IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 18-1690

Filed May 1, 2019

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF NICOLE RAE SEWARD

AND ADAM CLARK SEWARD

Upon the Petition of

NICOLE RAE SEWARD,

Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning

ADAM CLARK SEWARD,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Hardin County, James C. Ellefson, 

Judge.

Nicole Seward appeals the modification of the visitation and child support 

provisions of the dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.

Danni J. Harris of Whitfield & Eddy, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

Barry S. Kaplan and C. Aron Vaughn of Kaplan & Frese, LLP, 

Marshalltown, for appellee.

Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Bower, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge.

Nicole Seward appeals from the modification of the decree dissolving her 

marriage to Adam Seward. The district court modified the decree in several 

respects. At issue in this appeal are the district court’s modification of the

visitation provision, which provided Adam with parenting time by setting out a 

detailed schedule, and modification of the child support provision, which declared 

past child support payments satisfied, increased child support, and credited 

Adam for overpayment of past child support. On appeal, Nicole argues the 

court’s ruling went beyond the scope of Adam’s modification petition by modifying 

the visitation provision and child support award when the petition only requested 

the court modify the decree to place physical care of the children with Adam. 

She also claims the court erred in declining to award her attorney fees.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

The parties married in 1997. They have three children: E.S., born in 2005; 

A.S., born in 2007; and C.S., born in 2010. The parties divorced in 2011 by way 

of stipulated agreement. Relating to the children, the agreement granted joint 

legal custody to the parents, placed physical care of the children with Nicole, and 

provided Adam with “reasonable and liberal rights of visitation such as not to 

interfere with the health, welfare, and education of the said children with the 

specific dates and times to be agreed upon by the parties.” The agreement also 

required Adam to pay Nicole child support through the Collection Services Center 

and required that the children continue to receive VA benefits, to which they are 

entitled due to Adam’s past military service.
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For several years, the parties co-parented without significant issues. They

were able to flexibly schedule Adam’s parenting time without a set schedule until 

recently when E.S. refused to spend time with Adam. As a disabled veteran, 

Adam receives disability payments from the government each month.1 The 

amount of his monthly disability payments has varied in accordance with his level 

of impairment over time. Adam regularly deposited these payments into a joint 

account he shared with Nicole, intending to satisfy his child support obligation in 

this manner. Then, in August 2017 Nicole sought a wage withholding order so 

that Adam’s child support payments would be deducted from his paycheck 

instead. Four days later, Adam filed his petition for modification, requesting 

physical care of the children be awarded to him. The prayer of the petition 

requested “the court place primary care of the parties’ minor children in [him], 

enter such orders as to child support and other matters appropriate under the 

circumstances, and enter an order as to court costs and attorney fees.”

The parties completed court-mandated mediation and reached an 

agreement on temporary matters, which provided Adam with scheduled 

parenting time with A.S. and C.S. It also required Adam to attend therapy with 

E.S. prior to the commencement of visitation. However, neither parent could 

identify a therapy provider who would meet with them due to the pending 

litigation. As a result, Adam commenced regularly scheduled parenting time with 

A.S. and C.S. but not with E.S.

 

1 The record indicates these disability payments differ from the VA benefits referred to in 

the stipulated agreement.
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Both parties made contempt allegations against the other. Nicole’s 

allegations of contempt against Adam related to the payment of child support

among other things. The contempt actions were considered at the same time as 

the modification action. At trial, Adam testified and indicated he sought joint 

physical care of the children instead of physical care. He also requested a 

defined parenting-time schedule be entered to replace the existing non-specific 

visitation provision in the dissolution decree. Nicole also testified and denied any 

change in circumstance warranting modification of physical care and contested

the need for a set parenting-time schedule for Adam and instead claimed the 

existing visitation provision was in the children’s best interests.

