# Patent

## Title
Control of senescence in fruits, vegetables and flowers

## Abstract

A brazing alloy for brazing ceramics has the following composition, in weight percent: 1 to 4 silicon; 1 to 5 titanium; 0.5 to 6 aluminum; 89 to 96 copper.

## Background
This invention concerns a ternary brazing alloy of copper, silicon and titanium for brazing ceramics. Such a ternary alloy is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,033 and European Patent Application 0 038 584. U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,033 discloses a ternary alloy containing 50 to 98.75% by weight of copper, 0.25 to 5% titanium, and from about 1% to about 45% of a third metal selected from the group consisting of silicon, tin, germanium, magnanese, nickel and cobalt. EP application 0 038 584 discloses a ternary brazing alloy containing 40 to 85 atomic % copper, 5 to 60 atomic % titanium, 0 to 55 atomic % silicon.

A problem with the ternary brazing alloys disclosed in the above references is the formation of oxidation product on the braze fillet area during the direct brazing of ceramic to metal.

I have found that if a controlled amount of aluminum is added to a copper, silicon, titanium brazing alloy of controlled composition, that the formation of oxidation product can be prevented or greatly minimized. A brazing alloy as per this invention has a composition of, in weight percent, 1 to 4 silicon, 1 to 5 titanium, 0.5 to 6 aluminum, 89 to 96 copper.

In the following examples, all compositions are expressed in weight percent.

An alloy with a composition of 92.25% copper, 3.25% silicon, 2% aluminum, 2.5% titanium was tungsten arc melted on water-cooled copper hearth. The button was rolled down into 2 mil thickness foil.

The foil was placed between 1.2".times.1.2".times.0.060" thick alumina substrate and Kovar strip 1/4" wide by 10 mil thick by 3" long. The assembly was brazed at 1050.degree. C. under 10.sup.-5 torr vacuum. An excellent looking braze was obtained. Pulling of brazed Kovar strip using Instron at 2 inch per minute resulted in 20 pound force peel which is an excellent strength. The alloy with a hardness of 138 Knoop hardness number met our hardness criteria. Kovar is an alloy of iron, cobalt and nickel made by Westinghouse Corporation.

An ASTM F-19 alumina tensile test piece was brazed with copper sandwich. That is, the assembly from bottom was alumina, 2 mil brazing alloy preform, 10 mil copper, 2nd brazing alloy preform and alumina. Ten sets were assembled and brazed to above schedule. All tested better than 10.sup.-9 cc/second leak rate using He gas and helium mass spectrograph.

An alloy with a composition of 94.0% copper, 2.75% silicon, 1% aluminum, 2.25% titanium was melted and peel test prepared as in Example 1. An excellent bright gold colored braze resulted. Peel test showed that 25 pound force was required to pull off the Kovar tab from the alumina substrate.

As in Example 1, a button was prepared with a composition of 92.00% copper, 3.00% aluminum, 2.75% silicon, 2.25% titanium, and rolled into 2 mil foil.

Peel tests were prepared and also hermeticity samples were prepared. The assemblies were brazed under 10.sup.-5 torr vacuum and at 1050.degree. C.

The peel test required 17 pound average pull on Kovar strip. The five (5) hermeticity test samples all passed the helium leak check.

An alloy with a composition of 90.25% copper, 5% aluminum, 2.25% silicon, 2.5% titanium was melted and rolled to 2 mil thickness foil as in Example 1. Peel test and hermeticity braze samples were prepared as in Example 1. It tested 16 lbs force to peel off Kovar from the alumina substrate. The hermeticity test showed that it met the 10.sup.-9 cc/sec. leak requirement.

A powder admixture consisting of 97.75% minus 325 mesh atomized alloy powder, with a composition 94.12% copper, 2.81% silicon, 3.07% aluminum is mixed with 2.25% titanium hydride minus 325 mesh powder. This combination results in a melted composition of 92.00% Cu, 3.00% Al, 2.75% Si, 2.25% Ti. A screening paste consisting of 90% of above admixture and 10% screening vehicle #235 from Ceramic Color Company was prepared.

Using 105 mesh screen, with the screen placed 0.050" above 1.2".times.1.2".times.0.060" thick alumina substrate as a snap off distance, the prepared paste was screened on to the alumina substrate and measured about 4 mil thick, dried, which is equivalent to 2 mil foil. Three strips of Kovar peel test strips, measuring 0.25".times.3".times.0.010" thick were placed over coated alumina substrate. The assemblies were brazed at 1050.degree. C..times.10 minutes under 10.sup.-5 torr vacuum furnace. The brazed layers between the strips were pin hole free.

The peel test resulted in 17 pound force to peel off the Kovar strip, which is equivalent to moly-metallized ceramic system.

In the following table, alloy compositions within this invention are in weight percent. Composition Sample Cu     Al    Si   Ti   Liquidus Solidus KHN   Peel ______________________________________ 83-13 94.00  1.0   2.75 2.25 1035   994   114   25 65-13 92.50  2.0   3.50 2.0  1000   967   140   11 65-16 92.25  2.0   3.25 2.50 1010   975   138   20 65-10 93.50  2.0   3.00 1.50 1021   983    13 65-18 93.0   2.0   2.50 2.50 1036   995   115   18 83-16 93.75  2.0   2.00 2.25 1049   1003  101   20 65-2  91.25  3.0   3.25 2.50 1009   956   160   14 65-G  92.00  3.0   3.00 2.00 1013   968   144   15 65-3I 92.00  3.0   2.75 2.25 1012   978   130   17 65-03 91.25  4.0   2.25 2.50 1022   990   148   14 65-04 90.25  5.0   2.25 2.50 1019   985   150   16 65-05 90.25  6.0   1.25 2.50 1032   1003  139   13 ______________________________________

In the table, KHN is the Knoop hardness. Liquidus and solidus temperatures are in degrees Centigrade. Peel is the average peel strength in pounds.

## Claims

1. A brazing alloy for brazing ceramics having the following composition, in weight percent: 94 Cu, 2.75 Si, 1 Al, 2.25 Ti.

2. A brazing alloy for brazing ceramics having the following composition, in weight percent: 92.25 Cu, 3.25 Si, 2 Al, 2.5 Ti.

3. A brazing alloy for brazing ceramics having the following composition, in weight percent: 92 Cu, 2.75 Si, 3 Al, 2.25 Ti.

4. A brazing alloy for brazing ceramics having the following composition, in weight percent: 90.25 Cu, 2.25 Si, 5 Al, 2.5 Ti.