# U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A pp e a l s

For the Eig hth Circu it

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

No . 1 8 -3 1 22

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Un i t ed St at es o f Am eri ca

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Pl a i n t i

f f - Ap pel l ee

v

.

Ch ri s t i an Han s en

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Def

en da n t - Ap pel l an t

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Ap p eal fro m

Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt

fo r t he No rt h ern Di s t ri ct o f Io wa - Ced ar Rap i d s

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Su bm i t t ed : Sep tem

ber 2 7, 2 0 19

Fi l ed : Decem

b er 6 , 2 0 1 9

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

Befo re LOKEN, COLLOTON, an d KOBES, Ci rcu i t J u d g es

.

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

LOKEN, Ci rcu i t J u d g e.

Aft er a ju ry co nv i ct ed Ch ri s t i an Han s en of ei g h t ch i l d p o rn o grap h y o ffen s es

an d o n e co u n t o f s ex u al l y ex p l o i t i n g a ch i l d w h i l e req u i red to reg is t er as a s ex

o ffen d er, t h e d is t ri ct co u rt 1 s en t en ced Han s en to 6 0 0 m o n t h s i m pri s o n m en t fo l l o wed

1 Th e Ho no rab l e Leo n ard T. St ran d

, Ch i ef J ud g e o f t h e Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct

Co u rt fo r t he No rt h ern Di s tri ct o f Io wa.b y a l i fe t erm o f su p erv i s ed rel eas e. Han s en ap p eal s

, arg u i n g t he di s t ri ct co u rt erred

i n en h an ci n g h i s s en ten ce o n o n e co u nt fo r a p ri o r s t at e co n v i ct i o n, an d in u ph o l d i n g

h i s co n v i ct i on o n a ch i ld p o rn o g rap h y p o s s es s io n co u n t t h at vi o l at es th e D o u b l e

J eo p ard y Cl au s e. Rev i ewi n g t h es e i s s u es d e n ov o

, we affi rm . See Un i ted St at es v

.

Zi g l er, 7 0 8 F.3 d 9 9 4

, 9 9 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 3 ) (s en t en ce en h an cem en t i s su e); Pad av i ch v.

Th al ack er, 1 6 2 F.3 d 5 2 1 , 5 2 2 (8 t h Ci r. 1 9 9 8 ) (d o ub l e jeo pard y i ss u e).

A H o m el an d Secu ri t y i n ves t i g at i o n rev eal ed t h at Han s en p o s s es sed

, recei v ed

,

an d d i s t ri b u t ed ch i l d p o rn o grap h y

, wh i ch h e d id n ot d en y at t ri al

. Th e i n v es t i g at i o n

u n co vered t w el v e p h o t o s Han sen t o o k o f h i s i n fan t d a u g h t er, I.H., t hree of wh i ch

ex p os ed h er gen i t al i a. Co u n t 1 accu s ed Han s en o f s ex u al ex pl o i t at i o n of I.H. fo r t h e

p ro d uct i o n an d d i s t ri bu t i o n o f ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y in v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 1 (a).

Th e t ri al cen t ered o n t h es e ph o t o s

, wh i ch Han s en co n t en d ed h e t o o k fo r n o n

p o rn og rap hi c r e a s o n s

. T h ere was ev i den ce Han s en d i s t ri b u t ed th e i m ag es i n o rd er

t o recei v e ch i l d p o r n o g rap h y

. Th e ju ry co n v i ct ed h im

o f Co u n t 1

, fi n d i n g t h at t wo

o f t h e t h ree i m ag es were ch il d p o rn o g rap h y

. He was al s o co n v ict ed o f Co u n t 2,

s ex u al l y ex p l o it i n g t h e ch i ld wh i l e b ei n g req u ired t o reg i s t er a s a s e x o ffen d er in

v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U.S.C. § 2 26 0 A, an d s ev en ad di ti o n al u n co n t es t ed co u n t s : o n e co u nt

o f d is t ri b u t i n g an d o n e co u n t o f recei v i n g ch i l d po rn o g rap h y i n v io l at i o n o f 1 8 U.S.C.