At the close of evidence, the court ruled from the bench. The court found 

no change in circumstance warranting a change in physical care and dismissed 

the pending contempt actions. However, the court found a change in 

circumstance necessitating a change to the visitation provision of the decree and 

concluded a set parenting-time schedule was in the children’s best interest. The 

court then permitted the parties to provide information off the record regarding 

their preferences for a parenting-time schedule. Considering evidence presented 

relating to the contempt claims, the court declared Adam’s past child support 

obligations satisfied and found him ahead in his payments by $5694.19, relying 

on a hand-written exhibit from Adam outlining his payments into the joint account, 

which was mostly reconcilable with a payment record submitted by Nicole. The 

court modified the child support award but credited Adam’s future payments by 

$50.00 per month until the total overpayment is reached. The court also modified 
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other provisions of the decree regulating the children’s medical support and who 

will claim the children as dependents on future tax returns.

As the court ruled from the bench, Nicole alerted the court to the limited 

scope of the modification petition and indicated the court should “simply dismiss 

the modification petition claiming that there had not been any change in 

circumstance.” The court declined to do so. After the court issued its written 

ruling, both parties filed motions to amend and enlarge the court’s findings and 

conclusions. Adam sought a change to the holiday provision of the entered 

parenting-time schedule. Nicole again noted the limited scope of the modification 

petition and argued the court’s ruling went beyond the scope if the issue before it. 

The court denied both motions.

Nicole now appeals.

II. Standard of Review

Because “[p]etitions to modify the physical care provision of a divorce 

decree lie in equity . . . we review the district court’s decision de novo.” In re 

Marriage of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa 2016) (citations omitted). 

“Although we make our own findings of fact, ‘when considering the credibility of 

witnesses the court gives weight to the findings of the trial court’ even though we 

are not bound by them.” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 

2015) (citation omitted). The best interests of the children is the controlling 

consideration. Id.

We review the trial court’s denial of attorney fees for an abuse of 

discretion. See In re Marriage of Grady-Woods, 577 N.W.2d 851, 853 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 1998).
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III. Discussion

A. Visitation

As a threshold issue, Nicole argues the district court improperly modified 

the visitation provision of the decree by providing a set parenting-time schedule

sua sponte. We have previously found a district court’s modification of a decree 

provision improper when the parties did not have notice the provision was at 

issue. See In re Marriage of Hute, No. 17-0046, 2017 WL 3283382, at *3 (Iowa 

Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2017) (finding court’s modification of legal custody provision 

improper when petitioning party only requested modification of visitation and 

collecting supporting cases). However, here Nicole had fair notice the visitation

provision was potentially at issue given the modification petition’s broadly worded 

prayer. Had the court found a material and substantial change in circumstance 

warranting modification of physical care, the petition’s prayer permitted the court 

to modify “other matters appropriate under the circumstances,” which would 

include the visitation provision of the decree.

Counsel’s direct examination of Nicole also makes clear she was aware 

the visitation provision was at issue. Specifically, counsel posed the following 

question to Nicole: “Would you have an objection yourself to the court placing a 

specific visitation schedule when [Adam] can see the children?” This questioning 

demonstrates Nicole knew the possibility of a set parenting-time schedule was 

before the court. Because the parties had fair notice the visitation provision was 

at issue, we do not find the district court improperly modified the parenting-time 

schedule sua sponte. See Warren v. Miller, 17 N.Y.S. 3d 535, 536 (N.Y. App. 

Div. 2015) (finding district court had the authority to address custody issue sua 
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sponte when parties had sufficient notice custody was at issue prior to hearing 

and had an opportunity to present relevant testimony and evidence on the issue).

Nicole contends even if the district court properly considered the 

parenting-time provision, it erred in determining any change was necessary. As 

the party seeking modification, Adam was required to “establish by a 

preponderance of the evidence that there has been a material change in 

circumstances since the decree and that the requested change in visitation is in 

the best interests of the children.” Christy v. Lenz, 878 N.W.2d 461, 464 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 2016) (quoting In re Marriage of Salmon, 519 N.W.2d 94, 95–96 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 1994)). However, the change in circumstances required to modify 

visitation is less extensive than the change required to modify custody. See id. 

