming the

newspaper which must be used. E.g., E.D.Wis. LR22.07 ("newspaper of largest

general circulation within the district"); W.D.Pa. LAR(g)(3) (provides a choice

among specifically named newspapers); D.Md. LAR(c)(2) ("in a newspaper of

general circulation in the city or county where the property has been

seized"). Some of these jurisdictions also regulate the number of times a notice

must be published. E.g., E.D.N.Y. LAR3 ("at least once"); E.D.Pa. LAR6 ("three

times a week for two consecutive weeks"); D.Md. LAR(c)(2) ("once"). Twentyfive jurisdictions have local rules outlining the required content of the

notices. E.g., S.D.Ga. LAR3; E.D.Mo. LAR3; N.D.Ohio LAR2.05. Lastly, six

jurisdictions require proof of publication. E.g., N.D.Cal. LR605-3; S.D.Fla. LAR3.

Regulation in these areas seems appropriately accomplished through

individual district court rulemaking since the issues are local in nature.
Page 28

RULES THAT REPEAT

Eight jurisdictions have local rules that repeat portions of

Supplemental Rule C(4) and should, therefore, be rescinded. All of these

districts have local rules providing simply that publication be made "in a

newspaper of general circulation in the District." S.D.Ala. ALR5; see also D.P.R.

LR603; E.D.Pa. LAR6. Two of the districts unnecessarily repeat that there is a

notice requirement. S.D.Ala. ALR5; N.D.Fla, LAR16.

5. Ancillary Process

6. Claim and Answer; Interrogatories

Seven jurisdictions have local rules relating to subsection (6) of

Supplemental Rule C. Four of these districts have directives that repeat

portions of Supplemental Rule C(6). In addition, four districts have rules that

conflict with this Federal Rule. There are also rules in three jurisdictions that

should become the subject of review by the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Four jurisdictions have rules that repeat existing law. Two of the

districts have rules that repeat that any claim filed pursuant to Supplemental

Rule C(6) be verified. S.D.Ala. ALR6; S.D.Fla. LAR8. Two other jurisdictions

have rules that repeat the time limit set forth in Supplemental Rule C(6)

within which a claim and answer must be filed. S.D.Ga. LAR2(B); M.D.Fla.

LR7.03(f).

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Four local rules conflict with existing law and should be rescinded.

A local rule in the Southern District of Georgia conflicts with

.I Supplemental Rule C(6) in two respects. S.D.Ga. LAR2(B). First, it provides a
Page 29

claimant with a choice of time limits within which to file a claim and answer

when only one time limit is set forth in the Federal Rule. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

Supp.R. C(6). It permits the claimant to file the claim and answer within the

time limits of Supplemental Rule C(6); it also permits the claimant to file "both

claim and motion or answer within thirty days following execution of

process." S.D.Ga. LAR2(B). Secondly, the provision refers to the use of "return

days" in Supplemental Rule C actions. Id. This terminology and practice has

been specifically rejected by the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules:

Adherence to the practice of return days seems

unsatisfactory. The practice varies significantly from district

to district. A uniform rule should be provided so that any

claimant or defendant can readily determine when he is

required to file or serve a claim or answer.

A virtue of the return-day practice is that it requires

claimants to come forward and to answer. The draft is

designed to preserve this feature of the present practice by

requiring early filing of the claim....

Fed.R.Civ.P. Supp.R. C Advisory Committee Notes

Three other jurisdictions have local rules that conflict with

Supplemental Rule C(6) by providing for an additional period of time to file a

claim if there has been publication:

In all cases where publication is necessary under Admiralty

Rule C(4), the time for filing a claim is hereby extended for a

period of fifteen (15) days from the date of the publication.

E.D.La. LR25.05; M.D.La. LR25.05; W.D.La. LR25.05.

There is no such provision in the Supplemental Rules. In fact, the

Supplemental Rules are very specific on the time within which a claimant

must file a claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(6). If the Advisory Committee

had intended to provide a different time frame for those claimants notified by

the public notice, it could easily have done so. The Local Rules Project has

recommended that the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules consider amending
Page 30

. Supplemental Rule C(6) to address the issue raised by these local rules. See,

infra.

A TOPIC FOR ADVISORY COMMI7EE REVIEW

The three rules from the districts in Louisiana provide additional

time for a claimant to file a claim when notice is provided by publication.

E.D.La. LR25.05; M.D.La. LR25.05; W.D.La. LR25.05. This directive seems intended

to avoid a problem inherent in the Supplemental Rule as it currently reads. At

present, a claim must be filed "within 10 days after process has been executed,

or within such additional time as may be allowed by the court ....." Fed. R. Civ. P.

Supp.R. C(6). Yet, publication is not required until ten days after execution of

process and only if the property has not been released. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

Supp.R. C(4). It is quite probable that a potential claimant would not discover

that the property had been arrested until there had been an advertisement, at

. which time the claimant is automatically too late to comply with the strict

wording of the Rule and must, instead, appeal to the discretion of the court to

allow a later filing of the claim. This may be too burdensome a process for a

claimant intending to assert an interest in the arrested property when that

claimant has not been at all delinquent in responding to the notice. In

addition, the Rule, as it currently reads, gives discretion to the court to permit

late filing where fairness may dictate there be no discretion to deny the

claimant this right to file. The Advisory Committee may want to consider

amending Supplemental Rule C(6) to accommodate the suggestion provided by

the local rules in the three districts of Louisiana.

7. Default

Sixteen jurisdictions have local rules setting forth a procedure for

securing an entry of default and a default judgment in Supplemental Rule C
Page 31

actions. The Local Rules Project recommends that the Advisory Committee on

Civil Rules consider whether such procedures should be incorporated into

Supplemental Rule C to provide a uniform method for obtaining a default.

A TOPIC FOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE REVIEW

The sixteen districts have similar rules which address several areas.

For example, fifteen of them have rules requiring that a particular form of

notice be given before moving for an entry of default. E.g., D.Or. LR1030;

E.D.Wash. LAR130; D.Alaska LAR8. Generally, they require that three forms of

notice be given: notice by publication pursuant to Supplemental Rule C(4);

notice by service on the person in custody of the property; and, notice to other

people who have not appeared in the action but who are known to have an

interest in the property. E.g., N.D.Fla. LAR14; E.D.Cal. LR540. The districts vary

in their requirement of notice to other interested persons. Some of the

jurisdictions mandate that the notice to the other person be by service on such

person (e.g., N.D.Cal. LR605-4; W.D.Pa. LAR(c)(3)), while others require only

delivery of a notice to such person (e.g., D.Alaska LAR8; M.D.Fla. LR7.03(h)).

On occasion, a jurisdiction seems to use another method of notice (e.g., D.Or.

LR1030-1 ("By delivery or by certified mail, return receipt requested"); E.D.N.C.

LR90o.00 ("By delivery under Federal Rule 5(b)"). In addition, fourteen of the

jurisdictions require that some type of notice be provided to anyone with a

recorded interest in the property. E.g., D.N.J. LAR(c)(3); E.D.Va. LAR(c)(4).

Eleven of the districts set forth almost identical requirements for

obtaining an entry of default. E.g., E.D.Va. LAR(c)(5) (default entered if

required notice has been given, the time to answer has expired, and no one

has appeared to claim the property); E.D.N.C. LR9I.00 (default entered if

required notice has been given, the time to answer has expired, no one has
Page 32

Sappeared to claim the property, and the publication requirement has been

fulfilled); D.Haw. LR602-5 (default entered if required notice has been given or

attempted, the time to answer has expired, and no one has appeared to claim

the property).

Fourteen of the districts explain how a plaintiff may move for a

default judgment. Most of these rules say that the plaintiff may move for

judgment under Rule 55(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure "at any time

after default has been entered." E.D.Va. LAR(c)(5); see also, D.Haw. LR602-5;

N.D.Cal. LR605-5; C.D.Cal. LRC(5).

The Advisory Committee on Civil Rules has shown an interest in

regulating the procedures for obtaining a default judgment in other

situations. For example, Rule 55 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure sets

forth a rather detailed recitation of the circumstances under which a default Sjudgment will be entered either by the clerk or by the court. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

55(b). In addition, Supplemental Rule B(2) explains the notice required to be

provided to a defendant in a Supplemental Rule B action to secure a judgment

by default. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(2). Yet, Supplemental Rule C is silent on

this issue. The Advisory Committee may want to consider amending this Rule

to discuss default. Such an addition may be appropriately placed in subsection

(4), the notice provision.

D. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions

Supplemental Rule D, relating to title and the right of possession, is

silent with respect to most of the specifics of pleading and practice. See Fed. R.

Civ. P. Supp.R. D. It does, however, require two procedures but only by

reference to other Supplemental Rules. First, it provides that process be "by S warrant or arrest of the vessel, cargo, or other property," referring to Rule C
Page 33

actions. Id. Secondly, it states that notice be "in the manner provided by Rule

B(2) to the adverse party or parties." Id. Where Supplemental Rule D is silent

on other specifics of procedure, the remaining relevant Supplemental Rules

are applicable. See discussion at 7A Moore's Federal Practice ¶D.06 (1988); 12 C.

Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, §3231 (1973). For example,

Supplemental Rule E specifically applies to Supplemental Rule D actions

"[e]xcept as otherwise provided." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(1). Supplemental

Rule E(5)(d) excludes subsection (5), concerning the release of property, from

operation in petitory, possessory, and partition actions. Id. at (5)(d). In

addition, the provisions of Supplemental Rule C, concerning in rem actions,

are also applicable. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C. What follows is a brief

discussion of the few local rules that specifically concern Supplemental Rule D

actions. Because most of the procedures required in a Supplemental Rule D

action are those found in other Supplemental Rules, reference is made to the

relevant discussions of other local rules in this document.

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Eleven jurisdictions have local rules that conflict with the

Supplemental Rules and should be rescinded.

All of these jurisdictions have local rules setting forth a return date

for the claim and answer to be filed. E.g., C.D.Cal. LRD(1) (twenty days); D.Haw.

LR603-1 (twenty days); D.N.J. LAR(d) (twenty days). These rules conflict with

Supplemental Rule C which provides that the claim be filed "within 10 days

after process has been executed..." and that the answer be served "within 20

days after the filing of the claim." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(6). In addition, the

Supplemental Rules were purposefully written to exclude any reference to

B
Page 34

return days." The Advisory Committee Notes relating to Supplemental Rule C

read, in relevant part:

Adherence to the practice of return days seems

unsatisfactory. The practice varies significantly from district

to district. A uniform rule should be provided so that any

claimant or defendant can readily determine when he is

required to file or serve a claim or answer.

A virtue of the return-day practice is that it requires

claimants to come forward and identify themselves at an early

state of the proceedings-before they could fairly be required

to answer. The draft is designed to ;reserve this feature of the

present practice by requiring early filing of the claim.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(6) Advisory Committee Notes.

Return dates in Supplemental Rule B were also abolished by the Advisory

Committee:

The rule proceeds on the assumption that uniform and

definite periods of time for responsive pleadings should be

substituted for return days (see the discussion under Rule

C(6), below). Twenty days seems sufficient time for the

garnishee to answer (cf. FRCP 12(a)), and an additional 10 days should suffice for the defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(3) Advisory Committee Notes.

A local rule in the Middle District of Florida conflicts with

Supplemental Rule D by requiring a different method of notice than that

required in this Supplemental Rule, namely, that notice be as provided in Rule

B(2). M.D.Fla. LR7.04(b) referring to M.D.Fla. LR7.01(g). This local rule

requires publication of notice in an "approved newspaper". M.D.Fla.

LR7.01 (g).

E. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions

1. Applicability

2. Complaint; Security

Twenty-seven jurisdictions have local rules concerning the form of

the complaint and any security for costs which must be provided. The local
Page 35

rules concerning the complaint should be rescinded because they are

inconsistent with existing law. In addition, the Local Rules Project

recommends that the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules consider amending

Supplemental Rule E to address the issues raised by these local rules. The

directives concerning the provision of security should remain subject to local

variation. A brief discussion of these two topics follows.

(a) Complaint

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Fourteen jurisdictions have local rules requiring that specific

allegations be made in admiralty complaints. E.g., E.D.Cal. LR510(b); D.N.J.

LAR(e)(2); E.D.Va. LAR(e)(1). For example, all of these jurisdictions have local

rules requiring that there be an itemized demand for judgment in certain

S admiralty actions:

The demand for judgment in every complaint filed under

Supplemental Rule B or C shall allege the dollar amount of the

debt or damages for which the action was commenced. The

demand for judgment shall also allege the nature or other

items of damage.

D.Md. LAR(e)(1).

