**Exhibit 1.2**

 

**Cumberland Resources Ltd.********(the “Company”)**

  

The Company has as its articles the following articles.

**Incorporation number:    201003**

** ****Cumberland Resources Ltd.********(the “Company”)**

**ARTICLES**

| 1.  Interpretation  2 2.  Shares and Share Certificates  2 3. Issue of Shares  4 4. Share Registers  4 5.  Share Transfers  5 6. Transmission of Shares  67. Purchase of Shares 68. Borrowing Powers  79. Alterations 710.  Meetings of Shareholders  811.  Proceedings at Meetings of Shareholders 912.  Votes of Shareholders 1313. Directors 1614. Election and Removal of Directors 1715. Alternate Directors  2016.  Powers and Duties of Directors  2117. Disclosure of Interest of Directors 2218.  Proceedings of Directors  2319.  Executive and Other Committees 2520. Officers 2621.  Indemnification 2722.  Dividends 2823. Documents, Records and Reports 2924. Notices  3025.  Seal 31
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1. Interpretation 1.1 Definitions
 In these Articles, unless the context otherwise requires:

 (1) “board of directors”, “directors” and “ b oard” mean the directors or sole director of the Company for the time being;

 (2) “ Business Corporations Act” means the Business Corporations Act ( British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;

 (3) “legal personal representative” means the personal or other legal representative of the shareholder; 

 (4) “registered address” of a shareholder means the shareholder’s address as recorded in the central securities register;

 (5) “seal” means the seal of the Company, if any . 
 1.2 *Business Corporations Act* and *Interpretation Act* Definitions Applicable 
 The definitions in the Business Corporations Act and the definitions and rules of construction in the Interpretation Act, with the necessary changes, so far as applicable, and unless the context requires otherwise, apply to these Articles as if they were an enactment . If there is a conflict between a definition in the Business Corporations Act and a definition or rule in the Interpretation Act relating to a term used in these Articles , the definition in the Business Corporations Act will prevail in relation to the use of the term in these Articles . If there is a conflict between these Articles and the *Business Corporations Act*, the *Business Corporations Act* will prevail. 
   2. Shares and Share Certificates   2.1 Authorized Share Structure 
 The authorized share structure of the Company consist s of an unlimited number of common shares without par value.
  2.2 Form of Share Certificate 
 Each share certificate issued by the Company must comply with, and be signed as required by, the *Business Corporations Act*.  
 2.3 Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgment
 Each shareholder is entitled, without charge, to (a) one share certificate representing the shares of each class or series of shares registered in the shareholder’s name or (b) a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain such a share certificate, provided that in respect of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company is not bound to issue more than one share certificate and delivery of a share certificate for a share to one of several joint shareholders or to one of the share holders ’ duly authorized agent s will be sufficient delivery to all.

 

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  2.4 Delivery by Mail 
 Any share certificate or non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate may be sent to the shareholder by mail at the shareholder’s registered address and neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is liable for any loss to the shareholder because the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost in the mail or stolen.
  2.5 Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate  or Acknowledgement
 If the directors are satisfied that a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is worn out or defaced, they must, on production to them of the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, and on such other terms, if any, as they think fit :

 (1) order the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, to be cancelled ; and 

 (2) issue a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be .
2.6 Replacement of Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificate or Acknowledgment
 If a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, must be issued to the person entitled to that share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, if the directors receive : 

 (1) proof satisfactory to them that the share certificate or acknowledgment is lost, stolen or destroyed ; and

 (2) any indemnity the directors consider adequate.
2.7 Splitting Share Certificates
 If a shareholder surrenders a share certificate to the Company with a written request that the Company issue in the shareholder’s name two or more share certificates, each representing a specified number of shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as the share certificate so surrendered, the Company must cancel the surrendered share certificate and issue replacement share certificates in accordance with that request. 
2.8 Certificate Fee
 There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the issue of any share certificate under Article s 2.5, 2.6 or 2.7 , the amount , if any and which must not exceed the amount prescribed under the *Business Corporations Act*, determined by the directors.
    2.9 Recognition of Trusts 
 Except as required by law or statute or these Articles, no person will be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust, and the Company is not bound by or compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or fraction of a share or (except as by law or statute or these Articles provided or as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the share holder.

 

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   3. Issue of Shares   3.1 Directors Authorized 
 Subject to the Business Corporations Act and the rights of the holders of issued shares of the Company , the Company may issue, allot, sell or otherwise dispose of the unissued shares, and issued shares held by the Company, at the times, to the persons, including directors, in the manner, on the terms and conditions and for the issue prices (including any premium at which shares with par value may be issued ) that the directors may determine. The issue price for a share with par value must be equal to or greater than the par value of the share.
  3.2 Commissions  and Discounts
 The Company may at any time, pay a reasonable commission or allow a reasonable discount to any person in consideration of that person purchasing or agreeing to purchase shares of the Company from the Company or any other person or procuring or agreeing to procure purchasers for shares of the Company .
  3.3 Brokerage 
 The Company may pay such brokerage fee or other consideration as may be lawful for or in connection with the sale or placement of its securities.
  3.4 Conditions of Issue 
 Except as provided for by the *Business Corporations Act*, no share may be issued until it is fully paid. A share is fully paid when:

 (1) consideration is provided to the Company for the issue of the share by one or more of the following:

 (a) past services performed for the Company;

 (b) property;

 (c) money ; and 

 (2) the value of the consideration received by the Company equals or exceeds the issue price set for the share under Article 3.1.
  3.5 Share Purchase Warrants and Rights 
 Subject to the Business Corporations Act, t he Company may issue share purchase warrants , options and rights upon such terms and conditions as the directors determine, which share purchase warrants , options and rights may be issued alone or in conjunction with debentures, debenture stock, bonds, shares or any other securit ies issued or created by the Company from time to time.
   4. Share Registers   4.1 Central Securities Register 
 As required by and subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must maintain in British Columbia a central securities register. The directors may, subject to the Business Corporations Act, appoint a n agent to maintain the central securities register. The directors may also appoint one or more agents , including the agent which keeps the central securities register, as transfer agent for its shares or any class or series of its shares , as the case may be, and the same or another agent as registrar for its shares or such class or series of its shares , as 

 

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the case may be. The directors may terminate such appointment of any agent at any time and may appoint another agent in its place.
  4.2 Closing Register 
 The Company must not at any time close its central securities register.
  5. Share Transfers 5.1 Registering Transfers
 A transfer of a share of the Company must not be registered unless: 

 (1) a duly signed instrument of transfer in respect of the share has been received by the Company ; 

 (2) if a share certificate has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred , that share certificate has been surrendered to the Company; and 

