UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

CHERYL ALVEY, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting 

Commissioner of Social Security 

Administration,*

 Defendant-Appellee. 

No. 12-5200 

(D.C. No. 4:11-CV-00151-TCK-TLW) 

(N.D. Okla.)

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT**

 

Before HARTZ, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and EBEL, Circuit 

Judge. 

 

 

 Cheryl Alvey appeals the denial of her applications for a period of disability, 

disability benefits, and supplemental security income at step four of the five-step 

 

*

 In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, 

Carolyn W. Colvin is substituted for Michael J. Astrue as the defendant-appellee in 

this action. 

** After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

August 28, 2013

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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sequential disability evaluation process. She argues that even though the 

administrative law judge (ALJ) recognized at step two that she suffers from 

medically determinable mental impairments, he did not properly apply the procedure 

at step four for determining whether she can perform her past relevant work (PRW). 

See Winfrey v. Chater, 92 F.3d 1017, 1023-26 (10th Cir. 1996). Exercising 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), we affirm. Although the 

ALJ erred at step four in analyzing the functional limitations resulting from 

Ms. Alvey’s mental impairments, the error was harmless. 

 At step two the ALJ found that Ms. Alvey had the severe physical impairments 

of “fracture of left ankle with residuals and mild degenerative arthritis and 

spondylosis of the cervical spine.” Aplt. App. Vol. II at 62. He also recognized that 

she suffered from depression and anxiety, but he concluded that those impairments 

did “not cause more than minimal limitation in the claimant’s ability to perform basic 

work activities.” Id. at 63. Consistent with a Psychiatric Review Technique (PRT) 

form in the record, the ALJ, in evaluating the four broad functional areas, found only 

mild limitations in daily living, in social functioning, and in concentration, 

persistence, and pace, and he found that Ms. Alvey had experienced no episodes of 

decompensation. Thus, the ALJ concluded that the mental impairments were 

nonsevere. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(d)(1), 416.920a(d)(1) (mental impairments 

imposing mild limitations generally are deemed nonsevere). He then stated, “[T]he 
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following residual functional capacity assessment reflects the degree of limitation the 

undersigned has found.” Aplt. App. Vol. II at 64. 

 When he reached step four, the ALJ assessed Ms. Alvey with the residual 

functional capacity (RFC) to perform the full range of sedentary work. He did not 

include any mental limitations in the RFC, nor did he explain why he was not 

including any such limitations. Based on the testimony of Ms. Alvey and a 

vocational expert (VE), the ALJ determined that Ms. Alvey could perform her PRW 

as a customer service representative and buyer assistant in electronics as she actually 

had performed it, and therefore she was not disabled. The Appeals Council denied 

review and the district court affirmed. 

 “We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the ALJ’s 

factual findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether the 

correct legal standards were applied.” Keyes-Zachary v. Astrue, 695 F.3d 1156, 1161 

(10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Substantial evidence is such 

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 

conclusion.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Winfrey set forth a three-part framework for establishing whether a claimant 

can return to her PRW. First, the ALJ must evaluate the claimant’s physical and 

mental RFC. See 92 F.3d at 1023. Second, “the ALJ must make findings regarding 

the physical and mental demands of the claimant’s past relevant work.” Id. at 1024. 

Finally, the ALJ must compare the claimant’s RFC to the demands of her PRW to 
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determine whether she can still perform such work. See id. at 1023, 1024-25. “At 

each of these phases, the ALJ must make specific findings.” Id. at 1023. 

 Ms. Alvey does not contend that the ALJ erred at step two in assessing her 

mental impairments as nonsevere. Instead, she argues that at step four the ALJ did 

not comply with Winfrey because he did not include any mental limitations in her 

RFC and did not make any findings about the mental requirements of her PRW. 

 This court very recently discussed the requirements for analyzing nonsevere 

mental impairments at steps two and four. See Wells v. Colvin, __ F.3d __, 

No. 12-6234, 2013 WL 4405723, at *1-2, *4-5 (10th Cir. Aug. 19, 2013). Wells held 

that, in light of the Commissioner’s regulations, “a conclusion that the claimant’s 

mental impairments are non-severe at step two does not permit the ALJ simply to 

disregard those impairments when assessing a claimant’s RFC and making 

conclusions at steps four and five.” Id. at *5. At step two in Wells, “the ALJ stated 

that [the] findings [of mild limitations] do not result in further limitations in 

work-related functions in the RFC assessment below,” and then reiterated that the 

mental impairments were nonsevere. Id. (brackets and internal quotation marks 

omitted). Concerned that this language implied that the ALJ “may have relied on his 

step-two findings to conclude that [the claimant] had no limitation based on her 

mental impairments,” Wells held that such analysis “was inadequate under the 

regulations and the Commissioner’s procedures.” Id. “[T]o the extent the ALJ relied 

on his findings of non-severity as a substitute for adequate RFC analysis, the 
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Commissioner’s regulations demand a more thorough analysis.” Id. at *7. Wells

further discussed the requirements for analysis of mental impairments at step four, 

noting that the step-four RFC assessment is more detailed than the step-two severity 

assessment and listing various functions that may be relevant to a mental RFC 

assessment. See id. at *5. 

