1 The Honorable James G. Mixon, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the

Eastern and Western Districts of Arkansas.

United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

____________

No. 08-6051

____________

In re: Theresa Marshall, *

*

Debtor *

*

Theresa Marshall, * Appeal from the United States

* Bankruptcy Court for the

Debtor - Appellant, * Eastern District of Arkansas

*

vs. *

*

Mark T. McCarty, Chapter 13 Trustee, *

*

Movant - Appellee *

____________

Submitted: May 26, 2009

Filed: June 23, 2009

____________

Before FEDERMAN, MAHONEY and SALADINO, Bankruptcy Judges

FEDERMAN, Bankruptcy Judge

Debtor Theresa Marshall appeals from an order of the Bankruptcy Court1

 which

denied her motion to extend the automatic stay, dismissed her Chapter 13 case with

prejudice, and barred her from filing another bankruptcy case for one year. The
2

Debtor claims that the Court erred in dismissing her case when she had made a

substantial number of her payments in previously filed cases. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The Debtor filed this Chapter 13 petition on June 9, 2008. This is her fourth

Chapter 13 case since 1995, all of which were filed on the eve of foreclosure.

Throughout her various bankruptcy proceedings, the Debtor filed numerous motions

contesting the amount she owes on her mortgage. She has hired and fired eight

attorneys and is now representing herself pro se on appeal. 

In each of those prior cases, the Debtor paid a substantial amount of money into

the plan before ultimately failing to complete her requirements. The first case was

filed in November 1995 and was dismissed in December 2001. Because the Debtor

had not made all of her plan payments, she exited that case with an arrearage on her

mortgage obligation. Two months later, the Debtor again filed for bankruptcy

protection. That case was dismissed in May 2005 for the Debtor’s failure to comply

with an agreed “strict compliance order” requiring her to make timely payments to her

trustee. These missed payments caused the arrearage on her mortgage to increase

since no funds remained above her regular monthly mortgage debt to settle this

amount and its accumulating interest. After three months, in August 2005, the Debtor

filed yet another bankruptcy case. During this case, the parties again agreed to a strict

compliance order requiring the Debtor to make all her payments in full and on time

from January 2008 to June 2008. After the Debtor failed to comply with the order,

that case was dismissed. 

Four months later, on June 9, 2008, the Debtor filed the instant case within the

period of the strict compliance order in the last case. Both the mortgage holder and

the Chapter 13 Trustee moved to dismiss the case for bad faith. In dismissing this
2 First Nat’l Bank of Olathe v. Pontow (In re Pontow), 111 F.3d 604, 609

(8th Cir. 1997). 

3

 In re Casse, 198 F.3d 327, 337-38 (2d Cir. 1999).

4

 Id. at 341. 

5 Official Comm. Of Unsecured Creditors v. Farmland Indus., Inc. (In re

Farmland Indus, Inc.), 397 F.3d 647, 651 (8th Cir. 2005). 

3

case, the Bankruptcy Court found this filing was “abusive in the extreme” because it

allowed the Debtor, for a second time, to circumvent her strict compliance agreement.

After a hearing on the motions to dismiss, which included another challenge of the

amount owed on the arrearage, the Court dismissed the current Chapter 13 case,

denied her motion to extend the stay as moot, and barred her from filing again for one

year. It is that order from which the Debtor now appeals. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review findings of fact for clear error and legal conclusions de novo.

2

 The

Bankruptcy Court has discretion to dismiss a Chapter 13 case and to impose

limitations on refiling.3

 Both decisions are reviewed under an abuse of discretion

standard.4

 An abuse of discretion occurs when the Bankruptcy Court “fails to apply

the proper legal standard or bases its order on findings of fact that are clearly

erroneous.”5

 
6 Debtor also appeals the Bankruptcy Court’s decision to deny as moot her

motion to impose the automatic stay under § 362(a). Since we are affirming the

dismissal, we need not address this issue. 

7

 In re Molitor, 76 F.3d 218, 220 (8th Cir. 1996). See also Marrama v.

Citizens Bank of Massachusetts, 549 U.S. 365, 127 S.Ct. 1105, 166 L.Ed.2d 956

(2007) (holding that atypical bad faith conduct is grounds to dismiss a Chapter 13

case, or to deny conversion of a case from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7).

8

 Matter of Smith, 848 F.2d 813, 816, n. 2 (7th Cir. 1988). 

9 In re Molitor, 76 F.3d at 220.

4

DISCUSSION

The Debtor claims that the Bankruptcy Court’s dismissal of her Chapter 13 case

was an abuse of discretion.6

 The Bankruptcy Court dismissed the case due to the

abusive effect of the Debtor’s repeated attempts to relitigate the amount she owed on

the mortgage arrearage and to circumvent strict compliance orders by filing new cases.

