UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 18-4349

PAUL G. WAIT, APPELLANT,

V.

ROBERT L. WILKIE,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued June 23, 2020 Decided August 26, 2020)

Alyse E. Galoski, with whom Amanda Leonard was on the brief, both of Providence, Rhode 

Island, for the appellant.

Sarah W. Fusina, Deputy Chief Counsel, with whom James M. Byrne, General Counsel; 

Mary Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; Selket N. Cottle, Deputy Chief Counsel; and Safiya L. Dixon, 

Appellate Attorney, all of Washington, D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

Before ALLEN, MEREDITH, and FALVEY, Judges.

MEREDITH, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. ALLEN, Judge, filed an opinion

concurring in part and dissenting in part.

MEREDITH, Judge: The appellant, Paul G. Wait, through counsel appeals a July 19, 2018, 

Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied entitlement to disability compensation 

for low back, right hip, and left knee disabilities. Record (R.) at 3-14. The appellant does not raise 

any argument concerning the Board's denial of disability compensation for low back and left knee 

disabilities.

1 Therefore, the Court finds that he has abandoned his appeal of these issues and will 

dismiss the appeal as to the abandoned issues. See Pederson v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 276, 285 

(2015) (en banc). This appeal is timely, and the Court has jurisdiction to review the Board's 

decision pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a). Following a single-judge memorandum 

decision that affirmed the Board's decision, the appellant filed a timely motion for panel decision 

pursuant to Rule 35(b) of the Court's Rules of Practice and Procedure. Appellant's Motion (Mot.) 

 

1 Although the appellant initially challenged the Board's denial of benefits for a left knee disability, on 

June 18, 2020, he informed the Court that he is abandoning the issue. See June 18, 2020, Notice of Clarification on 

Abandoned Issue.
2

for Panel Decision at 1. The Court granted the appellant's motion for panel decision, withdrew its 

single-judge decision, and allowed both parties to submit additional pleadings addressing the 

issues raised by the motion: What is necessary for a claimant to demonstrate that "[his or] her pain 

reaches the level of a functional impairment of earning capacity" to constitute a disability pursuant 

to Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 1356, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2018), and relatedly, whether VA's 

regulations contemplate, as a matter of law, the level of functional impairment of earning capacity 

necessary to constitute a disability? For the reasons discussed below, the Court will affirm the 

Board's decision denying entitlement to disability compensation for a right hip disability.

I. BACKGROUND

The appellant served on active duty in the U.S. Army from January 1986 to January 1989 

and from April to June 2008, when he was medically discharged from service. R. at 1442, 1604. 

He also served in the Army Reserve from 1989 to 1994, including a period of active duty from 

February to May 1991. R. at 1443, 1447.

A June 10, 2008, service treatment record reflects the appellant's complaint of right hip 

pain for the past 2 1⁄2 weeks, with pain rated at 7 on a scale of 10 and with pain increasing with 

activity. R. at 1684. Examination revealed right hip joint pain and stiffness with soft tissue pain, 

deep pain in the greater trochanter, hip flexor tenderness, and pain on active external rotation, but 

no hip weakness, dislocation, or tenderness with ambulation. R. at 1684, 1686. Additionally, the 

appellant complained of right toe pain and deformities and abnormalities of the right toes. R. at 

1684, 1686. 

A report of medical assessment completed 3 days later includes the appellant's report that 

his ability to work in his primary military specialty was limited by right foot pain or a bunion. R. at 

1592. Later that month, a physician with the Entrance Physical Standards Board recommended 

that the appellant be separated from service as a result of a right great toe bunion, R. at 1611, and 

the appellant signed a statement that he was being discharged for right foot pain, R. at 1589.

The appellant filed a claim for disability compensation for a right hip disability in January 

2013. R. at 2975. VA treatment records from the following month reflect his complaints of low 

back and right hip pain that worsens with sitting and standing too long and interferes with his 

quality of daily life by impacting his sleep, general activity, and mobility, R. at 2818; significant 

tenderness in his right hip, which he attributes to strenuous training during service in 2008, R. at 
3

2810; and "chronic back/left knee/right hip pain from [a] 2008 injury," significant pain that 

prevented him from sleeping more than intermittently the previous night, and problems sitting due 

to pain, R. at 2741. 

VA treatment records further reflect that, in May 2013, the appellant complained of sharp 

and aching pain in his right hip that does not tingle or radiate but improves when he walks. R. at 

2632-33. During a June 2013 VA pain management consultation, he reported chronic back, right 

hip, and left leg pain and that symptoms worsen with sitting and lying down. R. at 2513. The 

examiner's impression was "[r]ight [h]ip pain, normal x-rays." R. at 2516. Later that month, a VA 

regional office (RO) denied the appellant's claim because there was no evidence of a diagnosed 

disability. R. at 2480-83. The appellant disagreed with the decision and ultimately perfected an 

appeal to the Board. R. at 893, 930-58, 2328. 

In July and August 2013, he visited an emergency room for chronic pain issues related to 

left hip pain that radiates to his left knee, localized right hip pain, and lower back pain radiating 

down both legs, and complained of lower back and left knee pain worsened by sitting and lying 

down. R. at 296, 1879, 1911. The RO subsequently continued the denial of the appellant's claim. 

R. at 1831-35. The appellant noted his ongoing disagreement, asserting that his service treatment 

records show that his right hip condition was "incurred while in service." R. at 1692. 