See also, N.D.Fla. LAR3; N.D.Cal. LR610-1. Twelve of the jurisdictions have

directives requiring that specific amounts be claimed in salvage actions:

In cases of salvage, the complaint shall also state to the extent

known or estimated the value of the hull, cargo, freight and

other property salved, the amount claimed, the names of the

principal salvors, and that the suit was instituted in their

behalf and in behalf of all other persons interested or

associated with them.

E.D.N.C. LR87.00(d).

See also, E.D.Wis. LR22.02; S.D.Ga. LAR7(D).

These rules may be helpful in the later determination of the

h" appropriate amount of any bond or stipulation provided in order to release the
Page 36

property pursuant to Supplemental Rule E(5). Yet, by requiring specific

allegations in admiralty complaints, these local rules are inconsistent with the

Supplemental Rules and other Federal Rules which do not mandate specific

pleading. For example, Supplemental Rule B only states that a complaint

seeking an attachment or garnishment "may contain a prayer for process to

attach the defendant's goods and chattels...." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1).

Supplemental Rule C only requires that a complaint

describe with reasonable particularity the property that is the

subject of the action and state that it is within the district or

will be during the pendency of the action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(2).

Supplemental Rule E simply requires that a complaint "state the circumstances

from which the claim arises with such particularity .... Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R.

E(2).

In addition, these local rules are inconsistent with the general

intent of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure of providing simple and nontechnical pleading requirements. Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure states that pleadings should consist of "short and plain" statements

of the grounds for relief and that "[n]o technical forms of pleadings or

motions are required." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), (c). In fact, only certain matters are

required under the Federal Rules to be specially pleaded, such as fraud,

mistake, any conditions precedent, and any items of special damage. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 9. When. there has been a need to mandate specific pleading of certain

matters, the Federal Rules have included such requirements. For example,

Rule 19 requires pleading the reasons for non-joinder of certain persons- (Fed.

R. Civ. P. 19(c)), and Rule 23.1 requires a specific allegation of the plaintiffs

shareholder status in a shareholder derivative action (Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1).
Page 37

There is no such pleading requirement in the Supplemental Rules concerning

the amount of the claim.

TOPICS FOR ADVISORY COMMI9rEE REVIEW

As discussed above, local rules exist which require specific

allegations in certain admiralty complaints. These rules, at present, are

inconsistent with the existing Supplemental Rules and other Federal Rules.

Because such allegations may be helpful in determining the amount of any

bond or stipulation provided pursuant to Supplemental Rule E(5), the Advisory

Committee may want to consider amending either Supplemental Rules B and C

or Supplemental Rule E to include a similar requirement.

The Advisory Committee has rejected special pleading requirements

for particular categories of cases in the past. In 1955, the Advisory Committee

rejected an amendment to Rule 8(a)(2), despite suggestions that it be amended

to require more specific pleading in complex cases such as antitrust litigation.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 Advisory Committee Notes, Report of Proposed Amendments

(1955). See also Nagler v. Admiral Corporation, 248 F.2d 319, 323 (2d Cir. 1957).

The Advisory Committee has also rejected suggestions to create special

pleading procedures for copyright and patent cases. Clark, Special Pleading in

the "Big Case," 21 F.R.D. 45 (1957). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. Forms 16, 17. In the

admiralty context, however, the Advisory Committee has required specific

requirements for many procedural issues. Therefore, it may be quite

appropriate to make such an amendment to the Supplemental Rules.

S
Page 38

(b) Security for Costs

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Twenty-five jurisdictions have local rules concerning the provision

of security in admiralty cases. E.g., E.D.Mo. LAR5(A); W.D.Wash. LARI20(a);

E.D.La. LR25.02. These directives should remain subject to local variation since

they are appropriate additions to Supplemental Rule E(2)(b) on security for

costs. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(2)(b). That Supplemental Rule provision states

that,

[s]ubject to the provisions of Rule 54(d) and of relevant

statutes, the court may ... require the ... party to give security,

or additional security, in such sum as the court shall direct to

pay all costs and expenses that shall be awarded against the

party....

Id.

Ten of the jurisdictions have directives requiring that the plaintiffs provide

security unless it is shown to be unnecessary. E.g., S.D.Fla. LAR5(a); W.D.La.

LR25.02; N.D.N.Y. LAR6. Twelve other jurisdictions state that a party can

request that the opposing party or claimant provide security upon motion.

E.g., D.Or. LR1020-1; E.D.Va. LAR(e)(8); D.Haw. LR604-8. Twenty-three of the

twenty-five jurisdictions provide a specific amount for the security. Twelve of

the jurisdictions require $500.00 security (e.g., D.Alaska LAR6(A); N.D.Fla.

LAR7), while the remaining eleven jurisdictions set the amount at $250.00

(e.g., E.D.La. LR25.02; W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(6)).

Other directives involve the general method for posting security.

For example, twelve jurisdictions permit stipulations for security to be used.

E.g., S.D.Ga. LAR5(B); E.D.N.Y. LAR6; D.P.R. LR606.1. Ten of the districts explain

that a party

who fails to post security when demanded may not participate

is further in the proceedings, except for the purpose of seeking
Page 39

relief from this rule.

D. Alaska LAR6(A).

See also, D.Or. LR1020-1; E.D.Wash. LAR120(a). Several other districts require

that a party, ordered to post security, do so within five days after the order is

entered (e.g., C.D.Cal. LRE(8); N.D.Cal. LR610-8), or within five days after

service of a demand for security (e.g., D.Alaska LAR6(a); S.D.Cal. LR310-1(a)).

3. Process.

Twenty-one districts have local rules concerning Supplemental Rule

E(3), relating to process. Some of these rules repeat existing law and some

conflict with existing law. Others should remain subject to local variation.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Ten jurisdictions have local rules permitting the plaintiff to request

that the process be held in abeyance. E.g., W.D.Wash. LARl10(b); D.Or. LR1010-

. 2; D.Haw. LR604-4. These rules simply repeat Supplement Rule E(3)(b) and are,

therefore, unnecessary. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(3)(b).

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Four jurisdictions have local rules that conflict with Rule 4(g) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure by providing that the marshal file proof of

service with the court and also "mail a copy of the return to the attorney at

whose request the execution was effected." W.D.Wash. LARI10(d); E.D.Wash.

LARI10(d); see also D.Or. LR1010-4; D.Alaska LAR3(D).

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Fifteen of the districts have local rules requiring that the party

state, on a particular form, the "party's instructions to the Marshal specifying

the process to be issued." W.D.Wash. LARI10(a); E.D.Wash. LARII0(a); see also

O C.D.Cal. LRE(6); N.D.Cal. LR610-6. These directives may be helpful to the
Page 40

marshal in completing the service of process and should remain subject to

individual district court variation.

Ten jurisdictions have local rules providing for a distinct procedure

for issuing process in in forma pauperis actions. E.g., N.D.Ill. LAR6; D.P.R.

LR605; N.D.Fla. LAR11. Generally, these local rules require that:

No process in rem shall issue in forma pauperis suits except

upon proof of twenty four hours' notice to the owner of the

res or the owner's agent, of the filing of the complaint.

E.D.N.Y. LAR5.

Section 1915 of Title 28 provides that a court may authorize a person to

commence a suit

without prepayment of fees and costs or security therefore by

a person who makes affidavit that he is unable to pay such

costs or give security therefor.

28 U.S.C. §1915(a).

In addition, the court may dismiss such a case "if satisfied that the action is

frivolous or malicious." Id. at (d). The determination of whether a case can

proceed in forma pauperis is subject to a case-by-case determination. In Re

Green, 669 F.2d 779, 786, 215 U.S.App.D.C. 393 (1981). This ability to proceed is

not unconditional:

A court may impose conditions upon a litigant--even onerous

conditions-so long as they assist the court in making such

determinations, and so long as they are, taken together, not so

burdensome as to deny the litigant meaningful access to the

courts.

Green, supra, at 786.

See also, Carter v. United States, 733 F.2d 735, 737 (10th Cir. 1984), cert. denied

469 U.S. 1161 (1985) ("Restrictive conditions, other than total preclusions,

are available ..... )

These local rules do not totally preclude a plaintiff from bringing

suit. Rather, they provide the owner or the owner's agent an opportunity to

. argue that the complaint is frivolous or malicious prior to engaging in the
Page 41

timely and expensive activity of issuing the process and arresting the vessel.

In addition, the vessel owner will not be compelled to procure a bond to secure

the vessel's release if the complaint is found to be frivolous or malicious.

These local rules, then, may provide an effective method for the court to

determine whether a case should be dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1915(d).

4. Execution of Process; Marshal's Return....

(a) In General

Twenty-two jurisdictions have local rules explaining how service of

process is made in those instances where the property is already in the

custody of the United States. The Local Rules Project recommends that the

Advisory Committee on Civil Rules consider amending Supplemental Rule

E(4)(a) to include the substance of these local rules.

A TOPIC FOR ADVISORY COMMrITEE REVIEW

The local rules in the twenty-two jurisdictions which address the

manner of service when the property is in the possession of the United States,

are almost identical. E.g., D.Haw. LR604-7; E.D.Wash. LARII0(e); D.Or. LR1010-5.

The jurisdictions have rules that require the marshal to serve the United States

officer or employee with custody of the property and to notify that person not

to relinquish the property. The local rule from the Middle District of Florida is

illustrative:

Whenever the property to be arrested or attached is in the

custody of a U.S. officer, the marshal shall serve the

appropriate process upon the officer or employee; or, if the

officer or employee is not found within the district, then to

the custodian of the property within the district. The

marshall shall direct the officer, employee or custodian not to

relinquish custody of the property until ordered to do so by

the court.

M.D.Fla. LR7.05(g).
Page 42

These local rules concern service of process, an issue addressed in

the Supplemental Rules as well as in the other Federal Rules. See e.g., Fed. R.

Civ. P. Supp.R. E(3), (4); C(3), (5); B(1), (2); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4. In fact, Rule 4 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a particular method of service

be used depending upon who is being served such as an infant or incompetent

person or a partnership or unincorporated association. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d).

These local rules also explain the method of service depending upon who is

being served, specifically, when the person being served is a United States

office or employee. Such a provision is more appropriately made a part of the

Federal Rules since the Advisory Committee and Congress have already

addresses this issue in other contexts.

In addition, Supplemental Rule E(4)(b) already permits the marshal

to direct the collector of customs "not to grant clearance to such vessel until

notified ... that the vessel has been released...." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(4)(b).

This provision gives some direction to the marshal when property is in the

custody of a customs official, thus indicating the Advisory Committee's interest

in regulating, at least to some extent, what occurs when property is in the

custody of the United States.

(b) Tangible Property

Twenty-four jurisdictions have local rules outlining what happens

to property that is taken into custody by the marshal. The Local Rules Project

recommends that the jurisdictions, interested in regulating in this area, adopt

a Model Local Rule, the text of which is set forth below.
Page 43

MODEL LOCAL RULE

Model Local Rule E(4)(b).1

Custody of Property.

(a) Safekeeping of Property When Seized. When a

vessel or cargo is seized, the marshal shall take custody and

arrange for adequate and safe moorage and necessary

security for the safekeeping of the vessel, which may include,

in the marshal's discretion, the placing of keepers on the

vessel, or the appointment of a shipyard, terminal, yacht club,

marina, harbor master or similar facility as custodian of the

vessel for the marshal.

(b) Substitute Custodian. The marshal is authorized,

without special order of court, to appoint the master of the

vessel or another competent person as keeper or custodian of

any vessel under seizure with their consent, provided that all

parties to the action or their attorneys shall have expressly

consented in writing to the appointment and shall have

agreed in writing to hold the marshal and all of the marshal's

deputies harmless from any and all liability as a result of the

appointment.

(c) Cargo Handling, Repairs, and Movement of the

Vessel. Following arrest or attachment of a vessel, no cargo

handling, repairs, or movement may be made without an

order of court. The applicant for such an order shall give

notice to the marshal and to all parties of record, Upon proof

of adequate insurance coverage of the applicant to indemnify
Page 44

the marshal for the marshal's liability, the court may direct

the marshal to permit cargo, handling, repairs, movement of

the vessel, or other operations.

(d) Petition for Change in Arrangements. After a

vessel or cargo has been taken into custody by the marshal,

any party then appearing may petition the court to dispense

with keepers, or to remove to or place the vessel or cargo at a

specified shipyard, terminal, yacht club, marina, or similar

facility, to designate a substitute for the vessel or cargo, or for

similar relief.