§ 2 2 5 2 (a)(2 ) (Co un t s 3 an d 4 ), an d fi v e co u n ts o f p os s es s i n g ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y in

v i o l at i o n o f 1 8 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 2 A(a)(5 )(B) (Co u n ts 5 t o 9). Han s en m ov ed fo r

ju d g m en t o f acq u i t t al o f Co un t 5

, p o s s es s i o n o f t h e two ch il d p o rn o g rap h y i m ag es o f

I.H., arg u i n g t h at co n v i ct io n vi o l at es t h e Do u b l e J e o p a rd y Cl au s e b ecau s e Co u n t 5

i s a l es ser-i n cl u ded o ffen s e o f t h e Co u nt 1 s ex u al ex p l o it at i o n o ffen s e.

Th e d i s t ri ct co u rt d en i ed Han s en ’ s acq u i t t a l m o t i o n an d s en ten ced h i m to

co n cu rren t t erm s o f 48 0 m on t h s fo r th e ex pl o it at i o n

, d i s t ri b u ti o n

, an d recei pt

o ffen s e s

, a m an d at o ry co n secu t i v e t erm o f 12 0 m on t h s fo r th e ex p l o i tat i o n -wh i l ereq u i red -t o -reg i s t er o ffen s e, an d co n cu rren t t erm s o f 2 40 m o n th s fo r each o f t h e fi v e

p o s s es s i o n o ffen s es

.

-2

-I . The Sentence Enha ncem ent I s s ue

.

Fo r a c h i l d e x p l o i t at i o n v i o l at i on o f 18 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 1 (a), su ch as Han s en ’ s

co n vi ct i o n o f Co u n t 1

, § 2 2 5 1 (e) i n creas es t h e au t h o ri zed s en ten ce ran ge fro m 1 5 to

3 0 y ears

, t o 2 5 t o 5 0 y ears

, i f t h e defen dan t h as a p ri o r co n vi ct i o n u n d e r a n

en u m erat e d fed eral offen s e “ o r u n der th e l aws o f an y St at e rel at i n g t o

. . . t h e

p ro d uct i o n

, p o s s es si o n

, recei p t

, m ai l in g

, s al e, d i s tr ibution, s hipm en t o r t ran sp o rt at i o n

o f ch i l d p o rn og ra

phy .” Ov erru l i n g Han s en ’ s o b ject i o n

, t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt i m p o s ed t h i s

en h an cem en t b as ed o n i t s d et erm i n at i o n th at Han s en ’ s 2 0 1 1 co n v i ct i on fo r vi o l at i n g

s ect i on 2 8-8 13 .0 1 (1 ) o f t h e Neb ras k a Rev i s ed St at u t es “ rel at [ed ] t o t h e p o s s es s i o n o f

ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y

. ” Han s en ren ews t h i s o b ject io n o n ap p eal

.

To d et e r m i n e wh et h er t h i s Neb ras k a co n v i ct i o n qu al i fi es as a p red i cat e

§ 2 2 5 1(e) o ffen se, a fed eral co u rt ap p l i es t h e fam i l i ar cat eg o ri cal ap p ro ach

, l o o k i n g

t o “ t h e s t at u to ry d efi n i ti o n o f t he p ri o r o ffen s e” t o d et erm i ne “ wh et h er t h e fu l l ran g e

o f co n d u ct en co m

p as sed b y t h e s t at e s t at ut e q u al ifi es to en h an ce t h e sen t en ce.”

Un i ted St at es v

. So n n en b erg

, 5 5 6 F.3 d 6 67

, 6 7 0 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 9 ). Becau s e § 2 2 5 1 (e)

“ i n co rp o rat es st at e o ffen s es by l an g u ag e o t h er t h an a referen ce t o g en eri c cri m es

. . .

t h e i n q ui ry i s fo cu sed o n ap p l y i n g th e o rd in ary m ean i ng o f t h e wo rd s u s ed i n t h e

fed er a l l a w to t h e st at u t ory d efi n i t i o n o f t h e pri o r s tat e o ffen s e.” Un i t ed St at es v.

Bo l ey n

, 9 2 9 F.3 d 9 3 2 , 9 3 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 19 ).

