UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

No. 12-0389

ANTONIO PACHECO, APPELLANT,

V.

SLOAN D. GIBSON,

ACTING SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued November 6, 2013 Decided July 17, 2014)

Paul M. Schoenhard of Washington, D.C., for the appellant.

Deborah A. Hoet, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell,

Assistant General Counsel; and Kenneth A. Walsh, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, were on the

brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

BeforeKASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL, MOORMAN, LANCE, DAVIS, SCHOELEN,

PIETSCH, BARTLEY, and GREENBERG, Judges.

PER CURIAM. PIETSCH, Judge, filed a concurring opinion. KASOLD, Chief Judge, filed

an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, in which HAGEL, MOORMAN, and LANCE,

Judges, joined. LANCE, Judge, filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, in which

KASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL, Judge, joined. DAVIS, Judge, filed an opinion concurring

in part and dissenting in part, in which SCHOELEN, BARTLEY, and GREENBERG, Judges,

joined. GREENBERG, Judge, filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.

PER CURIAM: World War II veteran Antonio Pacheco appeals through counsel the 1

September 22, 2011, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied an effective date prior

to January 23, 2002, for (1) a right leg and hip disability, (2) pelvic asymmetry, (3) dependents'

educational assistance (DEA) benefits, and (4) special monthly compensation (SMC). Mr. Pacheco

argues that an earlier effective date is warranted pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (allowing for an

Mr. Pacheco initially represented himself in this matter and filed his own brief, but secured pro bono counsel 1

for oral argument, which was held on November 6, 2013, before a panel of the Court.
earlier effective date based on the submission of certain medical reports) and 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)

(allowing for an earlier effective date based on newly discovered service department records). In a

panel opinion issued January 16, 2014, the Court reversed the Board's effective date decision and

held that, as long as a pension claim previously has been allowed as required in § 3.157(b), a VA

examination report will constitute the requisite informal claim for increase or reopening under

§ 3.157(b)(1). Pacheco v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 413, 417 (2014). The Secretary filed a motion

seeking en banc review on the interpretation of § 3.157(b) because it involved an issue of exceptional

importance. He argues that the plain meaning of § 3.157(b) compels a result different from that

rendered by the panel, and he alternatively argues that, to the extent that the regulation is ambiguous,

the Court should defer to his interpretation thereof. Mr. Pacheco filed a response on April 3, 2014. 

The Secretary's motion for en banc review was granted on May 15, 2014. 

For the reasons discussed below, we hold that § 3.157(b) is ambiguous and deference to the

Secretary's interpretation of this regulation is warranted. We also, however, exercise our discretion

to remand the matter for the Board to address in the first instance a possible earlier effective date for

Mr. Pacheco's benefits under § 3.156(c). See Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2000)

(Court has discretion to remand for initial adjudication an issue raised for the first time on appeal). 

Accordingly, theCourt's January16, 2014, opinion is withdrawn, and the September 22, 2011, Board

decision on appeal will be set aside and the matter remanded for further adjudication.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Pacheco served honorably on active duty in the U.S. Army from January 1942 to

November 1945. He reports that, during combat service in 1942 in the Pacific Theater, he took cover

in a fox hole while his base was taking fire and injured his right leg and hip when fellow soldiers

jumped in and landed on him. On February 28, 1974, Mr. Pacheco sought VA benefits for his

injuries. In a July 1974 rating decision, he was awarded non-service-connected pension benefits, but

denied disability compensation benefits because entitlement was "not shown by [the] evidence of

record." Record (R.) at 1370. Mr. Pacheco also was informed that his service medical records

appeared to have been destroyed in the July 1973 fire at the National Personnel Records Center

(NPRC). 

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In October 1977, Mr. Pacheco again filed for compensation benefits based on his right leg

and hip disability. In February 1978, the Secretary located service department records–morning

reports–from Mr. Pacheco's military units that indicated he had been hospitalized and "taken sick"

several times during 1943. R. at 1295. In March 1978, however, his disability compensation claim

was denied again on the merits because the morning reports did not specify any diagnosis for his

hospitalization or sickness. The Secretary also determined that Mr. Pacheco was no longer eligible

for non-service-connected pension because his income was too high.

Mr. Pacheco attempted to reopen his disability compensation claim based on his leg and hip

injuries again in April 1982, October 1988, February 1989, and September 1995, but these attempts

were denied. Moreover, in December 1998, the NPRC informed Mr. Pacheco that it had again

attempted to locate his service department records, but that it "was unable to locate any alternat[iv]e

record sources containing remarks pertaining to diagnosis or treatment." R. at 913. Mr. Pacheco

sought VA medical treatment for his disabilities, and on May 11, 2001, a VA physician assistant

examined him and noted that he had "sever[e] DJD [(degenerative joint disease)]" that was

"probabl[y] post[-]traumatic." R. at 614. In January 2002, Mr. Pacheco submitted another request

to reopen his previously denied claim. 

Based on that request and the May2001 VA medical examination record, the Board reopened

Mr. Pacheco's claim for disability compensation and remanded the matter to obtain a medical

opinion on the relationship between his current disabilities and service. In November 2004, a VA

medical examiner opined that the current disabilities were related to service, and, the following

month, Mr. Pacheco was granted service connection for his right leg and hip disability, and pelvic

asymmetry, at disability ratings of 90% and 10%, respectively, as well as DEA and SMC. In August

2005, Mr. Pacheco was awarded an effective date for these benefits of January 23, 2002, the date the

Secretary received his request to reopen. In October 2008, Mr. Pacheco submitted additional service

department records.

Mr. Pacheco sought an earlier effective date in his appeal to the Board, which was denied,

and he appealed to the Court. Before the Court in February 2011, the Secretary argued that remand

was warranted for the Board to address whether the May 2001 VA medical examination record

constituted an informal claim to reopen under § 3.157(b), and, on that basis, the Court remanded the

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issue of an earlier effective date in June 2011. Pacheco v. Shinseki, No. 10-1991, 2011 WL

2516195, at *2-*3 (U.S. Vet. App. June 24, 2011).

On remand, in the September 2011 decision now on appeal, the Board again denied Mr.

Pacheco entitlement to an effective date prior to January 23, 2002, for his service-connected

disabilities. The Board determined that the May2001 VA treatment record "could not be considered

a claim under 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b)(1)." R. at 10. In so concluding, the Board stated that Mr.

Pacheco "does not meet the threshold criteria" for § 3.157(b), because (1) a "formal claim for

pension or compensation had not been allowed (or denied because the disability was

noncompensable)," and (2) he was not service connected for the disabilities at issue at the time of

the May 2001 VA medical examination record. R. at 9-10. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Earlier Effective Date Under 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) and (b)(1)

Mr. Pacheco argues that the Board should have awarded him an earlier effective date under

§ 3.157(b) and (b)(1). That provision states:

(b) Claim. Once a formal claim for pension or compensation has

been allowed or a formal claim for compensation disallowed for the

reason that the service-connected disability is not compensable in

degree, receipt of one of the following will be accepted as an

informal claim for increased benefits or an informal claim to reopen.

In addition, receipt of one of the following will be accepted as an

informal claim in the case of a retired member of a uniformed service

whose formal claim for pension or compensation has been disallowed

because of receipt of retirement pay. The evidence listed will also be

accepted as an informal claim for pension previously denied for the

reason the disability was not permanently and totally disabling.

(1) Report of examination or hospitalization by Department

of Veterans Affairs or uniformed services. The date of

outpatient or hospital examination or date of admission to a

VA or uniformed services hospital will be accepted as the

date of receipt of a claim. The date of a uniformed service

examination which is the basis for granting severance pay to

a former member of the Armed Forces on the temporary

disability retired list will be accepted as the date of receipt of

claim. The date of admission to a non-VA hospital where a

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veteran was maintained at VA expense will be accepted as the

date of receipt of a claim, if VA maintenance was previously

authorized; but ifVAmaintenancewas authorized subsequent

to admission, the date VA received notice of admission will

be accepted. The provisions of this paragraph apply only

when such reports relate to examination or treatment of a

disability for which service-connection has previously been

established or when a claim specifying the benefit sought is

received within one year from the date of such examination,

treatment or hospital admission.

Id. (emphases added). 

Mr. Pacheco argues that he meets the requirements of the first sentence of subsection (b)

because he (1) previously was awarded non-service-connected VA pension benefits and (2) filed a

claim to reopen, and that he meets the last requirement of the last sentence of subsection (b)(1)

because he filed his claim to reopen within one year of the May 2001 VA medical examination

record. He therefore argues that the plain language of the regulation entitles him to an effective date

of May 11, 2001, the date of his VA medical examination record. 

The Secretary responds that the plain language of the regulation compels a different result. 

Specifically, he asserts that the language regarding claims for pension or compensation that have

been "allowed" is paired with the language regarding an informal claim for "increased benefits," and

the language regarding claims for disability compensation that have been "disallowed" for the

service-connected disability not being compensable in degree is paired with the language regarding

an informal claim to "reopen." Accordingly, under his interpretation of the first sentence of

subsection (b), a previous allowance of pension can result in an earlier effective date for claims for

increased benefits, but not for claims to reopen–which require a previous disallowance for the

service-connected disability not being compensable in degree. Specific to Mr. Pacheco's case, the

Secretary argues that the May 2001 VA medical examination record cannot serve as a claim to

reopen because his claim was not previously disallowed for being not compensable in degree. 

Alternatively, should the Court find the plain language ambiguous, the Secretary argues that

deference to his interpretation of the regulation is warranted, because it is not "'plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation'" and there is "'no reason to suspect that it does not reflect the

agency's fair and considered judgment on the matter in question.'" Smith v. Nicholson, 451 F.3d

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1344, 1350, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Bowles v. Seminole Rock &Sand Co., 325 U.S. 410, 414

(1945), and Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 462 (1997)). 

If the meaning of § 3.157(b) and (b)(1) is clear from its plain language, that meaning controls

and that is the end of the matter. See Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 320 (2006). On the other

hand, if the meaning is unclear from the regulation's plain language, deference will be afforded to

the Secretary's interpretation of his own regulation, so long as it is not plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation, and there is no reason to suspect that it does not reflect the

Secretary's fair and considered judgment on the matter in question. See Smith, 451 F.3d at 1350-51. 

When assessing the meaning of a regulation, words should not be read in isolation, but should be

read in the context of the regulatory structure and scheme. King v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 484, 488

(2014).

We find that the plain language of 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) and (b)(1) is subject to both parties'

proffered interpretations and, accordingly, we hold that the provisions are ambiguous. See Tropf,

20 Vet.App. at 321 n.1 (stating that a regulation is ambiguous where "the application of the ordinary

meaning of words and rules of construction to the plain language of the regulation fails to answer

the question at issue"); see also Smith, 451 F.3d at 1350 (holding that a regulation is ambiguous

where the language "still leaves the pertinent inquiry unresolved"); Bell Atl. Tel. Cos. v. FCC,

131 F.3d 1044, 1047-48 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (holding that ambiguity is a conclusion reached when the

question presented is not answered "at the level of literal language"); Sears v. Principi, 16 Vet.App.

244, 250 (2002) (Steinberg, J., concurring) (finding 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) to be "a confusing tapestry"

with unclear meaning).

As to Mr. Pacheco's interpretation, taking the first sentence of subsection (b) and the last

phrase of subsection (b)(1) in isolation supports his view that entitlement to earlier effective dates

might be permissible on reopened compensation matters because of a previously allowed pension. 

But a reading of the plain language in the context of its structure could also fairly reflect the

Secretary's interpretation: that the previous pension allowance may form the predicate for an earlier

effective date for an increased pension, but not a reopened compensation matter. See FDA v. Brown

& Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132 (2000) ("The meaning–or ambiguity–of certain

words or phrases may only become evident when placed in context."); Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S.

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115, 118 (1994) ("Ambiguity is a creature not of definitional possibilities but of statutory

context . . . ."); King, 26 Vet.App. at 488; see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (2014) (second and third

sentence). The literal language of the regulation could support either interpretation, and therefore

it fails to answer the question at issue, such that it is ambiguous. See Smith, 451 F.3d at 1350; Tropf,

20 Vet.App. at 321 n.1.

Given the ambiguity in the regulation, the Secretary's interpretation will be afforded

deference so long as it is not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation, and there is no

reason to suspect that it does not reflect his fair and considered judgment on the matter in question. 

See Smith, 451 F.3d at 1350-51. Here, the Secretary's interpretation must be understood within the

context of the history of § 3.157(b) and its predecessor, 38 C.F.R. § 3.216(a). Prior to 1951,

§ 3.216(a) provided for earlier effective dates for claims for increase based upon the submission of

certain medical reports. In 1951, a second sentence was added, allowing earlier effective dates for

claims to reopen as well, where the claim had been "disallowed for the reason that the serviceconnected condition was not 10 percent disabling in degree." 38 C.F.R. § 3.216(a) (1952). 

Such an addition reflects the Secretary's desire to allow earlier effective dates for those whose

previously service-connected condition worsened, but not those who had yet to establish service

connection. Moreover, the specific language employed by the Secretary reflects his practice at the

time that claims for benefits for disabilities that were service-connected yet noncompensably

disabling were considered "disallowed." See Sears, 16 Vet.App. at 252 n.3 (Steinberg, J.,

concurring) (providing a potential explanation for why, "at the time that the Secretary promulgated

§ 3.157(b) in 1961, he mayhave considered that claims for disability compensation were 'disallowed'

when service connection was found but a compensable rating was denied"). 

Upon the promulgation of § 3.157(b) in 1961, the two separate sentences of § 3.216(a) were

combined, but there is no indication that the logic behind the evolution of this language was

abandoned. See 26 Fed. Reg. 1561, 1571 (Feb. 24, 1961). In fact, the Secretary recently

acknowledged in the Federal Register that he has never departed from an interpretation that the

language of § 3.157(b) regarding claims to reopen is paired with the language regarding disability

compensation claims that previously had been disallowed for service-connected disabilities being

not compensable in degree. See VA Compensation and Pension Regulation Rewrite Project, 78 Fed.

7
Reg. 71,042, 71,069 (Nov. 27, 2013) ("[Section] 3.157(b) has never applied to permit the reopening

of a claim that was denied because the claimed injury or disease was not service connected.").

2

We note that the approach of considering a claim "disallowed" if a disability was service

connected but noncompensable in degree is no longer practiced. See 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069 (noting

that "VA formerly considered claims where VA granted service connection for an injury or disease,

but rated the disability as 0 percent disabling[,] as having been disallowed or denied," but stating that

"VA no longer considers such [noncompensably rated] claims disallowed" and proposing to remove

the language at issue). Accordingly, unlike the old practice, where a claim disallowed for not being 3

compensable in degree had to be reopened when a claimant sought a compensable rating, the current

practice is to allow a claim for increase in such circumstances. See Wingard v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App.

334, 346 (2013) (noting that Secretary's assignment of noncompensable rating enables claimants to

file claims for increase, rather than claims to reopen). Although the current practice renders the

notion of "reopening" a noncompensably rated disability a nullity, this stems from the archaic

language of the regulation, not from an arbitrary interpretation. Cf. Sears, 16 Vet. App. at 252 n.3

(Steinberg, J., concurring). Significantly, in the context in which this language was originally

implemented, the Secretary's paired interpretation is understandable and not unreasonable.

Moreover, contrary to Judge Davis's contention in his separate opinion, the Secretary's

interpretation does not rob the last phrase of subsection (b)(1) of its meaning. See Roper v.

Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 173, 178 (2006) (noting that a regulation must be interpreted "so that effect

is given to all its provisions" (internal quotation marks omitted)); 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b)(1) ("The

provisions of this paragraph apply only when such reports relate to examination or treatment of a

disability for which service-connection has previously been established or when a claim specifying

We share Judge Greenberg's view that deference can be a dangerous permission slip for the arrogation of 2

power by administrative agencies, post at 28, but such concern is unfounded here, where the Secretary has maintained

consistency in interpreting and applying his own regulation. Moreover, this consistency reflects that the Secretary's

interpretation is hisfair and considered judgment on this matter, contrary to the viewexpressed in Judge Davis's separate

opinion.

Although Judge Davis's separate opinion searches to find an inconsistency in the Secretary's statements, the 3

Secretary stating in 1993 that it has been his "consistent practice" to assign a noncompensable rating for serviceconnected disabilities not compensable in degree, Zero Percent Disability Evaluations, 58 Fed. Reg. 28,808, 28,808-09

(May 17, 1993), in no way contradicts the Secretary also acknowledging that there was a historical practice of

considering such claims disallowed for purposes of reopening. See 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069.

8
the benefit sought is received within one year from the date of such examination, treatment or

hospital admission." (emphasis added)). Given the Secretary's interpretation, the last phrase of

subsection (b)(1) would have an effect when, for example, a claimant who has a previous allowance

of pension files a claim for increased pension; that claimant may obtain an earlier effective date if

he submits his formal claim within one year of a related VA medical report, per that last phrase of

subsection (b)(1). It also would have an effect for a claimant who has been denied pension because

his disability is not permanently and totally disabling. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (third sentence); 4

VA Adjudication Procedures Manual M21-1MR, pt. III, subpt. II, ch. 2, § D.18.b.5

 The Secretary's en banc motion acknowledged these possible applications of the regulation, despite Judge 4

Davis's separate opinion asserting otherwise. See Secretary's En Banc Motion at 3. Moreover, the Secretary's statement

in the Federal Register did not "concede[ ]" that claims for increased pension do not fit into the framework of § 3.157(b),

post at 22; rather, the Secretary stated that VA has "never" excluded claims for increased pension from this regulation,

and he proposed alteration of the regulatory language "to avoid such misapplication." 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069.

