NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

REYNALDO PEREZ MUNOZ, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 21-30115 

D.C. No. 

4:18-cr-06008-EFS-2 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Washington

Edward F. Shea, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and submitted June 6, 2023

Seattle, Washington

Before: SCHROEDER, CALLAHAN, and BEA, Circuit Judges.

Defendant-Appellant Reynaldo Perez Munoz pleaded guilty to one count of 

conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846, and three 

counts of money laundering, see 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). The district court 

accepted Munoz’s guilty plea, held a sentencing hearing, and then sentenced him to 

26 years in prison with 7 years of supervised release. On appeal, Munoz seeks to 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

JUN 26 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

withdraw his guilty plea or, in the alternative, to obtain a vacatur of his sentence and 

a remand for resentencing. Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, 

we recite them only as necessary to the disposition of this appeal. We have 

jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part and dismiss in part.

1. Munoz argues that the district court violated Rule 11 of the Federal 

Rules of Criminal Procedure in four different ways. But because Munoz failed to 

raise these issues before the district court, we review them for plain error. See United 

States v. Monzon, 429 F.3d 1268, 1271 (9th Cir. 2005). Under that standard, each of 

Munoz’s four Rule 11 challenges fail.

a. The district court did not plainly err in advising Munoz of his 

constitutional rights. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1). Contrary to Munoz’s assertions, 

the district court advised Munoz that he had a right to a jury trial, to be free from 

self-incrimination, and to confront and examine witnesses. The district court’s 

deviation from the literal text of Rule 11 is not error, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h), and 

even if it were, Munoz has not met his burden in demonstrating a reasonable 

probability that he would have gone to trial absent any such deviation, see Monzon, 

429 F.3d at 1271–72; United States v. Jimenez-Dominguez, 296 F.3d 863, 868–69 

(9th Cir. 2002).

b. The district court did not plainly err in advising Munoz of the nature of 

the charges against him. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G). We reject Munoz’s three 
3 

arguments to the contrary.

i. First, Munoz argues that the district court failed to advise him of the 

mens rea element for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. He claims this 

count requires proof of specific intent to commit a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). 

True, the government is required to prove that the defendant “had the requisite intent 

necessary for a conviction of the underlying offense.” United States v. Collazo, 984 

F.3d 1308, 1320 (9th Cir. 2021) (en banc). But this does not mean that the 

government must prove that Munoz had the specific intent to distribute controlled 

substances personally. Id. at 1319. It means that the government must prove that 

Munoz entered into an agreement that someone would distribute the controlled 

substances, id. at 1320, and that Munoz knowingly or intentionally “effectuate[d] 

the object of” that agreement. Id. at 1319 (cleaned up). The district court so advised 

Munoz. It stated during the colloquy that a required element of conspiracy is

“knowing of at least one of its objects and intending to help accomplish it,” and 

Munoz stated that he understood.

ii. Second, Munoz argues that he denied possessing, selling, or explicitly 

discussing drug sales with other members of the conspiracy. He argues his denial

should have alerted the district court that he did not understand the nature of the 

conspiracy charge against him. Thus, he contends, the district court did not 

adequately inform him “of the nature (as opposed to the formal legal description) of 
4 

the charges against him.” United States v. Bruce, 976 F.2d 552, 560 (9th Cir. 1992), 

abrogation on other grounds recognized by United States v. King, 985 F.3d 702, 712 

(9th Cir. 2021). 

The district court read the conspiracy charge as alleged in the superseding 

indictment, and then explained the charged conspiracy related to “what was found 

in [Munoz’s] home” and involved a “conspiracy to distribute” specific drugs in 

specific amounts with specific people during a specific date range. This involved an 

explanation that the government was alleging that Munoz “entered into an agreement 

with one or more persons to commit the crime of distribution of” controlled 

substances. Given that Munoz repeatedly testified under oath that he understood the 

district court’s explanation of the conspiracy charge, we “would have to presume 

that [Munoz] did not understand the court’s questions when he testified under oath 

that he did.” United States v. Timbana, 222 F.3d 688, 704 (9th Cir. 2000). And even 

were the district court’s advisement plainly erroneous, Munoz again fails to meet his 

burden in proving a reasonable probability that he would have gone to trial absent 

any such error. See Monzon, 429 F.3d at 1271–72.

iii. Third, Munoz argues that the district court erroneously advised him of 

the elements for promotional money laundering, see 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A), 

instead of the elements for concealment money laundering, see id. at 

§ 1956(a)(1)(B). Munoz contends this is reversible error because he was charged 
5 

with the latter and not the former. We disagree. The district court plainly advised 

Munoz on the elements for both promotional and concealment money laundering.

The district court’s overstatement of the government’s burden at trial would serve 

as an inducement to go to trial, not to plead guilty. Munoz cites nothing in the record 

suggesting that he subjectively thought otherwise. Thus, any error here did not affect 

Munoz’s substantial rights.

c. The district court did not plainly err in assessing the voluntariness of 

his plea. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(2). When read in context of the plea proceedings 

as a whole, the district court’s statement that, “I have no choice but to put you in 

prison for 10 years,” clearly communicated that 10 years was the minimum sentence, 

not the maximum.

d. The district court did not plainly err in developing a factual basis for 

the plea. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3); United States v. Nickle, 816 F.3d 1230 (9th 

Cir. 2016). The district court in this case recited more detail than the district court 

did in Nickle, 816 F.3d at 1233–34. Thus, it would have been error for the district 

court to reject Munoz’s plea under these circumstances.

We therefore conclude that the district court did not plainly err under Rule 11 

of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in accepting Munoz’s guilty plea.