Th e Ne br a ska st at u t es d efi n e “ s ex u al l y ex p l i ci t co n d uct ” m o re b ro ad l y t h an t h e

t erm s “ ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y ” an d “ s ex u al l y e xplic it c on d u ct ” are defi n ed i n Ch ap t er 1 1 0

o f t h e Un i t ed St at es Co d e. Co m p are Neb

. Rev

. St at

. § 28 -1 4 6 3 .0 2 (5 ) (2 0 0 9), wi t h 1 8

U.S.C. § 22 5 6 (2 )(B) an d (8 ). Th e d i s t ri ct co u rt n o n et h el es s d et erm i ned t h at Han s en ’ s

Neb ras ka co nv i ct io n fo r t h ree co u n t s o f “ k n owi n gly posse ss[ in g ] an y v i su al d ep i ct i o n

o f s ex u al l y ex p li ci t co n d u ct

. . . w h i c h h as a ch il d

. . . as o n e o f i ts p art i ci p an t s o r

p o rt ray ed o b serv ers ” was a co n v i ct i o n “ rel at i n g t o t h e p o s s es s i on of ch i ld

-3

-p o rn og rap hy ” wi t h i n t h e m ean i n g o f § 2 2 5 1(e) “ u n der th e reas o n i n g i n” Un i t ed St at es

v . M ay o k o k , 8 54 F.3 d 9 8 7 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 7).

In M ay ok ok , t h e d efen d an t arg u ed t h at h i s p ri o r co n v i ct i o n u n d er M i n n es o t a

l aw fo r p o s s es s in g a “ po rn o g rap h i c wo rk ” d i d n o t tri g ger t h e s i m i l arl y wo rd ed

en h an cem en t i n 1 8 U .S.C. § 22 5 2 (b )(1 ) becau s e t h e M i n nes o t a s t at u t e d efi n ed ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy m o re b ro ad l y t h a n f ed eral law. 8 5 4 F.3 d at 9 9 2 -9 3

. Ap pl y i n g t h e

cat eg o ri cal ap p ro ach

, w e hel d t h at t h e en h an cem en t ap p l i ed b ecau s e “ t h e fu l l ran g e

o f co n d u ct p ro s cri b ed un d er [t h e M i n n es o t a s t at u t e] r el a tes t o th e ‘ p o s s es si o n

. . . o f

ch i l d p o rn o g rap hy ’ as t h at t erm i s defi n ed u n der fed eral l aw,” ev en t h o ug h “ o n e can

co n j u re scen ari o s t h at v i o l at e o n e s t at u t e b ut n o t t h e o t h er.” Id

. at 9 9 2 -9 9 3 ; cf.

Bo l ey n

, 9 2 9 F.3 d at 9 3 7 -3 8 (i t i s i rrel ev an t i n ap p ly i n g t h e ex p an s i v e t erm “ rel at i n g

t o ” i n 2 1 U.S.C. § 8 0 2 (4 4 ) wh et h er s t at e l aw defi n ed ai d i n g an d ab et t i n g l i ab i l i t y

m o re b ro ad l y

t h an fed eral l aw).

On ap p eal , Han sen arg u es t h at M ay o k ok i s b ot h d is t in g u i s h ab l e -- b ecau s e i t

d eal t wi t h a d i fferen t s t at u t o ry en h an cem en t

-- an d wro n g l y d eci d ed

-- b ecau s e i t

fai l ed t o g i v e pro per h eed t o t h e S u p r e m e Co u rt ’ s warn i n g t h at wh i l e t he p h ras e

“ rel at i ng t o ” i s b ro ad an d i n d et erm i n at e, co urt s can n o t ex t en d t h e t erm “ to t h e fu rt h es t

s t ret ch of [] i n d et erm i n acy .” M el l o u l i v

. Ly n ch

, 1 3 5 S. Ct

. 1 98 0

, 1 9 9 0 (2 0 15 ). Th i s

arg u m en t e x p o s e s a n ap p aren t co n fl i ct am o n g o u r s i s t er ci rcu i t s

. Co m p are Un i t ed

St at es v

. Ben n et t

, 8 23 F.3 d 13 1 6

, 1 3 2 2 -2 5 (1 0 t h Ci r. 2 0 16 ), w h i ch reach ed th e s am e

d eci s i o n as May o k o k an d di st i n g u i s h ed t h e u se o f “ r e l a t i n g t o ” in 1 8 U.S.C.

