United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted February 25, 2013*

Decided March 19, 2013

Before

RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 11‐3732

JERRY BROWN,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF

NATURAL RESOURCES,

Defendant‐Appellee.

Appeal from the

United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois,

Eastern Division.

No. 07 C 7080

James B. Zagel,

Judge.

O R D E R

Jerry Brown, an African‐American man, appeals a judgment entered in favor of the

Illinois Department of Natural Resources in his employment‐discrimination and retaliation

suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e‐2(a)(1), 2000e‐3(a).

The Department hired Brown, who has a degree in chemical engineering, into its Waste

Management and Research Center as an Assistant Professional Scientist. The issue on

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

* After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument is

unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and record. See FED. R. APP.

P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 11‐3732 Page 2

appeal is whether the Department denied Brown a 5% raise in 2007 because of his race.  The

district court held that Brown provided insufficient evidence to support a prima facie case

of discrimination and granted the Department’s motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

We present the facts in the light most favorable to Brown. The Department granted

raises to Center employees at various times from 2005 to 2007. At the end of a pay freeze

that lasted from 2003 through September 2005, all Center employees received a raise of 3%.

In December 2005 the Center gave seven eligible employees title upgrades and promotional

salary increases of another 5%. Brown was among these seven; his salary rose by 5% and he

received the upgraded title of Associate Professional Scientist. In July 2006 all Center

employees received an additional 1% across‐the‐board raise. In April 2007 the Center gave a

5% raise to another seven employees—those who had not received the promotional raises in

2005. The Director of the Center described the 2007 raises as “retention” increases granted to

resolve a “market equity issue.” The Center’s payroll records show that when those seven

employees received their 2007 raises, they were promoted to higher payroll grades and

titles.

None of the seven employees who had received salary increases based on

promotions in December 2005—including Brown—received a second raise and title upgrade

in April 2007. After he was promoted in 2005, Brown became ineligible for another

promotional increase until December 2013. One of Brown’s coworkers, Riyaz Shipchandler,

received a 5% raise in 2005 for an “educational advancement” after earning his Master’s

degree and engineering license. This was not a promotional raise, however; Shipchandler

received his 5% promotional raise in April 2007.

Before the Center awarded the April 2007 raises, Brown’s supervisor, Dr. Timothy

Lindsey, conducted an annual review of Brown’s performance in September 2006. Brown’s

score for the “Key Duties” section of the evaluation was “fully satisfactory” and his score

for the “Professional Skills” section was “meets most expectations.” Lindsey gave Brown an

overall rating of “meets most expectations,” but noted that Brown’s “productivity declined

over the past year.” Lindsey suggested ways in which Brown could improve his

performance.

Believing that he deserved a 5% raise in both 2005 and 2007, Brown sued the

Department under Title VII. He alleged that the Center discriminated against him on

account of race by refusing to give him a second 5% raise in April 2007.  He also claimed

that the Center retaliated against him for Title VII suits that he filed against the Department

from 2003 to 2007.  Finally, he alleged that his poor performance evaluation in 2006 was

retaliation for these lawsuits and that the Department used the retaliatory evaluation to

justify its refusal to give him a raise.
No. 11‐3732 Page 3

The Department moved for summary judgment, which the district court granted,

concluding that Brown failed to make a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation.

See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–03 (1973); Tomanovich v. City of

Indianapolis, 457 F.3d 656, 663 (7th Cir. 2006). The court reasoned that neither the mildly

negative performance evaluation nor “receiving only one 5% pay increase between 2005

[and] 2007“ were adverse employment actions and that Brown failed to show that he was

treated less favorably than a similarly situated employee not of his race.

On appeal Brown first argues that he presented sufficient evidence to the district

court to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the indirect method of proof.

To avoid summary judgment under the indirect method, Brown needed evidence that (1) he

is a member of a protected class; (2) he met the Center’s legitimate job expectations; (3) he

suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) similarly situated individuals outside of his

protected class received more favorable treatment. See McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at

802; Keeton v. Morningstar, Inc., 667 F.3d 877, 884 (7th Cir. 2012).

Brown’s case fails on the last element of the indirect method of proof; he presented

no evidence that the Department treated similarly situated white employees more

favorably. Brown points to Shipchandler as a comparator, asserting that they both worked

in the Chicago area, reported to the same supervisor, and had similar job duties.

Shipchandler received a 5% salary increase in 2005 and another one in April 2007, while

Brown was denied a 2007 increase. But Shipchandler’s 2005 raise was an “educational

advancement” for obtaining his Master’s degree and engineering license, not a promotional

raise like the one Brown received that year. Brown does not contend that he, too, was

qualified for an “educational enhancement,” so Shipchandler is not comparable to Brown.

Brown insists that the 2007 raises were not “promotional” raises, like those that he

and others received in 2005. He contends that they were “market equity” raises and that like

the seven employees who received them in 2007, he should have received one as well. But

Brown cannot identify any employee who received the 5% promotional raise in 2005,

followed by another 5% raise in 2007, regardless of labels. Thus, he has not shown that in

2007 the Department gave anyone else more favorable treatment, which ends his prima

facie case. See Luster v. Ill. Dep’t of Corrs., 652 F.3d 726, 731 (7th Cir. 2011); Lucas v. Chi.

Transit Auth., 367 F.3d 714, 731–32 (7th Cir. 2004).

Brown next argues that the district court erred by granting summary judgment to the

Department on his retaliation claim. Brown attempts to show retaliation under both the

direct and the indirect method of proof. Tomanovich, 457 F.3d at 662. To avoid summary

judgment under the direct method, “a plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in statutorily

protected activity; (2) he suffered an adverse action taken by the employer; and (3) there
No. 11‐3732 Page 4

was a causal connection between the two.” Id. at 663 (quotations, citations, and alteration

omitted). Under the indirect method of proof, Brown must show that similarly situated

coworkers who did not engage in the protected conduct were treated better. See Harper v.

C.R. England, Inc., 687 F.3d 297, 309 (7th Cir. 2012).

Brown loses under both methods.  He focuses on his September 2006 performance

review, which was generally satisfactory but contained suggestions for improvement.  He

contends that his supervisor retaliated against him for his Title VII suits and the

Department used this review to deny him the 2007 increase. But a performance evaluation

that contains suggestions for improvement, standing alone, is not itself materially adverse.

See Davis v. Time Warner Cable of Se. Wis., L.P., 651 F.3d 664, 677 (7th Cir. 2011); Volovsek v.

Wis. Depʹt of Agric., Trade & Consumer Prot., 344 F.3d 680, 688 (7th Cir. 2003). More

importantly, there is no evidence that the Department relied on Brown’s 2006 performance

review in declining to give him a second 5% raise in 2007. Rather, as it did for the six other

coworkers who already received 5% promotional raises in 2005, the Department declined to

give Brown a second one in 2007. Brown counters that the timing of the 2007 decision not to

give him a second raise, which occurred after his three suits against the Department in 2003

through 2007, is evidence of retaliation. But “timing alone is insufficient to establish a

genuine issue of material fact to support a retaliation claim.” Brown v. Ill. Dep’t of Natural

Res., 499 F.3d 675, 685 (7th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted); see Kampmier v. Emeritus

Corp., 472 F.3d 930, 939–40 (7th Cir. 2007). Finally, under the indirect method, Brown again

cannot identify a similarly situated person who was treated more favorably; no comparable

employee received a 5% promotional raise in 2005 and then another in 2007.

AFFIRMED.