(e) Insurance. The marshal may order insurance to

protect the marshal, the marshal's deputies, keepers, and

substitute custodians from liability assumed in arresting and

holding the vessel, cargo, or other property and performing

whatever services are undertaken to protect the vessel, cargo,

or other property and maintain the court's custody. The party

applying for arrest of the vessel, cargo, or other property

shall reimburse the marshal for premiums paid for the

insurance and shall be an additional insured on the policy.

The party applying for removal of the vessel, cargo, or other

property to another location, for designation of a substitute

custodian, or for other relief that will require an additional

premium shall reimburse the marshal therefor. The

premiums charged for the liability insurance are taxable as

administrative costs while the vessel, cargo or other property

is in the custody of the court.
Page 45

(f) Claim by Suppliers for Payment of Charges. A

person who furnished supplies or services to a vessel, cargo,

or other property in custody of the court who has not been

paid and claims the right to payment as an expense of

administration shall file an invoice with the clerk in the form

of a verified claim at any time before the vessel, cargo, or

other property is released or sold. The supplier must serve

copies of the claim on the marshal, substitute custodian if one

has been appointed, and all parties of record. The court may

consider the claims individually or schedule a single hearing

for all claims.

DISCUSSION

This Model Local Rule is a composite of the existing local rules of the

twenty-four jurisdictions. What follows is a brief discussion of each of the

subsections.

The first portion of the Model Local Rule states that, pursuant to the

marshal's responsibility to take possession of the property "for safe custody"

(see Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(4)(b)), the marshal has discretion to make certain

arrangements with respect to the property. This provision is from the local

rule in the District of Alaska. D.Alaska LAR9(A). Seventeen other jurisdictions

have similar provisions. E.g., E.d.Mo. LAR2(F); N.D.III. LAR12.

Subsection (b) permits a substitute custodian to be appointed by the

marshal. This subsection is taken from the local rule in the Eastern District of

Louisiana. E.D.La. LR25.08. Twenty other districts have analogous directives.

E.g., S.D.Cal. LR310-2; N.D.Ill. LAR12.
Page 46

Subsection (c) concerns the operation of the vessel following an

arrest or attachment. This provision is taken from the local rule in the

Eastern Eastern District of Virginia. E.D.Va. LAR(e)(14)(b). Seventeen other

jurisdictions have local rules on this topic. E.g., W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(11); D.Or.

LR1035-2.

Subsection (d) of the Model Local Rule permits a party to seek a

change in the arrangements with respect to the marshal's activities. This

provision is taken from the local rule in the Western District of Washington.

W.D.Wash. LAR135(b). Only five other jurisdictions state that such a procedure

is available to a party. E.g., E.D.N.C. LR92.00(c); D.Or. LR1035-3.

Subsection (e) authorizes the marshal to order that adequate

insurance be provided. It also explains that premiums paid on such liability

insurance are taxable as costs. This provision is taken from the local rule in

the Eastern District of California. E.D.Cal. LR550(d). Fifteen other districts

have similar rules. E.g., S.D.Miss. LR20(c); E.D.Wash. LARI35(c).

The last portion of the Model Local Rule sets forth the procedure for

compensation of those persons who furnish supplies or services to property in

the marshal's custody. This subsection is taken from the local rule in the

District of Hawaii. D.Haw. LR604-13. Twelve other jurisdictions have similar

provisions. E.g., W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(100); M.D.Fla. 7.05(k).

(c) Intangible Property

(d) Directions with Respect to Property in Custody

(e) Expenses of Seizing and Keeping Property; Deposit

Seventeen jurisdictions have local rules concerning the collection

of fees and costs of the marshal in admiralty cases. All of these local rules
Page 47

either repeat or conflict with Section 1921 of Title 28 and should, therefore, be

rescinded. See 28 U.S.C. §1921. In addition, one district has a local rule that

should remain subject to local variation.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Sixteen jurisdictions have local rules requiring that a deposit for

fees and costs incurred by the marshal be provided before the arrest or

attachment. E.g., E.D.Wash. LAR120(c); M.D.Fla. LR7.05(f); E.D.Pa. LAR2. These

rules repeat Section 1921 of Title 28 concerning fees of the marshal. 28 U.S.C.

§1921. This statute was amended in 1988 to specifically require prepayment of

the fees and costs:

(a)(1) The United States marshals or deputy marshals shall

routinely collect, and a court may tax as costs, fees for the

following:....

(E) The keeping of attached property (including boats,

vessels, or other property attached or libeled), actual expenses

incurred, such as storage, moving, boat hire, or other special

transportation, watchmen's or keepers' fees, insurance, and

an hourly rate, including overtime, for each deputy marshal

required for special services, such as guarding, inventorying,

and moving....

(2) The marshals shall collect, in advance, a deposit to cover

the initial expenses for special services required under

paragraph (1)(E), and periodically thereafter such amounts as

may be necessary to pay such expenses until the litigation is

concluded. This paragraph applies to all private litigants,

including seamen proceeding pursuant to section 1916 of this

title

28 U.S.C. §1921(a) (as amended Nov. 18, 1988, Pub.L. 100-690,

Title VII, §7608(c), 102 Stat. 4515 (1988)).

Also relevant to this discussion is Section 1916 of Title 28 referring to actions

brought by seamen which provides that seamen "may institute and prosecute

suits and appeals...without prepaying fees or costs or furnishing security

therefor." 28 U.S.C. §1916.
Page 48

Before its amendment in 1988, the language in Section 1921 did not as

clearly mandate prepayment of such fees. Yet, it was even interpreted to

include within its reach a claim for attachment by a seaman. Puerto Rico

Drydock and Marine Terminals, Inc. v. Motor Vessel Luisa del Caribe, 746 F.2d

93 (1st Cir. 1984); Araya v. McLelland, 525 F.2d 1194 (5th Cir. 1976).

Generally, the local rules in the sixteen jurisdictions repeat several

portions of the newly-amended Section 1921. They require that a deposit for

the costs of keeping the property be provided before either an attachment or

an arrest. E.g., D.Alaska LAR6(C); E.D.Va. LAR(e)(10). They also require that

the deposit be sufficient to cover the expenses of the marshal for a specific

time period, typically ten days. E.g., W.D.Wash. LAR120(c); D.Haw. LR604-11.

They also provide that additional deposits, after seizure, may be required. E.g.,

E.D.Cal. LR521; W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(9). Lastly, they frequently state that the

marshal is not required to execute process in the absence of a deposit. E.g.,

S.D.Cal. LR310-1; S.D.Ala. ALR2.

A RULE THAT CONFLICTS

The local rule in the Southern District of Florida conflicts with

Section 1921 by only providing a mechanism for the marshal to require a

deposit "at any time after service of process, attachment, or seizure of a

vessel." S.D.Fla. LAR5(F). Section 1921 requires the marshal to collect the

deposit in advance. 28 U.S.C. §1921(a)(2).

A RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

A local rule in the Southern District of Florida, requiring that the

marshal report the expenses of caring for attached property, is appropriately

the subject of local district court variation. S.D.Fla. LAR!2.
Page 49

(f) Procedure for Release from Arrest or Attachment

Thirty jurisdictions have local rules augmenting, to some extent,

Supplemental Rule E(4)(f). E.g., M.D.La. LR25.01; S.D.Miss. LR20(d); N.D.Ohio

LAR2.02. Most of the substance of these rules should remain subject to local

variation. Also, portions of the local rules in fifteen of these districts repeat

Supplemental Rule E(4)(f) and should, therefore, be rescinded.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Subsection (4)(f) of Supplemental Rule E indicates that a person with

an interest in the arrested or attached property is entitled to a "prompt

hearing" to determine whether the arrest or attachment should be vacated.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(4)(f). Twenty-four of the jurisdictions have local rules

stating that parties claiming such an interest must move for a hearing. E.g.,

W.D.La. LR25.01; E.D.Mich. LR36. Eleven of the districts have local rules

explaining the hearing process in more detail. For example, the local rule in

the Central District of California states that the hearing may be ex parte.

C.D.Cal. LRE(g). The local rule in the Eastern District of California explains

what the party must establish at the hearing. E.D.Cal. LR513. All of the

districts also explain when the hearing will be held and how notice of the

proposed hearing is provided to the parties. E.g., D.N.J. LAR(e)(8); E.D.Pa. LAR5;

D.Md. LAR(e)(7). These rules are all appropriate as local rules.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Fifteen of the jurisdictions have local rules that repeat some or all of

the last sentence of Supplemental Rule E(4)(f) concerning what suits are not

covered by this provision. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(4)(f); e.g., N.D.Cal.

LR610-9; E.D.Mich. LR36. These rules are simply unnecessary.
Page 50

5. Release of Property.

(a) Special Bond.

Twenty-two jurisdictions have local rules relating to subsection

(5)(a) of Supplemental Rule E. All of these districts have local rules setting

forth the procedure for obtaining an appraisal of the property which is

subject to the arrest or attachment so that a special bond can be provided,

releasing that property. The Local Rules Project recommends that a Model

Local Rule be provided on this subject. In addition, nine of these jurisdictions

have local rules that repeat a portion of Supplemental Rule E(5)(a) and should,

therefore, be rescinded.

MODEL LOCAL RULE

The full text of the Model Local Rule recommended by the Local Rules

Project is set forth below. A brief discussion of each of the sentences follows.

Model Local Rule E(5)(a).1

Appraisal.

An order for appraisal of property so that security can be

given will be entered by the clerk at the request of any

interested party. If the parties do not agree in writing upon

an appraiser, the court will appoint the appraiser. The

appraiser shall be sworn to the faithful and impartial

discharge of the appraiser's duties before any federal or state

officer authorized by law to administer oaths. The appraiser

shall give one day's notice of the time and place of making the

appraisal to the attorneys who have appeared in the action.

The -appraiser shall file the appraisal with the clerk as soon as
Page 51

it is completed and shall serve it on all parties. Absent

stipulation of the parties or order of the court to the contrary,

the appraiser shall be paid by the party requesting the

appraisal. Appraiser's fees shall thereafter be taxed as the

court orders.

DISCUSSION

The local rules in the twenty-two jurisdictions are quite similar. The

Model Local Rule is taken, in large measure, from the local rules in the District

of Alaska and the Eastern District of North Carolina. D.Alaska LARIO(A);

E.D.N.C. LR93.00. Such a Model Local Rule is preferable to minor variations

among the districts which may be confusing to practitioners. This directive is

suggested as a Model Local Rule, rather than an amendment to the

Supplemental Rules, because it outlines procedures commonly regulated by the

* individual courts.

The first sentence of the rule simply permits an appraisal at the

request of an interested party. All of the twenty-two districts have such a

provision. E.g., S.D.N.Y. LARl1; E.D.Wash. LAR140(a).

The next sentence provides that the court will appoint an appraiser

if the parties cannot agree on who it will be. Nineteen of the jurisdictions

have similar rules. E.g., E.D.Mo. LAR8; E.D.Cal. LR560.

The third sentence requires that the appraiser be sworn to the

impartial charge of the appraiser's duties. Seventeen of the districts have this

requirement. E.g., W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(8); D.Haw. LR604-10.

The fourth sentence requires that the appraiser give one day's

notice of the time and place of the appraisal. Eighteen of the districts have a

. similar notice provision. E.g., N.D.Ill. LARll; S.D.Cal. LR310-3. The rule in the
Page 52

Northern District of Ohio varies from the other directives by requiring that

three days notice be given. N.D.Ohio LAR2.04.

The next sentence requires that the appraiser file the appraisal with

the clerk and serve it on all parties. All of the jurisdictions have rules

requiring, at a minimum, that the appraiser file the appraisal (e.g., D.Alaska

LAR1O(a); S.D.Cal. LR310-3), while some of these districts have directives

requiring that the appraisal also be served on the parties (e.g., E.D.N.C.

LR93.00; C.D.Cal. LRE(10)). The Model Local Rule has included the service

requirement in an effort to minimize the clerk's responsibility and cost in this

matter.

The last two sentences of the Model Local Rule provide that the

appraisal fees are paid by the party requesting the appraisal and taxable as

costs. Only ten of the jurisdictions have such a provision. E.g., S.D.Fla. LAR10;

E.D.Va. LAR(e)(11).

RULES THAT REPEAT

Nine jurisdictions have local rules that repeat a portion of

Supplemental Rule E(5)(a). For instance, four of these districts repeat that

property may be released upon payment of the amount alleged with interest

thereon at 6 per cent per annum. E.g., E.D.N.C. LR95.00; D.P.R. LR612. The other

five jurisdictions repeat, generally, that a stipulation may be provided when

the amount of the plaintiffs claim is a sum certain. E.g., N.D.1ll. LAR13;

N.D.N.Y. LAR12. These rules are unnecessary.