On July 19, 2018, the Board denied entitlement to disability compensation for a right hip 

disability. R. at 3-14. The Board initially found that "the medical evidence does not reflect a current 

clinical diagnosis for the [appellant's] right hip" and that, although he is "competent to relate 

symptomatology such as pain[,] . . . he is not competent to diagnose the condition because he does 

not possess the requisite medical training or expertise." R. at 8-9. The Board then acknowledged 

that, under Saunders, if "pain alone results in functional impairment that affects earning 

capacity, . . . it can constitute a disability." R. at 9. However, the Board found that the appellant's 

right hip pain did not "rise[] to the level of a disability under Saunders," explaining as follows:

While the [appellant] has credibly reported right hip pain since 2013, the Board 

finds that the pain has at no time been so severe as to cause functional impairment 

affecting his earning capacity. A May 2013 VA treatment record reported that the 

[appellant] could walk normally despite his right hip pain, and an August 2013 VA 

treatment record shows that [he] had normal range of motion for all extremities.

Id. The Board concluded that, without a current disability, "there can be no valid claim for service 

connection." Id. This appeal followed.
4

II. ANALYSIS

A. Parties' Arguments

In his opening brief, the appellant argued that the Board provided inadequate reasons or 

bases for concluding that he does not have a current right hip disability because it failed to consider 

favorable evidence reflecting that his "hip pain was so severe that it impaired his ability to sit, lay 

down, and sleep" and did not adequately explain why his hip pain does not cause a functional 

impairment in earning capacity. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 8-9 (citing R. at 1879, 2513, 2741); see 

id. at 10-11 (citing R. at 296, 362, 2810, 2818). He contended that "[t]he Board's failure to 

appropriately account for [this evidence of] functional loss . . . was prejudicial . . . because VA has 

recognized that sitting and sleeping impairments impact earning capacity." Id. at 9 (citing 

38 C.F.R. § 4.45 (2018) and diagnostic codes contemplating difficulty sleeping). 

In response, the Secretary asserted that the Board adequately addressed the postservice

treatment records; noted that disability ratings for the hip measure functional impairment in terms 

of range of motion; and argued that the treatment records do not show hip pain as alleged by the 

appellant. Secretary's Br. at 4-6. The Secretary urged the Court to affirm the Board's decision.

In his reply brief, the appellant asserted that, pursuant to Saunders, pain alone can be a 

functional impairment. Reply Br. at 1. He further argued that it follows from 38 C.F.R. § 4.59, 

which instructs that "[t]he intent of the [rating] schedule is to recognize [actually] painful motion 

with joint or periarticular pathology as productive of [a] disability" and provides for a minimum 

compensable rating, "that hip pain alone rises to the level of a functional impairment," even if it is 

unaccompanied by limitation of motion. Id. at 3. 

In his motion for panel decision, the appellant clarified his reliance on VA's regulations as 

demonstrating functional impairment. Mot. at 1-2. He maintained that "VA's regulations 

contemplate, as a matter of law, the level of functional impairment of earning capacity necessary 

to establish a disability under Saunders, such that [his] reference to . . . regulations" that 

compensate sleep apnea, chronic sleep impairment, and pain was "sufficient to show that [his] pain 

and its resulting effects constitutes a disability for VA purposes." Id. at 5. Additionally, he asserted 

that Saunders does not require that he submit "vocational or economic evidence that his pain and 

sleep impairment affect his occupational functioning." Id. at 3 (emphasis added).

The Court granted the motion for panel review, afforded the Secretary the opportunity to 

respond to the merits of the arguments raised in the motion, and allowed the appellant to reply. 
5

The Secretary argued that nothing in VA's rating schedule allows the appellant to forego the 

requirement that he establish that his right hip pain results in functional impairment that impairs 

his occupational functioning. Secretary's Response (Secretary's Resp.) to the Court's Dec. 26, 

2019, Order at 1. As support, the Secretary noted that, in Saunders, the U.S. Court of Appeals for 

the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) included an important caveat at the end of its decision: "We 

do not hold that a veteran could demonstrate service connection simply by asserting subjective 

pain," Saunders, 886 F.3d at 1367; rather, "'a veteran will need to show that [his or] her pain 

reaches the level of a functional impairment of earning capacity.'" Secretary's Resp. at 2 (quoting 

Saunders, 886 F.3d at 1367-68). Thus, the Secretary asserted that, although 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.40, 

4.45, and 4.59 contemplate pain and interference with sitting or lying down as possible 

manifestations of functional loss, it does not follow that any such evidence necessarily rises to the 

level of impairment of earning capacity. Id. at 7-11. He similarly maintained that the appellant's 

mere reference to 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.71a, Diagnostic Code (DC) 5025 (fibromyalgia), 4.97, DC 6847 

(sleep apnea), and 4.130 (mental health conditions), which refer to sleep or sleep-related 

symptomatology, is not adequate to demonstrate that his pain and alleged sleep impairment rise to 

the level of a disability under 38 U.S.C. § 1110. Id. at 4-7, 12.

The appellant argued in response that "VA's regulations, by definition, are its finding as to 

the level of functional impairment caused by a disability." Appellant's Reply at 1-2 (citing 

38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2020) ("The percentage ratings represent as far as can practicably be determined 

the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from such diseases and injuries and their 

residual conditions in civil occupations.")); see 38 U.S.C. § 1155. He further noted that "the 

Secretary[, in Saunders,] conceded that VA regulations invoke functional limitation as the 

indicator of reduced earning capacity and the barometer of disability." Id. at 5 (citing Saunders,

886 F.3d at 1362). Thus, he averred that his pain does not need to be compensable or result in 

functional loss to constitute a disability. Id. at 3-4. Rather, his hip pain and resulting difficulties 

with sitting and sleeping equate to functional impairment of earning capacity by virtue of 

regulations that establish that such difficulties constitute functional impairment as a matter of law.

