# Patent

## Title
Method for controlling electrochemical drilling

## Abstract

At least part of the above elements are in the form of oxides.

## Background
1. Field of the Invention

The present invention concerns electrocatalytic coatings for oxygen-evolving anodes.

2. Description of the Related Art

The anodic materials of the prior art for the electrometallurgy of copper, zinc and cobalt are essentially of two types: lead alloys, and cobalt-silicon alloys (cobalt only). Industrial lead anodes are made of lead alloys containing one or more elements selected in the following group: I B, IV A and V A. In particular, the lead-silver (0.2-0.8%) anode is commonly used especially in the zinc electrometallurgy, while for the cobalt electrometallurgy different alloys are used, such as lead-antimony (2-6%), lead-silver (0.2-0.8%), lead-tin (5-10%). These materials are characterized by: the formation of thick solid layers of PbSO.sub.4 (intermediate passivating layer) and PbO.sub.2 (external electrocatalytic layer for oxygen evolution).

These characteristics involve the following drawbacks:

The cobalt alloys, used for a part of the cobalt electrometallurgy, are substantially of three types characterized by the following compositions: cobalt-silicon (5-20%), cobalt-silicon (5-20%)-manganese (1.0-5.0%), cobalt-silicon (5-20%)-copper (0.5-2.5%).

The cobalt-silicon alloys, with respect to the lead alloys, are characterized by a longer lifetime but are affected by a higher electrical resistivity and brittleness, while the cobalt-silicon-copper alloys have a shorter lifetime and are all the same fragile.

As concerns cathode poisoning, this occurs only when copper alloys are used.

Table 1 summarizes some examples of general operating conditions of the prior art technology. Reference is made to the process for zinc and cobalt deposition. __________________________________________________________________________ Prior art operating materials Anode lifetime (years) Current        Co--Si Process Electrolyte Density A/m.sup.2 Pb--Sn Pb--Ag Co--Si--Mn Co--Si--Cu __________________________________________________________________________ Zinc Zn.sup.2+ 300-500 g/l) //  2-4 //    // H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (150-200 g/l) Fluorides (50 ppm) Manganese (2-8 g/l) Zn.sup.2+ 300-500 g/l) 1-3 2-4 //    // H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (150-200 g/l) Fluorides (5 ppm) Manganese (2-8 g/l) Cobalt Co.sup.2+ 160-250 g/l) 4-5 4-5 3-4   2-3 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (pH 1-3) Manganese (10-30 g/l) pH = 4-5,5 __________________________________________________________________________

In the electrolysis of solutions containing, besides the salt of the metal to be deposited, also significant quantities of manganese (5-20 g/l and more), two reactions take place at the anode, and precisely: O=2MnO.sub.2 +8H.sup.+ +4e.

This anodic by-product is an electrically resistive oxide (resistivity equal or higher than that of the PbO.sub.2 -PbSO.sub.4 mixture formed on lead anodes); as a consequence, its precipitation on the surface of the electrode, if compact and continuous with time, involves a progressive increase of the electrode potential, which negatively affects prior art electrodes. In industrial practice, to avoid or at least control this phenomenon, the anodes (lead alloys or cobalt alloys) are periodically cleaned by mechanical brushing carried out outside the electrolysis cell.

It is known that titanium electrodes, activated by conventional coatings based on tantalum and iridium oxides, when used in electrolytes containing manganese, are negatively affected by the same drawbacks as lead anodes, with the only difference that the mechanical cleaning is not applicable due to the insufficient mechanical stability of the coating. Therefore, possible alternatives to the mechanical removal of the MnO.sub.2 have been considered, such as periodical washing outside the cell with reducing solutions such as H.sub.2 O.sub.2 ; H.sub.2 O.sub.2 +nitrates or nitric acid; ferrous salts and nitrates, ferrous salts and sulphates, etc. or actions carried out in the cell, such periodical current reversal, periodical current interruption, scheduled shut-downs etc. As the results were either negative or unsuitable for industrial scale application, efforts have been focused on the spontaneous removal of manganese dioxide electrodeposited onto the anode directly in the electrolysis cell.

It is the main object of the present invention to provide for an anode capable of promoting the spontaneous and continuous removal of the manganese dioxide, MnO.sub.2, formed by the aforementioned parasitic reaction, so that the growth in thick layers is prevented.

The anode of the invention comprises an electrocatalytic surface coating for oxygen evolution applied on a titanium matrix, suitable for operation at controlled potential. Optionally an inter-layer may be provided, which acts as an electroconductive system for protecting the titanium matrix (stabilizing action towards fluorides and acidity). The following complementary criteria are used for selecting the surface coating: ruthenium and cobalt, to the main components consisting of tantalum and iridium, to fix the voltage at low and controlled values. such as titanium and tin.

The invention will be better illustrated making reference to some examples, which are not intended to limit the same.

For all of the Examples, the samples, consisting of a matrix made of titanium grade 1, having the dimensions of 40 mm.times.40 mm.times.2 mm, were prepared according to the following steps and control procedures: minutes; evolution; electrolytic media simulating industrial process working conditions; technologies.

27 reference samples have been prepared according to the prior art teachings. The titanium matrix was pre-treated as described above (step I). Then, 9 samples, identified as A, were activated with a surface coating based on Ta-Ir (65% by weight) (step III only); 9 samples, identified as B, were activated with an interlayer based on Ti-Ta (49% by weight) (step II) and, subsequently, with a surface coating of Ta-Ir (65% by weight) (step III) and 9 samples, identified as C were activated with an interlayer based on Ti-Ta (44% by weight)-Ir (12% by weight) (step II) and, subsequently, with a surface coating of Ta-Ir (65% by weight) (step III).

The compositions of the paints, interlayers and surface coatings are reported herebelow: Paints for the interlayers Paints for the surface coatings Components mg/ml as metal Components mg/ml as metal __________________________________________________________________________ A =         =           TaCl.sub.5 IrCl.sub.3.3H.sub.2 O 50(Ta) 90(Ir) B TiCl.sub.3 TaCl.sub.5 HCl 5,33(Ti) 5,03(Ta) TaCl.sub.5 IrCl.sub.3.3H.sub.2 O 50(Ta) 90(Ir) C TiCl.sub.3 TaCl.sub.5 IrCl.sub.3 HCl 5,00(Ti) 5,00(Ta) 1,36(Ir) TaCl.sub.5 IrCl.sub.3.3H.sub.2 O 50(Ta) 90(Ir) __________________________________________________________________________ Interlayers            Surface coatings % by weight g/m.sup.2 as % by weight g/m.sup.2 as noble Components as metal total metal Components as metal metal __________________________________________________________________________ A =        =      =    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 35(Ta) 65(Ir) 10 B Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 50(Ta) 50(Ti) 1    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 35(Ta) 65(Ir) 10 C Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 --IrO.sub.2 44(Ta) 44(Ti) 2    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 35(Ta) 65(Ir) 10 12(Ir) __________________________________________________________________________

As regards the formation of the interlayer and surface coating, the paint was applied by brushing or equivalent technique. This procedure was repeated as many times as necessary to obtain the desired quantity of deposited metal. Between an interlayer and the other layer of applied paint, drying was carried out at 150.degree. C., followed by thermal decomposition in oven under forced air ventilation at 500.degree. C. for 10-15 minutes and subsequent natural cooling at ambient temperature.

18 samples made of titanium were prepared according to the invention following the procedures described above. The compositions of the interlayer and surface coatings are illustrated in Table 2.1. __________________________________________________________________________ Interlayer                   Surface coatings Sample        % by weight g/m.sup.2 as      % by weight   g/m.sup.2 as noble code Components as metal  total metal Components   as metal      metal __________________________________________________________________________ 2.1 a,b,c Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 --IrO.sub.2 44(Ta) 44((Ti) 12(Ir) 2    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 30(Ta) 65(Ir) 10Ru 2.2 a,b,c "        "         "    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 35(Ta) 50(Ir) "5(Ru) 2.3 a,b,c "        "         "    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 35(Ta) 32.5(Ir) "2.5(Ru) 2.4 a,b,c "        "         "    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 35(Ta) 15(Ir) "0(Ru) 2.5 a,b,c "        "         "    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2  17.5(Ta) 12.5(Ti) 35(Ir) "5(Ru) 2.6 a,b,c "        "         "    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 --IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2  20(Ta) 10(Ti) 60(Ir) "0(Ru) __________________________________________________________________________

