IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 21–0679

Submitted March 24, 2022—Filed June 10, 2022

AMANDA DeSOUSA f/k/a AMANDA JOHNSTON,

Appellee,

vs.

IOWA REALTY CO., INC.,

Appellant.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dallas County, Randy V. Hefner, 

Judge.

A real estate brokerage defendant in a slip-and-fall negligence case seeks 

interlocutory review of the district court’s denial of summary judgment, 

contending that it owed no duty of care to the prospective buyer of a listed house. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Mansfield, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which Christensen, 

C.J., and Waterman, Oxley, and McDermott, JJ., joined. Appel, J., filed a 

dissenting opinion. McDonald, J., took no part in the consideration or decision 

of the case.
2

Haley Y. Hermanson (argued) and Frank Harty of Nyemaster Goode, P.C., 

Des Moines, for appellant.

Jordan T. Glaser (argued) of Peters Law Firm, P.C., Council Bluffs, for 

appellee.

Jodie C. McDougal and Sarah E. Friedricks (until withdrawal) of Dentons 

Davis Brown, PC, Des Moines, for amici curiae, the National Association of 

Realtors & the Iowa Association of Realtors.
3

MANSFIELD, Justice.

I. Introduction.

Possession may not be nine-tenths of the law, but it is an important 

concept in the law of premises liability. Under the Restatement (Third) of Torts, 

possessors of land owe a duty of reasonable care to entrants on that land. A 

possessor is defined as one who occupies and controls land, or one who is 

entitled to immediately occupy and control land. We have to decide today 

whether a listing agent who is not present meets the definition of a possessor

based merely on the fact that the listing agent has to give permission to 

prospective buyers and their agents to view the property. We conclude that this 

gatekeeping function is not by itself enough to make a listing agent a possessor. 

Here, the plaintiff slipped and fell when she was on the icy driveway of a 

home she was considering buying. Neither the owners nor anyone from the 

listing agency for the then-vacant home were present at the time. The plaintiff 

sued both the owners and the listing agency. The district court denied the 

agency’s motion for summary judgment, reasoning that the agency—not the 

owners—had notice that a buyer would be viewing the home that morning. The 

agency applied for an interlocutory appeal, and we granted the application.

On our review, we conclude that the listing agency does not owe a duty to 

a prospective buyer to assure the safety of the listed property when the agency 

is not present and showing the property. In those circumstances, the owners, 

rather than the agency, retain possession. Therefore, we reverse the district 
4

court’s denial of summary judgment and remand for entry of summary judgment 

in favor of the listing agent.

II. Background Facts and Proceedings.

In late 2017, Matthew and Melissa Fynaardt moved from their home in 

Waukee to a new house about seven miles away in Urbandale. They rented out 

their Waukee home for a short time. The house then became vacant and the 

Fynaardts put it on the market to sell. They hired Joel Goetsch, a real estate 

agent with Iowa Realty Company, Inc., to list the home and assist them with the 

selling process.

Amanda DeSousa was looking to buy a home. On the evening of December 

27, 2018, she contacted her agent—who was not affiliated with Iowa Realty—to 

ask about viewing the Fynaardts’ home the following morning. DeSousa needed 

the appointment to be in the morning because she planned to leave town that

afternoon to visit her mother in Omaha. Her agent contacted Goetsch and 

scheduled a viewing for 9:30 a.m. as requested.

Overnight, a winter storm rolled through central Iowa leaving one inch of 

snow and icy roads. DeSousa texted her mother about the weather before visiting 

the Fynaardt home. She told her that she wouldn’t leave for Omaha as early as 

planned because of icy roads and a winter weather advisory that was in effect 

until noon that day. But DeSousa kept her appointment to visit the Fynaardt 

home. 

When DeSousa arrived, her agent was already there, having parked her 

vehicle in the driveway. Goetsch was not present. DeSousa’s significant other 
5

parked their pickup truck in the driveway. DeSousa grabbed her coffee and got 

out of the truck. When she stepped forward on the driveway she slipped on ice 

and sustained injuries from the resulting fall.

On July 1, 2020, DeSousa filed a petition in the Dallas County District 

Court seeking damages. An amended petition filed sixteen days later named both 

the Fynaardts and Iowa Realty as defendants. As amended, the petition alleged 

that the defendants were negligent because they failed to provide adequate 

warning about the icy driveway and failed to remedy a hazardous condition that 

they had created. 

Iowa Realty moved for summary judgment on January 4, 2021, arguing 

that it owed no duty to DeSousa because it did not own or possess the property, 

it had not invited DeSousa to the property, and none of Iowa Realty’s agents were 

present when the slip-and-fall occurred. Iowa Realty also argued that the danger 

in question had been open and obvious. DeSousa resisted, contending that 

“there [wa]s a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Iowa Realty exercised 

any control over the property after they were contracted to sell the house.”

A hearing on the summary judgment motion was held by video conference

on February 9. Two days later, the court issued an order deferring ruling on the 

motion. Instead, it directed the parties to submit supplemental briefs on how 

Thompson v. Kaczinski and its progeny applied to the facts of the case. 774 

N.W.2d 829 (Iowa 2009).

At this point, the parties took the deposition of Matthew Fynaardt.

Matthew testified that he did not know when a potential buyer would visit the 
6

Waukee house; Goetsch handled all of the scheduling. According to Matthew, if

Goetsch was showing the home to a potential buyer, Goetsch would prepare the 

home to “make sure it was ready for whoever was to come.” He further explained, 

“If anything needed to be upkept . . . , whether it’s snowing out and shoes were 

walking in the house, he would clean up the floors, to if the driveway needed to 

be scooped or just the walkway or path to the house, that he would take care of 

that for us.” But if the potential buyer’s agent was the one showing the home, 

Matthew understood that it was his own responsibility to clear off any snow and 

ice after a winter storm had passed.

1 Matthew further testified that he had 

ownership and control of the property. Matthew acknowledged that Goetsch did 

not have the right to make personal use of the property, make changes to the 

property, or be on the property without Matthew’s approval. On March 5, the 

parties filed their supplemental briefs and provided a transcript of Matthew’s 

deposition.

On April 17, the district court entered a ruling denying Iowa Realty’s 

motion for summary judgment. It reasoned as follows:

The property where this incident occurred was owned by the 

Fynaardt[s], but they were not occupying this residence on the day 

Plaintiff allegedly sustained her injuries. A reasonable juror could 

find that the Fynaardt[s] were unaware that the property was being 

shown to prospective buyers on that day, that Iowa Realty knew or 

should have known that the exterior walkways or driveway were 

slick, and that Iowa Realty should have exercised reasonable care to 

 

1Here was Matthew’s specific testimony:

Q. So in a situation where Mr. Goetsch was not going to be the one showing 

the house to someone, what was your understanding about who would take care 

of any snow or ice that might exist on the premises?

A. That once a storm had passed I would be over there to clear it off.
7

ensure they were safe. Under Thompson v. Kaczinski, 7[7]4 N.W.2d 

829 (Iowa 2009), summary judgment based on the argument that 

Iowa Realty owed Plaintiff no duty of reasonable care would be 

inappropriate. 

Iowa Realty sought interlocutory review of this decision, and we granted 

that request.

On appeal, both parties focus their arguments on premises liability and 

whether Iowa Realty possessed the property. Iowa Realty does not argue that the 

danger to DeSousa was open and obvious; DeSousa does not contend that Iowa 

Realty’s conduct created a risk to her safety. The fighting issue is whether a sales

agent has a duty to protect prospective buyers from hazards on a property they 

are listing for sale. If no such duty exists, summary judgment should have been 

granted for Iowa Realty. We have retained the appeal.

III. Standard of Review.

Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to 

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter 

of law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3). “We review a trial court’s grant of summary 

judgment for correction of errors at law.” Morris v. Legends Fieldhouse Bar &

Grill, LLC, 958 N.W.2d 817, 821 (Iowa 2021) (quoting Van Fossen v. MidAmerican

Energy Co., 777 N.W.2d 689, 692 (Iowa 2009)). In doing so, we “view the facts in

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Id. (quoting Van Fossen, 777 

N.W.2d at 692).

