IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

SHASTA RAYE CONNER,

Appellant.

DIVISION ONE

No. 82536-4-I

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

DWYER, J. — Shasta Conner was charged with and convicted of two 

counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. On appeal, 

Conner contends that the trial court erred by denying her motion to suppress 

evidence found in her vehicle pursuant to a search warrant. Finding no error, we 

affirm. 

I

In September 2016, Department of Corrections (DOC) probationer Robert 

Carter agreed to provide information to the police in exchange for a positive 

recommendation on his pending charges after being found in possession of a 

stolen handgun and a large amount of prepackaged methamphetamine. Carter 

identified Shasta Conner from photographs as his supplier of heroin. 

In January 2017, Ian Lawhead was arrested on a DOC warrant. Lawhead 

explained to a DOC officer that, at the time of his arrest, he was waiting to 

purchase heroin from a person named “Shasta.” Lawhead identified Conner as 

“Shasta” from a photograph. Lawhead stated that he had purchased heroin from 
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Conner three days earlier. He agreed to attempt to purchase narcotics from 

Conner and allowed officers to photograph his text message exchange with 

Conner. Lawhead also spoke to Conner on the telephone in the presence of 

officers. 

During the text message exchange, Conner informed Lawhead that she 

had “to go home.” Lawhead asked if he could go to Conner’s house to make a 

purchase. Conner refused, asserting that she “do[esn’t] do deals out of [her] 

house.” 

Police detectives went to Conner’s home and set up surveillance outside. 

When Conner arrived, she parked on the public street in front of her home. The 

officers stopped Conner when she exited her vehicle. Conner did not consent to 

a search of the vehicle. Conner was detained and a dog trained to detect 

methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin was deployed to sniff Conner’s car. The 

dog alerted to the presence of one of those substances in Conner’s trunk. 

Conner was released but her car was seized pending an application for a 

search warrant. A search warrant was issued. Execution of the warrant resulted 

in the discovery of half a pound of heroin, methamphetamine, drug 

paraphernalia, a digital scale, and $3,178 in United States currency in Conner’s 

trunk. 

Prior to trial, Conner moved to suppress the evidence found in her trunk, 

contending that the dog’s sniff and alert occurred during an unlawful seizure. 

After a hearing on the motion, the trial court made the following pertinent findings 

of fact:
No. 82536-4-I/3

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4. [Carter] identified the Defendant, Shasta Conner, as his heroin 

dealer in Clark County.

5. [Carter] also identified her in pictures and indicated that she 

moved a fair quantity of heroin in Clark County.

6. The above information from Mr. Carter was included in the 

January 26, 2017 search warrant affidavit.

. . . .

9. [Lawhead] identified his dealer as the Defendant, Shasta 

Conner, and that he had purchased from her three days prior.

10. Mr. Lawhead also said the Defendant drives a black Maxima 

and that she usually has a portable safe with her and it is often in 

the trunk and she would take it inside her house with her.

. . . .

12. Mr. Lawhead agreed to attempt to purchase heroin from the 

Defendant on that day by texting in front of DOC Officer Rees 

Campbell.

13. Pictures of texts are part of the search warrant affidavit, and 

they showed conversations between Mr. Lawhead and the 

Defendant and appeared to negotiate a price and locations.

. . . .

16. The Defendant told him she was going home and Mr. Lawhead 

asked if he could come to her house and she replied, “No way. I 

don’t do deals out of my house.”

17. During the texts, Mr. Lawhead called the Defendant and asked 

when they could meet, and she said she was in Portland and would 

get ahold of him in about an hour.

18. The above information from Mr. Lawhead was included in the 

January 26, 2017 search warrant affidavit.

19. Later, upon VPD Sergeant Spencer Harris’s contact with the 

Defendant, the voice of the Defendant and the voice on the phone 

with Mr. Lawhead appeared to be the same. This information was 

included in the January 26, 2017 search warrant affidavit.

20. Still on January 26, 2017, Sergeant Harris, CCSO Detective 

Erik Zimmerman, and CCSO Detective Robert Anderson went to 

the Defendant’s home and set up surveillance.

21. When the Defendant arrived she parked her black Maxima on 

the public street in front of her house.

22. The three detectives moved in and confronted the Defendant 

outside of her car as she was approaching the trunk of her car.

23. The detectives sought consent to search the car and she 

refused.

24. The defendant was placed in handcuffs and was given her 

Miranda[1] warnings.

 

1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
No. 82536-4-I/4

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25. Detective Anderson deployed his drug sniffing dog, who is only 

trained to detect methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin, to go 

around the black Maxima parked on the street.

26. The dog hit positive for drugs on the trunk of the car, and the 

dog sniff information was included in the January 26, 2017 search 

warrant affidavit.

27. The Defendant was released at the scene but her phones, 

purse, and car were seized pending an application for a search 

warrant.

28. A search warrant was granted later that day and execution of 

the warrant resulted in seizure of approximately a half pound of 

heroin and methamphetamine, drug paraphernalia, a digital scale, 

and $3,178 in US currency.

The trial court also made the following pertinent conclusions of law:

7. The information from Mr. Carter was by itself stale by the time 

this warrant was requested, as a little more than four months had 

passed.

. . . .

10. Standing alone, there is too much passage of time between the 

observation by Mr. Carter and the warrant.

11. Even if the information is stale standing alone it may be used to 

provide probable cause if it is confirmed by other more recent 

information, such as the information from Mr. Lawhead.

12. Both Mr. Lawhead and Mr. Carter are sharing similar 

information about the Defendant being a drug dealer.

13. It was reasonable that the issuing Magistrate could infer the 

drug dealing was still ongoing despite the lapse of time based upon 

the ongoing nature of the crime, and supported by the new 

corroborating information of a similar, matching nature.

. . . .

34. The totality of the circumstances gave the officers reasonable 

suspicion to briefly detain the Defendant and deploy the dog in a 

non-invasive manner to sniff the car in a public space where the 

Defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy.

The trial court therefore denied Conner’s motion to suppress. Conner was 

convicted following a bench trial. 

Conner appeals. 
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II

Conner contends that the trial court erred by denying her motion to 

suppress the evidence found in the trunk of her vehicle. This is so, she asserts, 

because “[t]here was no probable cause to issue the search warrant” authorizing 

a search of her vehicle. Because we conclude that the search warrant was 

supported by probable cause, we decline to grant Conner appellate relief. 

While a search warrant may be issued only upon a judicial determination 

of probable cause, the issuance itself is a “highly discretionary” act. State v. 

Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d 454, 477, 158 P.3d 595 (2007); State v. Cole, 128 Wn.2d 

262, 286, 906 P.2d 925 (1995).

Once issued, a warrant is entitled to a presumption of validity and courts 

will afford “great deference to the magistrate’s determination of probable cause 

and view the supporting affidavit for a search warrant in a commonsensical 

manner rather than hypertechnically.” Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d at 477. Thus, 

“doubts concerning the existence of probable cause” will generally be resolved 

“in favor of the validity of the search warrant.” Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d at 477.

Although the issuance of a warrant is generally reviewed for abuse of 

discretion, the assessment of probable cause is a legal conclusion we review de 

novo. State v. Neth, 165 Wn.2d 177, 182, 196 P.3d 658 (2008). “Probable 

cause exists where there are facts and circumstances sufficient to establish a 

reasonable inference that the defendant is involved in criminal activity and that 

evidence of the criminal activity can be found at the place to be searched.” State 

v. Maddox, 152 Wn.2d 499, 505, 98 P.3d 1199 (2004). “It is only the probability 
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of criminal activity, not a prima facie showing of it, that governs probable cause.” 

Maddox, 152 Wn.2d at 505. “Generally, an ‘alert’ by a trained drug dog is 

sufficient to establish probable cause for the presence of a controlled substance.” 

State v. Jackson, 82 Wn. App. 594, 606, 918 P.2d 945 (1996). 

As the trial court determined,2the search warrant affidavit included (1) 

information from both Carter and Lawhead, (2) photographs of text messages 

exchanged between Lawhead and Conner, appearing to negotiate a location and 

price, and (3) information about the dog alerting in response to the trunk of 

Conner’s vehicle. Given that a trained drug dog alert alone is sufficient to 

establish probable cause, the search warrant affidavit was clearly sufficient to 

establish probable cause. 

Conner does not assign error to the trial court’s factual findings. Rather, 

she asserts that the information from Lawhead and Carter was insufficient and 

that “[a] drug-sniffing dog search . . . in the absence of a legitimate stop, is illegal 

and does not constitute probable cause to justify issuance of a search warrant.”

Not so. As the trial court correctly determined (and as Conner does not 

challenge on appeal), the dog sniff occurred during a legitimate Terry3 stop. The 

totality of the circumstances, including the older information from Carter, the new 

information from Lawhead, and corroboration by officers of information from 

Lawhead, gave officers reasonable suspicion to detain Conner and deploy a 

trained dog in a noninvasive manner.

 

2 The trial court’s factual findings are unchallenged. Accordingly, they are verities on 

appeal. State v. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 571, 62 P.3d 489 (2003). 

3 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). 
No. 82536-4-I/7

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A trained dog’s alert may establish probable cause, so long as the sniff 

itself does not constitute an unlawful search. Jackson, 82 Wn. App. at 606; 

accord Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 247-48, 133 S. Ct. 1050, 185 L. Ed. 2d. 

61 (2013). 

The sniff at issue did not constitute an unlawful search under either the 

federal or state constitutions. “A ‘canine sniff by a well-trained narcotics 

detection dog’” in a public place does “not constitute a ‘search’ within the 

meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 706-

07, 103 S. Ct. 2637, 77 L. Ed. 2d 110 (1983); accord Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 

405, 410, 125 S. Ct. 834, 160 L. Ed .2d 842 (2005) (“A dog sniff conducted 

during a concededly lawful traffic stop that reveals no information other than the 

location of a substance that no individual has any right to possess does not 

violate the Fourth Amendment.”). Similarly, under the state constitution, whether 

a “canine sniff is a search depends on the circumstances of the sniff itself.” State 

v. Hartzell, 156 Wn. App. 918, 929, 237 P.3d 928 (2010) (citing State v. Boyce, 

44 Wn. App. 724, 729, 723 P.2d 28 (1986)). “[A]s long as the canine ‘sniffs the 

object from an area where the defendant does not have a reasonable 

expectation of privacy, and the canine sniff itself is minimally intrusive, then no 

search has occurred.’” Hartzell, 156 Wn. App. at 929 (quoting Boyce, 44 Wn.

App. at 730). 

As the dog herein sniffed Conner’s vehicle during a Terry stop, from 

outside the vehicle and on a public street, the sniffing did not intrude into an area 

where Conner had a reasonable expectation of privacy. No constitutional 
No. 82536-4-I/8

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violation occurred during the dog sniff. The sniff was not itself an unlawful search 

and was properly used to establish probable cause to obtain a warrant. 

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR: