No. 90-420 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

FRED G. NIMMICK AND ANN G. NIMMICK, 

Plaintiffs and Respondents, 

v. 

DALE P. HART, 

Defendant and Appellant. 

No. 90-204 

DALE P. HART, 

Plaintiff and Appellant, 

ALLEN E. ERICKSON, MELBA E. ERICKSON, 

FRED G. NIMMICK, ANN M. NIMMICK, 

ROBERT E. WRIGHT, DONNA MAE WRIGHT, 

CHARLES R. TAYLOR, and SAM MARTIN, 

Defendants and Respondents. 

APPEAL FROM: ~istrict Court of the Fourth Judicial District, 

In and for the County of Missoula, 

The Honorable Ed McLean, Judge presiding. 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Appellant: 

Thomas W. Trigg, Missoula, Montana 

Terry A. Wallace, Missoula, Montana 
Filed: 

For Respondent: 

Dirk A. Williams, Snavely & Phillips, Missoula, 

Montana 

Richard A. Weber, Jr., Koch, McKenna, Goheen, 

Boggs & Weber, Hamilton, Montana 

Submitted on briefs: January 17, 1991 

Decided: March 21, 1991 

Clerk 
Justice Terry N. Trieweiler delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

In this consolidated action Dale P. Hart appeals 

from the Fourth Judicial District Court orders granting summary 

judgment in favor of Charles R. Taylor in cause no. 66726, and Fred 

G. Nimmick and Ann M. Nimmick in cause no. 66726 and cause no. 

71128. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part. 

The parties raise several issues which we restate as follows: 

As to Tavlor: 

I. Whether the District Court erred in determining Hart 

failedto plead failure of consideration as an affirmative defense. 

As to the Nimmicks: 

11. Whether the District Court erred in finding no 

misrepresentation and fraud on the part of the Nimmicks. 

111. Whether the District Court erred in collaterally 

estopping Hart from raising the issues of rescission and 

misrepresentation concerning his purchase of Terrace. 

IV. Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Hart's 

affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction. 

V. Whether the District Court erred in finding that the 

Nimmicks had no obligation to mitigate their damages. 

VI. Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Hart's 

counterclaims. 

This cause of action is based on a series of transactions 

involving the Terrace Mobile Home Park (Terrace) located near East 

Missoula, Montana. Terrace was originally owned by the Ericksons. 

The Ericksons sold Terrace by contract for deed to Furman H. 
v I 

Stockton and Clare E. Stockton on September 25, 1978. The 

Stocktons then sold Terrace by contract for deed to Fred C. Nimmick 

and Ann M. Nimmick on November 5, 1982. On April 16, 1984, the 

Nimmicks in turn sold the property by contract for deed to Robert 

E. Wright and Donna Mae Wright. 

The Wrights were indebted to Charles R. Taylor on a promissory 

note. After the debt to Taylor arose, Wrights purchased Terrace 

from the Nimmicks. Subsequently, Taylor acquired a judgment 

against the Wrights for the debt owed on the promissory note. 

Taylor then filed a judgment lien against the Wrightsl interest in 

Terrace. 

Taylor scheduled an execution sale of the Wrights interest in 

Terrace to satisfy his judgment against the Wrights. The Wrights 

were on the verge of losing their interest in the property through 

the foreclosure of Taylor's judgment lien when Samuel Martin, a 

realtor, contacted Dale Hart in an effort to stave off the 

impending foreclosure. Previously Martin had been the realtor that 

handled the Stockton-Nimmick transaction and the Nimmick-Wright 

transaction. 

The involvement of Hart in Terrace took place in two stages. 

In order to avoid the sale, the Wrights paid $7,500 to Taylor and 

agreed to pay the balance of the judgment ($7,500 within one year 

upon a specified schedule). Hart gave the Wrights the above $7,500 

to pay Taylor to avoid the execution sale. In return, Hart 

received a partial assignment of one-third of the Wrights' 

purchasers interest in Terrace. Hart also agreed to pay the 
Wrights an additional $7,500 in January, 1986, to pay off the 

remaining judgment debt to Taylor. 

Despite this payment, on November, 1985, the Wrights defaulted 

on the underlying contract payments which were to be made to the 

Ericksons, the title holders of the property. As a result, the 

Ericksons issued a notice of default and acceleration. To overcome 

this default, Hart purchased all of the Wrights' interest in the 

property and agreed to assume all of the obligations on Terrace, 

including the remaining debt ($7,500) to Taylor. In order to cure 

the Wrightsl default to the Ericksons, Hart borrowed $3,500 from 

the Nimmicks. Hart also gave the Nimmicks a $10,000 promissory 

note to clear a lien the Nimmicks held against Terrace. The note 

was secured by a trust indenture on Hart's personal residence. 

Next, Hart signed a promissory note to Taylor for $5,000 and 

Taylor agreed to release his judgment lien. Hart agreed to grant 

a trust-indenture covering his interest in Terrace, to secure 

payment to Taylor. Hart also later delivered $2,500 to attorney 

Dennis Lind for partial payment of his debt to Taylor. Lind then 

delivered the $2,500 to Taylor's attorney. As the parties agreed, 

Hart signed a promissory note and a trust indenture with Taylor. 

Unfortunately, Taylor's judgment lien was not immediately released 

or satisfied, nor did Hart request Taylor to release or satisfy the 

judgment 1 ien . 

Hart's promissory note to Taylor was due and payable in full 

on January 12, 1987. On that date, Hart paid Taylor $687 in 

interest on the promissory note, but failed to pay the full amount 
, J 

of the principal. Other than the single payment of interest on 

January 12, 1987, Hart has made no payments on the promissory note. 

On February 20, 1987, Hart sent a letter to Taylor and other 

parties stating his intention to rescind all transactions related 

to Hart's purchase of Terrace. On April 10, 1987, Hart sued 

Taylor, the Nimmicks, and others in Missoula County Cause No. 66726 

alleging that he was fraudulently induced to enter the contract to 

purchase the mobile home park, and seeking rescission of the 

contract and damages. Specifically, in regard to Taylor, Hart 

sought to rescind or avoid Hart's obligations under the promissory 

note he signed with Taylor. In response, Taylor denied Hart's 

allegations of fraud, and counterclaimed for payment under the 

promissory note. 

On March 22, 1988, the District Court granted summary 

judgment in favor of Taylor upon Hart's claims of fraud and 

misrepresentation. Subsequently, Taylor requested summary 

judgment upon his counterclaim. That motion was also granted. 

Hart now appeals the District Courtls second summary judgment 

order in favor of Taylor. 

This appeal also includes Hart's claims of fraud, 

misrepresentation and rescission against the Nimrnicks in cause no. 

66726, and the Nimmicksl subsequent complaint against Hart for 

payment of a promissory note in cause no. 71128. 

As we mentioned previously in this Opinion, Hart sued the 

Nimmicks, along with various other defendants, in cause no. 66726 

alleging fraud and misrepresentation on the part of the Nimmicks. 
Specifically, Hart claimed that the Nimmicks, through their agent 

realtor Sam Martin, misrepresented the value of Terrace. This 

misrepresentation, according to Hart, led him to purchase an 

interest in Terrace. The Nimmicks denied any misrepresentation in 

the sale of Terrace, and further denied any agency relationship 

with realtor Martin. 

On April 15, 1988, the Nimmicks filed a motion for summary 

judgment. The court found no agency relationship between the 

Nimmicks and Martin, and, therefore, any statements that Martin 

made about Terrace could not be imputed to the Nimmicks. The 

District Court found no misrepresentations on the part of the 

Nimmicks in the sale of Terrace. 

After the District Court's summary judgment, the Nimmicks 

served a Notice of Entry of Order upon Hart's counsel on November 

16, 1988. The Nimmicks failed to enter a final judgment. 

On June 8, 1989, the Nimmicks filed a complaint in cause no. 