“While summary adjudication is rarely appropriate in negligence cases, the 

determination of whether a duty is owed under particular circumstances is a 
8

matter of law for the court’s determination.” Id. (quoting Hoyt v. Gutterz Bowl & 

Lounge, L.L.C., 829 N.W.2d 772, 775 (Iowa 2013)).

IV. Analysis.

“An actionable negligence claim requires ‘the existence of a duty to 

conform to a standard of conduct to protect others, a failure to conform to that 

standard, proximate cause, and damages.’ ” McCormick v. Nikkel & Assocs., Inc., 

819 N.W.2d 368, 371 (Iowa 2012) (quoting Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 834). Here, 

we must determine whether Iowa Realty owed a duty to protect DeSousa from 

the wintry hazards present on the Fynaardts’ driveway. The district court held

that a “reasonable juror could find that . . . Iowa Realty should have exercised 

reasonable care to ensure [the driveway was] safe.” But whether such a duty 

exists is a question of law to be decided by the court. See id. (“Whether a duty 

arises out of a given relationship is a matter of law for the court’s determination.” 

(quoting Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at 834)).

Since Thompson, when we adopted the duty analysis laid out in the 

Restatement (Third) of Torts, we consider only two factors in making a duty 

determination: (1) the relationship between the parties and (2) public policy. See

McCormick, 819 N.W.2d at 371 (“In short, a lack of duty may be found if either 

the relationship between the parties or public considerations warrants such a 

conclusion.”). Foreseeability is no longer a factor. Id. 

Land possessors have an affirmative duty of reasonable care to those who

come upon their land. Gries v. Ames Ecumenical Hous., Inc., 944 N.W.2d 626, 

629 (Iowa 2020). There is no longer a distinction between invitees and licensees. 
9

See Koenig v. Koenig, 766 N.W.2d 635, 643 (Iowa 2009). The Restatement (Third)

of Torts describes the extent of a land possessor’s duty. Id. It states: 

Subject to § 52 [the “flagrant trespasser” rule], a land 

possessor owes a duty of reasonable care to entrants on the land 

with regard to:

(a) conduct by the land possessor that creates risks to 

entrants on the land;

(b) artificial conditions on the land that pose risks to entrants 

on the land;

(c) natural conditions on the land that pose risks to entrants 

on the land; and

(d) other risks to entrants on the land when any of the 

affirmative duties provided in Chapter 7 is applicable.

2 Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liab. for Physical & Emotional Harm § 51, at 242

(Am. L. Inst. 2012) [hereinafter Restatement (Third)]; see also Ludman v. 

Davenport Assumption High Sch., 895 N.W.2d 902, 910 (Iowa 2017) (adopting the 

duty analysis set forth in section 51 of the Restatement (Third) for land 

possessors).2

A natural condition—accumulated snow and ice—caused DeSousa to fall 

on the Fynaardts’ driveway, and the land possessor had a duty to exercise 

 

2The preface to this chapter of the Restatement (Third) explains, “[R]isks arising from 

natural conditions, as well as risks arising from artificial conditions created by someone other 

than the land possessor, are not a result of the conduct of the land possessor and, hence, are 

not subject to § 7 [the general duty provision].” 2 Restatement (Third) ch. 9, Scope Note, at 222; 

see also 1 Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liab. for Physical & Emotional Harm § 7 cmt. n, at 84 

(Am. L. Inst. 2010). (“[C]ourts have employed different duty rules for land possessors for harm 

caused to those on the land. Chapter 9 of this Restatement contains the duties owed by land 

possessors in such circumstances.”). We agree with Iowa Realty that it did not create a risk 

within the meaning of section 7 of the Restatement (Third). Its position is not comparable to the 

pilot who “flies the plane into an area of thunderstorms.” Id. § 7 cmt. o, at 84. On this record, at 

most, Iowa Realty granted DeSousa and her agent permission to access the property. If Iowa 

Realty owed any duty to DeSousa, it could only be that of a land possessor.
10

reasonable care to prevent DeSousa’s fall.

3 There is no dispute about that for 

purposes of the summary judgment motion at issue here. The dispute lies in 

whether Iowa Realty was a “land possessor.”

