# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for testing transmission lines normally propagating optical signals

## Abstract

Portable apparatus for measuring parameters of optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two elements, at least one of the elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2) from the other (10) of said elements, comprises first and second connectors for connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and a device connected between the first and second connectors for propagating at least the second optical signal (S2) towards the one of the elements, and measuring the parameters of the concurrently propagating optical signals (S1, S2). The measurement results may be displayed by a suitable display unit. Where one element transmits signals at two different wavelengths, the apparatus may separate parts of the corresponding optical signal portion according to wavelength and process them separately.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/713,735 filed Mar. 5, 2007 as a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/538,768 filed Jun. 10, 2005 as a Continuation-in-Part of International patent application No. PCT/CA2004/001552 filed Aug. 23, 2004 which designated the United States of America, and claimed priority from U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/511,105 filed Oct. 15, 2003. The entire contents of each of these prior related applications are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for testing transmission lines normally propagating optical signals and is especially, but not exclusively, applicable to a method and apparatus for measuring parameters of optical signals in optical transmission lines of passive optical networks.
2. Background Art
As the cost of optical fiber and associated components decreases, new telecommunications network deployments increasingly use optical fiber from the edge of a core network to a location at or very close to the end user. Such so-called FTTX (Fiber-to-the-X; where X is the home, the office, the building, the premises, the curb, etc.) installations are usually based on a passive optical network (PON) architecture, where a terminal at the core-network edge (Optical Line Terminal—OLT) broadcasts signals downstream along a fiber-optic cable to a N-port splitter, and each of the ports then terminates at an optical network terminal (ONT) located at a respective one of the end users' premises. Typically, downstream signals are at either of two wavelengths, vis. 1490 nm for the downstream transmission of digital data and 1550 nm for the transmission of cable television (CATV) signals, while each end user's optical network terminal (ONT) transmits upstream data signals at a wavelength of approximately 1310 nm. It should be noted that the CATV signals are often transmitted in analog format.
An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or similar protocol is often used to encode the downstream and upstream data signals. The OLT includes in the downstream 1490-nm signals synchronization signals which permit each of the ONTs to send its upstream (1310-nm) signals in its own unique time slot so as to avoid interference with signals from other ONTs connected on the PON. For this reason, as well as for reasons of eye safety, there is no 1310-nm transmission from the ONTs when the fiber link is disconnected, thereby preventing reception of the 1490-nm downstream-data signal.
Field maintenance of such FTTX installations requires low-cost and easy-to-use diagnostic test instruments to measure the signals. An example of such diagnostic test instruments is an optical power meter that can independently measure the power at the distinct downstream and upstream signal wavelengths (e.g. 1310 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm). During a repair call, the results of such a measurement could indicate the source of possible trouble in the network or in the end-user's connection. It is also known to use optical spectrum analyzers (OSA) to measure optical power at several wavelengths at the same time.
A disadvantage of each of these instruments is that it is a one-port device that only measures the power if the signals at the different wavelengths are propagating in the same direction along the fiber. In the case of the OSA, a further disadvantage is that the instrument is generally much too costly and complicated for routine field applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention seeks to eliminate, or at least mitigate, the disadvantages of the prior art instruments, or at least provide an alternative and, to this end, provides a portable instrument for measuring parameters, e.g. optical power, of analog or digital optical signals that are propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two elements, such as network elements of a passive optical network, at least one of which elements will not transmit its optical signals if it ceases to receive signals from the other of the two elements.
According to one aspect of this invention, there is provided portable apparatus for connecting into (tapping) an optical transmission line normally carrying optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions, said apparatus comprising first and second connector means for connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and propagation means connected between the first and second connector means for propagating said at least one of said signals while extracting a portion of either said at least one of said signals or another of said signals.
The propagation means may also comprise means for detecting and processing said portion to determine parameters of said at least one of said signals or another of said signals.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided portable apparatus for measuring parameters of optical signals normally propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two elements, at least one of the elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2) from the other of said elements. The apparatus comprises first and second connector means for connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and propagating and measuring means connected between the first and second connector means for propagating at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one of the elements, and measuring said parameters of said first optical signal (S1).
Where said one of the elements also normally receives via said optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a different wavelength from that of said second optical signal (S2), the portable apparatus may further comprise means for measuring parameters of the third optical signal (S3).
The propagating and measuring means may provide an all-optical signal path between the first and second connector means for conveying at least a portion of said second optical signal (S2) therethrough for subsequent propagation to the respective one of the elements.
