T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by N i nth C i r c ui tR ul e 36- 3.

T he H onor abl e A nn A l dr i c h, S e ni orU ni t e d S t a t e s D i s tr i c tJ udge f or ** the N or the rn D i s tr i c tof O hi o, s i tt i ng by de s i gna t i on. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E N IN T H C IR C U IT UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. C A R L O R O B E R T Z A C C A G N IN I, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 08- 50305 D . C . N o. C R -07-01 44 5-B T M -1 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e S o u th e rn D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia B a rry T . M os kow i t z , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d J une 4, 2009; R e s ubm i tt e d D e c e m be r4, 2009

P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B e f o r e : R YME R a n d GR AB E R , C i r c u i tJ u d g e s , a n d AL DR I C H, D i stri ctJudg e. ** D e f e nda ntC a r l o R obe r tZ a c c a gni ni appe a l s hi s c onvi c t i on f orpos s e s s i on of m ar i j uana w i th i nt entt o d i stri bu t e i n v i ol at i on of 21 U . S . C . § 8 41 . H e argues that B order P atrol agent s ( 1) l ac ked reas on abl e s uspi ci on t o i ni t i at e an i nv es t i gat ory 

# FI LED DE C 08 2009 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALSB e c aus e the s t op he r e t ook pl a c e f i f t e e n m i l e s f

r om the bor de r , the 1 ext ended b order s ea rc h d octri ne appl i es . S ee R od ri qu ez -G on za l ez v. U ni t ed S t at es , 37 8 F . 2d 25 6, 25 8 (9th C i r. 19 67 ) ( fi nd i ng thatse ar ch cond uct ed fi ft ee n ho urs a ft era border cr ossi ng ata di st ance of tw enty m i l es fr om the bo rderw as an e x te n d e d b o r d e rs e a r c h ) . 2 st op of hi s vehi cl e a nd (2) l ac ked p robabl e c ause t o d epl oy a t i re defl at i on devi ce t o s t o p h i s v e h i c l e . W e a f f i rm. 1. W e r e vi e w de novo the l e ga l que s t i on w he the rr e a s onabl e s us pi c i on ex isted to ju stify a n in v es ti g ato ry sto p an d re v iew fo r c learer ro r th e d istrict co u rt’s f in d in g s o f

f a c t. U n ite d S ta te s v . T io n g , 2 2 4 F .3 d 1 1 3 6 , 1 1 3 9 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) . E xt ended b order s ea rc hes, "w hi ch occur af t erthe ac tual entryhas bee n 1 e f f e c te d a n d in tru d e m o r e o n a n in d iv id u a l’s n o rm a l e x p e c ta tio n o f p r iv a c y [ ,] . . . m ustbe j ust i fi ed by re as on abl e s uspi ci on thatthe subj ec tof the se ar ch w as i nvol ve d i n c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty . " U ni t e d S t a t e s v. G uz m a n- P a di l l a , 573 F . 3d 865, 8 7 7 - 7 8 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 9 ) ( a lte r a tio n in o r ig in a l) ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) . L aw enforce m entoffi ce rs m ustal so "posse ss a r ea sonabl e c ert ai nty thata border h a s b e e n c r o s s e d ." I d . a t 8 7 8 ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) . H er e, the offi ce rs w er e r ea sonabl y c ert ai n thatD ef endant ’ s vehi cl e had e nt e r e d the U ni t e d S t a t e s f r om M e xi c o. T he di s tr i c tc our tf ound tha t , be c aus e the wa t c h i n g a g e n t s h a d n o ts e e n th e v e h i c l e e n t e rth e f r o n t a g e r o a d f

r o m th e o n l y twoT he S up re m e C ou rthas s etou ta non -e xh aust i ve l i stof fa ct ors thatan 2 o f f ic e rm a y ta k e in to a c c o u n t w h e n d e c id in g w h e th e rr e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n e x is ts to s to p ac a rn e a ra n in te rn a tio n a l b o r d e r : ( 1 ) th e " ‘c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e a r e a ’" in w hi ch he or she encounte rs the vehi cl e; "‘ (2) proxi m i ty t o the bo rder ; (3) usual patt erns of tra ff

i c a nd t i m e of day ; (4) pre vi ou s a l i en or drug sm ug gl i ng i n the ar ea ; ( 5) be ha vi orof

the dr i ve [ r , ] i nc l udi ng obvi ous a tt e m pt s t o e va de of f i c e r s ; ( 6) appearance or behavi or of the pass engers ; (7) m od el and app earance of the vehi cl e; a nd ( 8) of

f i c e re xpe r i e nc e . ’ " T i ong, 224 F . 3d a t1139 ( quot i ng U ni t e d S t a t e s v. G a r c i a - B a rr on, 116 F . 3d 1305, 1307 ( 9th C i r . 1997) ( c i t i ng U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ri gn on i -P on ce , 42 2 U . S . 87 3, 88 4-85 (197 5))) . 3 pos s i bl e e ntry poi nt s on the A m e r i c a n s i de of the bor de r , the " hi ghl y l i ke l y , i f not o n l y r e a s o n ab l e c o n c l u s i o n th a tth e y c o u l d d r a w w o u l d b e th a tth e v e h i c l e c a me f r om M e xi c o, w hi c h i s ve ry ne a rthi s l oc a t i on a nd doe s notha ve af e nc e s e pa r a t i ng th e b o r d e r ." T h e te s tim o n y o f th e o f f ic e r s s u p p o rts th a t f

in d in g . T he offi ce rs al so had rea sonabl e s uspi ci on t o st op D ef endant ’ s vehi cl e nea r the i nt e rna t i ona l bor de r . T he I m pe r i a l S a nd D une s i s ar e m ot e a r e ane a rthe 2 M exi ca n b order atw hi ch there i s no b order f ence and throu gh w hi ch i l l egal entri es i nt o the U ni t e d S t a t e s oc c uron a l m os tada i l y ba s i s . B e c aus e of the f r e que nc y of ille g a l e n tr ie s th e r e , th e a r e ais p a tr o lle d r e g u la r ly b y b o r d e rp o lic e . A g e n t M ills t es t i fi ed thatw hen o ff

i ce rs apprehend a vehic l e thathas e nt er ed i l l egal l y, they oft en fi nd thatthe dri ver i s s m ug gl i ng al i ens or nar cot i cs . H e f urther t es t i fi ed that sm ug gl er s typi ca l l y dri ve four-w heel dri ve vehi cl es ac ross the bo rderand that D ef endant ’ s S ub urban i s afour-w heel dri ve vehi cl e. A gentV ega- T orre s t es t i fi edT he di s tr i c tc our tc oul d c ons i de rthe of f i c e r s ’ e xpe r i e nc e w he n a s s e s s i ng 3 re as on abl e s uspi ci on because thei r c on cl usi on s w er e obj ec t i vel y r ea sonabl e, se e U ni t ed S t at es v. M on t er o-C am ar go , 20 8 F . 3d 11 22 , 11 31 (9th C i r. 20 00 ) ( en banc), base d o n the re m ot e l ocat i on of the D un es , i t s proxi m i ty t o the i nt ernat i on al bo rder , the f r e que nc y of

s m uggl i ng i n tha ta r e a , the ve hi c l e ’ s s us pi c i ous e ntr a nc e ont o the f r ont a ge r oa d f

r om a n unknow n l oc a t i on, and the f our - w he e l dr i ve c apabi l i ty of the S uburba n. 4 that , base d o n h i s e xp er i ence , there w as prob abl e c ause t o b el i eve both that D e f e n d a n t h a d e n te r e d th e U n ite d S ta te s ille g a lly a n d th a t h e w a s e n g a g e d in sm u g g l i n g act i v i ty. 3 B ec ause the offi ce rs w er e r ea sonabl y c ert ai n thatD ef endanthad cross ed an i nt ernat i on al bo rderand b ec ause they r ea sonabl y s uspect ed thatD ef endantw as i nvol ve d i n c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty , the y w e r e j us t i f i e d i n c onduc t i ng a n i nve s t i ga t i ve s to p . 2. W e r e vi e w de novo " [ t ] he de t e rm i na t i on of w he the ras e i z ur e e xc e e ds the bounds of

a [ n] [ i nve s t i ga t i ve ] s t op a nd be c om e s ade f a c t o a rr e s t . " U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M ile s , 2 4 7 F .3 d 1 0 0 9 , 1 0 1 2 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 1 ) ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) . "U n d er th e F o u rth A m en d m en t , a w arran t l ess arrestreq u i res p ro b ab l e cau se. " U n ite d S ta te s v . L o p e z , 4 8 2 F .3 d 1 0 6 7 , 1 0 7 2 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) . "[ I] ntrusi ve m ea sure s m ayconv erta s t op i nt o an arr es ti f the m ea sure s w ou l d cause a r ea sonabl e per son t o fee l thathe or she w i l l no tbe fr ee t o l ea ve af t er br i e f que s t i oni ng— i . e . , tha ti nde f i ni t e c us t odi a l de t e nt i on i s i ne vi t abl e . " G uz m a n-5

P adi l l a, 57 3 F . 3d at88 4. U se of a t i re defl at i on devi ce t o st op a vehi cl e, nearan i n t ern at i o n al b o rd er, w h o se d ri v er i s reaso n ab l y su sp ect ed o f cri m i n al act i v i ty, d o e s n o t c o n v e r t as to p in to a n a rr e s t. S e e id . a t 8 8 5 ( " W h ile a n y o n e in [ D e f e nda nt s ’ ] s i tua t i on w oul d ha ve f e l tc ons tr a i ne d t o r e m a i n a tthe s c e ne i m m e di a t e l y a f

t e rhi s orhe rt i r e s ha d be e n de f l a t e d a nd a s a ge nt s appr oa c he d the ve hi c l e , i tdoe s notf

ol l ow tha tthe m e r e us e of a[ t i r e de f

l a t i on de vi c e ] t o s t op the vehi cl e w ou l d h ave c ause d an i nn ocentpers on t o b el i eve thata prol on ged cust od i al de t e nt i on a m ount i ng t o a n a rr e s tw a s aboutt o oc c ur . " ) . B e c aus e , unde rG uz m a nP adi l l a, the offi ce rs di d n otef fe ctan arre stof D ef

endant , they di d n otneed pr obabl e c aus e t o de pl oy the t i r e de f l a t i on de vi c e . R e a s onabl e s us pi c i on of cr i m i nal ac t i vi ty and re as on abl e c ert ai nty of abo rdercr ossi ng , w hi ch they e s tab lis h e d , w e r e e n o u g h . AF F I R ME D.