 (3) if a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred , that acknowledgment has been surrendered to the Company. 
5.2 Form of Instrument of Transfer
 The instrument of transfer in respect of any share of the Company must be either in the form, if any, on the back of the Company ’ s share certificates or in any other form that may be approved by the directors from time to time.
5.3 Transferor Remains Shareholder
 Except to the extent that the *Business Corporations Act* otherwise provides, the transferor of shares is deemed to remain the holder of the shares until the name of the transferee is entered in a securities register of the Company in respect of the transfer.
5.4 Signing of Instrument of Transfer
 If a shareholder, or his or her duly authorized attorney, signs an instrument of transfer in respect of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the signed instrument of transfer constitutes a complete and sufficient authority to the Company and its directors, officers and agents to register the number of shares specified in the instrument of transfer or specified in any other manner , or, if no number is specified, all the shares represented by the share certificates or set out in the written acknowledgments deposited with the instrument of transfer :

 (1) in the name of the person named as transferee in that instrument of transfer ; or

 (2) if no person is named as transferee in that instrument of transfer, in the name of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered.
  5.5 Enquiry as to Title Not Required 
 Neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is bound to inquire into the title of the person named in the instrument of transfer as transferee or, if no person is named as transferee in the instrument of transfer , of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered or is liable for any claim related to registering the transfer by the shareholder or by any intermediate 

 

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owner or holder of the shares , of any interest in the shares, of any share certificate representing such shares or of any written acknowledgment of a right to obtain a share certificate for such shares .
  5.6 Transfer Fee 
 There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the registration of any transfer, the amount , if any, determined by the directors. 
  6. Transmission of Shares   6.1 Legal Personal Representative Recognized on Death 
 In case of the death of a shareholder, the legal personal representative, or if the shareholder was a joint holder, the surviving joint holder, will be the only person recognized by the Company as having any title to the shareholder’s interest in the shares . Before recognizing a person as a legal personal representative, the directors may require proof of appointment by a court of competent jurisdiction, a grant of letters probate, letters of administration or such other evidence or documents as the directors consider appropriate.
 6.2 Rights of Legal Personal Representative 
 The legal personal representative has the same rights, privileges and obligations that attach to the shares held by the shareholder, including the right to transfer the shares in accordance with these Articles, provided the documents required by the *Business Corporations Act* and the directors have been deposited with the Company.
   7. Purchase of Shares   7.1 Company Authorized to Purchase Shares 
 Subject to Article 7.2, the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series and the *Business Corporations Act* , the Company may, if authorized by the directors, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares at the price and upon the terms specified in such resolution . 
7.2 Purchase When Insolvent
 The Company must not make a payment or provide any other consideration to purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that:

 (1) the Company is insolvent; or

 (2) making the payment or providing the consideration would render the Company insolvent.
  7.3   Sale and Voting of Purchased Shares
 If the Company retains a share redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired by it , the Company may sell, gift or otherwise dispose of the share, but, while such share is held by the Company, it:

 (1) is not entitled to vote the share at a meeting of its shareholders;

 (2) must not pay a dividend in respect of the share; and 

 (3) must not make any other distribution in respect of the share.

 

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  8. Borrowing Powers 
 The Company , if authorized by the directors, may: 

 (1) borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that they consider appropriate ;

 (2) issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person and at such discount s or premium s and on such other terms as the y consider appropriate; 

 (3) guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person ; and 

 (4) mortgage , charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, grant a security interest in, or give other security on , the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company.
  9. Alterations   9.1   Al teration of Authorized Share Structure
 Subject to Article 9.2 and the *Business Corporations Act*, the Company may:

 (1) by ordinary resolution:

 (a) create one or more classes or series of shares or, if none of the shares of a class or series of shares are allotted or issued , eliminate that class or series of shares ; 

 (b) increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares or establish a maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares for which no maximum is established ; 

 (c) if the Company is authorized to issue shares of a class of shares with par value : 

 (i) decrease the par value of those shares ; or

 (ii) if none of the shares of that class of shares are allotted or issued , increase the par value of those shares ; 

 (d) alter the identifying name of any of its shares ; or

 (e) otherwise alter its shares or authorized share structure when required or permitted to do so by th e *Business Corporations**Act* .

 (2) by resolution of the directors, subject to any additional shareholder resolution as may be required by the stock exchange or quotation system on which the Company’s common shares are listed for trading, subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares.
9.2 Special Rights and Restrictions
 Subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, the Company may by ordinary resolution:

 (1) create special rights or restrictions for, and attach those special rights or restrictions to, the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued ; 

 

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 (2) vary or delete any special rights or restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued; or

 (3) change all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares with par value into shares without par value or any of its unissued shares without par value into shares with par value. 
9.3 Change of Name
 The Company may by a resolution of the directors, subject to any additional shareholder resolution as may be required by the stock exchange or quotation system on which the Company’s common shares are listed for trading, authorize an alteration of its Notice of Articles in order to change its name or adopt or change any translation of that name.
9.4 Other Alterations
 If the *Business Corporations Act* does not specify the type of resolution and these Articles do not specify another type of resolution, the Company may by ordinary resolution alter these Articles.
10. Meetings of Shareholders   10.1 Annual General Meetings 
 Unless an annual general meeting is deferred or waived in accordance with the *Business Corporations Act*, the Company must hold an annual general meeting at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual reference date at such time and place as may be determined by the directors.
  10.2 Resolution Instead of Annual General Meeting 
 If all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution under the *Business Corporations Act*to all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. The shareholders must, in any unanimous resolution passed under this Article 10.2, select as the Company’s annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting.
  10.3 Calling of Meetings  of Shareholders
 The directors may, whenever they think fit, call a meeting of shareholders .
  10.4 Notice for Meetings  of Shareholders
 The Company must send notice of the date, time and location of any meeting of shareholders, in the manner provided in these Articles, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by ordinary resolution ( whether previous notice of the resolution has been given or not ) , to each shareholder entitled to attend the meeting, to each director and to the auditor of the Company, unless these Articles otherwise provide, at least the following number of days before the meeting: 

 (1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company , 21 days ; 

 (2) otherwise, 10 days. 

 

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10.5 Record Date for Notice
 The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the *Business Corporations Act*, by more than four months. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is held by fewer than:

 (1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company , 21 days ; 

 (2) otherwise, 10 days.