Alternatively, the propagating and measuring means may comprise optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regeneration means responsive to the second optical signal (S2) received from the other of the two elements for regenerating the second optical signal (S2) and propagating the regenerated second optical signal (S2) to the said one of the elements.
In embodiments of the invention which provide an all-optical path between the first and second connector means, the means connected between the first and second connector means may comprise:
coupler means having first and second ports connected to the first and second connector means, respectively, and providing said optical signal path to convey a first portion of said first optical signal (S1) and second (S2) optical signal in opposite directions between said first and second connector means, the coupler means having a third port for outputting a second portion (S1′) of said first optical signal (S1),
detection means for converting (at least) the portion of first optical signal portion into a corresponding electrical signal, and
measuring means for processing the electrical signal to provide an indication of said measured parameters
The coupler means may have a fourth port for outputting a portion of said second optical signal (S2), the detection means being operable to convert the second optical signal portion into a corresponding second electrical signal, and the measuring means being operable to process both of the electrical signals to provide desired measurement values of parameters for each of the counter-propagating signals.
Where said one of the elements also normally receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a different wavelength to that of said second optical signal (S2), the propagating and measuring means may further comprise means connected to the coupler means for splitting the corresponding optical signal portion into two parts, each part comprising portions of both the second and third optical signals, and separating the two parts according to wavelength before supplying same to said detection means.
The means for splitting and separating may comprise a splitter connected to the coupler for splitting the optical signal portion into two parts and filter means for separating the two parts according to wavelength.
Alternatively, the means for splitting and separating may comprise a wavelength discriminator, for example a wavelength division multiplexer, connected to the coupler means for separating the second and third optical signals (S2, S3) according to wavelength before supplying same to said detection means.
Where at least one of the optical signals comprises parts having different wavelengths, the apparatus may further comprise wavelength discrimination means for distinguishing corresponding parts of the corresponding optical signal portion according to wavelength, the detection means and processing means detecting and processing the two different signal parts separately. The detection means then may comprise two detectors, each for detecting a respective one of the optical signal parts.
Where the optical signals are analog, the measuring means may be arranged to extract the time-averaged optical power of the signal.
Where the optical signals comprise bursts alternating with lulls, the measuring means may be arranged to extract the optical power of the bursts.
If the optical signals comprise bursty digital signals, the measuring means may further be arranged to the extract the optical power of the bursts averaged over the duration of the burst. More particularly, where the instrument is to be used for measuring power of optical signals comprised of “bursty” data streams (such as the ATM data signals), the measuring means may be arranged to extract the power only from the data bursts and not from any intervening series of digital zeros (i.e. lack of signal). Such bursty data streams are typical of both the upstream data sent by an optical network terminal (ONT) to a plurality of optical line terminals (OLTs) of a passive optical network (PON), and by the OLT to the plurality of ONTs.
The measuring means may comprise custom circuitry and/or a suitably-programmed microcomputer.
The apparatus may comprise display means for displaying measured values of the parameters.
According to yet another aspect of this invention, there is provided a method of connecting into (tapping) an optical transmission line normally carrying optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions comprising the steps of connecting portable apparatus according to the previous aspects into the optical transmission line in series therewith, and using propagation means of the apparatus to propagate said at least one of said signals while extracting a portion of either said at least one of said signals or another of said signals.
The method may further comprise the step of detecting and processing said portion to determine parameters of said either said at least one of said signals or another of said signals.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of measuring parameters of at least one of optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between elements, at least one of the elements not transmitting its optical signals (S1) if it ceases to receive signals (S2) from the other of the elements, the method comprising the steps of (i) connecting into the optical transmission path first and second connectors of an apparatus for propagating at least a portion of the second optical signal (S2) to the one element, (ii) extracting a portion of a said first optical signal (S1) and providing a corresponding first electrical signal; and (iii) processing said first electrical signal to provide desired parameter measurements.
The step of propagating at least a portion of the second signal (S2) may include the step of connecting coupler means into the optical transmission path so as to provide an optical path through the apparatus and extracting the portion of the second optical signal from a port of the coupler means.
Alternatively, the step of propagating may include the step of optical-electrical-optical regeneration of the second optical signal received by the apparatus, the regenerated second optical signal being propagated to said one of the elements.
Where at least one of the optical signal portions comprises parts having different wavelengths, the method may further comprise the step of distinguishing the corresponding different parts of the corresponding optical signal portion according to wavelength, and the detecting and measuring steps then may detect and measure the two different signal parts separately to provide the measured parameters for each signal.
The step of distinguishing the parts may be performed by splitting the portion of the optical signal into two parts and separating the two parts according to wavelength using, for example, filter means.
Alternatively, the step of distinguishing the parts may be performed using a wavelength division multiplexer.
Where the optical signals are analog, the measurement step may extract the time-averaged optical power of the signal.
