IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 13-31085

OMEGA HOSPITAL, L.L.C., 

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

LOUISIANA HEALTH SERVICE & INDEMNITY COMPANY, also known as 

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Louisiana; HMO LOUISIANA, INCORPORATED, 

 Defendants - Appellants

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

USDC No. 2:13-CV-21

Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Defendant-Appellant Louisiana Health Service and Indemnity 

Company, also known as Blue Cross Blue Shield of Louisiana (“Blue Cross”),

appeals the district court’s order that it pay attorney’s fees to Plaintiff-Appellee 

Omega Hospital, L.L.C. following the court’s remand of this suit to state court. 

Because we conclude that Blue Cross had an objectively reasonable basis for 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not 

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH 

CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 18, 2014

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

 

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No. 13-31085

removing the case to federal court, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment 

awarding the fees.

I.

Omega Hospital is a surgical hospital that provides care to patients in 

the New Orleans area. Although it is not a provider within the Blue Cross 

network, Omega alleges that it has provided care to numerous Blue Cross 

insureds after receiving assurances from Blue Cross about payment for its outof-network services. Omega claims that it relied to its detriment upon Blue 

Cross’s misrepresentations about payment on Blue Cross’s web portal. For 

example, in 2009 Blue Cross allegedly paid on average only 6.36% of Omega’s 

charges despite promising to pay between 40% and 80% of out-of-network 

charges. Omega alleges that Blue Cross’s actions were intentional, collusive, 

and designed to put out-of-network providers out of business. It sued Blue 

Cross in state court for (1) violation of Louisiana’s Unfair Trade Practices and 

Consumer Protection Law, La. Rev. Stat. § 51:401, et seq.; (2) fraud; (3) 

negligent misrepresentation; (4) detrimental reliance; and (5) unjust 

enrichment.

Blue Cross removed the case to federal court, asserting federal 

jurisdiction on the grounds of preemption under both the Employee Retirement 

Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and the Federal Employees Health Benefits Act 

(“FEHBA”), and the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). The 

district court held that Blue Cross had unsuccessfully attempted to remove 

prior cases with similar issues, and it remanded the case to state court. 

Concluding that Blue Cross had lacked an objectively reasonable basis for 

removal, the district court ordered Blue Cross to pay Omega its attorney’s fees. 

Blue Cross now appeals only the order awarding the attorney’s fees.

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II.

We review the district court’s order awarding attorney’s fees for an abuse 

of discretion. Valdes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 292 (5th Cir. 2000). 

When the district court remands a case to state court, it has discretion to award 

the non-removing party its attorney’s fees incurred as a result of the removal,

see 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), but “[a]bsent unusual circumstances, attorney’s fees 

should not be awarded when the removing party has an objectively reasonable 

basis for removal.” Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 136, 126 

S. Ct. 704, 708 (2005). We therefore “evaluate the objective merits of removal 

at the time of removal” and ask “whether the defendant had objectively 

reasonable grounds to believe the removal was legally proper.” Valdes, 199 

F.3d at 293.

Blue Cross argues that it had objectively reasonable grounds to remove 

the case based on ERISA and FEHBA preemption and on the federal officer 

removal statute. Because we agree that there was at least a reasonable basis 

to believe the federal officer removal statute provided grounds for removal, we 

do not consider the preemption question.

Here, some of the Blue Cross insureds for whom Omega provided care 

were federal employees covered by health plans governed by FEHBA. When 

Congress enacted FEHBA it charged the Office of Personnel Management 

(“OPM”) with negotiating contracts with qualified insurance carriers to provide 

health benefit plans for federal employees. See Houston Community Hosp. v. 

Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Tex., 481 F.3d 265, 267 (5th Cir. 2007). The largest 

plan that OPM has contracted is the Service Benefit Plan, which is 

administered locally by various Blue Cross entities nationwide. See id.; 

Empire Healthchoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S. 677, 682, 126 S. Ct. 

2121, 2126-27 (2006). This contractual relationship between OPM and Blue 

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Cross forms the crux of Blue Cross’s argument that removal was properly 

based on the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1).1

An action may be removed to federal court if it is against, inter alia, “[t]he

United States or any agency thereof or any officer (or any person acting under 

that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof.” § 1442(a)(1) 

(emphasis added). In order to invoke the federal officer removal statute, a 

defendant must show that (1) it is a “person” within the meaning of the statute; 

(2) it “acted pursuant to a federal officer’s directions and that a causal nexus 

exists between the defendants’ actions under color of federal office and the 

plaintiff’s claims;” and (3) it has averred a “colorable federal defense.” Winters 

v. Diamond Shamrock Chem. Co., 149 F.3d 387, 398, 400 (5th Cir. 1998). These 

statutory requirements “must be ‘liberally construed.’” Watson v. Phillip 

Morris Cos., 551 U.S. 142, 147, 127 S. Ct. 2301, 2304-05 (2007); see also Bell v. 

Thornburg, 743 F.3d 84, 89 (5th Cir. 2014).