 If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting. 
10.6 Record Date for Voting
 The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the *Business Corporations Act*, by more than four months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.
10.7 Failure to Give Notice and Waiver of Notice
 The accidental omission to send notice of any meeting to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any of the persons entitled to notice does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. Any person entitled to notice of a meeting of shareholders may, in writing or otherwise, waive or reduce the period of notice of such meeting.
    10.8 Notice of Special Business at Meeting s of Shareholders
 If a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business within the meaning of Article  11 .1, the notice of meeting must :

 (1) state the general nature of the special business ; and

 (2) if the special business includes considering, approving, ratifying, adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders : 

 (a) at the Company’s records office, or at such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice ; and

 (b) during statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting.
  11. Proceedings at Meetings  of Shareholders  11.1 Special Business 
 At a meeting of shareholders , the following business is special business:

 

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 (1) at a meeting of shareholders that is not an annual general meeting, all business is special business except business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;

 (2) at an annual general meeting, all business is special business except for the following:

 (a) business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;

 (b) consideration of any financial statements of the Company presented to the meeting;

 (c) consideration of any reports of the directors or auditor;

 (d) the setting or changing of the number of directors; 

 (e) the election or appointment of d irectors;

 (f) the appointment of an auditor;

 (g) the setting of the remuneration of an auditor;

 (h) business arising out of a report of the directors not requiring the passing of a special resolution or an exceptional resolution; 

 (i) any other business which, under these Articles or the *Business Corporations Act*, may be transacted at a meeting of shareholders without prior notice of the business being given to the shareholders . 
  11.2 Special Majority 
 The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a meeting of shareholders is **2/3**of the votes cast on the resolution.
 11.3 Quorum
  Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series  of shares , the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of shareholders is two persons who are, or who represent by proxy, shareholders who, in the aggregate, hold at least 5% of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.
 11.4 One Shareholder May Constitute Quorum
 If there is only one shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders : 

 (1) the quorum is one person who is, or who represents by proxy, that shareholder, and

 (2) that shareholder, present in person or by proxy, may constitute the meeting.
 11.5 Other Persons May Attend
 The directors, the president ( if any ) , the secretary ( if any ), the assistant secretary (if any), any lawyer for the Company, the auditor of the Company and any other persons invited by the directors are entitled to attend any meeting of shareholders, but if any of those persons does attend a meeting of shareholders, that person is not to be counted in the quorum and is not entitled to vote at the meeting unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting.

 

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 11.6 Requirement of Quorum
  No business, other than the election of a chair of the meeting and the adjournment of the meeting, may be transacted at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum of shareholders entitled to vote is present at the commencement of the meeting, but such quorum need not be present throughout the meeting. 
 11.7 Lack of Quorum
  If, within   one-half hour from the time set for the holding of a meeting of shareholders, a quorum is not present:

 (1) in the case of a general meeting requisition ed by shareholders, the meeting is dissolved, and

 (2) in the case of any other meeting of shareholders, the meeting stands adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place.
 11.8 Lack of Quorum at Succeeding Meeting
 If, at the meeting to which the meeting referred to in Article 11.7(2) was adjourned, a quorum is not present within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of the meeting, the person or persons present and being, or representing by proxy, one or more shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting constitute a quorum.
 11.9 Chair
  The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of shareholders: 

 (1) the chair of the board, if any; 

 (2) if the chair of the board is absent or unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, the president, if any; or

 (3) a vice-president, if any.
 11.10 Selection of Alternate Chair
  If, at any meeting of shareholders, there is no chair of the board or president present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president are unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president have advised the secretary, if any, or any director present at the meeting, that they will not be present at the meeting, the directors present must choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting or if all of the directors present decline to take the chair or fail to so choose or if no director is present, the shareholders   entitled to vote at the meeting who are present in person or by proxy may choose any person present at the meeting to chair the meeting.
 11.11 Adjournments
  The chair of a meeting of shareholders may, and if so directed by the meeting must, adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business may be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place. 
 11.12 Notice of Adjourned Meeting
 It is not necessary to give any notice of an adjourned meeting or of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting of shareholders except that, when a meeting is adjourned for 30 days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given as in the case of the original meeting.

 

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 11.13 Decisions by Show of Hands or Poll
 Subject to the Business Corporations Act, every motion put to a vote at a meeting of shareholders will be decided on a show of hands unless a poll, before or on the declaration of the result of the vote by show of hands, is directed by the chair or demanded by at least one shareholder entitled to vote who is present in person or by proxy. 
11.14 Declaration of Result
 The chair of a meeting of shareholders must declare to the meeting the decision on every question in accordance with the result of the show of hands or the poll, as the case may be, and that decision must be entered in the minutes of the meeting. A declaration of the chair that a resolution is carried by the necessary majority or is defeated is, unless a poll is directed by the chair or demanded under Article 11.13, conclusive evidence without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against the resolution .
  11.15 Motion Need Not be Seconded 
 No motion proposed at a meeting of shareholders need be seconded unless the chair of the meeting rules otherwise , and the chair of any meeting of shareholders is entitled to propose or second a motion.
  11.16 Casting Vote 
 In case of an equality of votes, the chair of a meeting of shareholders , on a show of hands and on a poll, has a second or casting vote in addition to the vote or votes to which the chair may be entitled as a shareholder.
  11.17 Manner of Taking Poll 
  Subject to Article   11.18 , if a poll is duly demanded at a meeting of shareholders : 

 (1) the poll must be taken : 

 (a) at the meeting, or within seven days after the date of the meeting, as the chair of the meeting directs ; and 

 (b) in the manner, at the time and at the place that the chair of the meeting directs ; 

 (2) the result of the poll is deemed to be the decision of the meeting at which the poll is demanded ; and

 (3) the demand for the poll may be withdrawn by the person who demanded it .
 11.18 Demand for Poll on Adjournment
 A poll demanded at a meeting of shareholders on a question of adjournment must be taken immediately at the meeting.
 11.19 Chair Must Resolve Dispute
 In the case of any dispute as to the admission or rejection of a vote given on a poll, the chair of the meeting must determine the dispute , and his or her determination made in good faith is final and conclusive.
 11.20 Casting of Votes
  On a poll, a shareholder entitled to more than one vote need not cast all the votes in the same way. 

 

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 11.21 Demand for Poll
  No poll may be demanded in respect of the vote by which a chair of a meeting of shareholders is elected. 
 11.22 Demand for Poll Not to Prevent Continuance of Meeting
  The demand for a poll at a meeting of shareholders does not, unless the chair of the meeting so rules, prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which a poll has been demanded. 
 11.23 Retention of Ballots and Proxies
 The Company must, for at least three months after a meeting of shareholders, keep each ballot cast on a poll and each proxy voted at the meeting , and, during that period, make them available for inspection during normal business hours by any shareholder or proxyholder entitled to vote at the meeting. At the end of such three month period, the Company may destroy such ballot s and prox ies . 
12. Votes of Shareholders   12.1 Number of Votes by Shareholder or by Shares 
  Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to any shares and to the restrictions imposed on joint   shareholders under Article 12 .3 : 

 (1) on a vote by show of hands, every person present who is a shareholder or proxy holder and entitled to vote on the matter has one vote ; and 

 (2) on a poll, every shareholder entitled to vote on the matter has one vote in respect of each share entitled to be voted on the matter and held by that shareholder and may exercise that vote either in person or by proxy.
 12.2 Votes of Persons in Representative Capacity
  A person who is not a shareholder may vote at a meeting of shareholders, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, and may appoint a proxy holder to act at the meeting, if, before doing so, the person satisfies the chair of the meeting, or the directors, that the person is a   legal personal representative or a trustee in bankruptcy for a shareholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting . 
 12.3 Votes by Joint Holders
  If there are joint shareholders registered in respect of any share  : 

 (1) any one of the joint shareholders may vote at any meeting, either personally or by proxy, in respect of the share as if that joint shareholder were solely entitled to it ; or

 (2) if more than one of the joint shareholders is present at any meeting, personally or by proxy, and more than one of them votes in respect of that share, then only the vote of the joint shareholder present whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the share will be counted .
 12.4 Legal Personal Representatives as Joint Shareholders
 Two or more legal personal representatives of a shareholder in whose sole name any share is registered are, for the purposes of Article 12 .3, deemed to be joint shareholders.

