# Patent

## Title
Spray head for a mobile fluid distribution system

## Abstract

A spray head for a fluid distribution system that includes a spray head base defining a fluid inlet passage connected to a spray head body, a pair of deflectors extending outwardly from the base and the body, respectively, defining a fluid outlet passage, a piston disposed in a chamber of the body defining a variable orifice between the inlet and outlet, and a deflector plate positioned on an inner surface of the deflector of the base having a deflector plate surface opposing the variable orifice.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for fluid distribution and, more particularly, to a system and method for controlled distribution of a fluid in a mobile environment. More specifically, this disclosure relates to the spray head component of such systems.
BACKGROUND
Fluid distribution systems, in particular mobile fluid distribution systems, are used in a variety of applications. For example, at mining and construction sites, it is common to use mobile fluid distribution systems to spray water over routes and work areas to minimize the creation of dust during operations. A specific example might include a water truck that sprays water over roads at a mine site.
Other applications of mobile fluid distribution systems may include spraying of pesticides and herbicides, e.g., for agricultural use, disbursement of saline solutions on roads for snow and ice control, fire suppression, and the like.
For various reasons, such as cost and consistent fluid application, it is desired to maintain control of the amount and pattern of fluids being distributed, in particular with regard to maintaining a uniform and consistent application of fluid per unit of area. For example, when spraying water on mine roads, it may be desired to uniformly distribute the water over the road surface to avoid applying excess water in specific locations. In particular, it is desired to provide a spray head capable of distributing fluid in a consistently wide spray that is less dependent on flow rate or pressure. The desire is to provide consistent spray patterns in areas, such as on inclines and at intersections, where flow rates may be decreased due to decreased machine speed or the need to decrease the amount of fluid per unit area.
Typical fluid distribution systems spray fluids at flows that are directly proportional to engine speeds of the mobile machines. Operators attempt to keep the fluid flow relatively constant by maintaining constant engine speeds, at least to the extent possible. These efforts typically require operating mobile machines at reduced transmission gear ratios to maintain desired engine speeds. However, these efforts cannot be maintained, for example, when ascending or descending steep inclines, conditions which generally require changing engine speeds. The spray head's spray pattern changes as the flow changes, making it difficult for an operator to distribute the desired fluid per unit of area without causing spray overlap, often significant in nature, from multiple spray heads that causes poor traction conditions. More specifically, at low rates of speed, and the accompanying low flow rates, the spray width will typically be considerably decreased, resulting in poor consistency in coverage.
Efforts have been made to maintain fluid flow in proportion to machine speed, i.e., ground speed, rather than engine speed. Although this has resulted in improved fluid distribution per unit area, it is still difficult to maintain precise control during various operating maneuvers, such as starting and stopping, and as operating conditions vary. Furthermore, many of these systems still distribute fluids in proportion to fluid flow, which adds to the difficulty of consistent application per unit of area.
One example of an attempt to achieve uniform fluid application is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,410 to Brown et al. (the Brown patent). Brown employs spray heads with variable orifices to attempt maintenance of constant velocities and exit flow trajectories. The spray heads are pressure controlled, however, relying on pressure of the fluid being sprayed to overcome a spring force to open the spray nozzle. Furthermore, the components that are used to control the nozzle are located in the main fluid flow chamber, and thus are susceptible to corrosion and contamination by particles and debris in the fluid. As a result, the system would still have difficulty achieving consistent application of the fluid per unit of area during various operating conditions.
The present disclosure is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above.
SUMMARY
In one aspect of the present disclosure a fluid distribution system is disclosed. The system includes a power source, a pump driven by the power source, and a motor driven by the pump. The system also includes a spray head with a fluid inlet passage, a fluid outlet passage, a fluid piston disposed in a chamber for controlled access between the inlet and outlet passages and defining a variable orifice, and a hydraulic cylinder controllably engaged to the orifice. The fluid piston and the hydraulic cylinder are aligned with a common longitudinal axis, and the inlet passage is offset from the axis in a direction opposed to the location of the outlet passage.
In another aspect of the present disclosure a method for distributing a fluid is disclosed. The method includes determining a ground speed of a mobile machine, determining a flow of fluid being delivered to a spray head having a variable orifice, comparing the determined flow to a desired fluid flow, controlling a motor to maintain the desired fluid flow, and controlling the variable orifice as a function of the ground speed and independent of fluid flow to maintain a desired spray pattern to provide a consistent and uniform distribution of fluid.
In yet another aspect of the present disclosure a spray head for a fluid distribution system is disclosed. The spray head includes a fluid inlet passage, a fluid outlet passage, a fluid piston disposed in a chamber for controlled access between the inlet and outlet passages and defining a variable orifice, and a hydraulic cylinder controllably engaged to the orifice. The fluid piston and the hydraulic cylinder are aligned with a common longitudinal axis, and the inlet passage is offset from the axis in a direction opposed to the location of the outlet passage.
