UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 18-1017

THOMAS J. GRIMES, APPELLANT,

V.

DENIS MCDONOUGH,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Decided April 28, 2021)

Glenn R. Bergmann, of Bethesda, Maryland, for appellant.

James M. Byrne, General Counsel; Mary Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; James B. Cowden, 

Deputy Chief Counsel; and Joshua L. Wolinsky, all of Washington, D.C., were on the brief for 

appellee.

Before BARTLEY, Chief Judge, and PIETSCH and JAQUITH, Judges.

BARTLEY, Chief Judge: Veteran Thomas J. Grimes appeals through counsel a December 

18, 2017, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision (1) denying entitlement to an initial 

compensable disability evaluation for bilateral hearing loss; (2) remanding a claim for service 

connection for a sinus disability; and (3) referring to a VA regional office (RO) for initial 

development and adjudication a claim for service connection for hyperacusis.

1

 Record (R.) at 2-

10.

2

 This appeal, over which the Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 

7266(a), was referred to a panel of the Court to address the interplay between VA's obligation

under Clemons v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 1 (2009), to broadly construe a claim consistent with a lay 

claimant's reasonable expectations and the general rule of Ephraim v. Brown, 82 F.3d 399 (Fed. 

Cir. 1996), vacating 5 Vet.App. 549 (1993), and Boggs v. Peake, 520 F.3d 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2008), 

1

"Hyperacusis" is "[a]bnormal or painful sensitiveness to noise." 1 J.E.SCHMIDT,ATTORNEYS' DICTIONARY 

OF MEDICINE &WORD FINDER H-224 (2019).

2 Because the sinus disability and hyperacusis claims were remanded and referred, respectively, the Court 

lacks jurisdiction to review the merits of those claims at this time. See Howard v. Gober, 220 F.3d 1341, 1344 (Fed. 

Cir. 2000); Breeden v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 475, 478 (2004) (per curiam order); Link v. West, 12 Vet.App. 39, 47 

(1998); 38 C.F.R. § 20.1100(b) (2020). The Court, however, does have jurisdiction to consider those claims for the 

limited purpose of determining whether referral of the hyperacusis claim was appropriate. See Young v. Shinseki, 

25 Vet.App. 201, 202-03 (2012) (en banc order).
2

that separately diagnosed conditions with distinct factual bases should ordinarily be treated as 

separate claims. We hold that these authorities are complementary and that, pursuant to Clemons, 

a claim for service connection may encompass a related condition that is initially referenced by 

the claimant but not diagnosed until later in the appeal stream, regardless of whether the claim is 

initially granted or denied by the RO. Accordingly, and for the reasons that follow, the Court will 

set aside the portion of the December 2017 Board decision denying entitlement to an initial 

compensable evaluation for bilateral hearing loss and remand that matter for further development, 

if necessary, and readjudication consistent with this decision. The Court will also modify the 

December 2017 Board decision to strike the Board's referral of service connection for hyperacusis

and remand for the Board to adjudicate, in the first instance, entitlement to compensation for 

hyperacusis, as part of either the hearing loss or sinus disability claim over which it had 

jurisdiction.

I. FACTS

Mr. Grimes served on active duty in the U.S. Air Force from May 1966 to May 1970. R. 

at 996. In July 2011, he filed a claim for service connection for "loss of hearing, ear aches, sinus 

pressure, tinnitus." R. at 822. The next month, he submitted a statement in support of claim (SSC)

describing in-service exposure to jet engine noise with minimal hearing protection. R. at 789. He 

also asserted that his "jaw and sinus and hearing [were] never the same" after an in-service wisdom 

tooth extraction where a military dentist hammered and broke one of his teeth with a chisel. Id.; 

see R. at 726-27 (April 2012 SSC reiterating those contentions).