 

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 12.5 Representative of a Corporate Shareholder
 If a corporation, that is not a subsidiary of the Company, is a shareholder, that corporation may appoint a person to act as its representative at any meeting of shareholders of the Company , and : 

 (1) for that purpose, the instrument appointing a representative must : 

 (a) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice for the receipt of proxies , or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting ; or

 (b) be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting; 

 (2) if a representative is appointed under this Article 12.5: 

 (a) the representative is entitled to exercise in respect of and at that meeting the same rights on behalf of the corporation that the representative represents as that corporation could exercise if it were a shareholder who is an individual, including, without limitation, the right to appoint a proxy holder ; and

 (b) the representative, if present at the meeting, is to be counted for the purpose of forming a quorum and is deemed to be a shareholder present in person at the meeting.

 Evidence of the appointment of any such representative may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.
12.6 Proxy Provisions Do Not Apply to All CompaniesIf and for so long as the Company is a public company or a pre-existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of its Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply, Articles 12.7 to 12.15 apply only insofar as they are not inconsistent with
 any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the Company and insofar as they are not inconsistent with the regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commissions or similar authorities appointed under that legislation. 
  12.7 Appointment of Proxy Holders 
  Every shareholder of the Company, including a corporation that is a shareholder but not a subsidiary of the Company, entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders of the Company may, by proxy, appoint one or more   (but not more than five) proxy holder s to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the powers conferred by the proxy.
 12.8 Alternate Proxy Holders
 A shareholder may appoint one or more alternate proxy holders to act in the place of an absent proxy holder.
 12.9 When Proxy Holder Need Not Be Shareholder
 A person must not be appointed as a proxy holder unless the person is a shareholder, although a person who is not a shareholder may be appointed as a proxy holder if : 

 

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 (1) the person appointing the proxy holder is a corporation or a representative of a corporation appointed under Article 12 .5 ; 

 (2) the Company has at the time of the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed only one shareholder entitled to vote at the meeting ; or

 (3) the shareholders present in person or by proxy at and entitled to vote at the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed, by a resolution on which the proxy holder is not entitled to vote but in respect of which the proxy holder is to be counted in the quorum, permit the proxy holder to attend and vote at the meeting.
  12.10 Deposit of Proxy 
 A proxy for a meeting of shareholders must:

 (1) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the nuber of business days specified in the notice, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting ; or

 (2) unless the notice provides otherwise, be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting .

 A proxy may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.
  12.11 Validity of Proxy Vote 
  A vote given in accordance with the terms of a proxy is valid   notwithstanding the death or incapacity of the shareholder giving the proxy and despite the revocation of the proxy or the revocation of the authority under which the proxy is given, unless notice in writing of that death, incapacity or revocation is received:

 (1) at the registered office of the Company, at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or

 (2) by the chair of the meeting, before the vote is taken.
 12.12 Form of Proxy
 A proxy, whether for a specified meeting or otherwise, must be either in the following form or in any other form approved by the directors or the chair of the meeting:

 [name of company]  (the “Company”)

The undersigned, being a shareholder of the Company, hereby appoints [name] or, failing that person, [name], as proxy holder for the undersigned to attend, act and vote for and on behalf of the undersigned at the meeting of shareholders of the Company to be held on [month, day, year] and at any adjournment of that meeting.

Number of shares in respect of which this proxy is given (if no number is specified, then this proxy if given in respect of all shares registered in the name of the shareholder):
Signed [month, day, year]
 

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[Signature of shareholder][Name of shareholder—printed]
 
  12.13 Revocation of Proxy 
  Subject to Article   12.14 , every proxy may be revoked by an instrument in writing that is : 

 (1) received at the registered office of the Company at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used ; or

 (2) provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting.
 12.14 Revocation of Proxy Must Be Signed
 An instrument referred to in Article 12.13 must be signed as follows:

 (1) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is an individual, the instrument must be signed by the shareholder or his or her legal personal representative or trustee in bankruptcy; 

 (2) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is a corporation, the instrument must be signed by the corporation or by a representative appointed for the corporation under Article 12.5.
 12.15 Production of Evidence of Authority to Vote
 The chair of any meeting of shareholders may, but need not, inquire into the authority of any person to vote at the meeting and may, but need not, demand from that person production of evidence as to the existence of the authority to vote. 
13. Directors   13.1 Number of Directors 
 The number of directors, excluding additional directors appointed under Article 14.8, is set at: 

 (1) if the Company is a public company, the greater of three and the most recently set of: 

 (a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given) ; and 

 (b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4;

 (2) if the Company is not a public company, the most recently set of: 

 (a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and 

 (b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4.
  13.2 Change in Number of Directors 
 If the number of directors is set under Article s 1 3 .1(1) (a) or 13.1(2)(a) subject to Article 14.1: 

 

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 (1) the shareholders may elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number; 

 (2) if the shareholders do not elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number contemporaneously with the setting of that number, then the directors may appoint, or the shareholders may elect or appoint , directors to fill those vacancies.
 13.3 Directors’ Acts Valid Despite Vacancy
 An act or proceeding of the directors is not invalid merely because fewer than the number of directors set or otherwise required under these Articles is in office.
 13.4 Qualifications of Directors
 A director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the *Business Corporations Act*to become, act or continue to act as a director.
  13.5 Remuneration of Directors 
 The directors are entitled to the remuneration for acting as directors, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine. If the directors so decide, the remuneration of the directors, if any, will be determined by the shareholders. That remuneration may be in addition to any salary or other remuneration paid to any officer or employee of the Company as such, who is also a director. 
13.6 Reimbursement of Expenses of Directors
 The Company must reimburse each director for the reasonable expenses that he or she may incur in and about the business of the Company. 
13.7 Special Remuneration for Directors
 If any director performs any professional or other services for the Company that in the opinion of the directors are outside the ordinary duties of a director, or if any director is otherwise specially occupied in or about the Company’s business, he or she may be paid remuneration fixed by the directors, or, at the option of that director, fixed by ordinary resolution, and such remuneration may be either in addition to, or in substitution for, any other remuneration that he or she may be entitled to receive. 
13.8 Gratuity, Pension or Allowance on Retirement of Director
 Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the directors on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who has held any salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to his or her spouse or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.
  14. Election and Removal of Directors   14.1 Election at Annual General Meeting 
  (1) At each annual general meeting of the Company all the directors whose term of office expire at such annual general meeting shall cease to hold office immediately before the election of directors at such annual general meeting and the shareholders entitled to vote thereat shall elect to the board of directors, directors as otherwise permitted by any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the 

 

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Company and all regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commissions or similar authorities appointed under that legislation as set out below. A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election; 

 (2) Each director may be elected for a term of office of one or more years of office as may be specified by ordinary resolution at the time he is elected. In the absence of any such ordinary resolution, a director’s term of office shall be one year of office. No director shall be elected for a term of office exceeding five years of office. The shareholders may, by resolution of not less than 3⁄4 of the votes cast on the resolution, vary the term of office of any director; and

 (3) A director elected or appointed to fill a vacancy shall be elected or appointed for a term expiring immediately before the election of directors at the annual general meeting of the Company when the term of the director whose position he is filling would expire. 
 14.2 Consent to be a Director
 No election, appointment or designation of an individual as a director is valid unless:

 (1) that individual consents to be a director in the manner provided for in the *Business Corporations Act*; 

 (2) that individual is elected or appointed at a meeting at which the individual is present and the individual does not refuse, at the meeting, to be a director; or

 (3) with respect to first directors, the designation is otherwise valid under the *Business Corporations Act*.
  14.3 Failure to Elect or Appoint Directors 
 If : 

 (1) the Company fails to hold an annual general meeting, and all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting fail to pass the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, on or before the date by which the annual general meeting is required to be held under the *Business Corporations Act*; or 

 (2) the shareholders fail, at the annual general meeting or in the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, to elect or appoint any directors ;

 then each director then in office continue s to hold office until the earlier of : 

 (3) the date on which his or her successor is elected or appointed; and 

 (4) the date on which he or she otherwise cease s to hold office under the *Business Corporations Act* or these Articles . 
 14.4 Places of Retiring Directors Not Filled
 If , at any meeting of shareholders at which there should be an election of directors, the places of any of the retiring directors are not filled by that election, those retiring directors who are not re-elected and who are asked by the newly elected directors to continue in office will , if willing to do so, continue in office to complete the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles until further new directors are elected at a meeting of shareholders convened for that purpose. If any such election or continuance of directors does not result in the election or continuance of the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles, 

 

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the number of directors of the Company is deemed to be set at the number of directors actually elected or continued in office.
  14.5 Directors May Fill Casual Vacancies 
 Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by the directors.
  14.6 Remaining Directors Power to Act 
 The directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the board of directors, but if the Company has fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the directors may only act for the purpose of appointing directors up to that number or of summoning a meeting of shareholders for the purpose of filling any vacancies on the board of directors or, subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, for any other purpose.****
 14.7 Shareholders May Fill Vacancies
 If the Company has no directors or fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the shareholders may elect or appoint directors to fill any vacancies on the board of directors.
  14.8 Additional Directors 
 Notwithstanding Articles 13.1 and 13.2, between annual general meetings or unanimous resolutions contemplated by Article 10.2, the directors may appoint one or more additional directors, but the number of additional directors appointed under this Article 14.8 must not at any time exceed one-third of the number of the current directors who were elected or appointed as directors other than under this Article 14.8 . 

 Any director so appointed ceases to hold office immediately before the next election or appointment of directors under Article 14.1(1), but is eligible for re-election or re-appointment.
  14.9 Ceasing to be a Director 
 A director ceases to be a director when:

 (1) the term of office of the director expires;

 (2) the director dies ;

 (3) the director resigns as a director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company ; or 

 (4) the director is removed from office pursuant to Article s 14. 10 or 14.11 .
 14.10 Removal of Director by Shareholders 
 The Company may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office by resolution of not less than 3⁄4 of the votes cast on such resolution. In that event, the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill the resulting vacancy. If the shareholders do not elect or appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy contemporaneously with the removal, then the directors may appoint or the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill that vacancy. 

 

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 14.11 Removal of Director by Directors
 The directors may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office if the director is convicted of an indictable offence, or if the director ceases to be qualified to act as a director of a company and does not promptly resign, and the directors may appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy.
15. Alternate Directors  15.1 Appointment of Alternate Director
 Any director (an “appointor”) may by notice in writing received by the Company appoint any person (an “appointee”) who is qualified to act as a director to be his or her alternate to act in his or her place at meetings of the directors or committees of the directors at which the appointor is not present unless (in the case of an appointee who is not a director) the directors have reasonably disapproved the appointment of such person as an alternate director and have given notice to that effect to his or her appointor within a reasonable time after the notice of appointment is received by the Company. Every alternate director shall have a direct and personal duty to the Company arising from his alternate directorship, independent of the duties of the director who appointed him. 
 15.2 Notice of Meetings
 Every alternate director so appointed is entitled to notice of meetings of the directors and of committees of the directors of which his or her appointor is a member and to attend and vote as a director at any such meetings at which his or her appointor is not present. 
 15.3 Alternate for More Than One Director Attending Meetings
 A person may be appointed as an alternate director by more than one director, and an alternate director:

 (1) will be counted in determining the quorum for a meeting of directors once for each of his or her appointor s and, in the case of an appointee who is also a director, once more in that capacity;

 (2) has a separate vote at a meeting of directors for each of his or her appointor s and, in the case of an appointee who is also a director, an additional vote in that capacity;

 (3) will be counted in determining the quorum for a meeting of a committee of directors once for each of his or her appointor s who is a member of that committee and, in the case of an appointee who is also a member of that committee as a director, once more in that capacity;

 (4) has a separate vote at a meeting of a committee of directors for each of his or her appointor s who is a member of that committee and, in the case of an appointee who is also a member of that committee as a director, an additional vote in that capacity.
 15.4 Consent Resolutions
 Every alternate director, if authorized by the notice appointing him or her, may sign in place of his or her appointor any resolutions to be consented to in writing. 
 15.5 Alternate Director Not an Agent
 Every alternate director is deemed not to be the agent of his or her appointor and shall be deemed not to have any conflict arising out of any interest, property or office held by the appointor. An alternate director shall be deemed to be a director for all purposes of these Articles, with full power to act as a director, subject to any 

 

