2024 IL App (1st) 221295-U

No. 1-22-1295 

Order filed January 10, 2024 

Third Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

DENNIS STARR,

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

DAVID J. JONES, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of

Cook County. 

No. 2021 M6 7799

Honorable 

Matthew Carmody, 

Judge, presiding. 

 JUSTICE D.B. WALKER delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Lampkin and Van Tine concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Where plaintiff failed to present an adequate record on appeal, we affirm the 

judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 2 Plaintiff Dennis Starr appeals pro se from a small claims order issued by the circuit court 

after a contested trial, entering judgment for defendant, David J. Jones. Although defendant has 

not filed a response brief, we may proceed under the principles set forth in First Capitol Mortgage 
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Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976), and have ordered the appeal 

taken on plaintiff’s brief and the record alone. Due to the inadequacy of the record, we affirm. 

¶ 3 The following background is derived from the limited record on appeal, which consists 

solely of the common law record. No reports of proceedings are included in the record.

¶ 4 On November 5, 2021, plaintiff filed a complaint, claiming that defendant owed him 

$4,300 plus costs. Plaintiff alleged that on December 9, 2013, defendant borrowed $1,000 from 

him and agreed to repay the loan with 12 monthly payments of $100, commencing on May 15, 

2014. According to plaintiff, despite repeated requests, defendant failed to make any payments 

and plaintiff “subsequently lost contact with the defendant.” Plaintiff attached two exhibits to his 

complaint. The first was a document setting forth the terms of the loan as described by plaintiff in 

his complaint and specifying an interest rate of “20 per cent per annum.” At the bottom of the 

document, a signature appears to be “David Jones.” The second exhibit was a document setting 

forth a schedule of payments, ending with an amount of $4,300 due at the end of 2021. 

¶ 5 On July 26, 2022, the circuit court issued a written small claims order, entering judgment 

for defendant. The order indicated that plaintiff and defendant were present in court, that a trial 

was held, and that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal of the order. Plaintiff 

filed a timely pro se notice of appeal on August 24, 2022. 

¶ 6 In his brief on appeal, plaintiff contends that the circuit court made a mistake by rejecting 

his request to present five prior promissory notes signed by defendant to refute defendant’s claim 
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that the signature on the document at issue was not his.

1 According to plaintiff, at trial, the court 

asked defendant if the signature on the document was his and he replied, “No.” Plaintiff asked the 

court whether, as rebuttal, he could show it five prior notes signed by defendant, but the court said, 

“No.” Plaintiff objected, and the court “then stated it was a ‘toss-up’ as to who was telling the truth 

and then [it] ruled for the defendant.” In support of his contention, plaintiff cites several Illinois 

Rules of Evidence and section 8-1501 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/8-1501 (West 

2022)). 

¶ 7 As a threshold matter, we must address the inadequacy of the record, as plaintiff has not 

included in the record on appeal any transcripts of proceedings from July 26, 2022, nor any 

acceptable substitutes, such as a bystander’s report or an agreed statement of facts pursuant to 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 323 (eff. July 1, 2017). 

¶ 8 Our supreme court has long held that, in order to support a claim of error on appeal, the 

appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently complete record. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 

389, 391 (1984). This duty applies even to pro se litigants (Rock Island County v. Boalbey, 242 

Ill. App. 3d 461, 462 (1993)) and in appeals from judgments in small claims cases (Landau & 

Associates, P.C. v. Kennedy, 262 Ill. App. 3d 89, 92 (1994)). Any doubts arising from an 

incomplete record must be resolved against the appellant. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392. In the absence 

of transcripts or acceptable substitutes, it is presumed that the order entered by the circuit court 

was in conformity with the law and had a sufficient factual basis. Watkins v. Office of State 

Appellate Defender, 2012 IL App (1st) 111756, ¶ 19. Where the record on appeal is inadequate to 

1 Prior to filing his brief, plaintiff filed a motion in this court requesting that he be allowed to enter 

five “prior promiss[o]ry notes” into the record on appeal as exhibits. Noting that the exhibits had not been 

certified with the clerk of the circuit court, we denied the motion for failure to comply with Illinois Supreme 

Court Rule 329 (eff. July 1, 2017) on December 8, 2022. 
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support a claim of error, this court may dismiss an appeal or, as an alternative, summarily affirm 

the circuit court’s judgment. Graves v. Cook County Republican Party, 2020 IL App (1st) 181516, 

¶ 39.

¶ 9 When faced with a challenge to a trial court’s judgment following a bench trial, we will 

reverse only if the judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Vician v. Vician, 2016 

IL App (2d) 160022, ¶ 27. A finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence if it appears 

from the record that the opposite conclusion is apparent or when the finding is arbitrary, 

unreasonable, or not based on the evidence. Id. Decisions involving the admissibility of evidence 

are within a circuit court’s sound discretion and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that 

discretion. Obermeier v. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2019 IL App (1st) 170553, ¶ 133. A 

circuit court abuses its discretion when its ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or where no 

reasonable person would take the view it adopted. In re Marriage of Heroy, 2017 IL 120205, ¶ 24. 

¶ 10 Given the applicable standards of review in this case, a transcript of proceedings or 

acceptable substitute would be necessary for us to reach the merits of this appeal. See, e.g.,

National Collegiate Student Loan Trust 2007-2 v. Powell, 2022 IL App (2d) 210191, ¶ 30 

(“[N]otwithstanding Foutch, a record of the proceedings in the lower court may be unnecessary 

when an appeal raises solely a question of law, which we review de novo.”). Here, the record does 

not reveal what evidence was presented at the trial, what evidence the circuit court allowed or 

refused to admit, what arguments the parties made, or what constituted the basis for the circuit 

court’s decisions. As such, we cannot determine whether the court abused its discretion in ruling 

on the admissibility of evidence or whether its ultimate judgment for defendant was against the 
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manifest weight of the evidence. We must presume that the court followed the law and had a 

sufficient factual basis for its ruling. Watkins, 2012 IL App (1st) 111756, ¶ 19. 

¶ 11 In summary, plaintiff has failed to provide a record sufficient to review the circuit court’s 

judgment. While we choose not to dismiss this appeal, we conclude that the inadequate record 

makes meaningful review of plaintiff’s arguments impossible and requires that the circuit court’s 

judgment be affirmed. See Landau & Associates, P.C., 262 Ill. App. 3d at 92. 

¶ 12 For the reasons explained above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 13 Affirmed.