UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS 

NO. 01-724

EARL R. WILKES, JR., APPELLANT,

V.

ANTHONY J. PRINCIPI,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Decided August 14, 2002 )

Clark C. Evans, of Judsonia, Arkansas, was on the briefs for the appellant.

Tim S. McClain, General Counsel; Joan E. Moriarty, Acting Assistant General Counsel;

Darryl A. Joe, Acting Deputy Assistant General Counsel; and Barbara J. Finsness, all of

Washington, D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

Before FARLEY, HOLDAWAY, and STEINBERG, Judges.

STEINBERG, Judge: The appellant, the nephew of a deceased veteran, is one of the

beneficiaries of personal property named in the veteran's will, and the coexecutor of the veteran's

estate. Through counsel, he seeks review of a December 27, 2000, Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Board or BVA) decision that denied the appellant's claim for Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)

accrued benefits. Record (R.) at 1-7. The appellant and the Secretary have each filed a brief, and

the appellant has filed a reply. This appeal is timely, and the Court has jurisdiction pursuant to

38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a). For the reasons that follow, the Court will affirm the Board

decision.

I. Relevant Background

The veteran, George W. Wilkes, served on active duty in the U.S. Navy from April 1941 to

December 1944. See R. at 2. In April 1993, a VA regional office (RO) denied his claims for a VA
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rating greater than 40% for his service-connected spinal cord disability and for VA special monthly

compensation (SMC). R. at 12-15. The veteran appealed that VARO decision to the Board, and the

Board remanded both matters for further development. R. at 60-63. In an April 9, 1997, decision,

the RO granted a 100% rating for his service-connected spinal cord disability, effective

September 16, 1992, and granted SMC. R. at 66-70. The award for the retroactive increase in VA

disability compensation benefits totaled $109,464. R. at 72. The veteran died on April 22, 1997.

R. at 84. Six days later, on April 28, 1997, unaware of the veteran's death, VA electronically

transferred the $109,464 to the veteran's bank account. R. at 85. On May 8, 1997, the veteran's bank

electronically transferred that amount back to VA and notified VA on May 15, 1997, that the bank

had returned the funds because the veteran had died. R. at 74. The bank requested that VA either

return the funds to the account at the bank or transfer them to the attorney handling the veteran's

estate. Ibid.

On June 23, 1997, the appellant and his cousin, the niece of the veteran [hereinafter together

referred to as "claimants"], filed a VA form entitled "Application for Amounts Due Estates of Person

Entitled to Benefits". R. at 100-01. That form indicated that the expenses incurred for the last

sickness and burial of the decedent had been prepaid and listed only the veteran's nephew and niece,

then ages 47 and 39, respectively, as the surviving relatives who might be entitled to share in the

veteran's estate. Ibid. In July 1997, the RO denied their claim and stated that, under 38 U.S.C.

§ 5121 and 38 C.F.R. § 3.1000, VA could "only pay" to a nephew or a niece "accrued benefits as a

reimbursement for the last expenses of the veteran". R. at 106-07. The claimants' attorney then sent

a letter to the RO specifying that the claim was not one under 38 U.S.C. § 5121 and 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.1000 but one under 38 U.S.C. § 5122 and 38 C.F.R. § 3.1003 and that, under the latter

provisions, the estate was entitled to the $109,464. R. at 111-12. In August 1997, the RO advised

the claimants' attorney that the RO could not make a determination under 38 U.S.C. § 5122 on the

claim and had forwarded the claim to the General Accounting Office (GAO) for settlement. R. at

124. VA then requested an opinion from its own Office of General Counsel (OGC) as to whether

the award was payable to the veteran's estate under 38 U.S.C. §§ 5121 or 5122 or "any other

reference". R. at 128.
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In October 1997, the VA General Counsel (GC) issued an advisory opinion noting that the

RO had submitted the claim to the OGC for an opinion rather than sending it to the GAO and

concluding that, in cases where VA issues payment to a veteran after the veteran's death, section

5121, not section 5122, is applicable to a claim filed by the veteran's estate. R. at 130-33. The

VAGC reasoned that section 5122 applies to benefit checks that were received but not negotiated

prior to the payee's death and that, in the instant case, VA did not make, and the veteran did not

receive, the payment prior to the veteran's death. R. at 131. The GC then determined that accrued

benefits were not payable to the veteran's estate under section 5121 because the estate does not fall

within the class of individuals eligible to receive accrued benefits under that section. R. at 133. On

November 21, 1997, the RO notified the claimants' attorney of the GC's denial of the claim and

forwarded to him a copy of the GC advisory opinion. R. at 137. The claimants then filed a Notice

of Disagreement (R. at 139), the RO issued a Statement of the Case (R. at 162-165), and each of the

claimants individually filed a timely Substantive Appeal to the BVA (R. at 169-70, 171-74). 

