FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

NOVEMBER 25, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-14816

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 04-00015-CR-4-RH-WCS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

CHRISTOPHER BASS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

_________________________

(November 25, 2005)

Before TJOFLAT, BIRCH and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Christopher Bass appeals his life sentence imposed after he pled guilty to
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conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1); 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) & (iii); and 846. On appeal, Bass argues that in

light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), the district

court violated his Sixth Amendment rights by enhancing his sentence for being a

manager or supervisor in the charged criminal conduct, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §

3B1.1(b). After review, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Plea Colloquy

Bass was indicted for conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to

distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine and more than fifty grams of

cocaine base (crack), in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1); 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) &

(iii); and 846. Following his indictment, the government filed an information

giving notice under 21 U.S.C. § 851 of intent to seek an enhanced statutory penalty

of life imprisonment because Bass had been convicted of three prior drug-related

offenses, namely (1) a conviction for the sale or purchase of cocaine in July 1989;

(2) a conviction for possession of cocaine in January 1990; and (3) a conviction for

the sale and possession of cocaine in January 1994. See 21 U.S.C. §§

841(b)(1)(A)(ii)(II) and (iii) (providing that, in the case of a violation of §

841(a)(1) involving 5 kilograms or more of cocaine or 50 grams or more of
The district court also informed Bass that the court could impose a sentence of less than life 1

imprisonment if the government filed a substantial assistance motion pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.

The government ultimately did not file such a motion.

3

cocaine base, where a person has two or more prior convictions for a felony drug

offense, “such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment

without release . . .”). 

Bass pled guilty to the drug charges listed in his indictment. Prior to

accepting his plea, the district court informed Bass that the government had filed a

notice stating that he had three prior drug felony convictions in state court, and the

district court repeated to Bass the list of convictions contained in the information. 

The district court asked Bass if he actually had the three stated prior drug

convictions, to which Bass answered in the affirmative. The district court then

asked Bass if he understood that, because of his prior drug convictions, he was

subject to a mandatory minimum sentence in the instant case of life imprisonment.1

Bass informed the district court that he understood the applicability of this

mandatory minimum to his sentence. The court then explained to Bass that the

statutory minimum took priority over the Guidelines, stating “the sentence I’m

going to impose is life, and it doesn’t matter what the guidelines say.” Bass told

the district court that he understood this fact. 

Also during the plea colloquy, the defendant admitted to the following facts. 
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Bass was a friend of a woman named Angela Goodman. Bass provided money to

Goodman, who then used that money to acquire cocaine. Goodman then

distributed the cocaine, received the proceeds, and repaid Bass with his initial

investment plus his share of the profits. Bass was fully aware that Goodman was

using his money to distribute both powder cocaine and crack. Further, Bass

admitted that under their arrangement, Goodman sold 50 grams or more of crack. 

B. PSI and Sentencing

According to the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”), Bass, working

with his brother and others, distributed 1.5 kilograms or more of crack in Florida in

the late 1990s. The participants rented cars to deliver cocaine and crack in Florida.

Because Bass distributed more than 1.5 kilograms of crack, the PSI

calculated his offense level at 38, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a)(3) & (c)(1). 

Because Bass distributed the crack with his brother as part of a “large drug

distribution operation,” the PSI recommended a four-level enhancement under

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for acting as an organizer, leader, manager or supervisor in the

charged criminal activity. The PSI also recommended a three-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) & (b). With a total

offense level of 39 and a criminal history category of VI, Bass’s Guidelines range

was 360 months’ to life imprisonment. 
5

At his sentencing hearing, which took place in September 2004, Bass

objected to the four-level enhancement for his role as an organizer or leader. In

making this objection, Bass asserted that the district court’s findings of fact to

support this enhancement violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.

Ct. 2348 (2000); Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004); or

the decision pending at the time of Bass’s sentencing hearing, which later was

decided by the Supreme Court in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct.

738 (2005). Bass also objected on the ground that he was in fact not an organizer

or a leader.

At sentencing, the district court found that Bass did not act as an organizer

or leader, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), and thus, the district court did not

enhance Bass’s offense level by four levels. However, after hearing testimony

from Angela Goodman and from Bass’s brother regarding the drug enterprise, the

district court did find that Bass acted as a manager or supervisor and increased

Bass’s offense level by three levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). In doing so,

the district court stated, “Mr. Bass is the highest ranking person in the conspiracy. .

. . Just because you’re the boss, doesn’t mean you’re an organizer or leader within

the meaning of the guidelines. That makes him the manager, and the fact that he

supervised at least one other person makes him a supervisor.” Specifically, the
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district court stated that based on the testimony, Bass exhibited decision-making

authority, was the highest ranking person, and exercised planning and organizing

functions, and the drug enterprise was extensive. Therefore, the district court

calculated Bass’s total adjusted offense level as 38 and his criminal history

category as VI. Using these calculations, Bass’s Guidelines range was 360

months’ to life imprisonment.

At the sentencing hearing, the district court again asked Bass about his prior

drug convictions. Specifically, the court inquired if Bass had any basis for arguing

that his prior drug convictions were invalid or could not be used in sentencing him

under the pending indictment. Bass replied that he did not have any such basis. 

The district court noted that, as a result of Bass’s prior convictions, a statutory

mandatory minimum of life imprisonment applied to Bass’s sentence. The district

court then sentenced Bass to life imprisonment. Notably, in its “Statement of

Reasons,” the district court stated that the life sentence was mandated by statute

but that the same sentence would be imposed even if the Guidelines were found

non-binding as a result of Blakely/Booker. 

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Bass argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment

rights, as explicated in Booker, by enhancing his sentence based on facts that he
Because Bass timely raised a Blakely objection in the district court, we review his Blakely, 2

now Booker, claim de novo. United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation

omitted). 

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did not admit and that were not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. 

2

In Booker, the Supreme Court held that Blakely applied to the Sentencing

Guidelines. United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1297-98 (11th Cir.), cert.

denied, 125 S. Ct. 2935 (2005). “Under Booker, [] there are two kinds of

sentencing errors: one is constitutional and the other is statutory.” United States v.

Dacus, 408 F.3d 686, 688 (11th Cir. 2005). “[T]he Sixth Amendment right to trial

by jury is violated where under a mandatory guidelines system a sentence is

increased because of an enhancement based on facts found by the judge that were

neither admitted by the defendant nor found by the jury.” Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at

1298 (emphasis in original). The statutory error occurs when the district court

sentences a defendant “under a mandatory Guidelines scheme, even in the absence

of a Sixth Amendment enhancement violation.” United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d

1325, 1330-31 (11th Cir. 2005).

We first conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the district

court’s fact-finding that Bass was a manager or supervisor under U.S.S.G. §

3B1.1(b). Bass admitted that he provided money to Goodman, who then used that

money to acquire cocaine. Goodman then distributed the cocaine, received the
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proceeds, and repaid Bass with his initial investment plus his share of the profits. 

Bass was fully aware that Goodman was using his money to distribute both powder

cocaine and crack. Further, the district court found that Bass was a supervisor or

manager based on testimony at the sentencing hearing from Bass’s brother and

Angela Goodman. Specifically, the district court found that based on the

testimony, Bass exhibited decision-making authority, was the highest ranking

person, exercised planning and organizing functions, and the drug enterprise was

extensive. Thus, the district court properly calculated Bass’s Guidelines range. 

See United States v. Crawford, 407 F.3d 1174, 1178 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating that

after Booker, district courts must consult the Guidelines and “[t]his consultation

requirement, at a minimum, obliges the district court to calculate correctly the

sentencing range prescribed by the Guidelines”). 

Nonetheless, there was a Sixth Amendment violation and Booker error

because the district court sentenced Bass under a mandatory Guidelines regime

based on facts found by the judge and neither admitted by the defendant nor found

by a jury. See Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1300 (“The error is that there were extraverdict enhancements used in a mandatory guidelines system.”).

Even though there is a Sixth Amendment violation and Booker error, the

government has met its burden to show that this constitutional error was harmless. 
“‘To find harmless error, we must determine that the error did not affect the substantial 3

rights of the parties.’” Paz, 405 F.3d at 948 (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 160 F.3d 661, 670

(11th Cir. 1998)). “A constitutional error, such as a Booker error, must be disregarded as not

affecting substantial rights if the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal

quotation marks, punctuation and citation omitted). 

On appeal, Bass also argues that his attorney’s failure to specifically object to Booker 4

statutory error in addition to Booker constitutional error constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.

Because we address Bass’s Booker argument, we need not address his ineffective assistance of

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See Paz, 405 F.3d at 948. In Paz, which was a Booker constitutional error case, 3

we explained that harmless error analysis puts the burden on the government to

show “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to

the sentence obtained.” Id. (quotation marks, punctuation, and citation omitted). 

Thus, the government must show beyond a reasonable doubt that the mandatory, as

opposed to the advisory, application of the Guidelines did not contribute to the

defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Davis, 407 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir.

2005). 

Although the district court did calculate Bass’s sentence under the

Guidelines, the district court ultimately sentenced Bass in accordance with the

mandatory minimum specified for Bass’s offense at 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). 

Indeed, the district court stated that the same sentence would be imposed even if

the Guidelines were found non-binding as a result of Blakely/Booker. Thus, any

Booker error committed in determining Bass’s sentence under the mandatory

Guidelines was harmless.4
counsel argument further. The Booker statutory error is also harmless for the same reasons stated

above. 

Bass also argues that the district court erred in failing to consider sufficiently the factors set

forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). However, because Bass was subject to and received a mandatory

statutory minimum sentence of life imprisonment, we need not discuss this argument further. 

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AFFIRMED.