2014 IL App (3d) 130029 

Opinion filed September 16, 2014 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

DON GRAINGER, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court 

) of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Will County, Illinois 

 ) 

 v. ) Appeal No. 3-13-0029 

) Circuit No. 09-L-794 

) 

HARRAH'S CASINO d/b/a Joliet ) Honorable Raymond E. Rossi, 

Harrah's Casino, JASON ) Honorable Michael J. Powers, 

GLICKMAN, and WILLIAM LYNCH, ) Judges, Presiding. 

) 

 Defendants-Appellees. ) 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices McDade and Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

 OPINION 

 

¶ 1 The plaintiff, Don Grainger, brought an action for false imprisonment and intentional 

infliction of emotional distress against defendants William Lynch, an Illinois Gaming Board 

agent, Harrah's Casino, d/b/a Joliet Harrah's Casino (Harrah's), and Jason Glickman, the security 

supervisor at Harrah's. The action arose out of an incident in which Lynch briefly handcuffed 

and detained Grainger and turned him over to the Joliet police after Grainger presented what 

appeared to be an altered driver's license to Harrah's personnel when attempting to collect a 

jackpot he had won at a slot machine. 
2

¶ 2 Lynch moved for summary judgment on the grounds that: (1) the action against him was 

barred by sovereign immunity; and (2) Grainger failed to present any evidence suggesting that 

Lynch acted without probable cause or caused Grainger severe emotional distress. Defendants 

Glickman and Harrah's also moved for summary judgment, arguing that there was no evidence 

that Glickman restrained or arrested Grainger or procured his arrest. Glickman and Harrah's 

maintained that Glickman had merely reported a suspicious looking driver's license to Lynch, 

who took control of the investigation and independently decided to restrain Grainger. Glickman 

and Harrah's also argued that Grainger had failed to present any evidence suggesting that: (1) 

Glickman lacked probable cause to inquire into whether Grainger's license had been altered; (2) 

Glickman's behavior was "extreme and outrageous"; (3) Glickman knew or should have known 

that his actions would inflict severe emotional distress; or (4) Grainger suffered extreme 

emotional distress.

¶ 3 The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Lynch on sovereign immunity 

grounds and denied Glickman and Harrah's motion for summary judgment. The case was tried 

against defendants Glickman and Harrah's on Grainger's false imprisonment claim only. The 

jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants. 

¶ 4 Grainger appeals the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Lynch on 

sovereign immunity grounds. He also appeals the trial court's orders entering judgment in favor 

of Glickman and Harrah's and denying his motion for a new trial, arguing that the trial court 

caused severe prejudice to Grainger by erroneously refusing a jury instruction that Grainger had 

tendered on probable cause. Specifically, Grainger argues that the jury should have been 
3

instructed that, in order to have probable cause to restrain someone, security personnel must 

pursue "reasonable avenues of investigation."

¶ 5 FACTS

¶ 6 The following facts are drawn from the trial testimony and other evidence submitted by 

the parties. Grainger is a corrections officer specialist who has worked for the Federal Bureau of 

Prisons for 16 years. He lives in Georgia. In April of 2009, Grainger was booked for a threenight stay at Harrah's Casino Hotel in Joliet. The hotel stay was complimentary because 

Grainger had accumulated points on his Harrah's "Player's card" by playing slot machines at 

several Harrah's casinos in various states. On April 19, 2009, after checking into the Harrah's 

Joliet hotel, Grainger played the dollar slots in the casino for approximately 15 minutes. While 

playing, Grainger used his Harrah's Player's card, which had his name and picture on it. 

¶ 7 While his Harrah's Player's card was in a slot machine, Grainger won a $1,400 jackpot. 

For tax-reporting purposes, Illinois Gaming Board policy requires a person who wins a jackpot 

of more than $1,200 to present state or federal identification in order to collect his or her 

winnings. When the slot host approached Grainger and asked him to provide identification, 

Grainger produced his valid Georgia driver's license, which had his picture on it. The slot host 

told the casino operations manager that she thought that Grainger's driver's license looked 

altered. The casino operations manager agreed and alerted Glickman, who was the security 

supervisor at Harrah's. 

¶ 8 Glickman approached Grainger and asked to see a valid identification. Grainger again 

produced his Georgia driver's license. After viewing the license, Glickman thought it looked 

"suspicious" because it appeared to be altered. Glickman did not run Grainger's Player's card 
4

(which had Grainger's picture in the system) or check Grainger's "points" on the card. Nor did he 

use any other database to investigate Grainger's identity. Glickman did not investigate where 

Grainger was staying overnight or order the slot host or the casino operations manager to 

investigate anything. 

¶ 9 Pursuant to Harrah's procedure, Glickman reported the matter to Illinois Gaming Board 

Special Agent Lynch, who is a licensed Illinois police officer. The State of Illinois regulates 

casinos and mandates that the Illinois Gaming Board respond to criminal or suspected criminal 

activity occurring at a casino. As an Illinois Gaming Board agent, Lynch's duties included 

monitoring and regulating Harrah's in accordance with the Riverboat Gambling Act (230 ILCS 

10/1 et seq. (West 2008)). Lynch testified that: (1) he was also responsible for deterring crime 

and cheating in the casino; (2) he reported any violation of law to the Illinois Gaming Board; and 

(3) he was authorized to make arrests at the casino under the Riverboat Gambling Act and under 

Illinois Gaming Board protocols. 

¶ 10 Lynch told Glickman to bring him Grainger's driver's license, and Glickman did so. 

When he examined the photograph on the license, Lynch thought that it looked altered because 

the neck did not match the head. Specifically, the neck appeared to be very thick and protruded 

past the head. Lynch thought that one picture had been superimposed over another. In his nine 

years of experience, Lynch had never seen another picture like it. Lynch checked the license 

through the Law Enforcement Agency Data System, a law enforcement database. The personal 

information on Grainger's license "checked out," but there was no photograph in the database to 

compare with the photograph on the license. Lynch admitted that, for the license to be 

fraudulent, Grainger would have had to have used the license of a different person that matched 

his height, weight, and race, since Grainger matched all of the identifying information on the 
5

license. 

¶ 11 Lynch and Glickman then approached Grainger, who had been waiting by the slot 

machines on the casino floor. Lynch took out his badge and identified himself to Grainger. 

After looking at Grainger, Lynch thought that Grainger's appearance did not match the picture on 

the license because Grainger's "neck wasn’t protruding like the one on the license." To Lynch, 

"[t]he face looked the same but the neck was totally different." Grainger produced another piece 

of identification. Grainger later testified that he produced his work identification as a federal 

corrections officer, which had his picture on it. Lynch did not look at this identification. Neither 

Lynch nor any Harrah's employee asked Grainger for any other identification, and Lynch did not 

ask Grainger where he was staying or whether he was a special Harrah's player. Lynch decided 

to detain Grainger and turn him over to the Joliet police department. 

¶ 12 Because Grainger was "very big and strong," and because, in Lynch's experience, 

individuals become hostile if they think they are not going to be paid their jackpot, Lynch 

decided to secure Grainger by handcuffing him and escorting him to a detention room, where 

Grainger was handcuffed to a bench. Grainger was cooperative at all times. 

¶ 13 At Lynch's direction, Harrah's called the Joliet police. Joliet police officer Haiduke 

arrived at Harrah's approximately nine minutes after Grainger was first handcuffed. Lynch

informed Haiduke of a possible fake or altered license. Haiduke agreed that the license appeared 

altered and decided to transport Grainger to the Joliet police department for further inquiry. 

Haiduke recuffed Grainger with his own handcuffs, put Grainger in his squad car, and took him 

to the police station. 

¶ 14 At the police station, Haiduke ran Grainger's identification and "everything came back 

valid." Haiduke then discussed the matter with his supervisor, Sergeant Nicodemos. Like 
6

Haiduke, Nicodemos initially thought that the picture on the driver's license looked "peculiar," 

but, after examining Grainger, he concluded that Grainger's neck resembled the license picture. 

Nicodemos and Haiduke returned Grainger to Harrah's, uncuffed, at 1:06 a.m., approximately 42 

minutes after Grainger was handcuffed by Lynch and less than an hour from the time Grainger 

was first approached by Glickman. 

¶ 15 Grainger collected his jackpot, left Harrah's, and went to his brother's house, which was 

about a mile from the casino. Later that night, Grainger returned to Harrah's and spent the rest of 

the night in his Harrah's hotel room. He checked out later that day, traveled to Hammond, 

Indiana, checked into a Harrah's-affiliated hotel for the night, and gambled at the nearby Harrah's 

casino.

¶ 16 Grainger sued Lynch, Glickman, and Harrah's in the circuit court of Will County alleging 

false imprisonment (count I) and intentional infliction of emotional distress (count II). In each 

count, Grainger sought compensatory damages in excess of $50,000 against all of the defendants 

(jointly and severally), punitive damages in excess of $50,000 against each defendant, costs, 

attorneys fees, and "whatever additional relief the trial court deemed just and equitable." He also 

filed a verified complaint against the State of Illinois and the Illinois Gaming Board in the 

Illinois Court of Claims seeking compensatory damages arising out of the same incident. The 

trial court granted summary judgment to Lynch on sovereign immunity grounds but denied 

Glickman and Harrah's motion for summary judgment. 

¶ 17 The matter proceeded to trial against Glickman and Harrah's on Grainger's false 

imprisonment claim. Grainger called Lynch as an adverse witness during his case-in-chief. 

During his trial testimony, Lynch admitted that: (1) the more information he has, the better 

decisions he can make as to probable cause; (2) in determining that he had probable cause to 
7

detain Grainger, the only investigation that Lynch conducted was determining that Grainger's 

license was valid, that Grainger matched the information on the license, and that Grainger did 

not resemble the picture on the license. 

¶ 18 Glickman testified that, when he interacted with Grainger, he was acting as "[p]rivate 

citizen security," not as a police officer, and that he had the same rights to arrest or detain 

someone as "anyone else." Glickman stated that, although he had a "suspicion" that Grainger

had submitted a false license (which justified further investigation), he never thought that there 

was probable cause to believe that Grainger had committed a crime. Glickman also confirmed 

that everything that occurred after he went to Lynch was "solely done and decided" by Lynch.

¶ 19 After the evidence was presented, Grainger proposed a nonpattern jury instruction 

stating: "To have 'probable cause' security personnel must pursue 'reasonable avenues of 

investigation.' " Grainger cited Kincaid v. Ames Department Stores, Inc., 283 Ill. App. 3d 555 

(1996), as authority for this proposed instruction. The trial court refused the instruction. 

¶ 20 The jury returned a defense verdict, and the trial court entered judgment on the verdict. 

Grainger then filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied. This appeal followed. 

¶ 21 ANALYSIS

¶ 22 1. Sovereign Immunity

¶ 23 Grainger argues that the trial court erred in granting Lynch's motion for summary 

judgment on sovereign immunity grounds and in ruling that it did not have jurisdiction over 

Grainger's claims against Lynch.

1

 We review the trial court's grant of summary judgment on this 

basis de novo. Poris v. Lake Holiday Property Owners Ass'n, 2013 IL 113907, ¶ 27. 