Courts may dismiss a case under § 1307(c) if such case was filed in bad faith.7

Whether a Chapter 13 debtor is acting in bad faith is an issue of fact for the

Bankruptcy Court to determine and will only be overturned if clearly erroneous.8

The bad faith determination focuses on the totality of the circumstances,

including whether the debtor has stated his debts and expenses accurately; whether he

has made any fraudulent misrepresentation to mislead the bankruptcy court; or

whether he has unfairly manipulated the Bankruptcy Code.9

 For automatic stay

purposes, a case is presumed to be filed in bad faith if a debtor’s previous case “was

dismissed within [the preceding] 1-year period, after the debtor failed to . . . perform

the terms of a plan confirmed by the court” or “there has not been a substantial change

in the financial or personal affairs of the debtor since the dismissal of the next most
10 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(3)(C)(i).

11 Id.

12 See In re Casse, 198 F.3d at 334.

13 Id. at 341.

5

previous case . . . .”10 The Debtor may rebut this presumption only by a showing of

clear and convincing evidence.11

The Debtor has failed to meet this burden. While she has, throughout her

various bankruptcy cases, made significant payments to her creditors, her failure to

comply with more than one strict compliance order was properly considered in

determining her bad faith. The Bankruptcy Court also properly considered the amount

of time the Debtor has “reposed herself in bankruptcy,” her pattern of making

unsuccessful filings on the eve of foreclosure, and her history of filing excessive

motions throughout the various bankruptcy cases. The Bankruptcy Court’s finding

that the Debtor’s conduct in refiling her petition to circumvent the strict compliance

order was “abusive in the extreme” is not clearly in error. In these circumstances, the

Bankruptcy Court properly found that the Debtor unfairly manipulated the Code and

was operating in bad faith. 

While not directly raised in the Debtor’s appeal, since she is filing pro se, we

will consider the propriety of the Bankruptcy Court’s order barring her from refiling

for one year. Whether a bankruptcy court has the authority to bar subsequent Chapter

13 filings presents a question of law which is reviewed under a de novo standard.12

If the court has the power to issue that order, its decision to do so will be reviewed

under an abuse of discretion standard.13

Bankruptcy courts “invariably derive from § 105(a) or § 349(a) of the Code .

. . the power to sanction bad-faith serial filers . . . by prohibiting further bankruptcy
14 Id. at 337, 338. Appellate courts in the Second and Fourth Circuits have

upheld the practice. See id.; In re Tomlin, 105 F.3d 933 (4th Cir. 1997). 

However, the Tenth Circuit found that the 180 day bar in § 109 (g) provides an

absolute upward limit. In re Frieouf, 938 F.2d 1099 (10th Cir. 1993). This

decision has been criticized by multiple courts. See Casse at 340 (rejecting Frieouf

and adopting a textual interpretation of § 349(a) that permits a court with cause to

dismiss a case with prejudice to the filing of a subsequent petition); In re Earl, 140

B.R. 728, 741 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1992) (arguing for broad power under § 105(a)

due to similarity to 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a)). Over the past fifteen years, bankruptcy

courts in the Eighth Circuit have consistently followed the majority view. See n.

17, infra. 

15 In re Tomlin, 105 F.3d at 937. 

16 See In re Ventura, 375 B.R. 103, 109 (Bankr. E.D. N.Y. 2007). See also In

re Robinson, 198 B.R. 1017 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1996) (sanction appropriate where

filing made to deal with specific problem of imminent foreclosure with no effort

made to reorganize). 

17 See In re Tolbert, 258 B.R. 387 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 2001) (imposing three

year restriction where debtor filed eight cases solely to protect his assets with no

reasonable prospect of reorganizing); In re Belden, 144 B.R. 1010 (Bankr. D.

Minn 1992) (barring debtor with pattern of making minimal payments to satisfy

trustee at confirmation and then resuming noncompliance); In re Rusher, 283 B.R.

544 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 2002) (enjoining for three years debtor who used successive

filings to retain all of her assets without making plan payments or confirming a

6

filings for [over] 180 days.”14 In evaluating whether to bar subsequent filings, courts

have recognized that “a dismissal order that bars subsequent litigation is a severe

sanction warranted only by egregious misconduct.”15 Court orders prohibiting refiling

often occur “where a debtor files a series of bankruptcy petitions that are strategically

timed to thwart a secured creditor from foreclosing on its collateral” or where the

debtor files a subsequent petition in violation of a previous order.16 Thus, Courts in

this circuit have barred refiling to allow a creditor to exercise its rights under state law

where serial filings abuse the bankruptcy process and cannot be prevented by an

injunction under § 109(g).17
plan ); In re Mattson, 241 B.R. 629 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1999) (“Failing to prohibit

the debtors from future bankruptcy filings would give them an open opportunity to

continue to frustrate the Objecting Creditors’ attempts to collect.”).

18 The Clerk is directed to enter an order granting the Debtor’s motion to file

a second amended reply brief, which brief we considered in this appeal.

77

The Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the Debtor’s

petition with prejudice to refiling for one year. While the Debtor in previous cases has

made an effort to pay money into the plan, the Bankruptcy Court had the discretion to

determine that her manipulation of the filing process to avoid her strict compliance

agreements is sufficiently egregious to justify a year long ban. 

CONCLUSION

The Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the Debtor’s

Chapter 13 case and barring her from filing for one year. Accordingly, the Bankruptcy

Court’s judgment is affirmed.18