In yet another aspect of the present disclosure the spray head includes a base defining a fluid inlet passage, a spray head body connected to the base, a first deflector extending outward from the spray head base that has an inner surface, a second deflector extending outward from the spray head base that also has an inner surface, the surfaces of the first and second deflector disposed in opposing, spaced relation defining the fluid outlet passage of the spray head. A piston is disposed in a chamber of the spray head body that defines a variable orifice to control flow from the fluid inlet to the outlet passage. This spray head includes a deflector plate disposed on the inner surface of the second deflector that includes a first end, a second end, and an inner deflector surface extending between the first and second ends opposing the variable orifice. Fluid exiting the variable orifice is forced against the inner deflector surface allowing for improved fluid distribution control.
In yet another embodiment, the inner deflector just described is combined with an internal diverter that is joined to the piston, the internal diverter being positioned within the inlet passage when the variable orifice is in a closed position.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a mobile machine suited for use with the present disclosure;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrammatic views of a spray head suited for use with the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a cut-away view of the spray head of FIGS. 2A and 2B;
FIG. 4 is a representative block diagram of a fluid distribution system;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are representative diagrams of a hydraulic system suited for use with the fluid distribution system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting a method of the present disclosure;
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting another method of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of an operator control suited for use with the present disclosure.
FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C are perspective illustrations of a spray head of the present disclosure.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-sectional illustrations of the spray head of FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C.
FIG. 11 is an expanded view of the spray head of FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C.
FIG. 12 is an expanded view of another embodiment of a spray head;
FIG. 13 is a second expanded view of the spary head of FIG. 12;
FIGS. 14A and 14B are side and top views of a diverter plate.
FIGS. 15A and 15B are a cross-sectional illustrations of the spray head of FIGS. 12-13, shown in open and closed position, respectively.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to the drawings, a mobile fluid distribution system 100 and method for distributing fluids is shown.
Referring to FIG. 1 in particular, a mobile machine 102 suited for use for distributing fluids is depicted. The mobile machine 102 of FIG. 1 is shown as a truck, i.e., typical for use in off-highway applications, converted for use to distribute fluids. However, other types of mobile machines may be employed, for example, articulated trucks, on-highway trucks, tractor-scrapers, tractors in combination with trailers, and the like.
Although not labeled as such in FIG. 1, the mobile machine 102 is fitted with a fluid tank (element 430 in FIG. 4), and is shown with a variety of piping, hoses, pumps and valves for fluid distribution purposes. In particular, the mobile machine 102 in FIG. 1 is shown as an off-highway truck configured as a water truck for spraying water at a work site that typically generates much dust during work operations. The present disclosure, however, may also apply to other types of mobile machines set up to distribute water or other types of fluids in a wide variety of applications. For example, a tractor pulling a trailer may be used to distribute chemicals in agricultural settings, an on-highway truck may be configured to spray a saline solution on roads, runways, or parking lots to melt snow and ice, and other varieties of applications and setups may be used.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate views of a spray head 200 that may be used with the present disclosure. As shown more clearly and in more detail in FIG. 3, the spray head 200 may be assembled in relation to a longitudinal axis 312 for reference purposes. For example, the spray head 200 includes a fluid inlet passage 302 and a fluid outlet passage 304. The outlet passage 304 may be located at a position offset from the longitudinal axis 312. The inlet passage 302 may be located at a position offset from the longitudinal axis 312 and in a direction opposed to the location of the outlet passage 304. The location of the inlet passage 302 relative to the location of the outlet passage 304, i.e., on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis 312, may contribute to providing a laminar flow of fluid from the spray head 200. Such laminar flow may result in a flat spray pattern having droplets of a minimal size large enough to achieve reduced atomization of the fluid. In a water truck example, this may contribute to optimal fluid control from the spray head 200 to a desired surface during mobile spraying.
A fluid piston 306 disposed in a chamber 307 of the spray head 200 defines a variable orifice 308 and may provide controlled access between the inlet passage 302 and the outlet passage 304. Movement of the fluid piston may be controlled via any suitable means known in the art, such as, e.g., with a single or double acting hydraulic cylinder or an electric motor ballscrew. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, a hydraulic cylinder 310 is controllably engaged to the orifice 308. The hydraulic cylinder 310 includes a hydraulic piston 316 connected to a rod 322, which in turn is connected to the fluid piston 306. In operation, as the hydraulic piston 316 is controlled to move, i.e., linear with the longitudinal axis 312, the rod 322 moves and the fluid piston 306 subsequently moves, which results in a change in size of the orifice 308.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the hydraulic cylinder 310 is a double acting hydraulic cylinder 310. That is, the hydraulic cylinder 310 is hydraulically controlled to move in either direction. In more detail, the hydraulic piston 316 includes a head end 318 and a rod end 320. The hydraulic cylinder 310 includes a first hydraulic port 324 positioned to allow hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic cylinder 310 at the rod end 320, and a second hydraulic port 326 positioned to allow hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic cylinder 310 at the head end 318. Detailed operation of hydraulic circuits that may be used to control the spray heads 200 is described below.
