The Judiciary

Fiscal Year 2025 

Congressional Budget Summary

PREPARED BY

THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE U.S. COURTS

WASHINGTON, DC

February 2024
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Foreword

Overview

The Judiciary’s fiscal year (FY) 2025 discretionary budget request totals $9.4 billion, an 

8.5 percent increase over the FY 2024 assumed appropriation of $8.6 billion. The Judiciary’s 

FY 2025 appropriations request also includes $852.4 million in mandatory appropriations. 

The Judicial Conference (Conference) is grateful for the support that Congress has shown 

the Judiciary through the annual appropriations process. While acknowledging the difficult 

fiscal environment that Congress and the nation now face, the Conference respectfully requests

that Congress continue to provide sufficient resources to the Judiciary in FY 2025. Our 

constitutional system of government, with separation of powers and checks and balances, cannot 

function as intended if the Judicial Branch is not sufficiently resourced. We ask that Congress 

acknowledge the nature and importance of the work of the federal courts and the impact this 

work has on society and our democracy by continuing to make the Judiciary a funding priority. 

Fiscal Year 2024 Priorities

The FY 2024 funding levels assumed by the FY 2025 budget request are derived from the 

Judiciary’s FY 2024 House and Senate marks. Although these assumed levels are sufficient to 

sustain the most critical ongoing operations and to make limited investments in new capabilities, 

they will also require the deferral of some planned improvements and significant economizing in 

all parts of the Branch, particularly with respect to hiring. This outcome is driven both by 

assumed appropriation levels well below the Judiciary’s full request and the impact of 

unavoidable pay and non-pay inflationary adjustments, especially a historically large federal 

employee pay adjustment that went into effect in January 2024. 

For the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, the FY 2024 assumed level will allow 

courts to maintain on-board staffing levels as well as fund current requirements for space rental, 

network, cybersecurity, and information technology (IT) systems. This level is $187 million 

below the Judiciary’s FY 2024 funding appeal, presenting a significant challenge to courts in

hiring the staff necessary to support workload increases, such as from the United States 

Sentencing Commission’s recent adoption of amendments to the compassionate release policy 

statement and to the criminal history points assessed under the guidelines, both of which took 

effect on November 1, 2023. 

The FY 2024 assumed level for the Defender Services account will fund end of FY 2023 

staffing levels in support of the defender services constitutional mission to provide representation 

under the Sixth Amendment. However, planned enhancements in IT, staffing increases to 

address workload demands as dictated by the current federal defender formula, three Defender 
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Services Office reimbursable positions, and critical training enhancements cannot be supported 

within the assumed FY 2024 funding. In addition, approximately one month of panel attorney 

payments will be deferred to FY 2025. 

The FY 2024 assumed level for the Court Security account will support most essential 

security systems, equipment, and service needs, including funding for the Vulnerability 

Management Program for additional software license, automated tools, and support for 

identifying, redacting, and reducing personally identifiable information (PII) for judges and 

eligible family members. However, the FY 2024 assumed appropriation level includes $17.0 

million in cuts relative to the Judiciary’s FY 2024 funding appeal , consisting of $8.3 million in 

reductions to base for security systems and equipment requirements and the deferral of $8.7 

million in new security staffing and equipment sustainment. In addition, the $112.5 million 

supplemental appropriation provided in the initial FY 2023 Continuing Resolution will support 

continued upgrades to eventually harden approximately 100 to 150 courthouses against 

individuals or groups seeking to breach court facilities and disrupt the judicial process. 

The FY 2024 assumed level for the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account should be 

sufficient to meet petit and grand juror requirements for the year. 

Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request

The Judiciary’s FY 2025 discretionary budget request represents an 8.5 percent increase 

over the FY 2024 assumed level. Much of the requested increase is necessary to maintain 

current services, which include meeting government-wide obligations to fund previously-enacted 

federal employee pay increases and required adjustments to employee health benefit

contributions; funding a 2.0 percent 2025 federal pay raise consistent with the President’s pay 

proposal; addressing non-pay inflation; and modernizing or replacing existing and outdated 

judicial facilities and infrastructure. 

In addition, other resources are needed to meet unique demands on the Branch, which

include supporting the anticipated number of Article III judge confirmations, as well as the 

expected workload and caseload changes that the Judiciary does not control. The request also 

funds the Judiciary’s national IT initiatives, including critical ongoing investments in 

cybersecurity and IT modernization, and other operations supporting the business of the courts. 

The Judiciary’s budget request seeks the resources required to sustain operations and meet these 

additional demands while still honoring our ongoing commitment to efficiency and cost 

containment. 

For the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, the Judiciary requests $6.4 billion, an 

increase of $385.3 million (6.4 percent) in discretionary appropriations over the FY 2024 

assumed level. This request funds adjustments to court support staffing to reflect workload 

projections, adjustments to fund new and continuing IT modernization and cybersecurity

requirements, adjustments for life safety alteration requirements, and replacement and updates to 
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programs to mitigate risks to key judiciary internal processes. The request also includes $122.0 

million to support the FY 2025 portion of the Judiciary’s multi-year cybersecurity and IT 

modernization plan. 

For the Defender Services account, the Judiciary requests $1.7 billion, an increase of 

$278.9 million (19.8 percent) over the FY 2024 assumed level. This request includes funding to 

maintain current services and support federal defender organization staffing requirements and all 

projected panel attorney representations in FY 2025 (including deferred FY 2024 panel attorney 

requirements). The request also includes program increases to fund 76 additional required staff 

as calculated under the new FDO staffing formula; one new IT operations and applications 

development position; critical information technology resources; and increases in physical 

infrastructure, training, and other operational needs. 

For the Court Security account, the Judiciary requests $805.9 million, an increase of 

$39.5 million (5.2 percent) over the FY 2024 assumed level. The FY 2025 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services, as well as several program increases 

for vulnerability management information services, security infrastructure for new courthouse 

construction projects, United States Marshal Service (USMS) staffing support, additional 

security and equipment needs, additional AO program requirements, and additional Court 

Security Officer (CSO) requirements. These funds are necessary to address the significant 

increase in threats against federal judges. 

For the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account, the Judiciary seeks $48.1 million, a 

decrease of $2.5 million (-5 percent) below the FY 2024 assumed level. The FY 2025 request is 

sufficient to fund all projected petit and grand juror requirements. 

Courthouse Construction and Capital Security Improvements

The Judiciary’s courthouse construction and capital security projects are funded from the 

General Services Administration’s (GSA) budget. The Judiciary continues to focus on 

effectively managing the courthouse/federal building projects where construction costs have 

been funded since FY 2016. As of September 2023, GSA has completed the following nine 

courthouse projects: one courthouse acquisition (Rutland, Vermont), two courthouse annexes 

(Charlotte, North Carolina; Savannah, Georgia), five new courthouses (San Antonio, Texas; 

Nashville, Tennessee; Anniston, Alabama; Greenville, South Carolina; Harrisburg, 

Pennsylvania) and one courthouse renovation and alteration project (Charlotte, North Carolina). 

The following courthouse projects are in various stages of completion: two projects in the 

site/acquisition phase (Hartford, Connecticut; Chattanooga, Tennessee), two projects in the 

design phase (San Juan, Puerto Rico; Fort Lauderdale, Florida), and five projects in the 

construction phase (Greenville, Mississippi; Toledo, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; Huntsville, 

Alabama; Savannah, Georgia). For the FY 2025 request, the Judiciary’s de facto top courthouse 

construction priorities remain the space emergency in San Juan, Puerto Rico, followed by the 
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new courthouse construction projects at Hartford, Connecticut; Chattanooga, Tennessee; and 

Bowling Green, Kentucky. 

The Capital Security Program (CSP) provides funding to address security deficiencies in 

existing courthouse buildings where physical renovations are viable in lieu of construction of a 

new courthouse. Stable, consistent funding for these projects is crucial to address serious 

deficiencies that threaten the safety and security of the Judiciary and the public. For the CSP, the 

Judiciary requests that Congress provide GSA $25 million in FY 2025 to be applied to the 

highest priority projects pending at the time of appropriation. 

Cost Containment

The Judiciary works to contain costs whenever possible and has implemented a number 

of major cost-containment initiatives since 2004. These efforts have achieved significant cost 

savings and cost avoidance for nearly 20 years and will continue to do so. Since the 

overwhelming majority of the Judiciary’s budget relates to personnel and space costs, the 

Judiciary’s cost-containment initiatives have focused on these two areas to achieve the greatest 

impact on long-term savings. 

Under the leadership of the Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, the 

Judiciary has embarked on a nationwide effort to implement process efficiencies that result in 

cost savings and improved performance. After a successful pilot at the start of 2023, the Court 

Process Improvement (CPI) Program was launched across the Judiciary in September 2023 to 

equip court units with the tools and resources to identify and eliminate waste while increasing 

operational efficiency. Through the CPI Program, court units have the opportunity to leverage 

best practices developed at a local level to improve work on a larger scale.

The Judiciary continues to explore these and other opportunities to identify additional 

efficiencies that can be implemented on a longer term or permanent basis while maintaining the 

highest standards of service providing fair and impartial justice within the jurisdiction conferred 

by the Constitution and Congress. 
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Conclusion

The Judiciary’s FY 2025 discretionary budget request of $9.4 billion and its mandatory 

budget request of $852.4 million are summarized in the following pages. A more detailed 

description of the Judiciary’s FY 2025 request, as well as the requests for courthouse 

construction and capital security requirements, can be found in The Judiciary, FY 2025 

Congressional Budget Justification.

Amy J. St. Eve 

United States Circuit Judge

 For the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals 

Chair, Budget Committee of the 

 Judicial Conference of the United States

Lee Ann Bennett

Acting Director, Administrative Office

 of the United States Courts
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Table of Contents 

Page

Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... i 

Overview of the Judiciary .............................................................................................................1 

Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Summary - Details of Request ............................................................5 

Summary Tables 

Judiciary Appropriation Funding for Fiscal Year 2023 – Fiscal Year 2025 ......................13 

Summary of FTE for Fiscal Year 2023 – Fiscal Year 2025 ..............................................14 

Fiscal Year 2025 Summary of Requested Changes ...........................................................15 

Outlays for Fiscal Year 2023 – Fiscal Year 2025 ..............................................................18 

Fiscal Year 2025 Request Summary by Appropriation 

Supreme Court of the United States: 

Salaries and Expenses ..................................................................................................21 

Care of the Building and Grounds ...............................................................................25

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit .....................................................27 

United States Court of International Trade ........................................................................29 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services (CADCOJS): 

Salaries and Expenses ..................................................................................................31 

Defender Services ........................................................................................................41 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners ..............................................................................47 

Court Security ..............................................................................................................51 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts ............................................................57 

Federal Judicial Center ......................................................................................................61 

United States Sentencing Commission ..............................................................................63 

Title III Administrative Provisions – The Judiciary ..........................................................65 

Judicial Retirement Funds..................................................................................................67 

Judiciary Space Priorities for the Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request 

Courthouse Construction ...................................................................................................71 

Capital Security Program ...................................................................................................75 
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The organization of the judiciary, the district and circuit boundaries, the places of holding court, and 

the number of federal judges are established by laws passed by Congress and signed by the President. 

The number of federal judges in each district and in the courts of appeals is authorized by Congress 

on the basis of workload. 

In addition to the adjudication of cases, 

other related functions, such as the 

provision of criminal defense services and 

the supervision of offenders, are prescribed 

by statute. Following is a brief overview of 

the work of the courts and other related 

activities of the Judicial Branch.

United States Supreme Court

The United States Supreme Court consists 

of nine justices, one of whom is appointed 

as Chief Justice of the United States. The 

Supreme Court is the final arbiter in the 

federal court system.

United States Courts of Appeals 

There are 12 regional courts of appeals and 167 authorized appellate court Article III judgeships 

nationwide. These 12 courts of appeals have jurisdiction over cases within a regional area or 

“circuit.” The 12 regional courts of appeals review cases from the United States district courts and 

the United States Tax Court as well as orders and decisions from a number of federal administrative 

agencies.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has exclusive national jurisdiction over a 

large number of diverse subject areas, including international trade, government contracts, patents, 

trademarks, certain monetary claims against the United States government, federal personnel, and 

veterans’ benefits. Appeals to the court come from all 94 federal district courts, as well as the United 

States Court of Federal Claims, the United States Court of International Trade, and the United States 

Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. There are 12 authorized Article III circuit judgeships on the 

Court. 

Overview of the Judiciary
2 

United States District Courts

There are 94 district courts in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico, and the territories of Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The 

United States (U.S.) District Courts are the courts of general jurisdiction in the federal court system, 

and most federal cases are initially tried and decided in these courts. There are 677 authorized Article 

III district court judgeships nationwide. 

The Federal Magistrates Act of 1968 created the office of magistrate judge to assist the district court 

judges. Magistrate judges are non-Article III judges appointed by the district judges, and they serve 

for a term of years rather than a lifetime appointment. Full-time magistrate judges serve a term of 

eight years and may be reappointed. 

United States Bankruptcy Courts

The bankruptcy courts are separate units of the 

district courts. Federal courts have exclusive 

jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases; a bankruptcy 

case cannot be filed in a state court. Appointed by 

the courts of appeals, United States bankruptcy 

judges are non-Article III judges that serve for a 

term of 14 years and may be reappointed. 

United States Court of International Trade 

The Court of International Trade, with nine Article III judges, has exclusive nationwide jurisdiction 

of civil actions against the United States, its agencies and officers, and certain civil actions brought 

by the United States, arising out of import transactions and the administration and enforcement of the 

federal customs and international trade laws.

United States Court of Federal Claims

The Court of Federal Claims has nationwide 

jurisdiction over certain types of claims against 

the federal government. Its 16 judges are 

appointed for a 15 year term by the President 

with the advice and consent of the Senate. 

Judges appointed to the Court of Federal 

Claims are authorized under Article I of the 

Constitution and do not have the tenure and 

salary protections of Article III judges. 
3 

Probation and Pretrial Services

Federal probation and pretrial services officers protect the public through the investigation and 

supervision of defendants and offenders within the federal criminal justice system. A pretrial services 

officer supervises defendants awaiting trial who are released into communities and provides a source 

of information upon which the court can determine conditions of release or detention while criminal 

cases are pending adjudication. In support of sentencing determinations, which require both 

uniformity of practice and attention to individual circumstances, probation officers provide the court 

with reliable information concerning the offender, the victim, and the offense committed, as well as 

an impartial application of the sentencing guidelines. Probation officers supervise offenders 

sentenced to probation, as well as offenders coming out of federal prison who are required to serve a 

term of supervised release.

Defender Services

The federal judiciary oversees and administers the federal defender and appointed counsel program, 

which provides legal representation and other services to persons financially unable to obtain counsel 

in criminal and related matters in federal court. The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees 

that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the assistance of 

counsel for his defense.” The Criminal Justice Act provides that courts shall appoint counsel from 

federal public and community defender organizations or from a panel of private attorneys (“panel 

attorneys”) established by the court. 

Court Security

The judiciary’s Court Security appropriation funds the protective guard services, security systems, 

and equipment for U.S. courthouses and other facilities housing federal court operations. These 

services are contracted for and managed by the U.S. Department of Justice’s U.S. Marshals Service, 

with additional guard services provided by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal 

Protective Service. Additionally, this appropriation funds the Vulnerability Management Program 

which is designed to further protect judges and courts through the use of education and awareness 

programs that address threats against the Judiciary and tools that remove personally identifiable 

information (PII) of judges (authorized by the Daniel Anderl Judicial Security and Privacy Act) to 

improve their safety and limit their risk of harm. 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

The judiciary receives funding to provide for the statutory fees and allowances of federal grand and 

petit jurors and for the compensation of land commissioners. 
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Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts is the central support entity for the judicial branch. It 

has management oversight of the court security program, the probation and pretrial services program, 

and the defender services program. It supports the Judicial Conference of the United States in 

determining judiciary policies; develops new methods, systems, and programs for conducting the 

business of the federal courts efficiently and economically; develops and supports the application of 

technology; collects and analyzes statistics on the business of the federal courts for accurate planning 

and decisions about resource needs; provides financial management services and personnel and 

payroll support; and conducts audits and reviews to ensure the continued quality and integrity of 

federal court operations. 

Federal Judicial Center

The Federal Judicial Center (Center) is the judiciary’s research and education agency. The Center 

undertakes research and evaluation of judicial operations and procedures for both the committees of 

the Judicial Conference and the courts themselves. It provides judges, court personnel, and others 

orientation, continuing education, and training through seminars; curriculum units for in-court use; 

monographs and manuals; and audio, video, and interactive media programs. 

Payment to Judicial Trust Funds

This appropriation finances annuity payments to retired bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges, 

U.S. Court of Federal Claims judges, and spouses and dependent children of deceased judicial 

officers.

United States Sentencing Commission

The U.S. Sentencing Commission promulgates sentencing 

policies, practices, and guidelines for the federal criminal 

justice system. The Chair, three Vice Chairs, and three other 

voting commissioners are appointed by the President with the 

advice and consent of the Senate.
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The judiciary’s appropriation request for fiscal year (FY) 2025 totals $10,211,612,000 (including 

$852,403,000 in mandatory appropriations and $9,359,209,000 in discretionary appropriations). 

The judiciary’s discretionary request is $730.9 million (8.5 percent) above FY 2024 assumed

annual discretionary appropriations. 

Summary of FY 2025 Request

($000)

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation

FY 2025 Adjustments to Base

FY 2025 Program Increases

FY 2025 Total Increases

 783,040 

 69,363 

 -

 69,363 

 8,628,296 

 540,763 

 190,150 

 730,913 

 

 

 

 

9,411,336 610,126 190,150 800,276 

FY 2025 Total Request 852,403 9,359,209 10,211,612 

Fiscal Year 2024 Appropriations

In the absence of enacted full FY 2024 appropriations, the judiciary made assumptions to 

construct the FY 2025 budget request. The specific assumption for each account is detailed 

below in each section of this Congressional Budget Summary as well as in each chapter of the 

full FY 2025 Congressional Budget Justification. Unless otherwise specified, for bill language 

as noted in each section below, the judiciary used the language from H.R. 4664 and/or S. 2309, 

Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, updated with the FY 

2024 assumed funding level as the closest approximation of the eventual enacted FY 2024 

appropriations language. 

After the full-year FY 2024 appropriations are enacted, the judiciary will re-estimate its FY 2025 

budget request and transmit to the Appropriations Committees any changes to FY 2025 

appropriations requirements and language. 

Adjustments to Base (Mandatory Appropriations) 

An increase of $69.4 million is requested for mandatory judiciary appropriations for FY 2025, as 

follows: 

1. An increase of $41.0 million is necessary for the Judicial Retirement Trust Funds account 

based on requirements calculated by an independent actuary. 

2. For the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, an increase of $13.9 million is associated with 

an additional 16 active Article III judge Full Time Equivalents (FTEs) (based on an 

assumption of 45 confirmations), an additional 16 senior judge FTEs, and an additional 17 

bankruptcy judge FTEs. 
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3. An increase of $14.4 million is for pay and benefit adjustments for Article III judges for the 

Supreme Court; the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit; the Court of International 

Trade; and active, senior, and retired Article III judges and bankruptcy judges within the 

courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, including the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment of 4.6 percent for judges, and an assumed additional 1.5 percent pay adjustment 

for judges effective January 2025. 

Adjustments to Base (Discretionary Appropriations)

Of the requested $730.9 million increase in discretionary appropriations, $540.8 million (74 

percent) will provide for pay adjustments, inflation, and other adjustments to base necessary to 

maintain current services. Base adjustments include:

1. An increase of $226.4 million will provide for inflationary pay and benefit increases for 

magistrate and Court of Federal Claims judges, judges’ staff, other judiciary personnel, and 

panel attorney rate adjustments. This includes an assumed federal pay adjustment effective 

January 2025 (1.5 percent for magistrate and Court of Federal Claims court judges and 2.0 

percent for staff), annualizing the January 2025 pay adjustment (4.6 percent for magistrate 

and Court of Federal Claims court judges and 5.2 percent for staff), changes in benefit costs, 

and a wage rate adjustment for court security officers (CSOs). 

2. An increase of $196.8 million in financing adjustments is necessary to maintain current 

services due to changes in the availability of carryforward balances and/or non-appropriated 

resources, composed of the following increases: 

• $122.8 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account, 

• $64.1 million for the Defender Services account, 

• $9.3 million for the Fees of Jurors and Commissioners account, and

• $0.7 million for the Administrative Office account.

The judiciary will keep the Appropriations Subcommittees informed of any change in this 

estimate. 

3. An increase of $80.6 million is associated with the restoration of a $40.3 million shortfall in 

the FY 2024 panel attorney payment base and the subsequent payment of the deferred $40.3 

million panel attorney payment in FY 2025. 

4. An increase of $45.6 million will provide for increases in contract rates and other standard 

inflationary increases. Of this amount, $1.8 million is for the Vaccine Injury Compensation 

Trust Fund. 

5. An increase of $24.9 million is for chambers staff associated with the additional active and 

senior Article III judges and bankruptcy judges (noted above in the mandatory adjustments to 
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base section), specifically, 93 FTE for chambers staff for active Article III judges, 81 FTE for 

senior judges, and 28 FTE for bankruptcy judges. 

6. A net increase of $21.8 million is associated with changes in the judiciary’s space program,

including:

• a net $19.9 million increase is attributed to the court’s Salaries and Expenses account:

o an increase of $40.7 million for tenant improvements,

o an increase of $15.1 million for inflationary adjustments to building operations and

GSA space rental costs,

o an increase of $10.0 million for changes in space/new space expected to be delivered

in FY 2025,

o a decrease of $1.0 million associated with the space reduction program,

o a decrease of $7.0 million associated with the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary

Building bond payment, and

o a decrease of $37.9 million in non-recurring space adjustments.

• an increase of $1.9 million is associated with space rental increases of $1.3 million, $0.2

million, $0.2 million, $0.2 million, and $13,000 for the Defender Services, Court

Security, Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Court of International Trade, and the

Supreme Court accounts, respectively.

7. A net increase of $20.5 million in information technology (IT) requirements for the courts’

Salaries and Expenses account is due to:

• an increase of $17.4 million for Administrative and Management Systems,

• an increase of $13.6 million for Court IT allotments,

• an increase of $13.2 million for Telecommunications Program,

• an increase of $5.7 million for the IT Court Support Reimbursable Program adjustments,

• an increase of $4.4 million for Judicial Statistical and Reporting Systems,

• an increase of $3.7 million for Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools,

• an increase of $0.4 million for Court Administration and Case Management Systems, and

• a decrease of $37.8 million for Cybersecurity and IT modernization.

8. An increase of $14.0 million is associated with a change in panel attorney requirements

based on FY 2025 caseload projections in the Defender Services program.

9. An increase of $3.7 million is associated with adjustments to security systems and equipment

requirements in the Court Security account.

10. An increase of $2.7 million is for estimated increases in Federal Protective Service (FPS)

security charges.
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11. An increase of $1.1 million is associated with the annualization of positions funded in

FY 2024, including:

• $0.9 million for nine positions (4.5 FTEs) for the AO account; and

• $0.3 million for six court security officer positions for McGirt-related requirements.

12. A decrease of $9.6 million is associated with a reduction in non-recurring requirements in the

Supreme Court Building and Grounds account.

13. A decrease of $12.3 million is associated with a projected net change in juror requirements

based on FY 2025 projected caseload.

14. A decrease of $75.6 million is associated with the periodic re-assessments of courts needs

that reduce base requirements to reflect lower anticipated court spending on salary expenses.

Program Changes (Discretionary Appropriations) 

The remaining $190.2 million (26 percent) of the requested increase is for program 

enhancements, including: 

1. An increase of $26.3 million and 250 probation office FTEs is for the courts’ Salaries and

Expense account to handle the increase in workload associated with the United States

Sentencing Commission’s recent adoption of amendments to the compassionate release policy 

statement and to the criminal history guidelines, both of which took effect on November 1, 

2023.

2. An increase of $25.9 million and additional FDO staff (77 FTEs) is for the Defender Services

account to continue implementation of the revised FDO staffing formulas to address critical

workload requirements.

3. An increase of $20.6 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account is for additional

maintenance, hardware, and software for judiciary hosting services at its data centers. It is

important to note that although the judiciary continues to transition its IT systems to the

cloud, physical data centers continue to host the majority of the judiciary’s IT systems and

software, requiring continued investment to remain operational.

4. An increase of $19.4 million in the Supreme Court Salaries and Expenses account is

associated with the transition of residential security from the USMS to the Supreme Court

Police and the expansion of the Supreme Court Police’s protective activities for Justices.

5. An increase of $18.0 million for the Defender Services account is for information technology

requirements, including:
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• $12.8 million to support the judiciary’s multi-year cyber-security and IT modernization 

plan, and 

• $5.2 million for programmatic IT support outside the scope of the multi-year 

cybersecurity and modernization plan. 

6. An increase of $16.8 million for the Defender Services account will fund major physical 

infrastructure requirements for two Federal Public Defender Offices (FPDOs) whose leasing 

are expiring. It is anticipated that both offices will need to move to new buildings during the 

lease procurement process.

7. An increase of $12.9 million and 294 positions (147 FTEs) is associated with a need for court 

support staffing in the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account due to projected changes in 

workload, exclusive of the workload impact from the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s action. 

8. An increase of $12.0 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account will fund tenant 

alterations to address life and safety requirements, including repair and replacements of 

judges’ elevators in 15 federal courts throughout the country. 

9. An increase of $6.3 million for the courts’ Salaries and Expenses account is associated with a 

need for connectivity, hardware, infrastructure, and engineers to support the judiciary’s 

migration from physical data centers to cloud services.

10. An increase of $5.0 million for the Court Security account will fund equipment necessary to

support the safety and security of vulnerable U.S. courthouses and other facilities housing 

federal court operations across the nation, including: 

• $3.8 million to add external cameras with video management systems at over 100 

locations with identified vulnerabilities, 

• $0.8 million for screening equipment at five new courthouse construction projects, and 

• $0.4 million to add two mobile barriers and two portable guard booths that would support 

rapid deployment in western part of the United States. Currently, the USMS inventory 

for mobile vehicle barriers is stored only on the U.S. eastern seaboard. 

11. An increase of $4.8 million for the Court Security account will fund additional labor hours 

and personnel, including: 

• $4.6 million for additional court security officer hours to meet staffing standards and 

mitigate the risk of courthouses being left unstaffed, and

• $0.2 million for two additional USMS positions to support facility screening services and

system countermeasures. 

12. An increase of $4.4 million for the Judiciary Vulnerability Management Information System 

in the Court Security account will fund implementation of the Daniel Anderl Judicial 
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Security and Privacy Act (Daniel Anderl Act) by enabling PII redactions and other necessary 

capabilities to assist judges in mitigating vulnerabilities in their online profile. 

13. An increase of $3.5 million for the court’s Salaries and Expenses account will fund major 

upgrades to several programs to enhance accountability and oversight. These include 

funding the continuation of the Judiciary Data Integrity, Reporting, and Controls program 

(JDIRC), audit enhancements, and an Acquisition Improvement Strategy. 

14. An increase of $2.5 million for the Defender Services account will fund the implementation 

of 21st century training operations and additional recruitment software, operational support, 

and outreach resources needed for the fellowship program. 

15. An increase of $2.4 million for the Supreme Court Buildings and Grounds account will fund 

the continuation of the courtyard restoration project at the Supreme Court.

16. An increase of $2.3 million for the Court Security account is associated with security 

services and equipment for the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court 

Security Branch and one additional USMS position. 

17. An increase of $2.1 million will fund essential functions in the Defender Services account, 

including: 

• $1.3 million to fund an increase to the judiciary’s transcript fee rates in support of courts 

trying to retain and recruit qualified court reporters, and

• $0.7 million to support the contractual service providing coordinating discovery attorney 

support to defense counsel on cases where there are numerous defendants, voluminous 

discovery, or complicated electronic discovery issues. 

18. An increase of $1.9 million in the Supreme Court Salaries and Expenses account will fund

additional personnel, including: 

• $0.9 million for nine positions (4.5 FTEs) to support increased needs in legal, 

procurement, human resources, budget, and building support, 

• $0.9 million for seven IT security positions (3.5 FTEs) to address critical network 

security and data integrity needs, and

• $0.1 million for one new research librarian position (0.5 FTE) in the Court’s Library to

assist the Justices and law clerks with their case. 

19. An increase of $0.9 million for the AO account will fund 9 positions (4.5 FTE), including: 

• $0.1 million for a Deputy Chief Information Officer (0.5 FTE) to support management of 

the increasingly complex work at the Department of Technology Services, 
11 

• $0.5 million for five procurement staff positions (2.5 FTE) to provide policy 

development, training, certification, and oversight leading to improvements in 

acquisitions and procurement functions, 

• $0.2 million for two attorney advisors (1 FTE) to support critical judiciary 

subcommittees, peer advisory groups and working groups, and 

• $0.1 million for one additional position (0.5 FTE) to support the Office of Fair 

Employment Practices. 

20. An increase of $0.6 million for the court’s Salaries and Expenses account will fund 

contractual labor to support Strategic Workforce Planning staff with analyzing workforce 

supply and demand, assessing gaps, and determining targeted talent management actions. 

21. An increase of $0.4 million for the Court of International Trade account will fund the 

replacement, installation, and implementation of key courthouse security systems. 

22. An increase of $0.4 million for the court’s Salaries and Expenses account will fund 

requirements development of a judiciary budget formulation and execution system that will

enable integrated development, analysis, justification, and presentation of the judiciary’s 

national budget request and enactment of the national financial plan. 

23. An increase of $0.4 million for the court’s Salaries and Expenses account will fund the 

temporary duty court financial management specialists to oversee requirements gathering, 

system configuration, planning, training, testing, and the implementation of the judiciary’s 

financial management system upgrade. 

24. An increase of $0.3 million for the Defender Services account is associated with three 

additional reimbursable positions who will provide audit preparation, financial management, 

internal controls, procurement, and accountable officer liability support. 
12 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
13 

Summary Tables

THE JUDICIARY

Judiciary Appropriation Funding ($000)

 Appropriation Account 1 Mandatory

FY 2023 Enacted

Discretionary Total

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation

1 Mandatory Discretionary Total Mandatory

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary Total

Supreme Court

 Salaries and Expenses 2,896 109,551 112,447 3,073 120,581 123,654 3,188 146,337 149,525

 Building and Grounds - 29,246 29,246 - 20,554 20,554 - 13,699 13,699

 Total, Supreme Court 2,896 138,797 141,693 3,073 141,135 144,208 3,188 160,036 163,224

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 3,356 36,735 40,091 3,532 37,863 41,395 3,623 39,106 42,729

Court of International Trade 1,790 21,260 23,050 2,383 21,682 24,065 2,516 22,784 25,300

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses 480,041 5,905,055 6,385,096 522,152 6,030,515 6,552,667 550,176 6,414,038 6,964,214

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund - 9,975 9,975 - 9,975 9,975 - 11,764 11,764

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 480,041 5,915,030 6,395,071 522,152 6,040,490 6,562,642 550,176 6,425,802 6,975,978

 Defender Services - 1,382,680 1,382,680 - 1,411,116 1,411,116 - 1,690,024 1,690,024

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners - 58,239 58,239 - 50,602 50,602 - 48,096 48,096

 Court Security - 750,163 750,163 - 766,445 766,445 - 805,933 805,933

 Total, CADCOJS 480,041 8,106,112 8,586,153 522,152 8,268,653 8,790,805 550,176 8,969,855 9,520,031

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts - 102,673 102,673 - 102,673 102,673 - 108,684 108,684

Federal Judicial Center - 34,261 34,261 - 34,218 34,218 - 35,456 35,456

Judicial Retirement Funds 251,800 - 251,800 251,900 - 251,900 292,900 - 292,900 

Sentencing Commission - 21,641 21,641 - 22,072 22,072 - 23,288 23,288

 Total Direct

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund

 Total, Judiciary

 739,883

- 

 739,883 

 8,451,504

9,975 

8,461,479 

 

 

9,191,387

9,975

9,201,362

 783,040

- 

 783,040

 8,618,321

9,975 

 8,628,296 

 

 

9,401,361

9,975

9,411,336

 852,403

- 

 852,403 

 9,347,445

11,764 

9,359,209 

 10,199,848

 11,764

10,211,612

 Court Security Supplemental Appropriation - 112,500 112,500 - - - - - -

 Total, Judiciary, Annual + Supplemental 739,883 8,573,979 9,313,862 783,040 8,628,296 9,411,336 852,403 9,359,209 10,211,612

1

 FY 2023 mandatory levels reflect actuals with the exception of the Supreme Court, which reflects the FY 2023 financial plan level. 