According to the Restatement (Third) of Torts:

A possessor of land is

(a) a person who occupies the land and controls it;

(b) a person entitled to immediate occupation and control of 

the land, if no other person is a possessor of the land under 

Subsection (a); or

(c) a person who had occupied the land and controlled it, if no 

other person subsequently became a possessor under Subsection (a) 

or (b).

2 Restatement (Third) § 49, at 224–25. In this case, the Waukee home was left 

vacant while it was for sale; thus, the land did not have an occupant as 

contemplated in subsection (a). So we move to subsection (b) and ask: Who was

entitled to immediate occupation and control of the land?

As we explained in McCormick v. Nikkel & Associates, Inc., the existence of 

a duty arising from the possession of property hinges largely on control. 819 

N.W.2d at 371–72 (“[L]iability is premised upon control.” (quoting Van Essen v. 

McCormick Enters. Co., 599 N.W.2d 716, 720 n.3 (Iowa 1999))). In that case, the 

employee of a subcontractor performed electrical work on a switchgear at a 

jobsite. Id. at 369. The subcontractor left without finishing certain work in the 

switchgear box because the property owner elected to finish the work itself to 

 

3It is unclear from this record when the snow stopped falling. The continuing storm 

doctrine is not before us. See Gries, 944 N.W.2d at 630–33.
11

save money. Id. The employee locked the box and departed. Id. Nearly a week

later, the property owner directed a novice employee to perform the work in the 

box. Id. at 370. The employee was badly electrocuted when he attempted to 

complete the task without first shutting off the power, which he didn’t realize 

was necessary. Id. The employee sued the subcontractor for not warning about 

the danger. Id.

We applied our independent contractor line of cases and found that the 

subcontractor had no duty to the subsequently injured employee. See id. at 372–

73. Once the subcontractor had finished its work and left, the employer had full 

control of the switchgear. Id. at 373. We reasoned, “The party in control of the 

work site is best positioned to take precautions to identify risks and take 

measures to improve safety.” Id. at 374. See also Morris, 958 N.W.2d at 826 

(“Liability generally follows control.”); Lewis v. Howard L. Allen Invs., Inc., 956 

N.W.2d 489, 491–92 (Iowa 2021) (holding that an absent contract seller of 

property did not owe a duty to users of the property under the Iowa Uniform 

Residential Landlord Tenant Act); Van Fossen, 777 N.W.2d at 696–97 (holding 

that a property owner does not owe a general duty of reasonable care to the 

employee of an independent contractor unless it “retains control of the 

contractor’s day-to-day operations”); Van Essen, 599 N.W.2d at 719–20 (holding 

that mere ownership of a leased bin does not establish a duty unless the owner 

retained “significant control over the bin”); Robinson v. Poured Walls of Iowa, Inc., 

553 N.W.2d 873, 876 (Iowa 1996) (deciding that the plaintiff’s employer (a 

subcontractor) had possession of a jobsite, not the contractor because the 
12

contractor had merely hired the subcontractor and checked on the project’s 

progress); Galloway v. Bankers Tr. Co., 420 N.W.2d 437, 441 (Iowa 1988) 

(declining to apply possessor liability to a trustee owner of a mall when the 

owner’s interest in the mall was “very similar to those of an absentee owner of 

rental property” and the trustee had not used its power as the owner to “regain 

the full incidents of ownership, including the right of possession”).

Applying the control principle in this case, we conclude that Iowa Realty’s 

role in selling the Fynaardt home did not entitle the brokerage or its agents to 

occupy or control the property—and they did not occupy or control the property 

in fact. In Matthew Fynaardt’s deposition, he answered questions regarding his 

authority and control over the Waukee home relative to his agent: 

Q. . . . Did Mr. Goetsch have permission to use the property 

for his own personal use?

A. No.

Q. Could he make physical changes to the property?

A. No.

Q. If something needed to be repaired, did you expect that 

Mr. Goetsch would make the repair?

A. No.

Q. If you felt that you didn’t want Mr. Goetsch on the property, 

did you feel like you had the right to tell him to stay off of it?

A. Sure. Yes.

Q. Similarly, if you didn’t want Mr. Goetsch to do something 

to the property, did you feel like you had the right to direct him to 

not do it?

A. Yes.
13

Q. And was that because it was your property that you owned?

A. Yes.

Matthew’s answers are in accord with a typical seller–agent authority 

structure. Although the home was vacant, there can be little doubt that the 

Fynaardts had authority to tell their agent: “Do not let anyone schedule showings 

of our house today until we have cleared the driveway.” Conversely, Goetsch had 

no right to tell the Fynaardts: “No one can go on the property today until the 

driveway has been cleared.” Hence, the Fynaardts were entitled to immediate 

occupation and control of the land; Goetsch was not. 

No Iowa cases specifically address the relationship presented here.

Precedent from other jurisdictions is also sparse. But several courts have held 

that real estate agents do not control property and do not owe a duty of care to 

entrants on the property when they are merely contracted to aid in a sale. See, 

e.g., Lim v. Gillies, No. 1 CA–CV 13–0478, 2014 WL 4980379, at *2 (Ariz. Ct. App. 

Oct. 7, 2014) (affirming summary judgment for the seller’s agents when “their 

only connection to the property was as a listing agent making it available to 

prospective buyers”); Lopez v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, No. FBTCV146046621S, 

2016 WL 6237590, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Sept. 28, 2016) (granting summary 

judgment for the defendant real estate agent when there was “no genuine issue 

of fact as to whether defendants possessed or controlled or maintained the 

premises” and stating that agents did not owe a duty “simply by marketing the 

premises for sale absent possession or control”); Masick v. McColly Realtors, Inc., 

858 N.E.2d 682, 687 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (finding that a seller’s agent who 
14

personally conducted a showing to a potential buyer had no duty of care to the 

buyer, stating, [W]e decline to impose, on real estate agents who do not control 

a premises, a duty to inspect properties for sale and to warn prospective buyers 

of dangerous conditions they discover.”); Knight v. Realty USA.com, Inc., 947 

N.Y.S.2d 693, 694 (App. Div. 2012) (holding that a broker “whose only connection 

to the property was listing it for sale and showing it to prospective buyers, met 

their initial burden on their [summary judgment] motion by establishing that 

they did not occupy, own, or control the [seller’s] home and did not employ it for 

a special use, and thus did not owe plaintiff a duty of care”); Francis v. Loviscek, 

No. 2017–L–167, 2018 WL 5259148, at *8 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 22, 2018) (“[T]he 

trial court did not err in finding, as a matter of law, that the real estate agentappellees owed no duty of care to Ms. Francis . . . .”); id. (Grendell, J., concurring 

in judgment) (“[T]here is no evidence that the real estate agents either owned or 

controlled the premises and certainly not any evidence that they substantially 

exercised comparable rights and powers. In the absence of such evidence, the 

foreseeability of the injury is irrelevant to their potential liability.”); Christopher 

v. McGuire, 169 P.2d 879, 881 (Or. 1946) (“A real estate broker employed to sell 

property has the right of entry for such purpose, but can it be said that by so 

doing he is in ‘possession and control’ of the property? We think not.”); cf. Butler 

v. Re/Max New Orleans Props., Inc., 828 So. 2d 43, 47 (La. Ct. App. 2002) (finding 

that contracting to sell a vacant property and being given a key did not amount 

to “custody” of the property by which the real estate brokerage could be held 

strictly liable for a drowning death on the property). 
15

Some courts have declined to grant or uphold summary judgment, but in 

those cases the injury occurred when the real estate agent was conducting an 

open house or showing the property. See, e.g., Coughlin v. Harland L. Weaver, 

Inc., 230 P.2d 141, 144–45 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1951) (finding that a sales agent 

was a possessor of land where one of its agents was showing the property to the 

plaintiff at the time the accident occurred); Anderson v. Wiegand, 567 N.W.2d 

452, 455 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997) (deciding that a real estate agent conducting an 

open house had a duty to protect visitors from hazardous refreeze on the 

driveway because “the homeowners effectively ceded possession and control of 

the premises . . . for a brief time[] to the real estate agency”); Hopkins v. Fox & 

