IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

September 26, 2000 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ALMEER NANCE

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County

No. 61277 Ray L. Jenkins, Judge

No. E2000-00170-CCA-R3-CD

October 23, 2001

Following the transfer of his case from juvenile court, a Knox County grand jury indicted the

defendant on one count of premeditated murder, one count of felony murder, one count of especially

aggravated robbery, two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, three counts of aggravated

robbery, one count of aggravated assault, and two counts of theft over one thousand but under ten

thousand dollars. Prior to trial the defendant filed an unsuccessful motion to suppress the statement

he gave to authorities. The case proceeded to trial wherein the defendant was convicted as charged

on seven of the aforementioned counts: more specifically, the jury found him guilty of the felony

murder, especially aggravated robbery, especially aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated robbery

offenses. For these crimes he received an agreed upon effective sentence of life plus twenty-five

years in prison. He then filed a “Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, or in the Alternative, Motion for

New Trial” alleging the trial court erred in failing to suppress his statement. After the denial of this

motion, the defendant brought the instant appeal again raising the suppression issue. However, upon

reviewing the record and applicable case law, we affirm the trial court’s denial of the motion to

suppress the defendant’s statement.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed

JERRY L. SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON and JAMES

CURWOOD WITT, JR., JJ., joined.

Susan E. Shipley, Knoxville, Tennessee, for appellant, Almeer Nance.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Patricia C. Kussmann, Assistant Attorney General;

Randall E. Nichols, District Attorney General; William Crabtree and Jo Helm, Assistant District

Attorneys, for appellee, State of Tennessee. 
1

 The reco rd provid es slightly conflicting pro of as to whethe r it was Man ning or the de fendant who actually

fired the fatal sho t. 

2

 Though Manning stated that the defendant had not worn a mask at the Sipfs’ the defendant acknowledged that

he had do ne so. Furthermore, Arthur Sipf also suggested that such was the case.

3

 Manning could not clearly recall if the defendant had left in the Sipfs’ car also.

4

 Information concernin g the taking of the defendan t’s statement was presented at both the juvenile and criminal

court levels; however, most of the testimony referenced in this opinion will be that arising out of the criminal court

hearing on the defendan t’s motion to suppress.

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OPINION

Factual Background

As the defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the convicting proof, we will only

briefly address the evidence supporting the convictions. Essentially, on January 16, 1996, the

defendant and Robert Manning robbed at gunpoint Scott’s Market in Knoxville. Two days later

Manning picked up the defendant at the defendant’s home. Amanda Goode accompanied the pair.

In looking for a place to rob, the three finally came to a Radio Shack. Goode stayed in the car while

Manning and the defendant, wearing toboggans/ski masks, entered the store. Both men were once

more armed with guns, and in the process of the robbery, the store clerk, Joseph Ridings, was shot

in the head.1 He subsequently died from this wound. Upon leaving the store, Manning and the

defendant rejoined Goode in a stolen Mazda, and the trio drove from the scene. They then discovered

a raised garage door at the home belonging to Arthur and Patsy Sipf. Again, Manning and the

defendant exited the car. Finding the door from the garage to the living area of the home unlocked,

the two proceeded into the house. Once more the pair donned toboggans/ski masks.2 They stole

items from the home while holding both Sipfs on the floor at gunpoint. The offenders then forced

the couple into the trunk of one of the Sipfs’ cars. Having done so, Manning and the defendant left

in an automobile belonging to the Sipfs.3 Goode continued in the Mazda. At this point we note that

the defendant was apparently returned to his home. He was not convicted of any offenses committed

after the encounter with the Sipfs.

Some days thereafter, the authorities captured Manning and Goode in Kentucky and

therefrom gained information aboutthe defendant’s involvement in these crimes. The police arrested

the defendant in the early morning hours of January 22, 1996, and subsequently obtained a signed

waiver and confession from him.

Prior to trial defense counsel unsuccessfully attempted to have this statement suppressed.4

The trial court conducted a hearing on this motion with four witnesses providing testimony. 

First Detective Clyde Cowan set out his account of what had happened at the defendant’s

home and at the Knox County Central Facility. According to Cowan he observed Sergeant Andy

Young and Lieutenant Fred Ludwig speaking with the defendant’s mother at the defendant’s
5

 At the time of the arrest, the defendant lived with his mother and brother.

6

 Though Cowan stated that he could not remember whether the defenda nt had men tioned the p ublic defend er’s

office or legal aid, Stewart’s notes indicate that it was the public defender’s office which had been requested.