In April 2012, Mr. Grimes underwent a VA audiology examination. R. at 737-43. When 

asked to describe the functional impact of his hearing loss, the veteran stated: "I seem to have to 

turn things up more. Everyone wants to know why it's so loud. I really have to pay attention if 

someone is talking. I have to press the phone close to my ear for me to hear it." R. at 741. He 

also reported that his tinnitus disturbed sleep patterns and interfered with daily activities. R. at 

743.

In October 2012, the RO contacted Mr. Grimes to clarify the scope of his claims. R. at 

708. The report of contact reflects that the veteran "stated the only contentions he wants considered 

are: hearing loss, tinnitus, and aches, sinus pressure. He did not want any other conditions 

added. . . ." Id. That same day, the RO issued a rating decision granting service connection for 
3

bilateral hearing loss and tinnitus and assigning noncompensable and 10% evaluations for those 

conditions, respectively. R. at 715-18. Although the rating decision did not discuss any other 

claim, the attached code sheet indicated that "[s]ervice connection for aches, sinus [was] denied," 

R. at 715, and the cover letter to the decision stated that "service connection couldn’t be granted" 

for aches, sinus pressure, R. at 701. 

Mr. Grimes filed a Notice of Disagreement (NOD) as to that decision the next month, 

arguing that his claims were "incomplete" or "not properly expressed." R. at 690. He described 

sinus pressure and ear pain since service and asserted that he was entitled to service connection for 

"sinus pressure/ear pressure blockage/and headaches" related to his duties as an aircraft mechanic 

and the in-service dental surgery. R. at 690-91. 

In June 2013, an RO employee completed a Report of General Information that outlined 

the procedural history of the veteran's claims. R. at 682. According to that Report, Mr. Grimes 

filed a claim for hearing loss, ear aches, tinnitus, and a sinus condition in July 2011; he raised an 

"unclear claim of wisdom teeth jaw condition and sinus and tinnitus" in September 2012; he 

clarified that his claims included only service connection for hearing loss, tinnitus, and aches/sinus 

pressure in October 2012; the RO denied service connection for aches and sinus pressure that same 

month; and he filed a "new claim for headaches and ear aches and ear blockage as secondary to 

non-service[-]connected aches, sinus pressure due to wisdom teeth removal in service" in 

November 2012. Id. The Report directed the RO to open a new claim for secondary service 

connection for headaches, ear aches, and ear blockage and to send the veteran a clarification letter 

"letting him know the only condition currently on appeal is service connection for aches, sinus 

pressure." Id.

In September 2013, the RO issued a Statement of the Case (SOC) continuing the 

noncompensable evaluation for bilateral hearing loss and the denial of service connection for 

aches, sinus pressure. R. at 651-73. Later that month, Mr. Grimes filed a Substantive Appeal of 

those claims, once again asserting that he suffered from "pain and disability from [his] service in 

the military," particularly the in-service dental surgery and exposure to jet-engine noise. R. at 632-

33. He also submitted a separate SSC that same day explaining that the military surgeon who 

extracted his wisdom teeth struck one of his teeth with a hammer and chisel 30 times, ultimately 

driving it "up into [the] sinus area" before it broke in half. R. at 639. The veteran once again 
4

attributed his "sinus pressure blocks[,] headaches, and [] bad hearing" to that incident and inservice noise exposure. R. at 638.

In October 2013, the RO issued a rating decision denying service connection for ear 

aches/blockage and headaches. R. at 559-63. The record does not reflect that the veteran took any 

action with respect to that decision.

More than one year later, in December 2015, Mr. Grimes submitted another application for

service connection for tinnitus, hearing loss, and residuals of an ear cyst, along with an SSC 

reiterating his in-service acoustic trauma. R. at 525-37. He also stated that hearing loss caused 

difficulty communicating with his children, prevented him from hearing the television unless it 

was turned up very loud, and "impact[ed his] social life." R. at 525. At a January 2016 VA 

audiology examination, the veteran reported that his hearing loss caused difficulty communicating 

and his tinnitus was a distraction. R. at 456, 458.