Where the optical signals comprise bursts alternating with lulls, the measuring step may extract the optical power of the bursts.
If the optical signals comprise bursty digital signals, the measuring step may extract the optical power of the bursts averaged over the duration of the burst. More particularly, where the instrument is to be used for measuring power of optical signals comprised of “bursty” data streams (such as ATM data signals), the measuring step may extract the power only from the data bursts and not from any intervening series of digital zeros (i.e., lack of signal).
Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention which are described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified block schematic diagram of a portion of a passive optical network;
FIG. 2 is a simplified block schematic diagram of a power meter according to a first embodiment of embodying the present invention inserted into a branch of the network;
FIG. 3 is a detail view illustrating a modification;
FIG. 4 is a simplified block schematic diagram of a power meter according to a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a simplified block schematic diagram of a power meter according to a third embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a simplified block schematic diagram of a power meter according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A portion of a passive optical network shown in FIG. 1 comprises a first element in the form of a central office optical line terminal (OLT) 10 coupled by a 1:9 splitter 12 to a plurality of other elements in the form of optical network terminals (ONT) 14/1 to 14/9, each coupled to a respective one of the nine ports of the splitter 12 by one of a corresponding plurality of optical waveguides 16/1 to 16/9. (It should be noted that, although nine terminals and a nine-port splitter are shown for convenience of illustration, there could be more or fewer in practice.) The terminals use asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or similar protocol to encode the downstream (OLT to ONTs) and upstream (ONTs to OLT) digital data signals.
OLT 10 broadcasts to the ONTs 14/1 to 14/9 a downstream data signal (S2) at a wavelength of 1490-nm and a supplementary downstream signal (S3) at a wavelength of 1550-nm and, in known manner, encodes the 1490-nm data signals (S2) for synchronization purposes, the encoding being decoded by the ONTs and used to permit each of the ONTs 14/1 to 14/9 to send upstream, to the OLT 10, 1310-nm digital optical data signals 51 in its own unique time slot so as to avoid interference with signals from other ONTs connected to the same OLT 10. The signal S3, generally carrying cable television (CATV) information, is supplied by CATV source 11 shown connected to the OLT 10 and combined with the data signals S2 in known manner. (In practice, if signal S3 is a CATV signal, it will be inserted later).
If they do not receive the downstream signal (S2), and hence the synchronization information, the ONTs cannot normally transmit. For a field technician to make measurements of either two, or all three, of the signals, therefore, it is necessary for the ONTs 14/1 to 14/9 to continue receiving the downstream signals from the OLT 10.
A test instrument 18 which allows the upstream and downstream optical signals to continue propagating, while measuring the power of the optical signals S1, S2 and S3 at all three wavelengths, will now be described with reference to FIG. 2, which shows the instrument 18 connected into branch waveguide 16/9 between the splitter 12 and ONT 14/9. The test instrument 18 comprises a casing 20 having first 22 and second 24 bulkhead connector receptacles or ports shown coupled to the splitter 12 and ONT 14/9, respectively, connector receptacle 24 being connected to the ONT 14/9 by a short jumper 26.
Within the power meter casing 20, the connector receptacles 22 and 24 are connected to first and second ports 28 and 30, respectively, of a 2×2 optical coupler 32, having an approximately 80:20 splitting ratio, which ratio is approximately the same at all of the wavelengths to be measured (i.e., 1310 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm).
Thus, coupler 32 splits each of the signals S2, S3 and 51 received at ports 28 and 30, respectively into two parts with a ratio of 80:20. The 80 percent signal portions are each routed back to the other of the two connectors 22 and 24 while the 20 percent signal portions S1′ and S2′, S3′ are each routed to one of the corresponding third and fourth ports 34 and 36, respectively, of the coupler 32.
Port 34, which receives the 20 percent portion S1′ of the signal S1 from the ONT 14/9, is connected by way of a filter 62, conveniently a 1310 nm bandpass filter, to a first photodetector 38 for detecting light at wavelengths nominally at 1310 nm. Port 36, which receives signal portions S2′, S3′ representing 20 percent of each of the 1490-nm and 1550-nm optical signals from the OLT 10, is coupled to a 1×2 optical splitter 40, having an approximately 90:10 splitting ratio that is approximately the same at all downstream wavelengths to be measured (i.e., 1490 nm, 1550 nm).
The 90 percent signal portions S2′′ from splitter 40 are routed via the corresponding output optical fiber from the optical splitter 40 to a second bandpass filter 64, passing light within an approximately 15-nm wavelength band centered about 1490 nm and substantially attenuating light outside of this band (e.g. attenuation of greater than 40 dB at 1550 nm). The output S2′ of the second bandpass filter 64 is routed to a second photodetector 42, which detects light nominally at 1490 nm.
The 10 percent signal portion S3′′ from splitter 40 is routed via the corresponding output optical fiber to a third bandpass filter 66, passing light within an approximately 25-nm wavelength band centered about approximately 1550 nm and substantially attenuating light outside of this band (e.g. greater than 20 dB for analog CATV signals, greater than 40 dB for digital CATV signals). The output S3′′′ of the third bandpass filter 66 is coupled to the third photodetector 44, which detects light nominally at 1550 nm.
The three photodetectors 38, 42 and 44 supply their corresponding electrical signals to an electronic measuring unit 46 which comprises a set of three similar amplifiers 48, 50 and 52 for amplifying the electrical signals from photodetectors 38, 42 and 44, respectively. Power detectors 54 and 56 detect power of the amplified electrical signals from amplifiers 48 and 50, respectively, and supply the power measurements to a processor unit 58 which, using an internal analog-to-digital converter, converts them to corresponding digital signals which it processes to obtain the required parameter measurements, specifically power, and supplies the measurement information to a display unit 60 for display of the measurements in a conventional manner. The amplified signal from amplifier 52, corresponding to CATV signal S3, is supplied directly to the processor unit 58, i.e., without power detection, to provide a measure of average optical power.