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residence.5 Cowan also claimed to have talked with the defendant’s mother, explaining to her why

the police were there; however, he acknowledged that he had not asked her permission to speak with

the defendant. Nevertheless, the defendant was transported to the Knox County Central Facility to

be interviewed. Detective Dan Stewart joined Cowan in this endeavor and began by advising the

defendant of the reason for the interview and of his constitutional rights. Cowan further stated that

at that point the defendant had indicated that he wanted his attorney, and Stewart left to call the

public defender’s office.6 Upon his return, Stewart allegedly informed the defendant “that he wasn’t

able to make contact with that person or that agency, and it would be the next day.” Both detectives

then left the defendant alone, and Cowan testified that the plan at that point was to transport the

defendant to “Juvenile.” However, when Cowan went into the room to retrieve his coat, the

defendant volunteered that he wished to talk. Cowan asked Stewart to return; the defendant was

again advised of his rights; a rights waiver form was executed at 2:45 a.m.; the defendant talked

about the events in question and a recorded statement concerning the offenses was subsequently

taken. Additionally, Cowan affirmed that he had not promised, threatened, or coerced the defendant

in order to gain the contested statement.

The defendant then called Dan Stewart. Early in his testimony Stewart acknowledged having

incorrectly stated during the juvenile court hearing that the defendant had not requested an attorney.

However, Stewart also explained that he had retracted this statement upon refreshing his memory

at the previous hearing using his handwritten notes taken contemporaneously with the defendant’s

interview. He further recounted that following the defendant’s request for an attorney he had called

the public defender’s office. The call was answered by a recording telling him to call during office

hours. Stewart then “told [the defendant] what the phone call had resulted in” and later learned that

the defendant had changed his mind and would talk without a lawyer. After this, Stewart returned

to the room where the defendant was and took a statement from him. Stewart testified that the

defendant had been advised of and had waived his rights as reflected in the waiver form; the officers

had then talked with the defendant about the offenses; the defendant had subsequently given a

recorded statement; and no promises, threats, or coercion had been employed to obtain the statement.

In addition, this witness was quite clear that he had said nothing else to the defendant until being

advised that the defendant wished to speak without counsel.

Providing further relevant information was Sergeant B. A. Young of the Knox County

Sheriff’s Department. According to this officer he was at the defendant’s home when the arrest was

made and talked with the defendant’s mother. More specifically, Young testified that he had told

Ms. Nance to calm down and had informed her that they were there “to talk to her son about a

criminal offense and look around for weapons ... used in the criminal offense.” She allegedly

responded by “stat[ing] that she’d already told the officers that they could talk to her son and ... look

around, just [don’t] wreck her apartment or hurt her son.” Briefly thereafter, Young transported the

defendant to the Central Building but did not talk with him during this time. On cross-examination,
7

 Young a lso indicated that Ms. N ance had not asked w here he was taking the defe ndant.

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Young admitted that he had neither advised the defendant of his rights nor had he told the

defendant’s mother where he was taking the defendant.7

Finally, the defendant gave his account concerning the night of his arrest and the taking of

his statement. He stated that no one had read him his rights at the time of the arrest but also no one

had questioned him at the scene. However, he testified that the officers at the Central Building had

informed him that he had to sign the waiver before he could be appointed an attorney. The defendant

further claimed that in telling him that an attorney from the public defender’s office could not be

reached at that time, Stewart had added comments such as: “that’s how much they care about you

... ain’t nothing they could do for [you] ... no need in [you] trying to go through all that, get no lawyer

or nothing [sic] ... just tell [me] and [I] can tell [your] attorney....” Additionally, the defendant

alleged that he had asked for an attorney numerous times that night before finally talking with the

detectives. Turning to cross-examination, the defendant admitted that he had been arrested on two

prior occasions; had been read his rights on at least one of these; and had previously been represented

by an attorney from the public defender’s office. Nevertheless, the defendant alleged that he had

thought the tape recording of his statement had been for his future attorney to expedite the resolution

of his case.

After hearing this testimony and listening to arguments of counsel, the trial court rendered

its decision through a written order denying the motion to suppress.

The defendant was tried and convicted of the multiple offenses as aforementioned. He now

contends that his convictions should be reversed and remanded for a new trial because the trial court

committed error in admitting his statement.

Admission of the Defendant’s Statement

 As his sole issue, the defendant avers that the trial court erred by refusing to find a violation

of his constitutional rights in the taking of his statement. The defendant particularly emphasizes that

he invoked his right to an attorney and that he was a minor at the time of questioning. Because of

his age at that time, he asserts that the evaluation of his situation should receive heightened scrutiny

by this Court.

A. Standard of Review

At the outset we note that "[a] trial court's determination that a confession was given

knowingly and voluntarily is binding on the appellate courts unless the defendant can show that the

evidence preponderates against the trial court's ruling." State v. Keen, 926 S.W.2d 727, 741 (Tenn.