The hydraulic cylinder 310 may include a spring 328 disposed in the head end 318. The spring 328 may provide additional force to hold the orifice 308 in a closed position, for example when the hydraulic circuits are shut down. The spring 328 may also be used to supplement the force applied to the head end 318 of the hydraulic cylinder 310. For example, the spring 328 may be selected having a desired compression rate (e.g., force per unit of compression). The total forces applied to the head end 318 may be from a combination of hydraulic fluid supplied to the second hydraulic port 326 and the force of the spring 328, and the total forces applied to the rod end 320 may be from a combination of hydraulic fluid supplied to the first hydraulic port 324 and pressure from fluid entering the inlet passage 302. If the fluid pressure entering the inlet passage 302 is kept fairly constant, then control of the degree of opening of the orifice 308 may be attained by varying the hydraulic fluid to the first hydraulic port 324.
It is noted that the spray head 200 may be configured for control of the fluid piston 306 by use of other configurations. For example, the hydraulic cylinder 310 may be configured without the second hydraulic port 326 and the associated hydraulic components, thus relying on hydraulic pressure on the rod end 320 and spring pressure on the head end 318.
It is further noted that the spray head 200 may be configured for control by other than a hydraulic piston 316. For example, the hydraulic cylinder 310, hydraulic piston, 316, and all associated hydraulic circuits and components could be replaced by electrical or mechanical actuators. As specific examples, the fluid piston 306 may be controlled by an electrical actuator such as a solenoid (not shown), or may be controlled by a mechanical actuator which may include any of a variety of cams, screws, levers, fulcrums, and the like (also not shown).
The hydraulic cylinder 310 may be fluidically isolated from the chamber 307, thus isolating the fluid that passes through the orifice 308 from the hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic cylinder 310. This design offers the advantage of keeping particles and contaminants away from the components in the hydraulic cylinder 310, for example when water from retaining ponds is used for dust suppression applications.
The spray head 200 may include one or more fluid deflectors 314 connected to the spray head 200 and configured to control a fluid distribution pattern from the outlet passage 304. For example, two fluid deflectors 314 are shown in FIG. 3 (and may be viewed in FIGS. 2A and 2B, although not labeled as such). The fluid deflectors 314 may be configured to control the fluid distribution pattern, for example in a laminar flow, from the outlet passage 304 in furtherance of the laminar flow control that may be provided by the above-described specific locations of the inlet and outlet passages 302,304 relative to the longitudinal axis 312.
A seal plate 330, attached to the fluid piston 306, may be used to further deflect fluid to attain a desired spray pattern, for example by designing the seal plate 330 with a desired shape and physical configuration.
Referring to FIG. 4, a block diagram of a representative portion of a fluid distribution system 100 is shown. For exemplary purposes, FIG. 4 is described as applied to a mobile machine 102, i.e., an off-highway truck, set up for use as a water truck at a mining or construction site, although the fluid distribution system 100 shown in FIG. 4 could be used in other applications as noted above.
A power source 402 to supply power for the fluid distribution system 100 may also be used to supply motive power for the mobile machine 102. For example, the power source 402 may include a prime mover 404 for the mobile machine 102. The prime mover 404 may include an engine 406 drivingly connected to the mobile machine 102 and a transmission 408 driven by the engine 406. The engine 406 and transmission 408 may be chosen from among many types and configurations that are well known in the art. It is also well known to use the power supplied by prime movers 404 for other purposes in addition to providing motive power. For example, an off-highway truck, prior to being configured for water distribution applications, may have been designed to use power from the prime mover 404 for applications such as raising and lowering a truck bed.
A pump 410, driven by the power source 402, is in turn configured to drive a motor 412. The pump 410 may be driven by the engine 406 or the transmission 408 by means that are known in the art, and may be a hydraulic pump 410 as is also known in the art. The pump 410 may be configured to drive the motor 412 by well known hydraulic means. A hydraulic tank 428 may be used to supply and recover hydraulic fluid to and from the pump 410 and motor 412.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the pump 410 may be a fixed displacement type and the motor 412 may be variable displacement. For example, an off-highway truck configured for use as a water truck may have an existing fixed displacement pump 410 already in place for other purposes. Adding a variable displacement motor 412 may offer advantages in control of the fluid distribution system 100, for example by enabling control of fluid pressure to maintain the fluid at a constant desired pressure regardless of engine speed or ground speed. A fixed displacement pump 410 may still be used for applications other than fluid distribution without being affected by changes in fluid distribution parameters. For example, the pump 410 may drive the motor 412 and also drive a system for cooling brake components (not shown). The brake cooling system would not be affected by load changes from the fluid distribution system 100. In alternative embodiments, the pump 410 and motor 412 may be other combinations of fixed and variable displacement devices, for example a variable displacement pump and a fixed displacement motor.
The motor 412 is fluidly connected to one or more spray heads 200, e.g., three spray heads as shown in FIG. 4. More specifically, the motor 412 may provide hydraulic power to a fluid pump 426, which in turn delivers fluid by way of fluid lines 432 to the inlet passages 302 and through the orifices 308 of the spray heads 200. The fluid pump may obtain fluid from a fluid tank 430, for example a water tank mounted on a water truck.
Although the three spray heads 200 in FIG. 4 are shown connected by common fluid lines 432 to the fluid pump 426, each spray head 200 may be independently controllable. In addition, each spray head 200 may include an orifice 308 that is continuously variable from a fully closed position to a fully open position, as distinguished from an orifice that is capable of only being open or closed.