The actual power measurements made by measuring means 18 will depend upon the nature of the signals being measured.
Where the optical signals are analog, the measuring means may be arranged to extract the time-averaged optical power of the signal.
Where the optical signals comprise bursts alternating with lulls, the measuring means may be arranged to extract the optical power of the bursts.
If the optical signals comprise bursty digital signals, the measuring means may be arranged to the extract the optical power of the bursts averaged over the duration of the burst. More particularly, where the instrument is to be used for measuring power of optical signals comprised of “bursty” data streams (such as the ATM data signals), the measuring means may be arranged to extract the power only from the data bursts and not from any intervening series of digital zeros (i.e. lack of signal). Such bursty data streams are typical of both the upstream data sent by an optical network terminal (ONT) to a plurality of optical line terminals (OLTs) of a passive optical network (PON), and by the OLT to the plurality of ONTs.
Typically, the field technician will disconnect the link 16/9 to ONT 14/9 at the home/premises etc. of the end-user at an existing “connectorized” coupling. The connector on the upstream part of the link 16/9 will then be connected to a specified one (22) of the two bulkhead connectors on the instrument, and the connector on the jumper 26 will be connected to the other. Of course, if a connectorized coupling between parts of the link 16/9 is available, the jumper 26 may not be needed.
While the link is disconnected, emission of the upstream data signals at wavelength 1310 nm by the ONT 14/9 will normally cease, and will then recommence when the two connectors are connected to their respective bulkhead connector receptacles 22,24 on the test instrument 18 and the ONT begins to receive the 1490 nm signal again. Measurements can then be taken.
The fact that there will be a temporary disruption in the line as the instrument 18 is inserted is not normally important, since the test instrument will normally be used in service calls where a problem has already been indicated by the customer.
Once the test instrument is inserted into the line, between the splitter 12 and the selected one of the ONTs 14/1 to 14/9 (see FIG. 1), 80% portions of the downstream data and video signals (i.e. at 1490 nm and 1550 nm, respectively) will pass directly through to the ONT 14/9. The ONT, thus synchronized via the received data signal, will then be able to emit its upstream (e.g. 1310-nm) data signal, an 80% portion of which will be sent upstream to the OLT 10, the other 20% portion being diverted to the detector 38.
It will be appreciated that the ratio of the coupler 32 need not be 80:20. Embodiments of the invention may employ different ratios. Generally, lower ratios entail more attenuation while higher ratios are more polarization-dependent. It should be noted, however, that preferred couplers are available commercially that have a particular band of wavelengths for which their ratios are substantially wavelength and polarization independent.
It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the measurement of optical power and to power meters, but could be applied to the measurement of other parameters, such as optical spectrum, bandwidth utilization in the transmission path or link, and so on. For example, the coupler 32 could be combined with an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) which would replace the bandpass filters 62, 64, 66, the detectors 38, 42 and 44, the measuring means 46, and the display 60, and the optical splitter 40 would be replaced by a 2×1 coupler, preferably with a 50-50 splitting ratio, to couple the ports 34 and 36 of the 2×2 coupler 32 to the single input port of the OSA, thereby combining the two 20% signal portions. It will also be appreciated that the 2×1 coupler inherently will introduce a loss, typically of 50% or more.
Of course, instead of the OSA, an alternative single-port device coupled to a 2×1 coupler could replace the components 38-66 of FIG. 2.
The bandpass filter 62 serves as a discrimination filter and is desirable to avoid undesired effects caused by optical back reflection of the 1550 nm signal, which can be acute when measurements are taken close to the OLT 10. It may be omitted, however, if the apparatus, e.g., test instrument, will normally be used close to the ONT terminal(s).
As illustrated in FIG. 3, which shows a modification to the instrument 18, the splitter 40 and bandpass filters 64 and 66 may be replaced by a wavelength demultiplexer 68 (e.g., a low optical crosstalk WDM coupler) which separates the signals according to their respective wavelengths and supplies them to the detectors 42 and 44, respectively. It will be noted that FIG. 3 omits the bandpass filter 62, but it may be included for the reasons discussed above.
The electronic measuring unit 46 may be digital rather than analog, in which case it could be a suitably programmed microcomputer. Such digital signal processing potentially is more efficient, but also likely to be more expensive.
It should be appreciated that, although each of the ONTs must receive the optical signal S2 having a wavelength of 1490 nm, or it will not transmit its own optical signal S1 of 1310 nm wavelength, it is not essential for the ONTs to receive the optical signal S3 at 1550 nm transmitted by the OLT 10. Accordingly, FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative optical test instrument 18′ which conveys only the 1490 nm signal to the ONT 14/9.
The optical power meter 18′ shown in FIG. 4 comprises a wavelength-division-multiplexer 68′ having a “combined” port connected to receptacle 22 and two “divided” ports coupled to detectors 42 and 44, respectively. The WDM 68′ separates the 1490 nm and 1550 nm optical signals S2 and S3 according to wavelength and supplies them to detectors 42 and 44, respectively. The 1550 nm detector 44 is shown connected directly to the WDM 68′ (or via an optional bandpass filter 62, shown in broken lines). The 1490 nm detector is shown connected by way of an 80:20 coupler 40′ which receives the 1490 nm signal from the WDM 68′ and splits it into first and second portions, namely an 80% portion and a 20% portion, conveying the 80% portion by way of a second coupler/splitter 32′ to receptacle 24 for transmission to the ONT and conveying the 20% portion to the detector 42 via bandpass filter 64. The respective outputs of the detectors 42 and 44 are coupled to the processor 58 for processing of their corresponding electrical signals.
Second coupler/splitter 32′ receives the 1310 nm signal 51 from ONT 14/9, via the receptacle 24, and splits the 1310 nm signal into two portions with a ratio of 80:20, conveying the 80% portion to the WDM 68′ by way of the coupler 40′ and the 20% portion to a detector 38 (or via an optional bandpass filter 66 shown in broken lines). The electrical signal from detector 38 is processed by the processor 58′, as before.
Thus, with this arrangement, the 1490 nm signal from the OLT 10 passes to the ONT 14/9 via the fiber branch 16/9, the receptacle port 22, the WDM 68′, the two couplers 40′ and 32′, receptacle 24 and fiber jumper/branch 26. Providing it is receiving the 1490 nm signal, the ONT 14/9 transmits its own 1310 nm signal, which follows substantially the same return path to the OLT 10. The couplers 32′ and 40′ extract respective small (20%) portions of the 1310 nm and 1490 nm signals for detection and processing, as required, by detectors 38, 42 and processor 58′.
It should be noted that, although the ONTs 14/1-14/9 need to receive the 1490 nm signal or they will not transmit their 1310 nm signals, it is not absolutely essential for the OLT 10 to receive those 1310 nm signals. Consequently, it would be possible for the WDM 68′ to be adapted to allow the 1490 nm signals to pass, but block the 1310 nm signals. Such an arrangement will now be described with reference to FIG. 5, which illustrates an alternative test instrument 18′′ similar to that shown in FIG. 4, in that it includes a WDM 68′′ connected between receptacle port 22 and detectors 42 and 44, detector 42 being connected to WDM 68′ by way of a filter 64 and detector 44 being coupled, optionally, by way of a filter 62, shown in broken lines. Likewise, receptacle port 24 is coupled to detector 38 by way of a coupler 32′′.
The test instrument 18′′ differs from that shown in FIG. 4, however, because it does not have a coupler/splitter 40′ coupling the signal S2 (1490 nm) to receptacle port 24, i.e., the signal S2 is not simply conveyed through the power meter and a portion tapped off for measurement. Instead, the test instrument 18′′ uses optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regeneration to regenerate the optical signal S2 from the digital equivalent of the received signal S2 supplied to the processor 58′′ and then transmits the regenerated optical signal to the ONT as the signal S2 it must receive in order to transmit its own signal S1.
Thus, test instrument 18′′ has a modulatable optical source 70, such as a light-emitting diode (LED), driven by an electrical signal from the processor unit 58′′ (produced by means of an internal digital-to-analog converter) that is the optical equivalent of the electrical signal supplied to the processor 58′′ by detector 42. The optical output from the LED 70 is applied to coupler 32′ which passes it to receptacle port 24 for transmission to the ONT 14/9. In this case, there is no optical continuity through the power meter 18′′, either upstream or downstream. Thus, the signals S2 and S3 are passed to detectors 42 and 44, respectively, via WDM 68′′ and the signal S1 passes from coupler 32′ to detector 38.
It should be appreciated that the splitter/coupler 32′ in the instruments of FIGS. 4 and 5 could be replaced by a WDM coupler corresponding to the wavelengths 1310 nm and 1490 nm.
FIG. 6 illustrates yet another test instrument 18′′′ which is similar to that shown in FIG. 3, in that it includes a WDM 68′, detectors 38, 42 and 44 for the 1310 nm, 1490 nm and 1550 nm signals, respectively, 1490 nm filter 64, a processor unit 58′′′ and, optionally, filters 62 and 66. It differs, however, in that coupler 32 is omitted and replaced by a coupler 72 with a wavelength-selective reflective device 74, such as a Bragg grating, written into the common path portion so as to reflect a portion, say about 5%, of the 1550 nm signal. The coupler 72 has ports 72A and 72B connected to the instrument ports 22 and 24, respectively, and ports 72C and 72D connected to the WDM 68′ and detector 42, respectively, the latter by way of 1490 nm filter 64.
In operation, the coupler 72 receives the 1490 nm and 1550 nm signals from receptacle 22 and conveys a portion, about 95%, of the 1550 nm signal to port 24 for transmission to the ONT 14/9 and a portion, about 5%, to the detector 42. The Bragg grating 74 reflects a portion of the 1550 nm signal, about 5%, which leaves the coupler 72 via port 72C and is applied to WDM 68′. The 1310 nm signal from ONT 14/9 passes from receptacle port 24 to the coupler 72 and, leaving the coupler via port 72C, is conveyed to the WDM 68, along with the 5% portion S3′ of the 1550 nm signal. The WDM 68′ separates the 1550 nm signal and the 1310 nm signal according to wavelength and conveys them to detectors 38 and 44, respectively, optionally by way of bandpass filters 62 and 66, respectively.
Thus, the test instrument 18′′′ provides an optical path therethrough for all three of the optical signals S1, S2 and S3.
It should be appreciated that the power meter 18′′′ could be reconfigured to reflect a portion of the 1490 nm signal rather than the 1550 nm signal, i.e, by employing a different Bragg grating 74 and transposing the detectors 42 and 44, with their filters, as appropriate.
It should also be appreciated that, in all of the above-described embodiments of the invention, the filters could be bandpass filters or a combination of low-pass and high-pass filters, and that the filters for the 1310 nm and 1550 nm signals are optional.
Moreover, it should be noted that, in the embodiments of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, the programming of processor 58′, 58′′ or 58′′′ will be suitably modified as compared with that for the embodiment of FIG. 2. Such modification will not be described herein since it should be apparent to those skilled in this art.
It should be noted that, although FIGS. 1 and 2 show the third signal S3 inserted into the OLT 10, it could be inserted later in the transmission path, for example between the OLT 10 and the splitter 12. This is especially the case if the signal S3 is a CATV signal.
It will be appreciated that, although the above-described embodiments are described as monitoring data signals S1 and S2 and CATV signals S3, the invention comprehends instruments and methods for monitoring other optical signals.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Portable apparatus embodying the present invention may be inexpensive and easy-to-use. Ease of use is especially critical when they are used for testing FTTX networks since the maintenance field technicians are generally the same personnel who maintain wire telephone connections and rarely have had significant training in fiber-optic technology.
Although embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same are by way of illustration and example only and not to be taken by way of limitation, the scope of the present invention being limited only by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. Portable apparatus for connecting into (tapping) an optical transmission path normally carrying first and second optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions, said apparatus comprising first and second connector means for connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and means connected between the first and second connector means for propagating at least one of said first and second optical signals between said first and second connector means while extracting a portion of either of said first and second signals and measuring a parameter thereof.