The RO issued a rating decision in February 2016 continuing to deny higher evaluations 

for hearing loss and tinnitus and denying service connection for residuals of an ear cyst. R. at 444-

48. 

The next month, the veteran submitted an SSC asserting that his hearing loss had worsened. 

R. at 422. He explained that a private physician had recently diagnosed him with hyperacusis, 

"meaning hearing trouble and pain in noisy areas" and that "[b]ackground noise is greatly 

amplified to where [he] cannot hear properly and sometimes not at all." Id. He attached to the 

SSC (1) a VA audiology record reflecting complaints of hypersensitivity to loud noises and 

indicating that the audiologist had counseled him on how tinnitus and hyperacusis are "symptoms 

associated with a damaged auditory system," R. at 410; (2) an internet article about hyperacusis, 

which contained underlined passages noting that hyperacusis "can often lead to pain and 

discomfort," impede daily functioning, and cause depression, R. at 415; and (3) a typed letter 

alleging that VA had misdiagnosed his hearing problems and that his hyperacusis caused him to 

remove himself from noisy areas, R. at 395. Mr. Grimes underwent another VA audiology 

examination in April 2016, at which time he reported functional impairment including difficulty 

watching television, ear pain, and low tolerance to loud sounds. R. at 145-46.

In June 2016, the RO issued a rating decision continuing the noncompensable evaluation 

for bilateral hearing loss. R. at 108-12. The veteran challenged that decision in August 2016, 

asserting that he has hyperacusis, "a condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to certain 
5

frequency and volume ranges of sound that is related to exposure to loud acoustic trauma." R. at 

79. 

Mr. Grimes was afforded a Board hearing in October 2016. R. at 36-64. At the outset of 

the hearing, the presiding Board member stated that the issues on appeal included entitlement to 

an increased evaluation for bilateral hearing loss and service connection for a sinus disability. R. 

at 37. The veteran's then-representative explained that Mr. Grimes's hyperacusis resulted in pain 

and discomfort from everyday noises like car engines, running faucets, humming refrigerators, and 

raking leaves. R. at 40. The Board member asked if the veteran was trying to get the pain from 

hyperacusis compensated as part of the instant appeal and the representative responded that he 

was. R. at 41-42. The Board member noted that it did not appear that VA had addressed 

hyperacusis yet, R. at 44, and that further development might be necessary to better understand its 

relationship, if any, to his hearing loss, tinnitus, and service, R. at 46, 50-52. Following the 

hearing, in July 2017, Mr. Grimes submitted a VA physician's opinion that the veteran's hearing 

loss was caused by in-service exposure to jet engine noise and that "his tinnitus and hyperacusis 

are the results or side effects of this damage." R. at 22.

In December 2017, the Board issued the decision currently on appeal, which denied a 

compensable evaluation for bilateral hearing loss; remanded for further development a claim for a 

sinus disability characterized by sinus pressure, headaches, earaches, and ear blockage related to 

in-service dental trauma and/or removal of an ear cyst; and referred for initial development and 

adjudication a claim for service connection for hyperacusis. R. at 2-10. This appeal followed.

II. GOVERNING LAW & STANDARD OF REVIEW

The primary issue in this case is whether the veteran's July 2011 claims and ensuing appeals

included entitlement to disability compensation for hyperacusis. As relevant here, VA has a duty 

to "give a sympathetic reading to the veteran's filings by 'determin[ing] all potential claims raised 

by the evidence, applying all relevant laws and regulations.'" Szemraj v. Principi, 357 F.3d 1370, 

1373 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (alteration in original) (citing Roberson v. Principi, 251 F.3d 1378, 1384 

(Fed. Cir. 2001)). This includes "investigat[ing] the reasonably apparent and potential causes of 

the veteran's condition and theories of service connection that are reasonably raised by the record 

or raised by a sympathetic reading of the claimant's filing." DeLisio v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 45, 

53 (2011); see Ephraim, 5 Vet.App. at 553 (Steinberg, J., dissenting) (stating that VA is "required 
6

to consider the veteran's entitlement, on any basis consistent with the claim, to any benefit which 

could flow from a determination of service connection and to which entitlement is reasonably 

raised on the record"). 

