I 

111TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 5748 

To eliminate racial profiling by law enforcement, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

JULY 15, 2010 

Mr. CONYERS (for himself, Mr. NADLER of New York, Mr. WU, Mrs. 

CHRISTENSEN, Mrs. MALONEY, Ms. WATERS, Mr. PRICE of North Carolina, Mrs. NAPOLITANO, Mr. FARR, Mr. SERRANO, Mr. DAVIS of Illinois, 

Mr. STARK, Ms. WOOLSEY, Ms. KILPATRICK of Michigan, Mr. HASTINGS

of Florida, Mr. WATT, Mr. BISHOP of Georgia, Ms. LEE of California, 

Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, Mr. THOMPSON of Mississippi, Mr. JACKSON

of Illinois, Ms. FUDGE, Mr. CUMMINGS, Ms. CLARKE, Mr. FATTAH, Mr. 

SCOTT of Virginia, Mr. MEEKS of New York, Mr. COHEN, Ms. JACKSON

LEE of Texas, Ms. CHU, Mr. ELLISON, Ms. BALDWIN, Mr. WEINER, Ms. 

LINDA T. SA ́NCHEZ of California, Mr. POLIS of Colorado, Mr. QUIGLEY, 

Mr. GUTIERREZ, Mr. LARSEN of Washington, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. FILNER, 

Mr. CLAY, Mr. RUSH, Mrs. CAPPS, Ms. MATSUI, Mr. HONDA, Ms. NORTON, Mr. MCDERMOTT, Mr. CAPUANO, Mr. BERMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Ms. ESHOO, Ms. HIRONO, Mr. SCOTT of Georgia, Mr. 

GRIJALVA, Ms. MCCOLLUM, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the 

Judiciary 

A BILL 

To eliminate racial profiling by law enforcement, and for 

other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 


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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

2 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

3 ‘‘End Racial Profiling Act of 2010’’. 

4 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

5 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

TITLE I—PROHIBITION OF RACIAL PROFILING 

Sec. 101. Prohibition. 

Sec. 102. Enforcement. 

TITLE II—PROGRAMS TO ELIMINATE RACIAL PROFILING BY 

FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES 

Sec. 201. Policies to eliminate racial profiling. 

TITLE III—PROGRAMS TO ELIMINATE RACIAL PROFILING BY 

STATE, LOCAL, AND INDIAN TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT 

AGENCIES 

Sec. 301. Policies required for grants. 

Sec. 302. Involvement of Attorney General. 

Sec. 303. Data collection demonstration project. 

Sec. 304. Best practices development grants. 

Sec. 305. Authorization of appropriations. 

TITLE IV—DATA COLLECTION 

Sec. 401. Attorney General to issue regulations. 

Sec. 402. Publication of data. 

Sec. 403. Limitations on publication of data. 

TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE REGULATIONS AND 

REPORTS ON RACIAL PROFILING IN THE UNITED STATES 

Sec. 501. Attorney General to issue regulations and reports. 

TITLE VI—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 

Sec. 601. Severability. 

Sec. 602. Savings clause. 

6 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 


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1 (1) COVERED PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘covered 

2 program’’ means any program or activity funded in 

3 whole or in part with funds made available under— 

4 (A) the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice 

5 Assistance Grant Program under part E of title 

6 I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe 

7 Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3750 et seq.); 

8 and 

9 (B) the ‘‘Cops on the Beat’’ program 

10 under part Q of title I of the Omnibus Crime 

11 Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 

12 U.S.C. 3796dd et seq.), except that no pro13 gram, project, or other activity specified in sec14 tion 1701(b)(13) of such part shall be a covered 

15 program under this paragraph. 

16 (2) GOVERNMENTAL BODY.—The term ‘‘govern17 mental body’’ means any department, agency, special 

18 purpose district, or other instrumentality of Federal, 

19 State, local, or Indian tribal government. 

20 (3) INDIAN TRIBE.—The term ‘‘Indian tribe’’ 

21 has the same meaning as in section 103 of the Juve22 nile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 

23 (42 U.S.C. 5603). 

24 (4) LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY.—The term 

25 ‘‘law enforcement agency’’ means any Federal, 


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1 State, local, or Indian tribal public agency engaged 

2 in the prevention, detection, or investigation of viola3 tions of criminal, immigration, or customs laws. 

4 (5) LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENT.—The term 

5 ‘‘law enforcement agent’’ means any Federal, State, 

6 local, or Indian tribal official responsible for enforc7 ing criminal, immigration, or customs laws, includ8 ing police officers and other agents of a law enforce9 ment agency. 

10 (6) RACIAL PROFILING.—The term ‘‘racial 

11 profiling’’ means the practice of a law enforcement 

12 agent or agency relying, to any degree, on race, eth13 nicity, national origin, or religion in selecting which 

14 individual to subject to routine or spontaneous inves15 tigatory activities or in deciding upon the scope and 

16 substance of law enforcement activity following the 

17 initial investigatory procedure, except when there is 

18 trustworthy information, relevant to the locality and 

19 timeframe, that links a person of a particular race, 

20 ethnicity, national origin, or religion to an identified 

21 criminal incident or scheme. 

22 (7) ROUTINE OR SPONTANEOUS INVESTIGATORY

23 ACTIVITIES.—The term ‘‘routine or spontaneous in24 vestigatory activities’’ means the following activities 

25 by a law enforcement agent: 


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1 (A) Interviews. 

2 (B) Traffic stops. 

3 (C) Pedestrian stops. 

4 (D) Frisks and other types of body 

5 searches. 

6 (E) Consensual or nonconsensual searches 

7 of the persons, property, or possessions (includ8 ing vehicles) of individuals using any form of 

9 public or private transportation, including mo10 torists and pedestrians. 

11 (F) Inspections and interviews of entrants 

12 into the United States that are more extensive 

13 than those customarily carried out. 

14 (G) Immigration-related workplace inves15 tigations. 

16 (H) Such other types of law enforcement 

17 encounters compiled for or by the Federal Bu18 reau of Investigation or the Department of Jus19 tice Bureau of Justice Statistics. 

20 (8) REASONABLE REQUEST.—The term ‘‘rea21 sonable request’’ means all requests for information, 

22 except for those that— 

23 (A) are immaterial to the investigation; 

24 (B) would result in the unnecessary disclo25 sure of personal information; or 


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1 (C) would place a severe burden on the re2 sources of the law enforcement agency given its 

3 size. 

4 (9) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means each of 

5 the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Com6 monwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other territory 

7 or possession of the United States. 

8 (10) UNIT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.—The term 

9 ‘‘unit of local government’’ means— 

10 (A) any city, county, township, town, bor11 ough, parish, village, or other general purpose 

12 political subdivision of a State; 

13 (B) any law enforcement district or judicial 

14 enforcement district that— 

15 (i) is established under applicable 

16 State law; and 

17 (ii) has the authority to, in a manner 

18 independent of other State entities, estab19 lish a budget and impose taxes; or 

20 (C) any Indian tribe that performs law en21 forcement functions, as determined by the Sec22 retary of the Interior. 


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1 TITLE I—PROHIBITION OF 

2 RACIAL PROFILING 

3 SEC. 101. PROHIBITION. 

4 No law enforcement agent or law enforcement agency 

5 shall engage in racial profiling. 

6 SEC. 102. ENFORCEMENT. 

7 (a) REMEDY.—The United States, or an individual 

8 injured by racial profiling, may enforce this title in a civil 

9 action for declaratory or injunctive relief, filed either in 

10 a State court of general jurisdiction or in a district court 

11 of the United States. 

12 (b) PARTIES.—In any action brought under this title, 

13 relief may be obtained against— 

14 (1) any governmental body that employed any 

15 law enforcement agent who engaged in racial 

16 profiling; 

17 (2) any agent of such body who engaged in ra18 cial profiling; and 

19 (3) any person with supervisory authority over 

20 such agent. 

21 (c) NATURE OF PROOF.—Proof that the routine or 

22 spontaneous investigatory activities of law enforcement 

23 agents in a jurisdiction have had a disparate impact on 

24 racial, ethnic, or religious minorities shall constitute prima 

25 facie evidence of a violation of this title. 


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1 (d) ATTORNEY’S FEES.—In any action or proceeding 

2 to enforce this title against any governmental body, the 

3 court may allow a prevailing plaintiff, other than the 

4 United States, reasonable attorney’s fees as part of the 

5 costs, and may include expert fees as part of the attorney’s 

6 fee. 

7 TITLE II—PROGRAMS TO ELIMI8 NATE RACIAL PROFILING BY 

9 FEDERAL LAW ENFORCE10 MENT AGENCIES 

11 SEC. 201. POLICIES TO ELIMINATE RACIAL PROFILING. 

12 (a) IN GENERAL.—Federal law enforcement agencies 

13 shall— 

14 (1) maintain adequate policies and procedures 

15 designed to eliminate racial profiling; and 

16 (2) cease existing practices that permit racial 

17 profiling. 

18 (b) POLICIES.—The policies and procedures de19 scribed in subsection (a)(1) shall include— 

20 (1) a prohibition on racial profiling; 

21 (2) training on racial profiling issues as part of 

22 Federal law enforcement training; 

23 (3) the collection of data in accordance with the 

24 regulations issued by the Attorney General under 

25 section 401; 


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1 (4) procedures for receiving, investigating, and 

2 responding meaningfully to complaints alleging ra3 cial profiling by law enforcement agents; and 

4 (5) any other policies and procedures the Attor5 ney General determines to be necessary to eliminate 

6 racial profiling by Federal law enforcement agencies. 

7 TITLE III—PROGRAMS TO ELIMI8 NATE RACIAL PROFILING BY 

9 STATE, LOCAL, AND INDIAN 

10 TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT 

11 AGENCIES 

12 SEC. 301. POLICIES REQUIRED FOR GRANTS. 

13 (a) IN GENERAL.—An application by a State, a unit 

14 of local government, or a State, local, or Indian tribal law 

15 enforcement agency for funding under a covered program 

16 shall include a certification that such State, unit of local 

17 government, or law enforcement agency, and any law en18 forcement agency to which it will distribute funds— 

19 (1) maintains adequate policies and procedures 

20 designed to eliminate racial profiling; and 

21 (2) has eliminated any existing practices that 

22 permit or encourage racial profiling. 

23 (b) POLICIES.—The policies and procedures de24 scribed in subsection (a)(1) shall include— 

25 (1) a prohibition on racial profiling; 


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1 (2) training on racial profiling issues as part of 

2 law enforcement training; 

3 (3) the collection of data in accordance with the 

4 regulations issued by the Attorney General under 

5 section 401; and 

6 (4) participation in an administrative complaint 

7 procedure or independent audit program that meets 

8 the requirements of section 302. 

9 (c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall take effect 

10 12 months after the date of enactment of this Act. 

11 SEC. 302. INVOLVEMENT OF ATTORNEY GENERAL. 

12 (a) REGULATIONS.— 

13 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months 

14 after the date of enactment of this Act and in con15 sultation with stakeholders, including Federal, State, 

16 tribal, and local law enforcement agencies and com17 munity, professional, research, and civil rights orga18 nizations, the Attorney General shall issue regula19 tions for the operation of administrative complaint 

20 procedures and independent audit programs to en21 sure that such programs and procedures provide an 

22 appropriate response to allegations of racial profiling 

23 by law enforcement agents or agencies. 

24 (2) GUIDELINES.—The regulations issued 

25 under paragraph (1) shall contain guidelines that 


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1 ensure the fairness, effectiveness, and independence 

2 of the administrative complaint procedures and inde3 pendent auditor programs. 

4 (b) NONCOMPLIANCE.—If the Attorney General de5 termines that the recipient of a grant from any covered 

6 program is not in compliance with the requirements of sec7 tion 301 or the regulations issued under subsection (a), 

8 the Attorney General shall withhold, in whole or in part 

9 (at the discretion of the Attorney General), funds for 1 

10 or more grants to the recipient under the covered pro11 gram, until the recipient establishes compliance. 

12 (c) PRIVATE PARTIES.—The Attorney General shall 

13 provide notice and an opportunity for private parties to 

14 present evidence to the Attorney General that a recipient 

15 of a grant from any covered program is not in compliance 

16 with the requirements of this title. 

17 SEC. 303. DATA COLLECTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. 

18 (a) COMPETITIVE AWARDS.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General may, 

20 through competitive grants or contracts, carry out a 

21 2-year demonstration project for the purpose of de22 veloping and implementing data collection programs 

23 on the hit rates for stops and searches by law en24 forcement agencies. The data collected shall be 


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1 disaggregated by race, ethnicity, national origin, and 

2 religion. 

3 (2) NUMBER OF GRANTS.—The Attorney Gen4 eral shall provide not more than 5 grants or con5 tracts under this section. 

6 (3) ELIGIBLE GRANTEES.—Grants or contracts 

7 under this section shall be awarded to law enforce8 ment agencies that serve communities where there is 

9 a significant concentration of racial or ethnic minori10 ties and that are not already collecting data volun11 tarily. 

12 (b) REQUIRED ACTIVITIES.—Activities carried out 

13 with a grant under this section shall include— 

14 (1) developing a data collection tool and report15 ing the compiled data to the Attorney General; and 

16 (2) training of law enforcement personnel on 

17 data collection, particularly for data collection on hit 

18 rates for stops and searches. 

19 (c) EVALUATION.—Not later than 3 years after the 

20 date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall 

21 enter into a contract with an institution of higher edu22 cation (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education 

23 Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)) to analyze the data col24 lected by each of the grantees funded under this section. 


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1 (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

2 are authorized to be appropriated to carry out activities 

3 under this section— 

4 (1) $5,000,000, over a 2-year period, to carry 

5 out the demonstration program under subsection 

6 (a); and 

7 (2) $500,000 to carry out the evaluation under 

8 subsection (c). 

9 SEC. 304. BEST PRACTICES DEVELOPMENT GRANTS. 

10 (a) GRANT AUTHORIZATION.—The Attorney General, 

11 through the Bureau of Justice Assistance, may make 

12 grants to States, local law enforcement agencies, and units 

13 of local government to develop and implement best prac14 tice devices and systems to eliminate racial profiling. 

15 (b) USE OF FUNDS.—The funds provided under sub16 section (a) shall be used for programs that include the 

17 following purposes: 

18 (1) The development and implementation of 

19 training to prevent racial profiling and to encourage 

20 more respectful interaction with the public. 

21 (2) The acquisition and use of technology to fa22 cilitate the accurate collection and analysis of data. 

23 (3) The development and acquisition of feed24 back systems and technologies that identify officers 


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1 or units of officers engaged in, or at risk of engag2 ing in, racial profiling or other misconduct. 

3 (4) The establishment and maintenance of an 

4 administrative complaint procedure or independent 

5 auditor program. 

6 (c) EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION.—The Attorney Gen7 eral shall ensure that grants under this section are award8 ed in a manner that reserves an equitable share of funding 

9 for small and rural law enforcement agencies. 

10 (d) APPLICATION.—Each State, local law enforce11 ment agency, or unit of local government desiring a grant 

12 under this section shall submit an application to the Attor13 ney General at such time, in such manner, and accom14 panied by such information as the Attorney General may 

15 reasonably require. 

16 SEC. 305. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

17 There are authorized to be appropriated such sums 

18 as are necessary to carry out this title. 

19 TITLE IV—DATA COLLECTION 

20 SEC. 401. ATTORNEY GENERAL TO ISSUE REGULATIONS. 

21 (a) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 6 months after 

22 the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General, 

23 in consultation with stakeholders, including Federal, 

24 State, and local law enforcement agencies and community, 

25 professional, research, and civil rights organizations, shall 


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1 issue regulations for the collection and compilation of data 

2 under sections 201 and 301. 

3 (b) REQUIREMENTS.—The regulations issued under 

4 subsection (a) shall— 

5 (1) provide for the collection of data on all rou6 tine or spontaneous investigatory activities; 

7 (2) provide that the data collected shall— 

8 (A) be collected by race, ethnicity, national 

9 origin, gender, and religion, as perceived by the 

10 law enforcement officer; 

11 (B) include the date, time, and location of 

12 such investigatory activities; and 

13 (C) include detail sufficient to permit an 

14 analysis of whether a law enforcement agency is 

15 engaging in racial profiling; 

16 (3) provide that a standardized form shall be 

17 made available to law enforcement agencies for the 

18 submission of collected data to the Department of 

19 Justice; 

20 (4) provide that law enforcement agencies shall 

21 compile data on the standardized form made avail22 able under paragraph (3), and submit the form to 

23 the Civil Rights Division and the Department of 

24 Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics; 


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1 (5) provide that law enforcement agencies shall 

2 maintain all data collected under this Act for not 

3 less than 4 years; 

4 (6) include guidelines for setting comparative 

5 benchmarks, consistent with best practices, against 

6 which collected data shall be measured; and 

7 (7) provide that the Department of Justice Bu8 reau of Justice Statistics shall— 

9 (A) analyze the data for any statistically 

10 significant disparities, including— 

11 (i) disparities in the percentage of 

12 drivers or pedestrians stopped relative to 

13 the proportion of the population passing 

14 through the neighborhood; 

15 (ii) disparities in the percentage of 

16 false stops relative to the percentage of 

17 drivers or pedestrians stopped; and 

18 (iii) disparities in the frequency of 

19 searches performed on minority drivers 

20 and the frequency of searches performed 

21 on non-minority drivers; and 

22 (B) not later than 3 years after the date 

23 of enactment of this Act, and annually there24 after— 


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1 (i) prepare a report regarding the 

2 findings of the analysis conducted under 

3 subparagraph (A); 

4 (ii) provide such report to Congress; 

5 and 

6 (iii) make such report available to the 

7 public, including on a Web site of the De8 partment of Justice. 

9 SEC. 402. PUBLICATION OF DATA. 

10 The Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statis11 tics shall provide to Congress and make available to the 

12 public, together with each annual report described in sec13 tion 401, the data collected pursuant to this Act. 

14 SEC. 403. LIMITATIONS ON PUBLICATION OF DATA. 

15 The name or identifying information of a law enforce16 ment officer, complainant, or any other individual involved 

17 in any activity for which data is collected and compiled 

18 under this Act shall not be— 

19 (1) released to the public; 

20 (2) disclosed to any person, except for such dis21 closures as are necessary to comply with this Act; or 

22 (3) subject to disclosure under section 552 of 

23 title 5, United States Code (commonly know as the 

24 Freedom of Information Act). 


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1 TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF JUS2 TICE REGULATIONS AND RE3 PORTS ON RACIAL 

4 PROFILING IN THE UNITED 

5 STATES 

6 SEC. 501. ATTORNEY GENERAL TO ISSUE REGULATIONS 

7 AND REPORTS. 

8 (a) REGULATIONS.—In addition to the regulations re9 quired under sections 303 and 401, the Attorney General 

10 shall issue such other regulations as the Attorney General 

11 determines are necessary to implement this Act. 

12 (b) REPORTS.— 

13 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after 

14 the date of enactment of this Act, and annually 

15 thereafter, the Attorney General shall submit to 

16 Congress a report on racial profiling by law enforce17 ment agencies. 

18 (2) SCOPE.—Each report submitted under 

19 paragraph (1) shall include— 

20 (A) a summary of data collected under sec21 tions 201(b)(3) and 301(b)(3) and from any 

22 other reliable source of information regarding 

23 racial profiling in the United States; 

24 (B) a discussion of the findings in the 

25 most recent report prepared by the Department 


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1 of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics under 

2 section 401(b)(7); 

3 (C) the status of the adoption and imple4 mentation of policies and procedures by Federal 

5 law enforcement agencies under section 201 

6 and by the State and local law enforcement 

7 agencies under sections 301 and 302; and 

8 (D) a description of any other policies and 

9 procedures that the Attorney General believes 

10 would facilitate the elimination of racial 

11 profiling. 

12 TITLE VI—MISCELLANEOUS 

13 PROVISIONS 

14 SEC. 601. SEVERABILITY. 

15 If any provision of this Act, or the application of such 

16 a provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be 

17 unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act and the appli18 cation of the remaining provisions of this Act to any per19 son or circumstance shall not be affected thereby. 

20 SEC. 602. SAVINGS CLAUSE. 

21 Nothing in this Act shall be construed— 

22 (1) to limit legal or administrative remedies 

23 under section 1979 of the Revised Statutes of the 

24 United States (42 U.S.C. 1983), section 210401 of 

25 the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement 


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1 Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 14141), the Omnibus Crime 

2 Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 

3 3701 et seq.), or title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 

4 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.); 

5 (2) to affect any Federal, State, or tribal law 

6 that applies to an Indian tribe because of the polit7 ical status of the tribe; or 

8 (3) to waive the sovereign immunity of an In9 dian tribe without the consent of the tribe. 

Æ 


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