1994); see also, State v. Robert Blocker, No. E1999-01624-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 726447 at *2

(Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, June 5, 2000); State v. Carroll, 36 S.W.3d 854, 864-65 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1999) (quoting State v. Andrade Bruce Williams, Jr., No. 01C01-9803-CR-00104, 1999 WL

191782 at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, April 8, 1999)). In addition, the findings of fact made

by the trial court at a hearing on a motion to suppress will also be upheld unless the evidence

preponderates otherwise. State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). Questions about witness
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credibility, “the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the evidence are

matters entrusted to the trial judge." Id.

B. Waiver of Right to Counsel

As above-noted, the trial court found that the defendant had invoked his right to counsel

when his rights were initially explained to him. However, in its order denying the motion to

suppress, the trial court also found that the defendant had initiated further communication and that,

under the rationale of Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981),

no error had occurred.

In Edwards, the United States Supreme Court held that "an accused ... having expressed his

desire to deal with the police only through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation by the

authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further

communication, exchanges, or conversation with the police." Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484-85, 101

S.Ct. at 1885. If an accused remains silent and cuts off questioning, that silence must be

"scrupulously honored." Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 103-04, 96 S.Ct. 321, 326, 46 L.Ed.2d

313 (1975). If, on the other hand, a statement is made after the invocation of the right to counsel,

the court must consider whether the accused initiated the further conversation, and whether, given

the totality of the circumstances, the waiver of counsel was knowing and intelligent. Oregon v.

Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1043-46, 103 S.Ct. 2830, 2834-35, 77 L.Ed.2d 405 (1983); see also State

v. Claybrook, 736 S.W.2d 95, 102-03 (Tenn. 1987). 

The first question to be answered, therefore, is whether the defendant did, in fact, re-open the

dialogue with the authorities. In this respect the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion. For

example, testimony exists that the defendant asked for the public defender. Stewart then called the

office and received a recording. He informed the defendant of this fact and no further questions were

asked of the defendant. Shortly thereafter, intending to retrieve his coat, Detective Cowan re-entered

the room where the defendant was; and unprompted, the defendant indicated his desire to speak with

the officers.

C. Evaluation of Confessions by Juveniles

Having found that following his request for an attorney, the defendant initiated further

conversation with police, the inquiry becomes whether the defendant’s waiver of his rights was

knowingly and voluntarily entered. See Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1044-47, 103 S.Ct. at 2834-35;

Edwards, 451 U.S. at 486 n.9, 101 S.Ct. at 1885 n.9.

In State v. Callahan, 979 S.W.2d 577 (Tenn. 1998), the Tennessee Supreme Court held:

that juvenile waivers shall be analyzed under a totality-of-the-circumstancestestthat requires

consideration of the following factors:

(1) ... all circumstances surrounding the interrogation including the juvenile's age,

experience, education, and intelligence;

(2) the juvenile's capacity to understand theMiranda warnings and the consequences

of the waiver;
8

 In Braziel v. State, 529 S.W.2d 501 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975), this Court found that the “[t]he voluntariness

and admissibility of a juvenile’s confession is not dependent upon the presence of his parents or attorneys at the

interrogation when there h as been a full Miranda warning given and understood.” Id. at 506.

9

 While the report further indicates that the defendant showed signs of insecurity and an eagerness to please,

this is insufficient for a findin g that the defen dant’s stateme nt was involunta ry.

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(3) the juvenile's familiarity with Miranda warnings or the ability to read and write

in the language used to give the warnings;

(4) any intoxication;

(5) any mental disease, disorder, or retardation; and

(6) the presence of a parent, guardian, or interested adult.

Id. at 583. The supreme court further provided that “[w]hile courts shall exercise special care in

scrutinizing purported waivers by juvenile suspects, no single factor such as mental condition or

education should by itself render a confession unconstitutional absent coercive police activity.” Id.

Turning to the evidence in this case, we find that the defendant’s statement was properly

admitted. While factors surrounding the taking of the statement such as the extreme lateness of the

hour and the mother’s absence are of some concern, the evidence relative to the entire situation

supports the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress the defendant’s statement.8

As above-noted, we are to examine these claims in light of the totality-of-the-circumstances

using the aforementioned criteria. Two days after the taking of the contested statement, the defendant

turned seventeen-years-old. The defendant had previous experience with the courtsystem, attorneys,

and advice concerning his constitutional rights. According to a psychological evaluation made an

exhibit to the record, the defendant possessed average intelligence.9

 There seems to be no question

about the defendant’s ability to read the rights form because he acknowledged doing so. We further

note Detective Cowan’s testimony that Stewart read the rights to the defendant and allowed the

defendant time to read each individual right and then initial on the line beside each right if the

defendant understood it. The waiver form submitted as an exhibit bears the defendant’s initials on

the line next to each right. Again referring to the Callahan factors, we observe that there was no

allegation of intoxication which would have interfered with the defendant’s ability to comprehend

and knowingly waive his constitutional rights. It appears that the defendant knowingly and

voluntarily elected to talk to police.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons we conclude that no part of the defendant’s allegation merits relief.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

___________________________________ 

JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE