UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 18-0092

CLEAMON D. BRYANT, APPELLANT,

V.

ROBERT L. WILKIE,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued May 29, 2020 Decided October 26, 2020)

Michael S. Just, of Providence, Rhode Island, for the appellant.

Amanda Radke, with whom Catherine C. Mitrano, Acting General Counsel; Mary Ann 

Flynn, Chief Counsel; and Joan E. Moriarty, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, D.C., were 

on the brief for the appellee.

Before BARTLEY, Chief Judge, and GREENBERG and MEREDITH, Judges.

BARTLEY, Chief Judge: Veteran Cleamon D. Bryant appeals through counsel a

November 30, 2017, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board or BVA) decision denying service 

connection for colon cancer, including as due to exposure to contaminated water at Camp Lejeune, 

and lumps on the left side of the head and middle of a breast. Record (R.) at 2-16.

1

 This appeal, 

over which the Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a), was referred 

to a panel of the Court, with oral argument, to address whether the Board errs when, in accordance 

with 38 C.F.R. § 20.1304(a) (2017) (now 38 C.F.R. § 20.1305(a)), it issues a decision sooner than 

90 days after mailing notice that an appeal has been certified and the appellate record transferred 

to the Board.

2

 We hold that, when an appellant notifies VA that he or she intends to submit 

 

1

In the same decision, the Board remanded claims for entitlement to service connection for a left shoulder 

disability, an initial compensable disability evaluation for a boxer's fracture of the right hand, and a single disability 

evaluation under 38 C.F.R. § 3.324 based on multiple noncompensable service-connected disabilities. R. at 11-16. 

Because a remand is not a final decision of the Board subject to judicial review, the Court does not have jurisdiction 

to consider those matters at this time. See Howard v. Gober, 220 F.3d 1341, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2000); Breeden v. 

Principi, 17 Vet.App. 475, 478 (2004) (per curiam order); 38 C.F.R. § 20.1100(b) (2020). 

2 Effective February 19, 2019, VA amended § 20.1304(a) and renumbered it to § 20.1305(a) as part of the 

widespread appeals processing changes mandated by the Veterans Appeals Improvement and Modernization Act of 

2017, Pub. L. No. 115-55, 131 Stat. 1,105 (Aug. 23, 2017). See 38 C.F.R. § 20.1305(a) (2020); VA Claims and 
2

additional argument or evidence to the Board during the period specified in § 20.1304(a), 

principles of fair process prohibit the Board from issuing an adverse decision until it either receives 

that argument or evidence or until 90 days have elapsed since mailing the § 20.1304(a) notice. 

Because the Board did not comply with that procedure in this case, the Court will set aside the 

November 2017 Board decision and remand the matters for further development and 

readjudication consistent with this decision. 

I. FACTS

Mr. Bryant served honorably on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps from May 1971 to 

February 1974, including a stint at Camp Lejeune. R. at 1071. In October 2013, he filed the instant 

claims for service connection, R. at 1229, which were denied by a VA regional office (RO) in 

December 2014, R. at 634-41. He timely disagreed with that decision, R. at 616-17, 624, and the 

RO issued a Statement of the Case in April 2017 continuing the denials, R. at 249-84. 

Later that month, Mr. Bryant filed a Substantive Appeal stating that "[f]urther argument 

will be advanced in memorandum in lieu of VAF 646[3] once BVA sends 90[-]day letter." R. at 

168. The RO certified the appeal to the Board in July 2017. R. at 23-24.

On September 21, 2017, the Board sent Mr. Bryant a letter notifying him that his appeal 

had been docketed at the Board and was awaiting adjudication. R. at 20. The letter also stated, in 

relevant part:

Please note that you have 90 days from the date of this letter or until the Board 

issues a decision in your appeal (whichever comes first) to request a change in 

representation or to submit additional argument or evidence, if you elect to do so. 

Any such request or submission must be sent directly to the Board. See generally

38 C.F.R. § 20.1304.

Id. 

Seventy days later, on November 30, 2017, the Board issued the decision currently on 

appeal, which denied service connection for colon cancer and lumps on the left side of the head 

and in the middle of one breast. R. at 2-16. This appeal followed.

 

Appeals Modernization, 84 Fed. Reg. 138 (final rule) (Jan. 18, 2019); VA Claims and Appeals Modernization, 84 Fed. 