§ 2 2 5 2 A(b )(2 ) f

r o m t h e en ti rel y d i fferen t s t at u te at i s s ue in Mel l o u l i

, wi t h Un i t ed

St at es v

. Rei n h art

, 8 9 3 F.3 d 6 0 6

, 6 1 5 & n .4 (9 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 8 ), wh i ch rel i ed o n M el l o u l i

i n reach i n g a co n cl u s i o n co n trary t o o u r d eci s i on i n M ay o k o k

.

W e co n cl u de w e n eed n o t en t er t h i s fray

, o r ev en d eci d e w h et h er M ay o k o k i s

a co n t ro l l i n g p reced en t fo r o u r p an el

, b e cau se o ur carefu l rev i ew o f t he s en t en ci n g

reco rd es t ab l i s h es th at an y erro r b y t he d i st ri ct co u rt i n i m p o s i n g th e § 2 2 5 1 (e)

-4

-en h an cem en t was h arm l es s

. Han s en ’ s Pres en t en ce In v es t ig at i o n Rep o rt d et erm i n ed

,

wi t h o u t o b

j ect io n

, t hat h i s ad vi s o ry g u i d el i n es ran g e fo r Co u n t s 1 an d 3 t hro u g h 9 i s

l i fe, b as ed on a t o t al o ffen s e l ev el o f 4 3 an d Cri m i n al Hi st ory Cat eg o ry II. Becau s e

t h e s t at u t o ry m ax i m

u m fo r each co u n t was l es s t h an l i fe, t hi s d et erm i n at io n t ri g g ered

t h e m u l t i p l e-co u n t co n s ecu t i v e s en t en ci ng p ro v i s i o n s o f USSG § 5 G1 .2 (d ): “ [I] f t h e

h i g h es t s t at u t o ry m ax i m

u m i s l es s t h an t h e t o t al p un i s h m en t

. . . th en t h e s en t en ce

i m p o s ed o n o n e o r m o re o f t he o t h er co u n t s s h al l ru n co n s ecu ti v el y , b u t o n l y t o t h e

ex t en t n eces s ary to pro du ce a co m b i n ed s en t en ce eq u al t o t h e t o t a l p un i s h m en t .”

Un i te d St at es v

. Ev an s

, 3 14 F.3 d 3 2 9

, 3 3 1 -3 2 (8 t h Ci r. 2 00 2 ) (q uo t at i o n o m i t t ed ),

cert

. den i ed

, 5 3 9 U.S. 9 1 6 (2 00 3 ); s ee Un i ted St at es v

. M cLeo d

, 2 5 1 F.3 d 7 8, 8 3 (2 d

Ci r.), cert . d en i ed , 5 3 4 U.S. 9 3 5 (2 0 0 1 ). 2

Earl y i n t h e s en t e n c i n g h eari n g

, t h e d is t ri ct co urt ru led t h at t he § 2 2 5 1 (e)

en h an cem en t ap pl i es an d th erefo re “ fo r Co un t 1 t he s t at u t o ry s en ten ci n g ran g e

. . . i s

2 5 t o 5 0 y ears .” Th e co u rt ad d ed :

I wi l l n o t e fo r t h e reco rd

. . . t hat affect s

. . . b o t h t h e st at ut o ry

s e n t e n c i n g ran g e an d t h en

, b ecau s e o f t h e way t h e g u i d el i n es w o rk

, i t

a ffect s t h e g u i d el i n e ran g e. Th at fi n d i n g i s n o t g o in g to affect t h e

u l t i m at e s en t en ce I i m

p o s e i n t h i s cas e. W e’ l l t al k ab o u t t h at m o re l at er.