Generally, "when a veteran has two diagnoses with separate factual bases, these diagnoses 

should be treated as two separate claims." Murphy v. Wilkie, 983 F.3d 1313, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2020) 

(citing Boggs, 520 F.3d at 1336; see Ephraim, 82 F.3d at 401-02). However, a claim for service 

connection may be expanded beyond a veteran's lay description of a disability to include any 

disability "that may reasonably be encompassed by several factors including: the claimant's 

description of the claim; the symptoms the claimant describes; and the information the claimant 

submits or that the Secretary obtains in support of the claim." Clemons, 23 Vet.App. at 5. "[T]he 

claimant's intent in filing a claim is paramount to construing its breadth." Id. To effectuate that 

intent, "VA shall afford lenity to a veteran's filings that fail to enumerate precisely the disabilities 

included within the bounds of a claim," which "is best accomplished by looking to the veteran's 

reasonable expectations in filing the claim and the evidence developed in processing that claim." 

Murphy, 983 F.3d at 1318. "[T]he fact that the [claimant] may be wrong about the nature of his

[or her] condition does not relieve the Secretary of his duty to properly adjudicate the claim." 

Clemons, 23 Vet.App. at 6.

The Court has jurisdiction to review the Board's jurisdictional determinations, Skaar v. 

Wilkie, 33 Vet.App. 127, 132 (2020), including whether it was appropriate for the Board to refer 

"another part (or condition) or theory in support of [a denied] claim" over which the Court 

otherwise has jurisdiction, Young, 25 Vet.App. at 202. Although "the Court exercises de novo 

review over Board determinations that are critical to its jurisdiction," Evans v. Shinseki, 

25 Vet.App. 7, 10 (2011). the Court reviews the Board's factual findings regarding the scope of a

claim for clear error, Criswell v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 501, 504 (2006). "A factual finding 'is 

"clearly erroneous" when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire 

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'" Hersey 

v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 91, 94 (1992) (quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 

395 (1948)).
7

III. ANALYSIS

Mr. Grimes first argues that the Board erred in referring, rather than adjudicating or 

remanding, the issue of entitlement to disability compensation for hyperacusis. Specifically, he 

asserts that his July 2011 claims for service connection were broad enough to encompass 

hyperacusis, as he described hearing problems and ear pain that he attributed to in-service acoustic 

trauma or dental surgery, and that his appeal of the October 2012 rating decision encompassed 

compensation for hyperacusis, even though he did not know the precise medical name for that 

condition at those times. He argues that the RO erred in narrowing his appeal to exclude 

compensation for hyperacusis in violation of the sympathetic claim-construction principles 

outlined in Clemons, and that the Board in turn erred in finding that it did not have jurisdiction 

over that issue in the instant appeal. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 12-15; Reply Br. at 1-7. 

The Secretary disputes these contentions and urges the Court to affirm the Board's referral 

because it properly determined that the veteran's request for service connection for hyperacusis 

was jurisdictionally separate from the bilateral hearing loss and sinus disability claims that were 

on appeal. In support of this position, the Secretary points out that the veteran was not diagnosed 

with hyperacusis and did not notify VA of this diagnosis until 2016, well after he filed the original 

claims in July 2011 and the jurisdiction-conferring NOD in November 2012. He therefore asserts 

that, rather than Clemons, the appeal is controlled by Ephraim and Boggs, which he describes as 

establishing a rule that separate diagnoses represent separate claims. Secretary's Br. at 12-20.

The Court agrees with Mr. Grimes that the Board erred in treating his request for 

compensation for hyperacusis as a jurisdictionally separate matter from his appealed bilateral 

hearing loss and sinus disability claims. When viewed sympathetically, the veteran's filings and 

actions since July 2011 regarding his hearing problems and "ear aches" related to in-service noise 

exposure and dental surgery reflect his intent to seek compensation for hyperacusis both as part of 

his original claims for service connection and the ensuing appeal of those claims.