Reg. 2,449 (notification of effective date) (Feb. 7, 2019). Unless otherwise stated, references to § 20.1304(a) are to 

the pre-amendment version of the regulation.

3 Before May 14, 2020, VA Form 646, Statement of Accredited Representative in Appealed Cases, was used 

by represented claimants to "submit a statement regarding the appeal to VBA [(the Veterans Benefits Administration)] 

prior to VBA's certification of the appeal." VA APPEALS AND REVIEW MANUAL M21-5, ch. 7, § F.2.a.
3

II. ANALYSIS

A. Section 20.1304(a) and the Parties' Arguments

The issue in this case involves the version of § 20.1304(a) extant in 2017, which provided, 

in relevant part:

An appellant and his or her representative, if any, will be granted a period of 90 

days following the mailing of notice to them that an appeal has been certified to the 

Board for appellate review and that the appellate record has been transferred to the 

Board, or until the date the appellate decision is promulgated by the Board . . . , 

whichever comes first, during which they may submit a request for a personal 

hearing, additional evidence, or a request for a change in representation.

38 C.F.R. § 20.1304(a) (2017). After expiration of that time period, the Board would generally 

only accept requests to submit additional argument and evidence if the appellant demonstrated 

good cause for the delayed submission. 38 C.F.R. § 20.1304(b) (2017). 

"[T]he triggering event for application of § 20.1304(a) was the mailing of notice that an 

appeal had been certified and transferred to the Board," Williams v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 46, 51 

(2019), which the parties agree occurred here on September 21, 2017, R. at 20. The parties do not 

dispute that § 20.1304(a) applies in this case; the only question before the Court is whether the 

Board erred in issuing its decision sooner than 90 days after that date. 

Mr. Bryant makes two arguments in this regard. First, he mounts a facial challenge to the 

constitutionality of § 20.1304(a), contending that the regulation deprives appellants of their due 

process right to meaningfully participate in the adjudication of their appeals because it does not 

provide a date certain by which appellants must submit argument and evidence to the Board 

without having to show good cause. Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 6-8; Appellant's Supplemental 

Memorandum of Law (Supp. Memo.) at 1-4, 7-8. Second, he asserts that the Board's actions were 

fundamentally unfair and prejudiced him because the Board decided his appeal without waiting 

for the argument that he told the Board he would submit during the § 20.1304(a) period. 

Appellant's Br. at 4-5; see id. at 6 (citing Thurber v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 119, 123 (1993)). The 

Secretary disputes these contentions and urges the Court to uphold § 20.1304(a) as constitutionally 

valid and to affirm the Board decision based on the veteran's failure to otherwise carry his burden 

of demonstrating prejudicial error. Secretary's Br. at 5-16; Secretary's Supp. Memo. at 1-15.

Although the Court is troubled by the Secretary's statement at oral argument that 

§ 20.1304(a) permits the Board to deny an appeal the same day that it notifies an appellant that the 

appeal has been certified and appellate record transferred to the Board, see Oral Argument, 
4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyMwK0GVW04, at 39:25-44:21, the Court need not address 

the veteran's constitutional "illusory notice" argument because we conclude that the Board's 

actions in this case deprived him of his non-constitutional right to fair process. See Lyng v. Nw. 

Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n, 485 U.S. 439, 445 (1988) ("A fundamental and longstanding 

principle of judicial restraint requires that courts avoid reaching constitutional questions in 

advance of the necessity of deciding them."); Smith v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 332, 337 (2020) 

(explaining that, where the Court finds a fair process violation, "it need not reach the Constitutional 

question of due process"). Specifically, we hold that, once Mr. Bryant informed VA that he 

planned to submit new argument following receipt of the § 20.1304(a) notice letter, implicitly 

requesting that VA withhold a decision until he had done so, basic fairness obligated the Board to 

wait 90 days or until he submitted that argument to decide his appeal.4 Because the Board failed 

to do so in this case, we remand for the Board to provide the veteran with the fair process to which 

he was entitled.

B. Fair Process

Appellants have a right to fair process in the development and adjudication of their claims 

and appeals before VA. Smith, 32 Vet.App. at 337; see Austin v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 547, 551-52 

(1994); Thurber, 5 Vet.App. at 122-26. This non-constitutional right stems, in part, from the nature 

of the nonadversarial VA benefits adjudication system, which "is predicated upon a structure 

which provides for notice and an opportunity to be heard at virtually every step in the process." 

Thurber, 5 Vet.App. at 123; see Prickett v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 370, 382 (2006) (explaining 

that the procedural right to fair process "is primarily based on the underlying concepts of the VA 

adjudicatory scheme, not the U.S. Constitution"), aff'd sub nom. Prickett v. Mansfield, 

257 F. App'x 288 (Fed. Cir. 2007). "[E]ven in situations where no particular procedural process 

is required by statute or regulation, the principle of fair process may nonetheless require additional 

process if it is implicitly required when 'viewed against [the] underlying concepts of procedural 

regularity and basic fair play' of the VA benefits adjudicatory system." Smith, 32 Vet.App. at 337 

(quoting Thurber, 5 Vet.App. at 123) (alteration in original); see Gonzales v. United States, 

348 U.S. 407, 412 (1955). This includes providing fair process during VA's solicitation, gathering, 

 

4 The Court notes that § 20.1304(a) does not specifically address whether an appellant may request that the 

appeal be held open for the maximum 90 days, the requirements for any such request, and what process should be 

followed if the Board is on notice that the appellant intends to submit argument within the § 20.1304(a) period.
5

and development of evidence. See Smith, 32 Vet.App. at 337-38 (collecting cases); Austin, 

6 Vet.App. at 551 (noting that the fair process framework articulated in Thurber applies during the 

periods set forth in § 20.1304).

The Court's decision in Haney v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 301 (2006), is instructive in this 

case. The veteran in Haney was afforded a Board hearing and his representative told the presiding 

Board member that he would obtain and submit a private linkage opinion in support of a request 

to reopen a previously denied claim. The Board member agreed to hold the record open for 

submission of that evidence but failed to inform the veteran of the deadline for doing so. The 

Board issued a decision denying reopening five months later, before the veteran submitted a 

medical opinion and without providing advance notice that the time for submitting that evidence 

had expired. On appeal, the veteran argued that the Board erred in deciding his case before 

receiving the evidence his representative identified at the Board hearing and stated would be 

submitted after the hearing. Id. at 303. The Court agreed, holding that fair process principles 

required the Board member to notify the veteran and his representative of the chosen deadline for 

submitting that evidence before issuing a decision.5 Id. at 305-06 (citing Austin, 6 Vet.App. at 

551; Thurber, 5 Vet.App. at 123).

Here, like in Haney, the veteran put the Board on notice that he intended to submit

additional supporting documents, but the Board adjudicated the appeal before receiving that 

submission. Compare R. at 168 (Mr. Bryant's Substantive Appeal stating that "[f]urther argument 

will be advanced in memorandum in lieu of VAF 646 once BVA sends 90[-]day letter"), with 

Haney, 20 Vet.App. at 303 (representative's statement at a Board hearing that he would obtain and 

submit a private medical opinion linking the veteran's claimed disability with an in-service car 

accident). Once Mr. Bryant affirmatively notified the Board that he intended to submit additional 

argument during the § 20.1304(a) period, basic principles of fair play, inherent in the VA benefits 

adjudication system in general and that regulation in particular, required the Board to wait to issue 

its decision until the veteran either submitted the additional argument or until the maximum 90 

 

5 The Court also held that the Board member's failure to establish a deadline for the submission of evidence 

violated 38 C.F.R. § 20.709 (2015), which, at that time, governed the procurement of evidence after a Board hearing. 

Haney, 20 Vet.App. at 305.
6

days for doing so without needing to show good cause had elapsed.6 See Smith, 32 Vet.App. at 

337; Haney, 20 Vet.App. at 306; Thurber, 5 Vet.App. at 123.

The fact that Mr. Bryant informed VA that he had additional argument to submit during 

the § 20.1304(a) period is an important distinction that makes this case more analogous to Haney 

than to the Court's decision in Williams. In Williams, the Court examined § 20.1304(a) and held 

that it does not apply when an appeal is returned to the Board following a remand to the RO, even 

when the Board erroneously cites that provision in an accompanying notice letter. 32 Vet.App. at 

55-57. In reaching that conclusion, the Court explained that, although the Board incorrectly cited 

§ 20.1304(a) in its notice letter in that case, the veteran did not have a reasonable expectation that 

he had 90 days to submit additional evidence and argument to the Board following receipt of that 

letter because "§ 20.1304(a) sets forth a maximum, not minimum, 90-day period for submitting 

additional evidence and argument to the Board without needing to show good cause." Id. at 57. 