Near t h e en d o f t h e h eari n g

, aft er Han s en ’ s al l ocu t i o n

, t h e co u rt ex p l ai n ed at l en g th

t h e sen t en ce it was im

p o s i n g aft er co n s i d eri n g th e § 3 5 53 (a) fact ors

. Th e co u rt fi rs t

s t at ed t h at t h e ad v i s o ry ran g e o f 2

, 8 8 0 m on t h s

, d et erm i ned b y s t ack in g t h e n i n e

s t at u to ry m ax i m

u m sen t en ces u n d er USSG § 5 G1 .2 (d ), “ i s ex ces s i v e

. ” T he co u rt t h en

2 Ev an s an d M cLeo d were d eci d ed w hen t h e Gu i d el i nes were m an d at o ry

. Th e

m et h o d o l o gy p res cri bed i n § 5 G1 .2 (d ) d i d no t ch an g e aft er t h e Gu i d el i n es b ecam e

ad v is o ry

, b u t “ t o t al p un i s h m en t ” n o w refers t o t he sen t en ce th e d i s t ri ct co u rt i m p o s es

u n d er th e ad v i s o ry g u i d el in es aft er t ak i ng i n t o acco u n t t h e s en t en c i n g fact o rs i n 1 8

U.S.C. § 3 55 3(a). See Un i t ed St at es v . Bet ch er, 5 3 4 F.3 d 8 2 0 , 8 2 3 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 8 ).

-5

-ad d res s ed t h e i nd i v i d u al o ffen ses

. Th e Co u n t 1 s ex u al ex p l o it at i o n o ffen s e o f t rad i n g

h i s i n fan t d au g h t er’ s p h o to s o n t h e i n t er n e t f o r ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y w as “ b eh av i o r

wo rt h y o f b ei n g p un i s h ed ,” b u t “ t h ere was n o ev i d en ce t h at M r. Han s en ab u s ed h i s

d au gh t er,” s o hi s ch i l d ex p l o i t at i on offen s e “ co u l d hav e b een wo rs e.” Co u n t 2

m an d at ed a co ns ecu t i v e t en y ears

. Th e recei pt

, d i s t ri b ut i o n, an d p o s s es s i o n co u n t s

i n v o l v ed “ a t o t al o f 2 9 u n i q u e i m ag es o r v i d eo s ,” an d H an s en h ad a p ri or Neb ras k a

co n vi ct i o n fo r p o s s es s i n g dep i ct i o n s o f “ s ex u al l y ex p l i ci t act i v i t y i n vo l v i n g a ch i l d.”

In ad d i t i o n

, th e co u rt fo u n d t h at Han sen en g ag ed i n s ex u al m i s co n d u ct wh i l e in

p ret r i a l c u s t o d y

. T h e co u rt co n cl u d ed : “ So I am g o i n g t o v ary d o wn ward

, b u t I d o

fi nd a s en t en ce o f 6 0 0 m o n t h s i s s u ffi ci en t b u t n o t great er t h an n eces s ary .” T h e co u rt

t h en ex p l ai n ed h o w i t co n st ru ct ed t h e m u lt i -co u n t s en t en ce:

So i t ’ s g o i n g t o be 4 0 y ears o r 4 8 0 m o n th s o n C o u n t 1

, an d th en a

co n s ecu t i v e t erm o f 12 0 m o n t h s o n Co u n t 2 b e cau s e t h e l aw req u i res

Co u nt 2 t o b e co ns ecu t i v e t o Co u n t 1

. Fo r al l o f t he o t h er co u n t s

, i t wi l l

b e t h e m ax i m

u m t erm

, so Co u n t s 3 an d 4

, i t wi l l b e 4 0 y ears

, an d Co u n t s

5 t h ro u g h 9, i t w i l l b e 2 0 ye a r s

, an d t h ey ’ ll al l ru n co n cu rren t t o th e

s en t en ce i n Co u nt 1 , wh i ch i s 4 0 y ears

.

Defen s e co u n s el ag reed “ t h at t h o s e are t h e co rrect i n carcerat i o n t erm s fo r each o f t h e

9 co u n t s .”

On ap p eal

, Han s en d o es n o t ch al l en g e t h e d i s t ri ct co urt ’ s “ t o t al p u ni s h m en t ”

o f 6 0 0 m o n t h s as s u b st an t i v el y u n reas o n ab l e. If we were t o su s t ai n Han s en ’ s ap p eal

o f t h e § 2 25 1 (e) en h an cem en t

, we wo u l d rem an d fo r res en t en ci n g

. On rem an d

, USSG

§ 5 G1 .2 (d ) wo u ld s t i ll go v ern t h e m u l t i -co u nt res en t en ci n g

. No w, u n d er § 5 G1 .2 (d ),

t h e s t at u t o ry m ax i m

u m o n Co u n t 1 wo u l d b e red uced fro m 5 0 y ears t o 3 0 y ears

. Bu t

t h e h i g h es t s t at u t o ry m ax i m u m wo u l d s t i l l b e 4 0 y ears (ei t h er Co u n t 3 o r Co u n t 4 ).

Co u n t 2 w o u l d n o l o n g er m an d at e a co n s ecu t i ve 1 0 y ears

, s ee 1 8 U.S.C. § 2 2 6 0 A, s o

t h e fi rs t 1 0 y ears o f t h e o t h er § 2 2 5 2 (a)(2 ) Co u nt wo u l d b e i m p o s ed co n s ecu t i v el y to

reach t h e t o t al p u n i sh m en t of 5 0 y ears . Th e res t o f t h e s en t en ce o n t h at Co u n t

, an d

-6

-t h e m ax i m

um s en t en ces o n t h e rem ai ni n g co u n t s

, i n cl u d i n g Co u n t s 1 a n d 2

, wo u ld

b e i m p o s ed co n cu rren t l y

. Al o n g wi t h t h e d i s tri ct co u rt ’ s cl ear s t at em en t t h at t h e

§ 2 2 5 1(e) “ fi nd i n g i s n o t g o i n g t o affect t h e u lt i m at e s en t en ce I i m po s e,” t h e reco rd

e s t a b l i s h es a cl ear ex am

p le o f h arm l es s erro r. See Un i t ed St at es v. Di az, 2 9 6 F

. 3 d

6 8 0

, 6 8 4 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 2 ) (en b an c); U n i ted St at es v

. Hern an d ez, 33 0 F.3 d 9 6 4

, 9 8 2

-

9 8 4 & n .1 5 (7 th Ci r. 2 0 0 3). 3

Th o u g h § 22 5 1 (e) i s a s t at u t o ry en h an cem en t

, i t h ad an i n s u b s t an t ial i m p act o n

t h e cal cu l at i o n o f Han s en ’ s t o t al ad vi s o ry g u i d el in es s en t en ce u n d er § 5G1

. 2 (d ) an d

n o im pact o n t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt ’ s d et erm i n at i o n o f t h e t o tal p u n i sh m en t to b e i m p o s ed

u n d er 18 U.S.C. § 3 5 5 3 (a). Th u s

, t he i m p act o f t h i s al l eg ed erro r i s no d i fferen t t h an

t h e i m p act o f t h e ch al l en g ed ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y g u i del i n e en h an cem en t s d eem ed t o

b e h arm l es s erro r i n Un i t ed St at es v

. St on g

, 77 3 F.3 d 9 2 0, 9 2 5-2 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 4 ), an d

i n Un i t ed St at es v

. Sh u l er, 5 9 8 F.3 d 4 4 4

, 4 4 9 (8 th Ci r.), cert

. den i ed

, 5 6 0 U.S. 9 7 5

(2 0 1 0).

I I . The Do ubl e J eo pa rdy I s s ue.

On e o f t h e d i s ti n ct p u rp o s es o f t h e Do u b l e J e o p ard y Cl au s e is t o “ p ro t ect []

ag ai n s t m u l t ip le p u ni s hm en t s fo r t h e s am e o ffen s e.” No rt h Caro li n a v . Pearce, 3 9 5

U.S. 7 1 1

, 7 1 7 (1 9 6 9). If “ t h e s am e act o r tran s act i on c o n s t i t u tes a v i o l at i o n o f t wo

3 Th e g o v ern m en t i n ex p l i cab l y d i d n o t arg u e harm l es s erro r on ap p eal

. Bu t t h e

i s su e was rai s ed an d d eci d e d b y t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt at s en ten ci n g

, an d t h e co u rt

d ev el o p ed an ad eq u at e reco rd t o s u p p o rt i ts d eci s io n o n t hi s al tern at i v e g ro u n d

. W e

m ay al way s affi rm on an y g ro u n d s u pp o rt ed b y th e d i s t ri ct co u rt reco rd

. See Lan e v.

Pet ers o n

, 8 9 9 F.2 d 7 3 7

, 7 42 (8 t h Ci r. 1 9 9 0 ). Th us

, it was i n c u m b en t on Han s en to

ch al l en g e t h e d i s tri c t c o urt ’ s al t ern at i v e g ro u n d o n ap peal

. M o reo ver, we wi l l

u n d ert ak e h arm les s erro r an al y s i s s u a s p o n t e wh en

, as i n t h i s cas e, o u r rev i ew o f a

“ rat h er s t rai g h t fo rward reco rd ” warran t s a h arm l es s erro r ru l i n g t h at is “ b ey o n d

reas on ab l e arg u m en t ” an d “ w i l l p rev en t an ex p en s i v e an d fu ti l e rem an d .” Lu fk i ns v.

Leap l ey , 9 6 5 F.2 d 1 47 7, 1 4 8 2 (8 t h Ci r. 1 9 9 2 ).

-7

-d i s t i n ct s t at u t o ry p ro v i s i o n s

, t h e t es t to be ap p l i ed t o d et erm in e wh et h er th ere are t wo

o ffen s e s o r o n l y on e, i s wh et h er each p ro v i s i o n req u i res p ro o f o f a fact wh i ch t h e

o t h er d o es n o t .” Bl o ck b u rg er v. Un i t ed St at es

, 2 84 U.S. 2 9 9

, 3 04 (1 9 3 2). Th i s tes t

“ i s co n cern ed s o l el y wi t h t h e s t at u to ry el em en t s of th e o ffen s es ch arg ed .” G rad y v.

Co rb i n

, 4 9 5 U.S. 50 8

, 5 2 1 n .1 2 ( 1 9 9 0 ). In ap p l y in g t h i s t es t

, t h e Do u bl e J eo p ard y

Cl au se wi l l b ar o n e o f t h e t wo co n v i ct i o n s i f o n e i s a l es s er-i ncl u d ed o ffen s e o f t h e

o t h er. See Ru t led g e v

. Un i t ed St at es

, 5 1 7 U. S

. 2 9 2

, 3 0 0 (1 99 6 ) (co n sp i racy an d

co n ti n u i n g cri m i n al en t erp ri s e); Un i t ed St at es v . M u h l en b ru ch

, 6 3 4 F.3 d 9 87

, 1 0 0 3

(8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 1 ) (ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y recei p t an d p o ss es s io n ).

Th e ju ry co n v i ct ed Han s en o f t h e Co un t 1 s ex ual ex p l o i t at i o n ch arg e b ecau s e

h e p ro d u ced an d d i s t ri b u t ed t wo s ex u al l y ex p l ici t i m ag es o f I.H. Th e j u ry co n v i ct ed

h i m o f t h e Co u n t 5 p o s s es s i o n offen se b ecau s e h e p o s s es s ed t h e s am e i m ag es d u ri n g

t h e s am e t i m e p eri o d

. Han sen fi l ed a po s t -t ri al m o t i o n fo r ju d g m en t o f acq u i t t al o n

Co u n t 5

, arg u i n g i t i s a l es s er-i n cl u d ed offen se o f Co u n t 1

. Th e di s t ri ct co u rt d en i ed

t h e m o ti o n b ecau s e each o ffen s e req u i red pro o f o f a fact t h e o t h er d i d n o t

-- t h e

ex p lo i t at io n o f

f e n s e req u i red p ro o f Han s en u s ed a m i n o r t o p ro d uce ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy

, 18 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 1 (a), an d t h e p o s s es s io n o ffen s e req u i red p ro o f h e

k n o wi n g l y p o s s es s ed ch i ld p o rn o g rap hy

, 1 8 U.S.C. § 2 2 52 A(a)(5 )(B). Pri o r t o o ral

arg u m en t

, we s q u arel y u ph el d th i s reas o n i n g

. See Un i t ed St at es v. G o m ez-Di az, 9 1 1

F.3 d 9 31

, 9 3 4 (8 th Ci r. 2 0 18 ) (“ Po s ses s i o n of ch i ld po rn o grap h y i n cl u d es at l eas t o n e

el em en t t h at p ro du ct i o n o f ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y d o es n ot : p o s s es s i o n .”); acco rd Un i t ed

St at es v . Kn i ffl ey , 7 29 F. Ap p’ x 4 0 6 , 4 1 1 (6 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 8 ).

On ap p eal

, Han s en d oes n o t co n t es t t h e di s t ri ct co urt ’ s s t at u t o ry an al y s i s

.

In s t ead

, h e arg ues t h at t h i s cas e fal l s wi t h i n a “ l i m i t ed ex cep t io n [] ” t o Bl o ck b u rg er

“ wh ere p reci s el y th e sam e co nd u ct fo rm s t h e b as i s fo r t wo s ep arat e o ffen s es ,” ci t i n g

Harri s v. Ok lah o m a, 4 3 3 U.S. 6 8 2 (1 9 7 7 ), an d As h e v

. Swen s o n

, 3 9 7 U.S. 4 3 6

(1 9 7 0). W e d is ag r e e

. T h o s e d eci s i o n s i n v o l ved a d i s t i n ct p u rp o s e o f t h e Do u b l e

J eo p ard y Cl au se, t o “ p ro t ect [] ag ai n s t a s e c o n d p ro s ecu t i o n fo r t h e s am e o ffen s e.”

-8

-Pearce, 3 9 5 U.S. at 7 1 7

. In Grad y v

. Co rb i n

, t h e Su p rem e Co u rt ap p l i ed Harri s an d

As h e i n fas h io n i n g a “ s a m e

- c o n d u ct ” t es t t h at d o es n ot “ rel [y ] ex cl u s iv el y o n t h e

Bl o ck b u rg er t es t t o v i n d i cat e t h e Do u b le J eo p ard y Cl au s e’ s p ro t ect i o n ag ai n s t

m u lt i p l e p ro secu t i o n s .” 4 95 U.S. at 51 9

. Ho wev er, t h ree y ears l at er, a b ad l y

fract u red Co urt ove r

r u l e d the sa m e

- c o n d uct t es t i n m u l t i p l e pro s ecu t i o n cas es

. Un i t ed

St at es v

. D i x o n

, 50 9 U .S. 6 8 8

, 70 3 -1 2 (1 9 9 3 ). Di x o n co n fi rm s t h at

, wh en t h e d o u b l e

jeo p ard y cl ai m i s t h at m ul t i p l e p u n i s h m en t s were i m p o s ed i n th e s am e p ro s ecu t i o n,

as i n t h i s cas e, Bl ock b u rg er i s t h e g o v ern i ng t es t

.

Han s en fu rt h er arg u es t h at h i s co n v i ct io n s o f Co u n ts 1 an d 5 v i ol at e t h e

“ m erg ed o ffen s es ” d o c t r i n e i n Un i t ed St at es v

. Go re, wh i ch p recl u d es m u l t i p l e

p u n i s h m en t s fo r m

ul t i p l e vi o l at i o n s o f 2 1 U.S.C. § 8 4 1 (a)(1 ), an an al y s i s b a s ed o n

co n gres si o n al i n t en t refl ect ed i n t h at s t at u t e. 1 5 4 F.3 d 3 4, 4 4 -4 7 (2 d Ci r. 1 9 9 8 ); s ee

Un i ted St at es v. M en d o za, 9 02 F.2 d 6 9 3 , 6 9 7 (8 t h Ci r. 19 9 0 ). Han s en d i d n o t rai s e

t h i s i s s u e i n t he d i s t ri ct co u rt

, s o i t was n o t p ro perl y p res erv ed

. No r h as h e m ad e an y

s h o w i n g t h at Co n gres s i n t en ded a m erg er o f p u n i s h m en t s wh en i t p ro h i b i t ed ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy p os s es s io n an d t h e s ex u al ex pl o it at i o n o f ch i l d ren in sep a r a t e s t a t u t es

.

I I I . Co ncl us i o n.

Fo r t h e fo reg o i n g reas o n s , t h e ju d g m en t o f t h e d is t ri ct co u rt i s affi rm ed

.

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