IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-18-00240-CV

JAYNE R. SCHULTE, M.D. AND GREGORY C. 

MCKEEVER, M.D., MY DOCTOR, PA D/B/A 

HUNTSVILLE PEDIATRICS AND ADULT 

MEDICINE ASSOCIATES, URMIL SHUKLA, M.D.

AND TEXAS SURGERY CENTER, P.A.,

Appellants

v.

RESA VACO AND TAMMY VACO,

Appellees

From the 12th District Court

Walker County, Texas

Trial Court No. 1728450

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Resa and Tammy Vaco filed a medical malpractice suit against Urmil Shukla, 

M.D., Texas Surgery Center, P.A., Jayne Schulte, M.D., Gregory McKeever, M.D., and My 

Doctor, P.A., d/b/a/ Huntsville Pediatric and Adult Medicine Associates. The Appellants 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 2

objected to the medical expert reports filed by the Vacos. The trial court overruled the 

objections and the motions to dismiss. We affirm. 

Background Facts

Resa Vaco underwent a sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery on May 20, 2015, and 

developed severe nausea and vomiting after the surgery. On June 12, 2015, he saw his 

primary care physician, Dr. Schulte for the nausea. Vaco saw Dr. Schulte again on July 

16 and July 24, 2015, where he again complained of nausea and also dizziness, visual 

changes, and unsteadiness. Vaco was admitted to Huntsville Memorial Hospital on July 

25, 2015, and Dr. McKeever prescribed medicine for dizziness. Dr. Shukla also saw Vaco 

on July 25, 2015, and performed an EGD, an upper scope procedure. Vaco was 

discharged from the hospital on July 27, 2015, but returned on July 29, 2015, complaining 

of chest pain, numbness, and difficulty standing. A lab test showed that Vaco had a low 

thiamine level, and Dr. Schulte prescribed thiamine which resulted in prompt 

improvement of Vaco’s neurological symptoms. Vaco was discharged from the hospital 

on August 1, 2015, and on August 17, 2015, he had a follow-up appointment with Dr. 

Shukla. At that time Vaco reported that his dizziness and numbness was returning. Vaco 

was diagnosed with Wernicke’s encephalopathy and alleges that he still has problems 

with memory loss, numbness, and loss of function at work.

Vaco served three expert reports in accordance with Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil 

Practice and Remedies Code prepared by: bariatric surgeon John Pilcher, M.D.; internist 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 3

Benny Gavi, M.D.; and neurologist Steven Lovitt, M.D. All of the appellants objected to 

the reports, and the trial court granted a 30 day extension to allow Vaco to amend the 

reports. Vaco then served a supplemental report from Dr. Lovitt and an amended report 

from Dr. Gavi. The appellants objected to the supplemental and amended reports. After 

a hearing, the trial court overruled the objections and found the reports sufficient. Each 

of the appellants filed a brief challenging the trial court’s ruling.

Standard of Review

We review the trial court’s decision on the adequacy of an expert’s report for abuse 

of discretion. American Transitional Care Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 

878 (Tex. 2001). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably or 

without reference to guiding rules or principles. Rice v. McLaren, 554 S.W.3d 195, 200 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.).

To constitute a good-faith effort to provide a fair summary of an expert's opinions, 

an expert report must discuss the standard of care, breach, and causation. Palacios, 46 

S.W.3d at 875. The report need not use "magic words" or meet the same standards as 

evidence offered on summary judgment or at trial. Rice v. McLaren, 554 S.W.3d at 200. 

To constitute a good-faith effort to comply with these requirements, the expert report 

must provide enough information to fulfill two purposes of the statute: (1) inform the 

defendant of the specific conduct the plaintiff has called into question, and (2) provide a 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 4

basis for the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 875; 

Rice v. McLaren, 554 S.W.3d at 201.

Expert Reports

Expert report means a written report by an expert that provides a fair summary of 

the expert's opinions as of the date of the report regarding applicable standards of care, 

the manner in which the care rendered by the physician or health care provider failed to 

meet the standards, and the causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm, 

or damages claimed. TEX. CIV. PRAC & REM CODE ANN. § 74.351 (r) (6) (West 2017). We 

determine whether an expert report is sufficient under section 74.351 by considering the 

opinions in the context of the entire report, rather than taking statements in isolation. Rice 

v. McLaren, 554 S.W.3d at 201. Multiple reports may be read in concert to determine 

whether the plaintiff has made a good-faith effort to comply with the statute's 

requirements. Id. Our review is limited to the four corners of the report, and we cannot 

make inferences to establish the causal connection. Id.

Dr. Shukla

Dr. Shukla argues in his sole issue on appeal that the trial court erred in failing to 

dismiss Vaco’s claims and in finding that the expert reports satisfied the requirements of 

Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Dr. Shukla, a bariatric 

surgeon, first saw Vaco on July 25, 2015 when he was admitted to Huntsville Memorial 

Hospital. Dr. Shukla ordered an EGD and an ultrasound. Vaco again saw Dr. Shukla on 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 5

August 17, 2015 for a follow-up on the EGD. Vaco served the expert report of Dr. John 

Pilcher, a bariatric surgeon, to address the standard of care and breach as to Dr. Shukla. 

After Dr. Shukla objected that the report was deficient, Vaco filed the supplemental 

report of Dr. Lovitt to address causation in relation to Dr. Shukla’s care.

Dr. Pilcher states in the report that in Dr. Shukla’s role as consulting bariatric 

surgeon, the standard of care required him to assess and to directly manage Vaco’s fluid, 

electrolytes, and nutrition status. Dr. Pilcher provided specific actions to meet the 

standard of care including a plan for observation for tolerance of bariatric vitamin 

supplements. Dr. Pilcher also stated that Vaco had been experiencing a few days of 

prominent neurological complaints superimposed on many weeks of abdominal pain 

with nausea and emesis at the time Dr. Shukla first evaluated him. Dr. Pilcher states that 

the standard of care in this scenario is to administer empiric thiamine immediately. Dr. 

Pilcher further states:

The occurrence of thiamine deficiency in bariatric surgical patients 

with nausea and vomiting is a well-known and highly feared complication 

of bariatric surgery. Thus, the Standard of Care requires that bariatric 

surgeons actively address potential nutrient/vitamin deficiencies in any 

bariatric patient who has recurring emesis or any bariatric patient with 

neurological complaints of any type. Since Mr. Vaco had BOTH of these 

conditions and was a classic high-risk case for thiamine deficiency, Dr. 

Shukla should have ordered thiamine supplementation at the time he 

received the consulting phone call or at the latest when he met Mr. Vaco in 

person. ... 

Presented with a clinical scenario like Mr. Vaco’s, the Bariatric 

Surgeon would then be expected to arrange testing for thiamine and other 

vitamins including B12, B6, A, C, D. There is no evidence that Dr. Shukla 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 6

accomplished any of these tasks for which he was responsible, and these 

failures are a clear deviation from the Standard of Care.

The need to monitor for thiamine deficiency and to treat potential 

deficiency is frequently discussed in bariatric surgical education, for 

example in the 2008 publication “ASMBS Allied Health Nutritional 

Guidelines for the Surgical Weight Loss Patient.” 

In the supplemental report, Dr. Lovitt states that he reviewed the report by Dr. 