 

1 The trial court ruled that Grainger's claims against Lynch could only be filed in the Illinois 

Court of Claims. 
8

¶ 24 In the Illinois Constitution of 1970, this state abolished the defense of sovereign 

immunity "[e]xcept as the General Assembly may provide by law." Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, 

§ 4. In response, the legislature enacted the State Lawsuit Immunity Act (Immunity Act) (745 

ILCS 5/0.01 et seq. (West 2008)). Section 1 of the Immunity Act (745 ILCS 5/1 (West 2008)) 

provides that "the State of Illinois shall not be made a defendant or party in any court" except as 

provided by the Illinois Public Labor Relations Act (5 ILCS 315/1 et seq. (West 2008)) or the 

Court of Claims Act (705 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2008)). In the Court of Claims Act, the 

legislature provided that the Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over "[a]ll claims against 

the State for damages in cases sounding in tort, if a like cause of action would lie against a 

private person or corporation in a civil suit, *** provided, that an award for damages in a case 

sounding in tort, other than certain cases involving the operation of a State vehicle described in 

this paragraph, shall not exceed the sum of $100,000 to or for the benefit of any claimant." 705 

ILCS 505/8(d) (West 2008). "This language is clear and unambiguous; all claims against the 

state for damages sounding in tort must be brought in the Court of Claims—no other tribunal, 

including our circuit courts, has jurisdiction of any such claim." Fritz v. Johnston, 209 Ill. 2d 

302, 310 (2004). The question, therefore, is whether the instant tort case raises "claims against 

the State." 

¶ 25 "The determination of whether an action is in fact a suit against the State turns upon an 

analysis of the issues involved and the relief sought, rather than the formal designation of the 

parties." Currie v. Lao, 148 Ill. 2d 151, 158 (1992). "An action brought nominally against a 

State employee in his individual capacity will be found to be a claim against the State where a 

judgment for the plaintiff could operate to control the actions of the State or subject it to 

liability." Id. 
9

¶ 26 The determination whether an action against a state employee ought to be characterized 

as an action against the state does not depend simply upon whether the employee was acting 

within the scope of his employment when he committed the act in question. Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 

310. Rather, the applicability of sovereign immunity turns on the "source of the duty" that the 

defendant is alleged to have breached. (Emphasis omitted.) Id. (citing Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 

159). Where the duty is imposed "solely by virtue of the individual's employment with the 

state," sovereign immunity attaches and exclusive jurisdiction lies in the Court of Claims. Fritz, 

209 Ill. 2d at 310-11; Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 159. However, if the duty exists independently of 

state employment, the individual is subject to suit in circuit court. Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 311. Thus, 

"where an employee of the State, although acting within the scope of his employment, is charged 

with breaching a duty that arose independently of his State employment, a suit against him will 

not be shielded by sovereign immunity." Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 159; see also Healy v. Vaupel, 

133 Ill. 2d 295, 308 (1990) ("[s]overeign immunity affords no protection, *** when it is alleged 

that the State's agent acted in violation of statutory or constitutional law or in excess of his 

authority"). However, when a state employee is charged with breaching a statutory duty which 

proscribes his conduct as a state employee (and not a statutory duty that applies to the public 

generally), sovereign immunity applies. See Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 314. "[T]he critical question is 

the source of the duty the employee is alleged to have violated—and specifically, whether that 

duty exists solely by virtue of the defendant's state employment." Id.; see also Currie, 148 Ill. 2d 

at 159; Welch v. Illinois Supreme Court, 322 Ill. App. 3d 345, 352-53 (2001) (ruling that "[a] 

State employee's violation of policy, regulation, or even statute does not necessarily avert the 

application of sovereign immunity," and that "[t]he relevant question for sovereign immunity 

purposes" is "whether the charged acts of [a state employee] arose out of his breach of a duty that 
10

is imposed on him solely by virtue of his State employment or whether he is charged with 

breaching a duty that arose independently of his State employment" (emphasis omitted)). 

¶ 27 In this case, Grainger alleged that Lynch committed a false imprisonment by detaining 

him without having probable cause to believe a criminal offense had been committed. At the 

time Lynch detained Grainger, he was performing his duties as an Illinois Gaming Board agent at 

Harrah's. At that time, the Riverboat Gambling Act authorized the Illinois Gaming Board to 

"supervise all gambling operations governed by this Act" (230 ILCS 10/5(c) (West 2008)) and to 

execute the Act's provisions by, inter alia, employing investigators "exercising the powers of a 

peace officer." (230 ILCS 10/5(e) (West 2008)). It is undisputed that Lynch was an Illinois 

Gaming Board agent who was authorized to enforce the Riverboat Gambling Act's requirements

by conducting investigations and by making arrests at the casino when he had reasonable 

grounds to believe that a person had committed a felony or some other serious offense. Every 

action that Lynch took in this case arose from his job duties as an Illinois Gaming Board agent. 

Lynch was called to investigate Grainger's driver's license in his capacity as an Illinois Gaming 

Board agent. His subsequent investigation of Grainger and his decision to detain Grainger and 

turn him over to the Joliet police were all done in the exercise of his duties as a statutorily 

authorized peace officer charged with enforcing the Riverboat Gambling Act. Those are the very 

acts that form the basis of Grainger's complaint. Thus, because the duties Lynch is alleged to 

have breached in this case arose solely from his state employment, sovereign immunity applies. 

See, e.g., Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 314; Welch, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 352-53; Grimes v. Saikley, 388 Ill. 

App. 3d 802, 815-16 (2009) (holding that claims which arose solely out of actions imposed by 

appointment as public administrator in closing estate were barred by sovereign immunity); 

Postich v. Henrichs, 267 Ill. App. 3d 236, 244 (1994) (applying sovereign immunity to bar claim 
11

against police officer involved in automobile accident while responding to an emergency); 

Campbell v. White, 207 Ill. App. 3d 541 (1991) (sovereign immunity applied where state law 

enforcement officer negligently caused the death of a suspect during a high-speed chase of the 

suspect). 

¶ 28 Grainger argues that: (1) section 107-2(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 

(725 ILCS 5/107-2(c) (West 2008)) (the Code) provides that a peace officer may make an arrest 

only when he has "reasonable grounds to believe that the person is committing or has committed 

an offense" (id.); (2) Lynch, who was acting as a peace officer at the time he detained Grainger, 

violated this provision by detaining Grainger without probable cause;2 and (3) the duty to detain 

a subject only upon probable cause applies to all peace officers (state or municipal) and does not 

arise out of an officer’s state employment. Therefore, Grainger argues, Lynch's violation of this 

statutory duty is not protected by sovereign immunity. Grainger analogizes this situation to 

cases wherein courts have held that certain professionals employed by the state, such as public 

defenders and doctors at state hospitals, are not protected by sovereign immunity when they 

breach a professional duty owed by every member of their profession. See, e.g., Jinkins v. Lee, 

 

2

 Grainger also argues that Lynch violated section 107-14 of the Code, which provides that a 

police officer may, under certain circumstances, temporarily stop and question a suspect "in the 

vicinity of where the person was stopped." 725 ILCS 5/107-14 (West 2008). Grainger notes that 

Lynch admitted that he violated this provision by questioning Grainger in the Harrah's detention 

room, away from where Grainger was initially stopped. However, this is a red herring because 

this alleged violation has nothing to do with the substance of Grainger's claim against Lynch. 

Grainger's claim is based on Lynch's alleged detention of Grainger without probable cause, not 

his questioning of Grainger in any particular location. 
12

209 Ill. 2d 320, 333 (2004); Sellers v. Rudert, 395 Ill. App. 3d 1041 (2009); Loman v. Freeman, 

375 Ill. App. 3d 445 (2006). In these cases, courts have held that "[b]ecause a professional duty 

derives from the duty of care imposed by one's status as a professional, this is an independent 

duty that does not arise solely from one's [state] employment and, thus, a breach is not protected 

by sovereign immunity." Brandon v. Bonell, 368 Ill. App. 3d 492, 506 (2006). 