Id. at 5. 

At oral argument, the appellant modified the argument raised in his motion for panel review

and subsequent pleading. He no longer argued that VA regulations as a matter of law establish a 

disability. Oral Argument (OA) at 12:20-13:00, http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_
6

audio.php. Instead, he asserted that the rating schedule may serve as an indicator that VA generally 

recognizes certain functional impairments—here, pain and sleep impairment—as affecting earning 

capacity, but that the Board would have to determine factually whether the appellant's pain and 

sleep impairment rises to the level of a functional impairment in earning capacity. Id. at 

13:30-13:55, 13:57-15:18, 18:00-19:15; see id. at 10:53-10:59 (stating that Saunders "recognizes 

that not all pain is a disability"). Although he maintained that a claimant would not need to show 

that he or she meets specific rating criteria, he averred that the rating schedule may inform the 

threshold determination as to whether VA recognizes certain types of impairments as limiting 

earning capacity. Id. at 18:00-19:15. He asked the Court to remand the matter for the Board to 

determine whether his pain and sleep difficulties amount to a functional impairment in earning 

capacity. Id. at 7:46-8:06, 20:00-20:27. And, when asked whether he was still asserting that his 

hip pain interfered with sitting, he admitted that the record is not clear as to that matter and

suggested that VA had not fulfilled its duty to assist by developing evidence regarding his 

functional limitations. Id. at 40:30-41:35.

The Secretary agreed that VA's regulations are relevant and instructive with regard to 

whether certain manifestations may suggest functional impairment of earning capacity. Id. at 

22:35-23:13, 30:40-32:03. He maintained, however, that the regulations are not dispositive or the 

end of the inquiry because the appellant bears the burden of showing not only that pain exists, but 

that the pain has an effect. Id. at 23:00-23:13. He argued therefore that the regulations do not

establish functional impairment of earning capacity as a matter of law, id. at 31:53-32:00; instead, 

the Board must assess whether the appellant's pain resulted in functional impairment in earning 

capacity, which is a highly factual determination, id. at 30:00-30:15. Here, the Secretary argued 

that the Board made a plausible finding that the appellant's credible assertions of pain did not rise 

to that level. Id. at 30:18-30:35. He averred that the Board noted that the appellant's treatment 

records showed that he exhibited normal range of motion and could walk normally despite hip 

pain, and that the facts simply do not show sleep impairment as a result of hip pain that the Board 

needed to address. Id. at 32:50-33:17, 35:32-36:10. He concluded that the appellant has not shown 

that there was any other evidence that the Board needed to discuss, noting that the Board is 

presumed to have considered all the evidence and anything not discussed is too scant to warrant 

comment. Id. at 35:32-36:40.
7

B. Law

Grateful for their service, our Nation provides veterans compensation "[f]or disability

resulting from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, or for aggravation of 

a preexisting injury . . . or disease . . . in line of duty." 38 U.S.C. § 1110. Establishing that a 

disability is service connected for purposes of entitlement to VA disability compensation generally 

requires medical or, in certain circumstances, lay evidence of (1) a current disability, (2) incurrence 

or aggravation of a disease or injury in service, and (3) a nexus between the claimed in-service 

injury or disease and the current disability. See 38 U.S.C. § 1110; Shedden v. Principi, 381 F.3d 

1163, 1166-67 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Davidson v. Shinseki, 581 F.3d 1313, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 

2009); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303 (2020).

In Saunders, the Federal Circuit overruled nearly 20 years of precedent when it held that 

"pain in the absence of a presently-diagnosed condition can cause functional impairment," which 

may qualify as a "disability" under section 1110. 886 F.3d at 1368 (overruling Sanchez-Benitez 

v. West, 13 Vet.App. 282, 285 (1999), appeal dismissed in part and vacated in part on other 

grounds sub nom. Sanchez-Benitez v. Principi, 259 F.3d 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). In reaching that 

determination, the Federal Circuit first examined the plain language of section 1110—VA's basic

entitlement statute—and drew a distinction between the term "disability" and "disease or injury." 

Id. at 1362. In this regard, the Federal Circuit noted that section 1110 "imposes a requirement that 

a disability must result 'from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, or for 

aggravation of a preexisting injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty'" and that the 

"statute does not expressly define what constitutes a 'disability.'" Id. (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 1110). 

Based on the parties' concessions, "'VA regulations [that] invoke functional limitation as 

the indicator of reduced earning capacity and the barometer of disability,'" id. (quoting Appellee 

Br. at 22), dictionary definitions of disability,2and the purpose of the rating schedule, the Federal 

Circuit held that "'disability' in [section] 1110 refers to the functional impairment of earning 

capacity, not the underlying cause of said disability." Id. at 1362-63; see 38 U.S.C. § 1155

(Authority for schedule for rating disabilities); 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.1 (Essentials of evaluative rating), 

 

2 886 F.3d at 1362 (citing MERRIAM–WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 354 (11th ed. 2014) (defining 

"disability" as "the condition of being disabled," that is, a "limitation in the ability to pursue an occupation because of 

a physical or mental impairment"); WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 642 (1961) (defining 

"disability" as "the inability to pursue an occupation or perform services for wages because of physical or mental 

impairment"); DORLAND'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY 526 (32d ed. 2012) (DORLAND'S) (defining 

"disability" as "an incapacity or lack of the ability to function normally; it may be either physical or mental or both")).
8

4.10 (2017) (Functional impairment). With that understanding of the term disability, the Federal 

Circuit then turned to whether pain alone may serve as a functional impairment and thus qualify 

as a disability. Id. at 1363-64. Relying on Dorland's definition of "impairment"—"'any 

abnormality of, partial or complete loss of, or loss of the function of, a body part, organ, or 

system'"—and that pain was specifically listed as an example of an impairment, the Federal Circuit 

concluded "that pain is an impairment because it diminishes the body's ability to function" and the 

underlying pathology need not be diagnosed. Saunders, 886 F.3d at 1364 (quoting DORLAND'S at 

922). The Federal Circuit drew further support from VA's regulations, specifically 38 C.F.R.

