UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO. 09-2065

TYRONE A. ANDREWS, APPELLANT,

v.

ERIC K. SHINSEKI,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

 On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued October 25, 2012 Decided January 31, 2013)

Jennifer A. Zajac, of Oceanside, California, with whom Linda E. Blauhut, of Washington,

D.C., were on the brief for the appellant.

Michele R. Katina, with whom Will A. Gunn, General Counsel, R. Randall Campbell,

Assistant General Counsel, and Nisha C. Hall, DeputyAssistant General Counsel, all ofWashington,

D.C., were on the brief for the appellee.

Before KASOLD, Chief Judge, and HAGEL and DAVIS, Judges.

DAVIS, Judge: U.S. Marine Corps veteran Tyrone A. Andrews appeals through counsel

from a May 27, 2009, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that was decided 16 years after

Mr. Andrews appealed to the Board. That decision denied him an extension of vocational

rehabilitation benefits for the pursuit of a bachelor's degree. 

This appeal raises concerns regarding two aspects of VA's vocational rehabilitation program:

Educational services and employment services. The Court notes that throughout its regulations VA

uses various terms referring to "employment assistance" and "employment services." However,

because VA uses the term "employment services" in its definitional regulation, see 38 C.F.R.

§ 21.35(j) (2012), that is the term the Court will use for this opinion.

Vocational rehabilitation is a program offered by VA to assist disabled veterans whose

service-connected disability or disabilities affect their ability to prepare for, obtain, and retain
employment. See generally 38 U.S.C. ch. 31 (Training and Rehabilitation for Veterans with 1

Service-Connected Disabilities, §§ 3100 to 3122); 38 C.F.R., pt. 21, subpt A. A veteran is eligible

to receive benefits under this program if, among other things, the veteran has a disability rating of

at least 20% and is determined by VA to have an "employment handicap" or, if the veteran has a

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disability rating of 10% and VA has determined that rehabilitation is necessary as a result of a

serious employment handicap. See 38 U.S.C. § 3102; 38 C.F.R. § 21.40 (2012). Once VA has 3

determined that a veteran is entitled to receive such benefits, the veteran will work with a vocational

rehabilitation counselor to develop an individualized written rehabilitation plan (IWRP), which

includes an evaluation of the skills needed and the training or educational services required to

achieve rehabilitation. Either alone or as part of an individual rehabilitation plan, employment 4

services may also be provided. 38 C.F.R. §21.88 (2012). A veteran's progress is monitored

throughout the rehabilitation process by a case manager. As the veteran completes a step in the

rehabilitation process, the case manager will assign a case status. Once a veteran substantially 5

reaches the goals set forth in the rehabilitation plan and is found to be "rehabilitated," entitlement

to further vocational rehabilitation benefits ends unless the criteria for reentrance into the

rehabilitation program has been established. See 38 C.F.R. § 21.284 (2012). 

A vocational rehabilitation program includes "such counseling, diagnostic, medical, social, psychological,

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independent living, economic, educational, vocational, and employment services as are determined by the Secretary to

be needed." 38 U.S.C. § 3101.

"The term 'employment handicap' means an impairment, resulting in substantial part from a disability described

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in section 3102(1)(A) of this title . . . of a veteran's ability to prepare for, obtain, or retain employment consistent with

such veteran's abilities, aptitudes, and interests." 38 U.S.C. § 3101(1); see 38 C.F.R § 21.35(a) (2012).

"The term 'serious employment handicap' means a significant impairment, resulting in substantial part from

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a service-connected disability rated at least 10[%] or more, of a veteran's ability to prepare for, obtain, or retain

employment consistent with such veteran's abilities, aptitudes, and interests." 38 U.S.C. § 3101(7); see 38 C.F.R

§ 21.35(g).

Educational and vocational training services are generally selected by VA to meet the specific goals

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established in the individual rehabilitation plan. 38 C.F.R. § 21.120 (2012). Such services are different from other

educational benefits offered by VA. See generally 38 U.S.C. §§ 3201-3243 (Post-Vietnam Era Veterans' Educational

Assistance Program); 38 U.S.C. §§ 3001-3036 (GI Bill); 38 C.F.R. pt. 21, subpt. P (Post-9/11 Educational Assistance

Program).

Case status includes, among other things, "rehabilitation to the point of employability[,]" "employment

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services[,]" and "rehabilitated[.]" See generally 38 C.F.R. § 21.180-21.189 (2012).

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Congress prescribed a 12-year eligibility period for the receipt of vocational rehabilitation

benefits; the period begins on the date of discharge from military service or on the granting of a

compensable rating for a service-connected disability. See 38 U.S.C. § 3103(a), (b)(3). Pursuant

to statute, that 12-year period may be extended in certain instances, such as when a medical

condition renders participation in the rehabilitation program or achievement of a vocational goal

infeasible, or when active-duty service prevents participation in the program. See 38 U.S.C.

§ 3103(b), (d), (e). Moreover, the 12-year period may be extended for a veteran with a "serious

employment handicap" if (1) that veteran "had not previously been rehabilitated to the point of

employability," or (2) the veteran had been rehabilitated to the point of employability but additional

services are necessary because of a worsening of the veteran's service-connected disabilities, or (3)

"an extension of the period of eligibility of such veteran is necessary to accomplish the purposes of

a rehabilitation program for such veteran." 38 U.S.C. § 3103(c)(1)-(3). During the 12-year

eligibility period, a veteran may receive up to 48 months of vocational rehabilitation benefits,

including educational services. See 38 U.S.C. § 3105(b); 38 C.F.R. §§ 21.70(c), 21.194 (2012).

Notwithstanding the 12-year eligibility period, veterans who have participated in a vocational

rehabilitation program are also eligible to receive up to 18 months of employment services. See

38 C.F.R. § 21.83 (2012). 

On June 11, 1991, well before Mr. Andrews's vocational rehabilitation eligibility period

expired on January 13, 1999, a VA counseling psychologist noted that Mr. Andrews had used

approximately 43 months of vocational rehabilitation benefits and had sought to extend his

educational services; however, VA denied the request because VA determined that Mr. Andrewswas

rehabilitated as of July 21, 1991. Record (R.) at 123-24. When Mr. Andrews appealed the denial

of further vocational rehabilitation benefits to the Board, the Board issued a decision 16 years later,

denying an extension of vocational rehabilitation benefits because the eligibility period had expired. 

In his brief, Mr. Andrews argues that he is entitled to the remaining five months of his

vocational rehabilitation benefits in the form of educational services; however, during oral argument,

he argued that he is entitled to the monetized value of the remaining five months of vocational

rehabilitation benefits in the form of employment services. The Court will consider the issue of

entitlement to an extension of vocational rehabilitation benefits with respect to both educational and

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employment services. With regard to educational services, because the eligibility period in this case

has expired, his appeal as to that matter is moot unless the appeal of the denial of benefits stays the

running of the vocational rehabilitation eligibility period. Thus, the principal issue before the panel

is whetherthe 12-year period of basic eligibility for vocational rehabilitation benefits is stayed while

a claimant pursues his statutory appeal rights. For the following reasons, the Court answers in the

affirmative, and will set aside the Board decision as to the request both for educational and

employment services, and remand those matters for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

However, because the issue of eligibility to an award of monetized value of employment services

was not raised in Mr. Andrews's principal or reply brief and he has not provided any authority in

support of this argument, the Court will not consider it. See Locklear v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 410,

416-17 (2006) (explaining that the appellant must provide reasons for his argument); see also

Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377-78 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (holding that this Court has jurisdiction

to hear arguments presented to it in the first instance, provided that it otherwise has jurisdiction over

the claim and the Court has discretion to consider, refuse to hear, or remand arguments presented

to it in the first instance).

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Andrews served on active dutyin the U.S. Marine Corps from July 1982 to August 1985. 

In January1987, VAawardedMr.Andrews disabilitybenefits for seronegative spondyloarthropathy6

and hypertension, at a combined 30% disability rating, effective as of August 1986, one year after

his discharge from service.

In April 1987, Mr. Andrews sought vocational rehabilitation benefits under chapter 31 of title

38 of the U.S. Code. In July 1987, a VA counselor determined that Mr. Andrews had an

"employment handicap" – but not a "serious employment handicap" – and recognized January 13,

1999, as the delimiting date for his vocational rehabilitation benefits. See R. at 164. After the

counselor tested and analyzed Mr. Andrews's abilities, in August 1987, Mr. Andrews signed an

IWRP with a "program goal" of "[e]ntry level employment – legal assistant" and an "objective" of

"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy" is "a general term comprising a number of degenerative joint diseases

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having common clinical, immunologic, pathologic, and radiographic features." DORLAND'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL

DICTIONARY at 1754 (32d ed. 2012).

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earning a bachelor of science degree in political science at Towson State University. R. at 169. Mr.

Andrews did not perform as expected at Towson, so over the next couple of years the program goal

and objective on his IWRP changed several times. See, e.g., R. at 173, 196, 199. By August 1990,

he was pursuing an associate's degree from the Community College of Baltimore, with an objective

of "paralegal or legal assistance." R. at 1337.

A February 1991 counseling record notes that Mr. Andrews was scheduled to graduate with

an associate's degree in June of that year. Mr. Andrews had requested that VA continue his

vocational rehabilitation benefits until he was able to complete a bachelor's degree as well. 

However, the VA counseling psychologist informed Mr. Andrews that he only had "[5] months and

17 days" of his 48 months of vocational rehabilitation benefits remaining, and that according to VA

regulations, VA could not allow him to use the remaining benefits to complete a bachelor's degree

unless he could verify that he had financial means to complete the bachelor's degree program once

it had begun. R. at 1332. The counseling psychologist also noted that an extension of the 48 months

of benefits could be granted for veterans with "serious employment handicaps," but noted that

"[t]here is no justification at this time to grant this man an extension based upon the serviceconnected disability he possesses and it's [sic] effect upon his pursuit of training." R. at 1332.

In April 1991, Mr. Andrews again requested that he be able to pursue a bachelor's degree. 

The counseling psychologist again informed Mr. Andrews that he could not complete such program

during the time he had remaining under chapter 31, that he was not entitled to an extension of the

48 months of vocational rehabilitation benefits, and that he did not have a serious employment

handicap. The counseling psychologist also indicated that if Mr. Andrews could provide

documentation of alternative funding available to complete the bachelor's degree program, he would

write an IWRP for a four-year degree. See R. at 904. 7

After Mr. Andrews earned his associate's degree in June 1991, his IWRP was amended to

include individualized employment services, with the goal of being employed as a paralegal and with

an anticipated completion date of January 1992. Compare R. at 888, with R. at 1312. Thereafter, 8

The record of proceedings does not reflect that Mr. Andrews provided that financial information.

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It is unclear from the record of proceedings why this particular date was chosen as the anticipated completion

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date for employment services.

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he was considered to be in "employment services" status. See R. at 653. Despite the stated plan, he

again requested that VA assist him in pursuing a bachelor's degree. See R. at 137, 698.

In May 1992, Mr. Andrews filed an application for vocational rehabilitation benefits asking

for help obtaining a job. See R. at 134. In response to that application, by letter dated June 3, 1992,

VA informed him of the following:

A review of your Counseling Education and Rehabilitation folder documents [that]

you were found rehabilitated on July 21, 1991. Unless there has been a significant

change in your service connected disability showing material evidence that you are

vocationally handicapped your re-application for training cannot be processed. 

However, as a veteran who has been through a Chapter 31 Vocational Rehabilitation

Training Program, you are eligible for employment [services]. 

R. at 123.

Mr. Andrews filed a Notice of Disagreement and ultimately appealed to the Board. In his

August 1992 Substantive Appeal, he asked that he be "return[ed] to the vocational rehabilitation

program immediately for continuation of my vocational goal of B.S. degree." R. at 121. VA issued

a Supplemental Statement of the Case that month, and in July 1993, Mr. Andrews resubmitted his

August 1992 Substantive Appeal. 

Two events of note followed. First, in January 1994, Mr. Andrews was awarded disability

benefits for both acne (at 30% disabling) and residuals of a laceration to the right forearm (with 0%

rating). R. at 235-37. His combined disability rating at that time became 60%, effective from

January 9, 1991. R. at 237. Second, 15 years after Mr. Andrews resubmitted his Substantive

Appeal, he contacted VA for an update on the status of his appeal; thereafter, VA afforded Mr.

Andrews a Board hearing in March 2009, and the Board issued its decision here on appeal in May

2009. 

In its decision, the Board stated that the 12-year eligibility period under chapter 31 had

expired and could not be extended. R. at 8. In addition, the Board, without further explanation,

found that Mr. Andrews had overcome his employment handicap and had been rehabilitated. The

Board also found that he had not met the requirements to reenter into "rehabilitation to the point of

employability" under 38 C.F.R. § 21.284. R. at 13-14.

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I. ANALYSIS

A. Educational Services

1. Staying of the 12-Year Eligibility Period

Section 3103 prescribes a 12-year eligibility period for the use of vocational rehabilitation

benefits. That period expired in this case. Accordingly, Mr. Andrews's appeal is moot unless the 12-

year period is stayed or he is eligible for an extension of that period. Whether the statutorily

prescribed eligibility period is stayed while a claimant pursues his statutory right to appeal the denial

of benefits is a question of law that the Court reviews de novo. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(1); Smith

v. Gober, 14 Vet.App. 227, 230 (2000) (stating that the Court reviews questions of law de novo

without providing deference to the Board's conclusions). Based on the following, we conclude that

the 12-year eligibility period is stayed when a veteran appeals an adverse decision to the Board.

Here, on the one hand, Congress has authorized veterans educational services provided they

inter alia (a) have a service-connected disability rated at 20%, and (b) need rehabilitation because

of an employment handicap. 38 U.S.C. § 3102. Unless VA determines otherwise, the benefits are

to be used within 12 years, and start from "the date of such veteran's discharge or release from active

military, naval, or air service." 38 U.S.C. § 3103; see 38 C.F.R. § 21.41. On the other hand,

Congress also has provided veterans the right to appeal a denial of such benefits. 38 U.S.C. § 7104;

Disabled Am. Veterans v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 327 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting

38 U.S.C. § 7104(a)) ("[T]he Board acts on behalf of the Secretary in making the ultimate decision

on claims and provides 'one review on appeal to the Secretary.'")); see also 38 U.S.C. ch. 72

(providing veterans a right to seek judicial review of adverse decisions). If the statute establishing

the 12-year delimiting period were interpreted strictly, it very well might prevent a veteran from

exercising the right to appeal. Accordingly, the Court is guided by the well-established canons of

construction that statutes capable of being harmonized should be so construed, see Ruckelshaus v.

Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986, 1018 (1984); United States v. Moore, 95 U.S. 760, 763 (1877), and

courts must look at the context and overall statutory scheme when interpreting statutes because "the

meaning of one statute may be affected by other Acts." Food & Drug Admin. v. Brown &

Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132-33 (2000). In Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.,

for example, the Supreme Court noted that even though tobacco appeared to fall within the statutory

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purview of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such a holding would mean that the FDA

would be statutorily obligated to ban the sale of tobacco, which the Court found completely contrary

to other statutory provisions regarding the sale of tobacco. Id. at 142-143. Therefore, to harmonize

the statutes, the Court concluded that Congress must have intended for tobacco to be outside the

scope of the FDA. Id. 

The Court also notes that Congress mandated that once a veteran has met certain eligibility

requirements, that veteran "shall be entitled to a rehabilitation program." 38 U.S.C. § 3102(a)(1)(B),

(a)(2)(B) (emphasis added). We cannot find, nor ascribe, any congressional intent to permit the

Secretary's actions or his failure to act in adjudicating a statutorily guaranteed right to appeal to be

the cause for the loss of benefits to which a veteran otherwise might be entitled. Accordingly, we

hold that upon a veteran's filing an administrative appeal of an adverse decision with regard to

benefits under section 3102, the delimiting period prescribed in section 3103 is stayed pending final

decision on the claim (or other final action, such as abandonment). This holding guarantees that a

veteran can meaningfully exercise statutory appeal rights when entitlement to vocational

rehabilitation benefits is denied, and further guarantees statutory entitlement to use such benefits if

the veteran ultimately is determined eligible. Otherwise stated, this result permits the two statutory

rights to exist in harmony. 

Having determined that Mr. Andrews's claim for vocational rehabilitation benefits is not

moot based on the expiration of the eligibility period, we turn now to the Board's decision.

2. Board Decision

The Court determines that the Board's reasons or bases are inadequate, which frustrates

judicial review and warrants remand. See Allday v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995) (Board's

statement "must be adequate to enable a claimant to understand the precise basis for the Board's

decision, as well as to facilitate review in this Court"); see also Tucker v. West, 11 Vet.App. 369, 374

(1998) (remand is appropriate "where the Board has incorrectly applied the law, failed to provide an

adequate statement of reasons or bases for its determinations, or where the record is otherwise

inadequate"). Specifically, the latest counseling psychological assessment of whether Mr. Andrews

might qualify as possessing a "serious employment handicap" took place in 1991, several years

before Mr. Andrews's service-connected disabilities worsened to the point of his demanding a

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60%–rather than a 30%–disability rating, and several years before the Board rendered its decision. 

Yet, under 38 C.F.R. § 21.78(c), an extension of the 48 months of vocational rehabilitation benefits

is available for those veterans who possess a serious employment handicap, and the Board did not

explain why a later, more recent assessment was not warranted. 

Although the Secretaryargues that there is no evidence that Mr. Andrews informed the Board

or his counselor that his disability rating had increased, the Board decision recognized those

additional disabilities in its first finding of fact (R. at 4), and further recognized that service

connection for those disabilities was granted by a 1994 rating decision (R. at 12). Thus, the Board

was aware that the 1991 VA counseling psychologist's report did not include an analysis of the effect

of Mr. Andrews's subsequently adjudicated disabilities. The Board was required to seek an

additional opinion from a counseling psychologist before determining that Mr. Andrews did not

suffer from an employment handicap sufficient to warrant an extension of benefits, or to explain

why, even in light of the increased disability rating, further assistance was not required. See

Robinson v. Peake, 21 Vet.App. 545, 552 (2008) (Board must address issues raised by the appellant

or reasonably by the record), aff'd sub nom. Robinson v. Shinseki, 557 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2009). 

The Board also accepted, without further discussion, the RO's determination that Mr.

Andrews had been rehabilitated on July 21, 1991. Pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 21.283, a veteran will be

considered "rehabilitated," if, inter alia, the veteran is employed for at least 60 continuous days or

is pursuing additional education or training. See 38 C.F.R. § 21.283(c)(1)-(3) (2012); compare id.,

with 38 C.F.R. § 21.196 (1991) (providing that a veteran will be considered to have been

rehabilitated if, inter alia, the veteran met the goals of an individualized employment assistance plan

rehabilitation, and achieved and maintained "suitable employment"). Once a veteran is found to be

rehabilitated under § 21.283, that veteran may be provided additional services only if there is

evidence that his service-connected disability has worsened to the extent that the effects of the

service-connected disability preclude him from engaging in the occupation for which he was found

rehabilitated, or the occupation for which he was found rehabilitated is found unsuitable on the basis

of the veteran's specific employment handicap. See 38 C.F.R. § 21.284 (2012).

In June 1992, the RO informed Mr. Andrews that he was found rehabilitated on July 21,

1991, and denied his request for an extension of vocational rehabilitation benefits. See R. at 123-24. 

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The Board decision here on appeal baldly reiterated that determination, merely stating that the

"evidence shows that [Mr. Andrews] overcame his employment handicap to the maximum extent

feasible" (R. at 13), but not explaining how that determination was made. In particular, there is no

evidence of record that Mr. Andrews had been employed for 60 days at the time of the decision as

to rehabilitation. Likewise, though Mr. Andrews expressed a desire to further his education to obtain

a bachelor's degree, there is no evidence that he was actually pursuing additional education. The

Board's complete failure to explain its finding that Mr. Andrews had been rehabilitated frustrates this

Court's review. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104; Allday, supra. Because the finding of "rehabilitation"

presents a significant bar to the award of further chapter 31 benefits, see 38 C.F.R. § 21.284 (stating

that, once a veteran is found rehabilitated, "an additional period of training or services" is provided

only if certain conditions have been met); 38 C.F.R. § 21.194(d)(1) (explaining that employment

services are terminated once a veteran is found rehabilitated), the Court cannot find harmless the

Board's omission. See 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d). 

B. Employment Services

Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 3117, a veteran who has participated in a vocational rehabilitation

program is also eligible to receive employment services. VA considers a veteran participating in

such a program to be in "employment services" status. 38 C.F.R. § 21.194. Under that status, the

veteran may receive an additional period of 18 months for vocational rehabilitation employmentplacement services and counseling. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 3104(a)(5), 3105(b); 38 C.F.R. §§ 21.47(d),

21.73, 21.78(b)(5) (2012). Employment services are not limited to the 12-year eligibility period. 

38 C.F.R. § 21.47(d). However, entitlement to "employment services" status ends when a veteran

is deemed to be "rehabilitated." 38 C.F.R. § 21.194(d)(1).

Here, on June 18, 1991, VA placed Mr. Andrews into "employment services" status. R. at

1312. However, it is unclear, based on a review of the record, whether VA provided any such

employment services, given that VA found him to be rehabilitated on July 21, 1991 (but in an

August 1991 letter, VA stated that Mr. Andrews was "currently in employment services status"). 

R. at 653, see R. at 123.

Because the Board provided an inadequate statement of reasons or bases to support the

"rehabilitation" finding – a finding that effectively terminates entitlement to "employment services"

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(see 38 C.F.R. § 21.194(d)(1)) – the Court cannot determine whether VA erred in failing to provide

employment services. Thus, if the Board determines that the rehabilitation determination was made

in error, it must consider this issue in the first instance on remand.

On remand, Mr. Andrews may present, and the Board must consider, anyadditional evidence

and argument in support of the matter remanded. See Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002).

This matter is to be provided expeditious treatment on remand. See 38 U.S.C. § 7112.

II. CONCLUSION

On consideration of the foregoing, the Court SETS ASIDE the Board's May 27, 2009,

decision, and REMANDS the case for further proceedings consistent with this decision. 

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