¶ 29 We find these cases inapposite. As noted above, Lynch's authority to detain Grainger 

arose entirely from his status as an agent of the Illinois Gaming Board, and the acts that form the 

basis of Grainger's complaint were directly related to Lynch's state employment. Moreover, a 

judgment in this case could affect the Illinois Gaming Board's ability to enforce the requirements 

of the Riverboat Gambling Act. For all these reasons, the duty which Lynch is alleged to have 

breached is intimately connected to Lynch's state employment. See, e.g., Carmody v. Thompson, 

2012 IL App (4th) 120202, ¶ 30. Further, Lynch has cited no cases suggesting that a police 

officer's duty to arrest based on probable cause arises from his "professional" status as a police 

officer. Nor have we found any such cases. 

¶ 30 We find that this case is more like Carmody than the "professional duty" cases cited by 

Grainger. In Carmody, a former employee of the University of Illinois sued his former 

supervisor for making allegedly false and defamatory statements in the termination letter he sent 

to the employee. Our appellate court held that sovereign immunity applied because: (1) "drafting 

the letter was related to the defendant's duties as an assistant dean and director of the college of 

engineering"; (2) the plaintiff's suit "could potentially affect state policies and control state 

actions"; and (3) "[a] judgment for [the] plaintiff could also directly influence how persons in 

positions similar to defendant's position handle personnel matters in the future." Id. As a result,

our appellate court held that "the duty plaintiff alleged defendant breached was not owed to 
13

plaintiff independent of his state law employment." Sovereign immunity applies in this case for 

the same reasons. A contrary ruling would interfere with Illinois Gaming Board’s ability to 

enforce the Riverboat Gambling Act and with its agents' ability to perform their jobs as 

prescribed by state law.3 

¶ 31 Grainger also argues that sovereign immunity does not apply because, in detaining 

Grainger without probable cause, Lynch acted beyond the scope of his authority through 

wrongful acts and was therefore not exercising his normal and official job functions. See 

Jinkins, 209 Ill. 2d at 330 (ruling that an action against a state employee is considered to be 

 

3

 Accordingly, even if the duty at issue in this case arose independently of Lynch's state 

employment in some sense, Lynch's detention of Grainger would still be subject to sovereign 

immunity. Illinois courts have carved out an exception to the "source of duty" rule where a 

lawsuit challenging a state employee's actions could potentially affect state policies and control 

state actions. See, e.g., Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 160; Brandon, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 506. These 

courts have held that "[w]hen the conduct related to a state employee's independent duty is 

unique to his state employment such that a suit challenging this conduct could affect state 

policies or control its actions, then sovereign immunity will bar a suit against the state 

employee." Brandon, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 506; see also Currie, 148 Ill. 2d at 160. For example, 

where a police officer was responding to an emergency call by driving south across westbound 

traffic, this manner of driving was considered unique to her state employment, and sovereign 

immunity applied despite her independent duty to drive with reasonable care. Kawaguchi v. 

Gainer, 361 Ill. App. 3d 229, 244 (2005). Here, Lynch's conduct in investigating and detaining 

Grainger was unique to his employment and, as noted, Grainger's suit could affect state policies 

or control state actions. 
14

against the state only when: (1) there are no allegations that an employee or agent of the state 

acted beyond his authority through wrongful acts; (2) the duty alleged to have been breached was 

not owed to the public generally independent of the fact of state employment; and (3) the 

complained-of actions involve matters ordinarily within that employee's normal and official 

functions of the state). 

¶ 32 We disagree. As an initial matter, Grainger did not raise this argument in his response to 

Lynch's motion for summary judgment. (Grainger's briefing on summary judgment was focused 

almost entirely on the "source of duty" argument.) Moreover, Grainger's suggestion that Lynch 

was not "exercising his normal and official job functions" is scarcely developed in his appellate 

briefs. For these reasons, Grainger has forfeited this argument. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 

1, 2008); Ramos v. Kewanee Hospital, 2013 IL App (3d) 120001, ¶ 37; Clifford v. Wharton 

Business Group, L.L.C., 353 Ill. App. 3d 34, 43 n.4 (2004). 

¶ 33 However, even if we were to address Grainger's new argument, we would reject it on the 

merits. Contrary to Grainger's suggestion, Lynch did not act beyond the scope of his authority 

by detaining Grainger, even assuming arguendo that he did so without probable cause. See 

Welch, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 352 (ruling that "[a] State employee's violation of [a] *** statute does 

not necessarily avert the application of sovereign immunity," and holding that "[r]egardless of 

whether [an Illinois Supreme Court Justice] had violated [a supreme court rule] it does not 

necessarily mean that he acted beyond the 'scope of his authority' and does not, by itself, 

preclude the application of sovereign immunity"); Campbell, 207 Ill. App. 3d at 551 ("[e]ven 

assuming plaintiff correctly alleges [defendant police officer's] acts violate the statute and 

regulations pertaining to the use of oscillating lights and sirens, defendant can act negligently or 

wilfully and wantonly without exceeding the scope of his authority"). 
15

¶ 34 Moreover, a state employee does not act outside the scope of his authority (thereby 

precluding the application of sovereign immunity) merely by committing a tort, such as false 

imprisonment. Shirley v. Harmon, 405 Ill. App. 3d 86, 96 (2010); Jackson v. Alverez, 358 Ill. 

App. 3d 555, 561 (2005). "[N]o state employee has the authority to commit a tort, and if 

sovereign immunity could be defeated by alleging a tort, sovereign immunity for tort actions 

could not exist." Shirley, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 96. " '[B]ecause sovereign immunity presupposes 

the possibility of a legal wrong by a state employee [citation], and legal wrongs are, per se, 

unauthorized, the relevant question cannot be whether the employee had authority to commit the 

legal wrong.' " Id. (quoting Jackson, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 561); see also Welch, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 

352. To hold otherwise would be to "confuse[] the jurisdictional question sovereign immunity 

presents with the merits of [the plaintiff’s] claim." Welch, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 352. 

¶ 35 In any event, there can be no doubt that the actions about which Grainger complains in 

this case involved matters ordinarily within Lynch's normal and official functions. As noted, 

Lynch's duties included investigating and deterring crime at riverboat casinos, arresting those 

suspected of committing crimes, and reporting such crimes to the Illinois Gaming Board. It is a 

felony to present a fraudulent state identification card. 15 ILCS 335/14B (West 2008). Thus, 

Lynch's investigation and arrest of Grainger for apparently submitting a false state identification 

was part of Lynch’s normal and official functions. 

¶ 36 2. Jury Instruction on Probable Cause 

¶ 37 Grainger also argues that the trial court committed reversible error by refusing Grainger's

proposed jury instruction on probable cause. "The trial court has discretion to determine which 

instructions to give the jury and that determination will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that 

discretion." Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273 
16

(2002); see also Luye v. Schopper, 348 Ill. App. 3d 767, 773 (2004) (ruling that "the trial court 

has the discretion to determine if a particular jury instruction is applicable, supported by 

evidence in the record, and an accurate statement of the law"). The standard for deciding 

whether a trial court abused its discretion is "whether, taken as a whole, the instructions fairly, 

fully, and comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles." Schultz, 201 Ill. 2d

at 273-74. A reviewing court ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty 

instructions unless they clearly misled the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant. Id. at 

274; see also Stift v. Lizzadro, 362 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1026 (2005) ("A new trial will be granted 

based on a trial court's refusal to give a tendered instruction only when the refusal amounts to a 

serious prejudice to a party's right to a fair trial." (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). 

¶ 38 Grainger argues that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing his tendered jury 

instruction No. 4 (a nonpattern instruction), which read: "[t]o have 'probable cause' security 

personnel must pursue 'reasonable avenues of investigation.' " We disagree. The elements of a 

cause of action for false imprisonment are: (1) that the plaintiff was restrained or arrested by the 

defendant; and (2) that the defendant acted without reasonable grounds (i.e., without probable 

cause) to believe that an offense was committed by the plaintiff. Poris, 2013 IL 113907, ¶¶ 61-