§§ 4.40, 4.45, 4.56, 4.66, and 4.67, which treat pain as a form of functional loss, and stated that 

"these regulations indicate how . . . VA interprets the role of pain in assessing a disability, and thus

they are relevant to the question of whether pain can be a disability." Id.

Finally, although the Federal Circuit rejected the notion that "pain must affect some aspect 

of the normal working movements of the body" or that it be "tied to physical evidence of a lack of 

functionality," it included a significant caveat at the end of its decision:

We do not hold that a veteran could demonstrate service connection simply by 

asserting subjective pain—to establish a disability, the veteran's pain must amount 

to a functional impairment. To establish the presence of a disability, a veteran will 

need to show that [his or] her pain reaches the level of a functional impairment of 

earning capacity. 

Id. at 1366-68.

C. Discussion

As indicated above, the central dispute in this case revolves around what is necessary for a 

claimant to demonstrate that "[his or] her pain reaches the level of a functional impairment of 

earning capacity." Id. at 1368. Prior to oral argument, the appellant maintained that "VA's 

regulations contemplate, as a matter of law, the level of functional impairment of earning capacity 

necessary to establish a disability" under Saunders. Mot. at 5. However, such a broad interpretation

of Saunders is not supported by a plain reading of the decision. Although the Federal Circuit did 

not answer the precise question, there are a few points that we are able to extract from its decision 

to inform our analysis. First, Saunders expressly provides that subjective pain is not enough to 

establish the presence of a disability. 886 F.3d at 1367. The pain must amount to a functional

impairment—i.e., diminish the body's ability to function. Second, by requiring that a veteran's pain 

"reach[] the level of a functional impairment of earning capacity," id. at 1368 (emphasis added), 

Saunders suggests that VA must undertake an individualized assessment, which includes a 
9

preliminary evaluation of the degree of impairment. In other words, although pain alone can serve 

as a functional impairment, the mere existence of pain is not enough to constitute a disability.3It 

must impair earning capacity. Indeed, the Federal Circuit remanded Ms. Saunders's case for the 

Board to make necessary factual findings as to whether her pain "impaired her function" and the 

"scope of any such impairment." Id. at 1368-69.

The question thus remains what role, if any, does VA's rating schedule have in assessing 

the presence of a disability under section 1110.

4 Because VA's rating schedule reflects, "as far as 

can practicably be determined the average impairment of earning capacity," 38 C.F.R. § 4.1, and 

the Secretary conceded in Saunders that "'VA regulations invoke functional limitation as the

indicator of reduced earning capacity and the barometer of disability,'" 886 F.3d at 1362 (quoting 

Appellee Br. at 22), the Court concludes that the rating schedule may serve as a proxy for 

determining whether certain manifestations may impair earning capacity.5 Specifically, where VA 

has determined by regulation that the average person with certain manifestations would suffer an 

impairment of earning capacity, that may be relevant and instructive with regard to whether an 

individual veteran with similar manifestations has functional impairment of earning capacity. 

But the appellant has not provided any persuasive reason to conclude that merely pointing

to a diagnostic code that recognizes a symptom or manifestation as potentially affecting earning 

capacity demonstrates, as a matter of law, the level of functional impairment of earning capacity 

necessary to establish a disability in a particular claimant with the same manifestation, regardless 

 

3 The Court recognizes that, in Petitti v. McDonald, we rejected the Secretary's argument that the mere 

presence of joint pain is not sufficient to warrant a minimum compensable rating under 38 C.F.R. § 4.59. 27 Vet.App. 

415, 423-27 (2015). However, Petitti involved the unique interplay between § 4.71a, DC 5002, and § 4.59, which the 

Court found equated painful motion with limitation of motion for purposes of a minimum compensable rating. See id.

4 Because the appellant essentially limited his argument to the role VA's rating schedule plays in 

demonstrating that pain and its resulting effects rise to the level of a functional impairment of earning capacity, and 

argued that he was not required to present economic or vocational evidence showing that pain interfered with his

occupational functioning, see Mot. at 3, the Court expresses no opinion as to the type and extent of the evidence 

required to demonstrate a functional impairment of earning capacity without regard to the rating schedule, including 

whether affirmative evidence of difficulty working would meet the Saunders requirement.

5 Conversely, the Court recently concluded in Martinez-Bodon v. Wilkie that, although Saunders's definition 

of disability in section 1110 is not limited to pain, the Secretary also may limit by regulation the types of conditions 

that constitute a disability for VA compensation purposes and the Court generally lacks jurisdiction to review those 

determinations. No. 18-3721, 2020 WL 4590176 (Vet. App. Aug. 11, 2020); see id. at *6 (holding "that the Saunders

definition of a 'disability' is constrained . . . by VA's decision to limit the psychiatric disabilities it would compensate," 

i.e., VA's regulations expressly limit compensation for psychiatric disabilities by requiring a diagnosis that conforms 

to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
10

of any evidence specific to the claimant as to the frequency, severity, or duration of the 

manifestation. Indeed, at oral argument, both parties essentially agreed that the existence of pain

or difficulty sleeping is not enough to constitute a disability; rather, the Board must make the 

factual determination whether the appellant's manifestations rise to the level of a functional 

impairment in earning capacity. See OA at 10:53-11:26 (appellant's counsel stating that Saunders 

"recognizes that not all pain is a disability" and providing an example that headaches for 5 minutes 

per year might not rise to the level of a disability), 23:00-23:13 (Secretary's counsel stating that 

pain must have an "effect"), 28:13-28:30 (Secretary's counsel maintaining that the pain must have 

some level of an effect such that it amounts to a functional impairment in earning capacity).