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limitations in the instrument appointing him, and an alternate director shall be entitled to all of the indemnities and similar protections afforded directors by the *Business Corporations**Act* and under these Articles. A director shall have no liability arising out of any act or omission by his alternate director to which the appointor was not a party, nor shall an alternate director have liability for any such act or omission by the appointor. Without limiting the foregoing, no duty to account to the Company shall be imposed upon an alternate director merely because he voted in respect of a contract or transaction in which the appointor was interested or which the appointor failed to disclose, nor shall any such duty be imposed upon an appointor merely because he voted in respect of a contract or transaction in which his alternate director was interested or which such alternate director failed to disclose.
 15.6 Revocation of Appointment of Alternate Director
 An appointor may at any time, by notice in writing received by the Company, revoke the appointment of an alternate director appointed by him or her. 
 15.7 Ceasing to be an Alternate Director
 The appointment of an alternate director ceases when:

 (1) his or her appointor ceases to be a director and is not promptly re-elected or re-appointed ; 

 (2) the alternate director dies ;

 (3) the alternate director resigns as a n alternate director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company ; 

 (4) the alternate director ceases to be qualified to act as a director; or

 (5) his or her appointor revokes the appointment of the alternate director. 
 15.8 Remuneration and Expenses of Alternate Director
 The Company may reimburse an alternate director for the reasonable expenses that would be properly reimbursed if he or she were a director, and the alternate director is entitled to receive from the Company such proportion, if any, of the remuneration otherwise payable to the appointor as the appointor may from time to time direct.
16. Powers and Duties of Directors   16.1 Powers of Management 
 The directors must, subject to the *Business Corporations Act* and these Articles, manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and have the authority to exercise all such powers of the Company as are not, by the *Business Corporations Act*or by these Articles, required to be exercised by the shareholders of the Company.
 16.2 Appointment of Attorney of Company 
 The directors may from time to time, by power of attorney or other instrument, under seal if so required by law, appoint any person to be the attorney of the Company for such purposes, and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the directors under these Articles and excepting the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors, to remove a director, to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors, to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors and to 

 

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declare dividends) and for such period, and with such remuneration and subject to such conditions as the directors may think fit. Any such power of attorney may contain such provisions for the protection or convenience of persons dealing with such attorney as the directors think fit. Any such attorney may be authorized by the directors to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in him or her. 
 16.3 Remuneration of Auditor
 The directors may set the remuneration of the auditor of the Company. ****
17. Disclosure of Interest of Directors   17.1 Obligation to Account for Profits 
 A director or senior officer who holds a disclosable interest (as that term is used in the *Business Corporations Act*) in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is liable to account to the Company for any profit that accrues to the director or senior officer under or as a result of the contract or transaction only if and to the extent provided in the *Business Corporations Act*.
  17.2 Restrictions on Voting by Reason of Interest 
 A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is not entitled to vote on any directors’ resolution to approve that contract or transaction, unless all the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case any or all of those directors may vote on such resolution. 
  17.3 Interested Director Counted in Quorum 
 A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter and who is present at the meeting of directors at which the contract or transaction is considered for approval may be counted in the quorum at the meeting whether or not the director votes on any or all of the resolutions considered at the meeting. 
 17.4 Disclosure of Conflict of Interest or Property
 A director or senior officer who holds any office or possesses any property, right or interest that could result, directly or indirectly, in the creation of a duty or interest that materially conflicts with that individual’s duty or interest as a director or senior officer, must disclose the nature and extent of the conflict as required by the *Business Corporations Act*.
 17.5 Director Holding Other Office in the Company
 A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company, other than the office of auditor of the Company, in addition to his or her office of director for the period and on the terms (as to remuneration or otherwise) that the directors may determine.
 17.6 No Disqualification
 No director or intended director is disqualified by his or her office from contracting with the Company either with regard to the holding of any office or place of profit the director holds with the Company or as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, and no contract or transaction entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which a director is in any way interested is liable to be voided for that reason.

 

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  17.7 Professional Services by Director or Officer 
 Subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, a director or officer, or any person in which a director or officer has an interest, may act in a professional capacity for the Company, except as auditor of the Company, and the director or officer or such person is entitled to remuneration for professional services as if that director or officer were not a director or officer.
 17.8 Director or Officer in Other Corporations 
 A director or officer may be or become a director, officer or employee of, or otherwise interested in, any person in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise, and, subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, the director or officer is not accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him or her as director, officer or employee of, or from his or her interest in, such other person.
18. Proceedings of Directors   18.1 Meetings of Directors 
 The directors may meet together for the conduct of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit, and meetings of the directors held at regular intervals may be held at the place, at the time and on the notice, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine.
 18.2 Voting at Meetings
 Questions arising at any meeting of directors are to be decided by a majority of votes and, in the case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
  18.3 Chair of Meetings 
 The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of directors:

 (1) the chair of the board, if any;

 (2) in the absence of the chair of the board, the president, if any, if the president is a director; or

 (3) any other director chosen by the directors if:

 (a) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is present at the meeting within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting;

 (b) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is willing to chair the meeting; or

 (c) the chair of the board and the president, if a director, have advised the secretary, if any, or any other director, that they will not be present at the meeting.
  18.4 Meetings by Telephone or Other Communications Medium 
 A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors in person or by telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other. A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors by a communications medium other than telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other and if all directors who wish to participate in the meeting agree to such participation. A director who 

 

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participates in a meeting in a manner contemplated by this Article 18.4 is deemed for all purposes of the *Business Corporations Act* and these Articles to be present at the meeting and to have agreed to participate in that manner**.**
  18.5 Calling of Meetings 
 A director may, and the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company, if any, on the request of a director must, call a meeting of the directors at any time. 
 18.6 Notice of Meetings
 Other than for meetings held at regular intervals as determined by the directors pursuant to Article 18.1, reasonable notice of each meeting of the directors, specifying the place, day and time of that meeting must be given to each of the directors and the alternate directors by any method set out in Article 24.1 or orally or by telephone.****
 18.7 When Notice Not Required
 It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of the directors to a director or an alternate director if:

 (1) the meeting is to be held immediately following a meeting of shareholders at which that director was elected or appointed, or is the meeting of the directors at which that director is appointed;

 (2) the director or alternate director, as the case may be, has waived notice of the meeting; or

 (3) the director or alternate director, as the case may be, is not, at the time, in the province of British Columbia.
 18.8 Meeting Valid Despite Failure to Give Notice
 The accidental omission to give notice of any meeting of directors to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any director or alternate director, does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting.
  18.9 Waiver of Notice of Meetings 
 Any director or alternate director may send to the Company a document signed by him or her waiving notice of any past, present or future meeting or meetings of the directors and may at any time withdraw that waiver with respect to meetings held after that withdrawal. After sending a waiver with respect to all future meetings and until that waiver is withdrawn, no notice of any meeting of the directors need be given to that director and, unless the director otherwise requires by notice in writing to the Company, to his or her alternate director, and all meetings of the directors so held are deemed not to be improperly called or constituted by reason of notice not having been given to such director or alternate director.
  18.10 Quorum 
 The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be set by the directors and, if not so set, is deemed to be set at a majority of the directors in office or, if the number of directors is set at one, is deemed to be set at one director, and that director may constitute a meeting.
  18.11 Validity of Acts Where Appointment Defective 
 Subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, an act of a director or officer is not invalid merely because of an irregularity in the election or appointment or a defect in the qualification of that director or officer.