The last sentence of § 3.157(b)(1) was added for clarification in 1987 based on a VA General Counsel

5

unpublished opinion. See Medical Reports as Informal Claims/Recoupment of Separation Pay, 52 Fed. Reg. 3,286 (Feb.

3, 1987). The Secretary recently explained that the addition was aimed at clarifying that the view prior to 1962–that a

claimant service connected for one disability would file a claim for increase if he desired service connection for a

separate disability–had been long extinct. See 78 Fed.Reg. at 71,069 (noting that language supporting such a view "has

long since been repealed"). Accordingly, although Judge Davis's separate opinion categorizes the term "increased

benefits" in § 3.157(b) as broad, and it indeed had a broad meaning prior to 1962, the addition of the last sentence of

subsection (b)(1) made clear that such a broad meaning did not survive 1962, and–to the extent that the VA General

Counsel was confronted with lingering questions over the scope of that term–it is not "incomprehensible" for such

clarification to be provided in 1987. Post at 25 n.14.

(We shall have to agree to disagree with Judge Davis's comment in hisseparate opinion that our characterization

of the Secretary's recent statement in the Federal Register is "inaccurate." Post at 25. The Secretary was specifically

discussing the circumstances that the last sentence of subsection (b)(1) "was intended to govern." 78 Fed.Reg. at 71,069. 

As the Secretary's statement addresses the intentions behind the last sentence of subsection (b)(1), it seems more

inaccurate to say, as Judge Davis's separate opinion does, that the Secretary's statement "do[es] not include any

discussion regarding the 1987 amendment" that added the last sentence of subsection (b)(1). Post at 25-26 (emphasis

in original).)

Furthermore, although Judge Davis's separate opinion cites Transmittal Sheet 744 for the proposition that in

1987 VA "intended to make clear that the regulation was to apply to claims for service connection for new conditions

and not merely to claims for increases for disabilities already service connected" (post at 26), we do not read the

transmittal sheet as conveying the Administrator's intention to contravene the plain language of the regulation, which

expressly limits the applicability of § 3.157(b) to claims for increase or claims to reopen. (Although the regulation is

ambiguous on the question at issue–whether a previous allowance of pension affects the effective date of the award of

a reopened compensation matter–it is plain that § 3.157(b) applies only to claims for increase or claims to reopen. 

Contra post at 26 n.15.) Rather, we read the transmittal sheet as simply noting the Administrator's assumption that

claimants generally desire increased benefits when a medical report chronicles a worsening service-connected disability,

and that such an assumption is not extended to other circumstances unless specifically followed up by identification of

the benefit sought (e.g., increased pension).

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Overall, although the Secretary's interpretation of a paired structure is not compelled by the

plain language of the regulation, it reasonably tracks the structure of the regulation and certainly is

not inconsistent with it. See Cathedral Candle Co. v. U.S. Intern. Trade Comm'n, 400 F.3d 1352,

1364 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ("While [the agency's] interpretation is by no means compelled by the

language of the regulation, it is not contrary to the express terms of the regulation, nor is it at odds

with the purposes served by the regulation. . . . [It] is reasonable and is therefore binding on us."). 

Under his authority to promulgate rules and regulations, see 38 U.S.C. § 501(a), the Secretary is

entitled to acknowledge informal claims and authorize earlier effective dates based on those informal

claims–but it is not plainly erroneous to limit that authorization to certain types of claims or contexts,

and the limit provided by the Secretary's interpretation comfortably fits the structure and terms of

§ 3.157(b) and (b)(1), particularly in light of the regulatory history and consistent practice of the

Secretary. See Auer, 519 U.S. at 461 (finding that the agency's interpretation was not "plainly

erroneous or inconsistent with regulation" where the critical phrase "comfortably bears the meaning

the Secretary assigns"); 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069.

As to whether the Secretary's interpretation reflects his fair and considered judgment on this

matter, Mr. Pacheco has not noted any application of § 3.157(b) and (b)(1) by the Secretary that is

inconsistent with the Secretary's proffered interpretation, and we are not aware of any. See Hilkert

v. West, 12 Vet.App. 145, 151 (1999) (en banc) (appellant bears burden of demonstrating error on

appeal); see also 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069. We do note that the Secretary argued for a remand of this

case in 2011 for the Board to discuss the potential applicability of § 3.157(b). But agreeing that

remand is warranted for a Board discussion of § 3.157(b) is not the equivalent of conceding Mr.

Pacheco's entitlement to an earlier effective date based on § 3.157(b). The Board must discuss

potentiallyapplicable regulations, and issues reasonablyraised bythe record, independent ofwhether

those regulations and issues will ultimately result in entitlement to a particular benefit. 

See Schafrath v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 589, 592-93 (1991) (holding that the Board must discuss all

potentially applicable provisions of law and regulation); see also Robinson v. Peake, 21 Vet.App.

545, 552 (2008) (holding that the Board must address all issues raised by the claimant or reasonably

raised by the record), aff'd sub nom. Robinson v. Shinseki, 557 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2009). 

Succinctly stated, the Secretary's previous arguments for remand in this case do not cause us to

10
suspect a lack of fair and considered judgment in the Secretary's current interpretation.

Accordingly, we hold that deference is warranted to the Secretary's interpretation of

§ 3.157(b) and that the Board's determination that § 3.157(b) was not applicable to the effective date

of Mr. Pacheco's award of disability compensation is not in violation of law or otherwise clearly

erroneous. See Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 52 (1990) ("'A finding is "clearly erroneous"

when . . . the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that

a mistake has been committed.'" (quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395

(1948))). Although Mr. Pacheco desires an earlier effective date for an award based on a claim to

reopen, there is no dispute that he did not have a claim disallowed for the reason that the disability

was not compensable in degree. Accordingly, he fails to meet the criteria of § 3.157(b). 

We note that the Board erroneously stated that pension had not been allowed in his case, but

we find such a misstatement not prejudicial because–as held above–the Secretary's reasonable

interpretation of § 3.157(b) and (b)(1) provides no relationship between Mr. Pacheco's previous

allowance of pension and the effective date to be assigned to an award made as a result of his claim

to reopen his claim for disability compensation. See Soyini v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 540, 546

(1991) (holding that a remand is not required when it "would result in this Court's unnecessarily

imposing additional burdens on the [Board and the Secretary] with no benefit flowing to the

veteran"); see also Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (holding that the appellant bears

the burden of demonstrating prejudice on appeal).

B. Earlier Effective Date Under 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)

When the Secretary determines that a veteran is entitled to benefits, the general rule is that

the award becomes effective on either the date VA received the veteran's claim (or his claim to

reopen) or the date he or she became eligible for the benefit, whichever is later. 38 U.S.C. § 5110(a);

38 C.F.R. § 3.400 (2014). However, 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c) provides an exception to this general rule:

When the Secretary decides a claim, but later receives "relevant official service department records"

that existed but had not been associated with the file at the time it was decided, the Secretary "will

11
reconsider the claim." 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1) (2014). If the Secretary awards benefits "based all 6

or in part" on those late-arriving official service department records, then the award "is effective on

the date entitlement arose or the date VA received the previously decided claim, whichever is later."

38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(3); see Mayhue v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 273, 279 (2011) ("[A] claimant whose

claim is reconsidered based on newly discovered service department records may be entitled to an

effective date as early as the date of the original claim.").

Mr. Pacheco argues that, under § 3.156(c), he is entitled to an effective date of February 28,

1974, the date VA received his original claim for benefits for his disabilities. After all, in July 1974,

when VA denied his claim, it did not yet have access to the Army records it obtained in 1978 or 2008

showing that he had been hospitalized and sick during 1943 (R. at 1288-1301, 196-200), or the 1998

NPRC letter summarizing those records (R. at 913). Mr. Pacheco argues that, because those records

later contributed to his successful claim for benefits for his disabilities, § 3.156(c) mandates an

effective date going back to his original claim on that issue. 

