[Cite as Jeter v. Kruz 'N' Kleen, L.L.C., 2023-Ohio-4165.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

LUCAS COUNTY

Danielle Jeter Court of Appeals No. L-23-1070

Appellant Trial Court No. CI0202101740 

 

v.

Kruz ‘N’ Kleen, LLC, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellees Decided: November 17, 2023

* * * * *

Gregory S. Reichenbach, for appellant.

* * * * *

SULEK, J.

{¶ 1} In this accelerated appeal, appellant Danielle Jeter appeals the judgment of 

the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, awarding her reasonable attorney fees and 

expenses in the amount of $8,004.63. Because the trial court considered the appropriate 

factors and determined an award that was within the range of reasonableness, its decision 

is not an abuse of discretion. Therefore, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
2.

I. Factual Background and Procedural History

{¶ 2} In September 2020, Jeter purchased a vehicle from a car dealership known 

as Kruz ‘N’ Kleen.1 By November 2020, Jeter was behind on her payments and Kruz ‘N’ 

Kleen repossessed her vehicle.

{¶ 3} On April 7, 2021, Jeter initiated the present matter when she filed a 

complaint against Kruz ‘N’ Kleen, alleging a violation of the Consumer Sales Practices 

Act (“CSPA”) and two violations of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). Jeter 

sought monetary and declaratory relief, as well as reasonable attorney fees provided 

under the CSPA.

{¶ 4} The trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of Jeter and set 

the matter for a hearing on damages. Following that hearing, the trial court found that 

Jeter suffered $6,149.00 in damages on her claim for violation of the CSPA. Finding that 

damages must be trebled pursuant to R.C. 1345.09(B), the court ordered Kruz ‘N’ Kleen 

to pay $18,447.00. The court further found that Jeter suffered $450.00 in damages on 

one of her claims for violation of the UCC. Jeter voluntarily dismissed the other claim 

for violation of the UCC. The trial court entered judgment accordingly on December 20, 

2022.

1

It was later discovered that Kruz ‘N’ Kleen was operated by appellee S.L.A.V.N., LLC. 

Also named as defendants, and appellees herein, were George Hicks and Darius Hicks 

who were agents of S.L.A.V.N., LLC, and who operated Kruz ‘N’ Kleen. For ease of 

discussion, this decision will refer to appellees collectively as “Kruz ‘N’ Kleen.”
3.

{¶ 5} On January 5, 2023, Jeter moved for an award of attorney fees and expenses 

pursuant to R.C. 1345.09(F)(2) of the CSPA. Jeter sought attorney fees for 49.1 hours at 

the rate of $475.00 per hour for a total of $23,322.50, as well as reasonable expenses of 

$644.63. Jeter supported her motion with reports showing the rate for consumer law 

attorneys in the Toledo area with 16-20 years of experience is $475.00 per hour. Kruz 

‘N’ Kleen opposed the motion, and Jeter filed a reply in support.

{¶ 6} On March 3, 2023, the trial court entered its judgment granting Jeter’s 

motion for attorney fees, but awarding only $7,360.00 plus expenses of $644.63. In 

reducing the award from the requested amount, the trial court engaged in a detailed 

analysis examining: (1) the time and labor involved in maintaining the litigation; (2) the 

novelty and difficulty of the questions involved; (3) the professional skill required to 

perform the necessary legal services; (4) the attorney’s inability to accept other cases; (5) 

the fee customarily charged; (6) the amount involved and the results obtained; (7) any 

necessary time limitations; (8) the nature and length of the attorney/client relationship; 

(9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorney; and (10) whether the fee is 

fixed or contingent.

{¶ 7} Upon consideration of all of the factors, the trial court determined that an 

award of attorney fees at the rate of $475.00 per hour was not reasonable. Remarking 

that the matter was “a relatively simple case where an apparently uninformed small car 

dealership failed to give notices after repossessing the vehicle,” the trial court stated that 
4.

a fee in line with the hourly fee for an attorney in general practice was reasonable. Based 

on the Ohio State Bar Association fee survey submitted by Jeter, the trial court concluded 

that the reasonable rate was $200.00 per hour. Furthermore, the trial court determined 

that since Jeter dismissed one of her four claims, “a reasonable amount of time spent on 

this matter is three-fourths of the amount requested, or 36.8 hours.” The trial court then 

reached the reasonable fee award of $7,360.00 by multiplying the $200.00 hourly rate by 

36.8 hours.

II. Assignment of Error

{¶ 8} Jeter has timely appealed the trial court’s judgment and now asserts one 

assignment of error for review:

1. The trial court erred by awarding attorney fees at an average 

hourly rate for a general practice attorney in Ohio, and not taking into 

account the average rates in the geographical area where the case was 

litigated, for attorneys with a similar amount of experience handling 

consumer cases.

