UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

DEMOCRACY FORWARD FOUNDATION, et al. , Plaintiffs,

v. MICHAEL R. POMPEO, in his official capacity as U.S. Secretary of State, et al. , Defendants. Case No. 1:1 9

- cv - 01773 (TNM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION Much like Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison’s dinner that led to the Compromise of
1790 , “no one else was in the room where it happened” when President Trump and then

Secretary of State Rex Tillerson met with the ir Russian counterparts during the 2017 G20 Summit. See Lin

- Manuel Miranda , The Room Where It Happen s , on Hamilton: An American Musical ( Atl

. Record s 2015). That is, except their interpreters. Plaintiffs want to know what happened during that meeting . So they have turned to the President’s interpreter, arguing that the U.S. Department of State had an obligation to preserve his notes under the Feder al Records Act (“FRA”). Because t he Court disagrees with Plaintiffs ’ base premise

— that these jottings

were federal records

— it grants summary judgment for the Government.
I. According to some newspaper article s , President Trump held a sideline meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin during the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany

. See Pls. ’
Cross

- Mot. Summ. J. (“Pls.’ Mot.”), Ex. A

- 1 (“Miller Article”) at 5 , ECF No. 18

- 2 ; Pls.’ Mot.,2 Ex. A

- 2 (“Baker Article ”) at 18, ECF No. 18

- 2. 1 T hen

- Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, the Russian foreign minister, and two interprete rs also attended

. See Baker Article at 18

. Following the meeting, the President allegedly asked the State Department interpreter, Yuri Shkeyrov, to give him his interpreting notes. See Miller Article at 5 ; Baker Article at 17

. Shkeyrov complied.
See Miller Article at 5; Baker Article at 17. A year and a half later , t he Washington Post broke the s tory

. See Miller Article at 5

– 15 ; Baker Article at 17

– 18

. “President Trump has gone to extraordinary lengths to conceal details of his conversations with Russian President Vladimir Putin,” it claimed, “including on at least one occasion taking possession of the notes of his own interpreter and instructing the linguist not to discuss what had transpired with other administration officials [

. ] ” Miller Article at 5

. Th ese articles set off two series of actions. First, they alerted two nonprofit organizations

— Plaintiffs Democracy Forward Foundation and American Oversight (collectively, “Democracy Forward” or “the Organizations” )

— to the possibility that the President’s alleged action violated the FRA

. See Pls. ’ Mot. at 13. Shkeyrov’s notes, they believed, were likely federal records

. Id

. A nd the President , by seizing them, unlawful ly remov ed those records. Id.
So they sent letters to the Secretary of State (“the Secretary”) , copying the National Archivist (“the Archivist”)

. Id. ; Compl. Exs. A & B, ECF Nos. 1

- 1, 1

- 2. The Organizations notified the Secretary of the potential FRA violation and asked him to take administrative action to recover Shkeyrov’s notes

. Pls.’ Mot. at 13; Compl. Exs. A & B, ECF Nos. 1

- 1, 1

- 2. He never responded

. Pls.’ Mot. at 13. Second , the Washington Post article s prompted Timothy Kootz, the Division Chief of the Records Archives Management Division and the Agency Records Officer of the State

1 All page citations are to the page numbers generated by the Court’s CM/ECF system.3 Department, to investigate. A.R. at 6 , ECF No. 15 . He instructed his staff to speak with the Department’s Office of Language Services to “collect information that would allow [him] to determine whether State Department interpreters’ notes would qualify as federal records.” Id. After discussing his fin dings with the National Archives and Records Administration (“NARA”) , he concluded that “ any written material generated by the [] interpreter

. . . was not a federal record.” Id. So t he State Department never tried to recover Shkeyrov ’s notes. Id

. Demo cracy Forward disagree s with Kootz’s conclusion. It maintain s that th e se notes are federal records that cannot be removed or destroyed without adhering to the State Department and NARA’s guidelines. Pls. ’ Mot. at 8. And it sued the State Department, NARA , the Secretary, and the Archivist (collectively, “the Government”) to try to force the Secretary and Archivist to initiate administra tive action to recover Shkeyrov ’s notes

. See Compl., ECF No. 1. The Government promptly moved to dismiss the case. Defs. ’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No.
9. But th e Court denied that motion , finding that at th at early stage , Democracy Forward had

“ made suffici ent factual allegations about the notes and the Secretary and Archivist’s awareness of the events to survive the Government’s m otion to d ismiss. ” Mot. H’ring Tr. at 4 6:10

– 13 (Dec. 11, 2019), ECF No. 23

. Following th at ruling , the Secretary and Archivist compiled and submitted an administrative record explaining the Secretary and Archivist’s reasons for not trying to recover Shkeyrov’s notes

. See Notice of Filing of the A.R., ECF No. 15. This record contained declarations from State Department and NARA officials and the Blanket Purchase Agreement for interpreter contractors for the Department’s Office of Language Services. See Index of A.R.,
ECF No. 15

- 1.4 The parties have each moved for summary judgment. See Defs. ’ Mot. Summ. J., ECF
No. 16 ; P ls.’ Mot. Based on the administrative record, the Court now agrees with the Government that Shkeyrov ’s notes are not federal records . T he Secretary and Archivist thus did not need to pursue recovery of the notes , nor was th eir decision to forgo administr ative action arbitrary and capricious. So the Court will deny summary judgment for Democracy Forward and grant it for the Government. 2
I I. Democracy Forward advances claims under Section 706(1) and (2) of the A dministrative
P rocedure A ct (“APA”)

. See Pls. ’ Mot. at 17, 33. Normally, a court will grant summary judgment when there “is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). But court s play a different role in APA cases. When a court review s final agency action under Section 706(2), summary judgment “serves as the mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether the agency action is supported by th e administrative record and otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” See Sierra Club v. Mainella , 459 F. Supp. 2d 76, 89

– 90 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Richard
v. INS , 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n. 28 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). A c ourt will invalidate the agency’s action only if “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law

. ” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) . Though a court ’s review of agency action under the arbitrary and capricious standard is “narrow,” it mu st determine whether the agency “ examine d the relevant data and articulate d a satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational connection

2 The Court has jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because this action arises under federal law

— specifically the APA , 5 U.S.C. §§ 701, et seq ., the FRA, 44 U.S.C. §§ 3301, et seq ., and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202.5 between the facts found and the choice made.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass ’ n v. State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co. , 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (cleaned up). Review of “an agency’s inaction

. . . is still more limited.” Citizens for Respons. & Ethics v. SEC , 916 F. Supp. 2d 141, 145 (D.D.C. 2013) (emphasis added). Under Section 706(1), a court may “ compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed [

. ] ” 5 U.S.C. § 706( 1 )

. This section of the APA “ carried forward the traditional practice

. . . of writs of mandamus ” which allowed “ enforcement of a specific, unequivocal command

. . . of a precise definite act about which an official had no discretion whatever.” Norton v.
SUWA , 542 U.S. 55, 63 (2004) (cleaned up)

. So Section 706(1) only empowers a court to compel “discrete” agency a ction where an agency is “required” by law to act. Id

. at 6 4.
II I

. A. The Federal Records Act requires agencies to “make and preserve records containing adequate and proper documentation” of the agencies’ activities and to establish records management programs to ensure proper maintenance of federal records. See 44 U.S.C. §§ 3101, 3102(1).
Yet not every scrap of paper lying about a bureaucrat ’s desk qualifies as a “record.” See Armstrong v. Exec. Offic e of the President ( “ Armstrong II ”) , 1 F.3d 1274, 1287 (D.C. Cir. 1993)

. Records are limited to “ recorded information, regardless of form or characteristics , ” that are ( 1 ) “ made or received by a Federal agency under Federal law or in connection with the
t ransaction of public business ” ; and ( 2 ) “ preserved or appropriate for preservation by that agency

. . . as evidence of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or6 other activities of the United States Government or because of the informational value of data in them. ” 44 U.S.C. § 3301(a)(1)(A). This definition provides sparse guidance for agency employees who make day

- to

- day calls about whether they can toss something in to the shred bin

. After all, how does someone determine whether a document is “ appropriate for preservation

. . . because of the informational value of data ” in a document? To help , Congress instructed the Archivist to promulgate regulations elaborating on Congress’s definition. See id

. § 29 04(c)(1). Under the FRA, “[t]he Archivist’s determination whether recorded information .

. . is a record .

. . shall be binding on all Federal agencies.” Id

. § 3301(b). The Archivist’s regulations adopt the FRA’s definition of “records.” See 36 C.F.R

. § § 1222.10 ( a) , 1222.12 . But the regulations go on to explain that not all documentary materials qualify as records. A s relevant here, the regulations specify that “ [ w ] orking files, such as preliminary drafts and rough notes,” are appropriate for preser vation

— and so are federal records

— only in some cases

. See 36 C.F.R. § 1222.12(c). First, they must be “circulated or made available to employees, other than the creator, for official purposes such as approval, comment, action, recommendation, follow

- up, or to communicate with agency staff about agency business [.]” Id

. § 1222.12(c)(1). And , second, they must “ contai n unique information, such as substantive annotations or comments that add [] to a proper understanding of the agency ’ s formulation and execution of basic policies, decisions, actions, or responsibilities. ” Id

. § 1222.12(c)(2). If the working file, draft, or notes meet both these conditions , they “ must be maintained to ensure adequate and proper documentation .” Id . § 1222.12(c).
T he FRA establishes an administrative remedy for w hen someone mishandles federal records by unlawfully removing or destroying th e documents

. See Armstrong v. Bush7 (“

Armstrong I ”) , 924 F.2d 282, 29 4 (D.C. Cir. 1991). The agency head must notify the Archivist of “any actual, impending, or threatened unlawful removal . . . of records in the custody of the agency, and with the assistance of the Archivist shall initiate action through the Attorney General ” to recover the documents. 44 U .S.C. § 3106(a). If the agency head fails to act, the Archivist must independently request that the Attorney General initiate action. Id

. § 3106(b). If neither the agency head nor the Archivist seek the Attorney General ’s aid , private parties may sue u nder the APA challenging an “ agency head’s or Archivist’s refusal to seek the initiation of an enforcement action by the Attorney General.” 3 Armstrong I , 924 F.2d at 295. Democracy Forward is bringing such a suit. Its motion invokes two lines of attack. First, it brings a claim under Section 706(1) to “c ompel agency action unlawfully withheld .” Pls. ’
Mot. at 16 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(1)). That is, it insists that the Secretary and Archivist have failed to fulfill their mandatory duty to recover Shkeyrov ’ s notes under 44 U.S.C. § 3106. Pls.’
Mot. at 1 1

. For the Court to compel the Secretary and Archivist to act under Section 706(1),
Democ racy Forward must establish that they failed to take a “ precise , definite act about which they had no discretion whatever.” Norton , 542 U.S. at 63 (cleaned up)

. And, indeed, Section 3106 compels such mandatory, non

- discretionary action in some cases

. Se e 44 U.S.C. § 3106 . I f the President removed a federal record and the Secretary and Archivist knew or had reason to believe this removal was unlawful, “the FRA enforcement provisions leave no discretion to determine which cases to pursu e[.]” Armstrong I , 924 F.2d at 295

. Democracy Forward is also challeng ing the Secretary and Archivist’s “decision not to initiate a recovery action” as being arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law under Section

3 Private parties may not directly “invoke federal courts to prevent an agency official from improperly destroying or removing records[.]” See Armstrong I , 924 F.2d at 294.8 706(2). Pls. ’ Mot. at 38. It believes that the Secretary and Archivist incorrectly determined that Shkeyrov ’s notes were not federal records because they failed to consider the unique role that interpreters ’ notes for high

- level meetings play in memorializing those meeting s
. 4 Id

. at 38

– 39.
So Democracy Forward insists that the Secretary and Archivist failed to consider an important aspect of the problem , rendering their decision arbitrary and capricious

. Id . at 39. Both Democracy Forward’s Section 706(1) and 706(2) claims, though, hinge on whether Shkeyrov ’s notes qualify as f ederal records. See Defs. ’ Mot. at 20; Pls.’ Mot. at 17. T he State Department has already determined that they do not. See A.R. at 6. And

— even if it can review such a determination

— the Court agrees.
B . Democracy Forward admits that “the dispute in this case now largely boils down to one question ”: whether Shkeyrov ’s notes are federal records. Pls. ’ Mot. at 17. In summarizing the central dispute here, Democracy Forward assumes that the Court is the app ropriate decisionmaker on that issue. But is that right? Not according to the D.C. Circuit cases addressing the FRA’s administrative remedies. Recall that t he Secretary and Archivist must notify the Attorney General when records have been unlawfully removed from the agency. See 44 U.S.C. § 3106. That is a non discretionary obligation that c ourt s can enforce through Section 706(1). See Armstrong I , 924 F.2d at 295. The D.C. Circuit, though, has consistently referred to an agency’s decision about whether a document qualifies as a federal record as a matter of agency discretion.

4 As the Government notes, Democracy Forward’s Section 706(2) claim really seems to challenge the State Department’s decision that Shkeyrov ’s notes are not federal records, not the Secretary and Archivist’s decision to forgo initiation of administrative acti on. See Defs. ’ Reply at 27 , ECF No. 20

. Section 3106 of the FRA doe not require the Secretary or Archivist to determine whether removed documents are federal records. It only prescribes certain administrative actions that they must take if they know or reasonably believe that federal records have been removed from the agency. 44 U.S.C. § 3106.9 For instance, in Armstrong I , the court assured the agency that

— although the adequacy of an agency’s recordkeeping guidelines was subject to judicial review

— “ agency personnel, not the court, will actually decide whether specific documents

— whether they be scraps of paper or [digital] notes

— constitute ‘ records ’ und er the guidelines. ” 924 F.2d at 293

– 94 ; see also id

. at 297 n.14 (“[T]he determination of whether a variety of particular documents . . . are, in fact, records must be made by agency staff on a daily basis . . . .”). And the court explained that the adeq uacy of an agency’s guidelines and directives was “the only issue a court would be asked to consider . . . .” Id. at 294 (emphasis added). The D.C. Circuit re - affirmed this idea in Armstrong
II

, noting that t he “ agency undoubtedly does have some discreti on to decide if a particular document satisfies the statutory definition of a record [

. ] ” 1 F.3d at 128 3

. Here, State ’s Agency Records Officer investigated whether the Shkeyrov’s notes qualified as records. A.R. at 6. And he concluded that “any written material generated by the LS/I interpreter in the course of providing oral interpretation during the meeting between President Trump and President of the Russian Federation Putin in Hamb urg, Germany, on July 7, 2017 was not a federal record.” Id

. Since the agency never designated the interpreter’s notes as a federal record, the Secretary and Archivist never had reason to believe that the President removed a federal record. Id . Their d uties under Section 3106 were never triggered

. This should end the matter.
C . But e ven if the Court does have a role in deciding whether these particular notes were federal records, the Court agrees with the agency’s determination. The se notes were not record s
. Democracy Forward suggests that the se notes qualify as records because they contain “informational value.” Pls. ’ Mot. at 18. It insists that this standard is “satisfied by notes10 containing only discrete information tending to show such contextual details as the date or time of a meeting, or the names or titles of attendees or broad subjects discussed.” Id

. (citing Armstrong II , 1 F.3d at 1284). 5
Yet that in terpretation of the definition of “record” omits key language from the statute. Congress did not say that any “recorded information” that has “informational value” is a record. It stated that a document is a federal record when it is “ preserved or approp riate for preservation

. . . because of the informational value of data in [it].” 44 U.S.C. § 3301 (a)(1)(A) (emphasis added)

. NARA has determined that certain “ working files ” such as preliminary drafts, rough notes, and similar documents

— which undoubtably contain some data with informational value

—

are still not appropriate for preservation

. 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c) ; see Armstrong II , 1 F.3d at 1287 (“N ot all scribbles and off

- the

- cuff comments will qualify as federal records. ”). If these working files either lack unique information or are not “ circulated or made available to employees, other than the creator, for official purposes ,” they are not records. 36 C

. F

. R

. § 1222.12 (c)

. Here, the Government claims that Shkeyrov ’s notes are working files that do not meet the criteria for records under NARA’s regulation. Defs. ’ Mot. at 19

– 20.

5 Democracy Forward misreads Armstrong II . It insists that in Armstrong II , the D.C. Circuit established that a document is “appropriate for preservation” if it contains even trace amounts of information

— such as metadata

. S ee Pls. ’ Mot. at 18; Pls.’ Reply at 15

– 17 , ECF No. 22 . But the part of the opinion Democracy Forward pulls this from was not about whether the electronic files at issue there qualified as federal records. It was undisputed that those documents were feder al records. Armstrong II , 1 F.3d at 1282 . Rather, the court considered whether, once those electronic documents were designated as federal records, they could later shed that label if the agency created paper copies. Id . at 1284

– 85. Under the FRA, they could only do so if the electronic documents were “extra copies of documents.” See id

. at 1284; 44 U.S.C. § 3301(a)(B)(ii). Since the digital files contained metadata not reflected in the paper versions, the paper versions were not “identical” copies un der FRA. Id. at 1286

. So the agency could not dispose of the digital records without following the agency’s and NARA’s guidelines. Id

. The court never held that a file that consisted of metadata alone would constitute a federal record. See id . at 1287 (“Our decision does not require that agencies .

. . save ‘ every scrap of paper ’ they create. ”).11 Democracy Forward never challeng es Section 1222.12(c)

. See Defs. ’ Reply at 21 , ECF
No. 2 0

. It merely suggests that the regulation either does not apply to Shkeyrov ’s notes at all or that, if it does, the notes would meet the regulation ’ s qualifications for federal record s
. Pls.’
Mot. at 24. The Court take s each argument in turn. First, Democ racy Forward suggests that the “working files” category does not apply when rough notes are “the only writing describing a government activity.” Id

. In other words, the “working files” regulation does not categorize these documents as “records” because i t “assumes a final product that itself constitutes a federal record and adequately documents the relevant government activity[.]” Id . But , as the Government notes, this argument finds no support in the text of regulation. 6 See Defs. ’ Reply at 20

– 21. To be sure, some working files identified by NARA

— such as “preliminary drafts”

— may have a final product designated as a federal record. But the regulation also identifies “rough notes” and “other similar materials” as working files. 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c). And it categorizes these documents as records only if they meet two conditions

— neither of which provide that a document is a record if it is “ the only writing describing a government activity.”
See Pls. ’ Mot. at 24; 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222 .12 (c). Democracy Forward next contends that even if the “working files ” regulation applies, Shkeyrov’s notes meet both prerequisites to qualify as federal record s
. Pls. ’ Mot. at 24

– 25. It insists that an interpreter’s notes for a meeting between heads of state would have contained

6 Indeed, Democracy Forward does not even cite

— much less quote

— the regulation for this proposition. See Pls. ’ Mot. at 24. Instead, it cites NARA’s record management schedule guidance which notes that “ working files used in preparing reports or studies and preliminary drafts of policy documents circulated for comment ” are likely federal records. Id . (citing NARA, Identification of Records, No nrecord Materials, and Personal Papers, available at https://www.archives.gov/records

- mgmt/scheduling/id ). This certainly does not mean that all working files are records unless they have a final product designated as a federal record. It merely affirms what the regulation says: working files qualify as federal records when they contain unique information and are “ circulated or made available to employees, other than the creator, for official purposes .” 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c).12 unique, substantive information about the proceedings that would “add[] to a proper understanding of government action.” Id . at 25. And, it believes, the i nterpreter would have circulated these notes or made them available to other Department employees if the President had not seized them. Id . at 22

– 24 & n.5

. As the Government explains, though, these arguments are belied by the record. First, State Departm ent interpreters’ notes do not “c ontain unique information, such as substantive annotations or comments that add [] to a proper understanding of the agency ’ s formulation and execution of basic policies, decisions, actions, or responsibilities. ” See 36 C

. F

. R

. § 1222.12 (c) (2) . T he Government submitted a declaration from the Chief of the Interpreting Division in the State Department’s Office of Language Services (“LS/I”) explaining that Department interpreters ’ notes do not have substantive annotations

. A.R . at 14

– 15. These notes generally contain “ writings, which are often scribbled without order, using the interpreter ’ s own shorthand abbreviations or symbols, across the interpreter ’s notebook ” that “ serve solely as a short