2. The district court did not violate Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466

(2000). A count in the indictment (to which Munoz pleaded guilty) alleged a 
6 

conspiracy to distribute 50 grams of methamphetamine, 5 kilograms of cocaine, and 

1 kilogram of heroin. A conspiracy to distribute such a quantity of drugs carries a 

maximum statutory penalty of life imprisonment. See 21 U.S.C. § 841 (b)(1)(A)(i), 

(ii), (viii). Apprendi was not violated because the drug types and quantities were 

alleged in the indictment, see United States v. Jordan, 291 F.3d 1091, 1093–97 (9th 

Cir. 2002), and were repeatedly admitted to by Munoz during the plea colloquy, see 

United States v. Thomas, 355 F.3d 1191, 1198–99 (9th Cir. 2004).

3. The district court correctly calculated Munoz’s total offender level to 

be 43, which carries an advisory range of life imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. 

A. We reject Munoz’s four arguments to the contrary. 

a. First, the district court did not misinterpret the sentencing guideline for 

money laundering, which requires application of the sentencing guideline for “the 

underlying offense from which the laundered funds were derived” so long as the 

defendant “committed the underlying offense” or “would be accountable for the 

underlying offense . . . .” U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1). Nor did the district court 

misinterpret Application Note 2(B), which requires “additional involvement” from 

the defendant in the underlying offense beyond laundering money from the offense. 

U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, App. Note 2(B). Munoz’s contention that there is “no evidence” 

of his involvement in a drug-distribution conspiracy is contradicted by the testimony 
7 

and documentary evidence submitted at his sentencing hearing, as well as the factual 

basis that he filed in support of his guilty plea.

b. Second, the district court did not misinterpret Application Note 2(C) to 

the money laundering guideline, which provides that any “Chapter Three 

adjustment” to an offender score “be determined based on . . . the laundering of 

criminally derived funds[] and not on the underlying offense from which the 

laundered funds were derived.” U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a)(1), App. Note 2(C). The district 

court’s finding supporting its chapter three adjustment—a 4-point upward 

adjustment for Munoz’s role as an “organizer or leader” of criminal activity, see

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1— was not restricted to the conspiracy to distribute drugs charge. 

Its finding regarding Munoz’s organizer or leader role plainly included Munoz’s role 

in organizing or leading money-laundering activity as well.

c. Third, the district court’s finding that Munoz was an “organizer or 

leader” of money laundering activity that involved either “five persons” or “was 

otherwise extensive,” see U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), is not clearly erroneous. A witness

testified at Munoz’s sentencing hearing that “[t]here were multiple other people 

identified by moniker that [investigators] could never identify, and there were others 

that [investigators] identified that we never had enough to charge.” That witness 

flatly testified that he believed there were more than five people involved in the 

criminal enterprise. Another witness testified that, based on Munoz’s phone calls, it 
8 

was clear that “Munoz was directing the activities of other individuals to pick up 

money from other locations . . . .” She further opined that Munoz “was directing the 

receipt of the drug shipments as well as the disbursement of the drug shipments and 

also the receipt and disbursement of money.” That witness also observed that 

Munoz’s drug ledgers contained references to “Sosio, Pedro Walla, Gordito,” whom 

she believed were other members of the drug trafficking organization. It is 

reasonable to infer from this testimony that Munoz organized or led money 

laundering activity that involved five or more people or was otherwise extensive. 

Thus, the factual finding supporting the district court’s decision to apply the 4-point 

upward adjustment from guideline § 3B1.1 is not clearly erroneous. See United 

States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262–63 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc); see also United 

States v. Valle, 940 F.3d 473, 478 (9th Cir. 2019) (applying Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 

1262, in the context of sentencing findings).

d. Fourth, the district court made adequate factual findings to provide

meaningful appellate review. See Fed. R. Crim. Pro. 32(i)(3)(B). The district court’s 

calculation of Munoz’s offender score is straightforwardly stated in the record, as 

are the district court’s factual findings supporting that calculation.

4. The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a 26-year 

sentence with 7 years of supervised release. In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3553, 

the district court considered Munoz’s particular characteristics, considered the kinds 
9 

of sentences available, considered the need for a sentence to reflect the seriousness 

of Munoz’s offense, to provide deterrence, and protect the public, and considered 

Munoz’s medical needs. The sentencing range was life imprisonment. U.S.S.G. Ch. 

5, Pt. A. The government sought a sentence of 40 years, and the probation officer 

recommended a sentence of 30 years. The district court did not abuse its discretion 

in imposing an even lower sentence of 26 years with 7 years of supervised release.

5. The record is insufficiently developed to review Munoz’s ineffective 

assistance of counsel (“IAC”) claim on direct appeal. Munoz argues that his trial 

counsel was ineffective because he allegedly advised Munoz to reject the 

government’s plea deal and then allegedly advised him to plead guilty anyway.

Munoz also faults his counsel for failing to object to Rule 11 errors during the plea 

colloquy, for failing to make certain objections at the sentencing hearing, and for

withdrawing an objection to the base offender level calculation. The general rule is 

that IAC claims may not be reviewed on direct appeal. United States v. Jeronimo, 

398 F.3d 1149, 1155 (9th Cir. 2005), abrogated on other grounds by United States 

v. Jacobo Castillo, 496 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). This general rule is 

subject to two exceptions, “[b]ut neither of these exceptions apply here” because 

“the record contains no evidence from [Munoz’s trial counsel].” Id. at 1156. We are 

thus unable to determine whether Munoz’s trial counsel’s “representation fell below 

an objective standard of reasonableness” or whether any such errors prejudiced 
10 

Munoz’s defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). This part of 

Munoz’s appeal is dismissed without prejudice so that Munoz may pursue his IAC 

claim in post-conviction proceedings if he chooses to do so.

AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART.