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Matter of J-R-G-P-, Respondent

Decided October 31, 2018

U.S. Department of Justice

Executive Office for Immigration Review

Board of Immigration Appeals

Where the evidence regarding an application for protection under the Convention 

Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 

adopted and opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, G.A. Res. 39/46, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. 

No. 51, at 197, U.N. Doc. A/RES/39/708 (1984) (entered into force June 26, 1987; for the 

United States Apr. 18, 1988), plausibly establishes that abusive or squalid conditions in 

pretrial detention facilities, prisons, or mental health institutions in the country of removal 

are the result of neglect, a lack of resources, or insufficient training and education, rather 

than a specific intent to cause severe pain and suffering, an Immigration Judge’s finding 

that the applicant did not establish a sufficient likelihood that he or she will experience 

“torture” in these settings is not clearly erroneous.

FOR RESPONDENT: Munmeeth K. Soni, Esquire, Los Angeles, California 

FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: James T. Dehn, Associate

Legal Advisor

BEFORE: Board Panel: GREER and WENDTLAND, Board Members; CROSSETT, 

Temporary Board Member

GREER, Board Member:

In a decision dated November 27, 2017, an Immigration Judge denied the 

respondent’s application for deferral of removal pursuant to the Convention 

Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or 

Punishment, adopted and opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, G.A. Res. 

39/46, 39 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 51, at 197, U.N. Doc. A/RES/39/708 

(1984) (entered into force June 26, 1987; for the United States Apr. 18, 1988) 

(“Convention Against Torture”). The respondent has appealed from that 

decision. The appeal will be dismissed.1

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The respondent is a native and citizen of Mexico who entered the United 

States without inspection at an unknown time and place. The Department of 

 1 We acknowledge and appreciate the thoughtful arguments submitted on appeal by the 

parties and amici curiae.
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Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated removal proceedings, in which the 

respondent requested protection from removal in the form of deferral of 

removal under the Convention Against Torture. The respondent did not 

claim that he had experienced past torture in Mexico. Instead, he asserted 

that given his mental health issues, he will be arrested and either imprisoned 

or committed to a mental health facility in Mexico, where law enforcement 

officials or mental health workers will subject him to harm rising to the level 

of torture. The Immigration Judge denied the respondent’s application and 

ordered him removed from the United States.

On April 12, 2017, we held that in light of the respondent’s limited ability 

to testify and assist counsel in his case, there was good cause to remand 

the record and continue the proceedings to allow his attorney to further 

develop the record. We also found clear error in the Immigration Judge’s 

determination that the respondent’s symptoms were not always readily 

apparent to others and that he had not shown a likelihood that he would come 

to the attention of authorities if he were returned to Mexico. More precisely, 

based on the respondent’s mental health diagnoses, his behavior in court, his 

involuntary hospitalizations in the United States, and his interactions with 

the criminal justice system in this country, we concluded that it was more 

likely than not that his mental health symptoms would be evident in Mexico. 

On remand, the Immigration Judge found that there is a likelihood that 

the respondent will be arrested and imprisoned and that it is more likely than 

not that he will be involuntarily committed to a mental health facility in 

Mexico. However, she again determined that he had not established that it 

is more likely than not that he will be “tortured” in Mexico, finding that there 

was insufficient evidence to show that Mexican authorities would have the 

specific intent to harm him in a penal or psychiatric institution. She therefore 

concluded that he had not met his burden to prove his eligibility for 

protection under the Convention Against Torture.

The DHS does not challenge the Immigration Judge’s finding that there 

is a sufficient likelihood that the respondent will come to the attention of 

Mexican authorities based on his mental health issues and that he will be 

arrested, imprisoned, or involuntarily committed to a mental health facility 

in Mexico. The sole issue on appeal, therefore, is whether the respondent 

has shown that it is more likely than not that he will be “tortured” in pretrial 

detention, prison, or a mental health facility.2

 

 2 The respondent argues on appeal that the Immigration Judge did not consider whether 

he would be tortured in a homeless shelter in Mexico. However, he did not meaningfully 

advance this basis for protection under the Convention Against Torture before the 

Immigration Judge. See, e.g., Matter of W-Y-C- & H-O-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 189, 190 (BIA 

2018) (declining to consider, for the first time on appeal, a basis for protection from 

removal that was not meaningfully advanced before the Immigration Judge).
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An Immigration Judge’s findings regarding the specific intent of 

individuals who may harm an applicant for protection under the Convention 

Against Torture in the country of removal, as well as what may or may not 

happen to the applicant in that country in the future, are findings of fact that 

we review for clear error. See Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I&N Dec. 586, 590 

(BIA 2015); Matter of D-R-, 25 I&N Dec. 445, 453 (BIA 2011), remanded 

on other grounds, Radojkovic v. Holder, 599 F. App’x 646, 648 (9th Cir. 

2015).

II. ANALYSIS

To qualify for deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture, 

the respondent must prove that “it is more likely than not that he [will] be 

tortured” if he is arrested and put in prison or in a mental health facility in 

Mexico. Quijada-Aguilar v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 1303, 1308 (9th Cir. 2015) 

(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2) (2015)). Claims under the Convention 

Against Torture “must be considered in terms of the aggregate risk of torture 

from all sources, and not as separate, divisible . . . claims.” Id. However, to 

meet his burden, the respondent must show that each link in a “hypothetical 

chain of events is more likely than not to happen.” Matter of J-F-F-, 23 I&N 

Dec. 912, 917 (A.G. 2006); see also Haile v. Holder, 658 F.3d 1122, 1131 

n.9 (9th Cir. 2011).

A. Specific Intent To Inflict Torture

For an act to constitute “torture” it must be “specifically intended to 

inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(5) 

(2018).3

 As we stated in Matter of J-E-, 23 I&N Dec. 291, 299, 301 (BIA 

2002), “torture” does not cover “negligent acts” or harm stemming from a 

lack of resources. We held there that detention under substandard conditions 

in Haitian prisons would not constitute “torture” within the meaning of the 

Convention Against Torture because “there is no evidence that [Haitian 

authorities] are intentionally and deliberately creating and maintaining such 

prison conditions in order to inflict torture.” Id. at 301 (emphases added). 

Rather, the record in that case established “that Haitian prison conditions are 

the result of budgetary and management problems as well as the country’s 

severe economic difficulties.” Id.

 3 This regulation is consistent with the resolution of the United States Senate ratifying the 

Convention Against Torture, which provides: “[T]he United States understands that, in 

order to constitute torture, an act must be specifically intended to inflict severe physical or 

mental pain or suffering . . . .” 136 Cong. Rec. 36,198 (1990) (emphasis added). 
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A majority of the circuit courts have deferred to the interpretation we 

articulated in Matter of J-E- regarding the specific intent requirement of the 

Convention Against Torture. See, e.g., Oxygene v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 541, 550 

(4th Cir. 2016) (collecting cases). For instance, in Villegas v. Mukasey, 

523 F.3d 984, 989 (9th Cir. 2008), the United States Court of Appeals for 

the Ninth Circuit, in whose jurisdiction this case arises, held that “to establish 

a likelihood of torture for purposes of the [Convention Against Torture], 

[an alien] must show that severe pain or suffering was specifically intended—

that is, that the actor intend the actual consequences of his conduct, as 

distinguished from the act that causes these consequences.” (Emphases 

added.)

In that case, the court considered a question similar to the one at issue 

here—namely, whether housing mental patients in the “terrible squalor” of a 

Mexican mental health facility would amount to “torture.” Id. It concluded 

that even though the conditions in those facilities were “deplorable,” they 

were not the result of a specific intent on the part of the Mexican Government 

to cause severe pain or suffering. Noting the Government’s efforts to 

alleviate the situation, the Ninth Circuit stated that “the evidence of a 

desire to improve confirms the conclusion that, currently, the conditions in 

the Mexican mental health system exist not out of a deliberate intent to 

inflict harm, but merely because of officials’ historical gross negligence 

and misunderstanding of the nature of psychiatric illness.” Id. The court

therefore concluded that subjecting patients to the poor conditions in 

Mexico’s mental health facilities was not “torture” within the meaning of the 

Convention Against Torture. 

In Chavarin v. Sessions, 690 F. App’x 924, 926 (9th Cir. 2017), the Ninth 

Circuit reaffirmed its holding in Villegas. The court rejected the applicant’s 

assertion that the Mexican Government’s failure to meaningfully improve 

poor conditions in mental health facilities “has transformed what was mere 

negligence into a specific intent to cause severe pain and suffering.” Id. 

Recognizing a report finding that “progress has been made,” the Ninth 

Circuit stated that this “defeats any notion that the Mexican government 

intends to cause severe pain and suffering, and substantial evidence thus 

supports the finding that there is no such intent.” Id. (emphasis added). It 

therefore upheld our determination that the applicant had not shown a 

sufficient likelihood that the Government would torture him.