A ground speed sensor 414, located on the mobile machine 102, may be configured to sense a ground speed as the machine moves. The ground speed sensor 414 may be located to sense ground speed based on operation of the transmission 408, rotational movement of a ground engaging member (not shown) such as a wheel, or by some other method known in the art.
A fluid pressure sensor 416 may be located to sense pressure of fluid in fluid lines 432, or alternatively fluid pressure exiting fluid pump 426.
An engine speed sensor 418 may be located to sense the speed of the engine 406.
A transmission state sensor 420 may be located to sense the state, e.g., forward, neutral, or reverse, of the transmission 408. The transmission state sensor 420 may alternatively sense direction of motion of the mobile machine 102 to determine transmission state.
Any of the above sensors may be configured to directly sense a desired parameter, may sense one or more secondary parameters and derive a value for the desired parameter, or may determine a value for the desired parameter by some other indirect means. Operation of the above sensors for their intended purposes are well known in the art and will not be described further.
A controller 422 may receive sensed or derived signals from the ground speed sensor 414, the fluid pressure sensor 416, the engine speed sensor 418, and the transmission state sensor 420. The controller 422 may also be controllably connected to one or more of the motor 412 and the spray heads 200. For example, and as described in more detail below, the controller 422 may use information received from the ground speed sensor 414 and the fluid pressure sensor 416 to determine a desired fluid pressure to maintain, and responsively control the variable displacement of the motor 412 to maintain a constant fluid pressure. The controller 422 may also use information received from the engine speed sensor 418 for further control of the variable displacement motor 412. The controller 422 may also use the above received information to control the variable orifices 308 of the spray heads 200 to control a flow rate of the fluid being delivered to and sprayed from the spray heads 200. In one specific example, the controller 422 may determine from the transmission state sensor 420 if the mobile machine 102 is moving in reverse, and responsively shut off the fluid distribution system 100 during this condition.
An operator control device 424, located in a cab compartment (not shown) of the mobile machine 102, may provide an operator with a variety of control and display functions for the fluid distribution system 100. The operator control 424 may be of any desired configuration and may be custom designed for specific mobile machines and applications.
Referring to FIG. 8, the operator control 424 may include a display 802. The display 802 may be used to provide visual indication of a wide variety of information including, but not limited to, a current operating mode of the fluid distribution system 100, various sensed and determined parameters (such as engine and ground speeds, fluid pressures, and the like) fluid levels in the fluid tank 430, and any other information desired to be provided. The display 802 may include visual display of information and may also include audible alerts such as low levels of fluid in the fluid tank 430, and the like.
Various operating modes may be selected from the operator control 424 through the use of a wide variety of operator input devices (not shown) which may include, but are not limited to, switches, dials, levers, joysticks, buttons, and the like. FIG. 8 lists a sampling of available modes in no particular order. The list is not meant to be all-inclusive and additional modes may be made available as desired.
Pre-programmed spray modes may allow an operator to select from among a variety of spray modes based on the intended application. It may also be a feature that additional modes may be programmed for later use.
Manual mode may allow an operator to set up desired parameters, for example selecting a desired pressure, flow rate, number of active spray heads, spray pattern, and the like.
Intermittent mode may allow an operator to select a pulsing spray pattern that may be adjusted as a function of time or spray distance.
Fire fighting mode may allow the fluid to be diverted to a spray cannon (not shown), hose reel (not shown), and/or to any combination of spray heads 200.
Tank fill mode may enable pumps and valves needed to pump fluid into the fluid tank 430. Tank fill mode may be set up to be automatic, semi-automatic, or manual. Alternatively to pumping fluid into the fluid tank 430, tank fill mode may provide for filling of the fluid tank 430 by gravity or external pumping means.
Cleanout mode may be used to open each orifice 308 to a maximum open position to flush debris from the spray heads 200. This feature may be particularly useful, for example, when a water truck obtains water from a pond or stream, thus introducing sediment, debris and particles into the fluid tank 430.
Oncoming traffic cutout mode may be used to quickly and easily shut off specific spray heads 200 that otherwise would undesirably direct spray onto objects, such as other vehicles passing the mobile machine 102. This feature may be needed for a short duration only, and thus may be controlled by use of a momentary contact switch or trigger.
Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, various embodiments of a hydraulic system 500 suited to control a portion of the fluid distribution system 100 is shown. The hydraulic system 500 is representative only and is not meant to be limiting in scope and application. For illustrative purposes only, four spray heads 200 are shown.
Each hydraulic cylinder 310 may be double acting, i.e., each hydraulic piston 316 is controlled at both a head end 318 and a rod end 320. A head end valve 502, hydraulically connected to the second hydraulic port 326, is controlled to apply pressure to the head end 318, thus driving the orifice 308 toward a closed position. A rod end valve 504, hydraulically connected to the first hydraulic port 324, is controlled to apply pressure to the rod end 320, thus driving the orifice 308 toward an open position.
FIG. 5A depicts one head end valve 502 controlling all spray heads 200 simultaneously, and one rod end valve 504 controlling each spray head 200 individually. In this configuration, the single head end valve 502 applies pressure to all spray heads 200 toward a closed position, and each rod end valve 504 is independently controlled to apply pressure to a corresponding spray head 200 toward an open position. Other configurations may be used, however, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, as depicted in FIG. 5B, multiple head end valves 502 may be used to control a corresponding number of spray heads 200 individually.