 FY 2024 mandatory levels represent FY 2024 assumed financial plan levels.
14 

THE JUDICIARY

Summary of FTE

FY 2023 Actual FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation FY 2025 Request

 Appropriation Account Mandatory Discretionary Total Mandatory Discretionary Total Mandatory Discretionary Total

Supreme Court

 Salaries and Expenses 9 479 488 9 528 537 9 570 579

 Building and Grounds - 45 45 - 50 50 - 50 50 

 Total, Supreme Court 9 524 533 9 578 587 9 620 629

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 12 132 144 12 141 153 12 142 154

Court of International Trade 7 56 63 9 68 77 9 68 77 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses 1,846 25,148 26,994 1,879 25,128 27,007 1,928 25,726 27,654

 Vaccine Injury Trust Fund - - - - - - - - - 

 Total, Salaries and Expenses 1,846 25,148 26,994 1,879 25,128 27,007 1,928 25,726 27,654

 Defender Services - 3,297 3,297 - 3,369 3,369 - 3,446 3,446

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners - - - - - - - - - 

 Court Security - 72 72 - 104 104 - 106 106

 Total, CADCOJS 1,846 28,517 30,363 1,879 28,601 30,480 1,928 29,277 31,205

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts - 570 570 - 717 717 - 727 727

Federal Judicial Center - 123 123 - 128 128 - 128 128

Judicial Retirement Funds - - - - - - - - - 

Sentencing Commission - 89 89 - 96 96 - 96 96 

 Total Direct 1,874 30,011 31,885 1,909 30,329 32,238 1,958 31,058 33,016

 Reimbursables, AO - 640 640 - 867 867 - 898 898

 Total, Judiciary 1,874 30,651 32,525 1,909 31,196 33,105 1,958 31,955 33,913
15 

FY 2025 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes

Supreme Federal International Total 

Court Circuit Trade CADCOJS 1

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTEs ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Mandatory 9 3,073 12 3,532 9 2,383 1,879 522,152

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Discretionary 578 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

141,135 141 

 - - 

37,863 68 

 - - 

21,682 28,601 

 - - 

8,268,653

 -

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 587 

FY 2025 Adjustments to Base

144,208 153 41,395 77 24,065 30,480 8,790,805

Judges and Associated Staff:

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (4.6% for three months) - 45 - 34 - 56 - 8,163

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 70 - 57 - 77 - 10,750

- Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships - - - 

- Increase in average number of senior judges - - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - 109 

 - 97 

16,228

14,517

- Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships - - - - - - 45 8,071

- Payments to judiciary retirement trust funds - - - - - - - -

Court Personnel and Other Programs:

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (5.2% for three months) - 1,185 - 198 - 105 - 66,166

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 2,532 1 704 - 337 - 112,617

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney capital rate - - - - - - - 1,077

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney non-capital rate - - - - - - - 16,702

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase in positions (including McGirt) - - - - - - - -

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions - - - - - - - 285

- FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) - - - 

- Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

14,466

196,145

- Reduction to the FY 2025 base due to a decrease in court salary requirements - - - - - - - (75,556)

- Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 1,048 - 188 - 62 - 42,025

- Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - 13 - 

- Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - - - 

153 - 

 - - 

159 - 

 - - 

21,498

1,789

- Information technology requirements - - - - - - - 20,484

- Change in projected panel attorney requirements - - - - - - - 14,045

- Change in available jurors - - - - - - - (12,290)

- Restoration of FY 2024 panel attorney payment base - - - - - - - 40,275

- Panel attorney deferred payments from FY 2024 - - - - - - - 40,275

- FPS security service charges - - - - - 9 - 2,715

- Reduction for non-recurring requirements - (9,582) - - - - - -

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment - - - - - - - 3,666

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Adjustments to Base - 

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory - 

(4,690) 1 

115 - 

1,334 - 

91 - 

805 251 

133 49 

564,113

28,024

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary - (4,805) 1 1,243 - 672 202 536,089

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - - - - - - - -

FY 2025 Adjusted Base 587 

FY 2025 Program Changes

139,518 154 42,729 77 24,870 30,731 9,354,918

Court Personnel and Other Programs: - - - - - - - -

- Expansion of personal protection for the Justices 33 5,810 - - - - - -

- Seven new IT security positions 4 873 - - - - - -

- Nine new administrative positions to support security and technology growth 5 892 - - - - - -

- One new research librarian position 1 106 - - - - - -

- Transition residential security from USMS to Supreme Court Police - 13,597 - - - - - -

- Courtyard restoration at Supreme Court - 2,428 - - - - - -

- FY 2025 court support staffing due to workload changes - - - - - - 147 12,908

- Additional probation staff for the United States Sentencing Commission’s Criminal History Amendment - - - - - - 250 26,316

- Hosting Service Maintenance - - - - - - - 20,661

- Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System Court Advisors - - - - - - - 401

- Budget Formulation & Execution System Requirements Development - - - - - - - 426

- Cloud Services & Support - - - - - - - 6,256

- Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - - - - - - - 12,000

- Financial Management, Audit and Oversight Enhancement - - - - - - - 3,500

- Strategic Workforce Planning Support - - - - - - - 600

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - - - - - - 76 25,805

 - National position - - - - - - 1 121

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Multi-year plan requirements - - - - - - - 12,777

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Other requirements - - - - - - - 5,241

 - Implementation of Defenders Services Transcript Rate increase - - - - - - - 1,320

 - Defenders Services Coordinating discovery attorney contact - - - - - - - 730

 - Tenant Improvement for Expiring FDO Leases - - - - - - - 16,750

 - Defenders Services additional fellowship additional costs - - - - - - - 236

 - Defenders Services Training Operations - - - - - - - 2,233

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - - - - - - - 316

- Vulnerability Management Information Service - - - - - - - 4,400

- Security infrastructure for new courthouses - - - - - - - 750

- Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial Services Offices and Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building - - - - - - 1 192

- External cameras for Video Management Systems - - - - - - - 3,800

- Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court Security Branch Program staffing and equipment - - - - - - 1 2,326

- Court Security Officer hours increase - - - - - - - 4,608

- Active vehicle barrier support equipment - - - - - - - 440

- Court of International Trade Courthouse Security - - - - - 430 - -

- Deputy Chief Information Officer at AO (1 pos) - - - - - - - -

- Office of Fair Employment Practices at AO (1 pos) - - - - - - - -

- Project Management staff at AO (2 pos) - - - - - - - -

- Procurement Improvements at AO (5 pos) - - - - - - - -

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Program Changes 42 

Total Program Changes, Mandatory - 

23,706 - 

 - - 

- - 

 - - 

430 475 

 - - 

165,113

 -

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 42 23,706 - - - 430 475 165,113

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - 

Total Mandatory Increases - 

 - - 

115 - 

 - - 

 91 - 

 - - 

 133 49 

 -

28,024

Total Discretionary Increases 42 18,901 1 1,243 - 1,102 676 701,202

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes - - - - - - - -

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Total Increases 42 

FY 2025, Total Mandatory Appropriation 9 

19,016 1 

3,188 12 

1,334 - 

3,623 9 

1,235 725 

2,516 1,928 

729,226

550,176

FY 2025, Total Discretionary Appropriation 620 160,036 142 39,106 68 22,784 29,277 8,969,855

 AO Reimbursable FTE - - - - - - - -

FY 2025, Total Judiciary 629 163,224 154 42,729 77 25,300 31,205 9,520,031

 1 Includes Salaries and Expenses, Defender Services, Fees of Jurors and Commissioners, and Court Security accounts.
16 

FY 2025 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes

Administrative Fed. Judicial Sentencing Judicial Total 

Office Center Commission Retirement Funds Judiciary

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000) ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Mandatory - - - - - - 251,900 1,909 783,040

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Discretionary 717 102,673 128 34,218 96 22,072 - 30,329 8,628,296

 AO Reimbursable FTE 867 - - - - - - 867 -

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 1,584

FY 2025 Adjustments to Base

 102,673 128 34,218 96 22,072 251,900 33,105 9,411,336

 Judges and Associated Staff: 

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (4.6% for three months) - - - - - - - - 8,298

- Pay and benefits adjustments -

 - Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships -

 

 

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - - -

 - - 109

 

 

10,954

16,228

 - Increase in average number of senior judges - - - - - - - 97 14,517

 - Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships - - - - - - - 45 8,071

 - Payments to judiciary retirement trust funds - - - - - - 41,000 - 41,000

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: 

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (5.2% for three months) -

- Pay and benefits adjustments -

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney capital rate -

1,110 -

2,363 -

- -

343 -

711 -

- -

270 - -

726 - 1 

- - - 

69,377

119,990

1,077

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney non-capital rate -

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase in positions (including McGirt) 5 

- -

857 -

- -

- -

- - -

- - 5 

 

 

16,702

857

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions -

 - FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) -

 

 

 - -

 - -

- -

- -

- - -

- - -

 

 

285

14,466

 - Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - 657 - - - - - - 196,802

 - Reduction to the FY 2025 base due to a decrease in court salary requirements (75,556)

 - Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 123 - 184 - 220 - - 43,850

 - Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - - - - - - - - 21,823

 - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - - - - - - - - 1,789

 - Information technology requirements - - - - - - - - 20,484

 - Change in projected panel attorney requirements - - - - - - - - 14,045

 - Change in available jurors - - - - - - - - (12,290)

 - Restoration of FY 2024 panel attorney payment base - - - - - - - - 40,275

 - Panel attorney deferred payments from FY 2024 - - - - - - - - 40,275

 - FPS security service charges - - - - - - - - 2,724

 - Reduction for non-recurring requirements - - - - - - - - (9,582)

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment -

Subtotal, FY 2025 Adjustments to Base 5

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory -

 

 

- -

5,110 -

 - -

- -

1,238 -

 - -

- - -

1,216 41,000 256

 - 41,000 49

 

 

 

3,666

610,125

69,363

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary 5 5,110 - 1,238 - 1,216 - 207 540,763

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes -

FY 2025 Adjusted Base 1,588

FY 2025 Program Changes

 - -

 107,783 128

- -

35,456 96

- - -

23,288 292,900 33,361

 -

 10,021,462

 Court Personnel and Other Programs: - - - - - - - - -

 - Expansion of personal protection for the Justices - - - - - - - 33 5,810

 - Seven new IT security positions - - - - - - - 4 873

 - Nine new administrative positions to support security and technology growth - - - - - - - 5 892

 - One new research librarian position - - - - - - - 1 106

 - Transition residential security from USMS to Supreme Court Police - - - - - - - - 13,597

 - Courtyard restoration at Supreme Court - - - - - - - - 2,428

 - FY 2025 court support staffing due to workload changes - - - - - - - 147 12,908

- Additional probation staff for the United States Sentencing Commission’s Criminal History Amendment - - - - - - - 250 26,316

 - Hosting Service Maintenance - - - - - - - - 20,661

 - Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System Court Advisors - - - - - - - - 401

 - Budget Formulation & Execution System Requirements Development - - - - - - - - 426

 - Cloud Services & Support - - - - - - - - 6,256

 - Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - - - - - - - - 12,000

 - Financial Management, Audit and Oversight Enhancement - - - - - - - - 3,500

 - Strategic Workforce Planning Support - - - - - - - - 600

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - - - - - - - 76 25,805

 - National position - - - - - - - 1 121

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Multi-year plan requirements - - - - - - - - 12,777

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Other requirements - - - - - - - - 5,241

 - Implementation of Defenders Services Transcript Rate increase - - - - - - - - 1,320

 - Defenders Services Coordinating discovery attorney contact - - - - - - - - 730

 - Tenant Improvement for Expiring FDO Leases - - - - - - - - 16,750

 - Defenders Services additional fellowship additional costs - - - - - - - - 236

 - Defenders Services Training Operations - - - - - - - - 2,233

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - - - - - - - - 316

 - Vulnerability Management Information Service - - - - - - - - 4,400

 - Security infrastructure for new courthouses - - - - - - - - 750

 - Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial Services Offices and Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building - - - - - - - 1 192

 - External cameras for Video Management Systems - - - - - - - - 3,800

 - Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court Security Branch Program staffing and equipment - - - - - - - 1 2,326

- Court Security Officer hours increase - - - - - - - - 4,608

 - Active vehicle barrier support equipment - - - - - - - - 440

 - Court of International Trade Courthouse Security - - - - - - - - 430

- Deputy Chief Information Officer at AO (1 pos) 1 135 - - - - - 1 135

 - Office of Fair Employment Practices at AO (1 pos) 1 93 - - - - - 1 93

 - Project Management staff at AO (2 pos) 1 185 - - - - - 1 185

 - Procurement Improvements at AO (5 pos) 3 488 - - - - - 3 488

Subtotal, FY 2025 Program Changes 5

Total Program Changes, Mandatory -

 

 

 - 901

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - - 521

 - - -

 190,150

 -

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 5

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes 32

Total Mandatory Increases -

 

 

 

901 -

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - -

 - - 521

 - - 32

 - 41,000 49

 

 

190,150

 -

69,363

Total Discretionary Increases 9 6,011 - 1,238 - 1,216 - 728 730,913

 AO Reimbursable FTE changes 32 - - - - - - 32 -

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Total Increases 40.5

FY 2025, Total Mandatory Appropriation -

 6,011 -

 - -

1,238 -

 - -

1,216 41,000 808

 - 292,900 1,958

 800,276

 852,403

FY 2025, Total Discretionary Appropriation 726 108,684 128 35,456 96 23,288 - 31,057 9,359,209

 AO Reimbursable FTE 898 - - - - - - 898 -

FY 2025, Total Judiciary 1,624 108,684 128 35,456 96 23,288 292,900 33,913 10,211,612
17 

FY 2025 Summary of Requested Mandatory & Discretionary Changes - Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services (CADCOJS) Details

Salaries Defender Fees of Jurors and Court Total 

and Expenses Services Commissioners Security CADCOJS

FTE

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Mandatory 1,879 

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation Level - Discretionary 25,128 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

($000) FTE

522,152 - 

6,040,490 3,369 

 - - 

($000) ($000) FTE

 - - - 

1,411,116 50,602 104 

 - - - 

($000) FTE

 - 1,879 

766,445 28,601 

 - - 

($000)

522,152

8,268,653

-

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 27,007 

FY 2025 Adjustments to Base

Judges and Associated Staff:

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (4.6% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

- Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships 109 

- Increase in average number of senior judges 97 

- Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships 45 

Court Personnel and Other Programs:

- Annualization of 2024 pay adjustment (5.2% for three months) - 

- Pay and benefits adjustments - 

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney capital rate - 

- Annualization of 2024 panel attorney non-capital rate - 

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase in positions (including McGirt) - 

- Annualization of FY 2024 increase of court security officer (CSO) positions - 

- FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments (3%) - 

- Funding necessary to maintain current services (financing adjustment) - 

- Reduction to the FY 2025 base due to a decrease in court salary requirements - 

- Inflation (including law books and computer assisted legal research) - 

- Space related costs (includes inflation for space rental rates) - 

- Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund adjustment - 

- Information technology requirements - 

- Change in projected panel attorney requirements - 

- Change in available jurors 

- Restoration of FY 2024 panel attorney payment base - 

- Panel attorney deferred payments from FY 2024 - 

- FPS security service charges - 

- Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment - 

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Adjustments to Base 251 

Total Adjustments to Base, Mandatory 49 

Total Adjustments to Base, Discretionary 202 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

6,562,642 3,369 

8,163 - 

10,750 - 

16,228 - 

14,517 - 

8,071 - 

57,891 - 

93,121 - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

122,779 - 

(75,556) - 

32,110 - 

19,921 - 

1,789 - 

20,484 - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

330,268 - 

28,024 - 

302,244 - 

 - - 

1,411,116 50,602 104 

- - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

7,918 - - 

18,934 - - 

1,077 - - 

16,702 - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

64,066 9,300 - 

 - - - 

8,741 484 - 

1,346 - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

14,045 - - 

 - (12,290) - 

40,275 - - 

40,275 - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

213,379 (2,506) - 

 - - - 

213,379 (2,506) - 

 - - - 

766,445 30,480 

- - 

 - - 

 - 109 

 - 97 

 - 45 

357 - 

562 - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

285 - 

14,466 - 

 - - 

 - - 

690 - 

231 - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

2,715 - 

3,666 - 

22,972 251 

 - 49 

22,972 202 

 - - 

8,790,805

8,163

10,750

16,228

14,517

8,071

66,166

112,617

1,077

16,702

 -

285

14,466

196,145

(75,556)

42,025

21,498

1,789

20,484

14,045

(12,290)

40,275

40,275

2,715

3,666

564,113

28,024

536,089

 -

FY 2025 Adjusted Base 27,258 

FY 2025 Program Changes

Court Personnel and Other Programs:

- FY 2025 court support staffing due to workload changes 147 

 - Additional probation staff for the United States Sentencing Commission’s Criminal History Amendment 250 

6,892,910 3,369 

12,908 - 

26,316 - 

1,624,495 48,096 104 

 - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

789,417 30,731 

 -

 - 147 

 - 250 

9,354,918

12,908

26,316

- Hosting Service Maintenance - 

- Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System Court Advisors - 

- Budget Formulation & Execution System Development and Support - 

- Cloud Services & Support - 

- Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements - 

- Financial Management, Audit and Oversight Enhancement - 

- Strategic Workforce Planning Support - 

 - Continued implementation of the FDO staffing formula - 

20,661 - 

401 - 

426 - 

6,256 - 

12,000 - 

3,500 - 

600 - 

 - 76 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

25,805 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - 76 

20,661

401

426

6,256

12,000

3,500

600

25,805

 - National position - - 1 121 - - - 1 121

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Multi-year plan requirements - - - 12,777 - - - - 12,777

 - Defender Services IT, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements- Other requirements - - - 5,241 - - - - 5,241

 - Defenders Services Transcript rate increase - - - 1,320 - - - - 1,320

 - Defenders Services Coordinating discovery attorney contact - - - 730 - - - - 730

 - Major physical infrastructure requirements - - - 16,750 - - - - 16,750

 - Defenders Services additional fellowship additional costs - - - 236 - - - - 236

 - Defenders Services Training Operations - - - 2,233 - - - - 2,233

 - Defenders Services reimbursable positions - - - 316 - - - - 316

- Vulnerability Management Information Service - 

- Security infrastructure for new courthouses - 

- Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial Services Offices and Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building - 

- External cameras for Video Management Systems - 

- Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court Security Branch Program staffing and equipment - 

- Court Security Officer hours increase - 

- Active vehicle barrier support equipment - 

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Program Changes 396 

Total Program Changes, Mandatory - 

Total Program Changes, Discretionary 396 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

Total Mandatory 49 

Total Discretionary 598 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

 - - 

83,068 77 

 - - 

83,068 77 

 - - 

28,024 - 

385,312 77 

 - - 

 - - - 

 - - - 

 - - 1 

 - - - 

 - - 1 

 - - - 

 - - - 

65,529 - 2 

 - - - 

65,529 - 2 

 - - - 

 - - - 

278,908 (2,506) 2 

 - - - 

4,400 - 

750 - 

192 1 

3,800 - 

2,326 1 

4,608 - 

440 - 

16,516 475 

 - - 

16,516 475 

 - - 

 - 49 

39,488 676 

 - - 

4,400

750

192

3,800

2,326

4,608

440

165,113

 -

165,113

 -

28,024

701,202

 -

 Subtotal, FY 2025 Total Increases 647 

FY 2025, Total Mandatory Appropriation 1,928 

FY 2025, Total Discretionary Appropriation 25,726 

 AO Reimbursable FTE - 

413,336 77 

550,176 - 

6,425,802 3,446 

 - - 

278,908 (2,506) 2 

 - - - 

1,690,024 48,096 106 

 - - - 

39,488 725 

 - 1,928 

805,933 29,277 

 - - 

729,226

550,176

8,969,855

 -

FY 2025, Total Judiciary 27,654 6,975,978 3,446 1,690,024 48,096 106 805,933 31,205 9,520,031
18 

The Judiciary 

Outlays - FY 2023 to FY 2025 

 Appropriation FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Supreme Court

 Discretionary

 Mandatory

 Total, Salaries and Expenses

 Buildings and Grounds

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

 Discretionary

 Mandatory

 Total, Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Court of International Trade

 Discretionary

 Mandatory

 Total, Court of International Trade

Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services:

 Salaries and Expenses - Discretionary 

 Salaries and Expenses - Mandatory

 Total, Salaries and Expenses

 Defender Services 

 Fees of Jurors & Commissioners

 Court Security 

 

 

 109,556

 2,896

 

 

 121,867

 3,073

 

 

 146,505

 3,187

 

 

 

 

 112,452

18,610

 34,018

3,356

 

 

 

 

 124,940

25,432

 37,409

 3,532

 

 

 

 

 149,692

17,152

 38,960

 3,623

 

 

 

 37,374

19,276

 1,790

 

 

 

 40,941

19,939 

2,383

 

 

 

 42,583

20,942 

2,516

 

 

 

 21,066

 5,761,082

480,041

 

 

 

 22,322

 6,371,726

522,152

 

 

 

 23,458

 6,622,602

550,176

 

 

 

 

 6,241,123

 1,406,501

 49,380

 712,945

 

 

 

 

 6,893,878

 1,463,500

 58,426

 740,952

 

 

 

 

 7,172,778

 1,681,500

 48,194

 760,129

Total, Courts of Appeals, District Courts,

 and Other Judicial Services

Administrative Office of the United 

 States Courts

Federal Judicial Center

Judicial Retirement Funds (Mandatory)

Sentencing Commission

 

 

 

 

 

 8,409,949

 102,673

 31,475

 251,800

 20,658

 

 

 

 

 

9,156,757

 104,722

 34,231

 251,900

 21,742

 

 

 

 

 

9,662,601

 112,208

 35,202

 292,900

 22,939

 Subtotal, Discretionary

 Subtotal, Mandatory

 Total

 

 

 

 8,266,174

 739,883

 9,006,057

 

 

 

 8,999,946

 783,040

9,782,986

 9,506,333

 852,402

 10,358,735
19 

Fiscal Year 2025 Request

Summary by Appropriation

 
20 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
21 

Supreme Court of the United States 

Salaries and Expenses 

FY 2025 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 9 3,073 528 120,581 537 123,654

Adjustments to Base - 115 - 4,478 - 4,593

Program Increases - - 42 21,278 42 21,278

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 9 3,188 570 146,337 579 149,525

The U.S. Supreme Court requests $149.5 million ($3.2 million for mandatory expenses and 

$146.3 million for discretionary expenses) in FY 2025 for the Salaries and Expenses account. 

The $146.3 million request for discretionary appropriations represents a 21.4 percent increase 

over the FY 2024 assumed discretionary appropriation. This request reflects the necessary

adjustments to base to maintain current services, as well as several program increases to address

staffing for security and technology growth, staffing for IT security, expansion of the Supreme 

Court Police to protect the Justices and the Justices’ residences, and staffing for the Court’s 

library. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes $0.1 million for standard pay increases and changes in benefits for 

the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Supreme Court requests a $4.5 million increase for discretionary expenses for standard pay 

and benefits adjustments, other inflationary adjustments, and other adjustments to maintain 

current services in FY 2025. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $3.5 million

An increase of $3.5 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and changes in 

benefit rates. 

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $1.0 million

An increase of $1.0 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories, 

including off-site GSA space rental costs.
22 

III. Program Changes

The FY 2025 request includes $21.3 million for program changes. These changes include: 

1. Nine new positions to support security and technology growth: $0.9 million and 4.5

FTEs

The Court requests $0.9 million to fund nine new positions (4.5 FTEs), including legal (1.0 

FTE), procurement (1.0 FTE), human resources (1.0 FTE), building support (1.0 FTE), and 

budget (0.5 FTE) offices. 

2. Seven new IT security positions: $0.9 million and 3.5 FTEs

The Court requests $0.9 million to fund seven new IT security positions (3.5 FTEs) in IT 

cybersecurity, network administration, and application development. 

3. Expansion of personal protection for the Justices: $5.8 million and 33.0 FTEs

The Court requests $5.8 million and 33.0 positions (33.0 FTEs) to expand the Supreme Court 

Police security activities to protect the Justices. Ongoing threat assessments indicate that there 

are evolving risks that require continuous protection. 

4. Reassign residential security duties from USMS to Supreme Court Police: $13.6

million

Currently, the USMS provides 24/7 protection of the Justices’ residences. This funding request 

would allow the Supreme Court Police to assume this mission and assign officers to the 

residences.

5. One new research librarian position: $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE

This request would fund one new research librarian position in the Court’s Library to assist the 

Justices and law clerks with their case work by performing in-depth legal research, analysis, and 

writing. 

IV. Appropriations Language

Supreme Court of the United States 

Salaries and Expenses

For expenses necessary for the operation of the Supreme Court, as required by law, excluding 

care of the building and grounds, including purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles as 

authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1343 and 1344; not to exceed a purchase price of $45,000 per vehicle 

except for protective vehicles and vehicles acquired through the General Services 

Administration; not to exceed $10,000 for official reception and representation expenses; and for 
23 

miscellaneous expenses, to be expended as the Chief Justice may approve, 

[$120,581,000]$146,337,000, of which $1,500,000 shall remain available until expended. 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for salaries 

of the chief justice and associate justices of the court.

(S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, updated to 

reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

V. Summary of Obligations

U.S. Supreme Court - Salaries and Expenses

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 83,144 82,597 105,964

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,828 1,752 1,789 

Travel 1,746 1,920 2,102 

Other 28,698 39,384 41,170 

Total Obligations 115,416 125,653 151,025

Other Adjustments (2,969) (1,999) (1,500)

Available Appropriation 112,447 123,654 149,525

 Mandatory Appropriation 2,896 3,073 3,188

 Discretionary Appropriation 109,551 120,581 146,337

 Supplemental Appropriation - - -
24 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
25 

Supreme Court of the United States 

Care of the Building and Grounds 

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 50 20,554

Adjustments to Base - (9,283)

Program Increases - 2,428

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 50 13,699

The U.S. Supreme Court requests $13.7 million for its Care of the Building and Grounds account 

in FY 2025, a net decrease of 33.4 percent from the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. 

The Architect of the Capitol provides for the structural and mechanical care of the U.S. Supreme 

Court Building and Grounds, including maintenance and operation of mechanical, electrical, and 

electronic equipment. This request includes the necessary adjustments to base to maintain 

current services. The Court also requests $2.4 million in program increases for continued 

courtyard restoration for FY 2025. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Supreme Court requests a net decrease of $9.3 million for standard pay and benefits 

adjustments, other inflationary adjustments, and other adjustments to maintain current services in 

FY 2025. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $0.2 million

An increase of $0.2 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and changes in 

benefit rates.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.1 million

An increase of $0.1 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories.

3. Reduction for non-recurring requirements: ($9.6 million) 

A decrease of $9.6 million is for non-recurring requirements associated with additional physical 

upgrades and courtyard restoration. 
26 

II. Program Changes

The FY 2025 request includes $2.4 million for courtyard restoration. The Supreme Court’s 

courtyards and plazas include stone carvings, fountains, plumbing, and electrical systems that are 

original to the building, constructed in 1935. Congress funded $4.8 million of this multi-year 

project in FY 2017. In FY 2022, the Supreme Court reprogrammed $8.5 million to support the 

project. In FY 2023, Congress provided an additional $15.9 million. The Court requested $3.1 

million in FY 2024. In FY 2025, the Court requests $2.4 million, which represents the final 

amount needed to complete the project. 

III. Appropriations Language

Supreme Court of the United States 

Care of the Building and Grounds

For such expenditures as may be necessary to enable the Architect of the Capitol to carry out the 

duties imposed upon the Architect by 40 U.S.C. 6111 and 6112 under the direction of the Chief 

Justice, [$20,554,000]$13,699,000, to remain available until expended. 

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

IV. Summary of Obligations

U.S. Supreme Court - Care of the Building and Grounds

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 7,031 7,647 7,837

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,710 2,100 2,200 

Travel 9 3 3 

Other 16,455 16,815 5,112 

Total Obligations 25,205 26,564 15,152

Other Adjustments 4,041 (6,010) (1,453)

Available Appropriation 29,246 20,554 13,699
27 

 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2025 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 12 3,532 141 37,863 153 41,395

Adjustments to Base - 91 1 1,243 1 1,334

Program Increases - - - - - -

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 12 3,623 142 39,106 154 42,729

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit requests $42.7 million ($3.6 million for mandatory 

expenses and $39.1 million for discretionary expenses) for FY 2025. 

The $39.1 million request for discretionary appropriations represents a 3.3 percent increase over 

the FY 2024 assumed discretionary appropriation. This request includes the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services. The Court requests no program increases for 

FY 2025. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes $0.1 million for standard pay and benefits increases for judges. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Court requests an increase of $1.2 million for standard pay and benefits adjustments, other 

inflationary adjustments, and other adjustments to maintain current services in FY 2025. These 

adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $0.9 million 

An increase of $0.9 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and changes in 

benefit rates.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.3 million

An increase of $0.3 million is requested for a 2.2 percent general inflationary increase for travel, 

supplies, equipment, including space rental costs and other contractual services. 

3. Annualization of Civic Education positions: 1.0 FTE

In FY 2024, the court assumed that it would have to absorb the initial costs of two new FTE, a 

Director of Civic Education and an education specialist, assumed to be on-board for six months 
28 

in FY 2024 (1.0 FTE). The FY 2025 request annualizes the two new positions (1 FTE) in FY 

2025. 

III. Appropriations Language 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Salaries and Expenses

For salaries of officers and employees, and for necessary expenses of the court, as authorized by 

law, [$37,863,000]$39,106,000.

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of the chief judge and judges of the court.

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

Summary of Obligations 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 23,280 25,430 26,348

Rent, Communications and Utilities 6,715 7,674 7,829

Travel 115 162 165

Other 7,135 8,129 8,387

Total Obligations 37,245 41,395 42,729

Other Adjustments 2,846 - -

Available Appropriation 40,091 41,395 42,729

 Mandatory Appropriation 3,356 3,532 3,623

 Discretionary Appropriation 36,735 37,863 39,106
29 

United States Court of International Trade 

Salaries and Expenses 

The Court of International Trade requests $25.3 million ($2.5 million for mandatory expenses 

and $22.8 million for discretionary expenses) in FY 2025. 

The $22.8 million request for discretionary appropriations represents a 5.1 percent increase over 

the FY 2024 assumed discretionary appropriation. This request reflects the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services and a program increase to fund courthouse 

security. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes $0.1 million for standard pay and benefits increases for judges. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes an increase of $0.7 million for standard pay and benefits 

adjustments, and other inflationary adjustments. 

III. Program Changes 

The FY 2025 request includes an increase of $0.4 million for courthouse security to fund the 

replacement, installation, and implementation of various courthouse security systems. 

IV. Appropriations Language

United States Court of International Trade 

Salaries and Expenses

For salaries of officers and employees of the court, services, and necessary expenses of the court, 

as authorized by law, [$21,682,000]$22,784,000. 
30 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of the chief judge and judges of the court. 

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

V. Summary of Obligations 

United States Court of International Trade

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 10,741 13,244 13,819

Rent, Communications and Utilities 7,721 7,974 8,134 

Travel 150 167 171 

Other 4,408 2,680 3,176 

Total Obligations 23,020 24,065 25,300

Other Adjustments 30 - -

Available Appropriation 23,050 24,065 25,300

 Mandatory Appropriation 1,790 2,383 2,516

 Discretionary Appropriation 21,260 21,682 22,784
31 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services 

Salaries and Expenses 

FY 2025 Request

Mandatory Discretionary Total

FTE ($000) FTE ($000) FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Salaries and Expenses Assumed Appropriation 1,879 522,152 25,128 6,030,515 27,007 6,552,667

Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund Enacted Appropriation - - - 9,975 - 9,975

 Total, FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 1,879 522,152 25,128 6,040,490 27,007 6,562,642

Adjustments to Base 49 28,024 202 300,455 251 328,479

Adjustments to Base - Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund - - - 1,789 - 1,789

 Total, Adjustmements to Base 49 28,024 202 302,244 251 330,268

Program Changes - - 396 83,068 396 83,068

 Total, Program Changes - - 396 83,068 396 83,068

FY 2025 Salaries and Expenses Appropriation 1,928 550,176 25,726 6,414,038 27,654 6,964,214

Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund Appropriation

 Total, FY 2025 Appropriation Request

 - - - 11,764 - 11,764

 1,928 550,176 25,726 6,425,802 27,654 6,975,978

The judiciary requests $6,976.0 million for the Salaries and Expenses account in FY 2025, 

including $550.2 million for mandatory expenses; $6,414.0 million for discretionary expenses;

and $11.8 million for the Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund. The FY 2025 total 

discretionary request of $6,425.8 million is a 6.4 percent increase over the FY 2024 assumed 

discretionary appropriation. However, the FY 2024 assumed funding level presents a shortfall of 

$187 million from the judiciary’s FY 2024 conference appeal level. At this level, court units will 

face significant challenges to add staff where needed to manage anticipated workload increases. 

The request prioritizes base funding for operations of the courts and related offices and provides 

for several program changes to address critical staffing and infrastructure requirements. The 

program changes include increased court support staff due to caseload and workload estimates; 

new staff associated with the retroactivity of a recent USSC Criminal History Amendment; a 

variety of critical information technology systems and projects; and tenant alterations projects 

required for the protection of life and safety. 

This account provides for the operating expenses of the 12 regional circuit courts of appeals, 

district courts, bankruptcy courts, and probation and pretrial services offices. This account 

utilizes other funding sources, including fee collections and prior year carryforward balances, to 

offset appropriated funds. The judiciary currently projects that these sources of non-appropriated 

funds will total $339.1 million in FY 2025, $122.8 million less than the FY 2024 assumed level 

of $461.9 million.
32 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base 

The FY 2025 request includes $28.0 million for mandatory increases for active Article III, 

senior, and bankruptcy judges as follows: 

1. Pay and benefit cost adjustment for active Article III, senior, and bankruptcy judges: 

$14.1 million

An increase of $14.1 million will provide for expected changes in pay and benefits for 

active Article III, senior, and bankruptcy judges, including the annualization of the 

January 2024 pay adjustment and an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment.

2. Increase in average number of filled Article III judgeships: $4.3 million and 16 FTEs 

An increase of $4.3 million will provide for an additional 16 filled Article III judgeship

FTEs anticipated in FY 2025, based on a projected 45 confirmations in FY 2025, partially 

offset by active judges projected to take senior status or retire. 

3. Increase in average number of senior judges: $4.5 million and 16 FTE

An increase of $4.5 million will provide for an additional 16 senior judges anticipated in 

FY 2025. 

4. Increase in average number of bankruptcy judgeships: $5.1 million and 17 FTEs 

An increase of $5.1 million will provide for an additional 17 filled bankruptcy judgeships 

anticipated in FY 2025. 

II. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes a net increase of $302.2 million for discretionary adjustments to 

base. This consists of a net increase of $337.4 million for standard pay and benefits increases

and other inflationary adjustments; a net increase of $19.9 million for space-related adjustments; 

a net increase of $20.5 million for IT requirements; and a decrease of $75.6 million due to a 

decrease in court salary requirements. 

1. Pay and benefit cost adjustment for magistrate and claims court judges: $4.8 million

An increase of $4.8 million will provide for expected changes in pay and benefits for 

magistrate and claims court judges including the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment and an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment. 
33 

2. Increase in the number of filled Article III judges’ staff: $11.9 million and 93 FTEs

An increase of $11.9 million will provide for an additional 93 staff FTE to support the 

additional 16 filled Article III judgeships anticipated in FY 2025 (noted above in the 

mandatory adjustments to base section). 

3. Increase in the number of senior judges’ staff: $10.0 million and 81 FTEs

An increase of $10.0 million will provide for an additional 81 staff FTE to support the 16 

additional senior judges anticipated in FY 2025 (noted above in the mandatory 

adjustments to base section). 

4. Increase in average number of filled bankruptcy judgeships: $2.9 million and 

28 FTEs 

An increase of $2.9 million will provide for an additional 28 staff FTE to support the 17 

additional filled bankruptcy judgeships anticipated in FY 2025 (noted above in the 

mandatory adjustments to base section). 

5. Pay and benefit adjustments for court personnel: $151.0 million

An increase of $151.0 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and changes 

in benefits rates. 

6. Funding necessary to maintain FY 2024 current service levels due to an anticipated 

decrease in non-appropriated funds: $122.8 million

In FY 2024, $461.9 million in estimated non-appropriated funds is assumed to be 

available to finance FY 2024 requirements. In FY 2025, the judiciary expects $339.1 

million in non-appropriated funds to be available, which is a decrease of $122.8 million 

from FY 2024. Therefore, the judiciary requests an increase of $122.8 million in 

appropriations due to a lower amount of anticipated non-appropriated funds. 

7. Reduction to the FY 2025 base due to court salary requirements: $75.6 million

A decrease of $75.6 million is requested to reflect a reduction in court salary 

requirements. 

8. Non-pay inflationary and contractual increases: $32.1 million

An increase of $32.1 million is requested for a 2.2 percent general inflationary increase 

and other contractual and miscellaneous increases.

9. Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund: $1.8 million
34 

The FY 2025 level reflects an increase of $1.8 million for standard pay and non-pay 

inflationary adjustments and a rent increase as a result of rent relief ending in FY 2023, 

and the subsequent increasing rent for FY 2024 and FY 2025 for the Vaccine Injury 

program. 

10. GSA space rental and related expenses: net $19.9 million

The FY 2025 request includes a net increase of $19.9 million for GSA space rental and 

related expenses consisting of: 

• tenant improvements (+$40.7 million), 

• building operations and GSA rent costs (+$15.1 million), 

• changes in space/new space to be delivered in FY 2024 (+$10.0 million), 

• space reduction savings (-$1.0 million), 

• changes associated with the TMFJB annual bond payment (-$7.0 million), and 

• non-recurring space adjustments (-$37.9 million). 

11. Information technology (IT) requirements: net $20.5 million

The FY 2025 request includes a net increase of $20.5 million consisting of: 

• Administrative and Management Systems (+$17.4 million), 

• Court IT allotments (+$13.6 million),

• Telecommunications Program (+13.2 million), 

• IT Court Support Reimbursable Program (+$5.7 million

• Judicial Statistical and Reporting Systems (+$4.4 million), 

• Infrastructure and Collaboration Tools (+$3.7 million), 

• Court Administration and Case Management Systems (+$0.4 million), and

• Cybersecurity and IT Modernization Plan (-$37.8 million). 

III. Program Changes 

The FY 2025 request includes an increase of $83.1 million for program changes. These changes 

include: 

1. FY 2025 court support staffing due to workload changes: $12.9 million and 147 FTEs 

The judiciary requests an increase of $12.9 million for 294 new court support staff (147 

FTE) in appellate, bankruptcy administrators, district, and probation and pretrial services 

offices in FY 2025 based on projected changes in workload (exclusive of workload 

associated with USSC guideline changes noted further below). 
35 

Court Support Staffing 

FY 25 Workload Increase

Program Fiscal Year 

2025 FTE

Dollars in 

Thousands

Appellate 5 ($162)

Bankruptcy 59 5,806 

District 210 20,655 

Probation/Pretrial -127 (13,391)

Total 147 $12,908 

2. Additional Probation Staff Associated with USSC Retroactivity of Criminal History 

Amendment: $26.3 million and 250 FTEs 

The judiciary requests an increase of $26.3 million for 250 new probation staff (250 FTE) 

to handle the increase in workload associated with implementing the U.S. Sentencing 

Commission’s August 2023 action granting the retroactive application of amendments to 

the U.S. sentencing guidelines that reduce the sentencing range for some offenders. 

3. Hosting Service Maintenance: $20.7 million

The FY 2025 request reflects an increase of $20.7 million to fund additional maintenance 

agreements, hardware, and software for hosting services for the judiciary at its two 

internet data centers. 

4. Judiciary Integrated Financial Management System Court Advisors: $0.4 million

The judiciary requests $0.4 million to support the Judiciary Integrated Financial 

Management System (JIFMS) upgrade effort through the use of four temporary duty 

court financial management specialists, known as JIFMS Advisors. These advisors will 

play a crucial role in gathering requirements, configuring the system, planning, providing 

training, testing, and overseeing the implementation of the JIFMS upgrade. 

5. Budget Formulation and Execution System Requirements Development: $0.4 million 

The judiciary requests a program increase of $0.4 million to begin requirements gathering 

for the future development of a judiciary budget formulation and execution system. This 

system will enable integrated development, analysis, justification, and presentation of the 

judiciary’s national budget request and enactment of the national financial plan. 

6. Cloud Services and Support: $6.3 million
36 

The judiciary requests $6.3 million to fund a program increase to support the engineering 

and integration of a private cloud solution that is based on existing private cloud 

architecture and cloud native services and tools that would be needed to achieve like 

functionality to services currently provided within the judiciary internet data centers. 

7. Tenant alterations to address life and safety requirements: $12.0 million 

An increase of $12.0 million is required to fund tenant alterations projects needed to 

address life and safety requirements, including repair and replacements of judges’ 

elevators. The elevator repair program develops a national inventory of elevators and

prioritizes elevators for repair, modernization or replacement, as appropriate, to address 

life and safety issues, accessibility issues, or both. In FY 2025, 15 such elevators have 

been identified as needing critical repair.

8. Financial Management, Audit, and Oversight Enhancement: $3.5 million 

The judiciary requests $3.5 million to fund a major upgrade of several programs to 

enhance accountability and oversight. These include funding for the continuation of the 

JDIRC, audit enhancements, and an Acquisition Improvement Strategy. 

9. Strategic Workforce Planning Support: $0.6 million

The judiciary requests $0.6 million to fund contractual labor to support the newly 

established Strategic Workforce Planning to help existing staff with analyzing workforce 

supply and demand, assessing gaps, and determining targeted talent management 

interventions actions. The team will use data, analytics, and reporting to proactively 

identify workforce issues and trends and to inform strategies for the recruitment, 

development and retention of judiciary staff. 

VI. Appropriations Language

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Salaries and Expenses

For the salaries of judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, magistrate judges, and all 

other officers and employees of the Federal Judiciary not otherwise specifically provided for, 

necessary expenses of the courts, and the purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for 

Probation and Pretrial Services Office staff, as authorized by law, [$6,030,515,000] 

$6,414,038,000 (including the purchase of firearms and ammunition); of which not to exceed 

$27,817,000 shall remain available until expended for space alteration projects and for furniture 

and furnishings related to new space alteration and construction projects. 

In addition, there are appropriated such sums as may be necessary under current law for the 

salaries of circuit and district judges (including judges of the territorial courts of the United 
37 

States), bankruptcy judges, and justices and judges retired from office or from regular active 

service.

In addition, for expenses of the United States Court of Federal Claims associated with processing 

cases under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-660), not to 

exceed [$9,975,000]$11,764,000, to be appropriated from the Vaccine Injury Compensation 

Trust Fund. 

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

V. Summary of Obligations

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services

Salaries and Expenses

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 4,108,216 4,557,672 4,607,679

Rent, Communications and Utilities 1,141,878 1,259,850 1,306,727 

Travel 62,684 68,319 72,553 

Other 1,203,713 1,331,093 1,328,123 

Total Obligations 6,516,491 7,216,934 7,315,082

Other Adjustments (131,395) (664,267) (350,868) 

Available Appropriation (Direct) 6,385,096 6,552,667 6,964,214

Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund 9,975 9,975 11,764

Total Available Appropriation 6,395,071 6,562,642 6,975,978

 Mandatory Appropriation 480,041 522,152 550,176

 Discretionary Appropriation - Salaries and 

 Expenses Direct 5,905,055 6,030,515 6,414,038

 Discretionary Appropriation - Vaccine Injury

 Compensation Trust Fund 9,975 9,975 11,764
VI. Budget Request by Category

VII. Court Support Staffing 

?3,000 

2?,.500 

22,000 

21,!<00 

21.000 

lO.SOO 

20.000 

19,000 

JS,.<00 

18,000 

Information

Technology

11%

FY 2025 Budget Request 

Salaries and Expenses Account 

(Obligations) 

Operations and

Maintenance

11%

Comt Support 

Personnel Salaries

20%

Court Support Staffing 

FY 2012 - FY 2025 

19,312 

On-bond 

-...., .... --•-==��==-1�9�,2-83:...:...::::-;::!!!!lt:9,J:9:• ::-�-�--=�:..::=:----' O11-l>oant Oa-board 

Judges & Chambers

Staff Salaries &

Expenses

23%

Cotut Suppo1t 

Personnel Benefits

18%

18,000 

011-BoU'd 

17,000 +---+----+-----+-----+-------<---1----+----+----+-----+-----+-------<l----+---+-----<I 9/30/1012 �'2013 9/-'0/201' 9/30/2015 9/30/2016 9/30fl017 9JXll2018 SVJ0/2019 9/J0/2020 WJ0/1021 9/30/2022 9l30/2023 1128/202.f 9/30/1024 �/2015 

.-Ou-Board FlE 

38 
39 

VIII. Judiciary Workload Factors

WORKLOAD FACTOR * Actual 2017 Actual 2018 Actual 2019 Actual 2020 Actual 2021 Actual 2022 Actual 2023 Projected 2024

Criminal Filings 58,121 67,257 73,012 64,853 59,500 55,220 54,366 52,600

Year-to-Year Change: -4.8% 15.7% 8.6% -11.2% -8.3% -7.2% -1.5% -3.2%

Filings for Criminal Defendants 75,235 84,828 90,541 79,122 75,407 69,466 67,651 65,800

Year-to-Year Change: -5.9% 12.8% 6.7% -12.6% -4.7% -7.9% -2.6% -2.7%

Civil Filings ** 271,721 281,202 293,520 421,082 374,250 293,762 295,215 337,900

Year-to-Year Change: -6.4% 3.5% 4.4% 43.5% -11.1% -21.5% 0.5% 14.5%

Appellate Filings 52,028 49,220 47,783 49,044 45,790 42,094 40,713 41,600

Year-to-Year Change: -13.4% -5.4% -2.9% 2.6% -6.6% -8.1% -3.3% 2.2%

Bankruptcy Filings 796,037 775,578 773,361 682,363 462,309 380,634 418,724 473,300

Year-to-Year Change: -2.8% -2.6% -0.3% -11.8% -32.2% -17.7% 10.0% 13.0%

Pretrial Services: Cases Activated 82,265 90,951 98,627 83,839 71,647 67,701 68,816 66,300

Year-to-Year Change: -6.7% 10.6% 8.4% -15.0% -14.5% -5.5% 1.6% -3.7%

Pretrial Services: Persons Under Supervision 43,998 43,997 46,539 46,646 52,915 55,471 51,606 48,400

Year-to-Year Change: -3.6% 0.0% 5.8% 0.2% 13.4% 4.8% -7.0% -6.2%

Probation: Presentence Reports 60,669 60,498 66,622 68,974 47,628 62,829 63,126 61,800

Year-to-Year Change: 1.9% -0.3% 10.1% 3.5% -30.9% 31.9% 0.5% -2.1%

Probation: Persons Under Supervision 135,947 131,036 128,120 126,875 124,249 124,167 123,852 123,900 

Year-to-Year Change: -1.4% -3.6% -2.2% -1.0% -2.1% -0.1% -0.3% 0.0%

* Both actual and projected workload factors are for 12-month periods ending June 30 each year.

IX. Other Sources of Funding for the Judiciary 

Explanation of Other Funding Sources

In addition to appropriated funds, each year the judiciary uses other non-appropriated funds to 

offset its appropriation requirements. Fee collections, primarily from court filing fees, comprise 

the majority of these sources of funds. These funds are used to offset expenses within the 

Salaries and Expenses account, allowing the judiciary to request fewer appropriated dollars from 

Congress. 

“Unencumbered” Funds

In addition to fee collections, in certain instances the judiciary may carry funds forward from one 

year to the next. These carryforward funds are considered “unencumbered” when they are 

generated by savings in the financial plan where budgeted costs did not materialize, such as 

slower than expected hiring or space delivery dates. These savings are usually unforeseen and 

uncontrollable by the judiciary. 

Recognizing that savings in the financial plan tend to occur each year, but at unpredictable 

levels, the judiciary has tried to estimate the level of unencumbered funds that will be available 

to offset FY 2025 requirements. As the table below indicates, the judiciary has estimated that 

unencumbered funds will total $339.1 million in FY 2025, including $164.1 million in new fee 

collections and $175.0 million in other unencumbered carryforward. This level of 
40 

unencumbered funds represents a net decrease of $122.8 million from the $461.9 million 

estimated in FY 2024 to help finance court operations. The discretionary adjustments to base 

above include an increase of $122.8 million in appropriations due to the lower amount of 

anticipated non-appropriated funds in FY 2025. 

The judiciary’s estimates for non-appropriated funds typically fluctuate during the fiscal year. 

AO staff will update the appropriations subcommittee staffs on changes in non-appropriated 

funding levels during FY 2024. 

Sources of Non-Appropriated Unencumbered Funds

in Salaries and Expenses

($000) 

Dollars in Thousands

FY 2024

Plan

FY 2025

Request

Difference

Fee Collections 161,941 164,104 2,163

Other Carryforward 299,942 175,000 (124,942)

Total, Non-Appropriated 

Sources of Funding, 461,883 339,104 (122,779)

Excluding Encumbered

“Encumbered” Funds 

Carryforward funds are considered “encumbered” when both the funds and the associated need 

for the funds shift, or slip, to the next year. The judiciary has no-year authority for specific

purposes for multi-year IT investments and new space-related requirements. Further, in some 

cases, similar to unencumbered funds described above, carryforward of fee balances from the 

prior year includes savings where planned expenses did not occur. This authority is used when 

planned expenses are delayed, or slipped, from one year to the next. In FY 2024, $192.4 million 

of financing and requirements were slipped from FY 2023. 

“Encumbered” funds, while adding to the judiciary’s projected obligations in a given fiscal year, 

do not impact the judiciary’s appropriation requirements. Even if the total amount fluctuates 

from year to year, the funds associated with the specific project are brought forward from the 

prior year to fund the project, resulting in no additional appropriation requirements. 
Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services 

Defender Services

The judiciary requests $1,690.0 million for Defender Services in FY 2025, a 19.8 percent 

increase over the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. The FY 2025 request reflects the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services, restoration of FY 2024 requirements not funded 

in the FY 2024 assumed appropriation level, and program changes for federal defender 

organization (FDO) staffing requirements related to workload adjustments, cybersecurity and IT 

infrastructure modernization, transcript rate increases, an additional coordinating discovery 

attorney contract, major physical infrastructure projects, additional fellowship costs, additional 

training, and reimbursable positions for the Defender Services program.

This funding supports the provision of constitutionally-mandated legal representation and other 

services to persons financially unable to obtain counsel in criminal and related matters in federal 

court. The Criminal Justice Act provides that courts shall appoint counsel from federal public 

and community defender organizations or from a panel of private attorneys established by the 

court. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

A net increase of $213.4 million is requested for adjustments to base for pay and benefits and 

other inflationary increases, as well as for adjustments that will allow the judiciary to meet its 

constitutional obligation to provide defense counsel to all eligible persons in FY 2025. These 

increases include:

1. Pay and benefit adjustments: $44.6 million

An increase of $44.6 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay

adjustment (including inflationary panel rate adjustments), an assumed January 2025 pay

adjustment (including inflationary panel rate adjustments), within-grade increases, and

changes in benefits rates.

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 3,369 1,411,116

Adjustments to Base - 213,379

Program Changes 77 65,529

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 3,446 1,690,024

41
2. Other inflationary increases: $10.1 million

An increase of $10.1 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay

categories, including space rental costs.

3. Change in projected panel attorney requirements: $14.0 million

An increase of $14.0 million is required due to a projected increase in panel attorney

caseload.

4. Restoration of FY 2024 panel attorney payment base: $40.3 million

The FY 2024 base funding will need to be restored to meet the projected panel attorney

requirements in FY 2025.

5. Panel attorney deferred payments from FY 2024: $40.3 million

The FY 2024 assumed level (obligations) estimates a panel attorney payment shortfall in

the amount of $40.3 million. The amount requested will allow the judiciary to make the

FY 2024 deferred payments in FY 2025.

6. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $64.1 million

In FY 2024, the judiciary projected $84.1 million in carryforward to be available. FY

2025 assumes $20.0 million will be available, a decrease of $64.1 million from FY 2024.

Because the judiciary anticipates having $64.1 million less in carryforward funding

available in FY 2025, it requests $64.1 million in funding to substitute direct

appropriations for base expenses previously funded from carryforward balances. The

judiciary will advise Congress if any additional savings materialize in FY 2024 that may

reduce FY 2025 appropriations requirements for this account.

II. Program Changes

The FY 2025 request includes a net increase of $65.5 million for program changes. These 

changes include: 

1. Change in projected FDO requirements: $25.8 million

The FY 2025 request includes an increase of $25.8 million due to projected workload

adjustments. This increase supports authorized staffing levels at 95 percent of current

formula requirements.

2. National position: $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE

The FY 2025 request includes an increase of $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE to support

additional formula staffing for cybersecurity and IT requirements.

42
3. Information technology, cybersecurity, and IT modernization requirements: $18.0

million

The request includes a $12.8 million increase for activities associated with the judiciary’s

multi-year plan for cybersecurity, and IT modernization initiatives, of which $9.9 million

is assumed not funded in FY 2024 and $2.9 million is for FY 2025 requirements from the

plan.

The request also includes a $5.2 million increase to support other IT, cybersecurity, and

IT modernization requirements not covered by the multi-year plan, consisting of $1.5

million of activities assumed not funded in FY 2024, as well as $3.7 million for FY 2025

requirements.

4. Transcript rate increase: $1.3 million

In September 2022, the Judicial Conference approved an increase to the judiciary’s

transcript fee rates (approximately 20 percent) to enable the courts to retain and recruit

qualified court reporters. This would fund the impact this rate increase is expected to

have on the Defender Services program.

5. Coordinating Discovery Attorney: $0.7 million

The requested increase will help to address the demand for additional assistance in large,

complex federal criminal cases that include numerous defendants, large volumes of

discovery and complicated e-discovery.

6. Major physical infrastructure projects: $16.8 million

The requested increase will support major space alteration projects in Las Vegas, Nevada,

and Los Angeles, California. Due to building management and infrastructure issues, it is

anticipated that both will move to new buildings in the near term. When moving to new

space, a significant portion of the expense to reconfigure the space must be paid prior to

the lease award.

7. Additional fellowship program costs: $0.2 million

The requested increase would provide additional substantive training for the fellows,

recruitment software, and evaluation assistance and operational costs for the fellowship

program.

8. Training: $2.2 million

This request is assumed not funded in FY 2024. The requested increase will support the

following three initiatives:

• $0.9 million for 21st century training operations, which will include an Event

Management System, a Learning Management System, a Customized Continuing

43
Legal Education (CLE)-enabled platform and a Real-time Polling/Survey 

Platform; 

• $0.8 million for training post-COVID to meet the demand for hybrid (in-person

and virtual) training; and

• $0.6 million for additional training requirements, which will expand training

programs on case management; mental health; representing clients with

intellectual disabilities; and FDO budget, procurement, and financial training and

materials.

9. Reimbursable positions: $0.3 million

The requested increase supports three additional reimbursable positions for the AO’s

Defender Services Office. These positions will support program reviews and

budgetary/financial operations for federal defenders and their staff in the areas of audit

preparation, financial management, internal controls, procurement, and accountable

officer liability.

III. Appropriations Language

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Defender Services

For the operation of Federal Defender organizations; the compensation and reimbursement of 

expenses of attorneys appointed to represent persons under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A and 18 U.S.C. § 

3599, and for the compensation and reimbursement of expenses of persons furnishing 

investigative, expert, and other services for such representations as authorized by law; the 

compensation (in accordance with the maximums under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A) and reimbursement 

of expenses of attorneys appointed to assist the court in criminal cases where the defendant has 

waived representation by counsel; the compensation and reimbursement of expenses of attorneys 

appointed to represent jurors in civil actions for the protection of their employment, as 

authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 1875(d)(1); the compensation and reimbursement of expenses of 

attorneys appointed under 18 U.S.C. § 983(b)(1) in connection with certain judicial civil 

forfeiture proceedings; the compensation and reimbursement of travel expenses of guardians ad 

litem appointed under 18 U.S.C. § 4100(b); and for necessary training and general administrative 

expenses, [$1,411,116,000]$1,690,024,000, to remain available until expended. 

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

44
IV. Summary of Obligations

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Senices 

Defender Senices 

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category 

($000) 

FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 

Cate!!ory Actual Assumed Request 

Compensation and Benefits 597,528 646,328 680,410 

Rent, Communications and Utilities 69,776 69,060 72,661 

Travel 14,699 16,059 17,378 

Contractual Services (includes panel attorney payments) 520,031 521,017 671,023 

Other (includes =nts to Communitv Defender Ornanizations) 234,504 246,708 268,552 

Total Direct Obli!!ations 1,436,538 1,499,172 1,710,024 

Encumbered c�nvforward (13,476' (3,990 . 

Total Obli!!ations <Excludin!! Encumbered Can-yfonvard) 1,423,062 1,495,182 1,710,024 

Other Adiustments (40,382 (84,066 (20,000 

Available Annronriation 1,382,680 1,411,116 1,690,024 

V. Budget Request by Category

Panel Attorneys 

32% 

FY 2025 Budget Request 

Defender Services Account 

(Obligations) 

Program 

Administration 

1% 

45 

Federal Defender 

Organizations 

67% 
46 

IV. Defender Services Workload Factors

Total Representations

Workload Factor 2019

Actual

2020 

Actual

2021 

Actual

2022 

Actual

2023

Actual

2024

Projected

2025

Projected

FDO weighted – non-capital 

representations 152,496 151,025 116,721 130,062 127,152 129,350 136,400

FDO weighted – capital 

prosecutions 1,174 1,019 663 1,019 918 1,000 1,000

Total FDO weighted 

1 Representations 153,670 152,044 117,384 131,081 128,070 130,350 137,400

Panel Attorneys 89,079 93,189 64,326 62,866 62,970 67,900 70,100

2 Total Representations 242,749 245,233 181,710 193,947 191,040 198,250 207,500

Year-to-Year Change 1.0% -25.9% 6.7% -1.5% 3.8% 4.7%

1

 FDO caseload actuals and projections are based on raw cases converted to weighted cases. 

2

 Statistical data are for a 12-month period through March 31 of each year.
47 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners 

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation - 50,602

Adjustments to Base - (2,506)

FY 2025 Appropriation Request - 48,096

The judiciary requests $48.1 million for Fees of Jurors and Commissioners in FY 2025, a 5.0 

percent decrease below the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. The FY 2025 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services. 

Costs associated with this account may vary and are driven by the number of jury trials, the length 

of those trials, and statutory rates for reimbursement paid to jurors. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The FY 2025 request includes a net decrease of $2.5 million in adjustments to base associated with 

inflationary adjustments, projected changes in juror days, and other adjustments to maintain 

current services. This decrease will allow the account to continue to pay for the statutory fees and 

expenses of grand and petit jurors and compensation of land commissioners in FY 2025. These 

adjustments include: 

1. Inflationary adjustments: $0.5 million

In addition to attendance fees, jurors also are reimbursed for certain expenses, including 

meals and lodging for sequestered jurors and transportation of juries to view evidence or 

crime scenes. Inflationary increases associated with these expenses are expected to total 

$0.2 million for grand jurors and $0.3 million for petit jurors in FY 2025. 

2. Projected change in juror days: ($12.3 million) 

Overall expenses for grand and petit jurors are expected to decrease by $12.3 million in 

FY 2025 based on the workload projections. 

3. Increase in appropriations needed to fund current services: $9.3 million

In FY 2024, $10.3 million in balances from FY 2023 and prior years is available to finance 

FY 2024 requirements. In FY 2025, the judiciary currently projects $1.0 million in non-
48 

appropriated funds to be available. Because the judiciary anticipates having $9.3 million 

less in carryforward funding in FY 2025, it requests $9.3 million in additional 

appropriations to maintain current services. The judiciary will advise Congress if any 

additional savings materialize in FY 2024 that may reduce FY 2025 appropriations 

requirements for this account. 

II. Appropriations Language

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

For fees and expenses of jurors as authorized by 28 U.S.C. 1871 and 1876; compensation of jury 

commissioners as authorized by 28 U.S.C. 1863; and compensation of commissioners appointed in 

condemnation cases pursuant to rule 71.1(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C. 

Appendix Rule 71.1(h)), [$50,602,000]$48,096,000, to remain available until expended: Provided, 

That the compensation of land commissioners shall not exceed the daily equivalent of the highest 

rate payable under 5 U.S.C. 5332. 

(H.R. 4664 and S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Bill, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

III. Summary of Obligations 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts and Other Judicial Services

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 24,080 28,829 23,241

Rent, Communications and Utilities 3,017 3,611 2,911 

Travel 20,771 24,867 20,046 

Other 3,003 3,595 2,898 

Total Direct Obligations 50,871 60,902 49,096

Other Adjustments 7,368 (10,300) (1,000)

Available Appropriation 58,239 50,602 48,096
IV. Budget Request by Category

FY 2025 Budget Request 

Fees of Jurors and Commissioners Account 

(Obligations) 

Grand Jurors 

29.6% 

Land 

Commissioners

0.2% 

49 

Petit Jurors 

70.2% 
50 

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
51 

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and 

Other Judicial Services 

Court Security 

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 104 766,445

Adjustments to Base - 22,972

Program Increases 2 16,516

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 106 805,933

The judiciary requests $805.9 million for Court Security in FY 2025, a 5.2 percent increase over 

the FY 2024 assumed annual appropriation. The FY 2025 request reflects the necessary 

adjustments to base to maintain current services, as well as several program increases for 

vulnerability management information services, security infrastructure for new courthouse 

construction projects, United States Marshal Service (USMS) staffing support, additional 

security and equipment needs, additional AO program requirements, and additional Court 

Security Officer (CSO) requirements. The majority of the funding in this account is transferred 

to the USMS, which is responsible for administering the Judicial Facility Security Program. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base 

The Court Security request includes $23.0 million for adjustments to base for pay and benefits, 

other inflationary increases, and other adjustments to maintain current services in FY 2025. 

These adjustments include:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $0.9 million 

An increase of $0.9 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and 

changes in benefit rates. 

2. Annualization of CSO positions (6): $0.3 million

This increase will provide funding to annualize costs for 6 CSOs assumed to be funded in 

FY 2024 for positions related to increased requirements as a result of the Supreme 

Court’s decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma. 
52 

3. FY 2025 CSO contract and wage rate adjustments: $14.5 million

This increase provides for an average 3.0 percent wage adjustment for contract CSOs, as 

established by the U.S. Department of Labor and based on collective bargaining 

agreements.

4. Non-pay inflationary increase: $0.7 million

An increase of $0.7 million is requested for a 2.2 percent general inflationary increase for 

travel, supplies, equipment, and other contractual services (exclusive of CSO contracts). 

5. GSA space rental increase: $0.2 million 

The request represents an inflationary increase and adjustments in the cost of GSA space 

rental charges for space in FY 2025. 

6. Changes in Federal Protective Service security charges: $2.7 million

The requested increase of $2.7 million will fund basic and building-specific security 

expenses based on anticipated billings from the Department of Homeland Security 

Federal Protective Service (FPS). The total request for FPS charges is $93.2 million in 

FY 2025, which is a 3.0 percent increase from the $90.5 million projected for FY 2024. 

($000) FY 2024 FY 2025 Difference

Basic 30,800 31,724 924

Building-Specific 59,700 61,491 1,791

Total FPS 90,500 93,215 2,715

7. Adjustments to base for security systems and equipment: $3.7 million

The requested amount reflects an increase of $3.7 million in the court security systems 

and equipment acquisition plan (excluding proposed program increases). This increase is 

primarily for physical access control systems (PACS) and video management systems 

(VMS), nationwide maintenance contract for existing security systems and equipment, 

other additional replacement equipment, and miscellaneous systems and equipment. 

II. Program Changes

The FY 2025 request includes $16.5 million for program increases. These increases include: 

1. Vulnerability Management Information Service: $4.4 million

The FY 2025 budget request includes an increase of $4.4 million for the Vulnerability 

Management Information Service (VMIS), which supports the implementation of the 

Daniel Anderl Judicial Security and Privacy Act (Daniel Anderl Act). 
53 

2. Security infrastructure for new courthouses: $0.8 million

The FY 2025 budget request includes $0.8 million for screening equipment for five new 

courthouse construction projects, estimated at $150,000 per location. 

3. Staffing support for Probation and Pretrial Services Offices and Thurgood Marshall 

Federal Judiciary Building: $0.2 million and 1 FTE

The FY 2025 budget request includes an increase $0.2 million (six months funding) for 

two additional USMS positions. One position (0.5 FTE) will support facility screening 

services for the Probation and Pretrial Services Offices (PPSO), and one position (0.5 

FTE) will support systems countermeasures for the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary 

Building (TMFJB). 

4. External cameras for Video Management Systems: $3.8 million

The FY 2025 budget request includes $3.8 million for Video Management Systems 

(VMS) to add external cameras to projects where there is an identified vulnerability.

5. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts/National Court Security Branch Program 

staffing and equipment: $2.3 million and 0.5 FTE 

The FY 2025 budget request includes $0.1 million to fund one USMS position (0.5 FTE) 

and $2.2 million for equipment requirements to oversee and manage security services for 

the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC)/National Court Security Branch 

(NCSB).

6. Court Security Officer hours increase: $4.6 million

The FY 2025 budget request includes $4.6 million to fund an additional 16.5 annual work 

hours per CSO. This funding is part of a multi-year phased approach to reach the full 

1,992 hours per year per CSO position as required by the CSO staffing standards 

implemented in FY 2015. 

7. Active vehicle barrier support equipment: $0.4 million

The FY 2025 budget request includes $0.4 million for two mobile barriers and two 

portable guard booths for $110,000 each. 

III. Appropriations Language

Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services 

Court Security

(Including Transfers of Funds)
54 

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, incident to the provision of protective guard 

services for United States courthouses and other facilities housing Federal court or 

Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, the procurement, installation, and 

maintenance of security systems and equipment for United States courthouses and other facilities 

housing Federal court or Administrative Office of the United States Courts operations, building 

ingress-egress control, inspection of mail and packages, directed security patrols, perimeter 

security, basic security services provided by the Federal Protective Service, and other similar 

activities as authorized by section 1010 of the Judicial Improvement and Access to Justice Act 

(Public Law 100-702), [$766,445,000]$805,933,000, of which not to exceed $20,000,000 shall 

remain available until expended, to be expended directly or transferred to the United States 

Marshals Service, which shall be responsible for administering the Judicial Facility Security 

Program consistent with standards or guidelines agreed to by the Director of the Administrative 

Office of the United States Courts and the Attorney General: Provided, That funds made 

available under this heading may be used for managing a Judiciary-wide program to facilitate 

security and emergency management services among the Judiciary, United States Marshals 

Service, Federal Protective Service, General Services Administration, other Federal agencies, 

state and local governments and the public; and for purposes authorized by the Daniel Anderl 

Judicial Security and Privacy Act of 2022 (Public Law 117-263, Division C, Title LIX, subtitle 

D) and 28 U.S.C. § 604(a)(24).

(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 
IV. Summary of Obligations

Com1s of Appeals, Distiict Com1s and Other Judicial Se1vices 

Court Security 

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category 

($000) 

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025 

Category Actual Assumed Request 

Compensation and Benefits 14,312 15,130 15,857 

Rent, Communications and Utilities 8,116 11,085 11,390 

Travel 670 1,268 1,296 

Court Security Officers Contract 484,137 506,965 526,324 

Federal Protective Service Charges 82,879 90,500 93,215 

Other 186,145 223,738 210,351 

Total Direct Obligations 776,259 848,686 858,433 

Other Adjustments (5,151) (28,186) (15,000) 

Obligations Associated With Courthouse 

Hardening Supplemental Funds1 (20,945) (54,055) (37,500) 

Available Appropriation 750,163 766,445 805,933 

1 Congress provided $112.5 million in supplemental no-year fimding for courthouse hardening in the FY 2023 

Continuing Resolution. The $112. 5 million will be obligated over 3 years. 

V. Budget Request by Category

Federal 

Protective Service 

Charges 

11% 

Security Systems 

and Equipment 

20% 

FY 2025 Budget Request 

Court Security Account 

(Obligations) 

Program 

Administration 

8% 

55 

Court Security 

Officer Contract 

Costs 

61% 
56 

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57 

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts 

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 718 102,673

Adjustments to Base 5 5,110

Program Increases 5 901 

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 727 108,684

The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO) requests $108.7 million in FY 2025, a 5.9 

percent increase over the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. The FY 2025 request reflects the 

necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services and program increases to expand staff 

in the Department of Technology Services, the Office of Fair Employment, and the Judicial 

Conference Secretariat. 

In addition to the appropriation provided by Congress, the AO receives non-appropriated funds 

from sources such as fee collections and carryover balances to offset its appropriation 

requirements. The AO also receives reimbursements from other judiciary accounts for 

information technology development and other services that are in direct support of the courts, 

the court security program, and defender services. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The AO requests an increase of $5.1 million in adjustments to base in FY 2025 for standard pay

and benefits adjustments, inflationary increases, and other adjustments to maintain current 

services in FY 2025. These adjustments include:

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $3.5 million

An increase of $3.5 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and 

changes in benefit rates. 

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.1 million

An increase of $0.1 million is requested for a 2.2 percent general inflationary increase

and other contractual and miscellaneous increases. 
58 

3. Funding necessary to maintain FY 2024 current service levels due to an anticipated 

decrease in non-appropriated funds: $ 0.7 million 

The AO FY 2025 appropriation request of $108,684,000 reflects a projected availability 

of $16.5 million in non-appropriated funds. The FY 2024 obligation level assumes new 

fee collections and prior-year carryforward from FY 2023 totaling $17.2 million. The 

AO request for appropriated funds for FY 2025 therefore includes an increase of 

$657,000 to reflect the decrease in these non-appropriated funds to maintain the same 

level of services as provided in FY 2024. 

4. Annualization of positions: $0.9 million and 4.5 FTE

Funding is required to annualize positions that were funded in FY 2024, including 2 

positions (1 FTE) for the Judicial Integrity Office, 1 position (0.5 FTE) for IT Oversight 

support staff, 4 positions (2 FTE) for Project Management staff, and 2 positions (1 FTE) 

for the Department of Technology Services, which provides staff support to the Judicial 

Conference and Advisory Council. 

II. Program Increases

The FY 2025 request includes $0.9 million for program increases. These increases include:

1. Deputy Chief Information Officer: $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE

The judiciary requests $0.1 million and 1 position (0.5 FTE) to manage the complexity of 

the AO’s IT environment. This position will focus on the challenges and priorities of the 

judiciary’s information technology programs. 

2. Office of Fair Employment Practices: $0.1 million and 0.5 FTE 

The judiciary requests $0.1 million and 1 position (0.5 FTE) for the Office of Fair 

Employment Practices. The incumbent will assist individual courts and the AO in 

providing strategies that remove barriers to employment as well as provide training 

across the judiciary. 

3. Judicial Conference Secretariat: $0.2 million and 1.0 FTE

The judiciary requests $0.2 million and 2 attorney advisor support staff positions (1 FTE) 

to assist with the increased policy work for the many committees and other working 

groups. 

4. Procurement Improvements: $0.5 million and 2.5 FTE

The judiciary requests $0.5 million and 5 positions (2.5 FTE) to provide support for the 

continuous improvement of the judiciary’s acquisitions and procurement functions. 
59 

These positions will support the areas of policy development, training, certification, and 

oversight. 

III. Appropriations Language

Administrative Office of the United States Courts

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts as authorized by 

law, including travel as authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1345, hire of a passenger motor vehicle as 

authorized by 31 U.S.C. 1343(b), advertising and rent in the District of Columbia and elsewhere, 

[$102,673,000]$108,684,000, of which not to exceed $8,500 is authorized for official reception 

and representation expenses.

(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s FY 2024 assumed appropriation) 

IV. Summary of Obligations 

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2024

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 250,907 279,824 296,873

Rent, Communications and Utilities 549 592 606 

Travel 1,402 1,619 1,651 

Other 12,061 7,763 7,961 

Total Direct Obligations 264,919 289,798 307,091

Other Adjustments (20,982) (17,189) (16,532)

Reimbursable Program (141,264) (169,936) (181,875)

Available Appropriation 102,673 102,673 108,684
60 

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61 

Federal Judicial Center 

Salaries and Expenses

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 128 34,218

Adjustments to Base - 1,238

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 128 35,456

The Federal Judicial Center (FJC) requests $35.5 million in FY 2025, a 3.6 percent increase over 

the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. This request reflects the necessary adjustments to base to 

maintain current services. The FJC requests no program increases for FY 2025. 

The FJC, which is the research and education arm of the Third Branch, provides judges and other 

judiciary personnel with education and training on legal developments and efficient litigation 

management and court administration. As such, its workload is derived in large part from the 

population of the courts. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Federal Judicial Center requests $1.2 million in adjustments to base for standard pay and 

benefits increases, other inflationary adjustments, and other adjustments to maintain current 

services in FY 2025. These adjustments include: 

1. Pay and benefits adjustments: $1.0 million

An increase of $1.1 million will provide for the annualization of the January 2024 pay 

adjustment, an assumed January 2025 pay adjustment, within-grade increases, and changes in 

benefit rates.

2. Non-pay inflationary increases: $0.2 million

An increase of $0.2 million is required for inflationary adjustments for non-pay categories. 
62 

II. Appropriations Language

Federal Judicial Center

Salaries and Expenses

For necessary expenses of the Federal Judicial Center, as authorized by Public Law 90-219, 

[$34,218,000]$35,456,000; of which $1,800,000 shall remain available until September 30, 

[2024]2025, to provide education and training to Federal court personnel; and of which not to 

exceed $1,500 is authorized for official reception and representation expenses.

(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

III. Summary of Obligations 

Federal Judicial Center

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 24,108 25,979 27,033

Rent, Communications and Utilities 835 717 733 

Travel 5,511 5,675 5,703 

Other 3,988 2,323 2,337 

Total Direct Obligations 34,442 34,694 35,806

Other Adjustments (181) (476) (350) 

Available Appropriation 34,261 34,218 35,456
63 

United States Sentencing Commission 

Salaries and Expenses 

FY 2025 Request

Discretionary

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation 96 22,072

Adjustments to Base - 1,216

FY 2025 Appropriation Request 96 23,288

The United States Sentencing Commission (the Commission) requests $23.3 million in FY 2025, 

a 5.5 percent increase over the FY 2024 assumed appropriation. The FY 2025 request reflects 

the necessary adjustments to base to maintain current services. The Commission requests no 

program increases for FY 2025. 

The Commission reviews and revises the sentencing guidelines regularly, collects data from 

federal sentencing courts, analyzes these data to provide meaningful information on federal 

sentencing practices, and provides extensive training to guideline users. 

I. Discretionary Adjustments to Base

The Commission requests $1.2 million in adjustments to base for standard pay and benefits 

increases, and other inflationary adjustments.

II. Appropriations Language

United States Sentencing Commission

Salaries and Expenses

For the salaries and expenses necessary to carry out the provisions of chapter 58 of title 28, 

United States Code, [$22,072,000]$23,288,000, of which not to exceed $1,000 is authorized for 

official reception and representation expenses.

(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 
64 

III. Summary of Obligations

United States Sentencing Commission

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Compensation and Benefits 16,828 17,535 17,931

Rent, Communications and Utilities 27 27 27 

Travel 432 356 375 

Other 4,280 4,154 4,955 

Total Direct Obligations 21,567 22,072 23,288

Other Adjustments 74 -

Available Appropriation 21,641 22,072 23,288
65 

Title III Administrative Provisions – The Judiciary 

Note: In the absence of enacted fiscal year 2024 full year appropriations, the judiciary 

built its fiscal year 2025 language request using the House Appropriations Committeepassed version of the fiscal 2024 Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) 

bill. Therefore, the bracketed and italicized changes reflected below are being made to 

fiscal year 2024 language as it appears in H.R. 4664. 

SEC. 301. Appropriations and authorizations made in this title which are available for salaries 

and expenses shall be available for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109. 

SEC. 302. Not to exceed 5 percent of any appropriation made available for the current fiscal year 

for the Judiciary in this Act may be transferred between such appropriations, but no such 

appropriation, except “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services, Defender 

Services” and “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services, Fees of Jurors 

and Commissioners”, shall be increased by more than 10 percent by any such transfers: 

Provided, That any transfer pursuant to this section shall be treated as a reprogramming of funds 

under sections 604 and 608 of this Act and shall not be available for obligation or expenditure 

except in compliance with the procedures set forth in section 608. 