 

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 18.12 Consent Resolutions in Writing 
 A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors may be passed without a meeting:

 (1) in all cases, if each of the directors entitled to vote on the resolution consents to it in writing; or

 (2) in the case of a resolution to approve a contract or transaction in respect of which a director has disclosed that he or she has or may have a disclosable interest, if each of the other directors who are entitled to vote on the resolution consent to it in writing. 

 A consent in writing under this Article may be by signed document, fax, email or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages. A consent in writing may be in two or more counterparts which together are deemed to constitute one consent in writing. A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors passed in accordance with this Article 18.12 is effective on the date stated in the consent in writing or on the latest date stated on any counterpart and is deemed to be a proceeding at a meeting of directors or of the committee of the directors and to be as valid and effective as if it had been passed at a meeting of the directors or of the committee of the directors that satisfies all the requirements of the *Business Corporations Act* and all the requirements of these Articles relating to meetings of the directors or of a committee of the directors. 
19. Executive and Other Committees   19.1 Appointment and Powers of Executive Committee 
  The directors may, by resolution  , appoint an executive committee consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate, and this committee has, during the intervals between meetings of the board of directors, all of the directors’ powers, except : 

 (1) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;

 (2) the power to remove a director;

 (3) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and

 (4) such other powers, if any, as may be set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution.
 19.2 Appointment and Powers of Other Committees
 The directors may, by resolution : 

 (1) appoint one or more committees (other than the executive committee) consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate ; 

 (2) delegate to a committee appointed under paragraph ( 1 ) any of the directors’ powers, except : 

 (a) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;

 (b) the power to remove a director; 

 (c) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and

 (d) the power to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors; and

 (3) make any delegation referred to in paragraph ( 2 ) subject to the conditions set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution .

 

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 19.3 Obligations of Committees
 Any committee appointed under Article s 19 .1 or 19.2 , in the exercise of the powers delegated to it, must : 

 (1) conform to any rules that may from time to time be imposed on it by the directors ; and

 (2) report every act or thing done in exercise of those powers at such times as the directors may require .
 19.4 Powers of Board
 The directors may, at any time , with respect to a committee appointed under Article s 19 .1 or 19.2:

 (1) revoke or alter the authority given to the committee, or override a decision made by the committee, except as to acts done before such revocation , alteration or overriding ; 

 (2) terminate the appointment of, or change the membership of, the committee ; and 

 (3) fill vacancies in the committee.
 19.5 Committee Meetings 
 Subject to Article 1 9 . 3 (1) and unless the directors otherwise provide in the resolution appointing the committee or in any subsequent resolution, with respect to a committee appointed under Article s 19 .1 or 19.2: 

 (1) the committee may meet and adjourn as it think s proper ; 

 (2) the committee may elect a chair of its meetings but, if no chair of a meeting is elected, or if at a meeting the chair of the meeting is not present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, the directors present who are members of the committee may choose one of their number to chair the meeting ; 

 (3) a majority of the members of the committee constitutes a quorum of the committee ; and

 (4) questions arising at any meeting of the committee are determined by a majority of votes of the members present, and in case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
20. Officers   20.1 Directors May Appoint Officers 
 The directors may, from time to time, appoint such officers, if any, as the directors determine and the directors may, at any time, terminate any such appointment. ****
 20.2 Functions, Duties and Powers of Officers
 The directors may, for each officer:

 (1) determine the functions and duties of the officer;

 (2) entrust to and confer on the officer any of the powers exercisable by the directors on such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as the directors think fit; and

 (3) revoke, withdraw, alter or vary all or any of the functions, duties and powers of the officer.

 

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  20.3 Qualifications  
 No officer may be appointed unless that officer is qualified in accordance with the *Business Corporations Act*. One person may hold more than one position as an officer of the Company. Any person appointed as the chair of the board or as the managing director must be a director. Any other officer need not be a director. 
 20.4 Remuneration and Terms of Appointment
 Al l appointments of officers are to be made on the terms and conditions and at the remuneration (whether by way of salary, fee, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) that the directors thinks fit and are subject to termination at the pleasure of the directors, and an officer may in addition to such remuneration be entitled to receive, after he or she ceases to hold such office or leaves the employment of the Company, a pension or gratuity. 
  21. Indemnification   21.1 Definitions 
 In th is Article 21:

 (1) “eligible penalty” means a judgment, penalty or fine awarded or imposed in, or an amount paid in settlement of, an eligible proceeding;

 (2) “eligible proceeding” means a legal proceeding or investigative action, whether current, threatened, pending or completed, in which a director, former director or alternate director of the Company (an “eligible party”) or any of the heirs and legal personal representatives of the eligible party, by reason of the eligible party being or having been a director or alternate director of the Company: 

 (a) is or may be joined as a party; or 

 (b) is or may be liable for or in respect of a judgment, penalty or fine in, or expenses related to, the proceeding;

 (3) “expenses” has the meaning set out in the *Business Corporations Act*. 
 21.2 Mandatory Indemnification of Directors and Former Directors
 Subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, the Company must indemnify a director, former director or alternate director of the Company and his or her heirs and legal personal representatives against all eligible penalties to which such person is or may be liable, and the Company must, after the final disposition of an eligible proceeding, pay the expenses actually and reasonably incurred by such person in respect of that proceeding. Each director and alternate director is deemed to have contracted with the Company on the terms of the indemnity contained in this Article 21.2.
  21.3 Indemnification of Other Persons 
 Subject to any restrictions in the *Business Corporations Act*, the Company may indemnify any person .
  21.4 Non-Compliance with *Business Corporations Act*
 The failure of a director , alternate director or officer of the Company to comply with the *Business Corporations Act*or these Articles does not invalidate any indemnity to which he or she is entitled under this Part.

