# Patent

## Title
Recombinant factor VIII having enhanced stability following mutation at the A1-C2 domain interface

## Abstract

The invention relates to a recombinant factor VIII that includes one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of recombinant factor VIII. The one or more mutations include substitution of one or more amino acid residues with either a cysteine or an amino acid residue having a higher hydrophobicity. This results in enhanced stability of factor VIII. Methods for making the recombinant factor VIII, pharmaceutical compositions containing the recombinant factor VIII, and use of the recombinant factor VIII for treating hemophilia A are also disclosed.

## Background
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/231,948, filed Sep. 13, 2011, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/382,919, filed Sep. 14, 2010, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


This invention was made with government support under grant number HL38199 and HL76213 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Hemophilia A, the most common of the severe, inherited bleeding disorders, results from a deficiency or defect in the plasma protein factor VIII. There is no cure for Hemophilia A and treatment consists of replacement therapy using preparations of (purified) plasma or the recombinant protein.
Factor VIII circulates as a non-covalent, metal ion-dependent heterodimer. This procofactor form of the protein contains a heavy chain (HC) comprised of A1(a1)A2(a2)B domains and a light chain (LC) comprised of (a3)A3C1C2 domains, with the lower case a representing short ( ̃30-40 residue) segments rich in acidic residues (see Fay, “Activation of Factor VIII and Mechanisms of Cofactor Action,” Blood Rev. 18:1-15 (2004)). Factor VIII is activated by proteolytic cleavages at the A1A2, A2B and A3A3 junctions catalyzed by thrombin or factor Xa. The product of this reaction, factor VIIIa, is a heterotrimer comprised of subunits designated A1, A2, and A3C1C2 that functions as a cofactor for the serine protease factor IXa in the membrane-dependent conversion of zymogen factor X to the serine protease, factor Xa (see Fay, “Activation of Factor VIII and Mechanisms of Cofactor Action,” Blood Rev. 18:1-15 (2004)).
Reconstitution studies have shown that the factor VIII heterodimeric structure is supported by both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (Fay, “Reconstitution of Human Factor VIII from Isolated Subunits,” Arch Biochem Biophys. 262:525-531 (1988); Ansong et al., “Factor VIII A1 Domain Residues 97-105 Represent a Light Chain-interactive Site,” Biochemistry 45:13140-13149 (2006)), and the inter-chain affinity is further strengthened by factor VIII binding von Willebrand factor (Fay, “Reconstitution of Human Factor VIII from Isolated Subunits,” Arch Biochem Biophys. 262:525-531 (1988); Kaufman et al., “Regulation of Factor VIII Expression and Activity by von Willebrand Factor,” Thromb Haemost. 82:201-208 (1999)). Metal ions also contribute to the inter-chain affinity and activity parameters (Wakabayashi et al., “Metal Ion-independent Association of Factor VIII Subunits and the Roles of Calcium and Copper Ions for Cofactor Activity and Inter-subunit Affinity,” Biochemistry 40:10293-10300 (2001)). Calcium is required to yield the active factor VIII conformation. Mutagenesis studies mapped a calcium-binding site to a segment rich in acidic residues within the A1 domain (residues 110-126) and identified specific residues within this region prominent in the coordination of the ion (Wakabayashi et al., “Residues 110-126 in the A1 Domain of Factor VIII Contain a Ca2+ Binding Site Required for Cofactor Activity,” J Biol. Chem. 279:12677-12684 (2004)). A recent intermediate resolution X-ray structure (Shen et al., “The Tertiary Structure and Domain Organization of Coagulation Factor VIII,” Blood 111:1240-1247 (2008)) confirmed this calcium-binding site as well as suggested a second potential site within the A2 domain. This structure also showed occupancy of the two type 1 copper ion sites within the A1 and A3 domains. Earlier functional studies have shown that copper ions facilitate the association of the heavy and light chains to form the heterodimer, increasing the inter-chain affinity by several-fold at physiologic pH (Fay et al., “Human Factor VIIIa Subunit Structure: Reconstruction of Factor VIIIa from the Isolated A1/A3-C1-C2 Dimer and A2 Subunit,” J Biol. Chem. 266:8957-8962 (1991); Wakabayashi et al., “pH-dependent Association of Factor VIII Chains: Enhancement of Affinity at Physiological pH by Cu2+,” Biochim Biophys Acta. 1764:1094-1101 (2006); Ansong et al., “Factor VIII A3 Domain Residues 1954-1961 Represent an A1 Domain-Interactive Site,” Biochemistry 44:8850-8857 (2005)).
The instability of factor VIIIa results from weak electrostatic interactions between the A2 subunit and the A1/A3C1C2 dimer (Fay et al., “Human Factor VIIIa Subunit Structure: Reconstruction of Factor VIIIa from the Isolated A1/A3-C1-C2 Dimer and A2 Subunit,” J Biol. Chem. 266:8957-8962 (1991); Lollar et al., “pH-dependent Denaturation of Thrombin-activated Porcine Factor VIII,” J Biol. Chem. 265:1688-1692 (1990)) and leads to dampening of factor Xase activity (Lollar et al., “Coagulant Properties of Hybrid Human/Porcine Factor VIII Molecules,” J Biol Chem. 267:23652-23657 (1992); Fay et al., “Model for the Factor VIIIa-dependent Decay of the Intrinsic Factor Xase: Role of Subunit Dissociation and Factor IXa-catalyzed Proteolysis,” J Biol. Chem. 271:6027-6032 (1996)). Limited information is available regarding the association of the A2 subunit in factor VIIIa, and residues in both the A1 and A3 domains appear to make contributions to the retention of this subunit. Several factor VIII point mutations have been shown to facilitate the dissociation of A2 relative to WT and these residues localize to either the A1-A2 domain interface (Pipe et al., “Mild Hemophilia A Caused by Increased Rate of Factor VIII A2 Subunit Dissociation: Evidence for Nonproteolytic Inactivation of Factor VIIIa in vivo,” Blood 93:176-183 (1999); Pipe et al., “Hemophilia A Mutations Associated with 1-stage/2-stage Activity Discrepancy Disrupt Protein-protein Interactions within the Triplicated A Domains of Thrombin-activated Factor VIIIa,” Blood 97:685-691 (2001)) or the A2-A3 domain interface (Hakeos et al., “Hemophilia A Mutations within the Factor VIII A2-A3 Subunit Interface Destabilize Factor VIIIa and Cause One-stage/Two-stage Activity Discrepancy,” Thromb Haemost. 88:781-787 (2002)). These factor VIII variants demonstrate a characteristic one-stage/two-stage assay discrepancy (Duncan et al., “Familial Discrepancy Between the One-stage and Two-stage Factor VIII Methods in a Subgroup of Patients with Haemophilia A,” Br J Haematol. 87:846-848 (1994); Rudzki et al., “Mutations in a Subgroup of Patients with Mild Haemophilia A and a Familial Discrepancy Between the One-stage and Two-stage Factor VIII:C Methods,” Br J Haematol. 94:400-406 (1996)), with significant reductions in activity values determined by the latter assay as a result of increased rates of A2 subunit dissociation.
Significant interest exists in stabilizing factor VIIIa, since a more stable form of the protein would represent a superior therapeutic for hemophilia A, potentially requiring less material to treat the patient (Fay et al., “Mutating Factor VIII: Lessons from Structure to Function,” Blood Reviews 19:15-27 (2005)). To this end, preparations of factor VIII have been described where mutations have been made in the recombinant protein to prevent the dissociation of the A2 subunit by introducing novel covalent bonds between A2 and other factor VIII domains (Pipe et al., “Characterization of a Genetically Engineered Inactivation-resistant Coagulation Factor VIIIa,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11851-11856 (1997); Gale et al., “An Engineered Interdomain Disulfide Bond Stabilizes Human Blood Coagulation Factor VIIIa,” J. Thromb. Haemostasis 1:1966-1971 (2003)). However, it has since been suggested that these types of mutation may not be desirable in a therapeutic factor VIII, because they substantially eliminate means for down-regulation. This situation could yield a prothrombotic condition, which may cause harm. Thus, it would be desirable to enhance the stability of both factor VIII and factor VIIIa, but in a manner that minimizes the likelihood of promoting prothrombotic conditions.
In U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. 20090118184, a number of recombinant factor VIII proteins are identified that possess one or more mutations that result in enhanced stability of both factor VIII and factor VIIIa. These recombinant factor VIII proteins have one or more substitutions of a charged amino acid residue with a hydrophobic amino acid residue at either or both of the A1-A2 or A2-A3 domain interfaces. Despite the improvements made in the stability of recombinant factor VIII proteins (and their active forms, factor VIIIa), the need for further improvements continue to exist.
The intermediate resolution X-ray structures of factor VIII (Shen et al., “The Tertiary Structure and Domain Organization of Coagulation Factor VIII,” Blood 111:1240-1247 (2008); Ngo et al., “Crystal Structure of Human Factor VIII: Implications for the Formation of the Factor IXa:Factor VIIIa Complex,” Structure 16:597-606 (2008)) show close contact between A1 (heavy chain) and C2 (light chain) domains. It was recently reported that a factor VIII variant lacking the C2 domain retained the capacity to bind phospholipid membranes, albeit with a marked reduction in affinity (Wakabayashi et al., “Factor VIII Lacking the C2 Domain Retains Cofactor Activity in vitro,” J. Biol. Chem. 285:25176-25184 (2010)), supporting a direct role for the C1 domain in this interaction. Furthermore, deletion of the C2 domain did not grossly alter a number of functional properties including the rate of procofactor activation by thrombin, affinity of factor VIIIa for factor IXa, Km of factor Xase for substrate factor X, or kcat for factor Xa generation. However, this deletion did significantly destabilize the cofactor, as judged by increased rates of activity decay following exposure to elevated temperature or chemical denaturants. While contacts between the A1 and C2 domains of factor VIII appear to contribute to protein, and in particular heterodimer stability, little information is available on specific interactions and their functional significance. It would be desirable, therefore, to identify amino acid residues that can be modified to enhance stability between the A1 (heavy chain) and C2 (light chain) domains.
The present invention is directed to overcoming these and other deficiencies in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a recombinant factor VIII that includes one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of recombinant factor VIII. This results in enhanced stability of factor VIII. The one or more mutations include substitution of one or more amino acid residues with either a cysteine or an amino acid residue having a higher hydrophobicity.
According to one embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII includes one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of recombinant factor VIII that result in enhanced stability of factor VIII, wherein the one or more mutations comprise substitution of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid residue having a higher hydrophobicity.
According to another embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII includes (i) two or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of recombinant factor VIII, wherein the two or more mutations comprise substitution of two or more amino acid residues with a Cysteine residue to afford a disulfide bond between the A1 and C2 domains; and (ii) one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and A2 domains or an interface of A2 and A3 domains of recombinant factor VIII, said one or more mutations comprising substitution of one or more charged amino acid residues with a hydrophobic amino acid residue. The recombinant factor VIII possessing these mutations exhibits enhanced stability of both factor VIII and factor VIIIa.
A second aspect of the present invention relates to the recombinant factor VIII according to the first aspect of the present invention, wherein the recombinant factor VIII further includes one or more of (i) factor IXa and/or factor X binding domains modified to enhance the affinity of the recombinant factor VIII for one or both of factor IXa and factor X; (ii) modified sites that enhance secretion in culture; (iii) modified serum protein binding sites that enhance the circulating half-life thereof; (iv) at least one glycosylation recognition sequence that is effective in decreasing antigenicity and/or immunogenicity thereof; (v) a modified A1 domain calcium-binding site that improves specific activity of the recombinant factor VIIIa; (vi) modified activated protein C-cleavage site; (vii) a modified A1 and A2 domain interface; and (viii) a modified A2 and A3 domain interface.
A third aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition that includes the recombinant factor VIII according to the present invention.
A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. Also included within this aspect of the present invention are recombinant DNA expression systems that contain a DNA molecule encoding the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, and recombinant host cells that contain the DNA molecule and/or recombinant expression system.
A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a recombinant factor VIII that includes: growing a host cell according to the fourth aspect of the present invention under conditions whereby the host cell expresses the recombinant factor VIII; and isolating the recombinant factor VIII.
A sixth aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating an animal for hemophilia A. This method of treatment includes: administering to an animal exhibiting hemophilia A an effective amount of the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, whereby the animal exhibits effective blood clotting following vascular injury.
The present invention demonstrates that a number of residues at the interface of A1 and C2 domains do not participate in non-covalent bonding, but instead may be destabilizing to factor VIII structure. Replacement of these residues with more hydrophobic residues—with the aim of increasing the buried hydrophobic area and reducing the buried hydrophilic area—was shown in the accompanying Examples to enhance inter-domain binding affinity. Stability parameters were assessed by following the activity of the factor VIII variants. Results from these studies demonstrated that a number of mutations yielded increased stability parameters. These stabilized variants of factor VIII and activated cofactor VIIIa should afford an improved therapeutic for treatment of hemophilia A.
To explore the role of this region in factor VIII and factor VIIIa stability, a variant containing a disulfide bond between A1 and C2 domains was generated by mutating Arg121 and Leu2302 to Cys (R121C-L2302C) and a second variant was generated by substituting a bulkier hydrophobic group (Ala108Ile) to better occupy a cavity between A1 and C2 domains. Disulfide bonding in the R121C-L2302C variant was >90% efficient as judged by western blots. Binding affinity between the Ala108Ile A1 and A3C1C2 subunits was increased  ̃3.7-fold in the variant compared with WT as judged by changes in fluorescence of acrylodan labeled-A1 subunits. Factor VIII thermal and chemical stability were monitored following rates of loss of factor VIII activity at 57° C. or in guanidinium by factor Xa generation assays. The rate of decay of factor VIIIa activity was monitored at 23° C. following activation by thrombin. Both R121C-L2302C and Ala108Ile variants showed up to  ̃4-fold increases in thermal stability but minimal improvements in chemical stability. The purified A1 subunit of Ala1081Ile reconstituted with the A3C1C2 subunit showed a  ̃4.6-fold increase in thermal stability while reconstitution of the variant A1 with a truncated A3C1 subunit showed similar stability values as compared with WT A1. Together, these results suggest that altering contacts at this A1-C2 junction by covalent modification or increasing hydrophobicity increases inter-chain affinity and functionally enhances factor VIII stability. Moreover, by combining these mutations with one or more mutations at the A1-A2 and/or A2-A3 domain interfaces, including Asp519Ala, Asp519Val, Glu665Ala, Glu665Val, Glu1984Ala, and Glu1984Val, double and triple mutants displayed  ̃2-10 fold increases in the stability of factor VIIIa.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows alignment of partial A1 domain sequences of eight mammalian factor VIII molecules starting from amino acid residue A100 of human factor VIII. The partial amino acid sequences are from human factor VIII (residues 100-140 of SEQ ID NO: 2); pig factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 3); canine factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 4); mouse factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 5); rabbit factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 6); bat factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 7); rat factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 8); and sheep factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 9). The figure also shows the consensus amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) for the partial A1 domain. Underlined residues represent a C2 domain interface of the A1 domain.
FIG. 2 shows alignment of partial C2 domain sequences from eight mammalian factor VIII molecules starting from amino acid residue Q2231 of human factor VIII. The partial amino acid sequences are from human factor VIII (residues 2231-2334 of SEQ ID NO: 2); pig factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 11); canine factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 12); mouse factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 13); rabbit factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 14); bat factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 15); rat factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 16); and sheep factor VIII (SEQ ID NO: 17). The figure also shows the consensus amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) for the partial C2 domain. Underlined residues represent an A1 domain interface of the C2 domain.
FIGS. 3A-C illustrate a model of selected residues at the A1-C2 domain interface. In FIG. 3A, the molecular surface of the factor VIII X-ray crystal structure, drawn by Swiss PDB viewer, shows the A1 domain (residues 1-336) in yellow, A2 domain (residues 373-711) in blue, A3 domain (residues 1690-2020) in red, C1 domain (residues 2021-2169) in green, and C2 domain (residues 2170-2332) in grey (FIG. 3A). Higher magnification of the A1-C2 contact region (yellow circle) is presented in FIGS. 3B-C. Side chains of Arg121 and Leu2302 (drawn as stick models) mutated to Cys residues are modeled by Swiss PDB viewer (FIG. 3B). In FIG. 3C, residues surrounding Ala108 (Leu2302, Ala2328, and Gln2329) are highlighted as stick models. Cβ carbon of Ala108, Cδ of Leu2302, Cβ of Ala2328, and Cγ of Gln2329 are indicated by arrows (FIG. 3C, left panel). Ala108 mutated to Ile was modeled by Swiss PDB viewer (FIG. 3C, right panel). In the stick models hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are colored as cyan, white, red, blue, and yellow, respectively. Ribbon structures represent α-helix (red) and β-strand (green).
FIG. 4 is a Western blot analysis of R121C-L2302C and WT factor VIII. Purified WT and mutant factor VIII proteins were electrophoresed under non-reducing (lanes 1, 2, 5, and 6) or reducing (lanes 3, 4, 7, and 8) conditions, transferred, and probed with 58.12 (anti-A1 domain antibody, lane 1-4) or 2D2 (anti-A3 domain antibody, lane 5-8). Protein bands were visualized by chemifluorescence as described in the accompanying Examples. Shown are WT (lane 1, 3, 5, and 7) and the R121C-L2302C factor VIII variant (lane 2, 4, 6, and 8) proteins.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the binding affinity of A1 subunit from WT or Ala108Ile for the A3C1C2 subunit. Acrylodan-labeled A1 subunit from WT (circles) or Ala108Ile (triangles) was titrated with A3C1C2 and binding was detected by the change of fluorescence as described in the accompanying Examples. Data points averaged from 3 separate determinations were fitted to a quadratic equation curve by non-linear least squares regression.
FIGS. 6A-C are graphs that illustrate factor VIII R121C-L2302C and Ala108Ile variant stability. FIG. 6A shows the factor VIII activity decay at elevated temperature. Factor VIII (4 nM) was incubated at 57° C. and at the indicated times aliquots were removed and activity was measured by factor Xa generation assays as described in the accompanying Examples. Data were fitted to a single exponential decay curve by non-linear least squares regression. FIG. 6B shows the inhibition of factor VIII by guanidinium. FVIII (50 nM) in 0-1.2 M guanidinium chloride was incubated for 2 hrs at 23° C., diluted 1/50 and factor VIII activity was measured by factor Xa generation. Data were fitted to a linear equation by least squares regression. Bars represent standard error values of 3 measurements. FIG. 6C shows factor VIIIa decay. Thrombin-activated factor VIIIa (1.5 nM) was incubated at 23° C., aliquots were taken at indicated time points and activity was measured by factor Xa generation assay as described in the accompanying Examples. Data were fitted to a single exponential decay curve by non-linear least squares regression. Symbols denote WT (circles), R121C-L2302C (triangles), and Ala108Ile (squares). Each point represents the value averaged from three separate determinations.
FIGS. 7A-B are graphs showing the thermal stability of A1 subunit reconstituted with A3C1C2 or A3C1 subunit. Thermal decay of reconstituted heterodimer of A1 subunit from WT (circles) or Ala108Ile (triangles) with WT A3C1C2 subunit at 55° C. (FIG. 7A) or A3C1 subunit at 52° C. (FIG. 7B) was detected by residual factor VIIIa activity following addition of A2 subunit as described in the accompanying Examples. Data were fitted to a single exponential decay curve by non-linear least squares regression. Data points averaged from 3 separate determinations were fitted to a single exponential decay curve to obtain rates.
FIGS. 8A-C are bar graphs comparing the thermal stability (FIG. 8A), chemical stability in the presence of guanidinium (FIG. 8B), and factor VIIIa decay (FIG. 8C) of WT and combination mutants. The combination mutants include one or more of the A1-C2 domain interface mutations (A108I or R121C-L2302C) in combination with one or more A1-A2 or A2-A3 domain interface mutations. Factor VIII activity decay, guanidinium inhibition, and factor VIIIa decay were measured as described in the accompanying Examples.
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the effects of Ala108Ile, Asp519Val/Glu665Val, and the combined Ala108Ile/Asp519Val/Glu665Val variants, relative to wildtype, as measured using a thrombin generation assay.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a recombinant factor VIII having one or more mutations that result in enhanced stability of factor VIII, in particular improved thermal and/or chemical stability of factor VIII.
The recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be prepared by modifying the amino acid sequence of a wild-type factor VIII or a mutant factor VIII that has otherwise been modified to affect other properties of the factor VIII, such as antigenicity, factor VIIIa stability, circulating half-life, protein secretion, affinity for factor IXa and/or factor X, altered factor VIII-inactivation cleavage sites, immunogenicity, shelf-life, etc.
Suitable wild-type factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention can be from various animals including, without limitation, mammals such as humans (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AAA52484 (amino acid) and K01740 (nucleotide); and GenBank Accession Nos. CAD97566 (amino acid) and AX746360 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), rats (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AAQ21580 (amino acid) and AY362193 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), mice (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AAA37385 (amino acid) and L05573 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), guinea pigs, dogs (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. AAB87412 (amino acid) and AF016234 (nucleotide); and GenBank Accession Nos. AAC05384 (amino acid) and AF049489 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), cats, monkeys, chimpanzees (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. XP—529212 (amino acid) and XM—529212 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), orangutans, cows, horses, sheep, pigs (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. NP—999332 (amino acid) and NM—214167 (nucleotide), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), goats, rabbits, and chickens. These and other sequences are also available electronically via the Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (or HAMSTeRS), which further provides an alignment of human, porcine, murine, and canine factor VIII proteins. Thus, the conservation and homology among mammalian factor VIII proteins is well known.
By way of example, the human factor VIII cDNA nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences are shown below in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively. Human factor VIII is synthesized as an approximately 300 kDa single chain protein with internal sequence homology that defines the “domain” sequence NH2-A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2-COOH. In a factor VIII molecule, a “domain,” as used herein, is a continuous sequence of amino acids that is defined by internal amino acid sequence identity and sites of proteolytic cleavage by thrombin. Unless otherwise specified, factor VIII domains include the following amino acid residues, when the sequences are aligned with the human amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2):