A hydraulic supply 506 and a hydraulic tank 508 supply hydraulic fluid to and from the head end and rod end valves 502,504. Although the hydraulic supply 506 and hydraulic tank 508 are shown as separate units for each valve (for ease of illustration), it is contemplated that one hydraulic supply 506 provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to all of the valves 502,504, and one hydraulic tank 508 provides a return to tank path for all of the valves 502,504. The hydraulic supply 506 may be a dedicated supply, e.g., a pilot supply, located on the mobile machine 102, or may be part of a larger hydraulic system which may include the pump 410. In like manner, the hydraulic tank 508 may be a separate tank or may be associated with the hydraulic tank 428.
With reference to FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C, another embodiment of the present disclosure is displayed. As seen in these figures, both a first fluid deflector 901 and a second fluid deflector 902 are integrated as cast-in contoured aspects of spray head 200 components as opposed to having right angled tabs that serve as the connection joint, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. That is, first fluid deflector 901 is integrated with body 903, and second fluid deflector 902 is integrated with base 912. As shown, first fluid deflector 901 and second fluid deflector 902 are joined to spray head body 903 at positions likely to minimize the stress on the deflectors 901,902 themselves. FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C further show how o-ring 904 and clamp ring 905, which comprise multiple pieces, are oriented to form a fluid-tight interface between the component delivering fluid to spray head 200 and spray head 200 itself.
FIGS. 10A and 10B show further distinguishing aspects of this embodiment when compared to FIG. 3. In particular, FIG. 10A shows spray head 200 with piston 1001 in the open position, such that fluid entering spray head 200 at inlet passage 302 is permitted to exit spray head 200 at outlet passage 304, while FIG. 10B shows spray head 200 with piston 1001 in the closed position.
Seal 1002 is joined to piston 1001 and acts to prevent fluid from entering hydraulic cylinder 310 and prevent fluid from entering spray head 200 via inlet passage 302 when piston 1001 is in the closed position, as shown in FIG. 10B. Seal 1002 may be made of any suitable material, such as a polymer, that is able to prevent fluid movement into hydraulic cylinder 310, withstand the wear of fluid engaging the surface of seal 1002 throughout operation of spray head 200, and form a reliable fluid-tight interface between inlet passage 302 and seal 1002.
Internal diverter 1003 may also joined to piston 1001 and seal 1002 using any acceptable joining means, such as, e.g., the screw shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that the presence of internal diverter 1003 may introduce turbulence in the fluid flowing through spray head 200, and that the induced turbulence allows the fluid flow to be more accurately controlled and be more predictable. In existing spray heads without an internal diverter, spray flow has been shown to be heavily concentrated in the middle of the spray width by as much as five times the concentration as the amount distributed at the periphery of the spray width. As indicated, the presence of the internal diverter 1003 reduces the variance in the concentration of the spray across the spray width. Internal diverter 1003 may be made of any suitable material such as, in one example, a polymer. Internal diverter 1003 may be of any suitable shape, such as, e.g., the wedge shape shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. However, it is probable that the beneficial impact of internal diverter 1003 is due at least in part to the amount of area of inlet passage 302 that is obstructed by the presence of internal diverter 1003. That is, it may be beneficial to have the surface area of the internal diverter 1003 surface facing inlet passage 302, shown as 1103 in FIG. 11, be in a ratio to the total area of the orifice of inlet passage 302 of between about 2:3 and about 1:10. For example, this ratio is between about 1:2 and about 1:5, such as between about 1:3 and about 1:4.
Notably, spray head 200 depicted in FIGS. 9A-11 does not include one or more o-ring seals between piston 1001 and spray head body 903. It was discovered that the absence of such o-ring seals permitted some fluid to flow behind piston 1001 and into chamber 307. The presence of fluid in chamber 307 was found to be advantageous because it allows for greater control over the rate at which piston 1001 is raised and lowered, thereby permitting greater control over the fluid rate and pressure as fluid exits outlet passage 304. This is, in part, how spring 328 may be compressed at a constant rate as opposed to forcing piston 1001 into being in the open or closed position. This blow-by gap between piston 1001 and spray head body 903 around the circumference of the piston is at least about 0.25 mm, such as at least about 0.5 mm or at least about 0.75 mm. In one example, the blow-by gap between piston 1001 and spray head body 903 is between about 0.75 mm and about 1.5 mm, such as about 1.0 mm. One advantage of the blow-by gap is that fluid is not trapped in chamber 307. Rather, the fluid drains out of chamber 307, thereby reducing the likelihood of corrosion or freezing damage. Moreover, unexpectedly, the changes to the design of spray head 200 originating from the absence of an o-ring lead to an increased spray width, at some pressures by as much as at least about 8 ft. Whereas the previous maximum spray width was between about 20 ft to about 30 ft, the maximum spray width attainable with spray head 200 is between about 30 ft and about 40 ft.
FIG. 11 shows spray head 200 assembly in an exploded view, depicting how hydraulic cylinder 310 is connected to spray head body 903 with nut 1101. Further, FIG. 11 shows the portion of piston 1001 referred to as dam 1102, which acts as an initial fluid deflector that reduces aeration of the fluid and helps yield a flatter fluid spray dispersion.
Spray head 200 configuration advantageously allows for constant fluid delivery pattern at an adjustable delivery rate.