71128, to collect payment under the promissory note. The facts of 

the Nimmicksl cause of action on the promissory note are tied into 

Hart's earlier fraud and misrepresentation complaint surrounding 

his purchase of Terrace. Hart had given the Nimmicks the note, 

secured by a trust indenture in Hart's personal residence, in the 

amount of $10,000 with interest at the rate of 10% on November 21, 

1985. As mentioned earlier, Hart gave the note to the Nimmicks in 

order to clear a lien the Nimmicks had on Terrace. 

The record reveals that City Federal Savings Bank also had a 

trust indenture on Hart's personal residence; the Bank's trust 
indenture was superior to the trust indenture held by the Nimmicks. 

On December 19, 1988, Michael J. Reiley, trustee under the Bank's 

trust indenture, recorded a notice of trustee's sale. 

On February 20, 1989, Nimmicksl attorney sent Hart's attorney 

an offer to settle Nimmicks' claim for $8,541.25. By its terms, 

the compromise offer expired on March 15, 1989. Sometime later 

Hart called the Nimmicks' attorney and offered a deed to his home 

in lieu of foreclosure. The Nimmicks' attorney by letter to Hart s 

attorney rejected Hart s offer. Furthermore, the Nimmicks' 

attorney advised Hart's counsel that the Nimmicks would be filing 

suit on the note if the Bank foreclosed its trust indenture on 

schedule. 

On May 19, 1989, the Bank's trustee sold Hart's home at a 

trustee sale. As promised, having lost their security, the 

Nimmicks sued Hart on the note on June 8, 1989. Hart answered, 

raised affirmative defenses and asserted counterclaims. 

On September 20, 1989, the Nimmicks moved for summary judgment 

on the complaint and Hart's counterclaims. Following the Nimmicks' 

motion, briefing by the parties, and oral argument, the District 

Court granted partial summary judgment to the Nimmicks, and 

maintained that Hart is collaterally estopped from raising the 

claims of rescission and misrepresentation, since both of these 

claims had been adjudicated in District Court in cause no. 66726. 

The Nimmicks then moved for summary judgment on the remaining 

issues, which Hart opposed. The District Court agreed with the 

Nimmicks and granted the Nimmickst motion for summary judgment. 
The Court entered judgment on June 7, 1990, and the Nimmicks served 

Notice of Entry of Judgment on June 11, 1990. Hart now appeals 

both of the District Courtls summary judgments. 

Both of these cases on appeal are motions for summary 

judgment. In reviewing orders for summary judgment, the standard 

of review for this Court is the same as that used by the District 

Court under Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P.; Kronen v. Richter (1984), 211 

Mont. 208, 211, 683 P.2d 1315, 1317. Therefore, this Court can 

find summary judgment when Itthe pleadings, depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the 

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any 

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment 

as a matter of law. Rule 56 (c) , M.R.Civ. P. ; Mayer Bros. v. Daniel 

Richards Jewelers, Inc. (1986), 223 Mont. 397, 399, 726 P.2d 815, 

816. Once the record reveals no genuine issue of material fact, 

the burden of proof shifts to the party opposing the summary 

judgment motion to present facts of a substantial nature that a 

material fact issue exists. Maver, 726 P.2d at 816. Mere 

conclusory or speculative statements are insufficient to raise a 

genuine issue of material fact. National Gypsum Co. v. Johnson 

(1979), 182 Mont. 209, 212, 595 P.2d 1188, 1189; Mayer, 726 P.2d 

at 816. ##The opposing party 'may not rest upon the mere 

allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by 

affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth 

specific facts showins that there is a senuine issue for trialll1 

(emphasis in original) Maver, 726 P.2d at 816, citing Rule 56(e), 
M.R.Civ.P. With this standard in mind, we will now review the 

issues presented by the parties. 

Hart v. Tavlor 

Whether the District Court erred in determining Hart failed 

to plead failure of consideration as an affirmative defense. 

Taylor moved for summary judgment on his counterclaim for 

payment on the promissory note on October 26, 1988. In an effort 

to rebut Taylor's counterclaim, Hart argued rescission based on 

failure of consideration. Hart contended that the consideration 

between the parties failed, due to the fact that Taylor failed to 

release the judgment lien Taylor held on Terrace. Taylor 

maintained, and the District Court found, that Hart had not pled 

failure of consideration as an affirmative defense as required by 

Rule 8(c), M.R.Civ.P. Furthermore, the Court found that "the 

letter of rescission from counsel for Hart does not mention failure 

of consideration for non-payment of the obligation [promissory 

note] from Hart to Taylor." The District Court then granted 

Taylor's summary judgment motion. 

Rule 8(c), M.R.Civ.P. states in pertinent part: 

Affirmative Defenses. In pleading to a preceding 

pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively accord 

and satisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of 

risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, 

duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, . . . and any 

other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative 

defense . . . (Emphasis added.) 

The record reveals that Hart failed to affirmatively plead 

failure of consideration. Hart offers a number of excuses why he 
. failed to plead the affirmative defense, none of which have any 

merit on this appeal. "An affirmative defense is generally waived 

if not set forth affirmatively." Pracht v. Rollins (1989), 239 

Mont. 62, 68, 779 P.2d 57, 61; Chandler v. Madsen (1982), 197 Mont. 

234, 241, 642 P.2d 1028, 1032. Here, the District Court properly 

denied Hart's affirmative defense. 

In addition to failing to plead his affirmative defense, 

Hart's claim also fails because Hart received actual consideration 

from Taylor. Taylor had a judgment lien on the Wrights' interest 

in Terrace and Taylor scheduled a sale upon a writ of execution. 

The sale was cancelled when Hart provided funds to the Wrights to 

make a partial payment to Taylor. Hart then took over the 

remainder of the Wrights' interest in Terrace and, among other 

things, agreed to pay Taylor. Hart paid Taylor $2,500, and also 

signed a promissory note to Taylor and Taylor agreed to release his 

judgment lien. Hart also agreed to grant a trust indenture in 

Terrace to secure payment to Taylor. Hart maintains that the 

release of the judgment lien was consideration for his execution 

of the promissory note. According to Hart, once Taylor failed to 

release the judgment lien, the consideration between the parties 

failed and Hart could properly rescind the contract. 

Hart mistakenly contends Taylor's consideration was the 

release of the judgment lien. The actual consideration in this 

case which Hart received was Taylor's forbearance, Hart's right to 

possession of the trailer court, and the receipt of rents from the 

trailer court. 
Release of the judgment lien would not have cleared the title 

on Terrace. Hart's granting of a trust indenture for the 

satisfaction of a judgment lien would only have changed the form 

of the encumbrance and would not have changed the fact of an 

encumbrance on Terrace. The facts are clear that Taylor granted 

to Hart what he wanted, which was time to make payment. After 

Taylor granted that time and patiently awaited payment, Hart 

rescinded the contract. 

Likewise, Hart's rescission letter reflects that failure of 

consideration was not the basis of Hart's rescission. In pertinent 

part, the rescission letter states, "The reason for the rescission 

is that Dale's consent to the various agreements was obtained by 

the mistake and or fraud of Sam Martin, who represented that he was 

a partner and agent of some of you, that the mobile home park was 

in good condition, and that the cash flow and profitability of the 

mobile home park was substantial. None of these representations 

were true, and it is clear that the representations were made to 

defraud Mr. Hart. 

Nowhere in Hart's rescission letter is there any mention of 

Taylor's judgment lien as a basis for failure of consideration. 

The District Court was keenly aware of this fact in its order 

granting Taylor summary judgment: 

[Tlhe letter of rescission from counsel for Hart does not 

mention failure of consideration as a reason for 

nonpayment of the obligations from Hart to Taylor. In 

looking to the essence of the transaction, it is clear 

that the quid pro quo was not the release of the judgment 

lien but rather an extension of time due Hart within 

which to make payment to Taylor. Such payment has not 

been made and no material facts exist to support Hart's 
. nonpayment of his obligation to Taylor. 

Accordingly, the evidence does not support the defense of 

failure of consideration. Hart received adequate consideration 

from Taylor. We affirm the District Court grant of summary 

judgment in favor of Taylor. 

HART V. NIMMICKS 

Hart raises a number of issues in his lawsuits with Nimmicks 

in cause nos. 66726 and 71128. Both of these cases involve 

numerous motions, orders, affidavits and depositions. In order to 

sift through the legal quagmire involved in this appeal, we find 

it necessary to first discuss Hart's cause of action against 

Nimmicks in cause no. 66726. 

On April 10, 1987, Hart filed his complaint in cause no. 66726 

against Nimmicks, among others, seeking rescission of the Terrace 

purchase agreement and punitive damages for fraud and 

misrepresentation in his purchase of Terrace. Hart's complaint 

alleged that defendant realtor Sam Martin fraudulently induced him 

to purchase Terrace. Hart also alleged that the Nimmicks were 

liable for the acts of Martin because (1) Martin was acting as 

their agent, and (2) the Nimmicks were partners with Martin. He 

made no allegation that the Nimmicks acted improperly. The 

Nimmicks denied allegations that Martin acted as their agent. They 

also supported their denial with affidavits, in which the Nimmicks 

established that they did not employ Martin as their real estate 

agent, nor gave him the authority to act as their real estate 

agent, in connection with Hart's purchase of Terrace. 

12 
The Nimmicks moved for summary judgment on April 15, 1988. 

Later, on November 7, 1988, the District Court granted the 

Nimmicksl motion for summary judgment. The District Court found 

no agency relationship between the Nimmicks and Martin. 

Furthermore, the court found that any misrepresentations made to 

Hart occurred in 1985 when Martin was employed by the Wrights. The 

court found no fraud or misrepresentation on the part of the 

Nimmicks. After the District Court's summary judgment order, the 

Nimmicks sewed a Notice of Entry of Order upon Hart's counsel on 

November 16, 1988. The record reveals that the Nimmicks failed to 

enter a final judgment with the District Court. 

Whether the District Court erred in finding no 

misrepresentation and fraud on the part of the Nimmicks. 

On appeal, Hart argues the District Court overlooked facts 

which link the Nimmicks to the alleged fraud and misrepresentation 

in the sale of Terrace. Specifically, Hart claims the District 

Court disregarded his affidavit, showing the Nimmicksl fraudulent 

conduct and subsequent motion to amend the pleadings to conform to 

his filed affidavit. However, there was no allegation of 

misconduct by Nimmicks in the complaint and their was no proper 

motion to amend that complaint. A review of the records reveal 

that Hart, in his responsive brief stated, "Plaintiff demands that 

the pleadings be amended to reflect the facts set forth in the 

affidavit of the parties." 

The District Court properly ignored Hart's udemandvl to amend 
his pleadings. In order to amend a pleading under Rule 15(a) or 

Rule 15 (b) , M.R. Civ. P., a party must file an appropriate motion, 

and brief accompanying that motion. Rule 2 (a) , Uniform District 

Court Rule. I1Failure to file a brief in five days by the moving 

party shall be deemed an admission that the motion is without 

merit.I1 Rule 2(b), Uniform District Court Rules. Here, Hart did 

not properly file a motion to amend his pleadings. He attempted 

to amend his pleadings in his responsive brief. Hart's demand in 

his responsive brief does not remotely resemble a proper motion, 

and Hart also failed to file a brief as required under Rule 2(a). 

Aside from Hart's attempt to amend his pleadings, Hart's 

affidavit itself does not support his allegations of fraud and 

misrepresentation on the part of the Nimmicks. In his affidavit, 

Hart claims Fred Nimmick made a misrepresentation directly to him. 

Specifically, Hart stated in his affidavit: 

10. At this time Fred Nimmick told Hart that the income 

from the trailer was there, reaffirming what Martin told 

Hart ; 

13. The representation of Fred Nimmick was not true, and 

this was a direct representation made by Nimmick to Hart 

in conjunction with representations made to Hart by 

Martin, on behalf of the Nimmicks, after Wright's 

interest in the park had been terminated. 

These statements are directly contrary to allegations Hart 

made in his complaint and deposition. In his deposition, Hart 

stated that the information he relied on in purchasing his interest 

in Terrace was the listing agreement by which the Wrights employed 

Martin as the real estate agent. Hart also testified that the 
. Wrights and Martin made the statements on which he relied in 

purchasing Terrace. Moreover, Hart admitted that the only writing 

he relied on was a listing agreement between the Wrights and 

Martin. 

Hart stated in his deposition that the only representation of 

the Nimmicks was that the trailer park had good value. In his 

affidavit, he contradicted his deposition testimony and maintains 

that the Nimmicks also stated that all the trailers were in good 

condition and income producing. The Nimmicksl alleged statements 

to Hart do not support a cause of action for misrepresentation. 

In order for Nimmickls statements to constitute misrepresentation, 

Hart needed to rely on those statements to his detriment. There 

is nothing in Hartls affidavit, or in his complaint which indicate 

that Hart relied on the statements allegedly made by the Nimmicks 

in his purchase of Terrace. Hart's affidavit and complaint and the 

District Court record do not support Hart's claim of fraud and 

misrepresentation against Nimmicks. Accordingly, the District 

Court properly found no fraudulent conduct or misrepresentations 

by the Nimmicks. 

Whether the District Court erred in collaterally estopping 

Hart from raising the issues of rescission and misrepresentation 

concerning his purchase of Terrace. 

On September 20, 1989, the Nimmicks moved for summary judgment 

on their promissory note complaint, and Hart counterclaimed 

rescission based on misrepresentation. The District Court granted 
partial summary judgment to Nimmicks, and found that Hart was 

collaterally estopped from raising claims of rescission and 

misrepresentation since both of these claims had been adjudicated 

in District Court in cause no. 66726. 

Hart argues that the District Court improperly applied the 

doctrine of collateral estoppel because the court never entered a 

final judgment in cause no. 66726. Hart reminds this Court that 

a final judgment is one of the necessary elements of collateral 

estoppel. Hart is correct that the District Court never entered 

a final judgment. The record shows only an order of summary 

judgment and a subsequent Notice of Entry of Order. 

We could at this stage remand this issue to the District 

Court, since the parties failed to enter a final judgment. A 

remand on this issue, however, would further delay the adjudication 

of this case, and unreasonably burden the District Court. This 

Court turns to its equitable powers to resolve this dilemna of 

hearing an issue without the necessary final judgment. Under our 

equity jurisdiction, "We have a duty to determine all of the issues 

of this case and do complete justice." Peterson v. Montana Bank 

of Bozeman (1984), 212 Mont. 37, 49, 687 P.2d 673, 679. Our duty 

to decide equitable issues, such as whether collateral estoppel 

applies, is defined in section 3-2-204(5), MCA. Under this 

section, this Court has the power in equity cases and in matters 

or proceedings of an equitable nature, to review all questions of 

fact arising on the evidence presented in the record, and to 

determine the same. Section 3-2-204(5), MCA; Carpenters-Emp. Ret. 
Tr. v. Galleria Partnership (1989), 239 Mont. 250, 265, 780 P.2d 

608, 617. Hart's counterclaim for rescission was an equitable 

defense. 17A Am.Jur.2d 1 540 Contracts. 

Under our equitable jurisdiction power we will decide the 

issue of collateral estoppel, despite the fact the parties did not 

enter a final judgment. It would be inequitable to remand this 

issue back to the District Court, especially in light of the fact 

that the record reveals no evidence of misrepresentation by the 

Nimmicks, and no support for Hart's claim of rescission. We would 

be remiss in our duty to "do complete justicew if we failed to 

resolve the issue of collateral estoppel. 

As the District Court properly noted in its order: 

The doctrine of collateral estoppel bars litigation of 

an issue if (1) the issue decided in a prior adjudication 

was identical with the one presented in the action at 

bar; (2) the Court in the prior adjudication issued a 

final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against 

whom the collateral estoppel is asserted was a party or 

had privity with a party in the prior action. Aetna Life 

and Casualty Insurance Co. v. Johnson (1984), 207 Mont. 

409, 673 P.2d 1277, 1279. 

Applying this test to the facts in this case, it is clear that 

collateral estoppel bars Hart from raising the issues of rescission 

and misrepresentation. These issues were fully litigated by the 

parties in cause no. 66726. 

Despite the fact that the issue of rescission was previously 

litigated in the earlier District Court case, Hart attempts 

resurrect the issue of rescission by now arguing rescission based 

on failure of consideration and breach of contract. A review of 

Hart's allegations reveals nothing new from what he alleged in 
Cause no. 66726. Hart is once again alleging misrepresentations 

which were previously found to have no basis in fact. 

IV. 

Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Hart's 

affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction. 

In his answer, Hart raised accord and satisfaction as an 

affirimative defense. Hart's answer stated: 

The complaint in this case must be dismissed since the 

claims upon which it is founded are not enforceable 

because of an accord and satisfaction. 

A review of the facts reveal that the District Court properly 

denied Hart's defense of accord and satisfaction. On February 28, 

1989, in a letter from the Nimmicks' attorney, Robert Marcott, to 

Hart's attorney, Terry Wallace, the Nimmicks made an offer to 

settle their claims against Hart for $5,000 plus attorney fees of 

$3,541.25. Marcott set a March 15, 1989 deadline payment of the 

Sometime thereafter Hart called Marcott, and offered the deed 

to his house in lieu of the Nimmicksf foreclosure on his home. In 

an affidavit, Hart maintains that the parties orally agreed over 

the telephone that "the Nimmicks' claim would be settled by the 

payment of money if the Nimmicksf agreed, and that if they did not, 

it would be settled by them relinquishing their claim and me 

signing my house over to them . . . II 

By letter dated May 4, 1989, Marcott wrote to Wallace, 

rejecting Hart's offer of a deed to his home in lieu of 

foreclosure, and enclosed a key Hart apparently had left at 
Marcottfs office. 

Now, Hart claims the Nimmicks created an accord through the 

oral agreement between Hart and Marcott. Furthermore, Hart claims 

that the Nimmicks failed to satisfy the new accord between the 

parties. The Nimmicks contend their offer on February 28, 1989, 

set the parameters of settlement including a deadline for payment 

of March 15, 1989. The Nimmicks maintain there was no accord, so 

there could not have been an accord and satisfaction. 

The original promissory note between the parties was a written 

contract. "A contract in writing may be altered by a contract in 

writing or by an executed oral agreement. Section 28-2-1602, MCA. 

The parties never signed a new written contract, but Hart alleges 

the parties formed an oral agreement to change and modify the terms 

of the promissory note. As we stated in Stoddard v. Gookin (1981) , 

191 Mont. 495, 503, 625 P.2d 529, 534, "An oral agreement altering 

a written agreement is not an 'executed oral agreementf within the 

statute [§ 28-2-1602, MCA] authorizing modifications of written 

contracts by an executed oral agreement unless its terms have been 

fully performed, and performance on one side is not sufficient. " 

In this case, the terms of the alleged oral agreement were not 

fully performed. By their attorney's letter dated May 4, 1989, the 

Nimmicks established that they would not accept a deed in lieu of 

foreclosure as a modification of their promissory note. Clearly, 

the oral agreement was not executed and thus the contract 

(promissory note) was never properly altered by the parties. 

The District Court reviewed the evidence and correctly 
determined that the written agreement between the Nimmicks and Hart 

had not been altered by an executed oral agreement, and that there 

was no accord and satisfaction. 

Whether the District Court erred in finding that the Nimmicks 

had no obligation to mitigate their damages. 

In the past, we have held ''that a non-defaulting party in a 

contractual arrangement must act reasonably under the circumstances 

so as not to unnecessarily enlarge damages caused by the default." 

IFG Leasing Co. v. Schultz (1985), 217 Mont. 434, 437, 705 P.2d 

576, 577; Diede v. Davis (1983), 203 Mont. 205, 214-215, 661 P.2d 

In this case, Hart argues that the Nimmicks failed to mitigate 

their damages by not purchasing his home at the foreclosure sale. 

Hart claims that Nimmicks as the junior lienholders, should have 

bought his house and then in turn sold it at the best possible 

price. Hart maintains there was enough equity in his home after 

City Federal Savings Bank (first lienholder) was paid to discharge 

completely any obligation Hart had to the Nimmicks. Hart also 

claims, relying on IFG Leasinq, 705 P.2d at 577, that the question 

of mitigation is a material issue of fact not susceptible to a 

motion for summary judgment. Nimmicks maintain Hart's bare 

assertions are insufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment 

and that Hart has failed to produce any evidence to support his 

allegations that he had equity in his home prior to the City 

Federal foreclosure. 
After reviewing the record, we find the Nimmicks did not 

violate the principle of reasonable mitigation of damages. There 

is no evidence that there existed enough equity in the home after 

City Federal's foreclosure to cover the Nimmicksl lien. Hart's 

assertions of equity come from his conclusory affidavit. Hart 

never introduced any evidence concerning the foreclosure sale price 

of his home, and whether that sale price in turn covered City 

Federal's lien and the Nimmicksl lien. Instead, Hart simply 

asserts there was equity in his property to cover his debt to the 

Nimmicks. Hart's bare assertions are insufficient to defeat a 

motion for summary judgment. 

Furthermore, if Hart believed there was equity in the house, 

he could have recaptured his equity by buying his home at the 

foreclosure sale. As the District Court properly noted in its 

order: 

[A] plaintiff is not under a duty to mitigate damages if 

the other party, who had the duty to perform under the 

contract, had equal opportunity to perform and equal 

knowledge of the consequences of nonperformance. 22 

Am.Jur.2d 1 508, p. 591. In this case, it is the Court's 

opinion that Defendant had equal opportunity and equal 

knowledge of the consequences of his defaulting 

promissory note. 

Hart has failed to show any genuine issue of material fact in 

support of his allegations that the Nimmicks failed to reasonably 

mitigate their damages. Therefore, the District Court properly 

entered summary judgment in favor of Nimmicks on the issue of 

failure to mitigate damages. 

Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Hart's 
counterclaims. 

Hart advanced two counterclaims in his answer, one for 

tortious interference with business relationships and the other for 

the loss of his house. Both of these claims accrued on or after 

May 19, 1989, when City Federal foreclosed on Hart's home. 

Nimmicks argue that Hart's counterclaims are barred by the 

doctrine of collateral estoppel, which the Nimmicks claim arose as 

a result of the November 7, 1988, District Court order in cause no. 

66726. 

That argument fails because of the timing of the events. A 

judgment can bar claims in existence at the time the judgment was 

entered, but it cannot bar claims that arise after its entry. 

Here, Hart's two counterclaims arose after the foreclosure sale in 

May, 1989. These counterclaims accrued after the November 7, 1988 

District Court order, and therefore this order could not have 

preclusive effect on Hart's counterclaims. 

The District Court's order does not address Hart's 

counterclaims of tortious interference with business relationships 

and loss of his house. After reviewing the record, we find little 

evidence to support these counterclaims. Nevertheless, they are 

not barred by the District Court's November 7, 1988 order and the 

District Court on remand should entertain Hart's counterclaims. 

However, unless Hart produces evidence in support of his claims, 

Rule 11 sanctions should be considered by the District Court. 

Accordingly, we affirm the District Court's summary judgment 

orders, with the exception of Hart's two counterclaims. Taylor and 
Nimmicks are entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs 

including those incurred on appeal. 

Fees and costs on Hart's counterclaims shall be decided 

separately. 

We Concur: /