We note that the service department records obtained in 2008 are not completely

decipherable. See R. at 196-200. In any event, the Board did not determine whether the assignment

of an earlier effective date based on those records, which were associated with the claims file after

the December 2004 grant of service connection for residuals of a right leg and hip injury, would

constitute "[a]n award based all or in part" on those records as required by § 3.156(c)(3). Despite

receipt of potentially new service department records during the pendency of Mr. Pacheco's appeal

of the assigned effective date of benefits, the Board did not address § 3.156(c) or whether the service

department records received in 2008 were new and material. Because a decision on that issue would

require factfinding generally outside our jurisdiction, see 38 U.S.C. § 7261; Servello v. Derwinski,

3 Vet.App. 196, 200-01 (1992) ("The role of an appellate court is not to serve as a de novo

 The regulation states in relevant part: 6

(1) Notwithstanding any other section in this part, at any time after VA issues a decision on a claim,

if VA receives or associates with the claims file relevant official service department records that

existed and had not been associated with the claims file when VA first decided the claim, VA will

reconsider the claim notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section.

38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1). Paragraph (a) of § 3.156 defines new and material evidence. Generally, a veteran mustsubmit

new and material evidence to reopen a finally adjudicated claim. 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(a). 

12
factfinder."), we will remand this matter to allow the Board to decide it in the first instance. 

See Maggitt, 202 F.3d at 1377 (Court has discretion to remand for initial adjudication an issue raised

for the first time on appeal).

C. Clear and Unmistakable Error (CUE)

Finally, Mr. Pacheco argues that a prior, unidentified Board decision contains CUE because,

at the time of that decision, certain medical reports were not included in the record and the evidence

shows that he was entitled to additional compensation based on his hip replacement surgery.

Because these issues were not raised to or addressed by the Board in the decision on appeal, we lack

jurisdiction to consider them. See 38 U.S.C. § 7111(e) (stating that a request for revision of a Board

decision based on CUE shall be submitted directly to the Board); Andre v. Principi, 301 F.3d 1354,

1361 (Fed. Cir. 2002) ("[E]ach 'specific' assertion of CUE . . . must be the subject of a decision by

the [Board] before the Veterans Court can exercise jurisdiction over it."); Russell v. Principi,

3 Vet.App. 310, 315 (1992) (en banc) (noting that the "necessary jurisdictional 'hook'" for the Court

is "a decision of the [Board] on the specific issue of [CUE]"). Mr. Pacheco is free, however, to file

a motion for revision of the unidentified Board decision on the basis of CUE at any time. 

See 38 C.F.R. § 20.1404 (2014) (filing and pleading requirements for CUE motion).

III. CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing, the Court's January 16, 2014, opinion is

WITHDRAWN, and the September 22, 2011, Board decision is SET ASIDE and the matter

REMANDED for further adjudication.

PIETSCH, Judge, concurring: Like so many others, I find 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) singularly

difficult to decipher, and I cannot understand why the Secretary did not long ago heed Judge

Steinberg's warning that this regulation is "largely incomprehensible" and follow his suggestion to

place it "near the top of the list for revision." Sears v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 244, 250 (2002)

(Steinberg, J., concurring). The Court in its per curiam opinion and Judge Davis both make excellent

attempts at divining meaning from a grammatically nightmarish heap of conjunctions and

crisscrossing modifiers. The Secretary's interpretation to which the Court defers, however, is the

13
most convincing. 

The general meaning of the other regulation at issue in this case, 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c), is

much less in doubt. Its application to the unique facts of this case, however, raises a novel

interpretative question. For reasons I will explain below, I do not think that it is appropriate to

answer that question at this time. I therefore agree that the appellant's case should be remanded to

the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) for it to consider, in the first instance, whether the appellant

is entitled to use § 3.156(c) to achieve an earlier effective date for his disability benefits.

Pursuant to § 3.156(c)(1), "any time after VA issues a decision on a claim, if VA receives

or associates with the claims file relevant official service department records that existed and had

not been associated with the claims file when VA first decided the claim, VA will reconsider the

claim." If VA then grants the claimant entitlement to the benefits he seeks, the effective date for

those benefits is "the date entitlement arose or the date VA received the previously decided claim,

whichever is later." 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(3).

The appellant's claim was initially denied in 1974. Record (R.) at 1370. In 1978, VA

obtained documents that appear to be "relevant official service department records that existed and

had not been associated with the claims file when VA first decided the claim," considered those

documents, and again denied his claim. 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1); R. at 1285-87, 1290-1301. When,

nearly 30 years later, VA finally granted his claim, it relied in part on his service department records. 

R. at 530-537. For that reason, the appellant believes, VA should apply § 3.156(c)(3) to the facts

of his case. Proper application of that provision, he asserts, indicates that the effective date for his

disability benefits should be in February 1974. 

If the 1978 decision didn't exist, the appellant's argument would stand a good chance of

succeeding. But that 1978 decision cannot be ignored. The question before the Court, then, is

whether VA's 1978 decision foreclosed the appellant's eligibility for an effective date based on

§ 3.156(c)(3) even though VA was eventually persuaded to award him disability benefits in part by

service department records that were extant but not in the record when it originally denied his claim

14
in 1974.7

Chief Judge Kasold believes that the rule of finality governs, and the finality of the 1978

decision, unless it is overcome bycollateral attack, blocks VA from applying § 3.156(c)(3) to records

obtained before that decision was issued. Post at 17 (citing Cook v. Principi, 318 F.3d 1334, 1339

(Fed. Cir. 2002)). Section 3.156(c), however, is an exception to finality, and the regulation does not

specifically address what adjudicators should do when faced with a fact pattern like the one in this

case. Proper interpretation of the regulation is at least reasonably debatable.

Which brings me to the reason why I believe that this issue should be remanded to the Board. 

The record reveals that VA has never considered whether § 3.156(c) applies to the appellant's case. 

The Board did not address the matter. The appellant, acting pro se at the time, did not raise it when

he submitted his initial brief to the Court. The Secretary mentioned § 3.156(c) in his brief, but did

not address the specific issue now before us. The appellant did not file a reply brief. The appellant,

after obtaining counsel, brought the § 3.156(c) question to the Court's attention in a notice of

supplemental authorities. He stated the issue, but provided no analysis. 

The appellant's counsel briefly discussed the matter during an oral argument held by the

original panel in this case. When the Secretary's counsel rose, she chose not to discuss § 3.156(c),

and the panel did not ask her about the regulation or the appellant's arguments. The panel remanded

the § 3.156(c) issue to the Board for it to consider it in the first instance. The Secretary, in his

motion for full Court review, did not challenge that portion of the panel's decision. In his response

to the Secretary's motion, the appellant argued that § 3.156(c) should apply to his case. As Chief

Judge Kasold rightly notes, the appellant's argument was not thorough. Post at 17. The Secretary

did not respond to the appellant, and the Court has not asked him to do so. To date, the Secretary

has never presented argument concerning the § 3.156(c) issue in this case. There is no precedential

decision of this Court discussing that issue, at least none that Chief Judge Kasold cites.

I do not necessarily disagree with Chief Judge Kasold's interpretation of § 3.156(c). 

In a May 2013 single-judge memorandum decision, the Court decided this issue under a set of facts that, for 7

present purposes, are essentially identical to those in this case. The Court reached a conclusion very similar to the

conclusion Chief Judge Kasold reaches in his partial dissent. See Blubaugh v. Shinseki, No. 12-0483, 2013 U.S. App.

Vet. Claims LEXIS 703 (Vet. App., May 7, 2013). The Court's decision is currently on appeal at the U.S. Court of

Appeals for the Federal Circuit. That tribunal heard oral argument on the matter on June 3, 2014.

15
However, because the Board and Secretary have not addressed the matter and the appellant has done

so inadequately, my opinion is at present not well informed. The tenets of judicial restraint counsel

me against foisting my uninformed view of this issue on posterity (and untold numbers of future

claimants) in the absence of relevant precedent and in the face of virtual silence from the parties,

especially when that silence can be remedied simply by sending this case back down. See Michigan

v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1067 (1983) (Stevens, J., dissenting) ("[A] policy of judicial restraint–one

that allows other decisional bodies to have the last word in legal interpretation until it is truly

necessary for this Court to intervene–enables this Court to make its most effective contribution to

our federal system of government.").

When an issue is raised for the first time on appeal, the Court may decide it, remand it, or

decline to address it. Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377-79 (Fed. Cir. 2000). When deciding

how to proceed, the Court should be guided by the interests of the parties and its own interest in

judicial economy. Id. All involved are better served if the Court remands the § 3.156(c) issue to the

Board to decide. The appellant will have an opportunity to make a thorough argument supporting

his position, the Board will get its interpretation of the regulation on paper, and the Court will have

a firm grasp of the issue should it return to us at a later date. See id. at 1377 (stating that it is in VA's

interest to "protect agency administrative authority" and noting that "even if the agency rejects the

individual's arguments, in some instances a better record is made for appellant review of the agency

decision"). I therefore agree that the § 3.156(c) issue should be remanded to the Board for it to

consider in the first instance.