FIGS. 12-13 demonstrate yet another example of a spray head 200 for use in the disclosed systems. In this embodiment, the spray head 200 is similar to that described in FIGS. 10-11, with the addition of a diverter plate 1004, which is shown in greater detail in FIG. 14. In addition, the hydraulic cylinder 310 has been omitted from these figures, which would be fitted to opening 1006. Further, the internal diverter 1003 arrangement has been modified to include a seal 1002 with a slot 1034 for receiving a boss 1036 of the piston 1001. The seal 1002 is secured and aligned by a two-holed washer 1038 and bolts 1040.
As shown, diverter plate 1004 includes a first, inner surface 1008 (the deflector surface), that, in the preferred embodiment, is an inner curved surface 1008 having a first height 1010. Diverter plate 1004 also includes an outer curved surface 1012, upper surface 1014, and lower surface 1018. As shown, the inner curved surface 1008 and outer curved surface 1012 may have equal curvatures defined by radius R1 and R2 from center point 1022, which may also correspond to the curvature of an external surface 910 of a dam portion 908 of the piston 1001.
The diverter plate 1004 is disposed on the inner planar surface 906 of second deflector 902. A series of three threaded bores 1016 are provided in spaced relation along a centerline 1024 that are aligned with bores 1020 of the lower deflector 902 for connection by way of fasteners 1108. Other means of attachment may be employed, or, in the alternative, the diverter plate 1004 may be integral with the lower deflector 902 and/or base 912. That is, the diverter plate 1004, base 912 and lower deflector 902 may be formed or cast as unitary piece.
FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate the spray head of FIGS. 12 and 13 in an open and closed configuration, respectively. More specifically, in FIG. 15A, the cylinder 310 is in a retracted position, a lower surface 914 of the dam portion 908 being in the fully opened position in relation to the inner surface 906 of second deflector 902, defining an opening distance 1030 of the outlet 304. In one embodiment, the first height 1010 of the inner surface 1008 is between 2 mm and 10 mm, preferably 5 mm, and the opening distance is 19 mm. The ratio of the height of the inner surface 1008 to the maximum opening distance 1030 may be from 2:19 to 10:19. However, in the preferred embodiment, the height of the inner surface 1008 is 5 mm and the maximum opening distance is 19 mm.
In addition, there is a radial gap 1028 (best seen in FIG. 15B) between the outer surface 910 of the dam and the inner surface 1008 of the diverter plate 1004. The gap 1028 is generally at least 2 mm, preferably 10 mm. The gap 1030 provides an unrestricted path, that is, a path at least as large as the opening 1030 as the piston 1001 begins to move upward from the closed position in FIG. 15B. For example, as the dam portion 908 is elevated from 0 to 10 mm, this is equal or less than the gap of 10 mm provided. Above the 10 mm position, the overall height of the outlet 304 is restricted by the dimensions of the diverter plate 1014. Further, the inner surface 1008 of the diverter plate 1004 is perpendicular to the inner planar surface 906, with an arcuate length 1026 that is preferably equal or greater than that of the distance between the side walls 916 of the outlet 304.
In operation, the piston 1001 position is controlled such that varying amounts of fluid are dispersed. For example, between 1-6 mm distance 1030 may be considered light operation, between 7-16 mm may be considered heavy operation, the fully open position at 17-19 mm being reserved for cleaning or purging operations.
It has been observed that, using the earlier described spray head of FIGS. 10A-B (without the diverter plate), at initial start up with pressures at approximately 40 psi, and as the opening distance 1030 is increased from 0 to 6 mm, spray width is approximately 15 ft. As pressure is increased and as the opening is brought into the heavy operation range of 7-16 mm, the width of the spray may reach upwards of 30 ft. Even with the variable control of the described system, it has proved difficult to maintain a constant spray width of, for example, 30 ft. with increasing and decreasing pressures and changing orifice heights. Moreover, in systems where pump speed is directly related to machine speed, it has proved difficult to maintain a spray width, particularly at low speeds and corresponding pressures. The result is that in certain operations where machine speed is low, for example, at intersections and on inclines, the width of the spray is much reduced relative to other areas, such as on down grades and flat surface areas.
Unexpectedly, it has been found that by adding the diverter plate 1004, the width of the spray can be effectively doubled, for example, from 15 ft. to 30 ft. at relatively low pressures and flow rates, such as in light operation and at low travel speeds. That is, in spray heads with or without the diverter, in the heavy operating range, with high flow rate, a 30 ft. spray width may be achieved. However, at low flow rates (light operation) the spray head without the diverter plate 1004 had a spray width of 15 ft., while the spray head with the diverter plate 1004 had a spray width of 30 ft.
Similarly, at flow rates below 100 gallons/minute, without the diverter plate 1004, coverage was much less that that with the diverter plate. For example, in the 50-100 gallon/minute range, the spray head without the diverter achieved a 15 ft. spread. While at over 100 gallons/minute, a 30 ft. spread could be achieved. With the diverter, a 30 ft. spread was achieved in the 50-100 gallon per minute range as well. Again, this allows for constant area of coverage without application of too much fluid. For example, at intersections and on inclines where the machine is forced to slow, the constant width of spray is achieved, without applying a greater volume of fluid, increasing efficiency and eliminating having to apply too much fluid to achieve coverage. For example, this allows the system to achieve from 1-2 liters/square meter to 0.1 liters/square meter with the same area of coverage.
Moreover, it is not merely the diverter plate 1004, but the combination of the diverter plate 1004 with the internal diverter 1003 that provides the optimal results. A spray head that included the diverter plate 1004, but did not include the internal diverter 1003, performed much less effectively, with too much concentration of fluid at the center of the spray.
In operation, the spray head without the diverter plate 1004, at approximately 40 psi, exhibits a flow characteristic wherein, at initial opening, fluid is angled upward along the arcuate outer edge of the dam portion 908. In contrast, in the spray head with the diverter plate 1004, fluid escaping from the opening 1030 between 0-5 mm strikes the inner surface 1008 and is forced outward along the inner surface 1008, creating a wider spray.