(b) General Bond

Six jurisdictions have local rules discussing issues relating to the

posting of a general bond pursuant to Supplemental Rule E(5)(b). Rules in
Page 53

four of these jurisdictions should remain subject to local variation. The rules

in the other two districts should be rescinded because they repeat existing law.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Four jurisdictions have directives requiring that certain identifying

information be provided to the court when seeking a general bond. M.D.Fla.

LR7.05(i); S.D.Fla. LAR11(C); S.D.Ga. LAR1l(D); E.D.N.C. LR95.00. These rules may

be helpful to individual districts and should remain subject to local court

rulemaking.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Two of the districts have local rules that repeat, generally, that a

stipulation may be used, in place of a general bond. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R.

E(5)b); E.D.Mo. LAR9(A); D.P.R. LR612.

(c) Release by Consent or Stipulation;....

Twenty jurisdictions have local rules concerning Supplemental Rule

E(5)(c). Fourteen of these districts have directives outlining the use of

stipulations to release a vessel, cargo, or other property. These rules should

remain subject to local variation. Nineteen of the twenty districts have rules

that repeat various portions of subsection (5)(c). Lastly, five jurisdictions

have rules that both repeat and conflict with existing law and should be

rescinded.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Fourteen jurisdictions have local rules that set forth appropriate

additions to Supplemental Rule E(5)(c). E.g., M.D.La. LR25.04; E.D.Mo. LAR6;

S.D.Ga. LAR6. For example, seven of the districts require the use of a specific

' procedure to approve a surety. E.g., D.P.R. LR609; E.D.La. 25.04. Six of the
Page 54

jurisdictions have local rules explaining the role of the stipulation or other

undertaking in the action upon release of the vessel. E.g., N.D.III. LAR8;

E.D.N.C. LR86.00. Several jurisdictions have local rules stating that a

stipulation need not be under seal. E.g., S.D.Fla. LAR6; S.D.Ga. LAR6. There are

also some that define the requirements of sureties. E.g., E.D.N.C. LR85.00(a)

(one surety sufficient if surety resides in district); E.D.Mo. LAR6 (one

corporate surety or two individual sureties).

RULES THAT REPEAT

Nineteen of the districts have directives that repeat various portions

of Supplemental Rule E(5)(c). For example, five districts state that property

which is seized can be released in those circumstances set forth in subsection

(5)(c). E.g., S.D.Ala. ALR4; S.D.Fla. LARlI; E.D.Mo. LAR9. Five jurisdictions

repeat that the marshal's fees and costs must be paid. E.g., E.D.Wash.

LAR140(b); E.D.N.C. LR95.00. Fourteen of the jurisdictions repeat, generally,

the substance of subsection (5)(c). E.g., E.D.La. LR25.06; N.D.N.Y. LAR12.

RULES THAT REPEAT AND CONFLICT

Five jurisdictions have local rules stating that a stipulation can be

signed by a party or a party's agent or attorney. S.D.Fla. LAR6; N.D.Fla. LAR8;

M.D.Fla. LR7.05(d); S.D.Ga. LAR6; E.D.N.C. LR86.00. The portion of these rules

permitting a party's attorney to sign a stipulation repeats Supplemental Rule

E(5)(c) and is, therefore, unnecessary. The portion of these rules permitting

an agent to sign a stipulation is inconsistent with Supplemental Rule E(5)(c)

which only allows signing of a stipulation "by the party ... or the party's

attorney ....." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(5)(c).

S
Page 55

(d) Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions

RULES THAT REPEAT

Five jurisdictions have local rules that simply repeat the provision

of Supplemental Rule E(5)(d), stating that subsection (5) does not apply to

petitory, possessory, and partition actions and that the court must order

release of the property in those cases. E.g., S.D.Ga. LAR1 1(A); E.D.Mo. LAR9(C).

These rules are unnecessary.

6. Reduction or Impairment of Security.

Seven jurisdictions have local rules that should be rescinded because

they either repeat or conflict with Supplemental Rule E(6).

RULES THAT REPEAT

Four jurisdictions have local rules that repeat, almost verbatim, that

the court may increase or decrease the amount of security taken, upon motion

and for good cause. M.D. Fla. LR7.05(e)(4), 7.050); S.D.Fla. LAR5(D); S.D.Ga.

LAR5(C); E.D.Mo. LAR6(C). These rules are unnecessary.

RULES THAT EITHER REPEAT OR CONFLICT

Two jurisdictions have local rules that also repeat Supplemental Rule

E(6) but with modifications. N.D.Fla. LAR15(B); N.D.Ohio LAR 2.03. The rule in

the Northern District of Florida only refers to the court's ability to reduce the

amount of security. N.D.Fla. LAR15(B)(2). It does not state that an interested

party may seek an increase in the security. The local rule in the Northern

District of Ohio, on the other hand, only permits an interested party to move

for "greater or better security" and not for any reduction in the security.

N.D.Ohio LAR 2.03. These local rules each repeat Supplemental Rule E(6) and, to

this extent, are unnecessary.
Page 56

These rules may also be inconsistent with Supplemental Rule E(6).

The rule in the Northern District of Florida, which only states that a party may

seek a reduction in security, may mean that no motion for an increase in

security can be made. If so, such a rule conflicts with Supplemental Rule E(6).

The local rule in the Northern District of Ohio provides that a motion to

increase security will be granted "on special cause shown." N.D.Ohio LAR 2.03.

To the extent this phrase is equivalent to the "good cause" requirement of

Supplemental Rule E(6), the local rule repeats the Supplemental Rule. To the

extent, however, that this local rule sets a different and seemingly higher

standard for determining the outcome of a motion, it is inconsistent with

Supplemental Rule E(6).

A RULE THAT CONFLICTS

The local rule in the eastern District of North Carolina provides that

an order increasing or decreasing security may be entered by the court "on its

own motion, with or without notice." E.D.N.C. LR85.00(c). Permitting an order

to issue without notice conflicts with Supplemental Rule E(6) which states that

there must be a motion and hearing. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp. R. E(6).

7. Security on Counterclaim

8. Restricted Appearance

One jurisdiction has a local rule that repeats, almost verbatim,

Supplemental Rule E(8) concerning a restricted appearance. N.D. Fla.

LAR15(A). This rule is simply unnecessary.

9. Disposition of Property; Sales

Thirty-four jurisdictions have local rules augmenting Supplemental

5 Rule E(9). The regulation of sales seems quite dependent on local custom, the
Page 57

number of such sales, and, perhaps, physical size of the district. Accordingly,

all of these rules should remain subject to local variation.

Subsection (9) has three broad requirements. The first portion of

the rule states that forfeiture proceedings are not covered by this Rule. Fed. R.

Civ. P. Supp.R. E(9)(a). There are no local rules addressing this topic. The

second portion of the Rule permits an interlocutory sale when certain criteria

are satisfied. Id. at (9)(b). There are only four jurisdictions with local rules

specifically discussing such sales. The third portion of the rule briefly states

who shall make a sale and where the proceeds are paid. Id. (9)(c). All of the

jurisdictions have local rules covering this situation.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

The local rules addressing sales, generally, discuss a variety of

topics. Many of these districts, however, have rules that cover three subjects.

Thirty-one of the jurisdictions have local rules requiring that notice by

publication be provided prior to a judicial sale. E.g., S.D.Ala. ALR9; S.D.Miss.

LR20(j); E.D.Pa. LAR8. The form of such publication varies. E.g., E.D.Wis.

LR22.08 (at least once at least seven days before sale and another publication at

least three days before sale); W.D.Wash. LAR145(a) (daily for six days before

sale); S.D.Tex. LR18(A) (at least four times between three and thirty-one days

before sale). Many of these'rules have provisions allowing the court to make

an order concerning publication different from that set forth in the local

rules. E.g., E.D.N.C. LR94.00(a) ("Unless otherwise ordered upon a showing of

urgency"); E.D.Pa. LAR8 ("unless otherwise ordered by the Court").

Twenty-four of the jurisdictions have local rules that address the

confirmation of the sale and the circumstances under which a person can

S object to the sale before confirmation. E.g., E.D.La. LR25.10; E.D.Pa. LAR1O;
Page 58

N.D.Ill. LAR15. These rules provide a time limit within which an objection

must be filed and, then, state that, in the absence of such an objection,

confirmation will occur. The time limits vary, but they are generally short.

The time limits for filing an objection range from "two court days following

the sale" (E.D.Va. LAR(e)(15)) to "10 days after the sale, excluding Saturdays,

Sundays, and Holidays" (D.Alaska LARl1(H)(1)), with the usual time set at three

days, sometimes excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays (e.g., C.D.Cal.

LRE(14)(c); W.D.La. LR25.10; E.D.Mo. LARIO).

Eleven jurisdictions have local rules concerning claims made after

the sale. E.g., N.D.Fla. LAR18; N.D.Ohio LAR4.02; N.D.N.Y. LAR15. These rules

provide that claims after sale shall not be admitted "to the prejudice of lienors

who filed their claims before the sale, but shall be limited to remnants and

surplus, unless for cause shown it shall be otherwise ordered." E.D.N.C.

LR99.00; see also, N.D.Ill. LAR16; S.D.Ga. LAR15.

Four jurisdictions have local rules specifically referring to

interlocutory sales. E.D.Mo. LAR3(F); E.D.N.Y. LAR3(d); S.D.N.Y. LAR3(d);

N.D.N.Y. LAR3(d). These rules require that, before an interlocutory sale is

ordered, "the sum chargeable thereon [shall be]... fixed by the court, except by

consent of the parties or by order of the court." S.D.N.Y. LAR3(d); E.D.N.Y.

LAR3(d).

10. Intervention and Joinder

Seventeen jurisdictions have local rules concerning the

circumstances under which a person may intervene or join in an admiralty

proceeding. Rules in sixteen of these jurisdictions either repeat or conflict

with existing law. In addition, rules in two of the districts repeat several

5 Federal Rules. These rules should be rescinded.
Page 59

RULES THAT CONFLICT OR REPEAT

Fifteen of these districts require that intervention be used in certain

circumstances:

Anyone asserting a maritime lien or writ of foreign

attachment against the vessel or property may proceed only

by intervention, unless otherwise ordered by the Court.

S.D.Ala. ALR8(A).

See also E.D.Cal. LR522; E.D.Va. LAR(e)(13). The rule in the other district states

that a person asserting a lien "may upon motion to the court, with notice to

counsel of record, be permitted to intervene." E.D.Pa. LAR7(A). This rule' may

be interpreted to permit a person to elect to proceed by intervention or to

institute an independent action; it may also be interpreted to require

intervention, and simply repeat the court's authority to allow the

intervention.

Some of the rules describe in detail other aspects of intervention.

For example, sixteen of the districts have rules that require that an intervenor

share costs with the other parties. E.g., W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(10); D.N.J. LAR(e)(10);

D.Md. LAR(e)(9). Seven of the rules state that there is no need to re-arrest or

re-attach the vessel when intervening. E.g., D.Haw. LR604-12; S.D.Ga. LAR9;

S.D.Ala. ALR8. Five of the rules mandate that the intervenor "serve a copy of

the complaint in intervention upon all counsel of record." S.D.Ala. ALR8(A);

see also N.D.Miss. LR20(i). Lastly, five of the rules state that release of the

seizure by the original party does not release the seizure as to remaining

claims by intervenors. E.g., E.D.Pa. LAR7; S.D.Miss. LR20(i); E.D.Cal. LR522.

The Supplemental Rules are silent with respect to the use of

intervention. Other Federal Rules, however, discuss intervention. Rule 24 of

the*Federal Rules of Civil Procedure sets forth the procedure for a person to

intervene, both when that person has a right to intervene (Fed. R. Civ. P.
Page 60

2 24(a)), and when that person may be permitted to intervene (Id. at (b)). This

Rule does not compel intervention. The other Federal Rules concerning

joinder of claims, remedies, and parties also do not require the use of

intervention. For example, Rule 18(a) gives authority to the party to decide

what claims that party would like to join. Fed. R. Civ. P. 18(a). This Rule does

not allow the court to compel joinder. Id. Rule 19(a) gives the court authority

to order that a person be joined as a party but only if it will not defeat

jurisdiction and only if

(1) the person claims an interest relating to the subject of the

action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in

the person's absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or

impede the person's ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave

any of the persons already parties subject to a substantial risk

of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent

obligations by reason of the claimed interest. If the person

has not been so joined, the court shall order that the person A be made a party.... If the joined party objects to venue and

joinder of that party would render the venue of the action

improper, that party shall be dismissed from the action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a).