Like the district court, we find the record reveals a change in 

circumstances sufficient to warrant modification of the visitation provision and 

conclude a set parenting-time schedule is in the children’s best interests. The 

relationship between the parties has deteriorated over time, as evidenced by 

their difficulty agreeing to vacation terms. E.S.’s relationship with Adam has also 

suffered significantly since entry of the decree and, as of the time of trial, E.S. 

and Adam had not spent any time together for more than a year. A set 

parenting-time schedule would help reduce conflict regarding vacations, provide 

the children with stability, and help foster the parent-child relationship between 

Adam and each of the children. We conclude the district court did not err in 

modifying the parenting-time provision of the decree.
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B. Child Support

Next, Nicole argues the district court went beyond the scope of her 

contempt petition, which alleged Adam failed to pay child support, and Adam’s 

modification petition by declaring Adam’s past child support obligations satisfied, 

finding Adam overpaid support in the amount of $5694.18, and offsetting future 

support payments to compensate for the overpayment. Contrary to Nicole’s 

protestations, modification of child support was properly before the court. The 

petition for modification requested the court “enter such orders as to child support 

. . . [that are] appropriate under the circumstances.” This sufficiently notified the 

parties that modification of child support was at issue. Cf. Warren, 17 N.Y.S. 3d 

at 536.

We conclude Nicole’s contempt action necessitated the district court’s 

finding that Adam satisfied his child support obligation. A person may be 

punished by the court for contempt if the person willfully disobeys the order of a 

final decree. See Iowa Code § 598.23 (2017). Here, Nicole alleged Adam 

disobeyed the child support provision of the dissolution decree. The first step in 

the court’s contempt analysis required the court to consider whether Adam failed 

to comply with the decree by failing to pay the ordered support. See Ary v. Iowa 

Dist. Ct., 735 N.W.2d 621, 624 (Iowa 2007) (noting first the petitioning party must 

show the contemnor violated the decree). When completing this necessary 

inquiry, the court found Adam satisfied the required child support by using his 

monthly disability payments. Similarly, the court’s finding that Adam overpaid 

support was part of the court’s second step in its contempt analysis, noting even 

had Adam technically failed to comply with the decree’s methodology of payment 
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his overpayment of support negated a finding of willful noncompliance. Cf. Amro 

v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 429 N.W.2d 135, 140 (Iowa 1988). These two findings were 

necessary to Nicole’s own contempt claim regarding child support. We will not 

require the district court to turn a blind eye to these findings when fashioning a 

child support award.

Moreover, we do not quarrel with the decision of the district court to credit 

Adam’s overpayment of support when reaching an equitable resolution regarding 

child support. See In re Marriage of Walters, 575 N.W.2d 739, 741 (Iowa 1998) 

(“We recognize that the district court has ‘reasonable discretion in determining 

whether modification [of child support] is warranted and that discretion will not be 

disturbed on appeal unless there is a failure to do equity.’” (quoting In re 

Marriage of Vetternack, 334 N.W.2d 761, 762 (Iowa 1983))). Here the district 

court fashioned a child support award that was equitable to both parties by 

increasing Adam’s child support obligation and crediting his monthly obligation by 

fifty dollars per month until his existing payment surplus is paid. This resolution 

provides Nicole with more support, even after factoring in Adam’s monthly 

overpayment credit, and recognizes Adam’s efforts to provide for his children.2 

C. Trial Attorney Fees

Finally, Nicole claims the district court erred denying her request for 

attorney fees. Iowa Code section 598.36 provides the district court with 

discretionary authority to award attorney fees in a modification action “to the 

 

2 Nicole also argues the record did not contain sufficient information for the court to 

fashion a modified support award. However, we note the court’s modified award was 

similar to the proposed award from Nicole’s child support guidelines worksheet, and we 

find the record minimally sufficient to modify child support.
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prevailing party in an amount deemed reasonable by the court.” When 

considering the outcome of the proceedings below and the parties’ relative ability 

to pay, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Nicole’s request for attorney fees. See In re Marriage of Michael, 839 N.W.2d 

630, 639 (Iowa 2013).

IV. Conclusion

Nicole was provided sufficient notice that the visitation and child support 

provisions of the decree were subject to modification in this action. Furthermore, 

there was a sufficient change in circumstance warranting modification of the 

visitation provision and establishing a set parenting-time schedule for Adam is in 

the children’s best interests. The district court’s resolution and modification of 

child support was equitable. Finally, we find the district court did not abuse its 

discretion in denying Nicole’s request for attorney fees.

AFFIRMED.