Accordingly, it is believed that the increase in spray width is more attributable to the dimensions and positioning of the inner surface 1008, that to other aspects of the diverter plate 1004. Thus, in another embodiment, the diverter plate 1004 may be wedge shaped, having an inner surface 1008 of a first height 1010, while the outer surface 1012 has a second height that is different from that of the first height 1010. In yet another wedge-shaped embodiment, the upper surface 1014 may extend from a top edge 1032 of the inner surface 1008 to a back edge adjacent inner planar surface 906.
Industrial Applicability
An example of application of the present disclosure can be described with reference to the flow diagrams of FIGS. 6 and 7.
Referring to FIG. 6, in a first control block 602, a ground speed of the mobile machine 102 is determined. The ground speed may be sensed directly, for example by a ground speed sensor 414, or may be determined by other means known in the art.
In a second control block 604, a fluid pressure of the fluid lines 432 is determined. The fluid pressure may be sensed directly, for example by a fluid pressure sensor 416, or may be determined by other means known in the art. The fluid pressure may be determined from the fluid lines 432 directly, or may be determined at some other location associated with the fluid lines 432, such as the spray head 200, the fluid pump 426, the pump 410, the motor 412, or some other location. The fluid pressure may also be determined at multiple locations.
In a third control block 606, the determined fluid pressure is compared to a desired fluid pressure. The desired fluid pressure may be set based on a pre-programmed spray mode, a manually input desired fluid pressure, by some other operating mode of the fluid distribution system 100, or by some other determined or input parameter.
In a fourth control block 608, the motor 412 is controlled to maintain the determined fluid pressure at the desired fluid pressure. The motor 412 may be a variable displacement motor 412, which may be controlled by varying the displacement of the motor 412, as is well known in the art. Alternatively, the pump 410 may be a variable displacement pump 410 that may be controlled for the same purpose. Other types of controllable pumps and motors, such as electric and such, may also be used to control the fluid pressure. As an alternative to controllable pumps and/or motors, other means known in the art, such as variable orifices, valves, and the like, may be used to maintain the fluid pressure as well. In yet another configuration, the motor 412 is a variable displacement motor and the pump 410 is variable displacement pump. Such a configuration allows for a wide range of fluid pressure through the spray head 200, such as below about 10 psi to more than about 110 psi, although fluid pressure is more typically within the range of between about 50 psi to about 80 psi at idle.
In a fifth control block 610, each variable orifice 308 is controlled to maintain a desired distribution of fluid. In a fluid distribution system 100 having multiple spray heads 200, and thus a corresponding multiple of orifices 308, each variable orifice 308 may be controlled independent of each other variable orifice 308, and all orifices 308 may be controlled independent of fluid pressure. The variable orifices 308 may be controlled to maintain a desired fluid distribution, for example a desired fluid distribution per unit of area. Control of the variable orifices 308 may be accomplished by controllably opening and closing each orifice in a manner described above with reference to FIG. 3. Opening and closing an orifice 308 is a variable process, thus providing a continuously variable number of orifice positions for optimal control of the distribution of fluid.
Referring to FIG. 7, a flow chart depicting another method of the present disclosure is shown.
In a first control block 702, a condition associated with a location for fluid distribution is determined. Although a number of conditions may be determined, for illustrative purposes an exemplary condition of a level of dryness associated with the location is described. The level of dryness may be determined, for example in a water truck application, by an operator's observations of a relative dryness of the roads and surfaces to be sprayed. Alternatively, other more automated means for determining a level of dryness may be used.
In a second control block 704, a desired fluid pressure as a function of the determined condition is determined. The desired fluid pressure may be a modification of the desired fluid pressure associated with the method described with reference to FIG. 6.
In a third control block 706, the motor 412 is controlled to maintain the desired fluid pressure, in the same manner as described above with reference to FIG. 6.
In a fourth control block 708, the variable orifice 308 is controlled as a function of both the ground speed and the determined condition to maintain the desired distribution of fluid.
The present disclosure provides a mobile fluid distribution system 100 and method which offers many advantages, among which includes providing control of fluid distribution over a desired area, in particular control of an amount of fluid distributed over a desired unit of area under varying conditions. Maintaining a constant fluid pressure while varying the flow rate through individual spray heads 200 provides more precise control of fluid distribution and the capability for a number of specialized flow control modes.
Other aspects can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the specification, and the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A spray head for a fluid distribution system comprising:
a spray head base defining a fluid inlet passage;
a spray head body connected to the spray head base;
a first deflector extending outward from the spray head body and having a first inner surface;
a second deflector extending outward from the spray head base and having a second inner surface, the first and second inner surfaces disposed in opposed, spaced relation defining a fluid outlet passage;
a piston disposed in a chamber of the spray head body, the piston defining a variable orifice to control flow from the fluid inlet passage to the fluid outlet passage; and
a diverter plate disposed on the second inner surface and within the fluid outlet passage defined by the first deflector and the second deflector, the diverter plate having a first end, a second end, and an inner deflector surface extending between the first and second ends opposing the variable orifice.

