NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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Nos. 15-3396, 15-3397 and 15-3398 

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AMAZON PRODUCE NETWORK, L.L.C.,

 Appellant

v.

NYK LINE,

a/k/a NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA,

a/k/a NYK LINE NORTH AMERICA INC.

________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil No. 2-15-cv-00952)

(D.C. Civil No. 2-15-cv-00953)

(D.C. Civil No. 2-15-cv-00954) 

District Judge: Honorable Harvey Bartle, III

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Argued: June 9, 2016

Before: CHAGARES, KRAUSE, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

(Filed: February 15, 2017)

Eugene J. Maginnis, Jr., Esq. [ARGUED]

Dugan Brinkmann Maginnis & Pace

1880 John F. Kennedy Boulevard

Suite 1400

Philadelphia, PA 19103

Counsel for Appellant
2

Richard Q. Whelan, Esq. [ARGUED]

Palmer Biezup & Henderson

190 North Independence Mall West

Suite 401

Philadelphia, PA 19106

Counsel for Appellee

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OPINION*

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SCIRICA, Circuit Judge

Amazon Produce Network appeals an order dismissing its complaint against NYK 

Line on forum non conveniens grounds. We will affirm.

I.

Amazon, a fruit importer, contracted with NYK, a Japanese shipping company, to 

deliver shipments of mangoes from Nicaragua and Costa Rica to Los Angeles in the 

spring of 2014. Amazon alleges when the mangoes arrived in Los Angeles, they were 

damaged. To recover for the damage, Amazon brought this lawsuit against NYK in the 

U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

In response, NYK filed a motion to dismiss based on a forum selection clause in 

its contract with Amazon providing for dispute resolution in a Japanese court. The clause 

states:

(Governing Law and Jurisdiction) The contract evidenced by or contained 

in this Bill shall be governed by Japanese law except as may be otherwise 

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
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provided herein. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Bill or in 

any other contract, any and all actions against the Carrier in respect of the 

Goods or arising out of the Carriage shall be brought before the Tokyo 

District Court in Japan to the exclusion of the jurisdiction of any other 

courts . . . .

App. 259a-260a. 

In its introduction to the motion, NYK identified the grounds for dismissal as 

improper venue under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3). App. 116a. But the 

arguments advanced and cases cited in its supporting brief focused not on Rule 12(b)(3), 

but on forum non conveniens. For example, NYK argued there was no public policy 

justification for refusing to enforce the forum selection clause, an argument that is crucial 

to a forum non conveniens analysis but not an improper venue analysis.1

Amazon advanced two arguments in its opposition to NYK’s motion to dismiss. 

First, it argued NYK’s motion was procedurally flawed because NYK incorrectly sought 

dismissal for improper venue.2 And second, it disputed NYK’s assertion that no public 

policy justified departure from the forum selection clause, arguing that the application of 

Japanese law would contravene the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (“COGSA”), 46 

U.S.C. § 30701 et seq. Amazon contended that COGSA provided for a maximum 

 

1 Furthermore, in NYK’s Reply to Amazon’s Omnibus Response to their Motion to 

Dismiss, NYK requested that “this Court construe [their motion to dismiss] in accordance 

with the doctrine of forum non conveniens and dismiss the Complaints on the basis of the 

Plaintiff’s violation of the foreign forum selection clause, as set forth in the Brief in 

Support and below.” J.A. 308a.

2

In Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. U.S. District Court, the Supreme Court held that 

“Rule 12(b)(3) [is] not [a] proper mechanism[] to enforce a forum-selection clause,” and 

that “[i]nstead, the appropriate way to enforce a forum-selection clause pointing to a state 

or foreign forum is through the doctrine of forum non conveniens.” 134 S. Ct. 568, 580 

(2013).
4

recovery of $500 per package delivered, while Japanese law only provided for a 

maximum recovery of $483.18 per package.

The District Court rejected Amazon’s arguments and granted NYK’s motion to 

dismiss. It held that “[w]hile defendant references Rule 12(b)(3) and not forum non 

conveniens . . . [it] has done enough to advocate under the appropriate procedural vehicle 

for its motion to dismiss,” rejecting Amazon’s argument that NYK’s motion was 

procedurally flawed. Amazon Produce Network, LLC v. NYK Line, 143 F. Supp. 3d 252, 

254-55 (E.D. Pa. 2015). In addition, the District Court explained Amazon made a 

mathematical error in calculating its maximum recovery under Japanese law. In fact, “a 

Japanese court invoking Japanese law would award a cargo owner or consignee a 

maximum sum . . . which is worth more, not less, than would be awarded . . . under 

United States law.” Id. at 256. Accordingly, the Court rejected Amazon’s public policy 

arguments, enforced the forum selection clause, and dismissed the complaint on forum 

non conveniens grounds. This appeal followed.

II.3

We review a dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds for abuse of discretion. 

Lony v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 886 F.2d 628, 631-32 (3d Cir. 1989). “[W]here 

the court has considered all relevant public and private interest factors, and where its 

balancing of these factors is reasonable, its decision deserves substantial deference.” 

Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257 (1981).

 

3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1333, and we have jurisdiction 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
5

Amazon’s primary argument is that the District Court erred by construing the basis 

for NYK’s motion to dismiss as forum non conveniens. According to Amazon, because 

the introduction to NYK’s motion identified the grounds for dismissal as “improper 

venue under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3),” the District Court should have 

construed the basis for the motion as improper venue.

In determining how to construe an ambiguous motion, we have instructed courts to 

focus “on the function of the motion, not its caption.” Turner v. Evers, 726 F.2d 112, 114 

(3d Cir. 1984); see also Hook v. Hook & Ackerman, Inc., 213 F.2d 122, 128 (3d Cir. 

1954) (“The label does not determine the nature of the motion.”). The District Court 

properly applied that principle to this case, recognizing that NYK’s misidentification of 

its motion should not carry greater weight than the substance of the arguments within it. 

Because NYK advanced forum non conveniens arguments and cited forum non 

conveniens cases in its motion, and Amazon responded with its own forum non 

conveniens arguments and cases, we agree with the District Court’s decision to construe 

the basis for NYK’s motion as forum non conveniens.

Amazon’s remaining arguments assume we would treat NYK’s motion as an 

improper venue motion. It does not contest the District Court’s forum non conveniens

holding that no public policy justification exists for refusing to enforce the forum 

selection clause. Given that the only public policy justification advanced by Amazon in 

the District Court was based on a mathematical error, its failure to contest the District 

Court’s holding is unsurprising. We conclude the District Court did not abuse its 

discretion in dismissing Amazon’s complaint on forum non conveniens grounds.
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III.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.