III. Analysis

{¶ 9} At the outset, Jeter expressly does not challenge the trial court’s reduction of 

the requested hours. Thus, this analysis will focus solely on the hourly rate of 

compensation.
5.

{¶ 10} Jeter acknowledges that attorney-fee awards under the CSPA are generally 

reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

It is well settled that where a court is empowered to award attorney fees by 

statute, the amount of such fees is within the sound discretion of the trial 

court. Unless the amount of fees determined is so high or so low as to 

shock the conscience, an appellate court will not interfere. The trial judge 

which participated not only in the trial but also in many of the preliminary 

proceedings leading up to the trial has an infinitely better opportunity to 

determine the value of services rendered by lawyers who have tried a case 

before him than does an appellate court.

Bittner v. Tri-County Toyota, Inc., 58 Ohio St.3d 143, 146, 569 N.E.2d 464 (1991), 

quoting Brooks v. Hurst Buick-Pontiac-Olds-GMC, Inc., 23 Ohio App.3d 85, 91, 491 

N.E.2d 345 (12th Dist.1985).

{¶ 11} An abuse of discretion connotes that the trial court’s attitude is 

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 

219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). “When applying the abuse of discretion standard, a 

reviewing court is not free to merely substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.” In 

re Trust of Tary v. Seiple, 2022-Ohio-3773, 199 N.E.3d 230, ¶ 21 (6th Dist.), quoting In 

re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137-138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991).
6.

{¶ 12} Jeter first contends that the trial court abused its discretion because it used 

the old procedure for determining attorney fees under Bittner, rather than the new 

procedure under Phoenix Lighting Group, L.L.C. v. Genlyte Thomas Group, L.L.C., 160 

Ohio St.3d 32, 2020-Ohio-1056, 153 N.E.3d 30.

{¶ 13} In Bittner, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “[w]hen awarding reasonable 

attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 1345.09(F)(2), the trial court should first calculate the 

number of hours reasonably expended on the case times an hourly fee, and then modify 

that calculation by application of the factors listed in [Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)].”

2

 Bittner at 

syllabus. Those factors include:

the time and labor involved in maintaining the litigation; the novelty and 

difficulty of the questions involved; the professional skill required to 

perform the necessary legal services; the attorney’s inability to accept other 

cases; the fee customarily charged; the amount involved and the results 

obtained; any necessary time limitations; the nature and length of the 

attorney/client relationship; the experience, reputation, and ability of the 

attorney; and whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

Bittner at 145-146.

{¶ 14} In that case, Bittner settled her CSPA claim for $3,500.00. She then sought 

attorney fees under R.C. 1345.09(F) in the amount of $10,200.00, plus expenses of 

2 Bittner referred to DR 2-106(B), which has been superseded by the substantially similar 

Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a). Phoenix Lighting at ¶ 12.
7.

$811.98. After a hearing, the trial court awarded $7,615.00, plus expenses of $885.00. 

On direct appeal, the appellate court reversed, finding that the amount of attorney fees 

was unconscionably high when compared to the amount of the settlement. Id. at 143-

144. The appellate court held that “one of the most important factors to consider when 

determining the reasonableness of a fee award is the relationship of the fee award to the 

amount recovered.” Id. at 144.

{¶ 15} On further appeal, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected the appellate court’s 

holding, reasoning that requiring a direct relationship between the attorney fees awarded 

and the amount of the judgment on the claim would frustrate the purpose of the CSPA. 

Id.

{¶ 16} The court then set forth the procedure for determining a proper fee award. 

The court stated, “[T]he most useful starting point for determining the amount of a 

reasonable fee is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by 

a reasonable hourly rate. This calculation provides an objective basis on which to make 

an initial estimate of the value of a lawyer’s services.” Id. at 145, quoting Hensley v. 

Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). The trial court 

should then adjust the fee upward or downward depending on application of the factors 

listed in Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a). Id. at 145-146.

{¶ 17} In Phoenix Lighting, the Ohio Supreme Court revisited its holding in 

Bittner. Consistent with Bittner, the court stated that “[t]he beginning point for 
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determining the award of attorney fees is the reasonable hourly rate multiplied by the 

number of hours worked, a calculation that is sometimes referred to as the ‘lodestar.’” 

Phoenix Lighting, 160 Ohio St.3d 32, 2020-Ohio-1056, 153 N.E.3d 30, at ¶ 1. The Ohio 

Supreme Court then reaffirmed Bittner “to the extent that it held that a lodestar can be 

modified,” but clarified “that the lodestar is presumptively reasonable and that 

enhancements to the lodestar should be rarely granted and allowed only when the 

prevailing party has presented evidence that enhancement is necessary to provide 

reasonable compensation, that is, if the lodestar does not take into consideration any 

factor that may be properly considered in determining a reasonable fee.” Id. at ¶ 2.