KASOLD, Chief Judge, with whom HAGEL, MOORMAN, and LANCE, Judges, join,

concurring in part and dissenting in part: We fully concur with the per curiam opinion in its holding

that deference is warranted to the Secretary's interpretation of § 3.157(b), and that § 3.157(b) is not

applicable to the effective date of Mr. Pacheco's award of disability compensation. On the other

hand, we dissent from the Maggitt remand regarding § 3.156(c). As there have been no newly

discovered service records since the last final decision on the merits of Mr. Pacheco's claim in March

1978, we do not believe § 3.156(c) is for application. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1) (pertaining to

service records that "had not been associated with the claims file" at the time of the previous

16
decision).

Mr. Pacheco argues that, pursuant to § 3.156(c), he is entitled to an effective date of February

28, 1974, the date the Secretary received his original claim for benefits for his disabilities. In support

of his argument, he notes that, when his claim was denied in July 1974, the Secretary did not yet

have access to the Army records that document his hospitalization and sickness during 1943 or the

1998 NPRC letter summarizing those records. Mr. Pacheco further argues that, because those laterobtained records contributed to his successful claim for benefits for his disabilities, § 3.156(c)

mandates an effective date going back to his original claim on that issue. 

Although Mr. Pacheco is correct that the July 1974 denial did not take into account the

morning reports reflecting an in-service hospitalization, he fails to recognize that the last previously

decided claim on the merits was a March 1978 denial of service connection that considered the

morning reports, and that decision was not appealed and became final. Succinctly stated, Mr.

Pacheco fails to demonstrate how a 1974 effective date is warranted in light of the intervening and

final March 1978 rating decision that considered the morning reports. See Hilkert v. West,

12 Vet.App. 145, 151 (1999) (en banc); 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1) (pertaining to service records that

"had not been associated with the claims file" at the time of the previous decision); see also Cook

v. Principi, 318 F.3d 1334, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (en banc) (outlining the narrow exceptions to the

rule of finality).8

With regard to Judge Greenberg's discussion of equity, it is indisputable that equitable relief is unavailable 8

where it is otherwise restricted by law. See Rosenberg v. Mansfield, 22 Vet.App. 1, 5 (2007) ("The [U.S.] Supreme

Court has held that the Appropriations Clause of the Constitution, U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 7, precludes the judiciary

from ordering an award of public funds to a statutorily ineligible claimant on the basis of equitable estoppel." (citing

OPM v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414, 430 (1990))), aff'd sub nom. Rosenberg v. Peake, 296 F. App'x 53 (Fed. Cir. 2008);

Andrews v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 309, 316 (2002) ("[OPM] held that payments from the Federal Treasury are limited

to those authorized by statute. . . ."), aff'd, 351 F.3d 1134 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Congress specifically has ordered that the

effective date of an award based on a claimto reopen "shall not be earlier than the date of receipt of application therefor,"

absent certain specific circumstances. 38 U.S.C. § 5110(a); see Andrews, 351 F.3d at 1138 ("Congress's intent is

unmistakably clear that the effective date can be earlier than the 'date of receipt of application' only if 'specifically

provided otherwise' in § 5110."); see also Leonard v. Nicholson, 405 F.3d 1333, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ("[Appellant]

cannot receive disability payments for a time frame earlier than the application of his claim to reopen, even with new

evidence supporting an earlier disability date. To hold otherwise would also vitiate the rule of finality . . . , [which]

'preclude[s] repetitive and belated readjudications of veterans' benefits claims.'" (quotingCook, 318 F.3d at 1339)); Sears

v. Principi, 349 F.3d 1326, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (finding it reasonable for Secretary to provide different effective date

policies for claims "originally denied due to error or inattention on the part of the government" and claims in which new

and material evidence "was not presented earlier, either due to inattention by the veteran or his representatives or

subsequent advances in medicine and science"). Succinctly stated, assigning a 1974 effective date would contravene the

17
Since the March 1978 rating decision is final, Mr. Pacheco is foreclosed from arguing errors

in the adjudication procedure leading up to that decision unless or until he files a motion for revision

of that decision on the basis of CUE. See 38 U.S.C. § 5109A(a); 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(a) (2014). This

is not to say that the March 1978 rating decision correctly applied the law, including § 3.156(c). 

Rather, the correctness of the March 1978 rating decision is simply not before the Court, as it was

not before the Board. See Jarrell v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 326, 330-32 (2006) (en banc) (holding

that both the Court and the Board lack jurisdiction over claims not first presented to and adjudicated

by the RO (citing Godfrey v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 398, 410 (1995))). Mr. Pacheco failed to appeal that

decision, and it therefore may be challenged only through a statutorily authorized collateral attack.9

See DiCarlo v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 52, 57-58 (2006) (citing Cook, 318 F.3d at 1337). 

The 1998 NPRC letter and additional records received in October 2008 do not change our

analysis. First, even if the 1998 NPRC letter summarizing already received records constituted a

service department record, that letter did not exist in 1974 or 1978, such that it does not meet the

enumerated criteria of § 3.156(c)(2), which notes that subsection (c)(1) does not apply to records that

"did not exist when VA [previously] decided the claim." Moreover, the service records received in

October 2008 are identical to those submitted in 1978, compare R. at 196, 198, and 200, with R. at

1294, 1297, and 1300; therefore, these records were previously associated with the claims file at the

time the Secretary previously decided the claim, such that § 3.156(c) is not for application. 

See 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)(1) (pertaining to service records that "had not been associated with the

claims file" at the time of the previous decision), (c)(3) (providing for effective date based on, inter

alia, "the previously decided claim"); cf. Voracek v. Nicholson, 421 F.3d 1299, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2005)

(examining a record "on its face" to determine whether it was material).

Accordingly, although we concur with the holding of the per curiam order on § 3.157(b), we

dissent to the remand based on § 3.156(c).10

law. See OPM, Leonard, and Andrews, all supra.

If Mr. Pacheco believes that the final March 1978 rating decision contains CUE, he is free to file below a

9

motion for revision of the rating decision based on CUE. See 38 C.F.R. § 20.1404.

 Although Judge Pietsch correctly notes that the Secretary has not presented his views on § 3.156(c) in this 10

litigation, it is only because Mr. Pacheco raised the issue so late in the process. The issue could have been ignored

entirely by the Court, see Fugere v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 103, 105 (1990) ("Advancing different arguments at

18
LANCE, Judge, with whom KASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL, Judge, join, concurring

in part and dissenting in part: In addition to the views expressed by my dissenting colleagues on the

issue of § 3.156(c), I dissent from the majority's decision to remand the ripe legal question of

§ 3.156(c)'s application to this case based on the facts as found by the Board, a question for which

Mr. Pacheco explicitly seeks an answer in his favor. See Appellant's Response to Appellee's Motion

for Full Court Review at 2 ("If, however, this Court decides to engage in Full Court Review, Mr.

Pacheco respectfully requests that this Court exercise its authority to decide whether Mr. Pacheco

is entitled to an earlier effective date of 1974 under 38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c)—he is."). Although

"[e]xpediency may tip the scales when arguments are nicely balanced," Woolford Realty Co., Inc.,

v. Rose, 286 U.S. 319, 330 (1932), in this case, "[i]naction without more is not tantamount to

choice." Richard v. Credit Suisse, 242 N.Y. 346, 351 (1926). 

Absent a cognizable theory from the majority as to how § 3.156(c) could ever operate so as

to provide an earlier effective date in the face of a final agency decision that considered the relevant

service records, the Court does nothing more here than perpetuate the hamster wheel, asking the

Board to spin it unnecessarily in the search for an earlier effective date that cannot exist as a matter

of law. See Coburn v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 427, 434 (2006) (Lance, J., dissenting) (noting that

an unnecessary remand "perpetuates the hamster-wheel reputation of veterans law"); see also

Michael P. Allen, Significant Developments in Veterans Law (2004-2006) and What They Reveal

About the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal

Circuit, 40 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 483, 514 (2007) (noting that, "Congress created the Court to bring

uniformity, transparency, and cohesion to veterans law through judicial review of executive action"

and that the Court "was intended to be a 'lawgiver' in an area that had, historically, been immune

from such common lawmaking").

successive stages of the appellate process . . . hinders the decision-making process and raises the undesirable specter of

piecemeal litigation."), but, as one can see, that is not the case. Having accepted the issue, I note that the Secretary's

position was argued in Blubaugh v. Shinseki, No. 12-0483, 2013 WL 1897179 (Vet. App. May 7, 2013), and to the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Blubaugh v. Gibson, Fed. Cir. No. 13-7119, and therefore is known to the

public; it is consistent with the plain interpretation and applicable case law stated in the text of this separate statement. 

See Tyrues v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 31, 33 n.3 (2012) (en banc) (noting that the Court may take judicial notice of

pleadings filed in another case), aff'd, 732 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2013).