62. "Probable cause is an absolute bar to a claim of false imprisonment." Id. ¶ 63. For purposes 

of state-law false imprisonment claims, "probable cause" is defined as "a state of facts which, if 

known, would lead a person of ordinary caution and prudence to believe or entertain a strong and 

honest suspicion that the person arrested is guilty." Poris, 2013 IL 113907, ¶ 63 (citing Lappin 

v. Costello, 232 Ill. App. 3d 1033, 1042 (1992)). This definition does not include the 

requirement of a "reasonable investigation." Our supreme court has never held or implied that a 

defendant in a false imprisonment case may establish that he had probable cause to detain the 
17

plaintiff only if he shows that he conducted a reasonable investigation before detaining the 

plaintiff. To the contrary, the relevant authorities suggest that, if the defendant knew facts which

would lead a person of ordinary caution and prudence to entertain a strong and honest suspicion 

that the plaintiff is guilty of an offense, then the defendant has probable cause to detain the 

plaintiff, regardless of the extent of his prior investigation. See, e.g., Poris, 2013 IL 113907, 

¶ 63. 

¶ 39 The instructions that the jury received in this case defined probable cause exactly as our 

supreme court defined it in Poris.

4

 Moreover, the trial court properly instructed the jury on the 

elements of a claim for false imprisonment and the relevant defenses thereto. Grainger does not 

argue otherwise. Accordingly, the instructions given by the trial court fairly, fully, and 

comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles pertaining to probable cause.5

 

The court's refusal to give the instruction tendered by Grainger neither misled the jury nor 

prejudiced Grainger. Thus, there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court. 

¶ 40 Grainger maintains that our appellate court's decision in Kincaid suggests that his 

proposed "reasonable investigation" instruction was required in this case. We disagree. As 

 

4

 The probable cause instruction in this case recited the Poris definition verbatim with one 

minor, legally immaterial change: it substituted the word "guilty" for the phase "committed the 

offense charged." 

5 Grainger argues that a special definition of probable cause applied in this case because 

Glickman was a private security guard, not a police officer. We disagree. In Poris, our supreme 

court applied the standard definition of probable cause, and Poris involved an alleged false 

imprisonment by a security officer employed by a private property association. Poris, 2013 IL 

113907, ¶¶ 15, 19, 64-65. 
18

Grainger notes, Kincaid provides that a defendant has probable cause to arrest (thereby defeating 

a plaintiff's claim for false arrest) "if, at the time of the arrest, after pursuing reasonable avenues 

of investigation, the defendant knew facts that would have led a person of ordinary prudence to 

entertain an honest and strong suspicion that the person arrested was guilty." (Emphasis added.) 

Kincaid, 283 Ill. App. 3d at 564. As authority for this proposition, Kincaid cited Lappin, 232 Ill. 

App. 3d at 1042. However, in the text cited, the Lappin court was discussing the definition of 

probable cause "for purposes of section 1983 unlawful arrest actions," not for purposes of statelaw claims for false imprisonment. (Emphasis added and internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. 

The Lappin court noted that, when addressing federal claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 

"[f]ederal courts appear to have imposed a somewhat higher standard of care on law enforcement 

officials than applies with respect to common law malicious prosecution actions. *** Generally, 

reasonable avenues of investigation must be pursued [in section 1983 cases]." (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) Lappin, 232 Ill. App. 3d at 1042 (citing BeVier v. Hucal, 806 F.2d 

123 (7th Cir. 1986)). Lappin neither holds nor suggests that this higher standard should also 

apply in false imprisonment cases brought under state common law. If anything, it suggests just 

the opposite. Accordingly, Lappin does not support the plaintiff's argument in this case. To the 

extent that Kincaid suggests that a defendant in a false imprisonment case cannot have probable 

cause to detain the plaintiff unless he performed a "reasonable investigation" prior to the 

detention, we decline to follow that decision. 

¶ 41 CONCLUSION 

¶ 42 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Will County 

granting summary judgment to Lynch. We also affirm the jury verdict in favor of Glickman and 

Harrah's. 
19

¶ 43 Affirmed.