{¶ 18} Phoenix Lighting was awarded approximately $5.3 million dollars in 

compensatory and punitive damages on its claims for tortious interference with a business 

relationship, misappropriating trade secrets, and civil conspiracy. Phoenix Lighting also 

sought an award of attorney fees. During the hearing on attorney fees, the trial court 

established a lodestar of approximately $2 million dollars, which “accurately represents 

the amount of attorney fees * * * that would have been charged to Phoenix under a 

standard hourly rate agreement.” Id. at ¶ 6. The trial court then applied a multiplier of 

two to the lodestar based upon its determination that

the case was “quite complex, both factually and legally,” that the case took 

up so much of counsel’s time that they were hindered “from accepting and 

pursuing other cases and clients,” that Phoenix’s attorneys “obtained a 
9.

highly favorable outcome,” that the hybrid hourly fee and contingent nature 

of the compensation “forced Phoenix’s counsel to assume a great financial 

risk,” and that all of the attorneys involved in this case were “of high 

caliber,” were “highly experienced, and maintained excellent reputations.”

Id. at ¶ 6. On direct appeal, the Ninth District concluded that the trial court did not abuse 

its discretion in applying a multiplier of two to the lodestar. Id. at ¶ 7.

{¶ 19} On appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, the court noted that its decisions on 

reasonable attorney fees “have been guided by decisions issued by the United States 

Supreme Court.” Id. at ¶ 10. Since Bittner, the United States Supreme Court has 

“backed away from enhancements based on factors like those contained in Prof.Cond.R. 

1.5(a).” Id. at ¶ 13. The court reasoned, “It is simple economics that an attorney charges 

an hourly rate that takes into account the difficulty of the question involved, the 

opportunity cost, the time limitations imposed by the client, the skill requisite to perform 

a legal service, the attorney’s professional relationship with the client, and the fee 

customarily charged in the jurisdiction for similar legal services.” Id. at ¶ 17. “‘A 

reasonable hourly rate is the prevailing market rate in the relevant community * * * given 

the complexity of the issues and the experiences of the attorney * * *.’” (Internal citation 

omitted.) Id. at ¶ 11, quoting State ex rel. Harris v. Rubino, 156 Ohio St.3d 296, 2018-

Ohio-5109, 126 N.E.3d 1068, ¶ 4. “Thus, the factors in Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a), including 

the results obtained, are subsumed within the lodestar; they do not enhance the lodestar.”
10.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 17, citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 

79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984). The Ohio Supreme Court held,

[T]here is a strong presumption that the reasonable hourly rate multiplied 

by the number of hours worked, which is sometimes referred to as the 

“lodestar,” is the proper amount for an attorney-fee award. Enhancements 

to the lodestar should be granted rarely and are appropriate when an 

attorney produces objective and specific evidence that an enhancement of 

the lodestar is necessary to account for a factor not already subsumed in the 

lodestar calculation.

Id. at ¶ 19.

{¶ 20} Applying its holding to the facts before it, the Ohio Supreme Court 

determined that the trial court’s reasoning for enhancing the lodestar was based on factors 

that were subsumed within its determination of a reasonable rate in the lodestar 

calculation. Therefore, the Ohio Supreme Court concluded that there should have been 

no enhancement to the lodestar. Id. at ¶ 28.

{¶ 21} Turning to the present case, Jeter asserts that the trial court used the old 

procedure under Bittner by first calculating a lodestar and then adjusting that number 

downward. Jeter’s assertion, however, is incorrect. Rather than determining a lodestar 

and then adjusting that number, the trial court’s analysis focused on determining the 

reasonable hourly rate in the first instance. In so doing, the trial court considered the 
11.

Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a) factors and concluded that the reasonable hourly rate was $200.00. 

The court then used that hourly rate to determine the lodestar of $7,360.00. No further 

adjustments to the lodestar were made. Thus, the trial court used the correct procedure as 

set forth in Phoenix Lighting.

{¶ 22} Alternatively, Jeter argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the 

reasonable hourly rate was $200.00. In her brief, Jeter considers each of the factors in 

Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a) and argues that they support a reasonable hourly rate of $475.00

consistent with the average rate for a consumer law attorney in Toledo, Ohio. Those 

factors will be discussed in turn.

{¶ 23} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(1), the factor to be considered is “the time and 

labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite 

to perform the legal service properly.” The trial court found that the matter “did not

require any extraordinary efforts beyond what is otherwise required in a typical or 

ordinary case in Common Pleas” and it did not involve any “novel or unusual questions 

of law or fact.” Further, the trial court found that the matter “did not require any

extraordinary professional skill to perform the necessary legal services above those of an 

average competent attorney.” Jeter, on the other hand, argues that the areas of 

commercial law involved in the case were complex, requiring an understanding of the 

interaction between the UCC, the retail installment sales act, and the CSPA, each of 

which can be difficult to navigate on their own. Jeter also argues that this case involved 
12.

an unusual damages calculation, requiring a higher level of professional skill, and that 

counsel demonstrated his skill when he proved those damages using a defense witness 

and documents in the record after Jeter was unexpectedly absent at the hearing. Thus, 

Jeter suggests that this factor supports at least the average hourly rate for a consumer law 

attorney, not a reduction.