 

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  21.5 Company May Purchase Insurance 
 The Company may purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any person (or his or her heirs or legal personal representatives) who: 

 (1) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of the Company; 

 (2) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation at a time when the corporation is or was an affiliate of the Company ; 

 (3) at the request of the Company , is or was a director , alternate director, officer , employee or agent of a corporation or of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity ; 

 (4) at the request of the Company, holds or held a position equivalent to that of a director, alternate director or officer of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity; 

 against any liability incurred by him or her as such d irector, alternate director, officer, employee or agent or person who holds or held such equivalent position .
  22. Dividends   22.1 Payment of Dividends Subject to Special Rights 
 The provisions of this Article 22 are subject to the rights, if any, of shareholders holding shares with special rights as to dividends.
  22.2 Declaration of Dividends 
 Subject to the *Business Corporations Act*, the directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of such dividends as they may deem advisable.
 22.3 No Notice Required
 The directors need not give notice to any shareholder of any declaration under Article 22 . 2 .
 22.4 Record Date
 The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend . The record date must not precede the date on which the dividend is to be paid by more than two months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the date on which the directors pass the resolution declaring the dividend. 
 22.5 Manner of Paying Dividend
 A resolution declaring a dividend may direct payment of the dividend wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets or of fully paid shares or of bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, or in any one or more of those ways .
 22.6 Settlement of Difficulties
 If any difficulty arises in regard to a distribution under Article 22.5 , the directors may settle the difficulty as they deem advisable, and, in particular , may: 

 (1) set the value for distribution of specific assets; 

 

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 (2) determine that cash payments in substitution for all or any part of the specific assets to which any shareholders are entitled may be made to any shareholders on the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all parties; and 

 (3) vest any such specific assets in trustees for the persons entitled to the dividend. 
  22.7 When Dividend Payable 
 Any dividend may be made payable on such date as is fixed by the directors.
 22.8 Dividends to be Paid in Accordance with Number of Shares
 Al l dividends on shares of any class or series of shares must be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held. 
  22.9 Receipt by Joint Shareholders 
 If several persons are joint shareholders of any share, any one of them may give an effective receipt for any dividend, bonus or other money payable in respect of the share.
  22.10 Dividend Bears No Interest 
 No dividend bears interest against the Company.
 22.11 Fractional Dividends
 If a dividend to which a shareholder is entitled includes a fraction of the smallest monetary unit of the currency of the dividend, that fraction may be disregarded in making payment of the dividend and that payment represents full payment of the dividend.
  22.12 Payment of Dividends 
 Any dividend or other distribution payable in cash in respect of shares may be paid by cheque, made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and mailed to the address of the shareholder, or in the case of joint shareholders, to the address of the joint shareholder who is first named on the central securities register, or to the person and to the address the shareholder or joint shareholders may direct in writing. The mailing of such cheque will, to the extent of the sum represented by the cheque (plus the amount of the tax required by law to be deducted), discharge all liability for the dividend unless such cheque is not paid on presentation or the amount of tax so deducted is not paid to the appropriate taxing authority.
 22.13 Capitalization of Surplus
 Notwithstanding anything contained in these Articles, the directors may from time to time capitalize any surplus of the Company and may from time to time issue , as fully paid , shares or any bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as a dividend representing the surplus or any part of the surplus.
  23. Documents, Records and Reports   23.1 Recording of Financial Affairs 
 The directors must cause adequate accounting records to be kept to record properly the financial affairs and condition of the Company and to comply with the *Business Corporations Act*. 

 

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 23.2 Inspection of Accounting Records
 Unless the directors determine otherwise, or unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, no shareholder of the Company is entitled to inspect or obtain a copy of any accounting records of the Company.
  24. Notices   24.1 Method of Giving Notice 
 Unless the *Business Corporations Act* or these Articles provides otherwise, a notice, statement, report or other record required or permitted by the *Business Corporations Act* or these Articles to be sent by or to a person may be sent by any one of the following methods:

 (1) mail addressed to the person at the applicable address for that person as follows: 

 (a) for a record mailed to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address ;

 (b) for a record mailed to a director or officer, the prescribed address for mailing shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the mailing address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class ; 

 (c) in any other case, the mailing address of the intended recipient;

 (2) delivery at the applicable address for that person as follows, addressed to the person: 

 (a) for a record delivered to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address ;

 (b) for a record delivered to a director or officer, the prescribed address for delivery shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the delivery address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class ; 

 (c) in any other case, the delivery address of the intended recipient;

 (3) sending the record by fax to the fax number provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; 

 (4) sending the record by email to the email address provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; 

 (5) physical delivery to the intended recipient; or 

 (6) as otherwise permitted by any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the Company and all regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commissions or similar authorities appointed under that legislation. 
24.2 Deemed Receipt of Mailing
 A record that is mailed to a person by ordinary mail to the applicable address for that person referred to in Article 24.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was mailed on the day, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excepted, following the date of mailing.

 

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24.3 Certificate of Sending
 A certificate signed by the secretary , if any, or other officer of the Company or of any other corporation acting in that behalf for the Company stating that a notice, statement , report or other record was addressed as required by Article 24.1 , prepaid and mailed or otherwise sent as permitted by Article 24.1 is conclusive evidence of that fact .
  24.4    Notice to Joint Shareholders 
 A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the joint shareholders of a share by providing the notice to the joint shareholder first named in the central securities register in respect of the share.
 24.5   Notice to Trustees 
 A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death, bankruptcy or incapacity of a shareholder by : 

 (1) mailing the record, addressed to them : 

 (a) by name, by the title of the legal personal representative of the deceased or incapacitated shareholder, by the title of trustee of the bankrupt shareholder or by any similar description ; and

 (b) at the address, if any, supplied to the Company for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled ; or

 (2) if an address referred to in paragraph ( 1 )( b ) has not been supplied to the Company, by giving the notice in a manner in which it might have been given if the death, bankruptcy or incapacity had not occurred. 
  25. Seal   25.1 Who May Attest Seal 
 Except as provided in Articles 25.2 and 25.3, the Company’s seal, if any, must not be impressed on any record except when that impression is attested by the signatures of : 

 (1) any two directors ;

 (2) any officer, together with any director ; 

 (3) if the Company only has one director, that director ; or

 (4) any one or more directors or officers or persons as may be determined by the directors.
 25.2 Sealing Copies
 For the purpose of certifying under seal a certificate of incumbency of the directors or officers of the Company or a true copy of any resolution or other document, despite Article 25 .1, the impression of the seal may be attested by the signature of any director or officer. 
 25.3 Mechanical Reproduction of Seal
The directors may authorize the seal to be impressed by third parties on share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as they may determine appropriate from time to time. To enable the seal to

 

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 be impressed on any share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, whether in definitive or interim form, on which facsimiles of any of the signatures of the directors or officers of the Company are, in accordance with the *Business Corporations Act*or these Articles, printed or otherwise mechanically reproduced, there may be delivered to the person employed to engrave, lithograph or print such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities one or more unmounted dies reproducing the seal and the chair of the board or any senior officer together with the secretary, treasurer, secretary-treasurer, an assistant secretary, an assistant treasurer or an assistant secretary-treasurer may in writing authorize such person to cause the seal to be impressed on such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities by the use of such dies. Share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities to which the seal has been so impressed are for all purposes deemed to be under and to bear the seal impressed on them. 

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