    
    
        A1, residues Ala1-Arg372;
        A2, residues Ser373-Arg740;
        B, residues Ser741-Arg1648;
        A3, residues Ser1690-Ile2032;
        C1, residues Arg2033-Asn2172; and
        C2, residues Ser2173-Tyr2332.
    
    


The A3-C1-C2 sequence includes residues Ser1690-Tyr2332. The remaining sequence, residues Glu1649-Arg1689, is usually referred to as the factor VIII light chain activation peptide. Factor VIII is proteolytically activated by thrombin or factor Xa, which dissociates it from von Willebrand factor, forming factor VIIIa, which has procoagulant function. The biological function of factor VIIIa is to increase the catalytic efficiency of factor IXa toward factor X activation by several orders of magnitude. Thrombin-activated factor VIIIa is a 160 kDa A1/A2/A3-C1-C2 heterotrimer that forms a complex with factor IXa and factor X on the surface of platelets or monocytes. A “partial domain” as used herein is a continuous sequence of amino acids forming part of a domain.
As used herein, a residue corresponding to a particular position refers to the residue at that position in wild type human factor VIII; however the same position will retain its numbering even though the residue may be at a different location in a recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. For example, a B domainless factor VIII lacks the B domain yet it still retains the conventional residue numbering for domains A3, C1, and C2.
The cDNA encoding wild-type human factor VIII has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, as follows:








   1 GCCACCAGAA GATACTACCT GGGTGCAGTG GAACTGTCAT GGGACTATAT



 


  51 GCAAAGTGAT CTCGGTGAGC TGCCTGTGGA CGCAAGATTT CCTCCTAGAG


 


 101 TGCCAAAATC TTTTCCATTC AACACCTCAG TCGTGTACAA AAAGACTCTG


 


 151 TTTGTAGAAT TCACGGATCA CCTTTTCAAC ATCGCTAAGC CAAGGCCACC


 


 201 CTGGATGGGT CTGCTAGGTC CTACCATCCA GGCTGAGGTT TATGATACAG


 


 251 TGGTCATTAC ACTTAAGAAC ATGGCTTCCC ATCCTGTCAG TCTTCATGCT


 


 301 GTTGGTGTAT CCTACTGGAA AGCTTCTGAG GGAGCTGAAT ATGATGATCA


 


 351 GACCAGTCAA AGGGAGAAAG AAGATGATAA AGTCTTCCCT GGTGGAAGCC


 


 401 ATACATATGT CTGGCAGGTC CTGAAAGAGA ATGGTCCAAT GGCCTCTGAC


 


 451 CCACTGTGCC TTACCTACTC ATATCTTTCT CATGTGGACC TGGTAAAAGA


 


 501 CTTGAATTCA GGCCTCATTG GAGCCCTACT AGTATGTAGA GAAGGGAGTC


 


 551 TGGCCAAGGA AAAGACACAG ACCTTGCACA AATTTATACT ACTTTTTGCT


 


 601 GTATTTGATG AAGGGAAAAG TTGGCACTCA GAAACAAAGA ACTCCTTGAT


 


 651 GCAGGATAGG GATGCTGCAT CTGCTCGGGC CTGGCCTAAA ATGCACACAG


 


 701 TCAATGGTTA TGTAAACAGG TCTCTGCCAG GTCTGATTGG ATGCCACAGG


 


 751 AAATCAGTCT ATTGGCATGT GATTGGAATG GGCACCACTC CTGAAGTGCA


 


 801 CTCAATATTC CTCGAAGGTC ACACATTTCT TGTGAGGAAC CATCGCCAGG


 


 851 CGTCCTTGGA AATCTCGCCA ATAACTTTCC TTACTGCTCA AACACTCTTG


 


 901 ATGGACCTTG GACAGTTTCT ACTGTTTTGT CATATCTCTT CCCACCAACA


 


 951 TGATGGCATG GAAGCTTATG TCAAAGTAGA CAGCTGTCCA GAGGAACCCC


 


1001 AACTACGAAT GAAAAATAAT GAAGAAGCGG AAGACTATGA TGATGATCTT


 


1051 ACTGATTCTG AAATGGATGT GGTCAGGTTT GATGATGACA ACTCTCCTTC


 


1101 CTTTATCCAA ATTCGCTCAG TTGCCAAGAA GCATCCTAAA ACTTGGGTAC


 


1151 ATTACATTGC TGCTGAAGAG GAGGACTGGG ACTATGCTCC CTTAGTCCTC


 


1201 GCCCCCGATG ACAGAAGTTA TAAAAGTCAA TATTTGAACA ATGGCCCTCA


 


1251 GCGGATTGGT AGGAAGTACA AAAAAGTCCG ATTTATGGCA TACACAGATG


 


1301 AAACCTTTAA GACTCGTGAA GCTATTCAGC ATGAATCAGG AATCTTGGGA


 


1351 CCTTTACTTT ATGGGGAAGT TGGAGACACA CTGTTGATTA TATTTAAGAA


 


1401 TCAAGCAAGC AGACCATATA ACATCTACCC TCACGGAATC ACTGATGTCC


 


1451 GTCCTTTGTA TTCAAGGAGA TTACCAAAAG GTGTAAAACA TTTGAAGGAT


 


1501 TTTCCAATTC TGCCAGGAGA AATATTCAAA TATAAATGGA CAGTGACTGT


 


1551 AGAAGATGGG CCAACTAAAT CAGATCCTCG GTGCCTGACC CGCTATTACT


 


1601 CTAGTTTCGT TAATATGGAG AGAGATCTAG CTTCAGGACT CATTGGCCCT


 


1651 CTCCTCATCT GCTACAAAGA ATCTGTAGAT CAAAGAGGAA ACCAGATAAT


 


1701 GTCAGACAAG AGGAATGTCA TCCTGTTTTC TGTATTTGAT GAGAACCGAA


 


1751 GCTGGTACCT CACAGAGAAT ATACAACGCT TTCTCCCCAA TCCAGCTGGA


 


1801 GTGCAGCTTG AGGATCCAGA GTTCCAAGCC TCCAACATCA TGCACAGCAT


 


1851 CAATGGCTAT GTTTTTGATA GTTTGCAGTT GTCAGTTTGT TTGCATGAGG


 


1901 TGGCATACTG GTACATTCTA AGCATTGGAG CACAGACTGA CTTCCTTTCT


 


1951 GTCTTCTTCT CTGGATATAC CTTCAAACAC AAAATGGTCT ATGAAGACAC


 


2001 ACTCACCCTA TTCCCATTCT CAGGAGAAAC TGTCTTCATG TCGATGGAAA


 


2051 ACCCAGGTCT ATGGATTCTG GGGTGCCACA ACTCAGACTT TCGGAACAGA


 


2101 GGCATGACCG CCTTACTGAA GGTTTCTAGT TGTGACAAGA ACACTGGTGA


 


2151 TTATTACGAG GACAGTTATG AAGATATTTC AGCATACTTG CTGAGTAAAA


 


2201 ACAATGCCAT TGAACCAAGA AGCTTCTCCC AGAATTCAAG ACACCCTAGC


 


2251 ACTAGGCAAA AGCAATTTAA TGCCACCACA ATTCCAGAAA ATGACATAGA


 


2301 GAAGACTGAC CCTTGGTTTG CACACAGAAC ACCTATGCCT AAAATACAAA


 


2351 ATGTCTCCTC TAGTGATTTG TTGATGCTCT TGCGACAGAG TCCTACTCCA


 


2401 CATGGGCTAT CCTTATCTGA TCTCCAAGAA GCCAAATATG AGACTTTTTC


 


2451 TGATGATCCA TCACCTGGAG CAATAGACAG TAATAACAGC CTGTCTGAAA


 


2501 TGACACACTT CAGGCCACAG CTCCATCACA GTGGGGACAT GGTATTTACC


 


2551 CCTGAGTCAG GCCTCCAATT AAGATTAAAT GAGAAACTGG GGACAACTGC


 


2601 AGCAACAGAG TTGAAGAAAC TTGATTTCAA AGTTTCTAGT ACATCAAATA


 


2651 ATCTGATTTC AACAATTCCA TCAGACAATT TGGCAGCAGG TACTGATAAT


 


2701 ACAAGTTCCT TAGGACCCCC AAGTATGCCA GTTCATTATG ATAGTCAATT


 


2751 AGATACCACT CTATTTGGCA AAAAGTCATC TCCCCTTACT GAGTCTGGTG


 


2801 GACCTCTGAG CTTGAGTGAA GAAAATAATG ATTCAAAGTT GTTAGAATCA


 


2851 GGTTTAATGA ATAGCCAAGA AAGTTCATGG GGAAAAAATG TATCGTCAAC


 


2901 AGAGAGTGGT AGGTTATTTA AAGGGAAAAG AGCTCATGGA CCTGCTTTGT


 


2951 TGACTAAAGA TAATGCCTTA TTCAAAGTTA GCATCTCTTT GTTAAAGACA


 


3001 AACAAAACTT CCAATAATTC AGCAACTAAT AGAAAGACTC ACATTGATGG


 


3051 CCCATCATTA TTAATTGAGA ATAGTCCATC AGTCTGGCAA AATATATTAG


 


3101 AAAGTGACAC TGAGTTTAAA AAAGTGACAC CTTTGATTCA TGACAGAATG


 


3151 CTTATGGACA AAAATGCTAC AGCTTTGAGG CTAAATCATA TGTCAAATAA


 


3201 AACTACTTCA TCAAAAAACA TGGAAATGGT CCAACAGAAA AAAGAGGGCC


 


3251 CCATTCCACC AGATGCACAA AATCCAGATA TGTCGTTCTT TAAGATGCTA


 


3301 TTCTTGCCAG AATCAGCAAG GTGGATACAA AGGACTCATG GAAAGAACTC


 


3351 TCTGAACTCT GGGCAAGGCC CCAGTCCAAA GCAATTAGTA TCCTTAGGAC


 


3401 CAGAAAAATC TGTGGAAGGT CAGAATTTCT TGTCTGAGAA AAACAAAGTG


 


3451 GTAGTAGGAA AGGGTGAATT TACAAAGGAC GTAGGACTCA AAGAGATGGT


 


3501 TTTTCCAAGC AGCAGAAACC TATTTCTTAC TAACTTGGAT AATTTACATG


 


3551 AAAATAATAC ACACAATCAA GAAAAAAAAA TTCAGGAAGA AATAGAAAAG


 


3601 AAGGAAACAT TAATCCAAGA GAATGTAGTT TTGCCTCAGA TACATACAGT


 


3651 GACTGGCACT AAGAATTTCA TGAAGAACCT TTTCTTACTG AGCACTAGGC


 


3701 AAAATGTAGA AGGTTCATAT GACGGGGCAT ATGCTCCAGT ACTTCAAGAT


 


3751 TTTAGGTCAT TAAATGATTC AACAAATAGA ACAAAGAAAC ACACAGCTCA


 


3801 TTTCTCAAAA AAAGGGGAGG AAGAAAACTT GGAAGGCTTG GGAAATCAAA


 


3851 CCAAGCAAAT TGTAGAGAAA TATGCATGCA CCACAAGGAT ATCTCCTAAT


 


3901 ACAAGCCAGC AGAATTTTGT CACGCAACGT AGTAAGAGAG CTTTGAAACA


 