Lazo Realtors, 625 A.2d 1110, 1117 (N.J. 1993) (“Based on the nature and 

circumstances surrounding an open house, we conclude that implicit in the 

broker’s invitation to customers is some commensurate degree of responsibility 

for their safety while visiting the premises.”); Smith v. Inman Realty Co., 846 

S.W.2d 819, 823 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (holding that the seller’s real estate agent 

who personally showed the home to a prospective buyer was a possessor of the 

property); Jarr v. Seeco Constr. Co., 666 P.2d 392, 395 (Wash. Ct. App. 1983) 

(finding a duty was owed by a real estate agent conducting an open house when 

the agent admitted he was in “complete control” of the property and conceded 

that he “was a possessor of land for purposes of premises liability”); see also 

Tamasco v. Rodd, No. A–1574–16T2, 2018 WL 4055919, at *5 (N.J. Super. Ct.

App. Div. Aug. 27, 2018) (per curiam) (affirming summary judgment for the real 

estate broker and stating that “it is not our role to extend the carefully tailored 
16

duty the Court imposed on real estate brokers in Hopkins beyond the open house 

scenario”).

Under DeSousa’s theory, the Fynaardts turned over control of their 

Waukee home to Iowa Realty. Matthew Fynaardt testified to his understanding 

that requests to see the home would go through Goetsch and that Goetsch would 

ensure the property was ready for anyone he showed the house to. DeSousa says 

this amounts to “substantial control” of the property. 

DeSousa overstates the reality of the situation. Goetsch wasn’t on the 

property on December 28, 2018—he was only involved in helping sell it. He didn’t 

have the status of a lessee or a contractor in control of a jobsite. Having a right 

to enter property is not the equivalent of possession or control. See Johnson v. 

Humboldt Cnty., 913 N.W.2d 256, 263 (Iowa 2018) (noting that an easement does 

not give possession of land). And scheduling a time for a potential buyer and 

their agent to visit the home does not require a transfer of control.

If DeSousa’s position were correct, then consider the common situation of 

homeowners who go out of town and leave their keys with a neighbor, friend, or 

relative. Under DeSousa’s theory, the neighbor, friend, or relative could be sued 

if they allowed someone to have access to the property and an accident occurred.

Or consider how real estate agents would have to change how they do 

business. Typically, once the seller’s agent gives permission to view the property, 

there is a lockbox on the property to which the buyer’s agent is given access.

This saves the agents for both parties a lot of time and effort. But if the seller’s 
17

agent is going to be legally liable for conditions on the property, the seller’s agent 

will certainly want tighter control over who is on the property and exactly when.

To impose a duty on selling agents would require them to make frequent 

inspections for hazards lest they risk being found liable for injuries occurring on 

listed properties. Selling agents might even require a prelisting inspection and 

certification whose costs would presumably be charged to the seller. Additional 

services would need to be provided, including snow removal, which again would 

presumably be charged to the seller. This would drive commissions higher. See

Next Generation Realty, Inc. v. Iowa Realty Co., 686 N.W.2d 206, 207 (Iowa 2004) 

(per curiam) (noting that “[c]ustomarily, Des Moines realtors charge a 7% 

commission for selling previously owned homes: half going to the seller’s agent, 

half to the buyer’s”). And it is questionable for what gain. The property owner 

normally owes a duty anyway to maintain the property in a safe condition. And 

the property owner carries homeowners’ insurance to cover incidents such as 

the one alleged to have occurred here.

Accordingly, we hold that a listing agent who is not present and whose role 

is limited to granting access does not normally owe a duty of due care to persons 

viewing the property.4

 

4Our opinion does not address the situation where the listing agent is on-site showing 

the property.
18

V. Conclusion.

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s denial of 

summary judgment and remand for entry of summary judgment in favor of Iowa 

Realty.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Christensen, C.J., and Waterman, Oxley, and McDermott, JJ., join this 

opinion. Appel, J., files a dissenting opinion. McDonald, J., takes no part.
19

#21–0679, DeSousa v. Iowa Realty Co.

APPEL, Justice (dissenting).