To wit, Mr. Grimes specified in his July 2011 application for VA benefits that he was 

seeking disability compensation for "ear aches," as well as hearing loss, sinus pressure, and 

tinnitus, R. at 822, and he asserted in his August 2011 SSC that he believed that those disabilities

were related to either in-service noise exposure or dental surgery, R. at 789. When the RO 

contacted him in October 2012 to clarify the scope of his claims, he again stated that he was 

seeking compensation for hearing problems, "aches," and sinus pressure. R. at 708. In November 
8

2012, one month after the RO granted service connection for bilateral hearing loss and tinnitus and 

denied service connection for "aches, sinus," R. at 715, the veteran filed an NOD arguing that the 

claims addressed by the RO were "incomplete" or "not properly expressed" and that he was entitled 

to additional compensation for sinus and ear problems related to his duties as an aircraft mechanic 

or the botched dental surgery in service, R. at 690-91. Following the September 2013 SOC 

continuing the prior hearing loss evaluation and denial of service connection for "aches, sinus 

pressure," Mr. Grimes filed (1) a Substantive Appeal reiterating that he continued to experience 

"pain and disability from [his] service in the military," particularly the in-service dental surgery 

and exposure to jet-engine noise, R. at 632-33; and (2) an SSC that attributed his sinus and hearing 

problems to those incidents, R. at 638. Then, in March 2016, while his appeal was pending before 

the Board, the veteran told VA that he had recently been diagnosed with hyperacusis, and he 

submitted evidence explaining that hyperacusis was "associated with a damaged auditory system" 

and describing how the condition can cause pain and functional impairment. R. at 395, 410, 415, 

422. The veteran argued that VA had misdiagnosed his hearing loss problems all along. R. at 395. 

And in subsequent communications with VA regarding his service-connected bilateral hearing 

loss, the veteran asserted that hyperacusis was "related to exposure to loud acoustic trauma" like 

jet engine noise, R. at 79, and testified that hyperacusis caused pain and discomfort from everyday 

noises, R. at 40. 

When the foregoing filings and actions are sympathetically read in light of his later 

diagnosis of hyperacusis (i.e., painful, hypersensitive hearing), it is apparent that Mr. Grimes 

intended for his original claims to encompass hyperacusis, that he timely and consistently 

disagreed with VA's narrow construction of his claims and treatment of "ear aches" as a separate 

condition unrelated to his service-connected hearing problems, and that he intended his appeal to 

the Board to include entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis, either as part of the properly 

challenged evaluation for bilateral hearing loss or denial of service connection for "aches, sinus 

disability." See Murphy, 983 F.3d at 1318; Clemons, 23 Vet.App. at 5 (holding that VA "should 

construe a claim based on the reasonable expectations of the non-expert, self-represented claimant 

and the evidence developed in processing that claim"). Like the veteran in Clemons, Mr. Grimes 

"did not file a claim to receive benefits only for a particular diagnosis, but for the affliction his . . . 

condition . . . causes him"—in this case, hearing problems that included hyperacusis. 23 Vet.App. 

at 5. Consequently, the Court concludes that the Board clearly erred in finding that Mr. Grimes's
9

initial claims and ensuing appeals did not encompass the issue of entitlement to compensation for 

hyperacusis. See Criswell, 20 Vet.App. at 504. And because that issue was properly before the 

Board in the decision currently on appeal, the Court also concludes that the Board erred in 

referring, rather than adjudicating or remanding, entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis. See 

Young, 25 Vet.App. at 203 (holding that "referral of a matter is appropriate only when the Board 

lacks jurisdiction over the matter being referred" (citing Godfrey v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 398, 410 

(1995))).