19
DAVIS, Judge, with whom SCHOELEN, BARTLEY, and GREENBERG, Judges, join,

concurring in part and dissenting in part: We agree with Part II.B and Part II.C of the majority

opinion. We also agree with the majority's conclusion that the language of § 3.157 is not clear with

respect to the issue presented in this case. Ante at 6. We respectfully dissent, however, from the

majority's conclusion in Part II.A that the Court must defer to the Secretary's regulatory

interpretation. Because the agency interpretation in this case overlooks and fails to provide a

reasonable interpretation of the regulation's language, does not represent the Secretary's considered

view, and does not resolve the patent ambiguity in the regulation in favor of the veteran, we would

accord it no deference. See Mason v. Shinseki, 743 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (faced with an

ambiguous regulation, the Court will give substantial deference to an agency's interpretation when

it is (1) not clearly inconsistent with the regulation and (2) represents the agency's considered view

on the matter); see also Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 118 (1994) ("interpretive doubt is to be

resolved in the veteran's favor").

The Secretary believes a "parallel structure" reading of § 3.157(b) essential to his

interpretation. He contends that under this parallel structure, the first part of the first sentence of

§ 3.157(b) addresses two types of formal claims: (1) "a formal claim for pension or compensation

that has been allowed," and (2) "a formal claim for compensation or pension that has been

disallowed." Secretary's Motion (Mot.) for En Banc Review at 13 (quoting § 3.157(b)). The second

part of the sentence states that receipt of one of the specified medical reports will be accepted as

(1) "an informal claim for increased benefits" or (2) "an informal claim to reopen." Id. According

to the Secretary, the first phrase in the first part of the sentence is paired with the first phrase in the

second part of the sentence, and the second phrase in the first part of the sentence is paired with the

second phrase in the second part. "This is the most logical reading," the Secretary contends,

"because it is most logical to pair language regarding an 'informal claim to reopen' with language

regarding a claim that was denied rather than with language regarding a claim that was allowed."

Mot. for En Banc at 4.

Under the Secretary's interpretation, a veteran receiving disability compensation for a

particular disability, thus falling into the "allowed" parallel, may file an informal claim for an

increased rating for the service-connected disability. A veteran previously granted pension benefits,

20
thus falling into the "allowed" parallel, may file an informal claim for increased pension benefits.

A veteran who filed a claim for disability compensation that was "disallowed," thus falling into the

"disallowed" parallel may file a "reopened" claim, but only if his or her claim was "disallowed"

because it was noncompensable under the schedule for rating disabilities. The Secretary contends

that under § 3.157(b), these are the only circumstances under which a medical record may constitute

an informal claim for increase or to reopen. See Mot. for En Banc at 6.

This construction would render superfluous the last phrase of the last sentence in

§ 3.157(b)(1). See Roper v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 173, 178 (2006) (noting that a regulation must

be interpreted "so that effect is given to all its provisions"). The final sentence of § 3.157(b)(1) states

that the regulation applies "when such reports relate to examination or treatment of a disability for

which service-connection has previously been established or when a claim specifying the benefit

sought is received within one year from the date of such examination, treatment or hospital

admission." (Emphasis added.) The regulation's use of the disjunctive "or" signifies "alternative

components." McDowell v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 207, 220 (2009); see Drosky v. Brown,

10 Vet.App. 251, 255 (1997) ("The use of the word 'or' provides for an independent basis rather than

an additional requirement."); see also Viegas v. Shinseki, 705 F.3d 1374, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2013)

(observing that a court should "eschew[ ] a 'strained construction' of a statute that 'would . . . ignore

the disjunctive "or"' contained in the statutory text"). 

Yet the Secretary's contention that § 3.157(b) applies "only . . . to claims for compensation

that relate to previously service-connected disabilities" (Mot. for En Banc at 14 (emphasis added))

reads out the alternative situation in which this regulatory section is applicable, namely, "when a

claim specifying the benefit sought is received within one year from the date of such examination,

treatment, or hospital admission." If, as the Secretary urges, previous establishment of service 11

connection were an indispensable requirement, then the language after "or" in § 3.157(b) is mere

surplusage. 

Such an interpretation is not permissible. The Secretary makes no effort to offer an

 The majority says that the last part of subsection (b)(1) applies to "when . . . a claimant who has a previous 11

allowance of pension files a claim for increased pension." Ante at 9. This is diametrically counter to the Secretary's

interpretation that this only applies to claims for compensation that relate to previous service connection denials.

21
explanation of how he interprets the last phrase of the last sentence in § 3.157(b)(1), or how this

sentence falls within the parallel structure of the regulation that he advocates.

The Secretary's construction also fails to acknowledge § 3.157(b)'s use of the broad phrase

"increased benefits" or explain why that broad language could not include Mr. Pacheco in the first

parallel of the regulation's parallel structure. Under the Secretary's interpretation, the first parallel

consists of veterans previously allowed compensation or pension who seek "increased benefits." 

38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) ("Once a formal claim for pension or compensation has been allowed . . .receipt

of one of the following will be accepted as an informal claim for increased benefits.") (emphasis

added). Mr. Pacheco claims that his May 2001 treatment report should be considered an informal

claim for "increased benefits" because he was previously allowed pension and is therefore part of

the "allowed" parallel. 

The Secretary argues that the May 2001 treatment report cannot be an informal claim for

increased benefits because he interprets the broad phrase "increased benefits" as restricted to

increased compensation benefits in the case of veterans previously denied compensation and

increased pension benefits in the case of veterans previously denied pension. Mot. for En Banc at

5-6. He argues that § 3.157(b) should not be interpreted to "pair" an allowed claim for pension with

a claim for increase related to disability compensation. However, his own interpretation of the

regulation would "pair" compensation and pension claims, requiring a veteran seeking increased

pension benefits to show that he or she receives service-connected compensation. 

UndertheSecretary's construction of the regulation, which ignores the phrase beginning with

"or" in the last line of § 3.157(b)(1), a veteran such as Mr. Pacheco, who was previously allowed

non-service-connected pension and who wishes to obtain the earliest possible effective date of

increased benefits under § 3.157(b), must show that the medical report "relate[s] to examination or

treatment of a disability for which service connection has previously been established." 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.157(b)(1). See VA Compensation and Pension Regulation Rewrite Project, 78 Fed. Reg. 71,042,

71,069 (Nov. 27, 2013) (VA concedes that the § 3.157(b)(1) requirement that a report relate to a

service-connected disability improperly imposes a service-connection requirement as to claims for

increased pension). VA having admitted that § 3.157(b)(1) forces increased pension claimants to

show their disability is service connected, the Secretary is hoisted on his own petard: The flaw he

22
identifies in Mr. Pacheco's interpretation, the pairing of compensation and pension claims, is integral

to the Secretary's interpretation of the current regulation.

In addition, a close inspection of the Secretary's interpretation raises concerns about the

"disallowed" parallel of the regulation, a "claim for compensation disallowed for the reason that the

service-connected disability is not compensable in degree." 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b). Over 20 years

ago, in 1993, the Secretary indicated that it was not his practice to deny a claim for disability

compensation when a disability was noncompensable; rather, he stated that "it has been VA's

consistent practice to [grant and] assign a zero percent evaluation whenever the [service-connected]

condition does not meet the stated minimum requirements for compensable evaluation." Zero

Percent Disability Evaluations, 58 Fed. Reg. 28,808, 28,808-09 (May 17, 1993) (emphasis added)

(proposing to amend 38 C.F.R. § 4.31). The Secretarymore recently indicated that, historically, VA

would grant service connection and assign a noncompensable evaluation but "consider[]" or construe

such a claim to be disallowed or denied. 78 Fed. Reg. at 71,069 ("VA formerly considered claims

where VA granted service connection for an injury or disease, but rated the disability as 0 percent

disabling[,] as having been disallowed or denied." (emphasis added)). 

In contrast,however, Technical Bulletin 8-180, which VA cites for this proposition, indicates

that such a claim would actually have been disallowed. See Claims for Increase and Reopened

Awards, Technical Bulletin 8-180, ¶ 4 (Jun. 13, 1951) ("Where a claim has been finally disallowed

for the reason that the service-connected condition was not 10% disabling in degree, . . . the report

of hospitalization constitutes an informal claim to reopen."). Also, our colleagues in the majority

cite a 1952 regulation, 38 C.F.R. 3.216(a), which the Secretary does not mention in his brief or his

en banc motion, and conclude that "unlike the old practice, where a claim disallowed for the reason

of not being compensable in degree had to be reopened when a claimant sought a compensable

rating, the current practice is to allow a claim for increase in such circumstances." Ante at 8. 