Pilcher. He notes that Dr. Pilcher opines that Dr. Shukla breached the standard of care 

for a bariatric surgeon by failing to observe the patient long enough to determine that the 

patient was able to tolerate oral fluids and nutrition sufficiently to be discharged from 

the hospital. Dr. Lovitt also noted that Dr. Pilcher finds that presented with a patient 

experiencing neurological complaints, the standard of care required Dr. Shukla to 

administer thiamine immediately. Dr. Lovitt does not express any opinion as to whether 

Dr. Shukla breached the standard of care. Dr. Lovitt states that:

... given the fact of Mr. Vaco’s continued deterioration and the progression 

of his Wernicke’s encephalopathy, had Dr. Shukla ordered the empiric 

thiamine supplementation at the time he evaluated Mr. Vaco as Dr. Pilcher 

observes was the appropriate standard of care, in reasonable probability, 

this would have prevented the progression of Mr. Vaco’s Wernicke’s 

encephalopathy and the progression of his neurological symptoms. In 

reasonable probability, it would have prevented progression from 

temporary to longer lasting and possibility permanent disability.

Dr. Shukla argues that Dr. Lovitt’s initial report was “no report” as to Dr. Shukla 

and the trial court abused its discretion in considering the criticisms of Dr. Shukla in the 

supplemental report of Dr. Lovitt. Dr. Lovitt filed an initial report that did not address 

Dr. Shukla’s care of Vaco. Vaco concedes that Dr. Lovitt’s initial report was “no report” 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 7

as to Dr. Shukla. Vaco served the report of Dr. Pilcher to address the care of Dr. Shukla. 

After the trial court granted a thirty day extension to cure the deficiencies in Dr. Pilcher’s 

report, Vaco served the supplemental report of Dr. Lovitt to address causation as to Dr. 

Shukla. Dr. Shukla contends that because the initial report of Dr. Lovitt was no report as 

to Dr. Shukla, Vaco could not use Dr. Lovitt to supplement the report of Dr. Pilcher. 

Section 74.351(i) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides:

Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a claimant may satisfy 

any requirement of this section for serving an expert report by serving 

reports of separate experts regarding different physicians or health care 

providers or regarding different issues arising from the conduct of a 

physician or health care provider, such as issues of liability and causation. 

Nothing in this section shall be construed to mean that a single expert must 

address all liability and causation issues with respect to all physicians or 

health care providers or with respect to both liability and causation issues 

for a physician or health care provider.

TEX. CIV. PRAC & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (i) (West 2017). Because the statute allows a 

claimant to cure a deficiency, and that requirement like all others may be satisfied by 

serving a report from a separate expert, the statute does not prohibit Vaco from 

supplementing Dr. Pilcher’s report with the report of Dr. Lovitt. See Lewis v. Funderburk, 

253 S.W.3d 204, 208 (Tex. 2008).

Dr. Shukla also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to dismiss 

Vaco’s claims because the causation opinions of Dr. Pilcher and Dr. Lovitt are conclusory. 

A causal relationship is established when the expert explains how the negligent act or 

omission was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm and that, absent that act or 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 8

omission, the harm would not have occurred. Rice v. McLaren, 554 S.W.3d at 205. The 

expert must simply provide some basis that the defendant health care provider's act or 

omission proximately caused injury. Owens v. Handyside, 478 S.W.3d 172, 188 (Tex. App. 

—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. den’d). The expert must explain the basis of his 

statements and link his conclusions to the facts. Id. A report that merely states an expert's 

conclusions regarding causation is not sufficient. Id.

An expert report must explain, to a reasonable degree, how and why the alleged

breach caused the complained of injury based on the facts presented. Id. The expert 

reports both set out the timeline of events detailing the delay in administering thiamine 

to Vaco. Dr. Pilcher stated that Dr. Shukla should have ordered thiamine 

supplementation and Dr. Lovitt stated how the failure to do so in reasonable probability 

allowed the progression of the Wernicke’s encephalopathy and the progression of the 

neurological symptoms. The reports of Dr. Pilcher and Dr. Lovitt represent an objective

good faith effort to inform Dr. Shukla of the causal relationship between the failure to 

adhere to the pertinent standard of care and the injury, harm, or damages claimed. See

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (l) (West 2017). The trial court did not abuse 

its discretion in failing to dismiss Vaco’s claims and finding that the expert reports 

satisfied the requirements of Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. 

We overrule Dr. Shukla’s sole issue on appeal.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 9

Dr. Schulte

Dr. Gavi, a physician with a specialty in internal medicine, provided an expert 

report that discussed the standard of care, breach, and causation as to Dr. Schulte. Dr. 

Lovitt also provided an expert report addressing only causation as to Dr. Schulte. Dr. 

Shulte brings three issues on appeal in which she argues: 1) the expert reports do not 

adequately establish qualification to discuss her conduct; 2) the expert reports fail to 

provide a sufficient opinion on the applicable standard of care and breach of that 

standard; and 3) the expert reports fail to adequately set forth a causal chain linking any 

alleged harm actually suffered to a specific breach of an applicable standard of care.

Section 74.401 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides:

(a) In a suit involving a health care liability claim against a physician for 

injury to or death of a patient, a person may qualify as an expert witness on 

the issue of whether the physician departed from accepted standards of 

medical care only if the person is a physician who:

(1) is practicing medicine at the time such testimony is given or was 

practicing medicine at the time the claim arose;

(2) has knowledge of accepted standards of medical care for the 

diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in 

the claim; and

(3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to offer an expert 

opinion regarding those accepted standards of medical care.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.401 (a) (West 2017). Dr. Schulte specifically argues 

in the first issue that Dr. Gavi’s reports are deficient because they fail to establish that he 

has the knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the appropriate 

care and treatment of Vaco by Dr. Schulte, a primary care physician.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 10

In his expert report, Dr. Gavi states that he is a licensed physician who currently 

practices as a hospitalist and as a primary care physician. He notes that he has practiced 

as a primary care physician since 2012 at a medical practice in California. Dr. Gavi further 

states that he is familiar with the standard of care for physicians practicing at an acute 

care hospital, at an ambulatory practice site, or office medicine. Dr. Gavi notes that he is 

familiar with the standard of care for patients post gastric sleeve surgery and for patients 

with ongoing nausea and vomiting. Dr. Gavi states that he is familiar with the condition 

of thiamine deficiency and the clinical consequences of thiamine deficiency, Wernicke’s 

encephalopathy.

In determining whether an expert is qualified, we must be careful not to draw 

expert qualifications too narrowly. Owens v. Handyside, 478 S.W.3d at 186. The specific 

issue in this case as to Dr. Schulte, as a primary care physician, is whether she timely 

diagnosed and treated Vaco’s condition. Dr. Gavi’s report shows that as a primary care 

physician, he has experience in evaluating patients with nausea and vomiting and also 

neurological symptoms. Dr. Gavi is experienced with the treatment regimen for thiamine 

deficiency. Further, Dr. Gavi is familiar with the signs and symptoms of thiamine 

deficiency and the standard of care applicable to doctors who care for patients with 

thiamine deficiency. Dr. Gavi has the knowledge, skill, experience, education, and 

training to render an opinion on the standard of care applicable to a primary care doctor 

treating a patient with Vaco’s condition. We overrule the first issue.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 11

In the second issue, Dr. Schulte argues that Dr. Gavi’s reports fail to provide a 

sufficient opinion on the applicable standard of care and breach of that standard. Dr. 

Schulte contends that Dr. Gavi’s reports do not offer any factual basis to support his 

opinions or provide information on what should have happened differently.

In his reports, Dr. Gavi states that patients who undergo bariatric surgery are at a 

risk for malnutrition and that patients with ongoing nausea and vomiting are at a risk for 

malnutrition. Dr. Gavi notes that thiamine deficiency is a form of malnutrition and that 

all internal medicine physicians, including Dr. Schulte, should reasonably be able to 

identify. Dr. Gavi stated the following as the standard of care:

Physicians generally, and this includes Dr. Schulte and Dr. 

McKeever, should be familiar with the signs and symptoms of thiamine 

deficiency. In patients exhibiting one or more of the signs and symptoms 

consistent with thiamine deficiency, such patients should be treated with 

intravenous thiamine. ... Untreated thiamine deficiency is associated with 

profound neurological injury including confusion, numbness, 

unsteadiness, incoordination, abnormal gait, weakness, nystagmus, and 

other neurological signs and symptoms. If thiamine deficiency is delayed, 

then the symptoms may become permanent. 

In a patient with suspected thiamine deficiency, patients should 

receive intravenous thiamine and the physicians caring for such patients 

should be prepared to order sufficient doses of intravenous thiamine for 

multiple days. Furthermore, a physician should prescribe sufficient doses 

of oral thiamine at time of discharge to ensure proper absorption and 

replenishment of bodily reserves. How much is sufficient will be 

determined by re-checking thiamine levels after supplementation has 

begun, but every physician – and again, this includes Dr. Schulte and Dr. 

McKeever, should be prepared to order thiamine replacement for patients 

who suffer deficiency.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 12

Dr. Gavi went on to discuss the breaches of the standard of care and detailed the 

facts leading to his opinion. Dr. Gavi stated:

Dr. Schulte violated the standard of care by failing to promptly evaluate the 

new neurological signs and symptoms. Dr. Schulte had an obligation to 

form a differential diagnosis for the new neurological signs and symptoms. 

Included in that differential diagnosis should’ve been Wernicke’s 

encephalopathy. If Dr. Schulte was unable to determine a reasonable 

diagnosis and also rule out conditions that could cause permanent 

neurological damage, then Dr. Schulte was obligated to obtain a 

neurological consult. This could’ve been obtained by a same-day 

neurology appointment or sending the patient to an emergency department 

capable of obtaining a neurology consult. The failure on July 24, 2015, to 

perform an urgent evaluation of the new neurological signs and symptoms 

was a breach in the standard of care. 

Dr. Gavi further stated that Dr. Schulte breached the standard of care on July 25, 2015, by 

failing to diagnose Vaco with Wernicke’s encephalopathy or obtaining a neurology 

consult. Dr. Gavi stated in his report that Dr. Schulte breached the standard of care on 

July 27, 2015, by discharging Vaco from the hospital without a clear diagnosis for the 

neurological symptoms and without diagnosing possible Wernicke’s encephalopathy. 

Dr. Gavi noted that Dr. Schulte violated the standard of care by failing to treat for 

thiamine deficiency on multiple days and by failing to consult with a physician 

experienced in the management of Wernicke’s encephalopathy after beginning treatment 

for thiamine deficiency to ensure proper treatment. Dr. Gavi further opines that Dr. 

Schulte breached the standard of care by discharging Vaco on August 1, 2015 without 

arranging a consultation with a neurologist and without providing for proper follow-up 

care.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 13

The reports represent a good faith effort to provide a fair summary of Dr. Gavi’s 

opinions as of the date of the report regarding applicable standards of care and the 

manner in which the care rendered by Dr. Schulte failed to meet the standards. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (l) & (r (6) (West 2017). Dr. Gavi states that Dr. 

Schulte failed to timely diagnose thiamine deficiency or consult with a neurologist for the 

neurological symptoms. Dr. Gavi states how Dr. Schulte should have managed Vaco’s 

care. We overrule the second issue.

In the third issue, Dr. Schulte argues that the expert reports fail to link the damages 

sustained to any specific breach of an applicable standard of care. Dr. Gavi states that 

Dr. Schulte’s failure to “appropriately evaluate the neurological signs and symptoms, 

form a reasonable differential diagnosis, treat possible thiamine deficiency, and obtain a 

neurology consult, caused the profound neurological injury that Mr. Vaco developed as 

a result of prolonged thiamine deficiency.” Dr. Gavi further states that Vaco would have 

had no neurological injury or much milder injury but for the delayed diagnosis and 

treatment for thiamine deficiency. Dr. Lovitt stated in his expert report that Dr. Schulte’s 

failure to recognize and diagnose Vaco’s thiamine deficiency caused him to develop 

Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Dr. Lovitt further states that the progression led to 

permanent neurological damage and deficits.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 14

The expert reports explain how and why the alleged breach caused the 

neurological injuries to Vaco. See Owens v. Handyside, 478 S.W.3d 172, 188. We overrule 

the third issue.