Contrary to the Secretary's contentions, Secretary's Br. at 12-20, neither the RO's narrow 

reading of the November 2012 NOD that led to administrative bifurcation of the claim nor the 

veteran's subsequent diagnosis of hyperacusis compels a different result. Regarding the NOD, 

although the RO construed part of that filing as a "new claim for headaches and ear aches and ear 

blockage as secondary to non-service[-]connected aches, sinus pressure due to wisdom teeth 

removal in service," R. at 682, the RO was not permitted to narrow or limit the scope of the 

veteran's hyperacusis appeal through bifurcation in that manner. Once Mr. Grimes initiated an 

appeal that included entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis, the RO was prohibited from

extinguishing that portion of the appeal by reclassifying it as a new claim and then denying it. See 

Collaro v. West, 136 F.3d 1304, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (explaining that, after a claimant files a 

broad NOD, he or she may "cut the rough stone of [the] NOD" to reveal the "radix of [the] issue 

that lay within," and VA may not foreclose an issue by characterizing it differently); AB v. Brown, 

6 Vet.App. 35, 39 (1993) (holding that, when an NOD expresses general disagreement with a 

decision and does not explicitly narrow the scope of an appeal, the RO and the Board are "required 

to construe the appeal as an appeal for the maximum benefit allowed by law and regulation"). 

Rather, the RO was required to process the appealed issues, and any adverse RO decision 

stemming from the "new claim" for ear aches did not disrupt or otherwise supersede the pending 

appeal. See Jones v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 122, 125 (2009) (holding that, "where [a] claim was 

placed into appellate status by virtue of an NOD, subsequent RO decisions cannot resolve the 

pending claim"), aff'd, 619 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2010). 

This is especially true where, as here, the veteran perfected his appeal to the Board before 

the RO issued its adverse decision on the "new claim." Because Mr. Grimes's bilateral hearing 

loss and sinus disability claims, including entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis, were 

perfected to the Board in September 2013, the RO's October 2013 decision could not have resolved 
10

his hyperacusis appeal. See Bailey v. Wilkie, 33 Vet.App. 188, 204 (2021) (explaining that, when 

two related claims are proceeding before VA simultaneously—one before the RO and one before 

the Board—an RO decision does "not divest the Board of jurisdiction over the veteran's initial 

appeal"); Warren v. McDonald, 28 Vet.App. 214, 221 (2016) ("The decision of the lower 

adjudicative body, the RO, cannot finally decide an issue already on appeal to the Board, the higher 

administrative appellate body."). Thus, contrary to the Secretary's contention, Secretary's Br. at 

17-18, the intervening RO denial of service connection for ear aches/blockage and headaches in 

October 2013 and the veteran's failure to appeal that decision does not affect the scope of the 

claims he filed in July 2011 or the appeal he initiated in November 2012 and perfected in 

September 2013.

Nor does the timing of the hyperacusis diagnosis affect the scope of the claim in the manner 

that the Secretary argues. Although he contends that VA did not err in treating the veteran's 

claimed ear aches as distinct from hyperacusis because he was not diagnosed with hyperacusis 

until after he filed the original claims and subsequent appeal, Secretary's Br. at 13 -14 (citing 

Ephraim, 82 F.3d at 401-02), 16-17 (citing Boggs, 520 F.3d at 1336), the Court in Clemons 

addressed precisely this issue and clarified that, when a veteran seeks benefits for a specific

condition and is then diagnosed with a different but potentially related condition while the claim 

is being processed, VA may not reflexively treat the different conditions as separate claims. 

23 Vet.App. at 6; see id. at 4 (noting that "multiple medical diagnoses or diagnoses that differ from 

the claimed condition do not necessarily represent wholly separate claims").

In so holding, the Court in Clemons distinguished the facts of that case from those in 

Ephraim and Boggs—the cases that the Secretary now relies on to support his argument here—on 

the ground that Ephraim and Boggsinvolved new diagnoses made after final denials of prior claims 

for related conditions. Regarding Boggs, the Court stated:

Boggs stands for the proposition that, if there is a final agency decision denying a 

claim based on a particular diagnosis, and subsequently a new and different 

diagnosis is submitted for VA's consideration, the second diagnosis must be 

considered factually distinct from the first and must be considered to relate to a 

separate claim.