This Rule allows for the possibility that joinder may not be feasible in all

circumstances. Id. Rule 20(a) also permits, but does not require, joinder of

parties in certain relevant circumstances:

All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert

any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative in

respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence,

or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of

law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the

action. All persons (and any vessel, cargo or other property

subject to admiralty process in rem) may be joined in one

action as defendants if there is asserted against them jointly,

severally, or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect

of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series

of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or

fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a).

In addition, Rule 42(a) allows the court to consolidate actions when they

involve "a common question of law or fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(a).
Page 61

To the extent the local rules in the sixteen districts simply permit the

court to join claims or parties in the same action, they repeat existing Federal

Rules and are unnecessary. To the extent, however, that these rules require

the use of intervention when, in fact, the person has other options under

existing law, they are inconsistent and should be rescinded.

RULES THAT REPEAT

Two jurisdictions have local rules concerning joinder that repeat the

Federal Rules on joinder and should be rescinded. E.D.Mo. LAR7; E.D.Pa.

LAR11,12.

F. Limitation of Liability

Thirty-two jurisdictions have local rules concerning the procedure

used by a ship owner to limit liability, pursuant to Supplemental Rule F. Fed. R.

Civ. P. Supp.R. F. Supplemental Rule F contains nine subsections. The local

rules address five of these nine subjects and are numbered according to the

applicable Supplemental Rule subsections. In addition, there are local rules

relating to limitation of liability proceedings which do not fall within one of

the stated subsections; these local rules are discussed in this material under

topic "10". Each of these local rule topics will be addressed individually in the

following discussion.

1. Time for Filing Complaint; Security

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Twenty-three jurisdictions have local rules concerning security for

costs. E.g., E.D.Mo. LAR5(A); E.D.Wis. LR22.05; S.D.Cal. LR315. These rules should

remain subject to local variation.
Page 62

The amount required by the court to be deposited as security for costs

varies among the jurisdictions. Eight jurisdictions have local rules requiring

that $500.00 be posted as security. D.Alaska LAR6(B); E.D.Cal. LR520(b); S.D.Cal.

LR315; N.D.Fla. LAR7; S.D.Fla. LAR5(A); D.Or. LR1020-2; E.D.Wash. LAR120(b);

W.D.Wash. LAR120(b). Four jurisdictions have local rules requiring that

$1,000.00 be posted as security. N.D.Cal. LR615-1; C.D.Cal. LRF.l; D.Md. LAR(f);

E.D.Va. LAR(D(1). Two jurisdictions require a $250.00 security. D.N.J. LAR(f);

N.D.Ill. LAR7. The other nine districts provide that a stipulation for costs may

be filed instead of posting the security. They provide that a stipulation in the

sum of $250.00 be given, "conditioned that the principal shall pay all costs and

expenses awarded against him ....." S.D.Ga. LAR5(A); see also E.D.Mo. LAR5(A);

E.D.N.Y. LAR6; S.D.N.Y. LAR6. Most of these jurisdictions permit the filing of

security in the actual amount in lieu of posting a stipulation.

The prior Rules of Practice in Admiralty and Maritime Cases, which

were rescinded, effective July 1, 1966, contained Rule 24 entitled "Stipulation

for Costs" which essentially permitted the court to require a litigant to provide

security. Admiralty Rules of 1920, Rule 24, rescinded by Order of February 28,

1966, Fed.R.Civ.P. Such a rule simply restates the district court's inherent

power to require security for costs in a particular case. Hawes v. Club Ecuestre

El Comandante, 535 F.2d 140, 143 (1st Cir. 1976), citing McClure v. Borne Co., 292

F.2d 824, 835 (3rd Cir. 1961). It follows, then, that these local rules are within

the district court rulemaking power.

Most of the jurisdictions, with local rules permitting the filing of

stipulations, also have local rules setting out the form of such a stipulation.

S.D.Ga. LAR6; E.D.N.Y. LAR7; S.D.N.Y. LAR7; W.D.Pa. LAR(f)(1). These rules

should remain subject to local variation, consistent with the court's discretion

generally with respect to security.
Page 63

Three jurisdictions have local rules that specifically permit a party

to ask the court to increase or decrease the amount of the security for costs.

D.Alaska LAR6(D); E.D.Wash. LAR120(d); W.D.Wash. LAR120(d). Again, these

local rules are an appropriate exercise of district court rulemaking.

2. Complaint

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Three jurisdictions have local rules discussing the verification of

pleadings and claims which, to the extent they refer to Supplemental Rule F

proceedings to limit liability, either conflict with or repeat existing law.

S.D.Ala. ALR6; N.D.Miss. LR20(g); S.D.Miss. LR20(g). Accordingly, these rules

should be rescinded.

These jurisdictions have local rules requiring that "Jelvery

complaint and claim under the Admiralty Supplemental Rules ... be verified

on oath or affirmation by a party or an officer of a corporate party." S.D.Ala.

ALR6; see also N.D.Miss. LR20(g); S.D.Miss. LR20(g). To the extent that these

local rules refer to a verification requirement for complaints seeking to limit

liability, they are inconsistent with existing law.

Verification is the signing of a complaint under the pains and

penalties of perjury. See 28 U.S.C. §1746. Complaints typically do not need to be

verified. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 11; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. A, making the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure applicable to admiralty and maritime claims to

the extent they are not inconsistent with the Supplemental Rules. Rule 11

states that "[e]xcept when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute,"

pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by affidavit. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11.

The phrase "rule or statute" contained in Rule 11 refers to the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure and federal statutes since, when the Advisory Committee has
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intended to refer to local district court rules, it has used the phrase, "district

court rule" or "local rule." E.g., Rule 16(b) ("Except in categories of actions

exempted by district court rule as inappropriate..."); Rule 73(a) ("When

specially designated to exercise such jurisdiction by local rule or order of the

district court..."); Rule 74(d) ("For failure to comply with these rules or any

local rule or order..."). Further, when the Advisory Committee has intended to

refer to state law, it has defined the source of law so that it clearly refers to

state law. E.g., Rule 17(b) ("The capacity of an individual, other than one

acting in a representative capacity, to sue or be sued shall be determined by

the law of the individual's domicile."); Rule 4(e) ("Whenever a statute or rule

of court of the state in which the district court is held...").

Rule 11 provides that, if a paper is signed in violation of Rule 11,

the court may impose sanctions. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11. A verification requirement

. allows for more severe penalties; false verification may result in a

punishment for a criminal misdemeanor. Therefore, a verification

requirement can have a chilling effect on a litigant's inclination to bring suit.

Rule 11 recognizes that there are times when verification is

appropriate and those situations are "specifically provided by rule or statute."

Fed.R.Civ.P. 11. Several other Federal Rules require verification. E.g.,

Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1, 27(a)(1), 65(b). The habeas corpus provisions also require

verification of petitions and motions. See 28 U.S.C. §§2254, 2255 and rules

promulgated thereunder.

Supplemental Rule F(2) sets out the form of any complaint to limit

liability. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. F(2). Yet, it does not require that such a

complaint be verified. Id. This is in contrast to Supplemental Rules B and C

concerning attachment and garnishment and actions in rem, respectively.
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Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(1), C(2). Both of these Rules require that the

complaint be verified. Id.

In addition, there is no apparent need to require verification as

there may be in a Supplemental Rule B or C proceeding. In either of these

proceedings, the action is commenced and the res is attached or arrested

without necessarily any notice by the plaintiff to the vessel owner. See Fed. R.

Civ. P. Supp.R. B, C. The attachment or arrest can be undertaken unilaterally.

Verification, then, may be an additional assurance by the arresting or

attaching party that the procedure is warranted. In a limitation of liability

proceeding, however, the parties already have notice: the vessel owner,

seeking the limitation, has notice of the claim which has been provided by a

complaint brought against the vessel owner or by a written claim. There

seems little reason to require verification of the complaint in this situation.

3. Claims Against Owner: Injunction

4. Notice to Claimants

Thirteen jurisdictions have local rules relating to Supplemental

Rule F(4). These local rules address essentially three subjects: (1) The

newspaper used for publication of a notice to the claimants; (2) The need for

publication; and, (3) The form for any proof of publication. A brief

discussion of the local rules follows.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Supplemental Rule F(4) requires that notice to claimants be

published in a "newspaper or newspapers as the court may direct once a week

for four successive weeks prior to the date fixed for the filing of claims." Fed.

R. Civ. P. Supp.R. F(4). All of the jurisdictions have local rules explaining what
Page 66

newspaper can be used to satisfy this requirement. E.g., M.D.Fla. LR7.01(g);

S.D.Ga. LAR3(E); D.Or. LR1050-1. The definition of the appropriate newspaper

varies. For example, some districts provide a general description. E.g., S.D.Fla.

LAR3(E) ("in any one newspaper of general circulation within the county in

which the complaint is filed"); D.Or. LR1O50-1 ("a newspaper of general

circulation in this district unless a judge directs otherwise"). Other

jurisdictions specifically define the newspaper that must be used. E.g., E.D.N.C.

LR84(e) (sets out different newspapers for use in particular divisions of the

district); E.D.Wash. LAR150 (directs that notices be published in a specifically

named periodical). These local rules are an appropriate exercise of district

court rulemaking and should, therefore, remain subject to local variation.

A RULE THAT REPEATS

One jurisdiction has a local rule that reiterates that Supplemental

Rule F(4) applies in limitation of liability proceedings. M.D.Fla. LR7.06(a)

("plaintiff shall, without further order of court, effect publication of the

notice in accordance with the provisions set forth in Supplemental

Rule (F)(4) ...."). This rule is simple unnecessary.

RULES THAT CONFLICT

Four jurisdictions have local admiralty rules requiring that proof of

publication of the notice be submitted to the court. M.D.Fla. LR7.06(b); S.D.Fla.

LAR3(F); S.D.Ga. LAR3(F); E.D.N.C. LR84(f). These rules require that the

plaintiff or intervenor file "sworn proof of publication by or on behalf of the

publisher or the editor in charge of legal notices of the newspaper in which

published, together with the copy of the proof of publication, or publication or

reproduction thereof." S.D.Ga. LAR3(F). These local rules are inconsistent
Page 67

with the procedures as they currently exist in the Supplemental Rules and

other Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and should, therefore, be rescinded.

Supplemental Rule F(4) requires that notice to the claimants be

published "in such newspaper or newspapers as the court may direct" and that

the plaintiff mail "a copy of the notice to every person known to have made

any claim." Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. F(4). It is silent concerning proof of

publication. Id. See also Admiralty Rules of 1920, Rule51, which contains the

same notice provision, almost verbatim, and, similarly, does not require any

proof of notice.

In other instances in both the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and

two of its Supplemental Rules, the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules has

required that a party perform a particular task and, in addition, prove that the

task has been completed. For example, Supplemental Rule B states that a

S default judgment will not enter

except upon proof, which may be by affidavit, (a) that the

plaintiff or the garnishee has given notice of the action to the

defendant ... or (b) that the complaint ... [has] been served

on the defendant in a manner authorized by Rule 4(d) or (i),

or (c) that the plaintiff or the garnishee has made diligent

efforts to give notice of the action to the defendant and has

been unable to do so.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(2).

See also Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. D, concerning possessory, petitory, and partition

actions, which requires "notice in the manner provided by Rule B(2)". Rule 4

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires proof of service.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(g). It does not; however, set out the form of such return. Id. In

addition, it specifically states that a "[f]ailure to make proof of service does not

affect the validity of service." Id. Lastly, Rule 30 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure concerning depositions -states that "[t]he officer shall certify on the

!
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deposition that the witness was duly sworn by the officer and that the

deposition is a true record of the testimony given." Fed.R.Civ.P. 30(f).

If the Advisory Committee had intended to insert a provision

requiring proof of publication into Supplemental Rule F(4), it could easily

have done so. Yet, Supplemental Rule F(4) is silent on this subject. The

Advisory Committee Notes on the issue of proof, in the context of Supplemental

Rule B(2), are a persuasive indication that the Advisory Committee rejected

any proof of publication procedure for Supplemental Rule F(4).. While

inserting the proof of notice provision in Supplemental Rule B(2), the

Advisory Committee was aware of the potential burden on the plaintiff of such

a proof requirement:

In attachment and garnishment proceedings the persons

whose interests will be affected by the judgment are identified

by the complaint. No substantial burden is imposed on the

plaintiff by a simple requirement that he notify the

defendant of the action by mail .... The rule therefore

provides only that no default judgement shall be entered

except upon proof of notice or of inability to give notice

despite diligent efforts to do so. Thus the burden of giving

notice is further minimized.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. 2 Advisory Committee Notes.