 In Wells, however, the ALJ, in addition to his statement about the RFC at step 

two, separately discussed the claimant’s nonsevere mental impairments in his RFC 

analysis at step four. See id. at *5. We stated that “[h]is discussion, though far from 

systematic, may have been adequate to fulfill his duty at step four to determine [the 

claimant’s] mental RFC.” Id. at *2; see also id. at *5. Ultimately, the problem in 

Wells was that the discussion was not supported by substantial evidence. See id. at 

*5-7. 

 Similar to the step-two statement that Wells implied would be inadequate, at 

step two in this case the ALJ stated, “[T]he following residual functional capacity 

assessment reflects the degree of limitation the undersigned has found.” Aplt. App. 

Vol. II at 64. And at step four the ALJ here, unlike the ALJ in Wells, did not engage 

in any analysis of mental functions and how they may be impacted (or not) by 

Ms. Alvey’s medically determinable mental impairments. It appears, therefore, that 

the ALJ failed to employ the step-four analytical procedure prescribed by the 

regulations. 
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 It does not necessarily follow, however, that a remand is required. We have 

recognized that “[i]n conducting our review, we should, indeed must, exercise 

common sense,” Keyes-Zachary, 695 F.3d at 1166, and that a determination of 

harmless error may be appropriate “where, based on material the ALJ did at least 

consider (just not properly), we could confidently say that no reasonable 

administrative factfinder, following the correct analysis, could have resolved the 

factual matter in any other way,” Allen v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1140, 1145 (10th Cir. 

2004). We may employ a harmless-error analysis sua sponte on appeal when, as 

here, the record is not overly long or complex, harmlessness is not fairly debatable, 

and reversal would result in futile and costly proceedings. See Wyoming v. 

Livingston, 443 F.3d 1211, 1226 (10th Cir. 2006). Because the evidence in this case 

does not support assessing any functional limitations from mental impairments, we 

believe it appropriate to assess harmless error and avoid a futile remand. 

 As the ALJ noted, there are no records indicating treatment by a mental 

practitioner. Ms. Alvey’s amended onset date was January 9, 2007, but her medical 

records from 2007 and 2008 contain few mentions of mental issues. And medical 

opinions from shortly before the amended onset date do not support any mental 

functional limitations. Based on a September 2006 exam, Ms. Alvey’s primary care 

physician opined in a Mental Status Form that she had no significant mental issues 

and that she had normal behavior and ability to relate to other people; could 

remember, comprehend, and carry out both simple and complex instructions; could 
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respond to supervision, coworkers, and work pressure; and had a normal mental 

status, orientation, and ability to think, reason, and respond. Although he noted that 

Ms. Alvey had experienced chest pains due to anxiety, the physician did not note any 

stress to be avoided. On December 18, 2006, an examining physician opined that her 

“[r]ecent and remote memories are intact” and her “[t]hought processes appear 

normal.” Aplt. App. Vol. II at 312-13. This physician also noted her chest pains 

related to anxiety, but he too failed to diagnose any limitations. 

 The ALJ’s assessment of mild limitations at step two was consistent with a 

January 3, 2007, PRT form apparently completed by an agency reviewer. The 

reviewer, however, gave little explanation for assessing mild limitations rather than 

no limitations, simply noting that Ms. Alvey “is on anxiolytics from her PCP due to 

chest pains attributed to anxiety. He does not consider that she has significant mental 

health issues.” Id. at 332. The reviewer concluded by stating that Ms. Alvey 

“[a]ppears to have a very active life with only a few limitations due to physical 

impairments.” Id. That January assessment was reviewed and “affirmed as written” 

by another reviewer on May 22, 2007. Id. at 349. Accordingly, like Ms. Alvey’s 

treatment records, the PRT forms are not substantial evidence supporting any specific 

functional limitations. 

 Ms. Alvey points out that in her application for benefits she complained of 

depression, the effects of her medications on her thought processes, and an inability 

to handle stress and changes in her routine. She testified about such issues at the 
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hearing. But the ALJ discounted her testimony to the extent it was inconsistent with 

the RFC, and she does not challenge his credibility evaluation on appeal. 

 In light of this record, we can confidently say that the ALJ’s failure to conduct 

a more particularized assessment of mental functions at step four was harmless error. 

There is no substantial evidence that would allow a reasonable administrative 

factfinder to include any mental limitations in Ms. Alvey’s RFC. See Allen, 357 F.3d 

at 1140, 1145; see also Keyes-Zachary, 695 F.3d at 1163 (“There is no reason to 

believe that a further analysis or weighing of [the evidence] could advance [the] 

claim of disability.”). 

 Because Ms. Alvey’s RFC did not contain any mental functional limitations, 

the ALJ did not need to explore the mental demands of her PRW. See Winfrey, 

92 F.3d at 1024 (To make adequate findings about a claimant’s PRW, “the ALJ must 

obtain adequate ‘factual information about those work demands which have a bearing 

on the medically established limitations.’” (emphasis added) (quoting Soc. Sec. Rul. 

82-62, 1982 WL 31386, at *3 (1982)). When questioned at the hearing about an RFC 

containing no restrictions on mental functions, the VE testified that Ms. Alvey could 

perform her PRW as she actually performed it. Thus, the ALJ’s step-four denial of 

benefits was supported by substantial evidence. 
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 The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

 Entered for the Court 

 Harris L Hartz 

 Circuit Judge