{¶ 24} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(2), the factor to be considered is “the likelihood, 

if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude 

other employment by the lawyer.” The trial court found that the matter did not involve 

any novel or unusual questions of law or fact. In addition, the court noted that counsel 

spent an average of 2.4 hours per month on this case over the 20 months from the filing 

of the complaint to judgment, which “should not have had a significant effect upon 

Plaintiff’s counsel’s ability to accept other cases.” Jeter argues, however, that counsel 

has worked at full capacity since 2006 and that if he did not take this case, he likely 

would have accepted another one.

{¶ 25} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(3), the factor to be considered is “the fee 

customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services.” The trial court found that 

the median hourly fee for all attorney specialty practice areas is $250.00 and the median 

hourly fee for general practice attorneys is $200.00. For consumer law attorneys, the 

median hourly rate is $475.00 in the Toledo area and $435.00 statewide. Jeter argues that 
13.

the starting point for the trial court’s calculations should have been the hourly rate for 

consumer law attorneys.

{¶ 26} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(4), the factor to be considered is “the amount 

involved and the results obtained.” The trial court found that the actual damage amount 

was $6,149.00 and the mandatory treble damages awarded was $18,447.00. Jeter 

contends that this is a very favorable result supporting an increase in the hourly rate 

because she went from defaulting on her car contract and being liable for a deficiency to 

owing nothing on her contract and recovering damages of over $18,000.00. 

{¶ 27} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(5), the factor to be considered is “the time 

limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances.” The trial court found that 

there were no extraordinary time limitations in the case. Jeter agrees and argues that this 

factor is neutral and does not justify a lower hourly rate.

{¶ 28} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(6), the factor to be considered is “the nature and 

length of the professional relationship with the client.” The trial court found that this was 

the sole matter in which counsel represented Jeter. Again, Jeter agrees and argues that 

this factor is neutral and does not justify a lower hourly rate.

{¶ 29} Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(7), the factor to be considered is “the 

experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services.” 

The trial court found that it “ha[d] no reason to doubt” counsel’s experience, good 

reputation, and ability in practicing consumer law. Given counsel’s experience, good 
14.

reputation, and ability, Jeter suggests that this factor supports a higher hourly rate, not a 

lower one.

{¶ 30} Finally, under Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a)(8), the factor to be considered is 

“whether the fee is fixed or contingent.” The trial court found that while the attorney fee 

agreement was not provided to the court, counsel’s affidavit established that the fee was 

contingent upon success and upon the amount of attorney fees recovered under R.C. 

1345.09(F). Jeter argues that this is the most significant factor because attorneys who are 

paid only if they win are at risk of not being paid at all and therefore are justified in 

receiving a higher rate.

{¶ 31} Examining all of the Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a) factors, Jeter concludes that many 

of the factors support awarding a higher-than-average hourly rate for consumer law 

attorneys, not a rate that is less than 50 percent of the average. Thus, Jeter urges this 

court to find that the trial court’s determination of a reasonable hourly rate of $200.00 is 

an abuse of discretion.

{¶ 32} Upon review, it cannot be said that the trial court’s decision was 

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. The trial court diligently considered each of 

the factors and gave particular weight to the simple nature of the case, noting that it 

involved an apparently uninformed small car dealership failing to give notices after 

repossessing a vehicle. Whether or not this court would have made a different decision, 

it is the trial judge who “has an infinitely better opportunity to determine the value of 
15.

services rendered by lawyers who have tried a case before [her].” Bittner at 146, quoting 

Brooks v. Hurst Buick-Pontiac-Olds-GMC, Inc., 23 Ohio App.3d 85, 91, 491 N.E.2d 345 

(12th Dist.1985). Because the trial court determined that the value counsel provided in 

this case was commensurate with a general practice attorney, the $200.00 hourly rate was 

within the range of reasonableness and not so low as to “shock the conscience” thereby 

warranting this court’s interference. Id..

{¶ 33} Accordingly, we hold that the trial court’s judgment is not an abuse of 

discretion and Jeter’s assignment of error is not well-taken.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 34} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lucas County Court of 

Common Pleas is affirmed. Jeter is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to 

App.R. 24.

Judgment affirmed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Christine E. Mayle, J. ____________________________

JUDGE

Myron C. Duhart, P.J. 

____________________________

Charles E. Sulek, J. JUDGE

CONCUR. 

____________________________

JUDGE
16.

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.