J-S02037-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ESTATE OF: D.W., AN 

INCAPACITATED PERSON

APPEAL OF: D.W.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1805 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered November 28, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Orphans' Court at 

No(s): 2022-X3995

BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 27, 2024

D.W. appeals from the order entered on November 28, 2022, in the 

Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Orphans’ Court Division, 

adjudicating him to be an incapacitated person and appointing Kevin Ryan, 

the principal, and Debbie Smith of Commonwealth Guardian Services, LLC, as 

plenary permanent guardians of D.W.’s person and estate under the Probate, 

Estates, and Fiduciaries Code, 20 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5501-5555.

1

 After a careful 

review, we affirm.

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The order at issue is appealable as of right pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

342(a)(5) (“An appeal may be taken as of right from...orders of the Orphans’ 

Court Division...determining the status of... guardianship[.]”).
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The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: On October 14, 

2022, St. Luke’s University Hospital (“St. Luke’s”) filed a petition for 

adjudication of incapacity and appointment of emergency guardian of the 

person and estate of D.W., who was born in December of 1948. In the 

petition, St. Luke’s averred D.W. was a patient at St. Luke’s, and he was 

diagnosed with “hallucinations, paranoid schizophrenia, diffuse cognitive 

dysfunction, psychotic disorder, [and] acute metabolic.” Petition, filed 

10/14/22, at 1. St. Luke’s averred D.W. required “placement in a skilled 

nursing facility with 24/7 care due to total impairment.” Id. St. Luke’s 

indicated that, because of his impairment, D.W. was unable to manage or 

communicate decisions regarding his financial affairs or medical care. Thus, 

St. Luke’s requested the orphans’ court find D.W. is totally incapacitated and 

appoint a guardian for D.W. 

In support of its petition, St. Luke’s attached the expert report of 

Christine Ramirez, M.D. (“Dr. Ramirez”), who indicated she admitted D.W. to 

St. Luke’s on September 2, 2022, and she has been an active part of his care 

team since that date. She noted D.W. was evaluated by psychiatric staff on 

September 6, 2022, as well as a neuropsychologist on September 9, 2022. 

She indicated D.W. has been diagnosed with “paranoid schizophrenia, 

unspecified psychotic disorder, acute metabolic encephalopathy, and diffuse 

cognitive dysfunction[.]” Report of Dr. Ramirez, dated 10/7/22, at 2. She 

noted D.W.’s symptoms/manifestations include “bizarre and paranoid 
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statements, thought processes that are disorganized, concrete, and 

contradictory at times, [and] difficult to follow or understand in conversation.” 

Id. She opined that, due to the mental disorders set forth supra, D.W. is 

totally incapacitated and not competent to make decisions for himself. 

By order entered on October 17, 2022, the orphans’ court determined 

that no emergency existed; however, the orphans’ court listed the matter as 

a petition for adjudication of incapacity and appointment of permanent 

guardian of the person and estate with a hearing date of November 28, 2022. 

The orphans’ court directed that D.W. be provided with notice of the hearing.

Moreover, the orphans’ court appointed E. Negro Pile, Esquire, as legal counsel 

to represent D.W. 

On November 28, 2022, the orphans’ court held a hearing on the

petition. Dr. Ramirez testified she is board certified in general surgery and 

surgical critical care, and she has been on faculty at St. Luke’s since 2017. 

N.T., 11/28/22, at 4. She noted that “[a]s a trauma physician, [she] receives 

a lot of critically ill patients. And so [she] work[s] in conjunction with 

multidisciplinary teams.” Id. at 5. She noted she often works “in conjunction 

with psychiatry and neuropsychology to determine if [patients] have 

competency[.]” Id. 

Dr. Ramirez testified D.W. was admitted to St. Luke’s in September of 

2022, with right rib fractures, multiple spine fractures, and he was “in shock 

from sepsis from bilateral kidney stones.” Id. at 7. He further had renal 
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failure from the sepsis and was mentally altered. Id. She noted D.W. had a 

“prior diagnosis of schizophrenia[.]” Id. Dr. Ramirez recommend that D.W. 

go to rehabilitation due to his medical conditions; however, he refused. Id. 

at 7-8. Given D.W.’s prior schizophrenia diagnosis, as well as his 

communication limitations, Dr. Ramirez became “concerned about his thought

processes.” Id. at 8.

Accordingly, Dr. Ramirez “got psychiatry involved” and then requested 

an evaluation by Thomas Sugalski, Ph.D., who is a neuropsychologist. Id. 

