NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0233n.06 

 Case No. 16-2417 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

JEREMY HETTERSCHEIDT, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

ALERIS SPECIFICATION ALLOYS, INC., a 

foreign corporation, 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

Before: MERRITT, GILMAN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges. 

MERRITT, Circuit Judge. Under Michigan law, an employee’s remedy against an 

employer for an injury occurring while on the job is exclusively provided by the Worker’s 

Disability Compensation Act with one exception: a claim alleging an intentional tort. Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 418.131(1). The pertinent section of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act 

provides as follows: 

The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the 

employee’s exclusive remedy against the employer for a personal injury or 

occupational disease. The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an 

intentional tort. An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured 

as a result of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically 

intended an injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the 

employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully 

disregarded that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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shall be a question of law for the court. This subsection shall not enlarge or 

reduce rights under law. 

Plaintiff Jeremy Hetterscheidt appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to 

defendant Aleris Specification Alloys, Inc. in this personal-injury action arising from plaintiff’s 

injury at his workplace. After defendant removed the case to federal court based on diversity 

jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), the district court granted summary judgment to defendant on 

the ground that the injury did not fall within the intentional-tort exception to the Worker’s 

Disability Compensation Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 418.131(1). We agree and affirm. 

I.

Plaintiff Jeremy Hetterscheidt began working for defendant Aleris Specification Alloys, 

Inc., n/k/a Real Alloy Specification, Inc., a Delaware corporation headquartered in Cleveland, 

Ohio, on December 12, 2013. Plaintiff was hired as a full-time laborer through Elwood Staffing 

Services, a temporary employment agency. For purposes of the Worker’s Disability 

Compensation Act, plaintiff was an employee of both Aleris and Elwood Staffing. 

The Aleris plant where plaintiff worked recycles aluminum. Scrap metal and aluminum 

are brought into the upper level of the plant in bales or piles with forklifts or front loaders. The 

material is staged in an area on the upper level near the crushing machine, also called the 

“crusher.” The upper level is approximately 12 feet above the lower level. When the bales or 

piles are being staged for crushing on the upper level, they are sometimes piled against a roughly 

four-foot high retaining wall. See Appellee’s Br. at 7 (photo of bales stacked against retaining 

wall). Workers then feed the aluminum through the crusher on a conveyor belt. While the 

crushing machine is operating, scrap metal falls off the conveyor belt to the lower level. No one 

is allowed on the lower level underneath the crusher when it is operating. Scrap metal 

sometimes falls over the retaining wall when the machine is not running due to the staging or 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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moving around of the metal bales or piles on the upper level in preparation for the crusher. After 

each crusher run, while the machine is off, an employee sweeps the area beneath the crusher. 

Plaintiff swept the lower area underneath the crusher between one and six times per shift. 

On March 5, 2014, plaintiff was working second shift. During this shift, he was 

sweeping and picking up debris between crusher runs, so the machine was not operating. While 

plaintiff was sweeping the lower area, a bale of aluminum siding, weighing approximately 1,160 

pounds, went over the upper wall and fell 12 feet to the area below where plaintiff was working. 

The bale hit and injured him, and he was buried beneath scrap metal because the bale came apart. 

Plaintiff was wearing all of the required equipment when he was injured, including steel-toed 

boots and a hard hat. Plaintiff did not see the aluminum bale roll over the upper wall and has no 

personal knowledge of how the bale fell over the wall. The forklift operator testified that he was 

stacking one bale on top of another on the upper level to make room for other material when the 

bale slipped off the forklift and went over the retaining wall. Plaintiff received worker’s 

compensation benefits after his injury and, as of the date of his deposition, plaintiff has received 

all of the worker’s compensation benefits from the State of Michigan for which he has applied. 

Plaintiff filed his complaint in federal court based on diversity jurisdiction. Defendant 

moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted the motion, finding that plaintiff’s 

claim did not meet the high threshold necessary to show that the injury fell within the 

intentional-tort exception to the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act. Hetterscheidt v. Aleris 

Spec. Alloys, Inc., No. 1:15-cv-18, 2016 WL 7638153 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 6, 2016). This appeal 

followed. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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II. 

The objective of Michigan’s workers’ compensation laws is to promote prompt and sure 

compensation for workplace injuries regardless of fault. In exchange for this benefit, Michigan 

eliminated civil suits in tort for such injuries, with the very limited exception of intentional torts. 

To ensure that this exception would be applied very narrowly, the Michigan legislature defined 

“intentional tort” in this context to exist “only when an employee is injured as a result of a 

deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury. An employer 

shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury 

was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge.” Mich. Comp. Laws 

§ 418.131(1). Plaintiff attempts to fit his tort claim within this narrow exception to Michigan’s 

law. 

An injured employee may establish the specific intent to injure in one of two ways: (1) by 

demonstrating that the employer “made a conscious choice to injure an employee and ha[s] 

deliberately acted or failed to act in furtherance of that intent,” Palazzola v. Karmazin Prods. 

Corp., 565 N.W.2d 868, 873 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997), or (2) by circumstantial evidence showing 

that “the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully 

disregarded that knowledge,” Mich. Comp. Laws § 418.131(1); see also Travis v. Dreis 

& Krump Mfg. Co., 551 N.W.2d 132, 138 (Mich. 1996). As plaintiff does not allege that his 

employer made a “conscious choice” to injure him, the issue before us is whether plaintiff can 

prove that defendant had an intent to injure by establishing that (1) the employer had actual 

knowledge (2) that an injury was certain to occur (3) yet disregarded that knowledge. Bagby v. 

Detroit Edison Co., 865 N.W.2d 59, 62-63 (Mich. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Travis, 551 N.W.2d at 

143-44). 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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 The standard for establishing that an injury is “certain to occur” is “extremely high,” and 

requires the plaintiff to show that “no doubt exists with regard to whether [an injury] will occur,” 

Travis, 551 N.W.2d at 143 (emphasis added), and that the employer’s knowledge encompasses 

the harm that indeed occurred. An employer’s knowledge of general risks is insufficient to 

establish an intentional tort. See Oaks v. Twin City Foods, Inc., 497 N.W.2d 196, 197 (Mich. Ct. 

App. 1992) (“[I]t is not enough that the employer acted recklessly and even envisioned the type 

of accident that did in fact occur.”). Dangerous conditions may form the basis of an intentionaltort claim under the Act only if the injury is “sure and inevitable.” Alexander v. Demmer Corp., 

660 N.W.2d 67 (Mich. 2003). Consequently, “the laws of probability . . . play no part in 

determining the certainty of injury.” Travis, 551 N.W.2d at 143. Additionally, whether a similar 

incident has occurred in the past is not dispositive. Id. “An employer’s awareness of a 

dangerous condition, or knowledge that an accident is likely, does not constitute actual 

knowledge that an injury is certain to occur.” Bagby, 865 N.W.2d at 62. 

The undisputed evidence is that items routinely fell over the wall to the area below, but 

this does not mean that injury was certain to occur.1

 While it may be true that injury is likely to 

occur if heavy items fall over the wall when someone is in the area below, there was nothing to 

inform defendant that an injury was “certain” to occur. The evidence demonstrates only that 

defendant was aware of a potentially dangerous condition—it was not aware that injury was 

certain to occur. 

Reliance on statements or other evidence that an injury was just “a matter of time” is 

misplaced. Plaintiff himself testified at his deposition that he did not think he would be injured, 

 

1

 Plaintiff contends that the district court disregarded the evidence that material came over the wall even when the 

crusher was not in operation. But the district court specifically pointed to plaintiff’s evidence about material falling 

over the wall between crusher runs. 2017 WL 7638153, at *4 (“The accident here was unrelated to such falling 

metal debris and did not occur during a crusher run as in the instances cited by Plaintiff, but instead involved an 

aluminum bale being moved with a forklift.”). 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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negating any certainty: “Honestly, I never thought it would ever happen, the bale like that. . . . 

[s]tuff came over all the time but you never know.” Hetterscheidt Dep. at 58 (emphasis added). 

Plaintiff concedes in these words that while the accident might have been probable, it was not 

preordained. The evidence reflects that the area beneath the wall was indeed dangerous and that 

under the laws of probability someone might eventually get hurt. But these types of dangerous 

conditions fall well short of establishing a condition that is certain to cause injury. 

III.

Plaintiff alternatively relies on the principle that a “continuously operative dangerous 

condition” may form the basis for a claim under the Act’s intentional-tort exception. The 

Michigan Supreme Court has observed that “[a] continuously operative dangerous condition may 

form the basis of a claim under the intentional tort exception only if the employer knows the 

condition will cause an injury and refrains from informing the employee about it.” Giles v. 

Ameritech, 660 N.W.2d 72, 73 (Mich. 2003) (emphasis added) (citing Travis, 551 N.W.2d at 

145); Alexander, 660 N.W.2d at 67; Upsher v. Grosse Pointe Pub. Sch. Sys., 285 F.3d 448, 455-

56 (6th Cir. 2002) (holding that the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act’s intentional-tort 

exception did not apply where plaintiffs suffered injury after being instructed to remove carpet 

under which there was asbestos because the plaintiffs had shown only that the defendants knew 

of the general dangers of asbestos and did not provide proper training or safety equipment). The 

key is that the employee is left in the dark about the danger he will encounter and is therefore 

“unable to take steps to keep from being injured.” Travis, 551 N.W.2d at 145. 

But in this case, there was no need for defendant to notify plaintiff of the dangerous 

condition or the nature of the danger because plaintiff testified that he and others brought the 

danger to defendant’s attention on more than one occasion. See, e.g., Hetterscheidt Dep. at 62. 
Case No. 16-2417, Hetterscheidt v. Aleris Spec. Alloys, Inc. 

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Plaintiff was clearly aware of the danger and the potential for severe injury. When heavy metal 

objects are being moved 12 feet overhead with only a four-foot high wall as a barrier, the 

potential for serious harm to plaintiff was obvious. The record is clear that plaintiff’s situation is 

distinguishable from the hypothetical employee described in Travis who is unaware of the 

danger and unable to take steps to protect himself. Therefore, even if plaintiff was required to 

confront a “continuously operative dangerous condition,” the fact that plaintiff was aware of it 

precludes application of the intentional-tort exception to the Act. As a result, plaintiff cannot 

invoke the continuously operative dangerous-condition doctrine to establish that defendant 

committed an intentional tort. 

 Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we conclude that the 

district court did not err in granting summary judgment on the ground that there is no genuine 

dispute regarding the inapplicability of the intentional-tort exception to the Worker’s Disability 

Compensation Act. 

 Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.