- term memory aid .” Id. at 15. N ot surprisingly , the interpreters “do not, and could not, take summary written notes.” Id

. And this is the case “regardless of the level of meeting for which services are being provide d[.]” Id

. at 13. The Government also certified that Shkeyrov’s notes conformed to this format. Id. at 16.
Even assuming , though, that Shkeyrov’s notes did contain some unique, substantive information, the Government confirmed that interpreters’ notes in general

— and these interpreter’s notes specifically

— are not and would not be “circulated or made available to employees

. . . for official purposes. ” See 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c) (1) . According to the Chief of LS/I, “ the role of an LS/I interpreter does not include generating written documentation of a meeting. ” A.R. at 15. LS/I does not “maintain[] records regarding the content of meetings in13 which LS/I employees serve as interpreters .” Id . at 16. It “ does not review or retain copies of any written ‘ notes ’ of interpreters ” or “ instruct its interpreters to follow any protocol with respect to the creation or disposition of such written material. ” Id . Interpreters’ notes “ are never circulated within LS, or elsewhere within the Department, nor have they otherwise been made available for any official purpose. ” Id . A nd the Government also certified that Shkeyrov’s notes conformed to thes e general rules. Id

. Based on this administrative record, the records cannot qualify as “working files” that are federal records because they meet neither condition prescribe d in 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c).
D . Still, Democracy Forward protests that the administrative record fails to tell the full story.
So it ha s attached its own exhibits to its Motion for Summary Judgmen t

— a declaration from a former Director of LS/I , Harry Obst, and two Washington Post articles. See Pls. ’ Mot., Ex. B (“Obst Decl. ” ); Miller Article; Baker Article. These exhibits, it suggests, show that though interpreters’ notes may not generally contain substantive content and be circulated to other agency officials, Shkeyrov’s no t es would constitute records. Pls.’ Mot. at 15

. This is because,

“ in the context of such head

- of

- state meetings, interpreter notes are critical to ensuring that these important and sensitive discussions are fully documented for use by administration officials and, eventually, examiners of the historical rec ord. ” Id

. at 9. The Government objects to admission of Democracy Forward’s exhibits. Defs. ’ Reply at
9

– 15. It believes it is inappropriate for the Court to consider extra

- record evidence here, id . at 9

– 11, and it protests that these exhibits contain he ar say or are irrelevant, id

. at 11

. But, in an abundance of caution, it has submitted its own supplemental dec larations rebutting Democracy Forward’s evidence. See Defs.’ Reply at 14 ; Defs.’ Reply, Ex. 1

– 3, ECF Nos. 21

- 1 to 12

- 3.14 So what

— if any

— extra

- record evidence should the Court consider? Ordinarily in APA cases, a court reviews only the administrative record. See Theodore Roosevelt Conserv

. P ’ ship v. Salazar , 616 F.3d 497, 514 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

. The administrative record generally “ consists of all documents and materials directly or indirectly considered by agency decision

- makers and inc ludes evidence contrary to the agency ’ s position .” See Lee
Mem ’ l Hosp. v. Burwell , 109 F. Supp. 3d 40, 46 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). Since a district court sits as an “appellate tribunal” reviewing the “entire case .

. . [as] a question of law , ” Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson , 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001) , the “ focal point for judicial review [is] the administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the reviewing court , ” Fla. Power & Light Co. v . Lorion , 470 U.S. 729, 743 (1985) (quoting Camp v. Pitts , 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973) )

. But , as with many rules, there are exceptions. See Esch v. Yeutter , 876 F.2d 976, 991 &
n.166 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (compiling exceptions). For instance, courts may turn to extra

- record evidence “where agencies are sued [under § 706(1)] for a failure to take action.” Id . In these cases, review cannot be “ limited to the record as it existed at any single point in time, because there is no final agency act ion to demarcate the limits of the record. ” Nat’l Law Ctr. on Homelessness & Poverty (“NLCHP”) v. U .S. Veterans Admin. , 842 F. Supp. 2d 127, 130

– 31 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Friends of the Clearwater v. Dombeck , 222 F.3d 552, 560 (9th Cir. 2000) ). This exce ption is directly on point

— at least for one of Democracy Forward’s claims

. The Organizations are suing the Secretary and Archivist , in part, for failure to act

. See Pls. ’ Mot.
at 16

– 17. Because the Government believes there has been no final agency action, it admit s that there are “no written documents reflecting [the agency’s] consideration or decision” on whether15 to act under 44 U.S.C. § 3106. Defs.’ Mot. at 12. Thus , it has crafted a n administrative record from agency personnel’s declarations to “provide background information and information necessary to understand the agencies’ contemporaneous reasons for not taking action.” Id . at 13.
I t insists that these records are “sufficient to allow for judicial review.” Defs.’ Reply at 11. Perhaps so, but Democracy Forward may also be entitled to present evidence that the Secretary and Archivist ’ s inaction is unreasonable or unlawful. Indeed, judges in this District have often held that in Section 706(1) suits , plaintiffs are “entitle[d] .

. . to rely upon material that is outside the scope of the administrative record.” Nio v . DHS , 314 F. Supp. 3d 238, 242 (D.D.C. 2018); see also W. Watersheds Project v. Pool , 942 F. Supp. 2d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2013) (“ Because this case is about agency inaction

. . . rather than agency action, this case may not be resolved solely based on the administrative record. ”). The Government cites no law to the contrary. See Defs. ’ Reply at 11 (recognizing that courts do not limit review to the administrative record for Section 706(1) claims, but claiming that “the records submitted by Defendants here are sufficient to allow for judicial review”)

. The Court may , then, consider extra

- record evidence for Democrac y Forward’s 706(1) claim. Whether the Court should admit this evidence to support Democracy Forward’s Section 706(2) claim, though, is a separate question. A claim under Section 706(2) is a challenge to a final agency action. And “in a challenge to fin al agency action, judicial review is ordinarily limited to the administrative record in existence at the time of the agency ’ s decision.” NLCHP , 842 F. Supp. 2d at 130

. Courts may only consider extra

- record evidence in these cases when “ (1) t he agency deliberately or negligently excluded documents that may have been adverse to its decision ; (2) the district court needed to supplement the record with ‘ background information ’ in order to16 determine whether the agency considered all of the relevant factors; or (3) the agency failed to explain administrative action so as to frustrate judicial review .” Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne , 530 F.3d 991, 1002 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (cleaned up)

. These exceptions are “ quite narrow and rarely invoked. ” CTS Corp. v. EPA , 759 F.3d 52, 64 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

. They are mainly limited
to cases in which “ the procedural validity of the agency ’ s action remains in serious question ” or
“w here the administrative record itself is s o deficient as to preclude effective review.” Hill Dermaceuticals, Inc. v. FDA , 709 F.3d 44, 47 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (cleaned up)

. Democracy Forwar d suggests that its exhibits qualify as “background information” showing that the Secretary and Archivist failed to consider that interpreters play a documentary role in high

- level meetings between heads of state. Pls. ’ Mot. at 15 n.1. Given the questionable relevancy of the evidence, discussed below, the Court doubts that it “need s ” this informati on to evaluate Democracy Forward’s claim. See Murakami v. United States , 46 Fed. Cl. 731, 735 (2000) (noting that “ exceptions to the general rule against extra

- record evidence are based upon necessity, rather than convenience, and should be triggered only where the omission of extra

record evidence precludes effective judicial review ”). It therefore would be inappropriate for the
C ourt to consider this extra

- record evidence for Democracy Forward’s Section 706(2) claim. But even if it were appropriate for the Court to consider extra

- record evidence for both of Democracy Forward’s claims, this evidence must clear a second hurdle: admissibility. Defendants object that Democracy Forward’s exhibits are inadmissible for both claims because the newspaper articles contain hearsay and the Obst declaration is irrelevant. Defs. ’ Reply at 11. Democracy Forward , though, retorts that there is no hearsay rule in APA cases. See Pls.’ Reply
at 11 , ECF No. 22

.17 Hearsay evidence certa inly may be included as part of the administrative record , see Kadi v . Geithner , 42 F. Supp. 3d 1, 12 (D.D.C. 2012), because the record “is what it is,” NRDC v. Zinke , 347 F. Supp. 3d 465, 495 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (internal quotations omitted) . If the agency relie d “on unreliable evidence, then that could and should be considered by the reviewing court in making a determination as to whether the APA has been violated.” NRDC , 347 F. Supp. 3d at
495 (cleaned up).
C ourts, though, have applied the Federa l R ules of E vidence to another party’s extra

record evidence. See, e.g. , Glob

. Comput. Enters. v. United States , 88 Fed. Cl. 52, 69 (2009) (considering whether extra

- record evidence in an APA case contained hearsay); cf. Humane Soc’y of U.S. v. Animal & P lant Health Inspect. Serv ., 386 F. Supp. 3d 34, 44 (D.D.C. 2019) (“[C]ourts may consider hearsay in FOIA cases when assessing the adequacy of the agency’s search.

. . . But it is a different matter to rely on out

- of

- court statements from private third

par ties to justify an agency’s withholding.”). Here, under the rules of evidence , Democracy Forward’s extra

- record evidence is inadmissible for both its Section 706(1) and Section 706(2) claims . Democracy Forward relies on the Washington Post article s for the truth of the matter asserted , s ee, e.g. , Pls. ’ Mot. at 24 n.5 , but courts have routinely held that “n ewspaper articles constitute inadmissible hearsay ” because they “ usually provide no evidence of the reporter ’ s perception, memory or sinc erity ,” Atkins v. Fischer , 232 F.R.D. 116, 132 (D.D.C. 2005) (cleaned up). The Obst Declaration also has questionable relevance. See Fed. R. Evid. R. 402 (“ Irrelevant evidence is not admissible. ”). It speaks only to “how certain interpreter notes may
h ave been used before 1997,” but is “not relevant to whether the Secretary or the Archivist had18 an obligation to recover interpreter notes created twenty years later[.]” Defs. ’ Reply at 13. The
Court therefore finds Democracy Forward’s exhibits inadmissible.
But even if the Court were to consider Democracy Forward’s extra

- record evidence and the Government’s supplemental rebuttal evidence, it would make no difference

. The newspaper articles

— even if taken as true

— do not establish that Shkeyrov’s n otes were federal records. Democracy Forward offers them as evidence that “ top national security officials were actively seeking out information ” about the meeting and that “ any recorded information

— even ‘ jottings ’

— would have been welcome to these officia ls

. ” 7 See Pls.’ Reply at 15 n.6. It speculates that these notes would have contained some helpful information shedding light on the contents of the meeting. See id . at 19. Perhaps. But the articles say nothing about the actual contents of the notes

. A nd

— even if they suggest that the notes may have been circulated if preserved

— they certainly do not prove that the notes contained unique, substantive information about the proceedings. Rather, Democracy Forward’s strongest piece of evidence is a declaration from Harry Obst, who served as a diplomatic interpreter from 1965 through 1997 and as the Director for LS/I from 1984 to 1997. Obst Decl. ¶ 2. He claims to have periodically served as an interpreter for the State Department on a contract

- bas is since then , id . ¶ 5, though t he Government ’s records show that since 2000 he has only provided interpretive services for the State Department once, in 2014, see Lee Suppl. Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 20

- 1

.

7 Democracy Forward appea rs to primarily seek admission of the articles to show that the S ecretary “knew or had reason to believe” that the President unlawfully removed records from the Department, since the articles are the only evidence that (1) the President took Shkeyrov’s notes , and (2) Secretary Tillerson was present at the meeting. See, e.g. , Pls. ’ Mot. at 29; Pls.’ Reply at 21. Since these notes were not federal records, the Court never reaches the question of whether the Secretary was aware o f their removal.19 Obst’s declaration claims tha t while he was at the State Department an interpreter’s role changed based on type of meeting he was interpreting. Obst Decl . ¶¶ 15

– 16. When he interpreted for a meeting between high

- level officials, such as the President, he would prepare or help pr epare a “Memorandum of Con versation” (“MemCo n ”) following the meeting to “memorialize the discussion.” Id . ¶ ¶ 9 , 16

. The MemCo m “ would include such details as the date of the meeting; start time and end time; attendance list

. . . [and] would describe the exchanges between the participants . . . captur[ing] all of the substance discussed by the parties.” Id . ¶ 10. Interpreters relied “ principally on their interpreter notes to refresh their memory of the contents of the exchange. ” Id. ¶ 13. The interpreters would then submit the MemCon to the Executive Secretary in the Office of the Secretary of State

. Id . ¶ 14. Democracy Forward says that the Obst declaration establishes that

— although the administrative record described general practice for interpreters 8

— an inte rpreter for a meeting with the President would have taken substantive notes that he would circulate to other agency officials and use to create a MemCon. See Pls. ’ Mot. at 25. There’s a flaw in this logic . Obst’s declaration describes practices and policies followed by the State Department more than two decades ago. M uch has changed at the State Department since Obst completed his service there. Consider: In 1997

— the year that Obst retired

— the Departm ent’s library was offering employees weekly briefings and live demonstrations of an emerging new technology: “the
Internet.” See Dan Clemmer, Resources a re on the Shelf, Online, Cassette , U.S. Department of

8 Democracy Forward asserts that the Government ignores “an important distinction between routine OLS interpreting missions and missions involving the President or other high

- level officials and fails to appreciate the importance of i nterpreter notes in documenting these high

- level meetings.” Pls. ’ Mot. at 22. Not so. The administrative record reflects that interpreter s follow the practices described in the record “ regardless of the level of meeting for which services are being prov ided [.]” A.R. at 13.20 State Archive (Mar

. 1997), https://1997

- 2001.st ate.gov/publications/statemag/statemag_march /library.html . The Department distributed anti

- virus software to employees on floppy disks. See Teddy R. Payne, State Hosts Anti

- Virus Software Giveaway , U.S. Department o f State Archive (Mar

. 1998), https://1 997

- 2001.state.gov/publications/statemag/statemag_march98/news.html

. And a State Department IT Officer won an award for setting up “a twice

- daily dial

- up e - mail operation” linking Vietnam with Washington, D.C. See U.S. Dep’t of State, Carl Giampietro
Win s Information Management Honors , U.S. Department o f State Archive ( Aug. 1996 ), https://1997

- 2001.state.gov/publications/statemag/statemag_nov

- dec/statemag_aug/ha.htm

. Even for the federal government t hese events would be archaic today

. Unsurprising ly , the State Department notes that its policies have changed in the last twenty years. See Lee Suppl. Decl. ¶ 5; Ronkin Decl. ¶ ¶ 3, 5, ECF No. 20

- 2; Shkeyrov Decl. ¶ 6,
ECF No. 20

- 3. 9 According to the current chief interpreter , today’s LS/ I interpreters

— no matter if the meeting is low

- level or otherwise

— “ do not have a duty to help construct or confirm the accuracy of a MemCon, nor as a matter of practice do they have any responsibility or role in the creation of documents memorializing a me eting .” Lee Suppl. Decl. ¶ 6. And even if the State Department had not changed its policies and interpreters’ notes generally conformed to Obst’s description, the Government has submitted a declaration from the Hamburg meeting interpreter, Yuri Shkeyrov, explaining that his notes from that meeting did not fit Obst’s description. See Shkeyrov Decl. ¶ ¶ 5

– 6. Shkeyrov explains tha t, when interpreting,

9 Though the Government is not seeking to supplement the administrative record, it does ask the Court to consider its supplemental declarations “if the Court considers Mr. Obst’s declaration when evaluating the merits of Plaintiffs ’ claims.” Defs.’ Reply at 14 n.3. For the Court to consider the Government’s declarations, these documents must also meet the threshold for supplementing the administrative record or for admitting extra

- record evidence. City of Dania Beach v. FAA , 628 F.3d 581, 590 (D.C. Cir. 2010) . If the Court were to admit the Obst declaration as “background information [] needed to determine whether the agency considered all the relevant factors,” id

. (cleaned up) , then the Government’s declarations rebutting Obst’ s assertions also provide needed background information to assure the Court that the agency did indeed consider all factors.21 his “ methodology with respect to written notes includes quickly jotting down a word, number, symbol, or some other scribbled

- down figure that would be comprehensible only to [himself].” Id . ¶ 4. He does “ not organize these jottings in any particular manner, as there is no need to refer
to a ‘ note ’ or understand its context once a particular set of remarks has been interpreted. ” Id. Nor does he mark his notes “ with any title or label or date that identifies the meeting or the partic ipants. ” Id

. His notes for the Hamburg meeting conformed to this description. Id. ¶ 5. Indeed, he testifies that his notes did not “make a record of what happened at the meeting” and he does “not believe it would be possible for someone else to accurately reconstruct what happened at that meeting or what was discussed from the jottings that [he] made in the course of interpreting.” Id

. More, he never received a request from anyone in the State Department that he circulate his notes from the Hamburg meeting. Id

. And no one ever asked him to prepare or help draft a MemCon for that meeting. Id . ¶¶ 5

– 6. In fact, he attests that he has “no first

- hand knowledge ” of interpreters helping draft MemCons and that interpreters “certainly” did not play this role “by 1998 or 1999, when [he] first st arted being assigned to interpret for Presidential

- level meetings, and [it] certainly was not the practice in July 2017.” Id . ¶ 6. These rebuttal declaration s thus establish three important facts. First, contrary to Democracy Forward’s suggestion, the Me mCon practices described in the Obst declaration are

now obsolete

. See Lee Suppl. Decl. ¶ 5; Ronkin Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5; Shkeyrov Decl. ¶ 6. Second, Shkeyrov’s notes from the Hamburg meeting lacked substantive information that someone could

use to document or reconstruct the meeting. Shkeyrov Decl. ¶¶ 4

– 5. And third, even if the President had not taken the notes, Shkeyrov would not have used them to create a report or have circulated them to other agency officials. Shkeyrov Decl. ¶¶ 5

– 6.22 So even if the Court were to consider the Obst declaration or the newspaper articles Democracy Forward submitted, the supplemental declarations provided by the Government conclusively place these “rough notes” outside the bounds of working files that are f ederal records under 36 C

. F

. R . § 1222.12 (c).
E . Whether the Court takes the agency at its word, performs its own analysis relying only on the administrative record, or takes Democracy Forward’s extra

- record evidence into account, the result is the same: Shkeyrov’s notes are not federal records. And, s ince the y are not federal records, both Democracy Forward’s Section 706(1) and 706(2) claims must fail. The Secretary’s duty to pursue administrative action is triggered only when he “ knows or has reason to believe [records] have been unlawfully removed from that agency .” 44 U.S.C. § 3106(a). Likewise, the Archivist’s duty to act is triggered only when the Secretary has failed to act when records are unlawfully removed from the agency

. Id . § 3106(b). Since the President did not remove records from the agency, neither the Secretary nor the Archivist had a duty to act. The Secretary and Archivist also did not act arbitrarily and capriciously by declining to institute an action to rec over Shkeyrov’s notes

. 10 They did not “fail[] to consider that an interpreter’s notes for meetings between high

- level government officials are different than for

run - of

- the

- mill, routine interpreting missions [

. ] ” Pls. ’ Mot. at 38

– 39. In fact, the adminis trative record reflects that the Government did consider whether an interpreter’s role differs based on the level of meeting and that the Government concluded it was not. A.R. at 13. And the

10 The Government argues that Democracy Forward cannot even raise a claim under Section 706(2) because neither the Secretary nor Archivist made a final decision not to act under Section 3106. Defs. ’ Mot. at 24. The Court need not address this argument bec ause, even if this were a final agency action, the Secretary and Archivist did not act arbitrarily, capriciously, or in violation of law.23 Government’s supplemental declarations confirm that. See Lee Suppl. Decl. ¶ 5; Ronkin Decl. ¶ 3; Shkeyrov Decl. ¶ 3

. Shkeyrov’s notes from the July 2017 Hamburg meeting simply are not federal records.
So the Secretary and Archivist need not recover them.
I V . It is said that “ Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. ” Matthew 5:18 (KJV). Perhaps the same is true of federal records. But an interpreter’s jottings are neither law nor record, and pass they shall

. The Defendants’ Motion for Su mmary Judgment will be granted and Democracy Forward and American Oversight’s Cross

- Motion will be denied. A separate O rder will issue.

Dated: July 23 , 20 20 TREVOR N. M c FADDEN , U.S.D.J.