Id. at 8. The Court explained that "Boggs did not state a general rule that each new diagnosis 

presented prior to a final agency decision pertains to an entirely separate claim" because such a 

rule "would actually work to a veteran's disadvantage" by "forc[ing] a veteran to continually file 

new claims as medical evidence is developed during his initial claim"; requiring VA "to process 
11

additional claims with proper notice and procedural requirements, lengthening and delaying an 

already arduous process"; and "potentially . . . requir[ing] a veteran to accept a later effective date 

for diagnoses made later in the process." Id. The Court therefore concluded that, "by its own 

terms and rationale, Boggsis not applicable to, and does not inform us how to determine, the scope 

of a claim at the time the claim is filed." Id. at 7; see Murphy, 983 F.3d at 1318 (noting that, "while 

both Boggs and Clemons speak to claim scope," they "do not address the same inquiries"). The 

Court then distinguished Ephraim on the same basis, stating that, "[a]s with Boggs, in Ephraim

there was a prior, final decision on one diagnosis based on competent medical evidence that 

justified separating the new diagnosis into a separate claim." Clemons, 23 Vet.App. at 9.

That distinction applies with equal force to this appeal. Because Mr. Grimes was diagnosed 

with hyperacusis during the processing of his original bilateral hearing loss and sinus disability 

claims, before any final decision was rendered on either claim, Ephraim and Boggs do not control; 

instead, Clemons obligated VA to sympathetically construe his original claims and appeal to 

include any issue reasonably encompassed therein. See 23 Vet.App. at 5-6; see also Murphy, 

983 F.3d at 1320 (explaining that, to comply with the Clemonslenient-claim-scope rule, "VA must 

look to all possible diseases or injuries for which the veteran could have reasonably expected to 

have included in the filing"). As discussed above, such a sympathetic reading includes the issue 

of entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis.

In sum, although VA construed Mr. Grimes's references to hearing difficulties and "ear 

aches" related to in-service noise exposure and dental surgery as distinct from hyperacusis, the 

veteran has always considered those problems to be part of the same "constellation of ear 

problems" for which he has been seeking compensation since July 2011. Appellant's Br. at 12-13. 

Per Clemons, a review of the veteran's filings and actions since that time, as well as the evidence 

submitted and developed throughout the appeal, reveals his intent to pursue benefits for 

hyperacusis as part of his bilateral hearing loss and sinus disability claims and appeal. Because 

entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis was part of either the properly appealed bilateral 

hearing loss or sinus disability claim over which the Board had jurisdiction, the Board erred in 

referring the hyperacusis issue to the RO. See Young, 25 Vet.App. at 203. Accordingly, the Court 

will modify the Board decision to strike that referral and remand the issue to the Board for 

adjudication in the first instance. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252 (empowering this Court to modify a Board 
12

decision "as appropriate"); Boyd v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 63, 78-79 (2014) (exercising the 

authority to modify a Board decision).

That leaves Mr. Grimes's remaining arguments regarding the Board's denial of an initial 

compensable evaluation for bilateral hearing loss. See Appellant's Br. at 15-21; Reply Br. at 6-10. 

One of those arguments is that the Board provided inadequate reasons or bases for not referring 

the claim for consideration of an extraschedular evaluation because the record evidence establishes 

that his hearing problems, including hyperacusis, constitute an exceptional disability picture not 

contemplated by his current, noncompensable hearing loss evaluation under 38 C.F.R. § 4.85, and

cause marked interference with employment. See Appellant's Br. at 17-19; Reply Br. at 7-9. 