Upon evaluation, Dr. Sugalski determined D.W. “had impaired executive 

functioning [such] that he...did not have the capacity to make fully informed 

medical decisions.” Id. Additionally, Dr. Ramirez testified that, independent 

of Dr. Sugalski’s findings, she concluded D.W. is “incapacitated and totally 

impaired.” Id. Specifically, Dr. Ramirez opined D.W. is impaired “in terms of 

his executive functioning,” he cannot take care of himself, and he is unable to 

make or understand the decisions needed for his safety. Id. at 9. She noted 

D.W. “was homeless,” and “his plan for leaving the hospital was to stay in a 

tent behind Walmart or in the woods.” Id. She noted D.W. had no

understanding of the complexity and seriousness of his medical issues. Id. 

Dr. Ramirez reiterated her opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical 

certainty, that, based upon her own evaluations, as well as in consultation 

with the psychiatry staff and Dr. Sugalski, D.W. was “incapacitated and totally 

impaired” due to the mental issues discussed in her report. Id. Consequently, 
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Dr. Ramirez recommended D.W. be placed in a skilled nursing facility so that 

he can be closely monitored and ensure he is receiving proper treatment for 

his various health conditions. Id. at 10. She noted that, prior to his 

hospitalization in September of 2022, D.W. was diagnosed with kidney stones; 

however, he neither took his medication nor followed up with medical 

physicians to address the issue. Id. at 10-11. She indicated D.W. has 

impaired cognition, so for his own safety, he needs full-time care. Id. at 11. 

On cross-examination, Dr. Ramirez indicated Dr. Sugalski performed a 

mini-mental status exam on D.W. Id. She indicated that, as a result of this 

exam, Dr. Sugalski concluded D.W.’s “auditory selective attention was 

average[; however,] [h]is auditory vigilance...was impaired. [H]is information 

processing speed was within normal limits.” Id. at 13. She explained that, 

in layman’s terms, this means that “you can ask him a question, or you can 

talk to him, and he can process it. But in terms of paying attention to those 

things, he may not always do so.” Id. 

She further noted the mini-mental exam revealed D.W.’s “language 

functioning” was within normal limits; however, “his fluency was impaired.” 

Id. She explained that, in layman’s terms, this means D.W.’s ability to 

retrieve words was impaired. Id. Additionally, D.W.’s comprehension of 

complex material, such as his ability to understand medical diagnosis and give 

informed consent regarding treatment, was also impaired. Id. at 13-14. She 
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noted that D.W.’s memory functioning, such as his ability to recall information, 

was impaired. Id. at 14. 

Dr. Ramirez confirmed that, when she conducted her assessment and 

completed her expert report, she concluded D.W. was “totally impaired” as to 

receiving and evaluating information, caring for himself, taking care of his own 

daily needs, and managing his finances. Id. at 16. She noted she continues 

to hold these opinions. Id. Accordingly, she recommended to the orphans’ 

court that D.W. be appointed a guardian to manage his health and financial 

decisions. Id. 

Will Anthony, who is a case manager in the trauma department at St. 

Luke’s, testified D.W. was brought via ambulance to St. Luke’s Upper Bucks 

Campus on September 2, 2022; however, due to the high level of care 

required for D.W.’s injuries, he was transferred to St. Luke’s Bethlehem 

Campus at which time Mr. Anthony became D.W.’s case manager. Id. at 19. 

Mr. Anthony indicated that, when D.W. was admitted to St. Luke’s, he had no 

previous chart with St. Luke’s, no wallet, and no form of identification. Id. at 

20. 

Mr. Anthony discussed family and friends with D.W., who conveyed he

had no family or friends with whom he communicated. Id. Mr. Anthony 

attempted to contact D.W.’s son, D.B.; however, after an exhaustive search, 

D.B. could neither be located nor contacted. Id. Thus, “knowing that [D.W.] 

needed a higher level of care and kind of full-time care in a nursing facility, 
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which [D.W.] was refusing to do, [St. Luke’s began] the guardianship 

process.” Id. 

Mr. Anthony indicated he has been “scouring” skilled nursing facilities to 

find a facility, which will accept D.W. as a long-term patient. Id. at 21. He 

noted that, aside from D.W.’s personal belongings, he has been unable to 

identify any assets, bank accounts, or property belonging to D.W. Id. He 

also was unable to locate any “powers of attorney, wills, or advance directives”

executed by D.W. Id. He found no evidence that D.W. had either served in 

the military or had received assistance from any social service agencies. Id. 

at 22. 