Accordingly, to establish the presence of a disability pursuant to Saunders, there must be 

competent evidence specific to the claimant tending to show that his or her impairment rises to a 

level to affect earning capacity, which may include showing manifestations of a similar severity, 

frequency, and duration as those VA has determined by regulation would cause impaired earning 

capacity in an average person. This conclusion is consistent with the purpose of veterans'

compensation, which is to compensate veterans for reductions in earning capacity, and VA's rating 

schedule, which "has specific criteria designed to reflect the nature and severity of the [disability]

with corresponding ratings based on the average impairment in earning capacity." Sowers 

v. McDonald, 27 Vet.App. 472, 478 (2016); see 38 U.S.C. § 1155; 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.321 (2020), 4.1, 

4.10.

D. Application

Here, the appellant initially argued that the diagnostic codes for fibromyalgia, sleep apnea, 

and mental health disorders, see 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.71a, DC 5025; 4.97, DC 6847; and 4.130, which

he alleged contemplate sleep difficulties or disturbances, and §§ 4.45 and 4.59, which recognize 

that trouble sitting and painful motion are relevant considerations when rating musculoskeletal 

disabilities, demonstrated that his hip pain and its resulting effects constituted a disability under 

Saunders. Based on the foregoing discussion of what Saunders requires, the Court concludes that 

the appellant cannot rest solely on VA's regulations to establish that the Board erred when it found 

no current disability. Although the appellant may rely generally on VA's regulations to assert that 

VA recognizes difficulty sitting and sleeping as the types of manifestations that can cause 

functional impairment in earning capacity, he must also show that his manifestations are of 
11

sufficient severity, duration, and frequency that they effect his ability to function under the 

ordinary conditions of daily life.

In this regard, the parties dispute whether remand is warranted for the Board to reassess 

whether the evidence establishes the presence of a right hip disability. The appellant maintained

that the Board considered only that he exhibited normal range of motion and that he could walk 

normally, and thus failed to address favorable evidence indicating that his pain interferes with 

sitting and sleeping. The Secretary, on the other hand, argued that the Board conducted the analysis 

required by Saunders; plausibly concluded that the appellant's right hip pain does not rise to the 

level of causing a functional impairment in earning capacity; and, although the Board did not 

expressly discuss the appellant's alleged sitting or sleeping difficulties, the appellant has not 

demonstrated prejudicial error.

The Court agrees with the Secretary that the appellant has not met his burden of 

demonstrating that any error on the part of the Board is prejudicial.6See Sanders, 556 U.S. at 409 

(holding that the harmless-error analysis applies to the Court's review of Board decisions and that 

the burden is on the appellant to show that he or she suffered prejudice as a result of VA error).

The Court acknowledges that the Board did not explicitly discuss the evidence now cited by the 

appellant as demonstrating difficulty sitting and sleeping. See R. at 8-9. But, the Board benefits 

from a presumption that it has considered all evidence of record, see Newhouse v. Nicholson, 

497 F.3d 1298, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (holding that the Board is presumed to have considered all 

evidence presented in the record), and the Court has a statutory duty to assess prejudice, 38 U.S.C. 

§ 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"). Further, 

as this Court recognized in Simmons v. Wilkie, the Court's harmless error authority is "exceedingly 

broad" and necessarily requires the Court to "go beyond the Board's analysis because '[t]he Board 

cannot predict every instance in which it might be found to have committed error,' and, therefore, 

'cannot be expected to make specific factual findings that might facilitate a prejudicial error 

analysis.'" 30 Vet.App. 267, 284 (2018) (quoting Vogan v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 159, 163 (2010)), 

aff'd, 964 F.3d 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2020).

 

6

In this regard, the Court stresses that we limit our analysis to the arguments presented by the appellant in 

his briefs and his concessions during oral argument concerning the insufficiency of the evidence. See Shinseki v. 

Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 410 (2009) ("[T]he party seeking reversal normally must explain why the erroneous ruling 

caused harm[,] . . . by marshaling the facts and evidence.").
12

In his opening brief and at oral argument, the appellant initially argued that the record 

contains objective evidence confirming that he experienced significant, constant, and chronic right 

hip pain and that his pain interfered with sitting and sleeping. Appellant's Br. at 8 (citing R. at 

1879, 2513, 2741 (all VA treatment records from 2013)); OA at 11:30-11:47, 38:31-39:55

(referring to R. at 401, 996, 2513, 2516, 2741, 2818). However, the appellant did not explain how 

any of the cited evidence undermines the Board's determination that his pain was not so severe as 

to cause a functional impairment in earning capacity. R. at 9. Additionally, the appellant made 

several pivotal statements during oral argument that reinforce the Court's conclusion that he has 

not carried his burden of demonstrating prejudicial error. First, he conceded that the evidence does 

not clearly attribute difficulty sitting to his right hip pain, noting that pages 2513, 2741, and 2818

of the record also refer to back pain. OA at 40:30-41:35. This is significant because he also relied

on two of those records—pages 2741 and 2818—to support his contention that his difficulty 

sleeping is related to his right hip pain. Id. at 39:21-39:53. Second, he stated that we do not yet 

have an examination that addresses the extent of his functional limitation and, importantly, he 

conceded that the record is premature as to the actual cause of his functional limitation. Id. at 

39:55-40:25, 41:20-41:35.

Considering that the appellant essentially conceded that his treatment records do not clearly 

attribute difficulty sitting or sleeping to right hip pain and that the overall record does not contain 

evidence regarding the extent of any functional limitation, the Court is not convinced that he has 

demonstrated that the Board was required to explicitly discuss this evidence or that the outcome 

could have been any different had the Board done so. See Sanders, 556 U.S. at 410. Indeed, rather 

than explaining how the evidence he cites "could have made any difference," Sanders, 556 U.S. at 

413, his concessions amount to an acknowledgment that it could not. Further, to the extent that the 

appellant, for the first time during oral argument, suggested that either VA failed in its duty to 

assist by not obtaining evidence regarding the extent of his functional limitations, or that a remand 

might trigger VA to further develop the record to determine the cause of his alleged limitations, 

the Court will not address these matters.

7

See Carbino v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 507, 511 (1997) 

 

7 Although the record does not reflect when the appellant retained current counsel, the Court notes that it 

appears from the Board decision that he retained counsel prior to the July 2018 Board decision and there is no 

indication or assertion that he raised a duty to assist argument below. See Scott v. McDonald, 789 F.3d 1375, 1377 

(Fed. Cir. 2015) ("'[O]rderly procedure and good administration require that objections to the proceedings of an 

administrative agency be made while [the agency] has opportunity for correction in order to raise issues reviewable 

by the courts.'" (quoting United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 37 (1952))).
13

(declining to review an argument first raised in the appellant's reply brief), aff'd sub nom. Carbino 

v. West, 168 F.3d 32, 34 (Fed. Cir. 1999) ("[I]mproper or late presentation of an issue or argument 

. . . ordinarily should not be considered."); see also Untalan v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 467, 471 

(2006); Fugere v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 103, 105 (1990). Unlike other cases in which the Court 

has exercised its discretion to hear late-raised arguments, see, e.g., Crumlich v. Wilkie, 31 Vet.App. 

194, 202 (2019) (addressing a late-raised argument where "the Court was presented with a 

compelling allegation that the regulation VA ask[ed the Court] to apply conflict[ed] with the 

appellant's statutory rights and the Secretary's concessions appeared to confirm that allegation"

and the Court thereafter obtained a written response from the Secretary), we decline to do so under 

these circumstances.

Finally, we are compelled to refute our dissenting colleague's contentions that we (1) are 

applying "a legally erroneous standard to assess whether the appellant was prejudiced by the 

Board's" decision, post at 16, and (2) erred by declining to address the appellant's late-raised 

argument concerning the duty to assist, see id. First, the Supreme Court's decision in Sanders 

"requires [that we] apply the same kind of 'harmless-error' rule that courts ordinarily apply in civil 

cases," 556 U.S. at 406, which means that the burden falls on the appellant to show that the Board's 

error was harmful, see id. at 409-10. This is the standard that we apply today. To be sure, we do 

not purport to assess the relevance, competence, credibility, or weight of the evidence; we conclude 

that the appellant has not satisfied his burden of showing that the Board overlooked evidence 

prejudicial to the outcome of his case. Further, this Court, the Federal Circuit, and the Supreme 

Court have applied the same standard under similar circumstances. See, e.g., Sanders, 556 U.S. at 

413 (concluding that appellant Sanders had not met the burden of showing that he suffered 

prejudice as a result of VA error, after announcing in the same decision that he bore that burden); 

Waters v. Shinseki, 601 F.3d 1274, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (addressing, in the first instance, the 

correct evidentiary standards in 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2), but declining to remand because the 

appellant had "not shown any factual basis for his claim" and thus "any possible error by the Board 

in using the wrong standard . . . could not have prejudiced [him]"). Conversely, the dissent 

speculates, based on evidence that the appellant does not rely on, that it is conceivable that the 
14

Board might have come to a different result.8 But that is not the standard. And, even if it were, it 

was the appellant's obligation to make that showing.

Second, declining to address the appellant's late-raised argument is consistent with decades 

of caselaw from our Court and higher courts and is particularly warranted here, considering that 

he did not raise the argument until the rebuttal portion of oral argument, it has not been briefed by 

either party, the appellant did not offer any explanation for why the issue was not raised previously, 

and even though after oral argument he filed a motion including substantive arguments, he did not 

raise the duty to assist or seek leave to submit argument on that issue. See United States

v. Sineneng-Smith, 140 S. Ct. 1575, 1579 (2020) ("[A]s a general rule, our system 'is designed 

around the premise that [parties represented by competent counsel] know what is best for them, 

and are responsible for advancing the facts and argument entitling them to relief.'" (second 

alteration in original) (quoting Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 386 (2003) (Scalia, J., 

concurring in part and concurring in judgment))). In sum, the appellant had ample opportunity to 

raise the matter of VA's duty to assist and he has offered us no reason to exercise our discretion to 

address on the merits a brief, unsupported statement made only in the waning moments of oral 

argument.

III. CONCLUSION

The appeal of the Board's July 19, 2018, decision denying disability compensation for low 

back and left knee disabilities is DISMISSED. After consideration of the parties' pleadings and a 

review of the record, the Board's decision denying disability compensation for a right hip disability 

is AFFIRMED.

ALLEN, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: I join sections I, II.A, II.B, and 

II.C of the Court's opinion in full and without reservation. The Court clearly and accurately 

explains how a claimant can establish that his or her subjective pain qualifies as a disability under 

38 U.S.C. § 1110 because the pain reaches a level that causes functional impairment of earning 

 

8

Indeed, only 5 of the 16 entries listed in the appendix to the dissent mention the right hip; the appellant 

conceded at oral argument that 3 of those entries are unclear with regard to whether the examiner's notations refer to 

the appellant's right hip or his back; 10 of the 16 entries were not cited by the appellant in support of his right hip 

claim; and 1 record was not cited at all by the appellant.
15

capacity. See Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 356, 1367-68 (Fed. Cir. 2018). I part ways with the 

majority with respect to the Court's application of its new rule to Mr. Wait's claim. I would remand 

the matter for the Board to assess the record evidence in the first instance under the legal test we 

have laid out. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from sections II.D. and III of the Court's opinion.

As an initial matter, I agree with the portion of section II.D. of the majority opinion 

explaining that a claimant 

cannot rest solely on VA's regulations to establish that the Board erred when it 

found no current disability. Although the appellant may rely generally on VA's 

regulations to assert that VA recognizes difficulty sitting and sleeping as the types

of manifestations that can cause functional impairment in earning capacity, he must 

also show that his manifestations are of sufficient severity, duration, and frequency 

that they effect his ability to function under the ordinary conditions of daily life.

Ante at 10-11 (emphasis in original). But having recognized this point, the majority determines for 

itself that the evidence concerning the aspects of the rating schedule to which appellant cites to 

establish functional limitations on his earning capacity (those concerning sitting and sleeping) is 

insufficient to establish prejudicial error. That is where I believe the majority errs.

I have included as an appendix to this opinion a list of evidence in the record related to 

how appellant's hip pain may result in difficulties sitting and sleeping. I do not maintain that this 

evidence requires that a factfinder rule in appellant's favor. The factfinder would have to conclude 

that appellant's subjective hip pain sufficiently impacts his daily life in terms of the severity, 

frequency, and duration of the impairments in his ability to sit and sleep so as to qualify his pain 

as a "disability" under Saunders. Perhaps it does or perhaps it does not. My point is that the Board,

as factfinder, should have the opportunity to assess the evidence on these questions in the first 

instance. I have three principal areas of disagreement with the majority's approach.

First, the majority states that even though the Board did not discuss certain evidence, we 

can presume that it considered that evidence. See ante at 11 (citing Newhouse v. Nicholson, 

497 F.3d 1298, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). I have no problem with this legal principle in the abstract. 

But it doesn't get us very far in this case. The reason is that even if we assume the Board looked at

every piece of evidence in the record that bears on anything even remotely related to appellant's 

pain and its relationship to impairments in sitting and sleeping, the Board did not have the benefit 

of today's decision. It is only today that we have articulated the appropriate legal test for 

determining whether pain qualifies as a disability due to a proxy relationship to something the 
16

rating schedule considers an impairment. Without the Board knowing what questions it was asking 

– something I underscore we only establish in this opinion – the presumption that it looked at all 

the evidence is neither here nor there.

Second, the majority declines to consider appellant's argument that VA would have been 

required to assist him in developing evidence to meet his evidentiary burden. See ante at 12-13.

The majority does so because the argument was not advanced before the Agency or in the opening 

brief before us. Id. I agree we have discretion to deem arguments waived in these circumstances 

and will often do so. But in this case, we are dealing with what amounts to an entirely new legal 

principle brought to life in Saunders. And until today, the contours of how one meets the burden 

Saunders imposed was undefined. In my view, judges and counsel alike were working through the 

difficult issues in this case as if we were exploring an uncharted landscape. It is entirely 

understandable that parties would recognize later in the journey approaches to the problem that 

were not apparent at the beginning. Moreover, I see no prejudice to the Secretary if we were to 

consider this aspect of appellant's argument. I believe the majority abuses its discretion by 

declining to address appellant's argument in the context of this first-impression legal issue.

Finally, I believe the majority uses a legally erroneous standard to assess whether appellant 

was prejudiced by the Board's failure to conduct the analysis required under today's decision. It is 

true that we have held that our authority to consider the harmful nature of an error is "exceedingly 

broad." Simmons v. Wilkie, 30 Vet.App. 267, 284 (2018); see 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2). But that 

does not mean that our authority is limitless. I invite the reader to skim the list of record evidence 

in the appendix to this opinion. In order to reach its conclusion that the evidence is legally 

insufficient for appellant to prevail (which must be the case for the error here to be harmless), the 

majority must (1) determine whether each piece of evidence is relevant (i.e., does the impairment 

relate to appellant's hip pain, or something else?); (2) assess the competency of each piece of 

evidence; and (3) determine credibility matters where necessary. After doing all that, the majority 

then must weigh all this evidence to determine what it tells us (individually and collectively one 

would assume) about the frequency, severity, and duration of two different impairments (sitting 

and sleeping). This is quite a complex balancing of multiple evidentiary questions. Then, the 

majority must take the evidence it has determined to be relevant, competent, and credible and that 

it has weighed and balanced with respect to frequency, severity, and duration for the two 

impairments at issue and reach a conclusion about whether all the evidence, appropriately weighed, 
17

satisfies Saunders as we have interpreted it. And to top it off, the majority needs to do all this in a 

case of first impression. In short, the breadth, depth, and scope of the majority's factfinding goes 

well beyond the appropriate boundaries to assess prejudicial error no matter how "exceedingly 

broad" such boundaries may be.