However, the majority's view and the statement in Technical Bulletin 8-180 contradict theSecretary's

1993 Federal Register statement that its "consistent practice" was to grant service connection and

assign a noncompensable evaluation and the Secretary's 2013 Federal Register statement that VA

granted service connection but "considered" or construed it as a denial or disallowance. 

In other words, the Secretary's interpretation of the regulation has been anything but

23
consistent. These contradictory views of the "disallowed" parallel of the regulation cast additional

doubt on the Secretary's interpretation of the regulatory language, and the majority's attempt to

synthesize the history and meaning of the "disallowed" parallel on the Secretary's behalf falls short.

It is also troubling that the "disallowed" parallel is, at the very least, an anachronism based

on an arcane view of the law, which the Secretary uses to support his denial of benefits. This Court

has held for over 20 years that a claim for a higher disability rating is a new claim for an increased

rating and not a claim to reopen. See Proscelle v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 629, 631 (1992) ("[The]

claim for an increased rating presently on appeal is not a reopened claim subject to the requirement

that there be 'new and material' evidence to justify reopening under 38 U.S.C. § 5108, because the

veteran claims that his service-connected disability has undergone an increase in severity since that

prior claim. The current claim is thus a new claim." (citations omitted)); Sears v. Principi,

16 Vet.App. 244, 251-52 n.2 (2002) (Steinberg, J. concurring) (collecting cases).

Moreover, we conclude that the Secretary's interpretation, offered for the first time in his

motion for en banc review, does not represent his established or considered view on the matter.

See Reizenstein v. Shinseki, 583 F.3d 1331, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Notably, the Secretary quotes a

November 2013 Federal Register Notice of Proposed Rulemaking where he claims that he has never

once applied § 3.157(b) to a case to allow reopening of a claim where service connection was

previously denied. Mot. for En Banc at 10. The 2013 Federal Register also includes a statement

by VA that there was no reason after 1962 to allow a medical record to serve as a claim for an

increase such that a claimant could seek increased benefits for a condition that had not been

previously service connected. 78 Fed. Reg. 71,042, 71,069 (Nov. 27, 2013). Yet, in 1987, when the

Secretary proposed adding the last sentence in § 3.157(b)(1), his Federal Register comments stated

that the sentence was added to clarify that an examination could serve as an informal claim either

when service connection had already been established "or" when a formal claim is filed within one

year. Medical Reports as Informal Claims/Recoupment of Separation Pay, 52 Fed. Reg. 3,286, 3,286

(Feb. 3, 1987). 

Additionally, the Administrator of the Veterans Administration issued Transmittal Sheet 12

The Department of Veterans Affairs was established on March 15, 1989, to succeed the Veterans 12

Administration, which was headed by an Administrator.

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744 to "inform all concerned why these changes to [§ 3.157(b)(1)] are being made." He stated: 

Informal claims must reasonably identify the benefit sought, and reports of

examination or treatment of a disability for which service-connection has not yet

been established do not justify an assumption that service-connection is being

claimed. On the other hand, if service-connection has already been established for

a disability, a report of examination or treatment for that disability does justify an

assumption by the VA that the veteran seeks increased compensation for that

disability.

Id. (emphasis added). The transmittal sheet issued by the Administrator clearly indicates that the

regulation was amended in 1987 to include the requirement that a veteran identify the benefit sought

because a medical report could not constitute a claim for service connection for a new condition

unless the veteran identified the benefit sought. By contrast, such a requirement was unnecessary

when the veteran was seeking increased compensation for a disability for which he was already

service connected. 

The majority relies on a 1961 amendment to § 3.157(b)(1) to conclude that VA's "desire

[was] to allow earlier effective dates for those whose previously service-connected condition[s]

worsened, but not those who had yet to establish service connection." Ante at 7. However, in

13

doing so, the majority does not consider properly the significance of the 1987 amendment—the

Secretary's most recent finally adopted substantive amendment to the regulation. Unfortunately, the

majority's discussion of the 1987 amendment is inaccurate and creates an erroneous impression that

in 2013 VA explained the purpose of the 1987 amendment. According to the majority, in 2013 VA

stated that § 3.157(b) was amended in 1987 to clarify that the agency's pre-1962 view–that a medical

record could constitute an informal claim for service connection for a disability–was extinct. Ante 14

at 9 n.5.

In fact, VA's 2013 comments to the proposed amendment to § 3.157(b) do not include any

It is noteworthy that the Secretary's en banc motion fails to discuss the history of the regulation and its 13

evolution. This failure by the Secretary puts the Court at a disadvantage. 

We observe the Secretary's statement in the Federal Register that the last sentence of § 3.157(b)(1), the 14

sentence at issue in this case, addressed a statutory provision repealed in 1962. VA Compensation and Pension

Regulation Rewrite Project, 78 Fed. Reg. 71,042, 71069 (Nov. 27, 2013). Yet, he added the last sentence of

§ 3.157(b)(1) in 1987. It is incomprehensible to us that the Secretary would add the last sentence of § 3.157(b)(1) to

the regulation in 1987 to address a statute that was repealed in 1962. 

25
discussion regarding the 1987 amendment. The only statement made by VA regarding the purpose

of the 1987 amendment is the contemporaneous statement made by the Administrator in the

transmittal sheet. His comments demonstrate that VA did not consider its pre-1962 view to be

extinct. Indeed, the Administrator's comments show that the 1987 amendment was intended to make

clear that the regulation was to apply to claims for service connection for new conditions and not

merelyto claims for increases for disabilities alreadyservice connected. Thus, the 1987 amendment 15

shows that the Secretary's interpretation in his en banc motion reads out of existence not only the

verylanguage he specifically sought to add in 1987, but completelydisregards VA's expressed intent

in explaining the reason for the amendment. In sum, the 1987 amendment and the Administrator's

transmittal sheet show that the Secretary's current interpretation is not entitled to deference because

it is blatantly inconsistent with his past interpretations and does not represent an established, fair,

or considered view of the regulation. 

We are also disturbed that the Secretary's proffered position in his motion for en banc review

contradicts the position he took earlier in this same case. In 2010, Mr. Pacheco appealed an earlier

Board decision on this same issue to this Court. At that time, the Secretary urged the Court to

remand the case for the Board to address § 3.157(b). In urging remand, the Secretary stated:

The May 2001 VA treatment note is dated within one year of [a]ppellant's January

23, 2002, claim to reopen [his claim for service connection]. However, in the

decision on appeal, the Board did not discuss or consider whether 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.157(b) should be applied in assigning an effective date for the grant of service

connection. 

Secretary's Br. at 11, in No. 10-1991 (emphasis added); see Pacheco v. Shinseki, No. 10-1991, 2011

WL 2516195, at *2-*3 (U.S. Vet. App. June 24, 2011). Contrary to his current contention that Mr.

Pacheco's May 2001 treatment report may not be the basis of an earlier effective date under

§ 3.157(b)(1) because his leg and hip conditions were not service connected in 2001, the Secretary

in 2010 clearly viewed that report as an attempt to reopen his claim for service connection and urged

The majority also states that it does not read the transmittal sheet "as conveying the Administrator'sintention 15

to contravene the plain language of the regulation, which expressly limits the applicability of § 3.157(b) to claims for

increase or claims to reopen." Ante at 9, n.5. This is puzzling because the majority explained earlier that the language

of the regulation was ambiguous and that this was the reason it was deferring to the Secretary's interpretation expressed

in his motion. Ante at 6. 

26
this Court at that time to remand for consideration of § 3.157(b). 

The majority states that no significance should be attached to the Secretary's previous motion

for a remand because he was merely ensuring that the Secretary discussed all potentially applicable

regulations. Ante at 8-9. Yet, according to the majority's opinion and the interpretation posited in

the en banc motion, there was no reason whatsoever to conclude that this regulation was potentially

relevant because the veteran had not been denied service connection because his claimed disabilities

were noncompensable. If the Secretary's current interpretation is correct, then any error in failing

to discuss § 3.157(b) would have been harmless, and there would have been no valid reason to

persuade this Court that a Board decision should be vacated and remanded. See 38 U.S.C.

§ 7261(b)(2); see also Soyini v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 549, 546 (1991) (holding that remand is not

warranted when it "would result in this Court's unnecessarily imposing additional burdens on the

[Board] with no benefit flowing to the veteran."). Accordingly, these circumstances counsel against

concluding that the Secretary's current view represents his established view on this matter.