Mr. Anthony indicated D.W. has “some complex medical conditions,” 

which require a high level of care. Id. He noted D.W. needs “drain 

management and need[s] to make sure that those areas are kept clean and 

well maintained and has adequate follow-up.” Id. He agreed with Dr. Ramirez 

that D.W. needs “24/7 oversight by nursing and physicians to ensure that he 

is well maintained.” Id. He testified D.W. needs a guardian to make financial 

and medical decisions, as well as execute necessary documents so that D.W. 

may receive full-time care. Id. He opined “permanent guardianship [is] the 

least restrictive alternative under the circumstances[.]” Id. 

Mr. Anthony noted D.W. was participating in the hearing via Zoom, and 

as was customary, D.W. was in bed. Id. at 23. He noted that, when hospital 

staff encourages D.W. to walk or move around, he often refuses to cooperate. 
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Id. Mr. Anthony testified that, since a neuropsychologist determined D.W. 

does not have sufficient mental capacity, St. Luke’s staff has been making 

decisions for D.W. and performing full care. Id. at 24. 

St. Luke’s offered Mr. Ryan and his company as a permanent guardian 

for D.W. and his estate. Kevin Ryan, who is the principal of Commonwealth 

Guardian Services, LLC, testified that, if the orphans’ court so orders, he, as 

well as Debbie Smith, who is another certified guardian at the company, would 

be able to handle permanent guardianship matters for D.W.’s person and 

estate. Id. at 27-28. He noted he and Ms. Smith have all necessary 

Pennsylvania State Police clearances, as well as liability insurance. Id. at 29. 

There “have never been any claims on the policy and there has been no 

negative marks on there.” Id. 

Mr. Ryan testified that, if the orphans’ court appoints him as D.W.’s 

permanent guardian, the first step is to conduct an extensive background 

check to confirm D.W.’s identity. Id. at 30. Next, he would have a care 

conference to determine D.W.’s medical issues so that he can provide the best 

decision-making and available professional resources. Id. As guardian of the 

estate, he would investigate whether D.W. has any bank accounts, life 

insurance policies, and/or IRAs, and if so, garner the assets to provide for 

D.W.’s medical care. Id. at 31. Mr. Ryan confirmed he has no conflicts, which 

would prevent him from serving as a guardian for D.W. Id.
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Attorney Piles informed the orphans’ court that he met with his client, 

D.W., on November 2, 2022, at St. Luke’s. Id. at 32. He noted D.W. was in 

a hospital bed at this time. Id. He opined D.W. needs some assistance and 

would benefit from the support of a guardian. Id. at 33. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the orphans’ court held as follows:

[B]ased upon the evidence received and the record following 

a hearing, the [orphans’] court finds by clear and convincing 

evidence that [D.W.] is adjudged a totally incapacitated person.

The [orphans’] court finds that [D.W.] suffers from 

hallucinations, paranoid schizophrenia, diffuse cognitive 

dysfunction, psychotic disorder, and acute metabolic, [which are] 

conditions that totally impair his capacity to receive and evaluate 

information effectively and to communicate decisions concerning 

managing his financial affairs or to meet the essential 

requirements for his physical health and safety. 

The [orphans’] court finds that there is no less restrictive 

alternative to the appointment of a guardian of the estate and that 

a guardian of the estate is medically necessary to protect and 

advocate for the needs, welfare, and interests of [D.W.]. 

Kevin Ryan, the principal, and Debbi Smith of 

Commonwealth Guardian Services, LLC, are hereby appointed 

plenary permanent guardians of the estate of [D.W.]. Bond is 

waived.

The guardian of the estate is directed to file an inventory 

within three months of today’s date listing [D.W.’s] real and 

personal property pursuant to Pennsylvania law.

In addition, the guardian of the estate shall file a report 

every year on or before the anniversary of today’s date containing 

all information required by statute.

The guardian of the estate has the authority and the 

responsibility to manage and use [D.W.’s] property for his benefit 

in accordance with Pennsylvania law.

The guardian of the estate is permitted to spend income for 

[D.W.] without the [orphans’] court’s written approval.
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The guardian of the estate has the authority to expend 

principal up to $16,000 or the maximum allowable amount in 

order to establish a burial reserve or an irrevocable burial fund.

Any other expenditure of principal not authorized in this final 

decree shall require [orphans’] court approval.

All financial institutions possessing assets belonging to 

[D.W.] shall provide immediate access to the guardian of the 

estate of [D.W.] or be subject to sanctions upon application of the 

[orphans’] court and a hearing.

The guardian of the estate has the authority to implement a 

freeze on any bank account, investment account, or any other 

form of investment, including any joint account where [D.W.] has 

an interest, and shall have the authority to freeze access to any 

joint safe deposit box.