2. The spray head of claim 1, wherein the inner deflector surface has an inner curvature between the first and second ends.

3. The spray head of claim 2, wherein the diverter plate has an outer surface having an outer curvature equal to the inner curvature.

4. The spray head of claim 3, wherein the diverter plate has a top planar surface connecting the inner and outer deflector surfaces.

5. The spray head of claim 1, wherein the diverter plate has a wedge shaped cross-section.

6. The spray head of claim 1, wherein the diverter plate is integral with the second deflector and spray head base.

7. The spray head of claim 1, wherein the fluid outlet passage is disposed along a plane perpendicular to the fluid inlet passage, the piston having a dam portion that extends outwardly in an arc from a piston axis, the dam portion positioned between two side walls of the spray head body, wherein a lower surface of the dam portion, the two side walls, and the second inner surface of the second deflector define the variable orifice.

8. The spray head of claim 7, wherein a length of the inner deflector surface is coextensive with a length of the variable orifice between the two side walls.

9. The spray head of claim 7, wherein the dam includes a dam outer surface having an outer surface curvature, the inner deflector surface having a deflector curvature equal to the outer surface curvature.

10. The spray head of claim 9, further including a gap provided between the dam outer surface and the inner deflector surface that provides unrestricted flow between the fluid inlet passage and the fluid outlet passage as the piston moves toward an open position.

11. The spray head of claim 10, wherein the gap is between about 2 mm and about 10 mm.

12. The spray head of claim 10, wherein the gap is 10 mm.

13. The spray head of claim 1, wherein a height of the inner deflector surface is between 2 mm and 10 mm.

14. The spray head of claim 1, wherein a height of the inner deflector surface is about 5 mm and a maximum opening height of the variable orifice is about 19 mm.

15. A spray head for a fluid distribution system comprising:
a spray head base defining a fluid inlet passage;
a spray head body connected to the spray head base;
a first deflector extending outward from the spray head body and having a first inner surface;
a second deflector extending outward from the spray head base and having a second inner surface, the first and second inner surfaces disposed in opposed, spaced relation defining an elongated fluid outlet passage;
a piston disposed in a chamber of the spray head body for controlled access between the inlet and outlet passages and defining a variable orifice;
a diverter plate disposed on the second inner surface, the diverter plate having an inner deflector surface opposing the variable orifice; and
an internal diverter joined to the piston, wherein the internal diverter is disposed within the inlet passage when the variable orifice is in a closed position.

16. The spray head of claim 15, wherein the fluid inlet passage is disposed perpendicular to the fluid outlet passage, the fluid inlet passage including a circular opening, the internal diverter having an elongated bottom surface aligned with a diameter of the circular opening transverse to the fluid outlet passage.

17. The spray head of claim 15, wherein the internal diverter has a wedge-shaped cross-section.

18. The spray head of claim 15, wherein the inner deflector surface has an inner curvature between the first and second ends.

19. A spray head for a fluid distribution system comprising:
a spray head base defining a fluid inlet passage;
a spray head body connected to the spray head base;
a first deflector extending outward from the spray head body and having a first inner surface;
a second deflector extending outward from the spray head base and having a second inner surface, the first and second inner surfaces disposed in opposed, spaced relation defining a fluid outlet passage, the fluid outlet passage disposed along a plane transverse to the fluid inlet passage;
a piston disposed in a chamber of the spray head body, the piston defining a curved, variable-height orifice to control flow between the fluid inlet and fluid outlet passages; and
a diverter plate disposed on the second inner surface, the diverter plate having a first end, a second end, and an inner deflector surface opposing the variable height-orifice across a gap, a curvature of the inner deflector surface corresponding to a curvature of the variable-height orifice.

20. The spray head of claim 19, further including an internal diverter joined to the piston, the internal diverter having an elongated bottom surface disposed across the fluid inlet passage and transverse to a centerline of the fluid outlet passage.

21. The spray head of claim 20, wherein the internal diverter has a wedge-shaped cross-section, one corner of the wedge being joined to the piston.