I respectfully dissent on the question of whether Iowa Realty Company, 

Inc. owed a duty of care toward the plaintiff under the special relationship 

sections of the Restatement (Third) of Torts. 2 Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liab. 

for Physical and Emotional Harm § 49, at 224–25 (Am. L. Inst. 2012) [hereinafter 

Restatement (Third)]. The plaintiff accepts the proposition that in order to prevail 

on a premises liability theory, the defendant must have possession or control of 

the land. Section 49 of the Restatement (Third) provides:

A possessor of land is

(a) a person who occupies the land and controls it;

(b) a person entitled to immediate occupation and control of 

the land, if no other person is a possessor of the land under 

Subsection (a); or

(c) a person who had occupied the land and controlled it, if no 

other person subsequently became a possessor under Subsection 

(a).

Id.

The first question under section 49 is whether there is a person, who 

occupies the land and controls it. If so, one does not go on to consider whether 

(b) or (c) apply. In the present case, we need to discuss whether the Fynaardts 

qualify as a land possessor under section 49(a). To meet the requirement, it is 

not enough that a person controls the land, and mere ownership alone does not 

establish occupation or control of the premises. Van Essen v. McCormick Enters. 

Co., 599 N.W.2d 716, 719 (Iowa 1999). The person must “occupy” the land. Id.
20

Questions remain as to the meaning of “occupy.” Clearly, it does not mean 

control since the commentary to the Restatement (Third) emphasizes that mere 

ownership is not enough. See Restatement (Third) § 49 cmt. b, at 225. Here, the 

Fynaardts owned the land, but were not physically present on a regular basis. 

Matthew Fynaardt stated that the Waukee home was not occupied at the time of 

the accident. It seems to me then that the requirements of section 49(a) above 

have not been met. The Fynaardts did not occupy the land. See Indep. Fire Ins. 

v. Butler, 362 So. 2d 980, 982 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978) (“The term ‘occupied’ 

refers to a dwelling which is in actual use by human beings who are living in it 

as a place of habitation, and a dwelling is ‘unoccupied’ when it has ceased to be 

a customary place of habitation or abode, and no one is living or residing in it.”); 

Hudson Ins. v. McKnight, 58 S.W.2d 1088, 1089 (Tex. Civ. App. 1933) (making 

the same distinction as Butler). 

Under the Restatement (Third), we next move to subsection (b). The 

relevant question under subsection (b) is whether there is someone who is 

entitled to immediate occupation and control of the land. I think it is clear that 

the Fynaardts were entitled under subsection (b) to immediately occupy and 

control the house. 2 Restatement (Third) § 49(b), at 224–25. If they chose, the 

Fynaardts could have moved back into the home pending a potential sale at any 

time. The question then became whether judging from the under-developed 

record of the parties’ contract, Iowa Realty could also be considered as entitled 

to immediate occupation and control under subsection (b). Note that the 
21

Restatement (Third) section 49 comment d expressly contemplates multiple 

possessors in some situations. Id. § 49 cmt. d, at 226.

There is evidence in the record that Iowa Realty was entitled to immediately 

enter the property to remove the ice and snow prior to the entry by Amanda 

DeSousa. According to property owner Matthew Fynaardt, if there was a 

showing, Joel Goetsch would “prepare it and make sure it was ready for whoever 

was to come.” Additionally, based on a conversation between him and Goetsch, 

“if the driveway needed to be scooped . . . [Goetsch] would take care of [it].” 

Therefore, with respect to the narrow issue of removal of snow and ice, 

Iowa Realty arguably had authority to immediately occupy the driveway area and 

certainly had authority to exercise control to remove the snow and ice. For the 

purpose of showing the house, there was evidence that the owners and the real 

estate agents had shared authority to occupy and to control the premises. See 

Anderson v. Wiegand, 567 N.W.2d 452, 456 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997) (noting it is 

common in the real estate industry for the homeowners to cede possession of the 

premises to the real estate agents for showing purposes).

I think it was too early to rule on the issue of summary judgment for the 

real estate agent. The court needs to decide whether, under Restatement (Third) 

section 49(b), the issue of the right to immediate occupation and control an allor-nothing proposition, or does it turn on the specific hazard that arises. In other 

words, the record is lacking as to whether Iowa Realty could obtain immediate 

occupancy and control of the premises to abate a specific hazard. Whether a 
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party is a land possessor under subsection (b) is not a binary question for all 

purposes but turns on the specific facts of the case. 

The parties have not cited, and I could not find, any Restatement (Third) 

cases addressing the issue of whether a real estate agent might be a land 

possessor even though the agent did not have complete possession and control 

for all purposes. 

There are some cases prior to the adoption of the Restatement (Third) that 

brush by the issue. For example, in Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 625 A.2d 

1110, 1117 (N.J. 1993), the court found that in light of the “nature and 

circumstances surrounding an open house,” a real estate agent might have a 

limited duty to warn of any discoverable conditions of the property that would 

pose a threat or danger to visitors. Id. at 1119. The Hopkins court seems to have 

rejected an all-or-nothing proposition, but Hopkins is not a case under the 

Restatement (Third) and may have limited value. Similarly, in Anderson v. 

Wiegand, the court recognized a real estate agent had a duty to open house 

visitors. 567 N.W.2d at 456. The court noted that the owner “ceded possession 

and control of the premises” at the homeowners request. Id.

With respect to pre-Restatement (Third) cases, the courts have imposed a 

duty on real estate agents with respect to hazards on the property when the 

agents were conducting an open house. See, e.g., id. Great care should be 

exercised in importing pre-Restatement (Third) cases in the analysis, however. 

There is nothing in the Restatement (Third) that justifies drawing the line at 

actual presence on the premises and, indeed, under section 49(b), it is enough if 
23

a person is entitled to immediate occupancy and control. Thus, under the plain 

language of section 49(b), a person need not be physically present on the land 

when an accident occurs to have potential liability, but may have liability where 

there is no person who occupies and controls the land under section 49(a).

I am inclined to believe the best approach is a nuanced one—that land 

possession is not an all-or-nothing proposition, and that the proper analysis 

under subsection (b) is whether a party is entitled to immediate control and 

possession with respect to the specific hazard that is creating the risk. As a 

result, I would find that under section 49(b), both Iowa Realty and the Fynaardts 

should be considered possessors in this case. Neither occupied the property, but 

both had the ability to immediately occupy the property and sufficient control to 

abate the hazard. 

Liability could be avoided, however, if we determined that a “no duty” rule 

was appropriate as authorized under section 7(b) of the Restatement (Third). 1 

Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liab. for Physical and Emotional Harm § 7(b), at 77 

(Am. L. Inst. 2010); see also Gries v. Ames Ecumenical Hous., Inc., 944 N.W.2d 

626, 629–30 (Iowa 2020). Iowa Realty urges us to make such an exception

because of public policy. Citing a dissent in Hopkins, Iowa Realty suggests that 

imposing on a real estate agent a duty to inspect a residence for hazards would 

saddle the real estate industry with additional costs which would be presumably 

passed on to the consumer. See Hopkins, 625 A.2d at 1123–24 (Garibaldi, J., 

dissenting). Iowa Realty suggests that highly qualified home inspectors will need 

to be hired prior to marketing a home for sale.
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DeSousa responds by noting that in this snow and ice case, no special 

expertise is needed. DeSousa argues that no special duty is being imposed on 

real estate agents, but only a duty that properly arises from substantial control 

of the premises.

I would not find a public policy exception here. Who should bear the loss 

when a potential purchaser slips and falls on ice on a driveway of a home listed 

for sale by a real estate agent where the agent has not taken reasonable steps to 

remove the ice and snow? Is this a “tough luck” situation, where the injured 

party simply sucks it up and bears the loss? Or, should the loss shift to a third 

party who had sufficient possession and control to abate the hazard? I do not 

find Iowa Realty’s arguments sufficiently compelling to warrant a public policy 

exception to the general tort principles provided in the Restatement (Third). 

In sum, where there is no person who both occupies and controls the land

under section 49(a), then section 49(b) kicks in. Here, a real estate agent might 

be considered a land possessor if there is evidence that the real estate agent is 

entitled to immediate occupation and control of the premises in order to abate a 

specific hazard. In this case, there is evidence that Iowa Realty had such 

authority. On the record here, I would deny summary judgment as Iowa Realty

has not shown it cannot be liable as a matter of law in this case. As a result, I 

respectfully dissent.