SEC. 303. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the salaries and expenses appropriation 

for “Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Other Judicial Services” shall be available for 

official reception and representation expenses of the Judicial Conference of the United States: 

Provided, That such available funds shall not exceed $11,000 and shall be administered by the 

Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts in the capacity as Secretary of 

the Judicial Conference. 

SEC. 304. Section 3315(a) of title 40, United States Code, shall be applied by substituting 

“Federal” for “executive” each place it appears.

SEC. 305. In accordance with 28 U.S.C. 561–569, and notwithstanding any other provision of 

law, the United States Marshals Service shall provide, for such courthouses as its Director may 

designate in consultation with the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States 

Courts, for purposes of a pilot program, the security services that 40 U.S.C. 1315 authorizes 

the Department of Homeland Security to provide, except for the services specified in 40 

U.S.C. 1315(b)(2)(E). For building-specific security services at these courthouses, the Director 

of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall reimburse the United States 

Marshals Service rather than the Department of Homeland Security. 

[SEC. 306. Section 3006A(d)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 

(1) in subsection (d)— 

(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting “, or the attorney’s law firm,” after 

“appointed pursuant to this section”;
66 

(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting “, or the attorney’s law firm,” after “paid to 

an attorney” each place it appears; 

(C) in paragraph (5), by inserting “, or the attorney’s law firm” after “paid to 

the attorney”; and 

(2) in subsection (f), by inserting “, or the attorney’s law firm” after “paid to the 

appointed attorney”.] 

SEC. [307]306. (a) Section 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 

101–650; 28 U.S.C. 133 note), is amended [in the matter following paragraph 12–] 

[(1)] in the second sentence (relating to the District of Kansas) following paragraph 

(12), by striking “[32]33 years and 6 months” and inserting “[33]34 years and 6 months”[; 

and] 

[(2) in the sixth sentence (relating to the District of Hawaii), by striking “29 years and 

6 months” and inserting “30 years and 6 months”]. 

(b) Section 406 of the Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, 

the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 (Public Law 109–

115; 119 Stat. 2470; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) is amended in the second sentence (relating to the 

eastern District of Missouri) by striking “[30]31 years and 6 months” and inserting “[31]32 years 

and 6 months”. 

(c) Section 312(c)(2) of the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization 

Act (Public Law 107–273; 28 U.S.C. 133 note), is amended— 

(1) in the first sentence by striking “[21]22 years” and inserting “[22]23 years”; 

 

(2) in the second sentence (relating to the central District of California), by striking 

“[20]21 years and 6 months” and inserting “[21]22 years and 6 months”; and 

(3) in the third sentence (relating to the western district of North Carolina), by 

striking “[19]20 years” and inserting “[20]21 years”. 

This title may be cited as the “Judiciary Appropriations Act, [2024]2025”. 

Explanation of Changes 

• Prior section 306 is proposed for deletion because, once enacted, this change will be 

permanent law. 

• Changes in proposed section 306 extend 9 temporary district judgeships for 12 months each: 

Alabama-Northern, Arizona, California-Central, Florida-Southern, Kansas, Missouri-Eastern, 

New Mexico, North Carolina-Western, and Texas-Eastern. 
67 

Judicial Retirement Funds 

Payment to Judiciary Trust Funds

FY 2025 Request

Mandatory

FTE ($000)

FY 2024 Assumed Appropriation - 251,900

Adjustments to Base - 41,000

FY 2025 Appropriation Request - 292,900

The judiciary requests $292.9 million in mandatory appropriations for the Judicial Retirement 

Funds in FY 2025, an increase of $41.0 million above the FY 2024 assumed level. 

The Payment to the Judiciary Trust Funds is a mandatory account and is divided among three 

trust funds that finance payments to (1) retired bankruptcy and magistrate judges, (2) retired 

Court of Federal Claims judges, and (3) spouses and dependent children of deceased judicial 

officers. The appropriation requirements are calculated annually by an enrolled actuary pursuant 

to 31 U.S.C. 9503. 

I. Mandatory Adjustments to Base

Based on independent actuarial calculations, an increase of $41.0 million is required for this 

account for FY 2025. 

II. Appropriations Language

Sec. [618]__. (a) There are appropriated for the following activities the amounts required under 

current law: 

(1) Compensation of the President (3 U.S.C. 102). 

(2) Payments to--

(A) the Judicial Officers' Retirement Fund (28 U.S.C. 377(o)); 

(B) the Judicial Survivors' Annuities Fund (28 U.S.C. 376(c)); and 

(C) the United States Court of Federal Claims Judges' Retirement Fund (28 U.S.C. 

178(l)).

(3) Payment of Government contributions--

(A) with respect to the health benefits of retired employees, as authorized by chapter 

89 of title 5, United States Code, and the Retired Federal Employees Health Benefits Act 

(74 Stat. 849); and 

(B) with respect to the life insurance benefits for employees retiring after December 

31, 1989 (5 U.S.C. ch. 87). 
68 

(4) Payment to finance the unfunded liability of new and increased annuity benefits under 

the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund (5 U.S.C. 8348). 

(5) Payment of annuities authorized to be paid from the Civil Service Retirement and 

Disability Fund by statutory provisions other than subchapter III of chapter 83 or chapter 84 

of title 5, United States Code.

(b) Nothing in this section may be construed to exempt any amount appropriated by this 

section from any otherwise applicable limitation on the use of funds contained in this Act.

(H.R. 4664/S. 2309 - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024, 

updated to reflect the judiciary’s fiscal year 2024 assumed appropriation) 

Summary of Obligations 

Judicial Retirement Funds

Comparative Summary of Obligations by Category

($000)

FY 2023 FY 2024 FY 2025

Category Actual Assumed Request

Other - Judicial Officers' Retirement Fund 222,500 220,900 242,500

Other - Judicial Survivors' Annuities Fund 26,200 27,700 44,600

Other - United States Court of Federal Claims 

Judges' Retirement Fund 3,100 3,300 5,800 

Total Obligations/Appropriations 251,800 251,900 292,900
69 

Judiciary Space Priorities

for the

Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request
70 

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71 

The federal courthouse construction program is administered jointly by the judiciary and General 

Services Administration (GSA). The judiciary establishes priorities for courthouse construction 

projects and sets the housing requirements for each project to ensure that completed facilities 

meet the needs of the courts. GSA, as the holder of real property authority, secures the funding 

for courthouse construction, acquires the building site, and completes design and construction 

work on the facilities themselves. 

The judiciary sets forth its priorities for courthouse construction funding on its Federal Judiciary 

Courthouse Project Priorities (CPP) list. The CPP is divided into two parts. Part I consists of 

the judiciary’s highest courthouse construction funding priorities for the budget year. Part II 

identifies out-year courthouse construction priorities. As described in detail below, the most 

recent CPP includes the following project priorities for fiscal year (FY) 2025: San Juan, Puerto 

Rico; Hartford, Connecticut; Chattanooga, Tennessee; and Bowling Green, Kentucky. 

Management of Prior Year Courthouse Construction Funding

In FY 2016, Congress provided $948 million to GSA for the construction of courthouses on the 

CPP list, as approved by the Judicial Conference in September 2015. This infusion of resources 

fully funded all four projects on Part I of the CPP at that time (Nashville, Tennessee; Toledo, 

Ohio; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Des Moines, Iowa), as well as the first four projects on Part 

II (Greenville, South Carolina; Anniston, Alabama; Savannah, Georgia; and San Antonio, 

Texas). A fifth project from Part II (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) also received partial funding. In 

total, of the 11 projects on the September 2015 CPP, eight received full funding, and a ninth 

received partial funding. In addition, $53 million was appropriated for new construction and 

acquisition of facilities that are joint U.S. courthouses and federal buildings in Greenville, 

Mississippi, and Rutland, Vermont. Joint federal building/courthouse projects are prioritized by 

GSA and do not appear on the judiciary’s CPP. All of these courthouse projects have been 

authorized by both the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Senate 

Committee on the Environment and Public Works. 

In FY 2018, Congress provided the remainder of funding needed for the project in Harrisburg, 

Pennsylvania ($137.2 million), as well as complete construction funding for two additional 

projects: Huntsville, Alabama ($110.0 million) and Fort Lauderdale, Florida ($190.1 million). 

Both the Huntsville, Alabama, and Fort Lauderdale, Florida, projects have received authorization 

and are underway.

Between FY 2021 and FY 2023, Congress provided partial funding of $335.0 million for the 

Hartford, Connecticut courthouse, and partial funding of $218.4 million for the Chattanooga, 

Tennessee courthouse, which represent the top two priorities on the current CPP, as well as

Courthouse Construction
72 

partial funding of $22.5 million for the judicial space emergency in San Juan, Puerto Rico. All 

three projects await the remaining needed funding in FY 2025. 

Since receiving funding in FY 2016, the Rutland courthouse acquisition was completed in 

October 2018, and the Charlotte Annex, Savannah Annex, and the Greenville, South Carolina 

projects were completed in FY 2021. In FY 2022, an additional three new courthouses were 

completed in Nashville, Tennessee; San Antonio, Texas; and Anniston, Alabama. The 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, new courthouse project was completed in FY 2023, as well as the 

major renovation project at the Charles R. Jonas Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in 

Charlotte, North Carolina. The new courthouses in Des Moines, Iowa, and Huntsville, Alabama, 

as well as the new annex in Toledo, Ohio are expected to be completed in FY 2024. 

Each of the remaining funded or partially funded new construction projects (Greenville, 

Mississippi; Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; Hartford, Connecticut; and Chattanooga, Tennessee) and 

renovation and alteration projects (Toledo, Ohio; and Savannah, Georgia) is in a different stage 

of development. The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO) continues to engage with 

GSA, the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS), and other Executive Branch stakeholders on portfolio 

management activities to ensure that additional milestones are reached and projects remain on 

track. These activities include regular coordination and project status meetings; development of 

a communications and program management plan; the operation of a National Courthouse 

Change Management Board to oversee changes impacting scope, schedule, and budget; and 

deployment of a program management dashboard to track progress. Ongoing coordination 

continues among judiciary stakeholders to address issues impacting the portfolio including risks, 

policies, and best practices. 

Update to the CPP

In September 2023, the Judicial Conference of the United States approved an updated CPP list 

for FY 2025. The FY 2025 CPP is the fourth to incorporate the requirement that any project 

considered for addition to Part I must have a completed GSA Phase II feasibility study. This 

requirement helps improve the quality of GSA cost estimates associated with Part I projects, for 

which funding is being sought. 

The approved CPP for FY 2025 reflects the continuing judicial space emergency in San Juan, 

Puerto Rico, which makes that project the de facto top courthouse construction priority of the 

judiciary. Part I of the FY 2025 CPP continues to show Hartford, Connecticut, Chattanooga, 

Tennessee, and Bowling Green, Kentucky. On Part II, there is the addition of a project in 

Rochester, New York, and a shift in the Urgency Evaluation (UE) rank order of two locations 

since the FY 2024 CPP. Specifically, the UE rating and ranking for McAllen, Texas increased 

and conversely, the UE rating and ranking for Norfolk, Virginia, decreased. Accordingly, the 

priority order of projects on Part II of the new CPP changed to reflect the addition of the project 

in Rochester, New York, and the updated 2023 UE scores by switching the order of McAllen and 

Norfolk. 
73 

Judicial Space Emergency of the CPP as listed below: 

• San Juan, Puerto Rico - $20.0 million for design and $295.5 million for construction 

($22.5 million was previously funded for site and design in FY 2022, site is federally 

owned) 

Part I of the FY 2025 CPP includes three projects: 

• Hartford, Connecticut – $128.1 million for construction ($135.5 million previously 

funded in FY 2021 for site, design, and partial construction, $138.0 funded in FY 2022 

for partial construction, and $61.5 million funded in FY 2023 for partial construction). 

• Chattanooga, Tennessee – $81.6 million for construction ($94.5 million previously 

funded in FY 2021 for site, design, and partial construction, $85.5 million in FY 2022 for 

partial construction, and $38.4 million in FY 2023 for partial construction). 

• Bowling Green, Kentucky – $23.8 million for site and design; $185.2 million for 

construction. 

Part II of the CPP includes the following six projects: 

• Macon, Georgia

• Anchorage, Alaska

• Greensboro/Winston Salem, North Carolina 

• McAllen, Texas

• Rochester, New York

• Norfolk, Virginia 
74 

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75 

The Capital Security Program (CSP) is funded as a Special Emphasis Program within GSA’s

Federal Buildings Fund. The CSP provides funding to address serious security deficiencies in 

existing courthouse buildings where physical renovations are viable in lieu of constructing a new 

courthouse. 

Fiscal Year 2025 Projects

In general, GSA will allocate appropriated funding first to any projects already under 

construction that require additional funds to achieve completion. Remaining funds will then be 

allocated to the design and construction of new projects consistent with the project priority order 

established by the judiciary. The judiciary’s FY 2025 request seeks $25 million to fund CSP 

projects. This level of funding recognizes the need to manage the program as a portfolio, 

addressing those projects that are ready for construction or need additional funds for timely 

completion. The Judiciary will work together with GSA to ensure that all funding received for 

this program is allocated only toward approved projects (as detailed further below) and provide 

appropriate information to Congress as needed. Should there be some funding remaining in a 

given fiscal year, it will be applied toward ongoing projects and planned approved projects in 

future years. 

1. The following new projects will be next in line to receive available funding after all projects 

currently underway are sufficiently resourced: U.S. Courthouse, Augusta, Georgia 

(construction only). $26.0 million (estimated cost dated November 2023 at 50% Design 

Development). The U.S. Courthouse in Augusta was constructed in 1916 and expanded in 

1930. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 28,321 usable square feet, 

three-story (plus basement) structure houses two courtrooms, one hearing room, and three 

chambers. Its Asset Management Planning (AMP) process Facility Benefit Assessment 

(FBA) Security score is 26.41 out of a possible 100. Security deficiencies at this courthouse 

will be addressed by providing enclosed judges’ parking; a USMS sallyport; judge and 

USMS elevators; secured, restricted and public circulation; and improved lobby security. 

This project received $2 million for design in FY 2021 from the cancelled Raleigh, North 

Carolina, CSP project and $8.3 million of construction funding from FY 2023 appropriations. 

The Design Development completion date is planned for May 2024. Completion of 

construction documents and construction cost estimate will be finalized after requested 

funding for the project is available. 

________________ 

1 An FBA Security score of 100 represents an “ideal courthouse” and a score below 60 represents a “poor 

courthouse.”

Judiciary Capital Security Program
76 

2. Ross Adair Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Fort Wayne, Indiana (construction 

only). $25.8 million (estimated cost dated November 2023 at 90% Construction 

Documents). This location was approved for a CSP study in June 2016 and currently has an 

AMP process FBA Security Score of 29.9. The study was completed in Fall 2018 and 

approved by the district and circuit courts. Security deficiencies at this courthouse will be 

addressed by adding a judges’ parking garage, new USMS sally port and secured parking for 

USMS staff, two new prisoner elevators, a new security screening station, new fire egress 

stairs, and a new holding cell. Also, two dedicated judges’ elevators will be provided (one is 

repurposed from an existing shared elevator and the other is a new elevator that will provide 

restricted circulation to the second floor, including courtrooms). This project received $2 

million for design in FY 2021 from the cancelled Raleigh, North Carolina project. Design 

completion planned for March 2024. 

3. Federal Building, Post Office, and U.S Courthouse, Burlington, Vermont. $28.0 million

(projected). The Burlington CSP study was completed in April 2020 and approved as a CSP 

project in June 2020. The courthouse currently has an AMP process FBA Security Score of 

35.4 out of a possible 100. Security deficiencies at this courthouse will be addressed by 

adding a secure judges’ parking garage, a new dedicated judges’ restricted elevator, new 

restricted circulation paths from the judges’ elevator to chambers and courtrooms, a new 

security screening station at the loading dock, a new fire egress stair, a new jury room, and a 

new holding cell. This funding is for design and construction.