We must also dissent from the majority opinion because it fails to resolve interpretive doubt

in favor of the veteran, as we are bound to do under Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118. We are mindful that

veterans "cannot rely upon the generous spirit that suffuses the law generally to override the clear

meaning of a particular provision." Boyer v. West, 210 F.3d 1351, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2000). However,

neither can the Secretary espouse a heretofore unwritten and unsupported regulatory interpretation

to resolve ambiguity in a regulation in a manner unfavorable to the veteran. Gardner, 513 U.S. at

118; Disabled Am. Veterans v. Gober, 234 F.3d 682, 692 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (traditional Chevron

analysis is modified by the doctrine that interpretive doubt is to be resolved in the veteran's favor);

see also Comer v. Peake, 552 F.3d 1362, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2009) ("The VA disability compensation

system is not meant to be a trap for the unwary, or a stratagem to deny compensation to a veteran

who has a valid claim . . . .").

In sum, we believe that deference to the Secretary is not appropriate here because his

interpretation of § 3.157(b) is inconsistent with and overlooks portions of the regulation's language

and structure, does not represent his considered view on the matter, and does not resolve the

provision's ambiguity in the veteran's favor. For the reasons set forth in the January 16, 2014, panel

opinion, we would reverse the Board decision and order the Board, pursuant to § 3.157(b), to grant

27
an effective date of May 11, 2001, for the award of service connection for a right leg and hip

disability. Although we agree that § 3.157(b) is ambiguous, we respectfully dissent from the

remainder of Part II.A of the per curiam opinion.

GREENBERG, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: I concur as to the Court's

remand of this case, dissent as to its affirmance of any part of the Board decision, and ultimately

would go much further than my colleagues in resolving this case. Our Court must not continue to

show deference to the Secretary's interpretations of statutes and regulations where, as here, doing so

contravenes the long-applied veterans "canon that provisions for benefits to members of the Armed

Services are to be construed in the beneficiaries'favor." King v. St. Vincent's Hospital, 502 U.S. 215,

220-21, n. 9 (1991); see also Henderson v. Shinseki, 131 S. Ct. 1197, 1206 (2011); Coffy v. Republic

Steel Corp., 447 U.S. 191, 196 (1980) (Vietnam Era Veterans'Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974,

38 U.S.C. § 2021 et seq., "is to be liberally construed for the benefit of the returning veteran");

Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corp., 328 U.S. 275, 285 (1946) (Selective Training and

Service Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 885, 50 U.S.C. Appendix § 301 et seq., "is to be liberally construed for

the benefit of those who left private life to serve their country in its hour of great need"). The

appellant is a 94-year-old veteran of combat in the Southwest Pacific in World War II who was

injured in a foxhole during an enemy air raid and has suffered from right knee and hip disabilities

ever since. R. at 960. Instead of deferring to the Secretary on any matter here, the Court should

exercise its statutory and inherent–that is, constitutional–powers of equity, to ensure justice for this

veteran.

In the matter of deference, I would not reward the Secretary for writing an ambiguous, and

unintelligible, regulation. Thus, I would give no deference to his interpretation of 38 C.F.R.

§ 3.157(b). As stated byChief Justice Roberts, "[t]he rise of the modern administrative state has not

changed" the "'duty of the judicial department to say what the law is,'" City of Arlington v. FCC,

133 S. Ct. 1863, 1880 (2013) (Roberts, C.J., dissenting) (quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S.

(1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803)), and as noted by Justice Scalia, "Auer [v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 462

(1997)] deference is . . . a dangerous permission slip for the arrogation of power" by administrative

agencies. Decker v. Nw. Envtl. Def. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 1326, 1339, 1341 (2013) (Scalia, J., dissenting)

28
(declaring, with regard to judicial deference to agency interpretations of regulations, that "[e]nough

is enough"). More broadly, I conclude that, regardless of regulations that limit the original statutory

command concerning effective dates and impose a rule of finality, the Court should prevent an unjust

outcome here, by returning the veteran's claim for assignment of an effective date of February 28,

1974, the day he first filed for benefits. R. at 1386; see 38 U.S.C. § 5110(a) ("[T]he effective date

of an award . . . shall be fixed in accordance with the facts found, but shall not be earlier than the

date of receipt of application therefor.").

The Court must be guided foremost by the veterans canon when it applies the law. The

statutes and regulations relevant in this case should be interpreted and applied in light of that canon,

particularly as "[i]t is presumable that Congress legislates with knowledge of our basic rules of

statutory construction." McNary v. Haitian RefugeeCenter, Inc., 498 U.S. 479, 496 (1991); see also

United States v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 643, 647 (1961) ("The solicitude of Congress for veterans is of

long standing."); Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 416 (2009) (Souter, J., dissenting)

(congressional solicitude for veterans is plainly reflected in the Veterans' Judicial Review Act of

1988, 38 U.S.C. § 7251 et seq. (VJRA), as well as in subsequent laws that "place a thumb on the

scale in the veteran's favor in the course of administrative and judicial review of VA decisions."). 

Informed by clear congressional intent, and the judicial tradition of executing that intent

when reviewing veterans benefits, the Court should apply well-settled principles of equity to 16

provide an adequate remedy. The veteran's February 1974 claim was denied for a lack of medical

See , e.g., Hayburn's Case, 2 U.S. 408, 2 Dall. 409, 1 L. Ed. 436 (1792) (describing the attempts of circuit 16

courts to circumvent the unconstitutionality of the Invalid Pensioners Act of 1792); Marbury, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) at 164

(posing the question, "the secretary at war is ordered to place on the pension list [for compensation], all persons whose

names are contained in a report previously made by him to congress. If he should refuse to do so, would the wounded

veteran be without remedy?"); U.S. ex. rel. Miller v. Raum, 135 U.S. 200, 204 (1890) (finding that, although "the courts

will not interfere with the executive officers of the government in the exercise of their ordinary official duties," the

Supreme Court could compel the payment of a veteran's disability pension by mandamus); Boone v. Lightner, 319 U.S.

561, 575 (1943) (noting that Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940, 50 U.S.C. § 501 et seq., was "always to be

liberally construed to protect those who have been obliged to drop their own affairs to take up the burdens of the nation");

Feres v. UnitedJ States, 340 U.S. 135 (1950) (considering, but ultimately denying, applicability of the Federal Tort

Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b), to service-related injuries); Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361 (1974) (holding that

judicial review of constitutional challenges to veterans benefits legislation was available even though Congress had

foreclosed judicial review of individual benefits determinations); Conroy v. Aniskoff, 507 U.S. 511, 514 (1993) (holding

that the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 was "unambiguous, unequivocal, and unlimited," without

contextual conditions for its protections); Henderson, 131 S. Ct. at 1206 (finding that the 120-day deadline for seeking

Court review was not jurisdictional and did not "carry the harsh consequences" of a jurisdictional rule).

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nexus, but the facts at the time of that filing, verified by VA's satisfactory medical report in 2001,

were ultimately sufficient to substantiate a claim for benefits. R. at 505, 808. I would thus enjoin

the Secretary from refusing to assign the veteran an effective date of the original claim, that is, an

effective date of February 28, 1974. See 38 U.S.C. § 5110(a).

Acknowledging our repeated insistence in our caselaw that "this Court is not a court of equity

and cannot provide equitable relief," Moffitt v. Brown, 10 Vet.App. 214, 225 (1997), I would reject

as unpersuasive and unfounded this fundamentally incorrect application of our judicial power. 

See Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 705 (1979) ("Absent the clearest command to the contrary

from Congress, federal courts retain their equitable power . . . ."); see also Rosenberg v. Mansfield,

22 Vet.App. 1, 6 (2007) (Kasold, J., concurring) ("Indeed, as with any federal court, [the Court has]

all the authority necessary to exercise equitable jurisdiction and direct equitable relief not otherwise

restricted by law."). Nothing in the VJRA or its amendments contained in the Veterans Programs

Enhancement Act, Pub. L. No. 105-368, 112 Stat. 3315, § 501 et seq., indicates that Congress

intended to preclude this Court from granting equitable relief in its review of veterans benefits

matters. Rather, the continued application of equitable doctrines at this Court without congressional

intervention suggests the opposite: that we may, and here must, apply, in the interest of justice,

equity. See, e.g., Cox v. West, 149 F.3d 1360, 1363-64 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (the Court has the authority

to issue extraordinarywrits in aid of its jurisdiction pursuant to the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651);

Padgett v. Nicholson, 473 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (holding that, in light of the purpose of

the Court's role in veterans benefits, "[i]t would be incongruous if the authority to provide nunc pro

tunc relief were not available to the [Court]"); see also Bove v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 136, 143

(2011) (per curiam order) (Court may"independentlyweigh the factsto determine if equitable tolling

is appropriate" for the 120-day time limit for appeals).

We must provide equitable remedies to deserving veterans and harmonize our jurisprudence

with the veterans canon, applying the full extent of our powers when appropriate. It is right that after

70 years of pain and suffering, and 40 years of pursuit of an adequate administrative remedy, the time

has come for equity to aid the diligent. Let right be done, at last. Although I concur to ensure a

remand of the appellant's claim, more broadly I dissent.

30