The Court further concluded that the Board did not violate principles of fair process in denying the 

veteran's appeal 42 days after notifying him that his case had been returned to the Board after a 

remand to the RO because, among other things, he affirmatively stated that he did not have any 

additional argument or evidence to submit immediately before the appeal was returned to the 

Board. Id. at 58-59.7 

But the opposite occurred here: Mr. Bryant clearly communicated to VA that he had 

additional argument that he intended to submit during the § 20.1304(a) period, implicitly 

requesting that VA withhold a decision until he had done so. R. at 168. This is a corollary to the 

Court's recognition in Clark v. O'Rourke, 30 Vet.App. 92, 97-98 (2018), that an appellant can 

waive the right to submit additional argument and evidence to the Board during a specified period; 

when an appellant announces an intent to submit argument and evidence, the appellant is implicitly 

requesting that the Board not issue a decision until either that argument and evidence is received 

or until the maximum period to do so without good cause expires. In such a case, unlike in 

 

6 Nothing in this opinion suggests that principles of fair process would have been violated if the Board had 

issued a fully favorable decision fewer than 90 days after mailing the § 20.1304(a) notice letter. Further, because the 

issues are not now before us, the Court does not address whether the Board, after receiving the intent to submit 

additional argument, would be permitted to establish a deadline for such submission within the maximum 90-day 

period or under what circumstances an appellant could later waive the remainder of the period.

7 The Court in Williams made clear that it was "not holding . . . that the Board does not err when it issues a 

decision sooner than 90 days after mailing a notice letter to a claimant in a case where § 20.1304(a) actually applies." 

Id. at 58 n.7.
7

Williams, an appellant has a reasonable expectation that, absent a contrary response from the 

Board, he or she will have the maximum 90 days to submit that additional argument and evidence

without needing to show good cause. See Daves v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 46, 52 (2007) 

("Communication between VA and a claimant is a critical component of the adjudication 

process."); see also Nieves–Rodriguez v. Peake, 22 Vet.App. 295, 300 (2008) (noting that "the 

content of information and evidence received by VA may require an appropriate response [from 

VA]"). Yet, the Board ignored Mr. Bryant's statement to that effect and decided his appeal 70 

days into the maximum § 20.1304(a) period, before it received his written argument.

This distinction makes all the difference here. By prematurely deciding the appeal without 

the benefit of the argument that the Board knew was forthcoming, the Board effectively shut 

Mr. Bryant out of the appellate process, a process that, by law and regulation, is designed to be a 

partnership between the appellant and the Agency. See Evans v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 7, 16 (2011)

("The entire veterans claims adjudication process reflects the clear congressional intent to create 

an Agency environment in which VA is actually engaged in a continuing dialog with claimants in 

a paternalistic, collaborative effort to provide every benefit to which the claimant is entitled."). 

That partnership only works if the Board allows an appellant to contribute to and meaningfully 

participate in the appellate process; it fails where, as here, the Board ignores the appellant's request 

to submit supporting argument during a period when such submissions are generally authorized 

by regulation. In short, the Board's actions in this case, when viewed in light of Mr. Bryant's 

express statement that he would submit additional argument during the § 20.1304(a) period, offend 

the basic tenets of fair play that underlie the nonadversarial VA appeals process. See Hodge v. 

West, 155 F.3d 1356, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (explaining that, "in the context of veterans' benefits 

where the system of awarding compensation is so uniquely pro-claimant, the importance of 

systemic fairness and the appearance of fairness carries great weight" and "may depend on the 

veteran's ability to ensure the Board has all potentially relevant evidence before it").

The history of § 20.1304(a) bolsters this conclusion. In 1989, VA proposed to amend 

38 C.F.R. § 19.174, the precursor to § 20.1304, to add a 60-day limit for submitting additional 

evidence and argument to the Board after certification of an appeal without having to show good 

cause. 54 Fed. Reg. 28,445 (proposed rule) (July 6, 1989). VA explained that the amendment was 

necessary because, under § 19.174, the record was "in a constant state of change while Members 

of the Board[ were] deliberating on the appeal," causing confusion and "considerable delay." Id. 
8

According to VA, the purpose of the amendment was to "assist in orderly and prompt appeal 

processing and . . . help to clarify the nature and extent of evidence considered by the Board in 

reaching a decision in any given appeal." Id. at 28,446. In response to public comments, VA 

ultimately extended the maximum period for submitting argument and evidence without needing 

to show good cause to 90 days, but reiterated that the amendment was necessary to avoid the 

needless delays and expenditure of resources spent in rewriting, re-reviewing, and reconsidering 

decisions based on submissions of argument and evidence late in the appellate process. See 55 Fed.

Reg. 20,144, 20,146 (final rule) (May 15, 1990).8 

Contrary to the Secretary's contention, Secretary's Supp. Memo. at 11-15, waiting 90 days 

to issue a decision in the limited circumstance where an appellant affirmatively notifies the Board 

that he or she has additional argument or evidence to submit during the § 20.1304(a) period 

furthers, rather than subverts, the orderly processing and resource-saving purposes of that 

regulation. Indeed, our holding today ensures not only that the Board will not issue decisions 

without the benefit of potentially favorable (and perhaps dispositive) argument and evidence that 

it knows is forthcoming, but also preserves Board resources that would otherwise need to be spent 

vacating, revising, or reconsidering prematurely issued decisions. See 55 Fed. Reg. at 20,146. 

And, most importantly, it ensures that appellants are treated fairly and safeguards their right to 

meaningfully participate in the appellate process. The Board's actions in this case frustrated those 

objectives and violated principles of fair process.

Those errors prejudiced Mr. Bryant. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to 

"take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) 

(explaining that "the burden of showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party 

attacking the agency's determination"). As outlined above, the veteran notified VA that he had 

argument that he intended to submit to the Board once his appeal was certified. R. at 168. Since 

that time, he has consistently asserted that he would have submitted that argument within 90 days 

of the September 21, 2017, notice letter if he had been afforded the maximum 90 days to do so. 

See Appellant's Br. at 5; Appellant's Supp. Memo. at 7-8. And at oral argument, he clarified that, 

in addition to the previously identified written argument, he also had favorable linkage evidence 

that he was prepared to submit during that period. See Oral Argument, 

 

8

In 1992, § 19.174 was redesignated, without relevant amendment, to § 20.1304. 57 Fed. Reg. 4,088 (final 

rule) (Feb. 3, 1992).
9

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyMwK0GVW04, at 8:00-9:27. Given that Mr. Bryant 

notified VA that he had additional argument that he intended to submit to the Board within 90 days 

of mailing of the September 21, 2017, notice letter, and given that he has since identified argument 

and evidence that he would have submitted during that time, the Court concludes that the veteran 

has carried his burden of demonstrating that he was prejudiced by the Board issuing its decision 

fewer than 90 days after mailing the § 20.1304(a) notice letter. Accord Sanders, 556 U.S. at 413 

(concluding that a notice error was not prejudicial because the appellant did not tell this Court, the 

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or the U.S. Supreme Court "what specific additional 

evidence proper notice would have led him to obtain or seek"). Remand is therefore warranted for 

the Board to provide the veteran with the process to which he was entitled. See Smith, 32 Vet.App. 

at 339; Haney, 20 Vet.App. at 307; Tucker v. West, 11 Vet.App. 369, 374 (1998) (holding that 

remand is the appropriate remedy "where the Board has incorrectly applied the law, failed to 

provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determinations, or where the record is 

otherwise inadequate").

On remand, Mr. Bryant is free to present the argument and evidence that he previously 

intended to submit to the Board, as well as any additional argument and evidence he has, in 

accordance with Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet.App. 369, 372-73 (1999) (per curiam order). See 

Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). The Court reminds the Board that "[a] remand is 

meant to entail a critical examination of the justification for [the Board's] decision," Fletcher v. 

Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 394, 397 (1991), and must be performed in an expeditious manner in 

accordance with 38 U.S.C. § 7112.

III. CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing, the November 30, 2017, Board decision is SET 

ASIDE and the matters are REMANDED for further development and readjudication consistent 

with this decision.