The interlayers and surface coatings of Table 2.1 were obtained by thermal treatment starting from paints containing precursors as described in Table 2.2. ______________________________________ Composition of the paints used for obtaining the interlayers and surface coatings Sample Interlayer       Surface coating code   Components mg/ml as metal Components mg/ml as metal ______________________________________ 2.1 a,b,c TiCl.sub.3 5.00       TaCl.sub.5 39 TaCl.sub.5 5.00       IrCl.sub.3 85 IrCl.sub.3 1.36       RuCl.sub.3 6.5 HCl       110        HCl     110 2.2 a,b,c "                    TaCl.sub.5 45.5 IrCl.sub.3 65 RuCl.sub.3 19.5 HCl     110 2,3 a,b,c "                    TaCl.sub.5 45.5 IrCl.sub.3 42.3 RuCl.sub.3 42.3 HCl     110 2,4 a,b,c "                    TaCl.sub.5 45.5 IrCl.sub.3 19.5 RuCl.sub.3 65 HCl     110 2.5 a,b,c "                    TaCl.sub.5 20 TiCl.sub.3 14.3 IrCl.sub.3 40 RuCl.sub.3 40 HCl     110 2.6 a,b,c "                    TaCl.sub.5 22.9 TiCl.sub.3 11.4 IrCl.sub.3 69 RuCl.sub.3 11.4 HCl     110 ______________________________________

The samples thus prepared were subjected to electrochemical anodic characterization in three types of electrolytes, each one simulating industrial operating conditions as shown in Table 2.3. __________________________________________________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: description of the tests. Test Samples   Operating Conditions Simulated industrial code Sample code Electrolyte Operating parameters process __________________________________________________________________________ M  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 2.1a .fwdarw. 2.6a F.sup.- 50 ppm 40.degree. C. (above 90% of the references: A1,B1,C1 Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           worldwide electrolytic production) N  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 2.1b .fwdarw. 2.6b F.sup.- 5 ppm 40.degree. C. (the remaining 10% of references: A2,B2,C2 Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           the worldwide electro- lytic production) O  present invention: Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 100 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 cobalt from 2.1c .fwdarw. 2.6c H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (pH = 2-3) 40.degree. C. references: A3,B3,C3 Mn.sup.2+ 20 g/l __________________________________________________________________________

The electrochemical characterization comprised the determination of the electrode potential as a function of the working time (expressed in the normal hydrogen reference electrode scale as Volt (NHE)) and visual inspection of the sample at the end of the test.

The results obtained are summarized in table ______________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: Experimental results. Morphological Test Sample  Potential (V(NHE)) observations code code    initial 100 h 1000 h 3000 h at the end of the test ______________________________________ 2.1a    1.70   1.72 1.90  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit 2.2a    1.68   1.70 1.95  .gtoreq.2.5 " 2.3a    1.65   1.68 1.90  .gtoreq.2.2 " 2.4a    1.62   1.75 .gtoreq.2.5 " 2.5a    1.64   1.65 1.67  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 2.6a    1.68   1.72 1.74  1.75  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A1      1.69   1.85 2.10  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B1      1.72   1.82 2.10  .gtoreq.3.0 " C1      1.72   1.70 1.95  .gtoreq.3.0 " N    2.1b    1.65   1.70 1.90  .gtoreq.2.5 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit 2.2b    1.63   1.66 1.85  .gtoreq.2.2 " 2.3b    1.60   1.62 1.80  .gtoreq.2.0 " 2.4b    1.58   1.70 .gtoreq.2.0 " 2.5b    1.62   1.64 1.65  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 2.6b    1.64   1.65 1169  1.69  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A2      1.65   1.72 2.00  .gtoreq.2.8 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B2      1.69   1.80 2.11  .gtoreq.3.0 " C2      1.68   1.70 1.90  .gtoreq.2.5 " O    2.1c    1.80   1.85 2.10  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit 2.2c    1.76   1.78 2.00  .gtoreq.2.5 " 2.3c    1.75   1.74 1.90  .gtoreq.2.2 " 2.4c    1.70   1.72 .gtoreq.4.00 " 2.5c    1.72   1.74 1.70  1.75  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 2.6c    1.74   1.75 1.77  1.80  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A3      1.80   1.95 .gtoreq.2.2 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B3      1.84   1.95 .gtoreq.203 " C3      1.78   1.90 .gtoreq.2.3 " ______________________________________

The analysis of the experimental data leads to the following observations: in the electrolyte, after about 1000 hours of operation in simulated industrial conditions; with iridium and tantalum improves the behaviour of the electrode with respect to manganese without however eliminating the inconveniences. In fact, only a delay with time of the passivation phenomena is experienced, delay which depends on the ruthenium content in the active layer. In particular, an optimum concentration (=35%) is observed, which corresponds to longer lifetimes; together with iridium and tantalum permits to obtain an electrochemical system durable with time and not passivated by manganese.

Following the same procedures described above, 18 samples made of titanium were prepared with a second type of surface coating of the invention containing ruthenium, iridium, titanium and tantalum as major components, (for a total of 90-95%), cobalt and tin as minor components (for a total of 5-10% max.). The compositions of the interlayers and surface coatings are reported in Table __________________________________________________________________________ Interlayers g/m.sup.2 Coatings Sample        % by weight as total              % by weight  g/m as no- code Components as metal metal Components        as metal     ble __________________________________________________________________________ metal 3.1 a,b,c Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 IrO.sub.2 44(Ta) 44(Ti) 12(Ir) 2   Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 CoO.sub.x 17.5(Ta) 17.5(Ti) 10 32(Ir) 32(Ru) I(Co) 3.2 a,b,c "        "        `   "                 17.5(Ta) 17.5(Ti) " 31.25(Ir) 31.25(Ru) 2.5(Co) 3.3 a,b,c "        "        "   "                 17.5(Ta) 17.5(Ti) " 30(Ir) 30(Ru) 5(Co) 3.4 a,b,c "        "        "   -                 17.5(Ta) 17.5(Ti) " 27.5(Ir) 27.5(Ru) 10(Co) 3.5 a,b,c "        "        "   Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 CoO.sub.x SnO.sub.x 15(Ta) 10(Ti) "5(Ir) 35(Ru) 2.5(Co) 2.5(Sn) 3.6 a,b,c "        "        "   "                 15(Ta) 10(Ti) " 33.75(Ir) 33.75(Ru) 2.5(Co) 5(Sn) __________________________________________________________________________

The interlayers and surface coatings of Table 3.1 have been obtained by thermal treatment starting from paints of precursor salts as illustrated in Table 3.2. ______________________________________ Composition of the paints used for obtaining the interlayers and surface coatings Sample Interlayer       Surface Coating code   Components mg/ml as metal Components mg/ml as metal ______________________________________ 3.1.a,b,c TiCl.sub.3 5.00       TaCl.sub.5 24.2 TaCl.sub.5 5.00       TiCl.sub.3 24.2 IrCl.sub.3 1.36       IrCl.sub.3 45 HCl       110        RuCl.sub.3 45 CoCl.sub.2 1.4 HCl     110 3.2.a,b,c "         "          TaCl.sub.5 25.2 TiCl.sub.3 25.2 IrCl.sub.3 45 RuCl.sub.3 45 CoCl.sub.2 3.6 HCl     110 3.3.a,b,c "         "          TaCl.sub.5 26.3 TiCl.sub.3 26.3 IrCl.sub.3 45 RuCl.sub.3 45 CoCl.sub.2 7.5 HCl     110 3.4.a,b,c "         "          TaCl.sub.5 25.5 TiCl.sub.3 25.5 IrCl.sub.3 40 RuCl.sub.3 40 CoCl.sub.2 14.5 HCl     110 3.5.a,b,c "         "          TaCl.sub.5 17.1 TiCl.sub.3 11.4 IrCl.sub.3 40 RuCl.sub.3 40 CoCl.sub.2 2.8 SnCl.sub.4 2.8 HCl     110 3.6.a,b,c "         "          TaCl.sub.5 17.3 TiCl.sub.3 11.5 IrCl.sub.3 38.9 RuCl.sub.3 38.9 CoCl.sub.2 2.9 SnCl.sub.4 5.7 HCl     110 ______________________________________

The samples thus prepared have been subjected to anodic electrochemical characterization in 3 types of electrolyte, each one simulating industrial operating conditions as shown in Table 3.3. __________________________________________________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: description of the tests. Test Sampling  Operating Conditions Simulated Industrial code Sample code Electrolyte Operating parameters Process __________________________________________________________________________ M  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 3.1a .fwdarw. 3.6a F.sup.- 50 ppm 40.degree. C. (above 90% of the references: A4,B4,C4 Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           worldwide electrolytic production) N  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 3.1b .fwdarw. 3.6b F.sup.- 5 ppm 40.degree. C. (the remaining 10% of references: A5,B5,C5 Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           the worldwide electro- lytic production) O  present invention: Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 100 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 cobalt from 3.1c .fwdarw. 3.6c H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (pH = 2-3) 40.degree. C. references: A6,B6,C6 Mn.sup.2+ 20 g/l __________________________________________________________________________

The characterization comprised the determination of the electrode potential as a function of the working time and visual inspection of the sample at the end of the test.

The results obtained are summarized in table 3.4. ______________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: Experimental results. Morphological Test Sample  Potential (V(NHE)) observations code code    initial 100 h 1000 h 3000 h at the end of the test ______________________________________ M    3.1a    1.65   1.65 1.68  1.72  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.2a    1.64   1.65 1.67  1.68  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.3a    1.60   1.63 1.65  1.69  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.4a    1.58   1.62 1.65  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.5a    1.62   1.60 1.55  1.58  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.6a    1.64   1.62 1.64  1.68  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A4      1.69   1.85 2.20  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B4      1.72   1.80 1.95  .gtoreq.3.0 " C4      1.68   1.75 1.90  .gtoreq.3.0 " N    3.1b    1.60   1.62 1.60  1.64  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.2b    1.62   1.60 1.62  1.70  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.3b    1.58   1.60 1.62  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.4b    1.55   1.58 1.65  1.75  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.5b    1.60   1.62 1.58  1.63  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.6b    1.62   1.64 1.70  1.74  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A5      1.65   1.80 2.20  .gtoreq.2.8 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B5      1.70   1.75 1.90  .gtoreq.3.0 " C5      1.65   1.70 1.90  .gtoreq.2.5 " O    3.1c    1.75   1.77 1.77  1.80  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.2c    1.72   1.72 1.74  1.75  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.3c    1.68   1.64 1.68  1.70  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.4c    1.64   1.65 1.67  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.5c    1.70   1.68 1.70  1.72  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 3.6c    1.65   1.67 1.68  1.70  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A6      1.80   2.0  .gtoreq.2.3 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B6      1.85   2.1  .gtoreq.2.4 " C6      1.75   1.90 .gtoreq.2.3 " ______________________________________

The analysis of the data of table 3.4 leads to the following observations: in the electrolyte after about 1000 hours of operation at simulated industrial conditions; tantalum (already examined in previous Example 2) further decreases the electrode potential, mainly at the beginning of the operation; decreases the initial electrode potential but furthermore causes its stabilization with time.

6 samples made of titanium have been prepared following the aforementioned procedure, without any interlayer, with the 4- or 6-component surface coatings selected among the best from the tests of the previous examples. The compositions of the surface coatings are given in Table 4.1. __________________________________________________________________________ Interlayers           Coatings Sample     % by weight g/m.sup.2 as % by weight g/m as no- code Components as metal total metal Components as metal ble metal __________________________________________________________________________ 4.1 a,b,c /     /     /    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 17.5(Ta) 12.5(Ti) 10 IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 35(Ir) 35(Ru) 4.2 a,b,c /     /     /    Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 --TiO.sub.2 12.5(Ta) 12.5(Ti) IrO.sub.2 --RuO.sub.2 35(Ir) 35(Ru) CoO.sub.x --SnO.sub.x 2.5(Co) 2.5(Sn) __________________________________________________________________________

The surface coatings of Table 4.1 were obtained by thermal treatment from paints of precursor salts as shown in Table 4.2. ______________________________________ Compositions of the paints used for preparing the surface coatings of Table 4.1 Sample code    Components mg/ml ______________________________________ 4.1.a,b,c      TaCl.sub.5 17.1 TiCl.sub.3 17.1 IrCl.sub.3 40 RuCl.sub.3 40 HCl       110 4.2.a,b,c      TaCl.sub.5 14.3 TiCl.sub.3 14.3 IrCl.sub.3 40 RuCl.sub.3 40 CoCl.sub.2 2.9 SnCl.sub.4 2.9 HCl       110 ______________________________________

The samples thus prepared were subjected to anodic electrochemical characterization in 3 types of electrolytes, each one simulating the industrial operating as shown in table 4.3. __________________________________________________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: description of the tests. Test Sampling  Operating Conditions Simulated industrial code Sample code Electrolyte Operating parameters process __________________________________________________________________________ M  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 4.1a .fwdarw. 4.2a F.sup.- 50 ppm 40.degree. C. (above 90% of the 2.5a (Example 2), Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           worldwide electrolytic 3.5a (Example 3),             production) references: A7,B7,C7. N  present invention: H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 150 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 zinc from 4.1b .fwdarw. 4.2b F.sup.- 5 ppm 40.degree. C. (the remaining 10% of 2.5b (Example 2), Mn.sup.2+ 5 g/l           the worldwide electro- 3.5b (Example 3),             lytic production) references: A8,B8,C8. O  present invention: Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 100 g/l 500 A/m.sup.2 cobalt from 4.1c .fwdarw. 4.2c H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 (pH = 2-3) 40.degree. C. 2.5c (Example 2), Mn.sup.2+ 20 g/l 3.5c (Example 3), references: A9,B9,C9. __________________________________________________________________________

The characterization comprising the determination of the electrode potential as a function of the working time and visual inspection of the sample at the end of the test, gave the experimental results summarized in 4.4. ______________________________________ Electrochemical characterization: Experimental results. Morphological Test Sample  Potential (V(NHE)) observations code code    initial 100 h 1000 h 3000 h at the end of the test ______________________________________ M    4.1a    1.67   1.68 1.70  1.74  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 4.2a    1.66   1.68 1.67  1.70  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A7      1.69   1.85 2.20  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B7      1.72   1.80 2.20  .gtoreq.3.0 " C7      1.68   1.75 1.90  .gtoreq.3.0 " 2.5a    1.64   1.65 1.67  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 2) 3.5a    1.62   1.60 1.55  1.58  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 3) N    4.1b    1.67   1.70 1.70  1.74  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 4.2b    1.65   1.68 1.72  1.70  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A8      1.65   1.80 2.20  .gtoreq.2.8 MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal B8      1.70   1.75 1.90  .gtoreq.3.0 MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal C8      1.65   1.70 1.90  .gtoreq.2.5 MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 2.5b    1.62   1.64 1.65  1.65  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 2) 3.5b    1.60   1.62 1.58  1.63  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 3) O    4.1c    1.78   1.75 1.80  1.80  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal 4.2c    1.74   1.70 1.75  1.78  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: spontaneous removal A9      1.80   2.00 .gtoreq.2.20 MnO.sub.2 compact deposit B9      1.85   2.10 .gtoreq.2.30 " C9      1.75   1.90 .gtoreq.2.30 " 2.5c    1.72   1.74 1.70  1.75  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 2) 3.5c    1.70   1.68 1.70  1.72  MnO.sub.2 partial coverage: (Exam-                          spontaneous removal ple 3) ______________________________________

From the analysis of the experimental results it is possible to make the following observations: the electrolyte after about 1000 hour of simulated industrial conditions. operating at slightly higher potentials with respect to those typical of anodes provided with the interlayer are equally stable to fluorides and are not passivated by manganese.

## Claims

1. An anode for oxygen evolution in acid electrolytes containing sulfuric acid and high quantities of manganese and optionally fluorides in small quantities, said anode comprising a titanium matrix provided with a surface electrocatalytic coating, wherein said surface electrocatalytic coating consists of pure oxides or mixed oxides of the metals of the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, ruthenium and iridium, wherein ruthenium and iridium are major components, cobalt and tin are minor components and titanium and tantalum are components present in intermediate quantities.

2. The anode of claim 1 wherein ruthenium and iridium are present as a total by weight comprised between 30 and 90%, titanium and tantalum are present as a total by weight between 30 and 40%, cobalt and tin are present as a total by weight comprised between 1 and 10%.

3. The anode of claim 2 wherein the amount of cobalt and tin is 4 to 6%.

4. The anode of claim 1 characterized in that it further comprises a conductive interlayer between said matrix and said electrocatalytic coating, having the function of protection against fluorides.

5. A method for preparing the anode of claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: containing thermally decomposable compounds of the metals of the platinum group, and metals of the groups IV B and V B, with drying and thermal decomposition in air, with the repetition of the steps of application, drying, decomposition up to obtaining a desired thickness, containing thermally decomposable compounds of at least one noble metal selected from the group of ruthenium and iridium, at least one valve metal selected from the group of titanium and tantalum and at least one non-noble metal selected from the group of cobalt and tin, with drying and thermal decomposition in air, with the repetition of the steps of application, drying, decomposition up to obtaining the desired thickness.

6. The process of claim 5 wherein the platinum group metal is iridium and the metals of group IV B and V B are titanium and tantalum and the non-noble metal is tin and/or cobalt.

7. In the process of electrodepositing a metal from an aqueous solution containing ions of said metal, magnesium ions and optionally fluoride ions by electrolysis of the solution between an anode and a cathode, the improvement comprising using an anode of claim 1.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the ions are of zinc or cobalt.