2. Portable apparatus for measuring parameters of at least one of optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two elements at least one of the elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2) from the other of said elements, the apparatus comprising first and second connector means for connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and means connected between the first and second connector means for propagating at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one of the elements, measuring said parameters of said first optical signal (S1) and outputting the measurement.

3. Portable apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the means connected between the first and second connectors provides an all-optical signal path between the first and second connector means for conveying said at least a portion of said second optical signal (S2).

4. Portable apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the means connected between the first and second connectors comprises
coupler means having first and second ports connected to the first and second connector means, respectively, to provide said optical signal path to convey said first (S1) and second (S2) optical signals in opposite directions between said first and second connector means, and a third port for supplying a portion (S1′) of said first optical signal (S1),
detection means for converting at least the first optical signal portion (S1′) into a corresponding electrical signal, and
measuring means for processing the electrical signal to provide an indication of said measured parameters.

5. Portable apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the coupler means has a fourth port for supplying a portion (S2′) of said second optical signal (S2), the detection means also converting at least part of the second optical signal portion (S2′) into a corresponding second electrical signal, and the measuring means processing both of the electrical signals to provide desired measurement values of parameters for each of the counter-propagating signals.

6. Portable apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, where said one of the elements also receives via said optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a different wavelength from that of said second optical signal (S2), the means connected between the first and second connectors further comprises means for measuring parameters of the third optical signal (S3).