Lastly, such a procedure is probably not necessary since, if the court

discovers that there is a failure to give proper notice to the claimants, the

court has the power to order that new or additional notice be given. Petition of

Canada S.S. Lines, Ltd., 93 F.Supp. 549, 553 (N.D.Ohio, 1950). Although such a

method may, at first blush, encourage the use of a defective procedure when

the petitioner wants delay, the assessment of additional costs or other sanction

by the court has been recognized as sufficient to prevent such abuse. Id., at

544. Since only four jurisdictions have such a directive, it is likely that the

other distriots are able to avoid problems with the existing sanctions.
Page 69

5. Claims and Answer

Three jurisdictions have local rules that, to the extent they relate to

Supplemental Rule F proceedings, should be rescinded. S.D.Fla. LAR9(A), 2(C);

E.D.N.C. LR81.00(c); S.D.Ga. LAR2(C).

A RULE THAT REPEATS

One jurisdiction has a local rule that reiterates that answers and

motions in Supplemental Rule F actions be filed in conformity therewith.

S.D.Fla. LAR9(A). This rule is simply unnecessary.

RULES THAT CONFLICT

The three jurisdictions have local rules that, to the extent they apply

to Supplemental Rule F, are inconsistent with it. S.D.Fla. LAR2(C); E.D.N.C.

LR81.00(c); S.D.Ga. LAR2(C). These rules set forth a return date for in

personam actions. It is unclear exactly the types of actions these local rules

impact. They state that the return date shall be twenty days "except process

within the contemplation of Supplemental Rule B, F.R.Civ.P. which shall be in

conformity therewith." E.D.N.C. LR81.00(c). Therefore, these rules do not

apply to Supplemental Rule B attachments and garnishments. These

jurisdictions also have other local rules providing for a different return date

for actions "within the scope of Supplemental Rules C and D." S.D.Fla. LAR2(B);

S.D.Ga. LAR2(B); E.D.N.C. 81.00(b). Accordingly, the jurisdictions must intend

that these local rules apply to limitation of liability actions pursuant to

Supplemental Rule F.

These rules conflict with the intent of the Supplemental Rules that

there be no return dates. For example, Supplemental Rule C provides that the

claim be filed "within 10 days after process has been executed..." and that the

answer be served "within 20 days after the filing of the claim." Fed. R. Civ. P.
Page 70

Supp.R. C(6). In addition, the Supplemental Rules were purposefully written to

exclude any reference to return days. The Advisory Committee Notes relating

to Supplemental Rule C read, in relevant part:

Adherence to the practice of return days seems

unsatisfactory. The practice varies significantly from district

to district. A uniform rule should be provided so that any

claimant or defendant can readily determine when he is

required to file or serve a claim or answer.

A virtue of the return-day practice is that it requires

claimants to come forward and identify themselves at an early

state of the proceedings-before they could fairly be required

to answer. The draft is designed to ;reserve this feature of the

present practice by requiring early filing of the claim.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. C(6) Advisory Committee Notes.

Return dates in Supplemental Rule B were also abolished by the Advisory

Committee:

The rule proceeds on the assumption that uniform and

definite periods of time for responsive pleadings should be

substituted for return days (see the discussion under Rule

C(6), below). Twenty days seems sufficient time for the

garnishee to answer (cf. FRCP 12(a)), and an additional 10 days

should suffice for the defendant.

Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. B(3) Advisory Committee Notes.

In the absence of a controlling directive in the Supplemental Rules on the use

of a return day in a limitation of liability action, the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure are applicable and they, also, make no reference to return days. See

generally, Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. A.

6. Information to Be Given Claimants

7. Insufficiency of Fund or Security

Twenty-three jurisdictions have local rules discussing the use of an

appraiser to determine the value of funds or security deposited by the plaintiff

in a limitation of liability action. E.g., M.D.Fla. LR7.06; D.Or. LR1040-1; E.D.N.C.

. LR93. Supplemental Rule F(7), referring to the insufficiency of any funds or
Page 71

security to satisfy a claimant, provides that an appraiser may be used to assess

the value of the plaintiffs interest. Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. F(7). In addition, an

appraiser may be needed in similar circumstances arising under Supplemental

Rules B, C, and D. See e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. Supp.R. E(5)(a). Accordingly, an

analogous discussion of appraisers is set forth in "E(5)(a). Release of

Property," supra. The Local Rules Project has suggested two Model Local Rules

for the jurisdictions to consider adopting if they choose to have a directive on

the subject of appraisers. The two rules are identical, but are found in two

places in the local rules: one under Supplemental Rule E(5) and one under

Supplemental Rule F(7).

MODEL LOCAL RULE

The local rules from these twenty-three jurisdictions apply to

various proceedings brought under the Supplemental Rules. For example, two

jurisdictions specifically state that their local rules are applicable only to

appraisals pursuant to Supplemental Rule F(7). M.D.Fla. LR7.06(c); N.D.Ohio

LAR5.02. Rules in at least two of the jurisdictions apply to an "[o]rder for

appraisement of property under arrest or attachment, or of plaintiff's interest

in the vessel and pending freight under Supplemental Rule F(7)." S.D.Fla.

LAR10; see also S.D.Ga. LAR1O(A). The remaining jurisdictions have local rules

that appear to be applicable to limitation of liability actions, although they do

not specifically mention Supplemental Rule F. E.g., D.Or. LR1040-1 ("An order

for appraisal of property so security can be given ....."); N.D.Fla. LAR12 ("An

order for appraisement of property under arrest or attachment"); E.D.Mo.

LAR8(B) ("Orders for the appraisement of property under arrest .... ").

S
Page 72

The Local Rules Project has suggested that those jurisdictions

interested in regulating appraisers and appraisals in limitation of liability

proceedings consider adopting the following Model Local Rule:

Model Local Rule F(7).1

Appraisal.

An order for appraisal of property so that security can be

given will be entered by the clerk at the request of any

interested party. If the parties do not agree in writing upon

an appraiser, the court will appoint the appraiser. The

appraiser shall be sworn to the faithful and impartial

discharge of the appraiser's duties before any federal or state

officer authorized by law to administer oaths. The appraiser

shall give one day's notice of the time and place of making the

appraisal to the attorneys who have appeared in the action.

The appraiser shall file the appraisal with the clerk as soon as

it is completed and shall serve it on all parties. Absent

stipulation of the parties or order of the court to the contrary,

the appraiser shall be paid by the party requesting the

appraisal. Appraiser's fees shall thereafter be taxed as the

court orders.

DISCUSSION

The local rules in the twenty-two jurisdictions are quite similar. The

Model Local Rule is taken, in large measure, from the local rules in the District

of Alaska and the Eastern District of North Carolina. D.Alaska LARIO(A);

E.D.N.C. LR93.00. Such a Model Local Rule is preferable to minor variations

among the districts which may be confusing to practitioners. This directive is
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suggested as a Model Local Rule, rather than an amendment to the

Supplemental Rules, because it outlines procedures commonly regulated by the

individual courts.

The first sentence of the rule simply permits an appraisal at the

request of an interested party. All of the twenty-two districts have such a

provision. E.g., S.D.N.Y. LARl1; E.D.Wash. LAR140(a).

The next sentence provides that the court will appoint an appraiser

if the parties cannot agree on who it will be. Nineteen of the jurisdictions

have similar rules. E.g., E.D.Mo. LAR8; E.D.Cal. LR560.

The third sentence requires that the appraiser be sworn to the

impartial charge of the appraiser's duties. Seventeen of the districts have this

requirement. E.g., W.D.Pa. LAR(e)(8); D.Haw. LR604-10.

The fourth sentence requires that the appraiser give one day's

. notice of the time and place of the appraisal. Eighteen of the districts have a

similar notice provision. E.g., N.D.Ill. LARII; S.D.Cal. LR310-3. The rule in the

Northern District of Ohio varies from the other directives by requiring that

three days notice be given. N.D.Ohio LAR2.04.

The next sentence requires that the appraiser file the appraisal with

the clerk and serve it on all parties. All of the jurisdictions have rules

requiring, at a minimum, that the appraiser file the appraisal (e.g., D.Alaska

LAR10(a); S.D.Cal. LR310-3), while some of these districts have directives

requiring that the appraisal also be served on the parties (e.g., E.D.N.C.

LR93.00; C.D.Cal. LRE(10)). The Model Local Rule has included the service

requirement in an effort to minimize the clerk's responsibility and cost in this

matter.

The last two sentences of the Model Local Rule provide that the

appraisal fees are paid by the party requesting the appraisal and taxable as
Page 74

costs. Only ten of the jurisdictions have such a provision. E.g., S.D.Fla. LAR10;

E.D.Va. LAR(e)(1 1).

8. Objections to Claims; Distribution of Fund

9. Venue; Transfer

10. Order of Proof at Trial

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Five jurisdictions have local rules providing for the order of proof at

trial in limitation of liability actions. C.D.Cal. LRF(2); N.D.Cal. LR615-2; E.D.Pa.

LAR13; W.D.Pa. LAR(f)(2); E.D.Va. LAR(F)(2). Each of these rules states that,

when a limitation of liability issued is raised by "answer or complaint, the

plaintiff in the former or the damage claimant in the latter shall proceed with

. its proof first, as is normal at civil trials." C.D.Cal. LRF(2). These rules should

remain subject to local variation since they are an appropriate exercise of

district court discretion and since they may alleviate confusion as to the order

of trial in Supplemental Rule F proceedings. See generally Fed. R. Evid. 611.

G. Miscellaneous

1. Rate of Prejudgment Interest

RULES THAT REPEAT OR CONFLICT

Eight jurisdictions have local rules setting forth a rate of

prejudgment interest. One of the districts has a rule providing for a 6 per cent

rate of interest "unless otherwise provided by law or otherwise specified."

E.D.Mo. LAR12(C). The other seven districts have directives requiring that

interest be calculated according to 28 U.S.C. §1961, unless the court directs
Page 75

otherwise (e.g., E.D.Wash. LAR155), or unless the court or a statute directs

otherwise (e.g., N.D.Cal. LR620-2). Section 1961 of Title 28 provides a method

for calculating interest "on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a

district court." 28 U.S.C. §1961(a). To the extent the local rules refer to the

procedure in Section 1961 to calculate the interest, they repeat that Section. To

the extent, however, that these rules allow a court to direct any amount of

interest or method for calculating the interest, they are inconsistent with

Section 1961.

2. Deserting Seamen

RULES THAT REPEAT AND CONFLICT

Three jurisdictions have local rules concerning the method of

service and the time to plead in cases involving deserting seamen. N.D.Cal.

.I LR620-1; S.D.Cal. LR320; C.D.Cal. LRG(1). These rules require service upon the

United States Attorney, with a copy to the Attorney General of the United

States, and a twenty-day time period within which the United States Attorney

must file a responsive pleading. Id. The method of service outlined in these

rules repeats Rule 4(d)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ. P.

4(d)(4). To the extent these rules do not permit service upon "an assistant

United States attorney or clerical employee designated by the United States

attorney..." as permitted by Rule 4(d)(4), they are also inconsistent with that

Federal Rule. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(4). The requirement of a twenty-day time

period within which the United States must file its response is inconsistent

with Rule 12(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which allows the United

States sixty days within which to answer. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a).

The rule in the Southern District of California is inconsistent with

existing law by referring to the relevant statute as "the provisions of 46 USC
Page 76

Section 706." S.D.Cal. LR320. Section 706 was repealed August 26, 1983 (see

Pub.L. 98-89, §4(b), 97 Stat. 600); the operative statute is now set forth at 46

U.S.C. §11505 (see Pub.L. 98-89, 97 Stat. 584 (August 26, 1983)).

3. Taxation of Costs

Nine jurisdictions have local rules setting forth examples of those

items which may be taxed as costs upon completion of an admiralty

proceeding. Rules in eight of these jurisdictions should remain subject to local

variation. In addition, the Advisory Committee may want to consider

incorporating the substance of some of these rules in Supplemental Rule E to

promote uniformity among the jurisdictions. Lastly, one local rule repeats

Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and should be rescinded.

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Eight of the nine jurisdictions provide that taxable costs include any

premiums paid on bonds and stipulations. E.g., N.D.Fla. LAR19; E.D.N.C. LR96.00;

S.D.Ga. LAR12. Six of the jurisdictions provide, also, that wharfage or other

storages charges be taxed as costs. E.g., N.D.Miss. LR20(m); S.D.Miss. LR20(m);

M.D.Fla. LR7.05(o). Three of these jurisdictions allow the costs for the

publication of any notices to be assessed, as well as other reasonable expenses.

S.D.Ala. ALR12; N.D.Miss. LR20(m); S.D.Miss. LR20(m).

Section 1925 of Title 28, enacted in 1948, explains how costs have

been taxed in an admiralty case:

Except as otherwise provided by Act of Congress, the

allowance and taxation of costs in admiralty and maritime

cases shall be prescribed by rules promulgated by the

Supreme Court.