3951 ATTCAGACTC CCACTAGAAG AAACAGAACT TGAAAAAAGG ATAATTGTGG


 


4001 ATGACACCTC AACCCAGTGG TCCAAAAACA TGAAACATTT GACCCCGAGC


 


4051 ACCCTCACAC AGATAGACTA CAATGAGAAG GAGAAAGGGG CCATTACTCA


 


4101 GTCTCCCTTA TCAGATTGCC TTACGAGGAG TCATAGCATC CCTCAAGCAA


 


4151 ATAGATCTCC ATTACCCATT GCAAAGGTAT CATCATTTCC ATCTATTAGA


 


4201 CCTATATATC TGACCAGGGT CCTATTCCAA GACAACTCTT CTCATCTTCC


 


4251 AGCAGCATCT TATAGAAAGA AAGATTCTGG GGTCCAAGAA AGCAGTCATT


 


4301 TCTTACAAGG AGCCAAAAAA AATAACCTTT CTTTAGCCAT TCTAACCTTG


 


4351 GAGATGACTG GTGATCAAAG AGAGGTTGGC TCCCTGGGGA CAAGTGCCAC


 


4401 AAATTCAGTC ACATACAAGA AAGTTGAGAA CACTGTTCTC CCGAAACCAG


 


4451 ACTTGCCCAA AACATCTGGC AAAGTTGAAT TGCTTCCAAA AGTTCACATT


 


4501 TATCAGAAGG ACCTATTCCC TACGGAAACT AGCAATGGGT CTCCTGGCCA


 


4551 TCTGGATCTC GTGGAAGGGA GCCTTCTTCA GGGAACAGAG GGAGCGATTA


 


4601 AGTGGAATGA AGCAAACAGA CCTGGAAAAG TTCCCTTTCT GAGAGTAGCA


 


4651 ACAGAAAGCT CTGCAAAGAC TCCCTCCAAG CTATTGGATC CTCTTGCTTG


 


4701 GGATAACCAC TATGGTACTC AGATACCAAA AGAAGAGTGG AAATCCCAAG


 


4751 AGAAGTCACC AGAAAAAACA GCTTTTAAGA AAAAGGATAC CATTTTGTCC


 


4801 CTGAACGCTT GTGAAAGCAA TCATGCAATA GCAGCAATAA ATGAGGGACA


 


4851 AAATAAGCCC GAAATAGAAG TCACCTGGGC AAAGCAAGGT AGGACTGAAA


 


4901 GGCTGTGCTC TCAAAACCCA CCAGTCTTGA AACGCCATCA ACGGGAAATA


 


4951 ACTCGTACTA CTCTTCAGTC AGATCAAGAG GAAATTGACT ATGATGATAC


 


5001 CATATCAGTT GAAATGAAGA AGGAAGATTT TGACATTTAT GATGAGGATG


 


5051 AAAATCAGAG CCCCCGCAGC TTTCAAAAGA AAACACGACA CTATTTTATT


 


5101 GCTGCAGTGG AGAGGCTCTG GGATTATGGG ATGAGTAGCT CCCCACATGT


 


5151 TCTAAGAAAC AGGGCTCAGA GTGGCAGTGT CCCTCAGTTC AAGAAAGTTG


 


5201 TTTTCCAGGA ATTTACTGAT GGCTCCTTTA CTCAGCCCTT ATACCGTGGA


 


5251 GAACTAAATG AACATTTGGG ACTCCTGGGG CCATATATAA GAGCAGAAGT


 


5301 TGAAGATAAT ATCATGGTAA CTTTCAGAAA TCAGGCCTCT CGTCCCTATT


 


5351 CCTTCTATTC TAGCCTTATT TCTTATGAGG AAGATCAGAG GCAAGGAGCA


 


5401 GAACCTAGAA AAAACTTTGT CAAGCCTAAT GAAACCAAAA CTTACTTTTG


 


5451 GAAAGTGCAA CATCATATGG CACCCACTAA AGATGAGTTT GACTGCAAAG


 


5501 CCTGGGCTTA TTTCTCTGAT GTTGACCTGG AAAAAGATGT GCACTCAGGC


 


5551 CTGATTGGAC CCCTTCTGGT CTGCCACACT AACACACTGA ACCCTGCTCA


 


5601 TGGGAGACAA GTGACAGTAC AGGAATTTGC TCTGTTTTTC ACCATCTTTG


 


5651 ATGAGACCAA AAGCTGGTAC TTCACTGAAA ATATGGAAAG AAACTGCAGG


 


5701 GCTCCCTGCA ATATCCAGAT GGAAGATCCC ACTTTTAAAG AGAATTATCG


 


5751 CTTCCATGCA ATCAATGGCT ACATAATGGA TACACTACCT GGCTTAGTAA


 


5801 TGGCTCAGGA TCAAAGGATT CGATGGTATC TGCTCAGCAT GGGCAGCAAT


 


5851 GAAAACATCC ATTCTATTCA TTTCAGTGGA CATGTGTTCA CTGTACGAAA


 


5901 AAAAGAGGAG TATAAAATGG CACTGTACAA TCTCTATCCA GGTGTTTTTG


 


5951 AGACAGTGGA AATGTTACCA TCCAAAGCTG GAATTTGGCG GGTGGAATGC


 


6001 CTTATTGGCG AGCATCTACA TGCTGGGATG AGCACACTTT TTCTGGTGTA


 


6051 CAGCAATAAG TGTCAGACTC CCCTGGGAAT GGCTTCTGGA CACATTAGAG


 


6101 ATTTTCAGAT TACAGCTTCA GGACAATATG GACAGTGGGC CCCAAAGCTG


 


6151 GCCAGACTTC ATTATTCCGG ATCAATCAAT GCCTGGAGCA CCAAGGAGCC


 


6201 CTTTTCTTGG ATCAAGGTGG ATCTGTTGGC ACCAATGATT ATTCACGGCA


 


6251 TCAAGACCCA GGGTGCCCGT CAGAAGTTCT CCAGCCTCTA CATCTCTCAG


 


6301 TTTATCATCA TGTATAGTCT TGATGGGAAG AAGTGGCAGA CTTATCGAGG


 


6351 AAATTCCACT GGAACCTTAA TGGTCTTCTT TGGCAATGTG GATTCATCTG


 


6401 GGATAAAACA CAATATTTTT AACCCTCCAA TTATTGCTCG ATACATCCGT


 


6451 TTGCACCCAA CTCATTATAG CATTCGCAGC ACTCTTCGCA TGGAGTTGAT


 


6501 GGGCTGTGAT TTAAATAGTT GCAGCATGCC ATTGGGAATG GAGAGTAAAG


 


6551 CAATATCAGA TGCACAGATT ACTGCTTCAT CCTACTTTAC CAATATGTTT


 


6601 GCCACCTGGT CTCCTTCAAA AGCTCGACTT CACCTCCAAG GGAGGAGTAA


 


6651 TGCCTGGAGA CCTCAGGTGA ATAATCCAAA AGAGTGGCTG CAAGTGGACT


 


6701 TCCAGAAGAC AATGAAAGTC ACAGGAGTAA CTACTCAGGG AGTAAAATCT


 


6751 CTGCTTACCA GCATGTATGT GAAGGAGTTC CTCATCTCCA GCAGTCAAGA


 


6801 TGGCCATCAG TGGACTCTCT TTTTTCAGAA TGGCAAAGTA AAGGTTTTTC


 


6851 AGGGAAATCA AGACTCCTTC ACACCTGTGG TGAACTCTCT AGACCCACCG


 


6901 TTACTGACTC GCTACCTTCG AATTCACCCC CAGAGTTGGG TGCACCAGAT


 


6951 TGCCCTGAGG ATGGAGGTTC TGGGCTGCGA GGCACAGGAC CTCTACTGA






The wild-type human factor VIII encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, as follows:








   1 ATRRYYLGAV ELSWDYMQSD LGELPVDARF PPRVPKSFPF NTSVVYKKTL



 


  51 FVEFTVHLFN IAKPRPPWMG LLGPTIQAEV YDTVVITLKN MASHPVSLHA


 


 101 VGVSYWKASE GAEYDDQTSQ REKEDDKVFP GGSHTYVWQV LKENGPMASD


 


 151 PLCLTYSYLS HVDLVKDLNS GLIGALLVCR EGSLAKEKTQ TLHKFILLFA


 


 201 VFDEGKSWHS ETKNSLMQDR DAASARAWPK MHTVNGYVNR SLPGLIGCHR


 


 251 KSVYWHVIGM GTTPEVHSIF LEGHTFLVRN HRQASLEISP ITFLTAQTLL


 


 301 MDLGQFLLFC HISSHQHDGM EAYVKVDSCP EEPQLRMKNN EEAEDYDDDL


 


 351 TDSEMDVVRF DDDNSPSFIQ IRSVAKKHPK TWVHYIAAEE EDWDYAPLVL


 


 401 APDDRSYKSQ YLNNGPQRIG RKYKKVRFMA YTDETFKTRE AIQHESGILG


 


 451 PLLYGEVGDT LLIIFKNQAS RPYNIYPHGI TDVRPLYSRR LPKGVKHLKD


 


 501 FPILPGEIFK YKWTVTVEDG PTKSDPRCLT RYYSSFVNME RDLASGLIGP


 


 551 LLICYKESVD QRGNQIMSDK RNVILFSVFD ENRSWYLTEN IQRFLPNPAG


 


 601 VQLEDPEFQA SNIMHSINGY VFDSLQLSVC LHEVAYWYIL SIGAQTDFLS


 


 651 VFFSGYTFKH KMVYEDTLTL FPFSGETVFM SMENPGLWIL GCHNSDFRNR


 


 701 GMTALLKVSS CDKNTGDYYE DSYEDISAYL LSKNNAIEPR SFSQNSRHPS


 


 751 TRQKQFNATT IPENDIEKTD PWFAHRTPMP KIQNVSSSDL LMLLRQSPTP


 


 801 HGLSLSDLQE AKYETFSDDP SPGAIDSNNS LSEMTHFRPQ LHHSGDMVFT


 


 851 PESGLQLRLN EKLGTTAATE LKKLDFKVSS TSNNLISTIP SDNLAAGTDN


 


 901 TSSLGPPSMP VHYDSQLDTT LFGKKSSPLT ESGGPLSLSE ENNDSKLLES


 


 951 GLMNSQESSW GKNVSSTESG RLFKGKRAHG PALLTKDNAL FKVSISLLKT


 


1001 NKTSNNSATN RKTHIDGPSL LIENSPSVWQ NILESDTEFK KVTPLIHDRM


 


1051 LMDKNATALR LNHMSNKTTS SKNMEMVQQK KEGPIPPDAQ NPDMSFFKML


 


1101 FLPESARWIQ RTHGKNSLNS GQGPSPKQLV SLGPEKSVEG QNFLSEKNKV


 


1151 VVGKGEFTKD VGLKEMVFPS SRNLFLTNLD NLHENNTHNQ EKKIQEEIEK


 


1201 KETLIQENVV LPQIHTVTGT KNFMKNLFLL STRQNVEGSY EGAYAPVLQD


 


1251 FRSLNDSTNR TKKHTAHFSK KGEEENLEGL GNQTKQIVEK YACTTRISPN


 


1301 TSQQNFVTQR SKRALKQFRL PLEETELEKR IIVDDTSTQW SKNMKHLTPS


 


1351 TLTQIDYNEK EKGAITQSPL SDCLTRSHSI PQANRSPLPI AKVSSFPSIR


 


1401 PIYLTRVLFQ DNSSHLPAAS YRKKDSGVQE SSHFLQGAKK NNLSLAILTL


 


1451 EMTGDQREVG SLGTSATNSV TYKKVENTVL PKPDLPKTSG KVELLPKVHI


 


1501 YQKDLFPTET SNGSPGHLDL VEGSLLQGTE GAIKWNEANR PGKVPFLRVA


 


1551 TESSAKTPSK LLDPLAWDNH YGTQIPKEEW KSQEKSPEKT AFKKKDTILS


 


1601 LNACESNHAI AAINEGQNKP EIEVTWAKQG RTERLCSQNP PVLKRHQREI


 


1651 TRTTLQSDQE EIDYDDTISV EMKKEDFDIY DEDENQSPRS FQKKTRHYFI


 


1701 AAVERLWDYG MSSSPHVLRN RAQSGSVPQF KKVVFQEFTD GSFTQPLYRG


 


1751 ELNEHLGLLG PYIRAEVEDN IMVTFRNQAS RPYSFYSSLI SYEEDQRQGA


 


1801 EPRKNFVKPN ETKTYFWKVQ HHMAPTKDEF DCKAWAYFSD VDLEKDVHSG


 


1851 LIGPLLVCHT NTLNPAHGRQ VTVQEFALFF TIFDETKSWY FTENMERNCR


 


1901 APCNIQMEDP TFKENYRFHA INGYIMDTLP GLVMAQDQRI RWYLLSMGSN


 


1951 ENIHSIHFSG HVFTVRKKEE YKMALYNLYP GVFETVEMLP SKAGIWRVEC


 


2001 LIGEHLHAGM STLFLVYSNK CQTPLGMASG HIRDFQITAS GQYGQWAPKL


 


2051 ARLHYSGSIN AWSTKEPFSW IKVDLLAPMI IHGIKTQGAR QKFSSLYISQ


 


2101 FIIMYSLDGK KWQTYRGNST GTLMVFFGNV DSSGIKHNIF NPPIIARYIR


 


2151 LHPTHYSIRS TLRMELMGCD LNSCSMPLGM ESKAISDAQI TASSYFTNMF


 


2201 ATWSPSKARL HLQGRSNAWR PQVNNPKEWL QVDFQKTMKV TGVTTQGVKS


 


2251 LLTSMYVKEF LISSSQDGHQ WTLFFQNGKV KVFQGNQDSF TPVVNSLDPP


 


2301 LLTRYLRIHP QSWVHQIALR MEVLGCEAQD LY






A first aspect of the present invention relates to a recombinant factor VIII that includes one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of the recombinant factor VIII. This mutation results in enhanced stability, particularly enhanced thermal and/or chemical stability, of factor VIII. The one or more mutations include substitution of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid residue having a higher hydrophobicity, or substitution of two or more amino acid residues with Cysteine to afford a disulfide bond between the A1 and C2 domains.
As used herein, an amino acid having a higher hydrophobicity refers to a residue having a higher measurement or ranking of hydrophobicity relative to a particular wild type residue at the location of interest. The hydrophobic effect represents the tendency of water to exclude non-polar molecules. Hydropathy scale is a ranking list for the relative hydrophobicity of amino acid residues and proteins. The “hydropathy index” of a protein or amino acid is a number representing its hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties. Different methods have been used in the art to calculate the relative hydrophobicity of amino acid residues and proteins (Kyte et al., “A Simple Method for Displaying the Hydropathic Character of a Protein,” J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-32 (1982); Eisenberg D, “Three-dimensional Structure of Membrane and Surface Proteins,” Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53: 595-623 (1984); Rose et al., “Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobicity, Packing, and Protein Folding,” Annu. Rev. Biomol. Struct. 22: 381-415 (1993); Kauzmann, “Some Factors in the Interpretation of Protein Denaturation,” Adv. Protein Chem. 14: 1-63 (1959), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Any one of these hydrophobicity scales can be used for the purposes of the present invention; however, the Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity scale is perhaps the most often referenced scale. The hydropathy index is directly proportional to the hydrophobicity of the amino acid or the protein.
As used herein, the term “interface” is used to describe a protein surface where the atoms of the protein come in contact with the solvent (solvent-protein interface) or with another domain (domain interface). Domain interfaces can be either inter-domain (between domains) or intra-domain (within domains). Various methods are known in the art to identify interfaces. For example, the geometric distance between atoms that belong to same or different domains can be used to identify intra-domain or inter-domain interfaces (structural information, such as atomic coordinates, is available at the Protein Databank; Berman et al., “The Protein Data Bank,” Nucleic Acid Res 28:235-242 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Another approach is the Accessible Surface Area (ASA), which detects the buried region of a protein that is detached from a solvent (Jones et al., “Analysis of Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Surface Patches,” J Mol Biol 272:121-132 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). A further approach is the Voronoi diagram, a computational geometry method that uses a mathematical definition of interface regions (Ban et al., “Interface Surfaces for Protein-protein Complexes,” Proceedings of the Research in Computational Molecular Biology, San Diego 27-31 (2004); Poupon A, “Voronoi and Voronoi-Related Tessellations in Studies of Protein Structure and Interaction,” Curr Opin Struct Biol 14:233-241 (2004); Kim et al., “Euclidean Voronoi Diagrams of 3D Spheres and Applications to Protein Structure Analysis,” Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 2005, 22:251-265 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). As described herein, the factor VIII crystal structure (Shen et al., “The Tertiary Structure and Domain Organization of Coagulation Factor VIII,” Blood 111:1240-1247 (2008); Ngo et al., “Crystal Structure of Human Factor VIII: Implications for the Formation of the Factor IXa:Factor VIIIa Complex,” Structure 16:597-606 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) can be modeled using Swiss PDB Viewer to identify residues that upon substitution with Cysteine will allow for disulfide bond formation (see FIG. 3B) or residues that are suitable for substitution with an amino acid having higher hydrophobicity (see FIG. 3C).
As used herein, a region of the A1 domain that interfaces with the C2 domain is referred to as a “C2 domain interface” and a region of the C2 domain that interfaces with the A1 domain is referred to as an “A1 domain interface.”
The wild type (WT) factor VIII can be such that the A1 domain of the WT factor VIII includes a C2 domain interface having the amino acid sequence of (i) KXS (aa 8-10 of SEQ ID NO: 10) where “X” is A or S; (ii) SXXE (aa 20-23 of SEQ ID NO: 10) where “X” at the 2nd position can be Q, K, or P, and “X” at the 3rd position can be R, K, M, T, or A; and/or (iii) TYXW (aa 36-39 of SEQ ID NO: 10), where “X” at the 3rd position can be V or A. These are illustrated in FIG. 1.
The WT factor VIII can be such that the C2 domain of the WT factor VIII includes an A1 domain interface having the amino acid sequence of (i) XVT (aa 9-11 of SEQ ID NO: 18), where “X” is K or R; (ii) PPXX (aa 68-71 of SEQ ID NO: 18), where “X” at the 3rd position is L or R, and “X” at the 4th position is L, F, or V; and/or (iii) XXQX (aa 96-99 of SEQ ID NO: 18), where the “X” at the 1st position is E or D, “X” at the 2nd position is A or T, and “X” at the 4th position is D or Q. These are illustrated in FIG. 2.
According to one embodiment, one or both of the A1 domain interface and C2 domain interface include a substitution to introduce a Cysteine residue. In preferred embodiments, the substitution of amino acid residues at the interface of A1 and C2 domains is carried out such that at least a pair of amino acids are substituted with Cysteine. In this embodiment, the pair of Cysteine residues form an inter-domain (A1 to C2 domain) disulfide bond such that the stability of the recombinant factor VIII is enhanced.
In another embodiment of the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, the one or more mutations at the interface of A1 and C2 domains of the recombinant factor VIII is the replacement of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid incapable of forming disulfide bonds but having a higher hydrophobicity index.
In a further embodiment, multiple mutations are introduced at several interfaces of the A1 and C2 domains of factor VIII, including: (i) a pair of substitutions to introduce a pair of Cysteine residues that are capable of forming an inter-domain (A1 to C2 domain) disulfide bond; and (ii) the replacement of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid incapable of forming disulfide bonds but having a higher hydrophobicity index.
The recombinant factor VIII according to several embodiments of the present invention are characterized by an A1 domain that includes a C2 domain interface having the amino acid sequence of (i) KXS (SEQ ID NO: 19), where “X” is T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I; (ii) SXXX (SEQ ID NO: 20), where “X” at the 2nd position is wild type (Q, K, or P) or E, D, N, H, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I, “X” at the 3rd position can be any amino acid other than R or preferably any amino acid other than R, K, M, T, or A; and “X” at the 4th position is wild type (E) or Q, D, N, H, P, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I; and/or (iii) TYXW (SEQ ID NO: 21), where “X” is M, C, F, L, V, or I. In at least one of the C2 domain interfaces, one of the X residues represents a substitution of a wild type residue.
The recombinant factor VIII according to several embodiments of the present invention are characterized by a C2 domain that includes an A1 domain interface having the amino acid sequence of (i) XVT (SEQ ID NO: 22), where “X” can be any amino acid other than K or R; (ii) PPXX (SEQ ID NO: 23), where “X” at the 3rd position can be any amino acid besides L or R and “X” at the 4th position is L, V, or I; and/or (iii) XXQX (SEQ ID NO: 24), where “X” at the 1st position is wild type (E or D) or Q, N, H, P, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I, “X” at the 2nd position is wild type (A or T) or G, M, C, F, L, V, or I, and “X” at the 4th position is wild type (D or Q) or N, H, P, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I. In at least one of the A1 domain interfaces, one of the X residues represents a substitution of a wild type residue.
In certain embodiments, where a disulfide linkage is formed between A1 and C2 domains using a cysteine substitution, the cysteine substitution occurs at residue 121 of human factor VIII (i.e., the C2 domain interface is SEQ ID NO: 20, where X at the third position is cysteine) and residue 2302 of human factor VIII (i.e., the A1 domain interface is SEQ ID NO: 23, where X at the fourth position is cysteine). In other embodiments, the cysteine substitution occurs at a residue other than residues 121 and 2302 of human factor VIII.
One embodiment of the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention includes an A1 domain having a C2 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence KXS (SEQ ID NO: 19), where the second residue (corresponding to position 108 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is Valine, Isoleucine, or Leucine.
A further embodiment of the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention includes a C2 domain having an A1 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence of XVT (SEQ ID NO: 22), where X (corresponding to position 2328 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is other than Lysine or Arginine.
Another embodiment of the recombinant factor VIII includes an A1 domain having a C2 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence of SXXE (SEQ ID NO: 25), where the second residue can be Q, K, P, E, D, N, H, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I and the third residue (corresponding to position 121 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is cysteine; and a C2 domain having an A1 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence of PPXX (SEQ ID NO: 23), where X at the 3rd position is any amino acid besides L or R, and X at the 4th position (corresponding to position 2302 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is cysteine.
Yet another embodiment of the recombinant factor includes a C2 domain having an A1 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence of XXQX (SEQ ID NO: 24), where the 1st residue is E, D, Q, N, H, P, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I; the 2nd residue (corresponding to position 2328 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is Valine, Isoleucine, or Leucine; and the 4th residue is D, Q, N, H, P, Y, W, S, T, G, A, M, C, F, L, V, or I.
The recombinant factor VIII according to the present invention can also have more than one mutation as described supra. In one preferred embodiment the recombinant factor VIII has two or more amino acid substitutions.
According to one embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII includes (i) an A1 domain having a C2 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence of KXS (SEQ ID NO: 19), where X (corresponding to position 108 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is Isoleucine, Leucine, or Valine; and (ii) a C2 domain having an A1 domain interface that includes the amino acid sequence XXQX (SEQ ID NO: 24), where the 1st and 4th residues are as described above and the 2nd residue (corresponding to position 2328 of SEQ ID NO: 2) is Isoleucine, Leucine, or Valine.
Suitable mutant factor VIII sequences that can be modified in accordance with the present invention can also include any previously known or subsequently identified mutant factor VIII sequences that have modified properties with regard to various attributes, including, without limitation, antigenicity, circulating half-life, factor VIIIa stability, protein secretion, affinity for factor IXa and/or factor X, altered factor VIII-inactivation cleavage sites, altered activated Protein C cleavage sites, enhanced specific activity of factor VIIIa, immunogenicity, and shelf-life.
In one embodiment the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention further comprises one or more of (i) factor IXa and/or factor X binding domains modified to enhance the affinity of the recombinant factor VIII for one or both of factor IXa and factor X; (ii) modified sites that enhance secretion in culture; (iii) modified serum protein binding sites that enhance the circulating half-life thereof; (iv) at least one glycosylation recognition sequence that is effective in decreasing antigenicity and/or immunogenicity thereof; (v) a modified A1 domain calcium-binding site that improves specific activity of the recombinant factor VIIIa; (vi) modified activated protein C-cleavage site; (vii) a modified A1 and A2 domain interface to enhance factor VIIIa stability; and (viii) a modified A2 and A3 domain interface to enhance factor VIIIa stability.
The recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be one that has a combination of mutations, including one or more mutations at an interface of A1 and C2 domains of recombinant factor VIII as described supra and one or more mutations at the A1 and A2 domain interface and/or the A2 and A3 domain interface. Such a recombinant factor VIII in addition to the one or more mutations at the A1 and C2 domain interface also includes substitution of one or more charged amino acid residues with a hydrophobic amino acid residue at either or both of the A1 and A2 or A2 and A3 domain interfaces.
Preferably, the charged residue to be replaced is either a Glu or Asp residue that does not participate in hydrogen bonding between the A1 and A2 or A2 and A3 domains. The hydrophobic amino acid residue that replaces the charged residue can be any of Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, or Trp. Particularly preferred recombinant factor VIII of the present invention includes a substitution of the residue corresponding to Glu287 of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of the residue corresponding to Asp302 of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of the residue corresponding to Asp519 of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of the residue corresponding to Glu665 of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of the residue corresponding to Glu1984 of wild type factor VIII, or combinations thereof. The D302A, E287A, E665A, E665V, D519A, D519V, E1984A, and E1984V substitutions are preferred for achieving a recombinant factor VIII that has enhanced stability of both factor VIII and factor VIIIa. Preferred combinations of these substitutions include, without limitation, those corresponding to D519AE665V, D519VE665V, and D519VE1984A mutants, as well as D519AE665VE1984A and D519VE665VE1984A mutants. The enhanced stability of these mutants is believed to be achieved by stabilizing the inter-domain interface in factor VIII as well as reducing A2 subunit dissociation from A1/A3C1C2 as compared to wild type factor VIIIa. Exemplary mutants of this type are described in U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. US2009/0118184 to Fay et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Examples of mutant factor VIII possessing substitutions at the A1-C2 domain interface as well as one or both of the A1-A2 and A2-A3 domain interfaces include, without limitation, A108ID519AE665V, A108ID519VE665V, A108ID519VE1984A, A108ID519AE665VE1984A, A108ID519VE665VE1984A, R121C-L2302C/D519AE665V, R121C-L2302C/D519VE665V, R121C-L2302C/D519VE1984A, R121C-L2302C/D519AE665VE1984A, and R121C-L2302C/D519VE665VE1984A. Each of these mutant factor VIII can be expressed in a B-domainless form, as described below.
Another example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a factor VIII having a modified calcium binding site, preferably at an amino acid corresponding to residue 113 of SEQ ID NO: 2. This affords a factor VIIIa having enhanced specific activity. Exemplary mutants of this type are described in U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. US2007/0265199 to Fay et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Preferably, the residue 113 mutant also is modified in accordance with one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., at positions 287, 302, 519, 665, and/or 1984) to afford a high stability/high specific activity factor VIII protein. Exemplary high stability/high specific activity factor VIII proteins include, without limitation: those possessing combined substitutions E113AD519A, E113AD519V, E113AE665A, E113AE665V, E113AE1984V, E113AD519AE665V, E113AD519VE665V, E113AD519VE1984A, E113AD519AE665VE1984A, and E113AD519VE665VE1984A.
Examples of mutant factor VIII possessing substitutions at the A1-C2 domain interface as well as the residue 113 substitution, and one or both of the A1-A2 and A2-A3 domain interface substitutions include, without limitation, A108IE113AD519AE665V, A108IE113AD519VE665V, A108IE113AD519VE1984A, A108IE113AD519AE665VE1984A, A108IE113AD519VE665VE1984A, R121C-L2302C/E113AD519AE665V, R121C-L2302C/E113AD519VE665V, R121C-L2302C/E113AD519VE1984A, R121C-L2302C/E113AD519AE665VE1984A, and R121C-L2302C/E113AD519VE665VE1984A. Each of these mutant factor VIII can be expressed in a B-domainless form, as described below.
A third example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a B-domainless factor VIII that contains amino acid residues 1-740 and 1690-2332 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,458,563 to Lollar, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
In one embodiment of the B-domainless recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, the B-domain is replaced by a DNA linker segment and at least one codon is replaced with a codon encoding an amino acid residue that has the same charge as a corresponding residue of porcine factor VIII (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0197875 to Hauser et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
In another embodiment of the B-domainless recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, the modified mutant factor VIII is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having a truncated factor IX intron 1 inserted in one or more locations (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,461 to Negrier and U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,614 to Negrier, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). This recombinant factor VIII can be used for yielding higher production of the recombinant factor VIII in vitro as well as in a transfer vector for gene therapy (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,461 to Negrier, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In a particular example of this embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII can be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having a truncated factor IX intron 1 inserted in two locations, and having a promoter that is suitable for driving expression in hematopoietic cell lines, and specifically in platelets (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,614 to Negrier, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Regardless of the embodiment, the B-domainless factor VIII preferably contains one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface, as well as any other mutations to affect other properties of the resulting factor VIII). Recombinant factor VIII proteins prepared in accordance with the Examples herein are B-domainless.
A fourth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a chimeric human/animal factor VIII that contains one or more domains, or portions thereof, from human factor VIII and one or more domains, or portions thereof, from a non-human mammalian factor VIII. One or more animal amino acid residues can be substituted for human amino acid residues that are responsible for the antigenicity of human factor VIII. In particular, animal (e.g., porcine) residue substitutions can include, without limitation, one or more of the following: R484A, R488G, P485A, L486S, Y487L, Y487A, S488A, S488L, R489A, R489S, R490G, L491S, P492L, P492A, K493A, G494S, V495A, K496M, H497L, L498S, K499M, D500A, F501A, P502L, I503M, L504M, P505A, G506A, E507G, I508M, I508A, M2199I, F2200L, L2252F, V2223A, K2227E, and/or L2251 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,204 to Lollar, U.S. Pat. No. 6,770,744 to Lollar, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0166536 to Lollar, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, the recombinant chimeric factor VIII contains one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
A fifth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a factor VIII that has enhanced affinity for factor IXa (see, e.g., Fay et al., “Factor VIIIa A2 Subunit Residues 558-565 Represent a Factor IXa Interactive Site,” J. Biol. Chem. 269(32):20522-7 (1994); Bajaj et al., “Factor IXa: Factor VIIIa Interaction. Helix 330-338 of Factor IXa Interacts with Residues 558-565 and Spatially Adjacent Regions of the A2 Subunit of Factor VIIIa,” J. Biol. Chem. 276(19):16302-9 (2001); and Lenting et al., “The Sequence Glu1811-Lys1818 of Human Blood Coagulation Factor VIII Comprises a Binding Site for Activated Factor IX,” J. Biol. Chem. 271(4):1935-40 (1996), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and/or factor X (see, e.g., Lapan et al., “Localization of a Factor X Interactive Site in the A1 Subunit of Factor VIIIa,” J. Biol. Chem. 272:2082-88 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, the enhanced-affinity factor VIII contains one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
A sixth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a factor VIII that is modified to enhance secretion of the factor VIII (see, e.g., Swaroop et al., “Mutagenesis of a Potential Immunoglobulin-Binding Protein-Binding Site Enhances Secretion of Coagulation Factor VIII,” J. Biol. Chem. 272(39):24121-4 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, the secretion enhanced mutant factor VIII contains one or more of the mutations identified above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
A seventh example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a factor VIII with an increased circulating half-life. This modification can be made using various approaches, including, without limitation, by reducing interactions with heparan sulfate (Sarafanov et al., “Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Participate in Factor VIII Catabolism Mediated by Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein,” J. Biol. Chem. 276(15):11970-9 (2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and/or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (“LRP”) (Saenko et al., “Role of the Low Density Lipoprotein-Related Protein Receptor in Mediation of Factor VIII Catabolism,” J. Biol. Chem. 274(53):37685-92 (1999); and Lenting et al., “The Light Chain of Factor VIII Comprises a Binding Site for Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein,” J. Biol. Chem. 274(34):23734-9 (1999), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, the half-life enhanced mutant factor VIII contains one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
An eighth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a modified factor VIII encoded by a nucleotide sequence modified to code for amino acids within known, existing epitopes to produce a recognition sequence for glycosylation at asparagines residues (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,216 to Lollar, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The mutant factor VIII of this example can be useful in providing a modified factor VIII that escapes detection by existing inhibitory antibodies (low antigenicity factor VIII) and which decreases the likelihood of developing inhibitory antibodies (low immunogenicity factor VIII). In one particular embodiment of this example, the modified factor VIII is mutated to have a consensus amino acid sequence for N-linked glycosylation. An example of such a consensus sequence is N-X-S/T, where N is asparagine, X is any amino acid, and S/T stands for serine or threonine (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,216 to Lollar, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, the glycosylation site-modified factor VIII contains one or more of the mutations identified above (e.g., modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
A ninth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a modified factor VIII that is a procoagulant-active factor VIII having various mutations (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0092442 to Kaufman et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). One example of this embodiment relates to a modified factor VIII that has been modified to (i) delete the von Willebrand factor binding site, (ii) add a mutation at Arg 740, and (iii) add an amino acid sequence spacer between the A2- and A3-domains, where the amino acid spacer is of a sufficient length so that upon activation, the procoagulant-active factor VIII protein becomes a heterodimer (see U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0092442 to Kaufman et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Preferably, procoagulant active factor VIII is also modified to contain one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., at positions modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
A tenth example of a suitable mutant factor VIII that can be modified in accordance with the present invention is a modified factor VIII that includes a substitution of one or more amino acid residues within a region surrounding an activated protein C cleavage site, except that the cleavable Arg scissile bond (at Arg336 and/or Arg562) is not substituted (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0118185 to Fay et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In the most preferred embodiments, the one or more substitutions appears within the P4-P3′ activated protein C cleavage site, which can be the site corresponding to wild type residues 333-339 of the A1 domain or the site corresponding to residues 559-565 of the A2 domain. Exemplary mutant P4-P3′ regions, which include the substitution of one or more amino acids include, without limitation, VDQRGNQ (SEQ ID NO: 26) neighboring Arg562, VDQRMKN (SEQ ID NO: 27) neighboring Arg562, and PQLRGNQ (SEQ ID NO: 28) neighboring Arg336, PDLRMKN (SEQ ID NO: 29) neighboring Arg336, PQQRMKN (SEQ ID NO: 30) neighboring Arg336, PQRRMKN (SEQ ID NO: 31) neighboring Arg336, PQLRGKN (SEQ ID NO: 32) neighboring Arg336, PQLRMIN (SEQ ID NO: 33) neighboring Arg336, and PQLRMNN (SEQ ID NO: 34) neighboring Arg336. These substitutions are preferred for achieving a mutant factor VIIIa having a reduced rate of inactivation by activated protein C, but unlike mutants having single mutation replacements of the P1 Arg residue the resulting factor VIIIa is capable of being inactivated by activated protein C. Preferably, factor VIII having a modified activated protein C cleavage site is also modified to contain one or more of the mutations described above (e.g., at positions modified A1 domain interface and/or C2 domain interface).
Further, the mutant factor VIII can be modified to take advantage of various advancements regarding recombinant coagulation factors generally (see, e.g., Saenko et al., “The Future of Recombinant Coagulation Factors,” J. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1:922-930 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
The recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be modified at any residue to stabilize the A1/C2 domain interfaces (includes positions corresponding to 108, 121, 2302, 2328 of the WT factor VIII), as well as be modified at any charged residue that destabilizes the A1A2 or A2A3 domain interfaces (including positions 287, 302, 519, 665, or 1984), be modified to be B-domainless, to be chimeric, to have modified calcium binding sites that enhance factor VIIIa activity (e.g., at position 113), to have altered inactivation cleavage sites, to have enhanced factor IXa and/or factor X affinity, to have enhanced secretion, to have an increased circulating half-life, or to have mutant glycosylation sites; or to possess any one or more of such modifications in addition to the one or more modifications to charged residues, including a modified calcium-binding site that improves activity of the recombinant factor VIII. A number of exemplary B-domainless high stability recombinant factor VIII proteins are described in the Examples.
The recombinant factor VIII is preferably produced in a substantially pure form. In a particular embodiment, the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII is at least about 80% pure, more preferably at least 90% pure, most preferably at least 95% pure. A substantially pure recombinant factor VIII can be obtained by conventional techniques well known in the art. Typically, the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII is secreted into the growth medium of recombinant host cells. Alternatively, the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII is produced but not secreted into growth medium. In such cases, to isolate the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII, the host cell carrying a recombinant plasmid is propagated, lysed by sonication, heat, or chemical treatment, and the homogenate is centrifuged to remove cell debris. The supernatant is then subjected to sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation. The fraction containing the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII is subjected to gel filtration in an appropriately sized dextran or polyacrylamide column to separate the recombinant factor VIII. If necessary, a protein fraction (containing the substantially pure recombinant factor VIII) may be further purified by high performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”).
Another aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. The isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant factor VIII can be either RNA or DNA.
In another embodiment the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a recombinant factor VIII according to the present invention which further comprises one or more of (i) factor IXa and/or factor X binding domains modified to enhance the affinity of the recombinant factor VIII for one or both of factor IXa and factor X; (ii) modified sites that enhance secretion in culture; (iii) modified serum protein binding sites that enhance the circulating half-life thereof; (iv) at least one glycosylation recognition sequence that is effective in decreasing antigenicity and/or immunogenicity thereof; (v) a modified calcium-binding site that improves specific activity of the recombinant factor VIIIa; (vi) modified activated protein C-cleavage site; (vii) a modified A1 and A2 domain interface; and (viii) a modified A2 and A3 domain interface.
In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified A1/A2 domain interface or A2/A3 domain interface (e.g., at positions corresponding to positions 287, 302, 519, 665, 1984 and/or 332-340 of SEQ ID NO: 2), as modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutation at position 113 that enhances factor VIII specific activity, as modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a B-domainless factor VIII of the type described above, as modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a chimeric human/porcine of the type described above, as modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII whose inactivation sites have been modified as described above, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In yet another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII whose affinity for factor IXa and/or factor X has been enhanced, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In a still further embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII whose affinity for various serum-binding proteins has been altered to increase its circulating half-life, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In a further embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII that has increased secretion in culture, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In a further embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII that possesses one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation site, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In a still further embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor VIII that has a modified activated protein C cleavage site, as further modified with one or more of the substitutions affecting the A1/C2 domain interfaces (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 19-25).
In yet another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a recombinant factor VIII that is modified at any one or more charged residues as described above and is also modified to possess any two or more of the following: modified to be B-domainless, modified to be chimeric, modified to have altered inactivation cleavage sites, modified to have enhanced factor IXa and/or factor X affinity, modified to have enhanced secretion, modified to have an increased circulating half-life, modified to possess one or more non-naturally occurring glycosylation site, modified within a calcium-binding site (e.g., at position 113) such that the specific activity of the recombinant factor VIII is improved, modified activated protein C-cleavage site, a modified A1 and A2 domain interface, and a modified A2 and A3 domain interface.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a recombinant DNA expression system that includes an isolated DNA molecule of the present invention, which expression system encodes a recombinant factor VIII. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule is in sense orientation relative to a promoter.
A further aspect of the present invention relates to a host cell including an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. In a particular embodiment, the host cell can contain the isolated nucleic acid molecule in DNA molecule form, either as a stable plasmid or as a stable insertion or integration into the host cell genome. In another embodiment, the host cell can contain a DNA molecule in an expression system. Suitable host cells can be, without limitation, animal cells (e.g., baby hamster kidney (“BHK”) cells), bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli), insect cells (e.g., Sf9 cells), fungal cells, yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces or Schizosaccharomyces), plant cells (e.g., Arabidopsis or tobacco cells), or algal cells.
The recombinant DNA expression system and host cells can be produced using various recombinant techniques well-known in the art, as further discussed below.
The DNA molecule encoding the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be incorporated in cells using conventional recombinant DNA technology. Generally, this involves inserting the DNA molecule into an expression system to which the DNA molecule is heterologous (i.e., not normally present). The heterologous DNA molecule is inserted into the expression system or vector in sense orientation and correct reading frame. The vector contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein-coding sequences. Thus, one embodiment of the present invention provides a DNA construct containing the isolated nucleic acid of the present invention, which is operably linked to both a 5′ promoter and a 3′ regulatory region (i.e., transcription terminator) capable of affording transcription and expression of the encoded recombinant factor VIII of the present invention in host cells or host organisms.
With respect to the recombinant expression system of the present invention, an expression vector containing a DNA molecule encoding the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be made using common techniques in the art. The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be inserted into any of the many available expression vectors using reagents that are well known in the art. In preparing a DNA vector for expression, the various DNA sequences may normally be inserted or substituted into a bacterial plasmid. Any convenient plasmid may be employed, which will be characterized by having a bacterial replication system, a marker which allows for selection in a bacterium, and generally one or more unique, conveniently located restriction sites. The selection of a vector will depend on the preferred transformation technique and target host for transformation.
A variety of host-vector systems may be utilized to express the recombinant factor VIII-encoding sequence(s). Primarily, the vector system must be compatible with the host cell used. Host-vector systems include but are not limited to the following: bacteria transformed with bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA; microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors; mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); and plant cells infected by bacteria (e.g., Agrobacterium). The expression elements of these vectors vary in their strength and specificities. Depending upon the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements can be used.
When recombinantly produced, the factor VIII protein or polypeptide (or fragment or variant thereof) is expressed in a recombinant host cell, typically, although not exclusively, a eukaryote.
Suitable vectors for practicing the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following viral vectors such as lambda vector system gt11, gtWES.tB, Charon 4, and plasmid vectors such as pCMV, pBR322, pBR325, pACYC177, pACYC184, pUC8, pUC9, pUC18, pUC19, pLG339, pR290, pKC37, pKC101, SV 40, pBluescript II SK+/− or KS+/−(see “Stratagene Cloning Systems” Catalog (1993)), pQE, pIH821, pGEX, pET series (Studier et al, “Use of T7 RNA Polymerase to Direct Expression of Cloned Genes,” Methods in Enzymology 185:60-89 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and any derivatives thereof. Any appropriate vectors now known or later described for genetic transformation are suitable for use with the present invention.
Recombinant molecules can be introduced into cells via transformation, particularly transduction, conjugation, mobilization, or electroporation. The DNA sequences are cloned into the vector using standard cloning procedures in the art, as described by Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Springs Laboratory, (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,224 issued to Cohen and Boyer, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes the production of expression systems in the form of recombinant plasmids using restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation with DNA ligase. These recombinant plasmids are then introduced by means of transformation and replicated in unicellular cultures including prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic cells grown in tissue culture.
Different genetic signals and processing events control many levels of gene expression (e.g., DNA transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) translation).
Transcription of DNA is dependent upon the presence of a promoter which is a DNA sequence that directs the binding of RNA polymerase and thereby promotes mRNA synthesis. The DNA sequences of eukaryotic promoters differ from those of prokaryotic promoters. Furthermore, eukaryotic promoters and accompanying genetic signals may not be recognized in or may not function in a prokaryotic system, and, further, prokaryotic promoters are not recognized and do not function in eukaryotic cells.
Similarly, translation of mRNA in prokaryotes depends upon the presence of the proper prokaryotic signals which differ from those of eukaryotes. Efficient translation of mRNA in prokaryotes requires a ribosome binding site called the Shine-Dalgarno (“SD”) sequence on the mRNA. This sequence is a short nucleotide sequence of mRNA that is located before the start codon, usually AUG, which encodes the amino-terminal methionine of the protein. The SD sequences are complementary to the 3′-end of the 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and probably promote binding of mRNA to ribosomes by duplexing with the rRNA to allow correct positioning of the ribosome. For a review on maximizing gene expression, see Roberts and Lauer, Methods in Enzymology 68:473 (1979), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Promoters vary in their “strength” (i.e., their ability to promote transcription). For the purposes of expressing a cloned gene, it is generally desirable to use strong promoters in order to obtain a high level of transcription and, hence, expression of the gene. Depending upon the host cell system utilized, any one of a number of suitable promoters may be used. For instance, when cloning in Escherichia coli, its bacteriophages, or plasmids, promoters such as the T7 phage promoter, lac promoter, trp promoter, recA promoter, ribosomal RNA promoter, the PR and PL promoters of coliphage lambda and others, including but not limited, to lacUV5, ompF, bla, lpp, and the like, may be used to direct high levels of transcription of adjacent DNA segments. Additionally, a hybrid trp-lacUV5 (tac) promoter or other E. coli promoters produced by recombinant DNA or other synthetic DNA techniques may be used to provide for transcription of the inserted gene.
Bacterial host cell strains and expression vectors may be chosen which inhibit the action of the promoter unless specifically induced. In certain operations, the addition of specific inducers is necessary for efficient transcription of the inserted DNA. For example, the lac operon is induced by the addition of lactose or IPTG (isopropylthio-beta-D-galactoside). A variety of other operons, such as trp, pro, etc., are under different controls.
Specific initiation signals are also required for efficient gene transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells. These transcription and translation initiation signals may vary in “strength” as measured by the quantity of gene specific messenger RNA and protein synthesized, respectively. The DNA expression vector, which contains a promoter, may also contain any combination of various “strong” transcription and/or translation initiation signals. For instance, efficient translation in E. coli requires an SD sequence about 7-9 bases 5′ to the initiation codon (“ATG”) to provide a ribosome binding site. Thus, any SD-ATG combination that can be utilized by host cell ribosomes may be employed. Such combinations include but are not limited to the SD-ATG combination from the cro gene or the N gene of coliphage lambda, or from the E. coli tryptophan E, D, C, B or A genes. Additionally, any SD-ATG combination produced by recombinant DNA or other techniques involving incorporation of synthetic nucleotides may be used.
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is incorporated into an appropriate vector in the sense direction, such that the open reading frame is properly oriented for the expression of the encoded protein under control of a promoter of choice. This involves the inclusion of the appropriate regulatory elements into the DNA-vector construct. These include non-translated regions of the vector, useful promoters, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, may be used.
A constitutive promoter is a promoter that directs expression of a gene throughout the development and life of an organism.
An inducible promoter is a promoter that is capable of directly or indirectly activating transcription of one or more DNA sequences or genes in response to an inducer. In the absence of an inducer, the DNA sequences or genes will not be transcribed.
The DNA construct of the present invention can also include an operable 3′ regulatory region, selected from among those which are capable of providing correct transcription termination and polyadenylation of mRNA for expression in the host cell of choice, operably linked to a DNA molecule which encodes for a protein of choice.
The vector of choice, promoter, and an appropriate 3′ regulatory region can be ligated together to produce the DNA construct of the present invention using well known molecular cloning techniques as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY (1989), and Ausubel, F. M. et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, New York, N.Y: John Wiley & Sons (1989), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As noted, one alternative to the use of prokaryotic host cells is the use of eukaryotic host cells, such as mammalian cells, which can also be used to recombinantly produce the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. Mammalian cells suitable for carrying out the present invention include, among others: COS (e.g., ATCC No. CRL 1650 or 1651), BHK (e.g., ATCC No. CRL 6281), CHO (e.g., ATCC No. CCL 61), HeLa (e.g., ATCC No. CCL 2), 293 (ATCC No. 1573), CHOP, and NS-1 cells.
Suitable expression vectors for directing expression in mammalian cells generally include a promoter, as well as other transcription and translation control sequences known in the art. Common promoters include SV40, MMTV, metallothionein-1, adenovirus E1a, CMV, immediate early, immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter and enhancer, and RSV-LTR.
Once the DNA construct of the present invention has been prepared, it is ready to be incorporated into a host cell. Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a recombinant cell. Basically, this method is carried out by transforming a host cell with a DNA construct of the present invention under conditions effective to yield transcription of the DNA molecule in the host cell. Recombinant molecules can be introduced into cells via transformation, particularly transduction, conjugation, mobilization, or electroporation.
In view of the recombinant technology discussed herein, another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. This method involves growing a host cell of the present invention under conditions whereby the host cell expresses the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention. The recombinant factor VIII is then isolated. In one embodiment, the host cell is grown in vitro in a growth medium. In a particular embodiment, suitable growth media can include, without limitation, a growth medium containing a von Willebrand Factor (referred to herein as “VWF”). In this embodiment, the host cell can contain a transgene encoding a VWF or the VWF can be introduced to the growth medium as a supplement. VWF in the growth medium will allow for greater expression levels of the recombinant factor VIII. Once the recombinant factor VIII is secreted into the growth medium, it can then be isolated from the growth medium using techniques well-known by those of ordinary skill in the relevant recombinant DNA and protein arts (including those described herein). In another embodiment, the method of making the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention further involves disrupting the host cell prior to isolation of the recombinant factor VIII. In this embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII is isolated from cellular debris.
The modifications at positions corresponding to 108, 121/2302, 2328 of the WT factor VIII are particularly preferred, because they result in enhanced stability of factor VIII and, when used in combination with modifications at residues 519, 665, and/or 1984, result in significantly enhanced stability of both factor VIII and factor VIIIa. This increased stability is important with regard to circulating half-life of factor VIII and the activity of factor VIIIa during blood clotting. Furthermore, this property is significant in terms of enhancing the recovery of usable factor VIII during the purification and preparation of the protein for therapeutic use, particularly given the improved thermal and chemical stability of factor VIII.
When an expression vector is used for purposes of in vivo transformation to induce factor VIII expression in a target cell, promoters of varying strength can be employed depending on the degree of enhancement desired. One of skill in the art can readily select appropriate mammalian promoters based on their strength as a promoter. Alternatively, an inducible promoter can be employed for purposes of controlling when expression or suppression of factor VIII is desired. One of skill in the art can readily select appropriate inducible mammalian promoters from those known in the art. Finally, tissue specific mammalian promoters can be selected to restrict the efficacy of any gene transformation system to a particular tissue. Tissue specific promoters are known in the art and can be selected based upon the tissue or cell type to be treated.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating an animal for a blood disorder such as hemophilia, particularly hemophilia A. This method involves administering to an animal exhibiting hemophilia A an effective amount of the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention, whereby the animal exhibits effective blood clotting following vascular injury. A suitable effective amount of the recombinant factor VIII can include, without limitation, between about 10 to about 50 units/kg body weight of the animal. The animal can be any mammal, but preferably a human, a rat, a mouse, a guinea pig, a dog, a cat, a monkey, a chimpanzee, an orangutan, a cow, a horse, a sheep, a pig, a goat, or a rabbit.
The recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can be used to treat uncontrolled bleeding due to factor VIII deficiency (e.g., intraarticular, intracranial, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage) in hemophiliacs with and without inhibitory antibodies and in patients with acquired factor VIII deficiency due to the development of inhibitory antibodies. In a particular embodiment, the recombinant factor VIII, alone, or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition (i.e., in combination with stabilizers, delivery vehicles, and/or carriers) is infused into patients intravenously according to the same procedure that is used for infusion of human or animal factor VIII.
Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the recombinant factor VIII can be administered by administering a viral vector such as an adeno-associated virus (Gnatenko et al., “Human Factor VIII Can Be Packaged and Functionally Expressed in an Adeno-associated Virus Background: Applicability to Hemophilia A Gene Therapy,” Br. J. Haematol. 104:27-36 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or by transplanting cells genetically engineered to produce the recombinant factor VIII, typically via implantation of a device containing such cells. Such transplantation typically involves using recombinant dermal fibroblasts, a non-viral approach (Roth et al., “Nonviral Transfer of the Gene Encoding Coagulation Factor VIII in Patients with Sever Hemophilia,” New Engi. J. Med. 344:1735-1742 (2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
The treatment dosages of recombinant factor VIII that should be administered to a patient in need of such treatment will vary depending on the severity of the factor VIII deficiency. Generally, dosage level is adjusted in frequency, duration, and units in keeping with the severity and duration of each patient's bleeding episode. Accordingly, the recombinant factor VIII is included in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, delivery vehicle, or stabilizer in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of the protein to stop bleeding, as measured by standard clotting assays.
Factor VIII is classically defined as that substance present in normal blood plasma that corrects the clotting defect in plasma derived from individuals with hemophilia A. The coagulant activity in vitro of purified and partially-purified forms of factor VIII is used to calculate the dose of recombinant factor VIII for infusions in human patients and is a reliable indicator of activity recovered from patient plasma and of correction of the in vivo bleeding defect. There are no reported discrepancies between standard assay of novel factor VIII molecules in vitro and their behavior in the dog infusion model or in human patients, according to Lusher et al., “Recombinant Factor VIII for the Treatment of Previously Untreated Patients with Hemophilia A—Safety, Efficacy, and Development of Inhibitors,” New Engl. J. Med. 328:453-459 (1993); Pittman et al., “A2 Domain of Human Recombinant-derived Factor VIII is Required for Procoagulant Activity but not for Thrombin Cleavage,” Blood 79:389-397 (1992); and Brinkhous et al., “Purified Human Factor VIII Procoagulant Protein Comparative Hemostatic Response After Infusions into Hemophilic and von Willebrand Disease Dogs,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:8752-8755 (1985), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Usually, the desired plasma factor VIII activity level to be achieved in the patient through administration of the recombinant factor VIII is in the range of 30-100% of normal. In one embodiment, administration of the therapeutic recombinant factor VIII is given intravenously at a preferred dosage in the range from about 5 to 50 units/kg body weight, and particularly in a range of 10-50 units/kg body weight, and further particularly at a dosage of 20-40 units/kg body weight; the interval frequency is in the range from about 8 to 24 hours (in severely affected hemophiliacs); and the duration of treatment in days is in the range from 1 to 10 days or until the bleeding episode is resolved. See, e.g., Roberts and Jones, “Hemophilia and Related Conditions—Congenital Deficiencies of Prothrombin (Factor II, Factor V, and Factors VII to XII),” Ch. 153, 1453-1474, 1460, in Hematology, Williams, W. J., et al., ed. (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Patients with inhibitors may require a different amount of recombinant factor VIII than their previous form of factor VIII. For example, patients may require less recombinant factor VIII because of its higher specific activity than the wild-type VIII and its decreased antibody reactivity. As in treatment with human or plasma-derived factor VIII, the amount of therapeutic recombinant factor VIII infused is defined by the one-stage factor VIII coagulation assay and, in selected instances, in vivo recovery is determined by measuring the factor VIII in the patient's plasma after infusion. It is to be understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed recombinant factor VIII.
Treatment can take the form of a single intravenous administration of the recombinant factor VIII or periodic or continuous administration over an extended period of time, as required. Alternatively, therapeutic recombinant factor VIII can be administered subcutaneously or orally with liposomes in one or several doses at varying intervals of time.
The recombinant factor VIII can also be used to treat uncontrolled bleeding due to factor VIII deficiency in hemophiliacs who have developed antibodies to human factor VIII.
It has been demonstrated herein that the recombinant factor VIII of the present invention can differ in specific activity from the wild-type factor VIII and retain a higher specific activity for a longer duration following activation. Factor VIII proteins having greater procoagulant activity from wild-type factor VIII are useful in treatment of hemophilia because lower dosages will be required to correct a patient's factor VIII deficiency. This will not only reduce medical expense for both the patient and the insurer, but also reduce the likelihood of developing an immune response to the factor VIII (because less antigen is administered).
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided to illustrate embodiments of the present invention, but they are by no means intended to limit its scope.
Materials & Methods
Reagents:
Recombinant factor VIII (KOGENATETM) and the monoclonal antibodies 58.12 and 2D2 were generous gifts from Dr. Lisa Regan of Bayer Corporation (Berkeley, Calif.). Phospholipid vesicles containing 20% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 40% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and 40% phosphatidylserine (PS) were prepared using octylglucoside as described previously (Mimms et al., “Phospholipid Vesicle Formation and Transmembrane Protein Incorporation Using Octyl Glucoside,” Biochemistry 20:833-840 (1981), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The reagents α-thrombin, factor VIIa, factor IXaβ, factor X, and factor Xa (Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), hirudin (DiaPharma, West Chester, Ohio), phospholipids (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), the chromogenic Xa substrate, Pefachrome Xa (Pefa-5523, CH3OCO-D-Cha-Gly-Arg-pNA.AcOH; Centerchem Inc. Norwalk Conn.), recombinant human tissue factor (rTF), Innovin (Dade Behring, Newark, Del.), fluorogenic substrate, Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.), thrombin calibrator (Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, N.J.), and acrylodan (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) were purchased from the indicated vendors.
Expression and Purification of WT and Variant Factor VIII:
Recombinant WT and variant factor VIII forms were stably expressed in BHK cells and purified as described previously (Wakabayashi et al., “Residues 110-126 in the A1 Domain of Factor VIII Contain a Ca2+ Binding Site Required for Cofactor Activity,” J Biol. Chem. 279:12677-12684 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). After transfection there were no significant differences in the amounts of factor VIII secretion among the variants. Protein yields for the variants ranged from >10 to  ̃100 μg from two 750 cm2 culture flasks, with purity from  ̃85% to >95% as judged by SDS-PAGE. The primary contaminant in the factor VIII preparations was albumin and at the concentrations present in the factor VIII showed no effect on stability or activity parameters. Factor VIII concentration was measured by ELISA and factor VIII activity was determined by one-stage clotting assay and two-stage chromogenic factor Xa generation assay, both of which are described below.
Western Blotting:
Factor VIII proteins (0.34 μg) were activated by thrombin (20 nM) for 30 min at 23° C. and subjected to electrophoresis under either non-reducing or reducing (0.1 M dithiothreitol) conditions using 10% polyacrylamide gels run at constant voltage (150V). Gels were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, probed with an anti-A1 domain (58.12) or anti-A3 domain (2D2) monoclonal antibody and protein bands were visualized using chemifluorescence. The chemifluorescence substrate (ECF substrate, GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) was reacted and the fluorescence signal scanned using a phosphoimager (Storm 860, GE Healthcare).
ELISA:
A sandwich ELISA was performed to measure the concentration of factor VIII proteins as previously described (Wakabayashi et al., “A Glu113Ala Mutation within a Factor VIII Ca2+-Binding Site Enhances Cofactor Interactions in Factor Xase,” Biochemistry 44:10298-10304 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) using purified commercial recombinant factor VIII (KOGENATETM, Bayer Corporation) as a standard. Factor VIII capture used the anti-C2 monoclonal antibody (GMA8003, Green Mountain Antibodies) and the anti-A2 monoclonal antibody, R8B12 (GMA8012, Green Mountain Antibodies) was employed for factor VIII detection following biotinylation.
One-stage Clotting Assay:
One-stage clotting assays were performed using substrate plasma chemically depleted of factor VIII (Over, “Methodology of the One-stage Assay of Factor VIII (VIII:C),” Scand J Haematol Suppl. 41:13-24 (1984), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and assayed using a Diagnostica Stago clotting instrument. Plasma was incubated with APTT reagent (General Diagnostics) for 6 min at 37° C. after which a dilution of factor VIII was added to the cuvette. After 1 min the mixture was recalcified, and clotting time was determined and compared to a pooled normal plasma standard.
Two-stage Chromogenic Factor Xa Generation Assay:
The rate of conversion of factor X to factor Xa was monitored in a purified system (Lollar et al., “Factor VIII and Factor VIIIa,” Methods Enzymol. 222:128-143 (1993), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) according to methods previously described (Wakabayashi et al., “Metal Ion-independent Association of Factor VIII Subunits and the Roles of Calcium and Copper Ions for Cofactor Activity and Inter-subunit Affinity,” Biochemistry 40:10293-10300 (2001); Wakabayashi et al., “Ca2+ Binding to Both the Heavy and Light Chains of Factor VIII Is Required for Cofactor Activity,” Biochemistry 41:8485-8492 (2002), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Factor VIII (1 nM) in buffer containing 20 mM N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES), pH 7.2, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20, 0.01% BSA, 5 mM CaCl2 (Buffer B), and 10 μM PSPCPE vesicles was activated with 20 nM α-thrombin for 1 min. The reaction was stopped by adding hirudin (10 U/ml) and the resulting factor VIIIa was reacted with factor IXa (40 nM) for 1 min. Factor X (300 nM) was added to initiate reactions which were quenched after 1 min by the addition of 50 mM EDTA. Factor Xa generated was determined following reaction with the chromogenic substrate Pefachrome Xa (0.46 mM final concentration). All reactions were run at 23° C.
Factor VIII Activity at Elevated Temperature:
WT factor VIII or factor VIII variants (4 nM) in buffer B were incubated at 57° C. (pH at this temperature=6.94). Aliquots were removed at the indicated times, cooled to room temperature, and residual factor VIII activity was determined using a two-stage factor Xa generation assay.
Factor VIIIa Activity Decay:
WT and mutant factor VIII (1.5 nM) in buffer B containing 20 μM PSPCPE vesicles were activated using 20 nM thrombin for 1 min at 23° C. Reactions were immediately quenched by hirudin (10 U/ml) to inactivate thrombin, aliquots removed at the indicated times, and activity was determined using the factor Xa generation assay following addition of factor IXa (40 nM) and factor X (300 nM).
Factor VIII Activity Inhibition by Guanidinium Chloride:
WT and factor VIII variants (50 nM) in buffer B plus 0-1.8 M guanidinium chloride were incubated for 2 hrs at 23° C. Aliquots were diluted ( 1/50) in buffer A containing 20 μM PSPCPE vesicles and activated by 5 nM thrombin for 1 min. Reactions were immediately quenched with hirudin (10 U/ml) and activity was determined by factor Xa generation assay following addition of factor IXa (40 nM) and FX (300 nM). Residual guanidinium chloride (<36 mM) did not inhibit the proteolytic activation of factor VIII or its cofactor activity.
Thermal Denaturation of Reconstituted A1 and A3C1C2 or A3C1 Subunit as Detected by FXa Generation Assay
A1 subunit (50 nM) from WT or Ala108Ile factor VIII was reconstituted with A3C1C2 (200 nM) or A3C1 (500 nM) at 37° C. for 2 hr in 10 mM MES, pH 6.5, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20, 0.01% BSA, 5 mM CaCl2. Samples were incubated at 55° C. (A3C1C2) or 52° C. (A3C1) (pH at this temperature=6.94), aliquots were taken at indicated times, and further incubated with 200 nM A2 subunit at 23° C. for 30 min. Samples were then diluted 1:20 with buffer B containing 20 μM PSPCPE vesicles and reconstituted factor VIIIa activity was measured directly by factor Xa generation assay in the absence of the thrombin activation step. Data were fitted to the single exponential decay equation by non-linear least squares regression and parameter values were obtained.
Thrombin Generation Assay
The amount of thrombin generated in plasma was measured by Calibrated Automated Thrombography using methods previously described (Wakabayashi et al., “Combining Mutations of Charged Residues at the A2 Domain Interface Enhances Factor VIII Stability over Single Point Mutations,” J. Thromb. Haemost. 7:438-444 (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Briefly, factor VIII deficient plasma (<1% residual activity, platelet-poor) from severe hemophilia A patients lacking factor VIII inhibitor (George King Bio-Medical, Overland Park, Kans.) was mixed at 37° C. with a final concentration of 0.3 nM factor VIII, 0.5 μM rTF, 4 μM PSPCPE vesicles, 433 μM fluorogenic substrate, 13.3 mM CaCl2, and 105 nM thrombin calibrator. The development of a fluorescent signal was monitored at 8 second intervals using a Microplate Spectrofluorometer (Spectramax Gemini, Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) with a 355 nm (excitation)/460 nm (emission) filter set. Fluorescent signals were corrected by the reference signal from the thrombin calibrator samples and actual thrombin generation in nM was calculated.
Data Analysis:
For activity decay analysis of factor VIII/VIIIa, activity values as a function of time were fitted to a single exponential decay curve by non-linear least squares regression using the equation,

A=A0·e−k·t 

where A is residual factor VIIIa activity (nM/min/nM factor VIII), A0 is the initial activity, k is the apparent rate constant, and t is the time (minutes) of reaction of factor VIII (for factor VIII thermal decay experiments) or of factor VIIIa after thrombin was quenched (for factor VIIIa decay measurements). Factor VIII activity inhibition by guanidinium was fitted to a linear equation by least squares regression using the equation,

A=50−k·(X−IC50)

where A is the normalized activity [=100(%)], IC50 is the inhibitor (guanidinium chloride) concentration (M) at 50% activity, X is the guanidinium chloride concentration (M), and k is the slope. Determinations for A1-A3C1C2 binding affinity used the quadratic equation:





  F
  =
  
    
      
        F
        max
      
      B
    
    ·
    
      
        
          
            (
            
              B
              +
              
                K
                d
              
              +
              X
            
            )
          
          2
        
        -
        
          
            
              
                (
                
                  B
                  +
                  
                    K
                    d
                  
                  +
                  X
                
                )
              
              2
            
            -
            
              4
              ·
              B
              ·
              X
            
          
        
      
      2
    
  




where Fmax is the maximum increase in fluorescence at saturation, B is the A1 concentration (=15 nM), Kd is the dissociation constant, and X is the concentration of A3C1C2 in nM, Nonlinear least-squares regression analysis was performed using Kaleidagraph (Synergy, Reading, Pa.). A Student's t-test was performed for statistical analysis.

Example 1
Recombinant Expression and Purification of Factor VIII Mutants Possessing Modified A1 and C2 Domain Interactions
The A1 and C2 domains show close proximity to one another in the factor VIII crystal structure (FIG. 3A). These regions were investigated with the aim towards enhancing inter-domain interactions to positively alter affinity and stability parameters. Examination of the A1-C2 interface provided two possible approaches for increasing the inter-domain affinity. Although the orientation of side chains cannot be discerned due to the resolution ( ̃4 Å) of the structure (4), the putative spatial separation of several paired residues indicated that mutagenesis of these residues to Cys could result in formation of a nascent inter-domain disulfide bridge. Paired A1/C2 domain residues were identified that appeared to meet this distance requirement and included Ser119/Pro2300, Gln120/Pro2299, Arg121/Leu2302, Ala108/Ala2328, and Trp106/Ala2328.
Double mutations where each residue of the respective pair was replaced with Cys were prepared as B-domainless factor VIII—lacking residues Gln744-Ser1637 in the B-domain (Doering et al., “Expression and Characterization of Recombinant Murine Factor VIII,” Thromb. Haemost 88:450-458 (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)—using previously described methods (Wakabayashi et al., “Residues 110-126 in the A1 Domain of Factor VIII Contain a Ca2+-Binding Site Required for Cofactor Activity,” J. Biol. Chem. 279:12677-12684 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Briefly, B-domainless factor VIII cDNA was restricted from the factor VIII expression construct HSQ-MSAB-NotI-RENeo using the endonucleases XhoI and NotI, and then cloned into the Bluescript II K/S-vector. Factor VIII molecules bearing one or more point mutations were constructed by introducing mutations into shuttle constructs using the Stratagene QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit. Upon confirmation of the presence of only the desired mutations by sequencing, the appropriate fragment was restricted and cloned back into the factor VIII expression construct. Presence of only the desired mutations was again confirmed by a second round of sequencing. Of the five variants examined, only the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys variant (FIG. 3B) retained a wild-type like specific activity ( ̃86% the WT value, Table 1) and was further evaluated.
Recombinant WT and variant factor VIII forms were stably expressed in BHK cells and purified as previously described (Lollar and Parker, “pH-dependent Denaturation of Thrombin-activated Porcine Factor VIII,” J. Biol. Chem. 265:1688-1692 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Protein yields for the variants ranged from >10 to  ̃100 μg from two 750 cm2 culture flasks, with purity >90% as judged by SDS-PAGE. The primary contaminant in the factor VIII preparations was albumin. Factor VIII concentrations were measured using an Enzyme-Linked Immunoadsorbant Assay (ELISA) and factor VIII activity was determined by one-stage clotting and two-stage chromogenic factor Xa generation assays described supra.
In addition, a small cavity in the A1-C2 interface that potentially exists was noted, this putative cavity is mainly surrounded by alkyl groups from Ala108, Ala2328, Leu2302, and Gln2329 (FIG. 3C), with the side chain of Ala108 proposed to be directed towards the C2 domain. In an effort to increase hydrophobic interactions within this area, several variants were prepared to introduce bulky hydrophobic groups in these domains. This was carried out by mutating Ala residues to Ile, Leu, and Val (Ala108Ile, Ala108Leu, Ala108Val, Ala2328Ile, Ala2328Leu, and Ala2328Val) in a B-domainless factor VIII cDNA using the procedures described in the preceding paragraph. Of the variants prepared, the Ala108Ile factor VIII variant showed minimal effects on factor VIII specific activity ( ̃74% the WT value, Table 1); the Ala108Leu and Ala108Val variants showed greater diminution of factor VIII specific activity.
The A1 subunit was purified from WT or Ala108Ile factor VIII. Factor VIII (1-3 μM) was reacted with thrombin (50 nM) in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20 (buffer A) for 30 min and treated with 50 mM EDTA overnight at 4° C. After a 1:4 dilution with buffer A, the samples were subjected to chromatography using a heparin Sepharose column (1.5 cm×0.7 cm in diameter, GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.). The flow through fraction was collected and applied to a Q-Sepharose column (1.5 cm×0.7 cm in diameter, GE Healthcare). After the column was washed with buffer A, bound A1 subunit was eluted with 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 0.8 M NaCl, 0.01% Tween20, and purified A1 subunit was kept frozen at 80° C. until use. A2 and A3C1C2 subunits were completely absorbed by the heparin Sepharose column step and the final A1 product was >95% pure as judged by SDS-PAGE. A2 and A3C1C2 subunits were purified from recombinant factor VIII (KogenateTM) as described previously (Fay and Smudzin, “Characterization of the Interaction Between the A2 Subunit and A1/A3-C1-C2 Dimer in Human Factor VIIIa,” J. Biol. Chem. 267:13246-13250 (1992), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). A3C1 subunit was purified from C2 domain-deleted factor VIII (Wakabayashi et al., “Factor VIII Lacking the C2 Domain Retains Cofactor Activity in vitro,” J. Biol. Chem. 285:25176-25184 (2010), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) using the same method for A3C1C2 purification.
Purified A1 subunit from WT and Ala108Ile factor VIII was labeled with acrylodan by sulfhydryl specific protein modification as previously described (Wakabayashi et al., “Metal Ion-independent Association of Factor VIII Subunits and the Roles of Calcium and Copper Ions for Cofactor Activity and Inter-subunit Affinity,” Biochemistry 40:10293-10300 (2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). A1 (15 nM) from WT or Ala108Ile factor VIII was reconstituted with A3C1C2 subunit (0-300 nM) at 37° C. for 2 h in buffer B at pH 7.4. Fluorescence measurements were performed using an Aminco-Bowman Series 2 Luminescence Spectrometer (Thermo Spectronic, Rochester, N.Y.) at 23° C. at an excitation wavelength of 395 nm (2 nm bandwidth). Fluorescence emission was monitored at 480-490 nm (8 nm bandwidth) and all spectra were corrected for background. Data were fitted to a quadratic equation by non-linear least squares regression and parameter values were obtained.
Example 2
Confirmation of Disulfide Bridge in Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys Factor VIII Variant
Evidence for high efficiency disulfide bridging between factor VIII A1 and A3C1C2 domains in this double mutant, as judged by Western Blotting is shown in FIG. 4. For this analysis, WT factor VIII and the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys factor VIII variant were cleaved with thrombin to generate the factor VIIIa heterotrimer prior to SDS-PAGE, which was then run in the absence and presence of disulfide bond reduction using DTT. Blots were probed with an anti-A1 antibody (58.12, lanes 1-4) and an anti-A3 antibody (2D2, lanes 5-8). Both A1 and A3C1C2 subunits derived from the factor VIII Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys variant were detected at the 120 kDa band, consistent with the sum of their mol masses under non-reducing conditions (lanes 2 and 6), while reduction by 0.1 M DTT yielded the separated subunits (lanes 4 and 8). Based upon the band densities of bridged and free subunits in the non-reduced lanes, it appeared that >90% of the variant molecules were disulfide-linked.
Example 3
Affinity of the WT and Ala108Ile Factor VIII Variant A1 Subunits for A3C1C2
To assess the affinity of the Ala108Ile A1 domain for C2 domain, the purified factor VIII variant and WT were treated with thrombin and the A1 subunits were separately purified as described supra. A1 subunits were then reacted with the environment-sensitive fluorescent probe, acrylodan, and these reagents were used to probe binding with the A3C1C2 subunit. The site for acrylodan attachment is likely the lone free thiol in A1 at Cys310, which is in close proximity (<15 Å) to residues in the A3 domain of light chain (Ngo et al., “Crystal Structure of Human Factor VIII: Implications for the Formation of the Factor IXa:Factor VIIIa Complex,” Structure 16:597-606 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Indeed, increases in the emission fluorescence from acrylodan-labeled A1 (AcA1) subunit have been previously observed when A3C1C2 was bound to the molecule (Wakabayashi et al, “Metal-ion Independent Factor VIII Subunit Association and the Role of Calcium and Copper for Its Affinity and Activity,” Biochemistry 40:10293-10300 (2001); Ansong et al., “Factor VIII A3 Domain Residues 1954-1961 Represent an A1 Domain-Interactive Site,” Biochemistry 44:8850-8857 (2005), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Titration of AcA1 with A3C1C2 was performed as described supra and the results are shown in FIG. 5. AcA1 (15 nM) fluorescence from both the WT and Ala108Ile subunits saturably increased as the A3C1C2 concentration increased. The estimated Kd of this interaction for WT and Ala108Ile A1 subunits were 88.7±9.8 nM and 24.1±4.1 nM, respectively. The Kd value for WT was somewhat higher than a previously reported value ( ̃50 nM) (Ansong et al., “Factor VIII A3 Domain Residues 1954-1961 Represent an A1 Domain-Interactive Site,” Biochemistry 44:8850-8857 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) likely due to slightly higher pH (7.4) employed for the binding conditions (Wakabayashi et al., “pH-dependent Association of Factor VIII Chains: Enhancement of Affinity at Physiological pH by Cu2+,” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1764:1094-1101 (2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). This result indicated a  ̃4-fold increase in affinity of Ala108Ile A1 for A3C1C2 as compared with the WT A1 subunit for A3C1C2. The estimated maximal values in fluorescence for WT and Ala108Ile were 0.221±0.009 and 0.245±0.011 respectively, and were not significantly different (p>0.1).
Example 4
Stability of Factor VIII Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile Variants
The above results demonstrate that introduction of the disulfide bridge or increasing the hydrophobic character at the A1-C2 interface stabilizes this inter-domain interaction. To test the functional consequences of these mutations, stability parameters of factor VIII (factor VIIIa) were evaluated by several methods. Thermal denaturation experiments were performed at 57° C. as described supra. Data shown in FIG. 6A were fitted to a single exponential decay curve using non-linear least squares regression. WT factor VIII (circles) decayed to  ̃40% the initial activity level in 6-7 min at 57° C. On the other hand, the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys variant (triangles) retained >40% activity up to 20 min, whereas the Ala108Ile variant (squares) retained this level for >30 min. Overall, decay rates for the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile variants obtained by curve-fit were reduced by 3.1- and 4.2-fold, respectively, compared to the WT factor VIII value (see Table 1 below).







TABLE 1







Properties of Wild type Factor VIII and Variants












Specific
Factor VIII

Factor VIIIa



Activity
Decay Rate
IC50
Decay Rate



(%)
(min−1)
(M)
(min−1)





WT
100.0 ± 8.2 
0.143 ± 0.003 (1.0) 
0.814 ± 0.010 (1.00)
0.154 ± 0.006 (1.00)


R121C/L2302C
86.4 ± 3.8
0.047 ± 0.001 (0.32)
0.826 ± 0.005 (1.01)
0.132 ± 0.004 (0.86)


A108I
73.7 ± 3.9
0.034 ± 0.002 (0.24)
0.892 ± 0.008 (1.10)
0.119 ± 0.008 (0.77)





Specific activity was determined by factor Xa generation assay as described above and expressed as a relative activity compared to WT value. Factor VIII decay data at 57° C. as shown in FIG. 6A, and factor VIIIa spontaneous decay data as shown in FIG. 6C were fitted to a single exponential decay curve. Guanidinium denaturation data as shown in FIG. 6B were fitted to a linear response curve by non-linear least squares regression and IC50 values with standard deviations were obtained. Values in parentheses are relative to the WT value.






In a complementary series of experiments, factor VIII stability was examined following a 2 h exposure to 0.6-1.2 M guanidinium (FIG. 6B). As the concentration of guanidinium increased, factor VIII activity was reduced to near zero as an indication of denaturation. Using the range of linear response ( ̃0.6-1 M), data points were fitted by a linear equation and the IC50 values were obtained (see Table 1). Factor VIII activity of the Ala108Ile variant was significantly more stable than WT showing a  ̃10% higher IC50 values compared with WT (p<0.001), while the IC50 determined for the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys variant was only slightly increased (−2% greater than WT, Table 1). Overall, the stability data for the disulfide bridged variant suggested that the covalent bond between A1 and C2 subunits significantly increased factor VIII thermal stability while showing little stabilizing effect in the presence of guanidinium. This result indicated that dissociation of factor VIII heavy and light chains may be a prominent cause for activity loss at elevated temperature, but that chain dissociation may not represent a primary mode for activity loss due to chemical denaturation. Alternatively, the Ala108Ile mutation demonstrated a more global protective effect in increasing factor VIII stability towards either thermal or chemical denaturation. Control experiments were performed to determine whether there was any time-dependent change in activity following the thermal or chemical denaturation step and return of factor VIII to either ambient temperature or dilution of denaturant, respectively. Factor VIII was assayed from 30 seconds to 1 hour, and no significant change in activity was observed.
Factor VIIIa activity is labile due to A2 subunit dissociation following proteolytic activation (Fay et al., “Human Factor VIIIa Subunit Structure: Reconstitution of Factor VIIIa from the Isolated A1/A3-C1-C2 Dimer and A2 Subunit,” J. Biol. Chem 266:8957-8962 (1991); Lollar et al., “pH-dependent Denaturation of Thrombin-activated Porcine Factor VIII,” J. Biol. Chem. 265:1688-1692 (1990); Lollar et al., “Coagulant Properties of Hybrid Human/Porcine Factor VIII Molecules,” J. Biol. Chem. 267:23652-23657 (1992), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) To determine whether these mutations affected factor VIIIa decay, experiments were performed to assess rates of loss of factor VIIIa activity over time. As shown in FIG. 6C, reaction conditions employed resulted in the loss of  ̃50% of WT factor VIIIa activity at  ̃6 min after thrombin activation, while  ̃10% activity remained after 16 min. The observed factor VIIIa activity decay was slightly reduced for both Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile variants which showed  ̃40% activity in 7-8 min and demonstrated decay rates that were 1.2- and 1.3-fold greater than WT factor VIII, respectively (see Table 1). These results demonstrated only minor effects on the inter-subunit interactions involving A2 subunit following modification of the A1 and C2 domain interface.
Example 5
Stability of Reconstituted Ala108Ile or WT A1 Subunit with A3C1C2 or A3C1 Subunits
The thermal stability for the A1/A3C1C2 dimer was assessed following its reconstitution from isolated subunits. Purified WT A1 or Ala108Ile A1 subunits was reconstituted with A3C1C2 subunit at 37° C. for 2 hrs and the stability of the A1/A3C1C2 dimer at elevated temperature (55° C.) was measured by factor Xa generation assay following addition of A2 subunit as described in Methods. As shown in FIG. 7A, factor VIIIa activity reconstituted from WT-A1 decayed to  ̃25% its original value at 20 min (circles) while  ̃80% of the original activity level remained for the A1 subunit containing the Ala108Ile mutation (triangles). The estimated decay rates for WT and the mutant factor VIIIa forms were 0.066±0.005 and 0.014±0.001 min−1, respectively, showing a 4.6-fold rate reduction for the variant compared to WT factor VIII.
Similar reconstitution experiments were performed using the A3C1 subunit derived from the C2 domain-deleted factor VIII variant. The rationale for this experiment was that if the enhanced stability of the Ala108Ile A1 were due to interaction with the C2 domain following reassociation with A3C1C2, then use of the truncated A3C1 for reconstitution would abrogate the enhanced stability of the variant. Experiments performed with a C2-domain deleted factor VIII, described in an earlier report (Wakabayashi et al., “Factor VIII Lacking the C2 Domain Retains Cofactor Activity in vitro,” J. Biol. Chem. 285:25176-25184 (2010), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), showed that this variant was marked less stable than WT factor VIII at elevated temperatures and rates of decay needed to be monitored at a relatively lower temperature (52° C.). Under these conditions, the C2-domain deleted factor VIII variant decayed  ̃40-fold faster than WT factor VIII. For this reason, stability studies following factor VIII reconstitutions with the A3C1 light chain were performed at 52° C. Furthermore, in an earlier study (Wakabayashi et al., “Generation of Enhanced Stability Factor VIII Variants by Replacement of Charged Residues at the A2 Domain Interface,” Blood 112:2761-2769 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), it was demonstrated that factor VIII stability measured over a range of temperatures from 52-60° C. yielded similar relative rates of decay when comparing a given factor VIII variant to WT. Consistent with observations using the C2 domain-deleted factor VIII, reconstitutions using either A1 form with A3C1 were observed to yield an overall faster decay (FIG. 7B), with  ̃50% activity reduction at 4 min at 52° C., than results observed following reconstitutions with the intact A3C1C2. The estimated decay rates for WT and the variant factor VIIIa forms were similar (0.166±0.001 and 0.154±0.013 min−1, respectively). That the observed increase in thermal stability of the Ala108Ile variant was also observed following reconstitutions using purified components supports the conclusion that the enhanced stability of the variant as compared with WT derived from improved interaction(s) between A1 and A3C1C2 subunits and required the presence of C2 subunit.
Discussion of Examples 1-5
The preceding Examples illustrate interactions at the interface between factor VIII A1 and C2 domains following preparation of two factor VIII variants, Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys factor VIII, which possesses a nascent disulfide bond spanning these domains, and Ala108Ile factor VIII, which has a larger hydrophobic side chain to better fill the inter-domain space. Several other mutations were prepared at this region in an attempt to create a disulfide bond or to increase hydrophobicity. These variants yielded low specific activity values, possibly resulting from unfavorable changes in conformation, and their characterization was not pursued further. However, both variants studied exhibited enhanced inter-A1-C2 domain affinity resulting in increases in the observed stability of the factor VIII variants, especially related to thermal denaturation.
The intermediate resolution ( ̃4 Å) X-ray structure of factor VIII (Ngo et al., “Crystal Structure of Human Factor VIII: Implications for the Formation of the Factor IXa:Factor VIIIa Complex,” Structure 16:597-606 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) predicts the close proximity of Arg121 and Leu2302 with 7.7 Å separating Ca atoms (PDB#3CDZ). This spatial separation suggested the potential to bridge this distance by a disulfide bond ( ̃4-6 Å) following replacement of these residues with Cys, and provided that the side chains were in an acceptable orientation. Results evaluating the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys factor VIII protein by western blotting in the absence and presence of disulfide bond reduction showed high efficiency bridging (>90%) constituting experimental proof for the opposing orientation of side chains of these two residues in factor VIII. In addition, the X-ray structure also showed that the A1-C2 junction adjacent to Ala108 is rich in hydrophobic groups represented by the Cβ carbon of Ala108 from the Cδ of Leu2302, the Cβ of Ala2328, or the Cγ of Gln2329 (see FIG. 3C). Thus, it was believed that extended alkyl groups of side chains larger than the methyl group of Ala might contribute to enhanced binding energy. Of several variants prepared to this region, replacement of Ala108 with Ile yielded a variant possessing near WT-like specific activity.
Both Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile variants exhibited superior stability parameters as compared with the WT protein. For example, the thermal decay rates for the Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile factor VIII variants were reduced by 3.1- and 4.2-fold, respectively, as compared with WT. Further dissection of the interaction with the Ala108Ile variant was obtained following reconstitution of the A1/A3C1C2 dimer using WT and variant A1 subunits as well as the truncated A3C1 subunit derived from the C2 domain-deleted factor VIII. Enhanced stability of the variant compared with WT was observed using native A3C1C2, but similar stability parameter values for variant and WT were observed even in the absence of the C2 domain. Taken together, these observations support the belief that modulating the A1-C2 interface, either through covalent bridging or increased hydrophobic interaction, appeared to make an important contribution to overall protein stability.
The primary cause for thermal decay of FVIII is attributed to dissociation of the heavy and light chains (Ansong et al., “Factor VIII A3 Domain Residues 1954-1961 Represent an A1 Domain-Interactive Site,” Biochemistry 44:8850-8857 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). This result is supported by the present study showing that bridging the factor VIII heavy chain and light chain via a disulfide bond between A1 and C2 domains preferentially reduced thermal decay as compared with chemical denaturation. Thus, chemical denaturation appears to represent a more global effect on factor VIII structure and less specific for chain dissociation. It was reported earlier that several residues at the A2-A3 interface (Tyr1792, Tyr1786 and Asp666) possibly contributed to the binding energy only in the active factor VIIIa form (Wakabayashi et al., “Identification of Residues Contributing to A2 Domain-dependent Structural Stability in Factor VIII and Factor VIIIa,” J. Biol. Chem. 283:11645-11651 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Thus, interactions between the A2 domain of the heavy chain and A3C1C2 domains of the light chain may be minimal in the pro-cofactor. Based upon that earlier report and the present study, it is believed that in the factor VIII heterodimer, the predominant sources for binding energy likely derive from A1 interactions with both the A3 and C2 domains.
On the other hand, the instability of factor VIIIa results from weak electrostatic interactions between the A2 subunit and the A1/A3C1C2 dimer (Fay et al., “Human Factor VIIIa Subunit Structure: Reconstitution of Factor VIIIa from the Isolated A1/A3-C1-C2 Dimer and A2 Subunit,” J. Biol. Chem. 266:8957-8962 (1991); Lollar et al., “pH-dependent Denaturation of Thrombin-activated Porcine Factor VIII,” J. Biol. Chem. 265:1688-1692 (1990), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and its dissociation leads to dampening of factor Xase activity (Lollar et al., “Coagulant Properties of Hybrid Human/Porcine Factor VIII Molecules,” J. Biol. Chem. 267:23652-23657 (1992); Fay et al., “Model for the Factor VIIIa-dependent Decay of the Intrinsic Factor Xase: Role of Subunit Dissociation and Factor IXa-catalyzed Proteolysis,” J. Biol. Chem. 271:6027-6032 (1996), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Several factor VIII point mutations have been shown to facilitate the rate of dissociation of A2 relative to wild type (WT) and these residues localize to either the A1-A2 domain interface (Pipe et al., “Mild Hemophilia A Caused by Increased Rate of Factor VIII A2 Subunit Dissociation: Evidence for Nonproteolytic Inactivation of Factor VIIIa in vivo,” Blood 93:176-183 (1999); Pipe et al., “Hemophilia A Mutations Associated with 1-stage/2-stage Activity Discrepancy Disrupt Protein-protein Interactions within the Triplicated A Domains of Thrombin-activated Factor VIIIa,” Blood 97:685-691 (2001), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or the A1 and C2 domains (Hakeos et al., “Hemophilia A Mutations Within the Factor VIII A2-A3 Subunit Interface Destabilize Factor VIIIa and Cause One-Stage/Two-Stage Activity Discrepancy,” Thromb. Haemost 88: 781-787 (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. 20090118184 to Fay et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, it was demonstrated that replacing the charged residues Asp519, Glu665, and Glu1984 with Ala or Val yielded increased factor VIII stability and in particular enhanced retention of the A2 subunit in factor VIIIa. Interestingly, neither the single mutants nor combinations of these mutations yielded factor VIII variants that showed reductions in the rate of thermal decay of greater than 2.3-fold, whereas the variants examined in the present study showed thermal decay rate reductions of 3- to 4-fold. Thus, the magnitude of stability enhancement observed for the A1-C2 interface variants appears somewhat larger than for the A2 domain-mediated interactions. However, while these variants clearly showed superior factor VIII stability, results from this study indicated essentially little if any effect of the interactions involving the A1 and C2 domains in stabilizing the factor VIIIa cofactor, suggesting no linkage of these sites with sites involved in A2 subunit retention. For this reason, it is the combinations of these A1-C2 domain stabilizing mutations with A1-A2 or A3-A2 domain stabilizing mutations that appear to be most desirable.
A1 domain residues 110-126 are in close contact to the C2 domain. These residues contain a Ca2+ binding site predicted by Ala-scanning mutagenesis (Wakabayashi et al., “Residues 110-126 in the A1 Domain of Factor VIII Contain a Ca2+ Binding Site Required for Cofactor Activity,” J. Biol. Chem. 279:12677-12684 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and subsequently identified in the X-ray crystal structure (Shen et al., “The Tertiary Structure and Domain Organization of Coagulation Factor VIII,” Blood 111:1240-1247 (2008); Ngo et al., “Crystal Structure of Human Factor VIII: Implications for the Formation of the Factor IXa:Factor VIIIa Complex,” Structure 16:597-606 (2008), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Interestingly, preliminary experiments assessing chelation of Ca2+ (and/or Cu2+) in factor VIII by EGTA yielded dramatic losses in activity of WT factor VIII while showing more minimal effects on the activity of Arg121Cys/Leu2302Cys and Ala108Ile variants. Without being bound by belief, it is believed the functional effects of Ca2+ occupancy at 110-126 in factor VIII were replaced by enhanced stabilizing interactions between the A1 and C2 domains in the variants.
In conclusion, results from Examples 1-5 demonstrate that interactions between the A1 and C2 domains of factor VIII contribute to the integrity of the protein, providing significant energy for stabilizing the multi-domain structure of factor VIII. Furthermore, observations for enhancing factor VIII stability, in particular by increasing non-covalent, hydrophobic interactions at the A1-C2 domain interface suggests that these variants could potentially represent superior therapeutics in the treatment of hemophilia.
Example 6
Combination of R121c/L2302C or Ala108Ile Substitution with One or More Substitutions at the A1-A2 or A2-A3 Domain Interfaces
Based on the improved thermal and/or chemical stability afforded by the A1-C2 variants, it was also determined whether the mutations at the A1-C2 interface can be combined with the mutation at one of the A1-A2 or A2-A3 interfaces to generate a factor VIII with even greater stability. Previously tested stable factor VIII mutants, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. 2009/0118184 to Fay et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, showed up to 2-fold increases in thermal stability compared with WT factor VIII in any combination of the mutation with Asp519Ala, Asp519Val, Glu665Ala, Glu665Val, Glu1984Ala, and Glu1984Val (A1-A2 or A2-A3 domain mutants).
These single point mutations or the double mutation Asp519Val/Glu665Val were combined with either R121C/L2302C or Ala108Ile in a B-domainless factor VIII cDNA using the procedures described in Example 1. These factor VIII mutants were expressed and purified using the procedures described in Example 1. Specific activity values showed that most of the mutants (10 out of 13) showed normal factor VIII activity values (>60% WT) as measured by factor Xa generation assay (see Table 2 below). Thermal stability values were determined as described above in Example 4. Many of the resulting mutants exhibited >5 fold increase in thermal stability ( 10/13 mutants, FIG. 8A), with Ala108Ile/Glu665Val and Ala108Ile/Asp519Val/Glu665Val being the most stable mutants ( ̃10 fold increase relative to WT). Most of the mutants also showed 15-30% increases in IC50 value (guanidinium experiment) compared with WT (FIG. 8B). In addition, the high factor VIIIa stability of the A domain mutants was mostly preserved (mutants ( 11/13) showed 2-10 fold increase in factor VIIIa stability relative to WT, FIG. 8C). Collectively, modification at the A1-C2 contacting region by covalent attachment or increasing hydrophobic interaction improved factor VIII stability and these modifications can be combined with A2 domain interface mutations to provide essentially additive effects compared with either type of mutation alone.







TABLE 2







Specific Activity of Factor VIII Variants










FVIII variants
Activity (%)
FVIII variants
Activity (%)













WT
100
D519V/E665V
90.0


Ala108Ile
73.7
121CL
86.4


A108I/D519A
77.7
121CL/D519A
60.7


A108I/D519V
69.5
121CL/D519V
79.5


A108I/E665A
98.8
121CL/E665A
0


A108I/E665V
83.8
121CL/E665V
22.2


A108I/E1984A
43.4
121CL/E1984A
63.4


A108I/E1984V
94.1
121CL/E1984V
90.3


A108I/D519V/E665V
76.5





Activity was measured by FXa generation assay and expressed as relative values compared to WT activity. The single letter code is used to designate amino acid residues: I (Ile), E (Glu), D (Asp), A (Ala) and V (Val). The variant 121CL represents R121C/L2302C.






Thrombin generation assays were performed as previously described (Wakabayashi et al., “Combining Mutations of Charged Residues at the A2 Domain Interface Enhances Factor VIII Stability over Single Point Mutations,” J. Thromb. Haemost. 7:438-444 (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) to determine the effects of combining the Ala108Ile mutation with an A2 domain interface mutation. For this analysis, the Asp519Val/Glu665Val double mutation was employed. Results in FIG. 9 compare WT factor VIII with Ala108Ile, Asp519Val/Glu665Val and the combined Ala108Ile/Asp519Val/Glu665Val variants. Both the Ala108Ile and the Asp519Val/Glu665Val variants showed improved thrombin generation parameter values compared with WT (see Table 3 below). In addition, the combined Ala108Ile/Asp519Val/Glu665Val mutation yielded somewhat greater thrombin peak values and endogenous thrombin potential (“ETP”, which is the area under the curve and represents total thrombin generated) than either individual variant. This indicates a positive effect in combining these mutations.







TABLE 3







Thrombin Generation Assay Parameter Values












Latent Time
Peak Time
Peak Value
ETP


FVIII variants
(min)
(min)
(nM)
(nM · min)





WT
7.59 ± 0.09
16.1 ± 0.22
 88.2 ± 6.60
1217 ± 34 



(1.00)
(1.00)
(1.00)
(1.00)


A108I
7.09 ± 0.41
12.7 ± 0.56
175.3 ± 17.0
1831 ± 183



(0.93)
(0.79)
(1.98)
(1.50)


D519V/E665V
8.19 ± 0.18
13.4 ± 0.16
203.4 ± 18.2
1939 ± 251



(1.07)
(0.83)
(2.30)
(1.59)


A108I/D519V/
7.05 ± 0.27
11.9 ± 0.31
222.8 ± 10.7
1990 ± 122


E665V
(0.92)
(0.73)
(2.52)
(1.64)





Thrombin generation assays in the presence of 0.5 nM factor VIII proteins, 0.5 pM rTF, and 4 μM PSPCPE vesicles were performed and parameter values were calculated. Data represents the average values of triplicate samples. Values in parentheses are relative to the WT value. The single letter code is used to designate amino acid residues: I (Ile), E (Glu), D (Asp), A (Ala) and V (Val).






Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims which follow.

## Claims

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a recombinant factor VIII, wherein the recombinant factor VIII comprises a substitution of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid residue having a higher hydrophobicity at a C2 domain interface of an A1 domain, wherein the C2 domain interface comprising the substitution has the amino acid sequence of KXS (SEQ ID NO: 19) where X is Valine, Isoleucine, or Leucine.

2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the recombinant factor VIII further comprises one or more of (i) factor IXa and/or factor X binding domains modified to enhance the affinity of the recombinant factor VIII for one or both of factor IXa and factor X; (ii) modified sites that enhance secretion in culture; (iii) modified serum protein binding sites that enhance the circulating half-life thereof; (iv) at least one glycosylation recognition sequence that is effective in decreasing antigenicity and/or immunogenicity thereof; (v) a modified A1 domain calcium-binding site that improves specific activity of the recombinant factor VIIIa; (vi) a modified activated protein C-cleavage site; (vii) a modified A1 and A2 domain interface; and (viii) a modified A2 and A3 domain interface.

3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the recombinant factor VIII further comprises a modified A1 domain calcium-binding site that improves specific activity of the recombinant factor VIIIa.

4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 3, wherein the modified A1 domain calcium-binding site comprises a Glu→Ala substitution corresponding to position 113 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

5. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the recombinant factor VIII further comprises one or more mutations at the A1 and A2 domain interface and/or one or more mutations at the A2 and A3 domain interface.

6. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 5, wherein the one or more mutations comprise substitution of one or more charged amino acid residues with a hydrophobic amino acid residue at the A1 and A2 domain interface and/or A2 and A3 domain interface.

7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 6, wherein the charged amino acid residue at the A1 and A2 domain interface and/or A2 and A3 domain interface is either Glu or Asp, and the hydrophobic amino acid substitution at the A1 and A2 domain interface and/or A2 and A3 domain interface is one of Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, or Trp.

8. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 6, wherein the one or more mutations comprise a substitution of a Glu287 residue of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of an Asp302 residue of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of an Asp519 residue of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of a Glu665 residue of wild type factor VIII, a substitution of a Glu1984 residue of wild type factor VIII, or combinations thereof.

9. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 8, wherein the one or more mutations comprise:
(i) an Asp→Ala substitution at a position corresponding to residue 302 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
(ii) a Glu→Ala substitution at a position corresponding to residue 287 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
(iii) a Glu→Ala or Glu→Val substitution at a position corresponding to residue 665 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
(iv) a Asp→Ala or Asp→Val substitution at a position corresponding to residue 519 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
(v) a Glu→Ala or Glu→Val substitution at a position corresponding to residue 1984 of SEQ ID NO: 2; or
(vi) combinations of any two or more of the substitutions (i)-(v).

10. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is RNA.

11. The isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.

12. A recombinant expression system comprising a DNA molecule of claim 11.

13. The recombinant expression system according to claim 12, wherein the recombinant expression system is a viral vector.

14. The recombinant expression system according to claim 13, wherein the viral vector is an adeno-associated viral vector.

15. A recombinant host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1.

16. The recombinant host cell according to claim 15, wherein the recombinant host cell is a dermal fibroblast.

17. An implantable device comprising a plurality of the recombinant host cells according to claim 15 contained within the device.

18. A recombinant host cell comprising a DNA molecule of claim 11.

19. An implantable device comprising a plurality of the recombinant host cells according to claim 18 contained within the device.

20. A method of treating an animal for hemophilia A, said method comprising:
administering to an animal exhibiting hemophilia A an effective amount of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, whereby the animal expresses the recombinant factor VIII and exhibits effective blood clotting following vascular injury.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said animal is a mammal.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said mammal is selected from the group consisting of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan, cow, horse, sheep, pig, goat, rabbit, and chicken.

23. The method according to claim 20, wherein said nucleic acid molecule comprises a viral vector.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said viral vector is an adeno-associated viral vector.

25. A method of treating an animal for hemophilia A, said method comprising:
administering to an animal exhibiting hemophilia A a recombinant host cell of claim 15, whereby the animal expresses the recombinant factor VIII and exhibits effective blood clotting following vascular injury.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said administering comprises implanting into the animal a device containing a plurality of said recombinant host cells.

27. The method according to claim 25, wherein the recombinant host cell is a dermal fibroblast.

28. The method according to claim 25, wherein said animal is a mammal.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said mammal is selected from the group consisting of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan, cow, horse, sheep, pig, goat, rabbit, and chicken.