Because Kevin Ryan, as principal, and Debbie Smith of 

Commonwealth Guardian Services, LLC, have now been appointed 

guardians of the estate of [D.W.], the [orphans’] court hereby 

exercises the authority granted it by law to rescind any and all 

existing financial durable powers of attorney that [D.W.] may 

have executed prior to today’s date.

Therefore, any said powers are hereby deemed to be null 

and void.

The [orphans’] court also finds that there is no less 

restrictive alternative to the appointment of a guardian of the

person and that appointment of a guardian of the person is 

medically necessary to protect and advocate for [D.W.’s] needs, 

his welfare, and his interests.

Kevin Ryan, as principal, and Debbi Smith of Commonwealth 

Guardian Services, LLC, are hereby appointed plenary permanent 

guardian of the person of [D.W.].

The guardian of the person is directed to file a report on 

[D.W.’s] social, medical, and other relevant conditions as required 

by law every year on or before the anniversary of today’s date.

The guardian of the person has the authority and the 

responsibility to decide where [D.W.] shall live and how his meals, 

personal care, transportation, and recreation will be provided.

The guardian of the person also has the authority to 

authorize and consent to medical treatment and surgical 

procedures necessary for [D.W.’s] well-being.
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For the purposes of HIPAA,[2]the guardian of the person 

shall be considered a personal representative with the authority 

to review, receive, and discuss all protected health information 

related to [D.W.]. 

In the event the guardian applies for medical assistance 

benefits, the guardian may be paid a $1,000 fee for application 

services and thereafter shall be paid a commission of $300 per 

month from income or the highest amount allowed by the 

Pennsylvania Department of Human Services.

The guardian may petition the [orphans’] court for approval 

of payment of a reasonable guardian’s commission from principal 

of [D.W.’s] estate based upon the hours worked and the services 

provided.

Now, the guardian of the estate and the person are directed 

to prepare a budget to cover the cost of providing [D.W.’s] health, 

maintenance, and residence.

The guardian does not have the authority to enter a safe 

deposit box in the name of [D.W.], that is, either individually or 

jointly, without [the orphans’] court’s written authorization.

Id. at 33-38 (footnote added).

On this same date, November 28, 2022, the orphans’ court filed a 

written order confirming its holdings, and on December 14, 2022, the orphans’ 

court granted Attorney Pile permission to withdraw his representation and 

appointed Scott C. McIntosh, Esquire, to represent D.W. On December 28, 

2022, Attorney McIntosh filed a timely notice of appeal on behalf of D.W. All 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925 requirements have been met.

On appeal, D.W. sets forth the following issue in the “Statement of 

Questions Presented” in his counseled brief (verbatim):

____________________________________________

2 “HIPAA” refers to the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability 

Act, 45 C.F.R. § 160.101 et. seq.
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1. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred and committed an abuse of 

discretion by finding that the petitioner presented clear and 

convincing evidence that Appellant is totally incapacitated, and 

that the appointment of a guardian of the person and estate is 

necessary, and that there were no less restrictive alternatives?

D.W.’s Brief at 3 (suggested answer omitted).

In the case sub judice, as D.W. indicates, he “is challenging the 

sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the [order] of incapacity.” D.W.’s Brief 

at 10. Specifically, D.W. contends St. Luke’s failed to prove, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that D.W. is “totally incapacitated and in need of plenary 

guardianship services.” Id. In this vein, D.W. avers the evidence reveals, at

most, that St. Luke’s “wanted to transfer [D.W.] to a nursing home and he did 

not want that. Therefore, [St. Luke’s] sought guardianship.” Id. at 12. He 

also contends St. Luke’s failed to demonstrate there are “no less restrictive 

alternatives” to plenary guardianship. Id. at 11. 

D.W.’s claims challenge the orphans’ court’s finding of incapacity and 

subsequent appointment of a guardian, which we review for legal error or an 

abuse of discretion. In re Duran, 769 A.2d 497, 506 (Pa.Super. 2001). As 

we have explained, “[t]he appointment of a guardian lies within the discretion

of the orphans’ court.” Id. This Court “is bound by the [orphans’] judge’s 

findings of fact unless those findings are not based on competent evidence. 

Conclusions of law, however, are not binding on an appellate court[,] whose 

duty it is to determine whether there was a proper application of law to fact 
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by the lower court.” In re Peery, 556 Pa. 125, 727 A.2d 539, 540 (1999) 

(internal citations omitted).

