Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-17-00364-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J.L.B., ET AL.

From the 73rd Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2016PA00174

Honorable Richard Garcia, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice

Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: November 1, 2017

AFFIRMED

This is an accelerated appeal from an order terminating appellant-Mother’s and appellantFather’s parental rights to their two children, J.L.B. and K.R.B. Mother presents two issues, and 

Father presents one issue, challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support 

the trial court’s termination findings under Chapter 161 of the Texas Family Code. We affirm the 

trial court’s termination order.

BACKGROUND

On January 15, 2016, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (“the 

Department”) received a referral alleging neglectful supervision against Mother because Mother 

tested positive for cocaine and marijuana at the time of J.L.B.’s birth. The referral indicated J.L.B 

is the youngest of Mother’s four children and noted Mother did not have custody of the other three 
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children. Upon validating the referral and based upon the parents’ history with the Department, 

the Department filed its original petition on January 26, 2016. 

Following an adversary hearing held on March 1, 2016, the trial court signed a temporary 

order assigning the Department as temporary managing conservator of J.L.B. The trial court 

ordered Mother to comply with the requirements of the service plan, and Mother was allowed 

twice-monthly supervised visitation with J.L.B., which was contingent upon negative drug testing 

results. The trial court also ordered that Mother and Father complete a domestic violence course. 

The Department placed J.L.B. in foster care. The record indicates the March 1, 2016 temporary 

order did not address K.R.B. because she was already in the custody of her paternal grandmother 

as the result of the parents’ previous Department involvement.

On June 10, 2016, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful supervision of 

K.R.B. against Father because Father was arrested during a traffic stop for possessing “a pound” 

of heroin. The referral alleged K.R.B. was living in the same residence as Father that was “raided” 

subsequent to Father’s arrest, and in which law enforcement officers discovered evidence of drug 

packaging and distribution. Upon validating the referral, the Department filed an amended petition 

to terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to both J.L.B. and K.R.B on June 15, 2016. 

Following an adversary hearing held on June 28, 2016 regarding K.R.B., the trial court 

signed a temporary order assigning the Department as temporary managing conservator of K.R.B. 

and assigning Mother and Father as temporary possessory conservators with limited access. J.L.B. 

remained in foster care. The Department removed K.R.B. from the paternal grandmother’s 

custody and initially placed K.R.B. in emergency care. The Department subsequently placed the 

siblings in foster care together with fictive kin recommended by Mother. The fictive kin placement 

was unsuccessful, and the Department moved the children into foster care. 
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Following status and permanency hearings, the parties tried the case to the bench on March 

10, 2017, March 23, 2017, and April 12, 2017. Mother and Father were both present at trial via 

teleconference. Both Mother and Father were represented by court-appointed counsel and testified 

on their own behalf. The trial court also heard testimony from Department investigator Jacqueline 

Jones and Department caseworkers Belinda Miller and Isaiah Crowe, IV. 

After the receipt of evidence and testimony, the trial court rendered judgment terminating 

Mother’s parental rights to each child pursuant to Texas Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), 

(E), (N), (O), (P), and (R) and Father’s parental rights to each child pursuant to Texas Family Code 

sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), (O), and (Q). The trial court also found termination of 

Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to be in the best interest of the children, pursuant to Texas 

Family Code section 161.001(2).

Mother and Father appeal separately.

ANALYSIS

Mother contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s 

finding of statutory grounds for termination of her parental rights to J.L.B. and K.R.B. pursuant to 

Texas Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), (O), (P), and (R). Mother additionally 

contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that 

termination of her parental rights is in the best interest of the children. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§§ 161.001(b) (2) (West Supp. 2016). Father contends the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of his parental rights is in the best 

interest of the children. See id.

Standard of Review

To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 161.001 of the Code, the Department has 

the burden to prove: (1) one of the predicate grounds in subsection 161.001(b)(1); and (2) that 
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termination is in the best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (West Supp. 

2016); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). The applicable burden of proof is the clear 

and convincing standard. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.206(a) (West 2014); In re J.F.C., 96 

S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of 

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of 

the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination of parental 

rights, we must “look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine 

whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was 

true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “[A] reviewing court must assume that the factfinder 

resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” Id. “A 

corollary to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable 

factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.” Id.

In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination of parental 

rights, we “must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found 

to be clear and convincing.” Id. “A court of appeals should consider whether disputed evidence 

is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its 

finding.” Id. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder 

could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not 

reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” 

Id.
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Statutory Grounds for Termination – Mother’s Appeal

Termination Based on Section 161:001(b)(1)(E): Endangerment

Mother argues the Department failed to present evidence Mother demonstrated a voluntary, 

deliberate, and conscious course of conduct endangering the children’s physical and emotional 

well-being. 

Under subsection (E), the trial court was required to find, by clear and convincing evidence, 

that Mother “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in 

conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE 

ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). The term “endanger” means that the child was exposed to loss or injury 

or jeopardized. In re T.N.S., 230 S.W.3d 434, 438 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.). 

Endangerment encompasses more “than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects 

of a less-than-ideal family environment.” In re S.M., 389 S.W.3d 483, 491 (Tex. App.—El Paso, 

2012, no pet.) (quoting Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987)). 

Likewise, while endangerment often entails physical endangerment, the statute does not require 

that conduct be directed at a child or cause actual harm, rather, it is sufficient if the conduct 

endangers the emotional well-being of the child. Id. Thus, the court’s inquiry encompasses acts 

that endanger a child’s physical or emotional well-being or both. Id.

The relevant inquiry for termination under Subsection (E) is whether evidence exists that 

the endangerment was the direct result of the parents’ conduct, including acts, omissions, or 

failures to act. Id. Termination requires a voluntary, deliberate and conscious course of conduct; 

it must be based on more than a single act or omission. Id. It is not necessary that the parents’ 

conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury. Id.; In re T.N.S., 230 S.W.3d 

at 439. The specific danger to a child’s well-being need not be established as an independent 
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proposition, but may be inferred from parental misconduct. In the Interest of N.K., 99 S.W.3d 295, 

300 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.). 

Evidence of criminal conduct, convictions, and imprisonment and their effect on a parent’s 

life and ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct. In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 

117, 133 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Imprisonment alone does not constitute an 

endangering course of conduct but it is a fact properly considered on the endangerment issue. In 

re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 743-44 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied); see In the Interest 

of S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (Routinely subjecting 

children to the probability that they will be left alone because their parent is in jail endangers the 

children’s physical and emotional well-being.). However, because a parent’s illegal drug use 

exposes her children to the possibility the parent may be impaired or imprisoned, evidence of 

illegal drug use supports a finding that the parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered 

the children’s physical or emotional well-being. In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 579 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). 

In this case, the record reflects Mother exposed J.L.B. to drugs in utero, and J.L.B. 

experienced significant withdrawal symptoms. Mother admitted to Department investigator Jones 

she used both marijuana and cocaine during her pregnancy. However, this was not the only 

indication of Mother’s drug use. Mother testified she successfully completed a drug treatment 

program during the pendency of a Department case involving her two older children. However, 

the record includes a recitation of Mother’s criminal history immediately prior to the underlying 

case, indicating Mother’s continued drug use despite completion of the treatment program. Mother 

was arrested in July 2015 for possession of a controlled substance and in August and October 2015 

for possession of marijuana. Mother admitted K.R.B. had been placed in the custody of her 

paternal grandmother because of Mother’s and Father’s drug issues. Further, after the Department 
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initiated the underlying case, Mother was arrested on March 10, 2016 for possession of a controlled 

substance. 

Following her March 2016 arrest, Mother was incarcerated in the LaSalle County Jail for 

ninety days. Following her release in June 2016, she was once again arrested on December 5, 

2016 pursuant to a motion to revoke probation for failure to appear. Later in December 2016, 

Mother entered a Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (SAFPF) as a condition of her 

probation. Mother testified she attended NA and AA meetings while in the SAFPF unit and 

“learned a lot.” Mother anticipated her release date to be July 12, 2017, after which she would be 

required to stay at a halfway house for forty-five days, followed by six additional months of 

community supervision.

During the pendency of the underlying case, Mother was arrested twice in fourteen months 

and spent approximately seven months incarcerated. Additionally, the record reflects Mother 

continued to use illegal drugs despite knowing her parental rights were at risk. Although Mother 

completed a drug treatment program in the past, she continued to use illegal drugs, even during 

her pregnancy, which resulted in incarceration.

Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment, we 

conclude a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction Mother engaged 

in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the children. Thus, the 

evidence is legally sufficient to support this finding. Based upon the same evidence and 

conclusions, the evidence is also factually sufficient to support the trial court’s termination finding 

under Section 161.001(b)(1)(E).

Having determined the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial 

court’s finding on this statutory ground, we need not consider whether the evidence would support 

subsections (D), (N), (O), (P), or (R). See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (affirming 
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determination based on one predicate without reaching second predicate found by factfinder and 

challenged by parent).

Best Interests of the Children

Mother and Father each challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s 

finding that termination of their parental rights is in the children’s best interests.

The Texas Supreme Court has enumerated the following factors to assist courts in 

evaluating a child’s best interest: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the present and future emotional 

and physical needs of the child; (3) the present and future emotional and physical danger to the 

child; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to 

assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans held by the individuals 

seeking custody of the child; (7) the stability of the home of the parent and the individuals seeking 

custody; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child 

relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley 

v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). The foregoing factors are not exhaustive, and 

“[t]he absence of evidence about some of [the factors] would not preclude a factfinder from 

reasonably forming a strong conviction or belief that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In 

re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). “A trier of fact may measure a parent’s future conduct by 

his past conduct and determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest.” 

In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied).

Turning to the evidence regarding the best interest of the children, we consider the Holley 

factors as outlined above in relation to both Mother’s and Father’s appeals.

Desires of the Children

At the time of the trial in this case, J.L.B. was seventeen months’ old and K.R.B. was 

approximately four and a half years’ old; both children were too young to verbally communicate 
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their desires. Department caseworker Crowe testified K.R.B. had bonded with her foster parents 

and J.L.B. was happy in the foster home. Crowe described an unannounced visit during which he 

found both children appearing well-cared for and happy. Crowe testified that when the foster 

father arrived home, K.R.B. ran to the foster father, jumped up, and hugged him. Crowe 

additionally testified K.R.B. called the foster father “dad.” See In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 118 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (a factfinder may consider whether a child has 

bonded with her caregiver and is well-cared for when a child is too young to express her desires).

Mother testified she last saw J.L.B. in early December 2016 when the child was taken to 

her place of work by the fictive kin. The trial court also heard testimony that the children’s paternal 

grandmother allowed the parents unauthorized access to K.R.B. before K.R.B. was removed from 

her custody. Caseworker Miller testified Father visited with J.L.B. “two to three times” but was 

nervous during the visits and did not attempt to care for the baby. According to Miller, neither 

parent exhibited compliance with their service plans nor maintained a bond with J.L.B. Crowe 

testified that Father was incarcerated from the time Crowe was assigned to the case in July 2016. 

Crowe additionally testified that during his time working on the case, Mother had no authorized 

visits with the children.

Emotional and Physical Danger

“As a general rule, conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability 

endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a child.” In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d at 739. A 

factfinder may consider a parent’s history with other children when considering the risks or threats 

of a parent’s environment. In re E.A.F., 424 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2014, pet. denied).

The record shows that apart from the current Department involvement, Mother and Father 

have prior history with the Department. The Department received two prior referrals alleging 
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neglectful supervision and physical neglect of K.R.B. Each referral was verified and designated 

“reason to believe.” In one of the cases, the Department presented evidence of significant cocaine 

abuse, domestic violence, and unsanitary home environment.

As noted above, Mother’s instant involvement occurred because Mother tested positive for 

both cocaine and marijuana at the time of J.L.B.’s birth. J.L.B.’s urine taken at birth also tested 

positive for cocaine and marijuana, and Miller and Jones both testified they observed J.L.B. 

experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Miller stated the symptoms continued until J.L.B. was 

approximately six months’ old. During the investigation regarding the referral received at J.L.B.’s 

birth, Father admitted to Jones he also used marijuana and that he and mother had a history of 

domestic violence, with the most recent physical altercation happening “several” months prior to 

J.L.B.’s birth.

The record also references a pending Department investigation involving Father in regard 

to K.R.B. Father was arrested for aggravated assault and endangering a child because he caused 

an automobile accident when he attempted to chase down someone who was running from him. 

K.R.B. was in Father’s vehicle when the incident occurred. Father’s instant Department 

involvement occurred when Father was arrested for possession of heroin with intent to deliver. In 

the course of the investigation, the Drug Enforcement Agency raided the residence where Father 

was living and found additional drugs in the kitchen, along with scales, baggies, and other drug 

paraphernalia elsewhere in the house. Investigators informed the Department investigator that the 

evidence suggested packaging and distribution of illegal drugs happened in the house. K.R.B. was 

living in that same house with her paternal grandmother and was present when the raid occurred.

The trial court had before it evidence of Father’s criminal history. In addition to the druginvolved cases, Father admitted to past association with a criminal street gang. The record also 
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indicates father had prior arrests for driving while intoxicated, criminal mischief, burglary of a 

habitation, and two assaultive offenses. 

Parent’s Acts or Omissions, Availability of Programs

The evidence shows that despite the availability of programs, Mother and Father did not 

complete the services required by their family service plan.

Although Father had a pending investigation regarding K.R.B., as discussed above, Father 

continued to use illegal drugs and engage in criminal activity. During the March 24, 2016 status 

hearing, the trial court ordered Father to undergo drug testing and drug court evaluation. The 

record shows that four of Father’s nine drug test results returned positive for the presence of illegal 

drugs. Additionally, Father testified he was arrested in May 2016 for possession of 

methamphetamine with the intent to deliver and in June 2016 for possession of heroin with intent 

to deliver.

Prior to his arrests and subsequent incarceration, Father initiated services through the drug 

court but stopped attending and was discharged. According to Miller, she tried to have contact 

with Father once a month. Miller testified Father would make, but fail to keep, appointments. 

Additionally, Miller arranged for Father to complete parenting classes at Compadre Y Compadre, 

but Father did not attend any classes. Likewise, Miller arranged for counseling sessions for Father 

through Avalon, but Father attended only one session and did not return.

Crowe testified he arranged for Mother to complete services, and the record includes a 

copy of the letter Crowe provided Mother that lists the service providers. However, Mother did 

not complete any of the required services and missed each of her drug testing appointments. 

According to Crowe, Mother also failed to contact him when she was released from LaSalle 

County Jail.
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Mother testified she was unable to initiate services in the LaSalle County Jail because 

services were not provided. Additionally, once she was released, she was not able to do so because 

she had “transportation issues.” Mother further testified she was completing classes as part of the 

requirements of her SAFPF program. Father testified he completed a parenting class while 

incarcerated and would complete other services once he was sentenced and transferred to a 

permanent location.

Plans for the Children

Mother, testifying from a SAFPF unit where she was incarcerated as a condition of 

probation, told the trial court she had a full time job at a ranch/convenience store and transportation 

arranged for when she was released from the SAFPF unit and the halfway house. Mother was 

unsure where she would be living upon her release.

Father testified from a federal facility where he was awaiting sentencing for a conviction 

for possession of heroin with intent to deliver. Father testified his sentence was likely to be fortyone months pursuant to a plea arrangement, but could be sixty months if the sentencing court did 

not accept the plea arrangement. Father anticipated he would serve his sentence in either Bastrop 

or Three Rivers, however, he did not testify regarding post-incarceration plans or regarding plans 

for his children. Father offered the names of several family members with whom the children 

could be placed until his release. Crowe, however, testified as to the unsuitableness of each.

Crowe testified regarding the children’s current placement, which is a foster-adopt 

placement. According to Crowe, the foster parents wished to adopt both children. As noted above, 

Crowe observed the children were happy and well-cared for in their current placement.

Emotional and Physical Needs, Stability

A child’s need for permanence is a paramount consideration for the child’s present and 

future physical and emotional needs. See Dupree v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulation Servs., 
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907 S.W.2d 81, 87 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no writ). The goal of establishing a stable permanent 

home for a child is a compelling government interest. In re M.A.N.M., 75 S.W.3d 73, 77 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.). A factfinder may infer from a parent’s past inability or 

unwillingness to meet a child’s physical and emotional needs an inability or unwillingness to meet 

a child’s needs in the future. In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d at 118. Further, a factfinder is entitled to 

consider a parent’s history of drug use in its determination. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 

(Tex. 2009).

Both parents’ history of illegal drug use, criminal activity, and incarceration has been 

detailed above. The evidence shows that because of her continued illegal drug use, at the time of 

trial Mother was incarcerated and unable to provide for the emotional and physical needs of her 

children. Mother’s criminal history included prior arrests for possession of cocaine and marijuana. 

Mother’s most recent arrest for possession of cocaine occurred in March 2016, during the 

pendency of the underlying case. The evidence also shows Father’s continued criminal activity 

involving illegal drugs caused him to be incarcerated at the time of trial and unable to provide for 

the emotional and physical needs of his children as well. Father’s arrests for possession of 

controlled substances with intent to deliver also occurred during the pendency of the Department’s 

cases.

Conclusion

After evaluating the evidence and testimony in light of the Holley factors and viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, we conclude the trial court could 

reasonably have formed a firm conviction that termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights 

to both J.L.B. and K.R.B. is in the children’s best interest. Thus, the evidence is legally sufficient 

to support the trial court’s finding. Based upon the same evidence and conclusions, the evidence 
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is also factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s and 

Father’s parental rights is in the children’s best interest.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights.

Irene Rios, Justice