Specifically, he asserts that his hearing problems prevent him from wearing hearing aids and cause 

ear pain, social isolation, depression, and noise intolerance, and that the rating schedule does not 

expressly contemplate hyperacusis. Appellant's Br. at 18-19 (citing 24, 69, 145-46, 456, 741). 

The upshot of these assertions is that, if hyperacusis were a part of the bilateral hearing loss claim, 

the record would have raised the question of whether the rating schedule was adequate to evaluate 

the veteran's service-connected hearing loss and triggered the Board's duty to maximize benefits 

by exploringallschedular avenues for compensating the identified symptoms.3 See Long v. Wilkie, 

33 Vet.App. 167, 174 (2020) (en banc), appeal docketed sub nom. Long v. McDonough, No. 21-

1699 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 19, 2021); Morgan v. Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 162, 164 (2019).

But, as explained above, although the record before the Court reflects that the issue of 

entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis was part of either his bilateral hearing loss or sinus 

disability claim and appeal, it is unclear specifically which of those claims it is a part of. Compare, 

e.g., R. at 7 (Board's notation, in its summary of the evidence relevant to the bilateral hearing loss 

claim, that a VA audiologist in February 2016 counseled the veteran on hyperacusis), with R. at 8-

9 (Board finding that the sinus disability claim included "earaches" claimed as due to "in-service 

dental treatment (wisdom tooth removal)"). That factual assessment is best left to the Board, which 

is the tribunal charged with "confrontingthe difficult questions of what current []condition actually 

exist[s]" and making "affirmative finding[s] as to the nature of the [claimant's] condition." 

Clemons, 23 Vet.App. at 6; see Hensley v. West, 212 F.3d 1255, 1263-64 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (noting 

3 The Court notes that the Board found that the veteran's complaints of "difficulty understanding 

conversational speech, especially in adverse listening environments; as well as difficulty with hearing the television" 

did not present an exceptional disability picture warranting extraschedular referral. R. at 8. However, it did not 

address the alleged symptoms and functional effects of hearing loss listed above.
13

that "appellate tribunals are not appropriate fora for initial fact finding" and that a remand is 

appropriate if the lower adjudicative body "failed to make findings of fact essential to the 

decision"). 

In other words, because the record presently before the Court is inadequate to determine 

whether the issue of entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis is part of the veteran's bilateral 

hearing loss or sinus disability claim and appeal, and because the Board's consideration of 

hyperacusis on remand may lead to an award of additional compensation for the veteran's serviceconnected bilateral hearing loss if hyperacusis is deemed to be part of that claim, it is premature 

for the Court to decide whether the Board erred in denying an initial compensable evaluation for 

bilateral hearing loss. Accordingly, the Court will also remand that issue to the Board for 

readjudication alongside the hyperacusis issue. See Tucker v. West, 11 Vet.App. 369, 374 (1998) 

(holding that remand is the appropriate remedy "where the Board has incorrectly applied the law, 

failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determinations, or where the 

record is otherwise inadequate").

On remand, Mr. Grimesis free to presentto the Board the arguments from his brief, as well 

as any additional arguments and evidence relevant to his evaluation for bilateral hearing loss, in 

accordance with Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet.App. 369, 372-73 (1999) (per curiam order). See 

Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). The Court reminds the Board that "[a] remand is 

meant to entail a critical examination of the justification for the [Board's] decision," Fletcher v. 

Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 394, 397 (1991), and must be performed in an expeditious manner in 

accordance with 38 U.S.C. § 7112. 

IV. CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing, the portion of the December 18, 2017,Board decision

referring to the RO a claim for service connection for hyperacusis is MODIFIED to strike the 

referral, and the matter is REMANDED for the Board to adjudicate, in the first instance, 

entitlement to compensation for hyperacusis, as part of either the bilateral hearing loss or sinus 

disability claim over which it had jurisdiction. Moreover, the portion of the Board decision 

denying entitlement to an initial compensable evaluation for bilateral hearing loss is SET ASIDE 

and that matter is REMANDED for further development, if necessary, and readjudication 

consistent with this decision.