Blue Cross argues that because it administers the Service Benefit Plan 

at the direction of OPM, it acts under an officer of the United States and it had 

grounds to assert federal court jurisdiction. The parties dispute the amount of 

control necessary by the federal government in order for a person to be acting 

under federal authority, and they dispute whether Blue Cross had a colorable 

federal defense.2 Although we have not previously addressed the applicability 

1 The district court held that Blue Cross’s argument for removal based on the federal 

officer removal statute was both waived and meritless. Omega does not argue on appeal that 

the issue is waived. We note that Blue Cross raised the issue in a footnote in its opposition 

to Omega’s motion to remand in the district court, and although it did not extensively brief 

the issue, Blue Cross did provide argument with supporting authority. It also raised the 

federal officer removal statute again in its motion for reconsideration. The issue was 

therefore adequately raised in the district court for our review. Cf. United States v. Krout, 

66 F.3d 1420, 1434 (5th Cir. 1995) (“A party must raise a claim of error with the district court 

in such a manner so that the district court may correct itself and thus, obviate the need for 

our review.” (internal quotation omitted)). 2 It is undisputed that a corporate entity may be a “person” for purposes of § 1442(a)(1). 

See Winters, 149 F.3d at 398.

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of § 1442(a)(1) to an administrator of a health plan under FEHBA, there is 

authority from our sister circuits that had been decided at the time of the 

removal in this case holding that a FEHBA administrator acts under federal 

authority and has colorable federal defenses. See, e.g., Jacks v. Meridian Res.

Co., 701 F.3d 1224, 1233 (8th Cir. 2012) (holding that a Blue Cross entity 

“acted under” a federal officer, namely OPM, by assisting or helping the 

Government to fulfill the basic task of establishing a health benefit program); 

see also Anesthesiology Assocs. of Tallahassee v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Fla., 

Inc., 2005 WL 6717869, at *2 (11th Cir. Mar. 18, 2005) (unpublished) (holding

that “[a] health plan insurer contracting with a government agency under a 

federal benefits program is considered a ‘person acting under’ a federal 

officer”). Some courts have rejected the federal officer removal statute as a 

basis for removal under similar circumstances. See, e.g., Transitional Hosps. 

Corp. of La. v. La. Health Serv., No. CIV.A.02-354, 2002 WL 1303121, at *3 

(E.D. La. Jun. 11, 2002) (holding that plaintiff’s claims for misrepresentation 

did not arise from procedures dictated by OPM and therefore “Blue Cross could 

not have been acting pursuant to federal authority when it allegedly 

mishandled the coverage inquiry”). We need not, and do not, resolve the issue, 

however, because we are concerned only with whether Blue Cross had an 

objectively reasonable belief that removal was proper. In light of case law 

arguably supporting Blue Cross, and the absence of a ruling from this court, 

we cannot say that Blue Cross lacked a reasonable belief in the propriety of 

removal. See, e.g., Lott v. Pfizer, Inc., 492 F.3d 789, 793 (7th Cir. 2007) (holding 

that defendant acted reasonably in removing suit when at the time of removal 

no circuit court had rejected the defendant’s argument supporting removal and 

there was a split in authority among district courts).

Omega argues based on Winters, however, that a federal contractor 

cannot “act under” federal authority unless the federal government exercises 

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direct and detailed control and supervision over the contractor, which it argues

is lacking here. In Winters, which involved negligence and products liability 

claims, there was detailed and direct control by the Government over the 

specific chemical formulation, packaging, and delivery of the product at issue. 

See Winters, 149 F.3d at 399-400. We held that the significant federal control 

and oversight were “quite sufficient” to demonstrate that the defendant was 

acting under federal direction, but we did not decide or consider the precise 

parameters of the control that was necessary. See id. at 400. Our holding 

therefore did not lessen the objective reasonableness of Blue Cross’s belief that 

removal was appropriate here.

Moreover, with respect to Omega’s argument that Blue Cross could not 

assert a colorable federal defense, such as sovereign immunity, we note that 

courts have rejected similar arguments. See, e.g., Ctr. for Reconstructive Breast 

Surgery, LLC v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of La., Civ. Action No. 11-806, 2014 

WL 4930443, at *4-5 (E.D. La. Sep. 30, 2014); Innova Hosp. San Antonio, L.P. 

v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., Civ. Action No. 3:12-cv-1607-O, 2014 WL 

360291, at *4-6 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 3, 2014); see also Willingham v. Morgan, 395 

U.S. 402, 406-07, 89 S. Ct. 1813, 1816 (1969) (noting that because the federal 

officer removal statute is “broad enough” that the federal defense need only be 

colorable, a defendant “need not win his case before he can have it removed”). 

We conclude that, in light of authority from sister circuits arguably 

supporting Blue Cross’s removal based on the federal officer removal statute, 

Blue Cross had an objectively reasonable basis to believe that at least some of 

Omega’s claims were removable. Therefore, the district court’s award of 

attorney’s fees was incorrect and must be reversed. In light of the foregoing, 

Omega’s motion in this court for an award of its appellate attorney’s fees is 

denied.

REVERSED; MOTION DENIED.

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