Do not get me wrong. As I noted above, I am not saying the evidence compels a ruling in 

favor of appellant or even necessarily makes such a ruling more likely than not. But it certainly is 

not a foregone conclusion that a factfinder would rule against appellant. I would remand this appeal 

so that the Board, as factfinder, could review Mr. Wait's claim subject to appellate review in this 

Court should that be necessary. He might not prevail before a true factfinder, but he should at least 

be given the chance to do so. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from sections II.D and III of the 

Court's opinion. 

Appendix to Opinion of Allen, J.

Summary of Record Evidence

• February 12, 2013, VA Treatment Note: Appellant sought treatment for, among other 

things, tenderness in his hip. He reported to a VA clinician that "[s]ince being placed on 

medical leave in 2008, he has worked painting/construction jobs prior to being unable to 

work in the summer of 2012 when his pain no longer allowed him to physically carry an 

occupation." R. at 2810. 

• February 20, 2013, VA Social Work Assessment: A VA social worker noted under the 

heading "Potential Employability" that appellant reported that "[d]ue to back and knee 

issues he feels he is not able to work at this time." R. at 2585. Appellant later during the 

consultation, stated that he needed to "cure pain from my injuries, am unable to sit, walk, 

and bend for long periods." R. at 2589.

• February 21, 2013, VA Nursing Note: A VA clinician examined and assessed appellant's 

pain as well as chronic pain. Appellant complained of right hip pain and reported that sitting 

and standing for too long make his pain worse. The clinician also noted that "[p]ain or 

discomfort has interfered with the patient[']s quality of daily life in sleep/general 

activity/mobility." R. at 2818. Appellant also reported that his pain interferes with sleep 

and work. R. at 2819-10. 

• February 21, 2013, VA Vocational Rehabilitation Assessment: Appellant reported to the 

VA specialist that the reason he left his job as a paramedic was because of his knee and 

back injuries. R. at 2787. 

• February 28, 2013, VA Nursing Note: Appellant reported to a VA clinician that his back, 

knee, and hip pain had worsened. Because of his pain, he reported that he sleeps 

intermittently and has "problems even sitting down due to increased pain." R. at 2741.
18

• March 4, 2013, VA Treatment Note: Appellant underwent a chronic pain evaluation and it 

was noted that appellant's pain location has not changed and it interferes with his sleep, 

work, chores, or hobbies, and his ability to walk. A VA clinician noted that appellant's pain 

goal had not been met because the scores were not "within acceptable range." R. at 2731.

• May 1, 2013, VA Treatment Note: Appellant was examined for "sharp and aching" pain in 

his right hip. The VA clinician noted appellant's reports that sitting and lying down caused 

radiating pain. R. at 2632-33. Appellant also reported that it feels better when he is walking. 

R. at 2633. 

• June 5, 2013, VA Pain Management Consultation Note: Appellant reported to a VA 

clinician that he has chronic right hip pain that radiates down his leg and it gets worse "with 

sitting and lying down. He stated that it feels the best being up and moving around." R. at 

2513.

• July 18, 2013, VA Emergency Department Note: Appellant reported to a VA clinician that 

he "[c]annot sleep due to pain in his low back at the spine and his [left] knee." R. at 372. 

• August 14, 2013, VA Treatment Note: This record is incomplete; however, a VA clinician 

noted that appellant was walking without distress and "able to sit and stand well." R. at 

1911. It is important to note that this document is an outlier when considered with the other 

evidence of record. 

• August 15, 2013, VA Emergency Department Note: Appellant reported to a VA clinician 

that sitting and lying down makes his back and knee pain worse and that nothing has made 

his pain better. R. at 223. This information was also restated in an addendum to the 

treatment note. R. at 1879. 

• September 18, 2013, VA Vocational Rehabilitation Consultation Note: Appellant informed 

the VA specialist that he would like return to work but "sitting down is difficult and 

walking is difficult" because of his knee. R. at 2173. 

• October 2, 2014, VA Behavioral Health Care Management Note: Appellant stated that he 

has not noticed any improvement in his mood or pain since taking certain medications. He 

complained about continued sleep issues, stating that it takes him over an hour to fall asleep 

and that he will wake up about four to six times each night. The VA clinician noted that 

among other things, his insomnia symptoms are consistent with his previous assessment 

three months earlier. R. at 1285. 

• February 3, 2015, VA Pain Management Progress Note: Appellant discussed strategies 

with a VA clinician for medication that would reduce pain and improve his sleep. R. at 

1237.

• February 3, 2015, VA Primary Care Nursing Note: Appellant reported to a VA clinician 

that daily activity and "prolong[ed] sitting" makes his pain worse. He was also asked what 
19

makes his pain better and he responded by stating that he is in "constant pain but standing 

and light walks help." R. at 1238.

• June 1, 2015, VA Behavioral Health Evaluation: Appellant was evaluated by a VA 

psychologist at the request of a pain psychiatrist "to assist with mood, poor sleep, and 

coping with current stressors." R. at 995, 1000. Appellant reported that his head was " so 

cloudy with everything going on," and he complained of "chronic pain, discontent with the 

VA system, poor sleep, and symptoms of depression." R. at 995. During the evaluation, the 

psychologist asked appellant about his sleep issues. Appellant responded that it was his 

greatest concern and that "he only sleeps 2 hours at a time with frequent awakenings due 

to physical discomfort." R. at 996. The psychologist also noted that some of appellant's 

subjective symptoms included "Sleep problem" and "Pain/Medical." Id.