7. Portable apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, where said one of the elements also normally receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a different wavelength to that of said second optical signal (S2), the means connected between the first and second connectors further comprises a splitter connected to the coupler means for splitting a corresponding optical signal portion (S2′, S3′) into two parts (S2′′, S3′′), each comprising portions of both the second and third optical signals, and filter means coupled to the splitter for separating the two parts according to wavelength before supplying same to said detection means.

8. Portable apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, where said one of the elements also normally receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a wavelength different from that of said second optical signal (S2), said means connected between the first and second connectors comprises a wavelength discriminator means connected to the coupler means for separating at least a portion (S2′, S3′) of each of the second and third optical signals (S2, S3) according to wavelength to obtain corresponding separate portions (S2′′, S3′′) and supplying same to said detection means.

9. Portable apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the measuring means comprises a separate detector for each of the measured optical signal portions.

10. Portable apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, where one of the optical signals is analog, the means connected between the first and second connector means is arranged to extract the time-averaged optical power of the signal.

11. Portable apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, where one (S1) of the optical signals comprises bursts of digital data alternating with lulls, the means connected between the first and second connector means is arranged to extract the average of the optical power averaged over the duration of the individual bursts.

12. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said means connected between the first and second connector means further comprises display means for displaying the parameter measurement.

13. Portable apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the means connected between the first and second connectors comprises optical-electrical-optical regeneration means (58′′, 70) for producing from a said second optical signal (S2) received from the second element a regenerated second optical signal and supplying the regenerated second optical signal to the said one of the elements as the second optical signal (S2).

14. Portable apparatus for measuring parameters of at least one of optical communications signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two optical network elements at least one of the optical network elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2) from the other of said optical network elements, the portable apparatus comprising first and second connector means for connecting to respective portions of the transmission path to connect the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, the optical network elements being located at respective distal ends of said transmission path portions, and means connected between the first and second connector means for propagating at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one of the optical network elements, measuring said parameters of said at least one of the concurrently propagating optical signals, and outputting the measured parameters.

15. A method of using portable apparatus to tap an optical transmission path carrying first and second optical signals normally propagating concurrently in opposite directions, the portable apparatus comprising first and second connector means and means connected between the first and connector means for propagating at least said second optical signal while measuring a parameter of either or each of said first and second optical signals, the method comprising the steps of using the first and second connector means to connect the portable apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and using said means connected between said first and second connector means to propagate said second optical signal while extracting a portion of either or each of said first and second optical signals and measuring a parameter thereof.

16. A method of measuring parameters of at least one of first and second optical signals normally propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two elements, at least one of the elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2) originating from the other of said elements, the method comprising the steps of:
connecting first and second connector means of portable measuring apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith,
using the apparatus to propagate at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one of the elements,
measuring said parameters of said at least one of the concurrently propagating optical signals; and
outputting the measurement.

17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the step of connecting the apparatus into the optical transmission path provides an all-optical signal path between the first and second connector means for at least said second optical signal (S2).

18. A method according to claim 17, wherein first and second ports of coupler means of the apparatus are connected to the first and second connector means, respectively, to provide said all-optical signal path for conveying said first (S1) and second (S2) optical signals in opposite directions between said first and second connector means, the method comprising the steps of:
extracting a portion (S1′) of said first optical signal (S1) from a third port of the coupler means,
converting the first optical signal portion (S1′) into a corresponding first electrical signal,
processing the first electrical signal to provide an indication of said measured parameters; and
outputting said measured parameters.

19. A method according to claim 18, further comprising the steps of
extracting from a fourth port of the coupler a portion (S2′) of said second optical signal (S2) propagating in the optical signal path;
converting the second optical signal portion (S2′) into a corresponding second electrical signal; and
processing said first and second electrical signals to provide the desired parameters for each of the first and second optical signals.

20. A method according to claim 16, wherein, where said one of the elements also receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a wavelength different from that of said second optical signal (S2), the measuring step also measures parameters of the third optical signal (S3).

21. A method according to claim 19, wherein, where said one of the elements also receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) co-propagating with the said second optical signal (S2) at a wavelength different from that of the said second optical signal (S2), the measuring step includes the steps of splitting a portion of the co-propagating second and third optical signals into two parts, each comprising portions of the second and third optical signals (S2, S3), separating each of the two parts according to wavelength, converting said parts into said second electrical signal and a third electrical signal, respectively, and also processing the third electrical signal to obtain parameters of the third optical signal (S3).

22. A method according to claim 19, wherein, where said one of the elements also receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) co-propagating with the said second optical signal (S2) at a wavelength different from that of the said second optical signal (S2), said measuring step employs a wavelength discriminator connected to the coupler for separating at least a portion (S2′, S3′) of each of the second and third optical signals (S2, S3) according to wavelength to obtain corresponding portions (S2′′, S3′′), converting the portions to said second electrical signal and a third electrical signal, respectively, and also processing the third electrical signal to obtain parameters of said third optical signal (S3).