Under the Probate, Estates, and Fiduciary Code, a person may be 

adjudicated incapacitated, and a guardian of the person and the estate 

appointed, if the petitioner seeking the adjudication shows by clear and 

convincing evidence that the person’s:

ability to receive and evaluate information effectively and 

communicate decisions in any way is impaired to such a significant 

extent that he is partially or totally unable to manage his financial 

resources or to meet essential requirements for his physical health 

and safety.

20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5501. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5511(a), 5512.1(b). The petitioner 

must present testimony:

from individuals qualified by training and experience in evaluating 

individuals with incapacities of the type alleged by the petitioner, 

which establishes the nature and extent of the alleged incapacities 

and disabilities and the person’s mental, emotional and physical 

condition, adaptive behavior and social skills.

See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5518. In determining incapacity, the orphans’ court is 

required to make findings of fact concerning:

(1) The nature of any condition or disability which impairs the 

individual’s capacity to make and communication decisions.

(2) The extent of the individual’s capacity to make and 

communicate decisions.

(3) The need for guardianship services, if any, in light of such 

factors as the availability of family, friends and other supports to 

assist the individual in making decisions and in light of the 

existence, if any, of advance directives such as durable powers of 

attorney or trusts.
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(4) The type of guardian, limited or plenary, of the person or 

estate needed based on the nature of any condition or disability 

and the capacity to make and communicate decisions.

(5) The duration of the guardianship.

20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1. The law states a preference for limited guardianship. 

See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1(6); Gavin v. Loeffelbein, 651 Pa. 465, 205 A.3d 

1209, 1222 (2019) (when a person is only partially incapacitated, the court 

shall appoint a limited guardian). A court may appoint a plenary guardian of 

the person and/or the estate only upon a finding that the person is totally

incapacitated and in need of plenary guardianship services. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 5512.1(c), (e). Accord Interest of M.A., 284 A.3d 1202, 1213 (Pa.Super. 

2022) (stating that the court’s actions are to be guided by “a scrupulous 

adherence to the principles of protecting the incapacitated person by the least 

restrictive means possible”) (citation and emphasis omitted)).

Here, we conclude the orphans’ court’s findings are based on competent 

evidence, and we find no error of law. See In re Peery, supra. Specifically,

based on the evidence presented, the orphans’ court found that D.W. “suffers 

from hallucinations, paranoid schizophrenia, diffuse cognitive dysfunction, 

psychotic disorder, [and] acute metabolic[.]” N.T., 11/28/22, at 33-34. 

Relying on the testimony of Dr. Ramirez, to which D.W. did not object, the 

orphans’ court found these mental health issues “totally impair [D.W.’s]

capacity to receive and evaluate information effectively and to communicate 

decisions concerning managing his financial affairs or to meet the essential 
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requirements for his physical health and safety.” Id. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 

5512.1(a)(1), (2).

Moreover, regarding the need for guardianship services, as testified to 

by the case manager, Mr. Ryan, there is no dispute that D.W. has no available 

family, friends, or other supports to assist him in making decisions. See 20 

Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1(a)(3). Further, there is no dispute that D.W. has no 

advanced directives or durable powers of attorney or trusts. See id.

Additionally, the evidence reveals D.W. suffers from multiple, 

complicated health conditions, and D.W. does not have “the comprehension 

of complex material.” N.T., 11/28/22, at 13. Based on this evidence, the 

orphans court properly found “there is no less restrictive alternative to the 

appointment of a guardian of the estate and that a guardian of the estate is 

medically necessary to protect and advocate for the needs, welfare, and 

interests of [D.W.].” Id. at 34. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1(a)(4). Also, given 

the severity of D.W.’s mental illness and health conditions, as well as his 

inability to handle finances or secure social services, the orphans’ court

properly held the guardianship would be plenary and permanent to ensure his 

physical health and safety. See 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1(a)(4), (5).

We conclude the orphans’ court properly found that St. Luke’s proved, 

by clear and convincing evidence, that D.W. is totally incapacitated and

plenary permanent guardianship was the least restrictive means. See 20 

Pa.C.S.A. § 5512.1(c), (e). 
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Contrary to D.W.’s assertion, this is not simply a case where a hospital 

wanted to transfer a patient to a nursing home, and since the patient did not 

want to go, the hospital sought to have the patient deemed incapacitated. 

Rather, based on the testimony of trained and experienced professionals, the 

orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion in holding St. Luke’s proved that 

D.W.’s “ability to receive and evaluate information effectively and 

communicate decisions in any way is impaired to such a significant extent that 

he is...totally unable to manage his financial resources or to meet essential 

requirements for his physical health and safety.” 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 5501. 

Accordingly, we conclude D.W. is not entitled to relief, and we affirm.

Affirmed.

Date: 2/27/2024