Dr. McKeever

In his sole issue on appeal, Dr. McKeever argues that the expert reports were 

deficient in that they failed to contain a factual analysis of a particularized standard of 

care for each practitioner. Dr. McKeever contends that the expert reports improperly use 

the same standard of care for multiple defendants.

Dr. Gavi addressed the standard of care applicable to Dr. McKeever. As discussed 

above in detail, Dr. Gavi stated that Dr. McKeever should have been able to identify 

thiamine deficiency and that he should have been familiar with the signs and symptoms 

of thiamine deficiency. Dr. Gavi stated that Dr. McKeever breached the standard of care:

... on July 26, 2015, when he failed to perform a differential diagnosis for 

the symptom of dizziness. The nursing staff informed Dr. McKeever that 

Mr. Vaco was dizzy. Rather than form an appropriate differential diagnosis 

and an/or a reasonable definitive diagnosis, Dr. McKeever treated with 

meclizine as needed. Dr. McKeever had an obligation to form a differential 

diagnosis that included thiamine deficiency, given the context of weight 

loss, recent bariatric procedure, and ongoing nausea and vomiting. The 

failure to diagnose Wernicke’s encephalopathy or obtain an urgent consult 

was a breach in the standard of care.

Dr. Gavi further stated that Dr. McKeever breached the standard of care when he failed 

to empirically treat for the possibility of thiamine deficiency with intravenous thiamine. 
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 15

If more than one defendant is sued by a plaintiff, the plaintiff's expert report must 

outline the standard of care for each defendant and explain the causal relationship 

between each defendant's individual acts and the injury. Pharmacy Healthcare Solutions, 

Ltd. v. Pena, 530 S.W.3d 169, 175 (Tex. App. — Eastland 2015, pet. den’d). However, if 

multiple defendants owe the same duty to the patient, then the plaintiff is not required 

to specifically state the same standard of care for each individual defendant. Id.

Dr. Gavi indicated in his reports that Dr. Schulte and Dr. McKeever owe the same 

duty of care to Vaco. Dr. Gavi stated that the standard of care applied to internal 

medicine physicians and also to all physicians. Dr. Gavi stated that both Dr. McKeever 

and Dr. Schulte should have been able to identify thiamine deficiency and that they 

should have been familiar with the signs and symptoms of thiamine deficiency. Dr. Gavi 

specifically explained how Dr. McKeever breached that standard and the causal 

relationship to the injuries of Mr. Vaco.

The two purposes of the expert report are to inform the defendant of the specific 

conduct the plaintiff has called into question and to provide a basis for the trial court to 

conclude that the claims have merit. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 875. If the report fulfills its 

two purposes, it represents a good faith effort. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. The reports 

represent a good faith effort to provide a fair summary of Dr. Gavi’s opinions as of the 

date of the report regarding applicable standards of care and the manner in which the 

care rendered by Dr. McKeever failed to meet the standards. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
Schulte et al. v. Vaco Page 16

CODE ANN. § 74.351 (l) & (r (6) (West 2017). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

finding that the expert reports satisfied the requirements of Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil 

Practice and Remedies Code. We overrule the sole issue on appeal.

Conclusion

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the expert 

reports as to all appellants satisfied the requirements of Chapter 74 of the Texas Civil 

Practice and Remedies Code. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

JOHN E. NEILL

Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Neill

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed April 24, 2019

[CV06]