NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DEBBIE SILVIA, on her own behalf and in 

the interest of the general public, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

MCI COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES, 

INC.; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 18-15601 

D.C. No. 3:15-cv-04677-JSC 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Jacqueline Scott Corley, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 22, 2019

San Francisco, California

Before: WALLACE and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District 

Judge.

Debbie Silvia appeals from the district court’s summary judgment in favor 

of MCI Communications Services, Inc., Verizon Business Network Services, Inc., 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the 

Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.

FILED

DEC 9 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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and Engineering Associates, LLC (collectively, “Defendants”) on Silvia’s claims 

for prevailing wages under California law. “The California Prevailing Wage Law 

is a comprehensive statutory scheme designed to enforce minimum wage standards 

on construction projects funded in whole or in part with public funds.” Vector 

Res., Inc. v. Baker, 237 Cal. App. 4th 46, 54 (2015) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). It requires that workers on “public works” contracts for “construction, 

alteration, demolition, installation, or repair work” that are publicly funded be paid 

“prevailing wages” for their work. Cal. Lab. Code §§ 1720, 1771. The wage rate 

an employer must pay is based on an employee’s proper job classification. Id.

§§ 1770, 1773. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.

We review de novo a district court’s summary judgment. Edgerly v. City & 

Cty. of San Francisco, 599 F.3d 946, 960 (9th Cir. 2010). We review a district 

court’s discovery rulings, including the imposition of sanctions, for an abuse of 

discretion. Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc., 844 F.3d 1058, 1070 (9th Cir. 

2016). District courts are afforded “particularly wide latitude” in issuing sanctions 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1). Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers 

Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001). 

The district court properly granted summary judgment on Silvia’s claims for 

prevailing wages for performing work under the “Building/Construction Inspector 

and Field Soils and Material Tester” classification (“Inspector Theory”) because
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Silvia abandoned this theory in favor of a new theory that she performed “utility 

location work” within the “Field Surveyor or Laborer Group 3A” classification 

(“Locator Theory”). In her brief opposing Defendants’ motions for summary 

judgment, Silvia focused exclusively on her Locator Theory, omitting any 

argument on her Inspector Theory. Moreover, at the hearing on Defendants’ 

motions for summary judgment, Silvia acknowledged that she was no longer 

pursuing her Inspector Theory. Because Silvia abandoned her Inspector Theory at 

summary judgment, she cannot now revisit it on appeal. See USA Petroleum Co. v. 

Atl. Richfield Co., 13 F.3d 1276, 1284 (9th Cir. 1994) (“It is a general rule that a 

party cannot revisit theories that it raises but abandons at summary judgment.”)

(collecting cases). 

The district court also did not abuse its discretion when it precluded Silvia

from raising her Locator Theory at such a late stage in the litigation. Under 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e), Silvia was required to supplement or correct 

her disclosures and discovery responses “in a timely manner” once she learned that 

her disclosures and responses were incomplete or incorrect. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

26(e)(1)(A). A party’s failure to comply with Rule 26(e) results in that party being 

precluded from “use [of] that information . . . to supply evidence on a motion, at a 

hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1); see Yeti by Molly, Ltd., 259 F.3d at 1106–07 (holding that 
4 

the burden to show substantial justification or harmlessness is on the party who 

made the late disclosure); Benjamin v. B & H Educ., Inc., 877 F.3d 1139, 1150–51

(9th Cir. 2017) (holding that district court did not abuse its discretion in striking 

declarations because plaintiffs had not shown that failure to disclose was 

substantially justified or harmless). If a Rule 37 sanction operates as a dismissal of 

a claim, the district court is “required to consider whether the claimed 

noncompliance involved willfulness, fault, or bad faith . . . and also to consider the 

availability of lesser sanctions.” R & R Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania, 673 

F.3d 1240, 1247 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).

Until the summary judgment stage, Silvia had relied exclusively on her

Inspector Theory to support her claim for prevailing wages. Silvia did not attempt 

to supplement her initial disclosures or interrogatory responses. This was so even 

after the district court issued a written order identifying and explaining her 

noncompliance with Rule 26, giving her an opportunity to supplement her 

disclosures and responses before summary judgment. Once the Locator Theory was 

excluded, Silvia was left without a viable theory entitling her to prevailing wages. 

Summary judgment followed from the exclusion of the untimely new theory, and 

the lack of record evidence supporting Silvia’s long-asserted Inspector Theory.

In addition, the district court implicitly found Silvia was at fault for the 

noncompliance. The district court also gave Silvia an opportunity to argue why 
5 

sanctions were not appropriate and considered the possibility of less onerous 

alternatives before rejecting them. Silvia failed to demonstrate that her Rule 26 

violation was substantially justified or harmless. Therefore, the district court 

properly granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on Silvia’s claims for 

prevailing wages based on her Locator Theory. 

AFFIRMED.