In the BVA decision here on appeal, the Board found that there was no legal basis for

payment of accrued benefits to the veteran's estate under either 38 U.S.C. § 5121 and 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.1000 or under 38 U.S.C. § 5122 and 38 C.F.R. § 3.1003. R. at 3. The Board concluded (1) that

the claimants were ineligible for accrued benefits under section 5121 because they did not fall into

any specified category of eligible payees under that section and (2) that section 5122 was

inapplicable because the veteran did not receive the payment prior his death. R. at 6. 

In his brief, the appellant asks the Court to "declare the 1997 electronic transfer of $109,464

from the veteran's bank account to VA a mistake and an unauthorized transaction" and to order

"restitution by VA to the beneficiaries of the estate". Brief (Br.) at 16. He states that he does not

dispute the Board's findings of fact and asserts that the Board decision contains legal error. Br. at

4. Despite his argument before the Board that section 5122 governs his appeal (R. at 169), before

the Court he contends that the $109,464 at issue is not a periodic payment but a one-time lump-sum

payment and that the claim thus does not qualify as one for accrued benefits under sections 5121 and

5122 (Br. at 3-6). He further asserts that although VA is statutorily authorized to retrieve and cancel

checks pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 5120, VA is not authorized by statute to retrieve electronically

transferred funds from the accounts of deceased payees. Br. at 8. He then argues that because his
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claim is not governed by title 38 of the U.S. Code or by VA regulation, other federal and state

statutes may be applicable. Ibid. He asserts that if those other provisions apply, then the bank's

electronic transfer of the funds to VA and VA's receipt of those funds were prohibited and that the

funds in question should be returned to the veteran's estate. Br. at 8-15. 

The Secretary seeks affirmance of the Board decision on the ground that the appellant lacks

legal entitlement to the $109,464; the Secretary asserts that section 5122 is inapplicable to this case

because the veteran did not receive the funds prior to his death and that, although the funds

constituted a periodic payment, the estate is not eligible to receive accrued benefits under section

5121. Br. at 1-10. The Secretary further contends that the federal and state statutes cited by the

appellant are inapplicable. Br. at 8. In his reply, the appellant reiterates his prior arguments and

asserts that his claim is not one for accrued benefits because the $109,464 was not "due and unpaid"

as required by section 5121. Reply at 1-3. 

II. Analysis

Section 5121 defines accrued benefits as "periodic monetary benefits . . . to which an

individual was entitled at death under existing ratings or decisions, or . . . based on evidence in the

file at date of death . . . and due and unpaid for a period not to exceed two years." 38 U.S.C.

§ 5121(a); see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.1000 (2001). Section 5121(a)(2) provides that upon the death of

a veteran, payment should be made to the living person first listed: The "veteran's spouse", "the

veteran's children", or "the veteran's dependent parents". 38 U.S.C. § 5121(a)(2). In order to be

eligible for accrued benefits, therefore, the claimant must qualify as a member of one of the

statutorily enumerated categories of recipients. See Burris v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 348, 352-53

(2001) (concluding that 70-year-old appellant was ineligible for accrued benefits because he did not

satisfy statutory definition of "child" in 38 U.S.C. § 101(4)(A), which excludes anyone over age 23

unless they were "permanently incapable of self-support" before attaining age 18); Marlow v. West,

12 Vet.App. 548, 551 (1991) (noting that section 5121(a) "limits qualifying survivors to the deceased

veteran's spouse, child . . . or dependent parents"). Subsection (a)(5) provides: "In all other cases,

only so much of the accrued benefits may be paid as may be necessary to reimburse the person who

bore the expense of last sickness and burial." 38 U.S.C. § 5121(a)(5).
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Section 5122, of title 38, U.S. Code, provides:

A check received by a payee in payment of accrued benefits

shall, if the payee died on or after the last day of the period covered

by the check, be returned to the issuing office and canceled, unless

negotiated by the payee or the duly appointed representative of the

payee's estate. The amount represented by such check, or any amount

recovered by reason of improper negotiation of any such check, shall

be payable in the manner provided in section 5121 of this title,

without regard to section 5121(c) of this title. Any amount not paid

in the manner provided in section 5121 of this title shall be paid to the

estate of the deceased payee unless the estate will escheat. 

38 U.S.C. § 5122 (emphasis added); see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.1003(a) (2001). 

It is unclear whether the Board decision should be reviewed under the "arbitrary and

capricious standard" in 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A), see Butts v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 532, 539 (1993)

(en banc) (applying arbitrary-and-capricious standard when reviewing Board's application of law to

facts), or the less deferential de novo standard under 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(1), see Butts, supra (noting

Court's "longstanding practice of reviewing questions of law de novo without any deference to the

BVA's conclusions of law"). However, for the reasons that follow, even under the nondeferential

de novo standard, the Board decision must be affirmed. 

Citing this Court's opinions in Pappalardo v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 63, 65 (1993), and Gillis

v. West, 11 Vet.App. 441, 442-43 (1998), the appellant asserts that his claim is not one for accrued

benefits because the $109,464 was a one-time lump-sum payment rather than a periodic monetary

benefit and that, accordingly, both sections 5121 and 5122 are inapplicable. The Court disagrees.

In Pappalardo, the Court held that a one-time payment for assistance for specially adapted housing

under chapter 21 of title 38, U.S. Code, did not qualify as a periodic monetary benefit for purposes

of section 5121. Pappalardo, supra. In Gillis, the Court similarly concluded that an automobilepurchase-assistance payment under chapter 39 of title 38, U.S. Code, was not periodic in nature.

Gillis, supra. In the latter case, the Court noted that although the automobile-purchase-assistance

payment was not statutorily defined as a one-time payment, it was not "periodic", which is defined

as "'recurring at fixed intervals; to be made or done, or to happen, at successive periods separated

by determined intervals of time'". Ibid (quoting BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1138 (6th ed. 1990).
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In the instant case, the $109,464 was an award for retroactive disability compensation benefits and

SMC benefits, both of which are periodic payments. See 38 U.S.C. § 101(13) (defining

"compensation" to mean, inter alia, "a monthly payment made by the Secretary to the veteran

because of a service-connected disability").

The appellant further argues that his claim cannot be characterized as one for accrued benefits

because the award was not "due and unpaid" – that is, the funds were electronically transferred into

the veteran's account. However, the payment was due and unpaid at the time of the veteran's death

because the funds were not transferred until six days after his death (R. at 84, 85). See Zevalkink v.

Brown, 6 Vet.App. 483, 490 (1994) (noting that accrued benefits are periodic monetary benefits to

which veteran was entitled at death and that were unpaid at time of death). Despite the appellant's

assertions to the contrary, under the provisions of section 5121 his claim is properly one for accrued

benefits, and the Court need not and will not reach the appellant's arguments as to the potential

applicability of other federal and state statutes to a claim that would not be governed by the accruedbenefits provisions. The Court notes that those other federal and state statutes may be relevant to

any cause of action that the appellant might have against the bank rather than the instant claim

against VA. 

Having determined that the funds at issue are accrued benefits under section 5121, the Court

will now turn to whether the appellant is entitled to receive accrued benefits under that section. The

appellant, the nephew of the veteran, does not fall within a specifically enumerated category of

recipients under section 5121(a) because he is not a child, spouse, or dependent parent of the veteran.

See 38 U.S.C. § 5121(a)(2); see also 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(3), (4), (5), 102 (defining, respectively,

"surviving spouse", "child", and "parent", and relating to "dependent parent"). Moreover, he did not

pay any expenses relating to the veteran's last sickness or burial. See 38 U.S.C. § 5121(a)(5);

R. at 100-01. Thus, he is not eligible for accrued benefits, see Burris and Marlow, both supra, and

the Board properly denied as a matter of law his claim under section 5121. See Sabonis v. Brown,

6 Vet.App. 426, 430 (1994) (affirming Board denial of relief sought where "no authority in law . . .

would permit . . . VA to grant appellant's request[] for relief").

The Court notes that the Secretary is correct that section 5122 is inapplicable to the instant

case because that section applies to paymentsreceived but not negotiated by a payee. See 38 U.S.C.
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§ 5122; 38 C.F.R. § 3.1003(a). Because the veteran died before VA electronically transferred the

$109,464 (R. at 84, 85), he could not have "received" the transferred funds within the meaning of

38 U.S.C. § 5122. The legislative history of sections 5121 and 5122 reveals that Congress intended

that payments directed to a payee after his or her death be payable under section 5121 rather than

under section 5122. In May 1953, Congress amended Veterans Regulation 2(A) and streamlined the

procedure under which beneficiaries could claim checks received but not negotiated prior to a

veteran's death. Act of May 29, 1953, ch. 84, § 1, 67 Stat. 39, 39-40. The report of the Senate

Committee on Veterans' Affairs stated:

[A] person may die before receiving his first payment under an

approved award covering a retroactive period of entitlement. Such

accrued amounts . . . are payable by the Veterans' Administration in

accordance with [the predecessor of section 5121(a)] to the surviving

spouse, child or children, dependent mother or father, or the person

who bore the expenses of the last illness and burial. 

S. REP. NO. 227 (1953), reprinted in 1953 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1665, 1666. By its terms, then, section

5122 applies only to payments received but not negotiated prior to the payee's death. Accordingly,

the Board did not err when it determined that in the instant case there was no basis under section

5122 for the payment of accrued benefits. 

The Court notes that theBoard decision is silent as to the applicability of the Veterans Claims

Assistance Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-475, 114 Stat. 2096 (Nov. 9, 2000) (VCAA), which was

enacted prior to the issuance of the Board decision. Because neither party has suggested the

beneficiality of the application of the VCAA to this case (although the Secretary did mention the

VCAA (Br. at 9), the appellant did not raise the issue in either of his briefs (see Br. at 1-16; Reply at

1-3)), the Court will not address the matter. See Maxson v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 241, 242 (2001)

(per curiam order); Tellex v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 233, 240 (2001). 

III. Conclusion

Upon consideration of the foregoing, because the Court finds no legal error in the Board's

December 27, 2000, decision, that decision is affirmed. 

AFFIRMED.