23. A method according to claim 16, wherein the measuring step uses a separate detector for each measured optical signal.

24. A method according to claim 16, wherein, where one of the optical signals is analog, the step of measuring said parameters derives the time-averaged optical power of the signal.

25. A method according to claim 16, wherein, where the optical signal whose parameters are measured comprises bursts of digital data alternating with lulls, the measuring step derives the average of the optical power of said optical signal averaged over the duration of the individual bursts.

26. A method according to claim 16, wherein the step of outputting the measured parameters comprising displaying the parameter measurements.

27. A method according to claim 16, wherein the measurements are performed upon optical signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between network elements in a passive optical network.

28. A method according to claim 20, wherein the propagating and measuring steps comprise the steps of using optical-electrical-optical regeneration to produce from said second optical signal (S2) received from the second element a regenerated second optical signal and supplying the regenerated second optical signal to the said one of the elements as the second optical signal (S2).

29. A method of measuring parameters of at least one of optical communications signals propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path between two optical network elements in an optical network, at least one of the optical network elements being operative to transmit a first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive a second optical signal (S2), the method comprising the steps of:
connecting first and second connector means of portable measuring apparatus to respective portions of the optical transmission path to connect the apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, the optical network elements being located at respective distal ends of said transmission path portions,
using the apparatus to propagate at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one of the optical network elements,
measuring said parameters of said at least one of the concurrently propagating optical signals; and
outputting the measured parameters.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the propagating and measuring steps comprise the steps of using optical-electrical-optical regeneration to produce from said second optical signal (S2) received from the second element a regenerated second optical signal and supplying the regenerated second optical signal to the said one of the elements as the second optical signal (S2).

31. A method according to claim 29, wherein, where said one of the elements also normally receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a different wavelength to that of said second optical signal (S2), the propagating and measuring steps comprise the steps of separating the second and third optical signals (S2, S3) according to wavelength, supplying a portion (S2′) of the second signal to the detection means and supplying the remainder of second signal (S2) to the second connector.

32. A method according to claim 31, wherein the propagation and measuring steps use a coupler to convey said remainder of the second signal (S2) to the second connecting means and said first optical signal (S1) to the detection means.

33. A method according to claim 29, wherein said propagating and measuring steps use wavelength-selective reflective means (72) to propagate said second optical signal (S2) and extract a portion (S1′) of at least one of the optical signals and supply the extracted portion (S1′) for detection.

34. A method according to claim 33, wherein, where said one of the elements also normally receives via the optical transmission path a third optical signal (S3) at a wavelength different from that of said second optical signal (S2), the wavelength-selective reflective means is used to extract portions (S1′, S3′) of the first and third optical signals, respectively, and wavelength discrimination means (68′) is used to separate the two portions according to wavelength, the separated portions being applied to detection means.

35. A method according to claim 17, wherein coupler means (32) is used to provide said all-optical path for conveying said first (S1) and second (S2) optical signals in opposite directions between said first and second connector means and to supply portions (S1′, S2′) of said first optical signal (S1) and said second optical signal (S2) to respective ports of a second coupler serving as an optical combiner, the measurement of said parameters being performed by an optical spectrum analyzer connected to another port of said second coupler to receive said portions (S1′, S2′).

36. Portable measuring apparatus for measuring a parameter of each of a first optical signal (S1) and a second optical signal (S2) propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path (16, 16/1, . . . , 16/9) between two network elements (10, 14/1, . . . , 14/9), at least one (14/1, . . . , 14/9) of the network elements being operative to transmit the first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive the second optical signal (S2) from the other (10) of said network elements, the portable measuring apparatus comprising first and second connector means (22, 24) for connecting the portable measuring apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and propagating and measuring means (32, 38, 46) connected between the first and second connector means for propagating at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one (14) of the network elements, the propagating and measuring means (32, 38, 46) being operable to measure a parameter of each of the first optical signal (S1) and the second optical signal (S2).

37. A method of measuring a parameters of each of a first optical signal (S1) and a second optical signal (S2) propagating concurrently in opposite directions in an optical transmission path (16, 16/1, . . . , 16/9) between two network elements (10, 14/1, . . . , 14/9), at least one (14/1, . . . , 14/9) of the network elements being operative to transmit the first optical signal (S1) only if it continues to receive the second optical signal (S2), the method comprising the steps of:
connecting first and second connector means (22, 24) of portable measuring apparatus into the optical transmission path in series therewith, and using the portable measuring apparatus to propagate at least said second optical signal (S2) towards said at least one (14) of the network elements, and measure a parameter of each of the first optical signal (S1) and the second optical signal (S2).