28 U.S.C. §1925.

Section 2073 of Title 28, also enacted in 1948 but repealed in 1966, empowered

the Supreme Court to make rules governing admiralty cases. See Act of June
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25, 1948, Ch. 646, §2073, 62 Stat. 961 repealed by Pub.L. 89-773, §2, 80 Stat. 1323

(Nov. 6, 1966). Section 1925 is still in existence. It was not amended in light of

the unification of the admiralty and civil rules in 1966, the repeal of Section

2073 in 1966, or the 1988 amendments to the rulemaking process. See

generally, Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act, Title IV, 102 Stat.

4649 (Nov. 18, 1988) (codified as amended at 28 U.S.C. §§2071-2077 (1988)

(hereinafter Rules Enabling Act)).

Because of the unification of admiralty and civil rules and the repeal

of Section 2073, both in 1966, and because of the recently enacted Rules

Enabling Act, Section 1925 does not have much particular force. It merely

permits the Supreme Court to propose rule changes in admiralty cases when

Congress has not already acted. This permission, however, is already granted

to the Court through the Rules Enabling Act which also provides that, "[e]xcept

as otherwise provided by Act of Congress," the Supreme Court may make rules.

See 28 U.S.C. §§2072-2074.

Both Section 1925 and the Rules Enabling Act preclude Supreme

Court rulemaking if Congress has already acted. Congress has acted with

respect to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules

provides that, unless otherwise stated in a statute or other Federal Rule, "costs

shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise

directs." Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d). The local rules in the eight jurisdictions are

appropriate supplements to this Federal Rule by explaining what costs are

taxable in the admiralty context.

TOPICS FOR ADVISORY COMMIITE REVIEW

The eight local rules discussed above, list some types of costs which

S may be taxable in admiralty cases. Because a statute specifically exists
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concerning the allowance and taxation of costs in admiralty and maritime

cases and because this statute has not been amended in spite of other recent

amendments, some clarification of existing law may be helpful. The Advisory

Committee, for example, may want to consider amending Supplemental Rule E

to add a provision explaining the types of costs recoverable by a prevailing

party. In the alternative, Congress may choose to amend Section 1925 of Title

28 by either deleting the provision or by amending it to refer to the existing

rulemaking process.

A RULE THAT REPEATS

The local rule in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania provides that

discovery costs may be taxed as provided by law. E.D.Pa. LAR14. This rule

simply repeats the applicability of Rule 54(d) and is, therefore, unnecessary.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d).

4. Assignment of Actions

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Two jurisdictions have local rules that provide that, if the assigned

judge is unavailable in certain emergency situations, another "judicial officer

in the district" may hear the case without reassignment. N.D.Cal. LR620-3; see

also C.D.Cal. LRG(3). Assignment of cases is a matter traditionally determined

on a local basis.

5. Stay of Execution

Four jurisdictions have local rules addressing, in some manner, Rule

62 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure concerning stays of proceedings.
Page 79

RULES THAT REPEAT

All of these districts have directives that repeat Rule 62(a) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, that execution shall not issue upon a

judgment "until the expiration of 10 days after its entry." Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(a);

see S.D.Fla. LAR14; M.D.Fla. LR7.05(p); S.D.Ga. LAR13; E.D.N.C. LR93.00.

A RULE THAT CONFLICTS

The local rule in the Southern District of Florida repeats that

execution will not issue until ten days after entry of judgment "or such time as

is designated by Court order." S.D.Fla. LAR14. This provision conflicts with

Rule 62(a), which requires that execution be delayed for ten days "[e]xcept as

stated herein." See Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(a).

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Three jurisdictions have local rules that supplement Rule 62(b)

which provides that a stay may be extended in the court's discretion "and on

such conditions for the security of the adverse party as are proper." Fed. R.

Civ. P. 62(b); see M.D.Fla. LR7.05(p); S.D.Ga. LAR13; E.D.N.C. LR93.00. These local

rules provide for an extension of a stay for thirty days

to permit the court to consider an application for the

establishment of a supersedeas bond, and to order the date

upon which the bond shall be filed with the court.

M.D.Fla. LR7.05(p).-

Such a rule is an appropriate "condition" pursuant to Rule 62(b).

6. Dismissal

Five jurisdictions have local rules concerning the dismissal of

admiralty actions, as already regulated, in part, by Rule 41 of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure.
Page 80

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Two of the jurisdictions have local rules that supplement Rule 41(a)

by indicating that, if there is a voluntary dismissal, the court and its officials

must be paid first. S.D.FIa. LAR17; M.D.Fla. LR7.05(n). These provisions are

appropriate additions to Rule 41(a) and to Supplemental Rule E(4) which,

generally, requires that the marshal be paid the attachment and arrest costs.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a); Supp.R. E(4).

Two other jurisdictions have rules indicating that a dismissal

operates as a cancellation or release of all stipulations or other security. DMd.

LAR(e)(12); D.N.J. LAR(e)(13). This is also an appropriate supplement to Rule

41(a).

A RULE THAT REPEATS

The local rule in the Northern District of Florida simply repeats Rule

41(a), that the parties may consent to a dismissal. N.D.Fla. LAR20.

7. Jury Trial Election

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Three jurisdictions have local rules providing that, if an admiralty

claim is made along with a request for a jury trial at the time of filing the

complaint, the plaintiff must elect whether the plaintiff intends to proceed

with the use of the Supplemental Rules or with a jury trial. S.D.Ala. ALR7;

S.D.Miss. LR20(h); N.D.Miss. LR20(h). These rules are an appropriate addition

to Rules 9(h) and 38(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 9(h), 38(e).
Page 81

8. Discovery

There are two directives relating to discovery. D.S.Car. Order

(12/11/67); E.D.Pa. LAR15.

AN ORDER SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

An order from the District of South Carolina imposes a time period

within which discovery must be completed. D.S.Car. Order (12/11/67). This

directive is an appropriate supplement to Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16.

A RULE THAT REPEATS

A local rule in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania repeats,

generally, portions of Rules 29 and 30 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

E.D.Pa. LAR15. It provides that the parties may agree that discovery take a

. specified form, thus repeating the parties' ability to agree to modify the

discovery procedures pursuant to Rule 29. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 29. In addition,

the rule repeats Rule 30(b)(4), that the court has the authority to order that a

deposition be videotaped. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(4).

9. Rules for Summary Determination

RULES SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

Two jurisdictions have local rules providing that, in certain

enumerated instances and subject to consider of the parties, claims not

exceeding $25,000 may be submitted for summary determination. E.D.N.Y.

LAR16; S.D.N.Y. LAR16. These rules are appropriate local methods of

determining cases quickly when all parties agree to such an expedited

proceeding.
Page 82

10. Bifurcation

A RULE SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

A local rule in the Northern District of Ohio states the "general

practice" of the court to separate issues of liability and damage "in non-jury

trials of maritime claims involving property damage only." N.D.Ohio LAR3.01.

Such a statement is consistent with the Advisory Committee Notes to the 1966

amendment to Rule 42 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure:

In certain suits in admiralty separation for trial of the issues

of liability and damages (or of the extent of liability other

than damage, such as salvage and general average) has been

conducive to expedition and economy, especially because of

the statutory right to interlocutory appeal in admiralty cases

(which is of course preserved by these Rules). While

separation of issues for trial is not to be routinely ordered, it is

important that it be encouraged where experience has

demonstrated its worth. Cf. Weinstein, Routine Bifurcation of

Negligence Trials, 14 Vand. L. Rev. 831 (1961).

Fed.R.Civ.P. 42 Advisory Committee Notes to 1966 Amendments

11. Other Matters

A RULE SUBJECT TO LOCAL VARIATION

A local rule in the Northern District of Florida lists the types of

issues arising in admiralty actions which "are left to be handled by an

originating motion, under the provision of Rule 7(b) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure." N.D.Fla. LAR6. Regulation of the details of motion practice

has traditionally fallen within local district court supervision.
Southern District of Alabama

Local Rule Problem Location

ALR I Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

3 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

4 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

5 Local Variation CA. Notice

Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

6 Possible Inconsistency F.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Repetition C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

7 Local Variation G.7. Jury Trial Election

8 Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

9 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

10 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

11 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

12 Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs
District of Alaska

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

3 (A) Local Variation E.3. Process

(B) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

Possible Repetition E.3. Process

(C) Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

(D) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency E.3. Process

(E) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

4 (A) Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

(B) Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

(C) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(E) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(F) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

5 (A) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(B) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(C) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(D) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(E) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

6 (A) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(B) Local Variation F.1. Security

(C) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

(D) Local Variation F.1. Security

7 Local Variation C.4. Notice

8 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

9 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

10 (A) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

(B) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

11 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

12 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest
Central District of California

Local Rule Problem Location

LR A - 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

-2 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

B Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

C -1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

-2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

D - 1 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

E - 1 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-3 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Possible Repetition E.3. Process

-6 Local Variation E.3. Process

-7 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

- 8 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-9 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-10 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

-11 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

-12 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-13 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

F - 1 Local Variation F.1. Security

-2 Local Variation F.10. Order of Proof at Trial

G - 1 Possible Repetition G.2. Deserting Seamen

Possible Inconsistency G.2. Deserting Seamen

-2 Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest
Eastern District of California

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 500 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

501 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

510 (a) Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

(b) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(c) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(d) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

511 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

512 (c) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(d) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

(e) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

(f) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

(g) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

513 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

520 (a) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(b) Local Variation F.1. Security for Costs

(c) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(e) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

521 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

522 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

523 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

530 Local Variation C.4. Notice

540 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

550 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

560 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

570 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

580 Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

0 590 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistencv G.1. Rate of Interest
Northern District of California

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 600 -1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

-2 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

603 Possible Inconsistency B.I. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

605 -1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

-2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

606 - 1 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

610 - I To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-3 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Possible Repetition E.3. Process

-6 Local Variation E.3. Process

-7 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-8 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-9 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-10 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

-11 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

- 12 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-13 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

615 - 1 Local Variation F.1. Security

-2 Local Variation F.10. Order of Proof at Trial

620 - 1 Possible Inconsistency G.2. Deserting Seamen

Possible Repetition G.2. Deserting Seamen

-2 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest

-3 Local Variation G.4. Assignment of Actions

-4 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules
Southern District of California

Local Rule Problem Location

. LR 300 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

305 - 1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

- 1(a) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process....

-2 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-3 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

310 - 1 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

- 1(a) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

-2(a) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-3 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

-4 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

315 Local Variation F.1. Security

320 Possible Inconsistency G.2. Deserting Seamen

Possible Repetition G.2. Deserting Seamen
Middle District of Florida

Local Rule Problem Location

.LR 7.01 (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(b) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(c) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(d) Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

(e) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(h) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

(i) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

7.02 (a) Possilbe Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(b) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(c) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(d) Possible Inconsistency B.2. Notice to the Defendant

(e) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process....

(e)(1) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

(f) Local Variation B.2. Notice to the Defendant

(g) Local Variation B.2. Notice to the Defendant

7.03 (b) Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

(c) Local Variation E.3. Process

(d) Local Variation C.4. Notice

(e) Model Local Rule C. 1. When Available

(f) Possible Repetition C.6. Claim and Answer

(g) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process....

(h) To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

(i) To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

7.04 (a) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(b) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

7.05 (a) To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

(b) Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

(c) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(d) Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Inconsistency E.5.c. Release of Property
Middle District of Florida

Local Rule Problem. Location

,R 7.05 (d) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

(e) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(e)(4) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

(f) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

(g) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

(h) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

(i) Local Variation E.5.b. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.d. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

(j) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

(k) Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

(im) Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

(n) Local Variation G.6. Dismissal

(o) To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs

Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

(p) Local Variation G.5. Stay of Execution

Possible Repetition G.5. Stay of Execution

(q) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(r) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(s) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

7.06 (a) Possible Repetition F.4. Notice to Claimants

(b) Possible Inconsistency F.4. Notice to Claimants

(c) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

(d) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

(e) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

(g) Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants
Northern District of Florida

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

3 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

4 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

5 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

6 Local Variation G.11. Other Matters

7 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

Local Variation F.1. Security

8 Possible Inconsistency E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

11 Local Variation E.3. Process

12 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

13 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

14 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

15 (A) Possible Repetition E.8. Restricted Appearance

(B) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process....

Possible Inconsistency E.6. Security

16 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

17 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

18 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

19 Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs

20 Possible Repetition G.6. Dismissal
Southern District of Florida

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 (B) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(C) Possible Inconsistency F.5. Claims and Answer

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

(D) Local Variation E.3. Process

3 Local Variation CA. Notice

(B) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(E) Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

(F) Possible Inconsistency F.4. Notice to Claimants

4 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

5 (A) Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(B) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(C) To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(D) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

(E) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(F) Possible Inconsistency E.4.e. Execution of Process....