We likewise conclude that where the evidence regarding an application 

for protection under the Convention Against Torture plausibly establishes 

that abusive or squalid conditions in pretrial detention facilities, prisons, or 

mental health institutions in the country of removal are the result of neglect, 

a lack of resources, or insufficient training and education, rather than a 

specific intent to cause severe pain and suffering, an Immigration Judge’s 
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finding that the applicant did not establish a sufficient likelihood that he 

or she will experience “torture” in these settings is not clearly erroneous. 

See Cooper v. Harris, 137 S. Ct. 1455, 1465 (2017) (stating that under review 

for clear error, a “finding that is ‘plausible’ in light of the full record—even 

if another is equally or more so—must govern”); Matter of D-R-, 25 I&N 

Dec. at 453–55 (holding that an Immigration Judge’s choice between two 

plausible alternative interpretations of the record is not clearly erroneous).

B. Respondent’s Application

The Immigration Judge found that any extreme pain and suffering the 

respondent may experience as an arrestee, in prison, or in a mental health 

facility in Mexico will more likely than not result from a lack of resources, 

training, education, or negligence—rather than acts specifically intended to 

inflict severe pain or suffering upon the respondent. There is no clear error 

in that finding of fact. Accordingly, we will uphold the Immigration Judge’s 

determination that the respondent has not shown that he is eligible for 

protection under the Convention Against Torture. 

First, the Immigration Judge properly found that it is not more likely than 

not that the respondent will be tortured in either police custody or prison in 

Mexico. The Immigration Judge did not clearly err when she found that 

the record does not establish that Mexican police are targeting mentally 

incompetent individuals in that country for arrest and incarceration. Further, 

while the record indicates that detainees and prisoners with mental health 

issues often do not receive necessary medications and medical attention, it 

reflects that such appalling conditions result from a lack of resources and 

training to provide adequate medical and psychological care, rather than a 

specific intent to deprive detainees and prisoners of treatment. 

Moreover, although the record indicates that some detainees and 

prisoners in Mexico have experienced physical abuse at the hands of 

officials, it is the respondent’s burden to show that it is more likely than not 

that he will be subjected to this abuse and that this harm will rise to the level 

of torture. See Matter of J-F-F-, 23 I&N Dec. at 917. The record includes 

evidence that the Mexican Government has created additional pretrial 

detention facilities to reduce overcrowding, devoted more resources to 

training prison officials, instituted an ombudsman to oversee conditions in 

Mexico’s prisons, and made other efforts to bring its prisons in line with 

international standards. 

We will likewise affirm the Immigration Judge’s finding that it is not 

more likely than not that the respondent will be tortured by health care 

workers in a Mexican mental health facility. As with the conditions in 

pretrial detention facilities and prisons in Mexico, the record reflects that the 
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conditions in that country’s mental institutions are the result of limited 

options for controlling patients’ violent behavior and a lack of resources and 

training—not a specific intent to inflict pain or suffering on patients. See 

Villegas, 523 F.3d at 989. Moreover, although the record establishes that 

some individuals committed to mental health facilities have experienced 

abuse, the respondent has not shown that such abuse is so common that it is 

more likely than not that he will personally experience it. 

We recognize the testimony of the respondent’s expert witness, which 

highlights instances where the Mexican Government has failed to take action 

to improve impoverished conditions or correct abusive conduct in some 

mental health facilities. However, the record reflects the Government’s 

continued efforts to increase access to psychiatric care, emphasize the 

importance of community-based treatment options for individuals with 

mental health issues, and form commissions tasked with recommending 

improvements to that country’s mental health facilities. Significantly, the 

respondent’s expert witness worked for two of these commissions, reporting 

his observations of mental health facilities and recommending reforms 

based on his observations. This evidence supports the Immigration Judge’s 

finding that the respondent has not shown a sufficient likelihood that 

Mexican health workers, with the acquiescence of a Government official, 

would have the specific intent to torture him. Villegas, 523 F.3d at 989; 

Chavarin, 690 F. App’x at 926; Matter of J-E-, 23 I&N Dec. at 301.

The evidence of record indicates that the substandard conditions in 

mental health facilities, pretrial detention, and prisons in Mexico are the

result of neglect, lack of resources, or insufficient training and education. In 

light of this evidence, and recognizing the Mexican Government’s efforts to 

improve those conditions, we will uphold the Immigration Judge’s finding 

that the respondent has not shown that it is more likely than not that he will 

experience acts of torture specifically intended to inflict severe physical or 

mental pain or suffering on him by or at the instigation of, or with the consent 

or acquiescence of, a Mexican public official or an individual acting in an 

official capacity. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). Accordingly, because the 

respondent has not established that he is eligible for protection under the 

Convention Against Torture, his appeal will be dismissed.

ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.