6 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Inconsistency E.5.c. Release of Property

7 (A) Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

(C) To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

(E) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

8 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

9 (A) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Repetition F.5. Claims and Answer

10 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund
Southern District of Florida

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 10 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

11 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

(A) Possible Repetition E.5.d. Release of Property

(C) Local Variation E.5.b. Release of Property

12 Local Variation E.4.e. Execution of Process...

13 To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs

Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

14 Possible Repetition G.5. Stay of Execution

Possible Inconsistency G.5. Stay of Execution

15 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

16 Local Variation E.3. Process

17 Local Variation G.6. Dismissal
Southern District of Georgia

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 (B) Possible Inconsistency C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Repetition C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(C) Possible Inconsistency F.5. Claims and Answer

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

(D) Local Variation E.3. Process

3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

(E) Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

(F) Possible Inconsistency F.4. Notice to Claimants

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

4 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

5 (A) Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(B) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(C) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

(D) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

6 Possible Inconsistency E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation F. 1. Security

7 (A) Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

(C) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(D) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(E) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

8 Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

9 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

10 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

11 Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property
Southern District of Georgia

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 11 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

(A) Possible Repetition E.5.d. Release of Property

(D) Local Variation E.5.b. Release of Property

12 Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs

13 Local Variation G.5. Stay of Execution

Possible Repetition 0.5. Stay of Execution

14 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
District of Hawaii

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 600 -1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

-2 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

601 - 1 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

602 -1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

-2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-3 Local Variation CA. Notice

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

603 - 1 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

604 - 1 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-3 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Possible Repetition E.3. Process

-6 Local Variation E.3. Process

Local Variation E.3. Process

-7 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

- 8 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-9 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-10 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

- 11 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

-12 Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

- 13 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
Northern District of Illinois

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Local Variation C.4. Notice

4 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

5 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

6 Local Variation E.3. Process

7 Local Variation F.1. Security

8 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

9 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

10 (a) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

11 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

12 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

13 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

14 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

16 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

S

Sm
Eastern District of Louisiana

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 600 - 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

-2 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

601 - 1 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

602 - 1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

-2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

603 - 1 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

604 - 1 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

-10 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

- 11 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process...

-12 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

- 13 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

-2 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

-3 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Possible Repetition E.3. Process

-6 Local Variation E.3. Process

Local Variation E.3. Process

-7 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

-8 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-9 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process....
Middle District of Louisiana

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 25.01 Local Variation E.4,f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(A) Possible Repetition B,.1 Complaint, Affidavit ....

(B) Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

25.02 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

25.03 Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

25.04 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

25.05 Local Variation C.4. Notice

To Advisory Committee C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Inconsistency C.6. Claim and Answer

25.06 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

25.07 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

25.08 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

25.09 Local Variation FA4. Notice to Claimants

25.1 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
Western District of Louisiana

Local Rule Problem Location

25.01 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(A) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(B) Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

25.02 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

25.03 Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

25.04 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

25.05 Local Variation CA. Notice

To Advisory Committee C.6. Claim and Answer

Possible Inconsistency C.6. Claim and Answer

25.06 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

25.07 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

25.08 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

25.09 Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

25.1 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
District of Maryland

Local Rule Problem Location

LA (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(b) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

(c) - 1 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-2 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-3 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

(d) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(e) - 1 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-3 Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

-4 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

-5 Local Variation E.3. Process

-6 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-7 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-9 Possible Repetition E,10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-10 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-11 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

-12 Local Variation G.6. Dismissal

(f) Local Variation Fl. Security
Eastern District of Michigan

Local Rule Problem Location

34 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

35 Possible Repetition C.3. Judicial Authorization

36 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

37 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....
Northern District of Mississippi

Local Rule Problem Location

20 (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(c) Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

(d) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(e) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

(f) Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

Local Variation C.4. Notice

(g) Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency F.2. Complaint

(h) Local Variation G.7. Jury Trial Election

(i) Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

(j) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(k) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(1) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(m) Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs
Southern District of Mississippi

Local Rule Problem Location

hR 20 (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(c) Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

(d) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

(e) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

(f) Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

Local Variation C.4. Notice

(g) Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency F.2. Complaint

(h) Local Variation G.7. Jury Trial Election

(i) Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

(j) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(k) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(1) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(m) Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs
Eastern District of Missouri

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 (A) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(C) Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

(D) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

(E) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

(F) Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

(G) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

Possible Repetition E.3. Process

3 Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

Local Variation C.4. Notice

(E) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(F) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

4 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

5 (A) Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

6 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

(C) Possible Repetition E.6. Security

7 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

8 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

9 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

(A) Possible Repetition E.5.b. Release of Property

(C) Possible Repetition E.5.d. Release of Property

(H) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process..-.

10 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

11 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

12 (C) Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest

(D) Local Variation E.3. Process
District of New Jersey

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(b) -1 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-2 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(c) - 1 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-2 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-3 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

(d) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(e) - 1 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

-3 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

-4 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-5 Local Variation E.3. Process

-6 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-8 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-9 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

-10 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-11 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

- 12 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

-13 Local Variation G.6. Dismissal

(f) Local Variation F.1. Security
Eastern District of New York

Local . Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

(c) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(d) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

4 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

5 Local Variation E.3. Process

6 Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

7 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation F.1. Security

8 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

9 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

10 (a) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

(b) Possible Inconsistency B.2. Notice to the Defendant

11 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

12 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

13 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

16 Local Variation G.9. Summary Determination
Northern District of New York

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

(c) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(d) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

4 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

5 Local Variation E.3. Process

6 Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

7 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation F.1. Security

8 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

9 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

10 (a) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

11 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

12 Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

13 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
Southern District of New York

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

3 Local Variation CA. Notice

(c) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(d) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

4 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

5 Local Variation E.3. Process

6 Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

7 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation F.1. Security

8 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

9 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

10 (a) Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

(b) Possible Inconsistency B.2. Notice to the Defendant

11 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

12 Possible Repetition E.4,f, Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

13 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

14 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

16 Local Variation G.9., Summary Determination
Eastern District of North Carolina

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 80 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

81 (a) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(b) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(c) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency F.5. Claims and Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

82 (a) Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

(b) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

(c) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(d) Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

83 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

84 Local Variation C.4. Notice

(e) Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

(f) Possible Inconsistency F.4- Notice to Claimants

85 (a) Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(b) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(c) Possible Inconsistency E.6. Security

(d) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

(e) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

(f) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

86 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Inconsistency E.5.c. Release of Property

87 (a) Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

(c) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

(d) Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

88 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

89 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder
Eastern District of North Carolina

Local Rule Problem Location U LR 89 Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

90 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

91 Possible Inconsistency B.2. Notice to the Defendant

To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

92 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

93 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

94 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

95 Possible Repetition E.5.d. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Local Variation E.5.b. Release of Property

96 Local Variation G.3. Taxation of Costs

To Advisory Committee G.3. Taxation of Costs

97 Possible Repetition G.5. Stay of Execution

Local Variation G.5. Stay of Execution

98 Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

99 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
Northern District of Ohio

Local Rule Problem Location

W LAR 1.01 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2.01 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

2.02 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

2.03 Possible Repetition E.6. Security

Possible Inconsistency E.6. Security

2.04 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

2.05 Local Variation C.4. Notice

(3) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(4) Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

2.06 Possible Inconsistency B.2. Notice to the Defendant

To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

2.07 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

3.01 Local Variation G.10. Bifurcation

4.01 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

4.02 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

5.02 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund
District of Oregon

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 1000 -1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

1005 - 1 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

1010 - 1 Local Variation E.3. Process

-2 Possible Repetition E.3. Process

-3 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-4 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency E.3. Process

-5 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

1015 -1 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-2 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-3 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-4 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

1016 -1 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

-2 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

1020 - 1 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Local Variation F.1. Security

-3 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

-4 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

1024 -1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

1025 - 1 Local Variation C.4. Notice

1030 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

1035 -1 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

-2 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

-3 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

-4 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

1040 -1 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

1045 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

1050 - 1 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

1055 - 1 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest
Eastern District of Pennsylvania

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 1 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

2 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

4 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

5 Possible Repetition E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

6 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Possible Repetition C.4. Notice

7 Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

8 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

9 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

10 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

11 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

13 Local Variation F.10. Order of Proof at Trial

14 Possible Repetition G.3. Taxation of Costs

15 Possible Repetition G.8. Discovery
Western District of Pennsylvania

Local Rule Problem Location

SLAR (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(b) - 1 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

(c) -1 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-2 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-3 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

(d) Possible Inconsistency D. Possessory, Petitory...

(e) - 1 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

-4 Local Variation E.3. Process

-5 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-6 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-7 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-8 Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

-9 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

- 10 Possible Repetition E. 10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-11 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-12 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

(f) -1 Local Variation F.1. Security

-2 Local Variation F.10. Order of Proof at Trial

(g) - 1 Local Variation E.3. Process

-2 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

-3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants
District of Puerto Rico

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 601 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

602 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

603 Possible Repetition CA. Notice

Local Variation C.4. Notice

604 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process....

605 Local Variation E.3. Process

606.1 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

Local Variation F.1. Security

606.2 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

607 Local Variation F.1. Security

Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

608 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

609 Local Variation E.5.c. Release of Property

610.1 Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

611 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

612 Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.b. Release of Property

Possible Repetition E.5.a. Release of Property

613 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

614 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
District of South Carolina

Order Problem Location

er (12/11/67) Local Variation G.8. Discovery
Eastern District of Texas

Local Rule Problem Location

SLR 16 Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules
Southern District of Texas

Local Rule Problem Location

* LR 18 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property
Eastern District of Virginia

Local Rule Problem Location

SLAR (a) Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

(b) - 1 Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-2 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-3 Possible Inconsistency B.3. Answer

Possible Repetition B.3. Answer

-4 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(c) -1 Model Local Rule C.1. When Available

-2 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

-3 Local Variation C.4. Notice

-4 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

-5 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

(e) -1 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-2 To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

-3 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

-4 Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

-6 Local Variation E.3. Process

-7 To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

-8 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-9 Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

-10 Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

-11 Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

-12 Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

-13 Possible Repetition E.10. Intervention and Joinder

Possible Inconsistency E.10. Intervention and Joinder

-14 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

-15 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

(f) - 1 Local Variation F.1. Security

-2 Local Variation F.10. Order of Proof at Trial
Eastern District of Washington

Local Rule Problem Location

LAR 100 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

105 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

110 (a) Local Variation E.3. Process

(b) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

(c) Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

(d) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency E.3. Process

(e) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

115 (a) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(b) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(c) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B. 1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(d) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

120 (a) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(b) Local Variation F.1. Security

(c) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process....

(d) Local Variation F.1. Security

125 Local Variation C.4. Notice

130 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

135 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process....

140 (a) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

(b) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

145 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

150 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

155 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest
Western District of Washington

Local Rule Problem Location

i LAR 100 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

105 Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

110 (a) Local Variation E.3. Process

(b) Possible Repetition E.3. Process

(c) Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

(d) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit....

Possible Inconsistency E.3. Process

(e) To Advisory Committee E.4.a. Execution of Process ....

115 (a) Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(b) Local Variation B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(c) Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

(d) Local Variation E.4.f. Execution of Process ....

120 (a) Local Variation E.2. Complaint; Security

(b) Local Variation F.1. Security

(c) Possible Repetition E.4.e. Execution of Process ....

(d) Local Variation F.1. Security

125 Local Variation C.4. Notice

130 To Advisory Committee C.7. Default

135 Model Local Rule E.4.b. Execution of Process ....

140 (a) Model Local Rule F.7. Insufficiency of Fund

Model Local Rule E.5.a. Release of Property

(b) Possible Repetition E.5.c. Release of Property

145 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

150 Local Variation C.4. Notice

Local Variation F.4. Notice to Claimants

155 Possible Repetition G.1. Rate of Interest

Possible Inconsistency G.1. Rate of Interest
Eastern District of Wisconsin

Local Rule Problem Location

LR 22.01 Model Local Rule A. Scope of the Rules

22.02 Possible Inconsistency E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Inconsistency A. Scope of the Rules

To Advisory Committee E.2. Complaint; Security

Possible Repetition A. Scope of the Rules

22.03 Possible Repetition B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

Possible Inconsistency C.2. Complaint

Possible Repetition C.2. Complaint

Possible Inconsistency B.1. Complaint, Affidavit ....

22.04 Local Variation E.3. Process

22.05 Local Variation F.1. Security

22.06 Model Local Rule C.3. Judicial Authorization

22.07 Local Variation C.4. Notice

22.08 Local Variation E.9. Disposition of Property

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