# Patent

## Title
Channel feedback for TDM scheduling in heterogeneous networks having multiple cell classes

## Abstract

A method includes receiving in a communication terminal a sequence of downlink frames from a communication network that includes multiple cells arranged in first and second layers. The first layer corresponds to a first class of cells selected from a group of classes consisting of macro-cells, micro-cells, pico-cells, femto-cells and low-power nodes (LPN). The second layer corresponds to a second class of cells, different from the first class. One or more cross-layer frames in which at least a first cell in the first layer and at least a second cell in the second layer transmit data, and one or more same-layer frames in which only one or more of the cells in a single layer that currently serves the terminal transmit the data, are identified in the sequence. Cross-layer channel feedback is calculated over the cross-layer frames, and same-layer channel feedback is calculated over the same-layer frames.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/448,497, filed Mar. 2, 2011, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention relates generally to communication systems, and particularly to methods and systems for providing channel feedback in wireless communication systems.
BACKGROUND
Some cellular networks comprise multiple layers of cells of different classes, e.g., macro cells, microcells, picocells and/or femtocells. Such networks are sometimes referred to as heterogeneous networks. The multi-layer network structure affects the interference experienced by communication terminals. Several techniques are known in the art for reducing interference in heterogeneous networks.
For example, 3GPP Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network (TSG-RAN) WG1 document R1-103561, entitled “Improving Control Reliability in Severe Interference Conditions,” Dresden, Germany, June 28-Jul. 2, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheduling schemes for improving the reliability of downlink control channels using sub-frame partitioning. TDM scheduling schemes of this sort are further analyzed in TSG-RAN WG1 document R1-104817, entitled “Analysis of Solutions to Improve Control Reliability in Severe Interference Conditions,” Madrid, Spain, August 23-27, which is incorporated herein by reference. Example TDM scheduling patterns for heterogeneous networks are also proposed in TSG-RAN WG1 document R1-105336, entitled “On Data Channel Performance with Cell Range Expansion and Non-Full Buffer Traffic,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
The description above is presented as a general overview of related art in this field and should not be construed as an admission that any of the information it contains constitutes prior art against the present patent application.
SUMMARY
A method includes receiving in a mobile communication terminal a sequence of downlink frames from a communication network that includes multiple cells arranged in at least first and second layers. Each layer corresponds to a respective class of the cells. One or more cross-layer frames, in which at least a first cell in the first layer and at least a second cell in the second layer transmit data, are identified in the sequence. One or more same-layer frames, in which only one or more of the cells in a single layer that currently serves the terminal transmit the data, are identified in the sequence. Cross-layer channel feedback is calculated over the cross-layer frames, and same-layer channel feedback is calculated over the same-layer frames. The cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback are transmitted from the terminal.
In an embodiment, calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes calculating a cross-layer Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) over the received cross-layer frames, calculating a same-layer SINR over the received same-layer frames, and calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer SINR and the same-layer SINR, respectively.
In a disclosed embodiment, calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes calculating a cross-layer covariance matrix over the received cross-layer frames, calculating a same-layer covariance matrix over the received same-layer frames, and calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer covariance matrix and the same-layer covariance matrix, respectively.
In another embodiment, transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes sending both the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in a single uplink frame. In an alternative embodiment, transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes interleaving the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in alternate uplink frames.
In yet another embodiment, transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback at a first update rate, and transmitting the same-layer channel feedback at a second update rate, different from the first update rate. In still another embodiment, transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback includes compressing one or both of the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback prior to transmission.
In an example embodiment, receiving the downlink frames includes receiving downlink sub-frames in accordance with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) specification. In an embodiment, identifying the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames includes automatically detecting a predefined periodic pattern which the cells transmit using the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames.
In some embodiments, receiving the sequence includes receiving the downlink frames from no layer other than the first and second layers. In alternative embodiments, receiving the sequence includes receiving the downlink frames from three or more layers in which the cells are arranged. In an embodiment, identifying the cross-layer frames includes identifying two or more different types of the cross-layer frames, corresponding to respective different subsets of the layers whose cells are permitted to transmit during the cross-layer frames, and calculating the cross-layer channel feedback includes computing the cross-layer channel feedback separately for each type of the cross-layer frames.
There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein, apparatus including a receiver, a transmitter and control circuitry. The receiver is configured to receive a sequence of downlink frames from a communication network that includes multiple cells arranged in at least first and second layers, each layer corresponding to a respective class of the cells. The control circuitry is configured to identify in the sequence one or more cross-layer frames in which at least a first cell in the first layer and at least a second cell in the second layer transmit data, to identify in the sequence one or more same-layer frames in which only one or more of the cells in a single layer that currently serves the apparatus transmit the data, to calculate cross-layer channel feedback over the cross-layer frames, and to calculate same-layer channel feedback over the same-layer frames. The transmitter is configured to transmit the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback to the communication network.
In some embodiments, a mobile communication terminal includes the disclosed apparatus. In some embodiments, a chipset for processing signals in a mobile communication terminal includes the disclosed apparatus.
The present disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram that schematically illustrates a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheduling pattern used in a heterogeneous wireless communication network, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates mobile communications user equipment operating on a heterogeneous wireless communication network, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein; and
FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for providing channel feedback in a heterogeneous wireless communication network, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
A heterogeneous cellular network typically comprises multiple cells of different classes, e.g., macro-cells, micro-cells, pico-cells and/or femto-cells, which are deployed in a certain geographical area. Each class of cells, typically defined by a range of transmit power levels, is referred to as a layer.
A mobile communication terminal operating in a heterogeneous network may encounter severe interference, which is caused or intensified by the layered structure of the network. For example, a femto-cell that serves a Closed Subscription Group (CSG) may cause severe interference to a nearby terminal that does not belong to the CSG and is thus served by a distant macro-cell. As another example, a macro-cell may cause severe interference to a terminal served by a nearby pico-cell.
Some heterogeneous networks reduce the interference to mobile communication terminals by applying Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheduling among the downlink transmissions of different layers. TDM scheduling is under consideration, for example, for use in enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (eICIC) in Release 10 Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. In a typical TDM scheduling scheme, at least one of the layers of cells transmits an alternating pattern of sub-frames containing data and Almost Blank Sub-frames (ABSs) that do not contain data. Transmission of ABSs in a given layer enables terminals served by another layer to receive downlink signals with reduced interference. (The term “sub-frames” is used in the present description and in the claims to denote time intervals, in accordance with accepted usage in LTE standards.)
Embodiments that are described herein provide improved methods and systems for communication in heterogeneous networks that use TDM scheduling. In some embodiments, a mobile communication terminal uses the received downlink signals to calculate and transmit feedback regarding the downlink communication channel. This feedback is used by the cells in the vicinity of the terminal to configure subsequent transmissions, e.g., in precoding and/or scheduling subsequent transmissions to the terminal.
When the network uses TDM scheduling, however, the terminal may encounter considerably different interference conditions in different sub-frames. In some sub-frames, only cells in the same layer that serves the terminal (i.e., the layer to which the cell that is currently serving the terminal belongs, for example a macro-cell layer or a pico-cell layer) are permitted to transmit data (and cells in other layers transmit ABSs). These sub-frames are referred to herein as same-layer sub-frames. In other sub-frames, cells both in the same layer that serves the terminal as well as cells in other layers are permitted to transmit data. These sub-frames are referred to herein as cross-layer sub-frames.
Typically, the interference to the terminal during the cross-layer sub-frames is significantly stronger than during the same-layer sub-frames, since during the cross-layer sub-frames the terminal may receive signals from cells belonging to multiple layers. In other words, the channel conditions differ considerably between the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames.
It is possible in principle for the terminal to calculate the feedback indiscriminately over the same-layer and cross-layer sub-frames. This type of feedback, however, is likely to be inaccurate—Overly pessimistic for the same-layer sub-frames (because it may reflect average interference that is worse than the actual interference occurring in the same-layer sub-frames) and overly optimistic for the cross-layer sub-frames (because it may reflect average interference that is lower than the actual interference occurring in the cross-layer sub-frames). Such a feedback may lead to erroneous or sub-optimal operation of the cells, and thus degraded network performance.
Thus, in some disclosed embodiments the terminal calculates two types of channel feedback: A same-layer channel feedback calculated over the same-layer sub-frames, and a cross-layer channel feedback calculated over the cross-layer sub-frames. The terminal distinguishes between the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames, and calculates the feedback separately for each sub-frame type. Each feedback type may comprise, for example, a Rank Indicator (RI), a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) and/or a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) for each sub-frame type. In various embodiments, any of these feedback types may be calculated separately for the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames. Example methods for calculating the feedback are described herein.
The terminal transmits the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback over the uplink channel, e.g., in the same uplink sub-frame or in alternate uplink sub-frames. In some embodiments, the terminal compresses one or both feedback types prior to transmission, in order to reduce uplink overhead.
Since the disclosed techniques calculate the channel feedback separately for the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames, the resulting feedback is highly accurate and matches the actual channel conditions on each sub-frame type. When using this feedback, the cells are able to configure downlink transmissions reliably and accurately, and network performance is therefore improved.
The embodiments described herein refer mainly to same-layer and cross-layer sub-frames in an LTE network. The disclosed techniques, however, are similarly applicable to any other communication network that applies TDM scheduling using same-layer and cross-layer frames. The terms “frames” and “sub-frames” are therefore used interchangeably herein.
FIG. 1 is a diagram that schematically illustrates a TDM scheduling pattern 20 used in a heterogeneous wireless communication network, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein. In the present example, the network comprises an LTE network having two layers—A layer of macro-cells and a layer of pico-cells. Pattern 20 comprises a period of twelve time-domain LTE downlink sub-frames denoted S0 . . . S11, which is repeated cyclically in the time domain. The macro cells transmit downlink sub-frames in accordance with a pattern 22 shown at the top of the figure, and the pico-cells transmit downlink sub-frames in accordance with a pattern 24 shown at the bottom of the figure, in an embodiment. The macro-cells and the pico-cells are assumed to be time-synchronized, i.e., the boundaries between sub-frames occur simultaneously across the network.
Pattern 20 comprises data-carrying sub-frames 28 (shaded in the figure) that carry data transmissions to terminals, and Almost Blank Sub-frames (ABSs) 26 that do not contain data transmissions (but may contain other signals such as synchronization and reference signals). In the example of FIG. 1, during sub-frames S0, S1, S4, S5, S8 and S9, the macro-cells are permitted to transmit data to the terminals, while the pico-cells are not permitted to transmit data and may only transmit ABSs. During sub-frames S3, S7 and S11, the pico-cells are permitted to transmit data, whereas the macro-cells may only transmit ABSs. During sub-frames S2, S6 and S10, both macro-cells and pico-cells are permitted to transmit data.
From the perspective of a terminal served by one of the macro-cells, sub-frames S0, S1, S4, S5, S8 and S9 are same-layer sub-frames, i.e., sub-frames in which only cells in the layer that serves the terminal are permitted to transmit data. Sub-frames S2, S6 and S10 are cross-layer frames, i.e., sub-frames in which cells in both the layer that serves the terminal and in one or more other layers are permitted to transmit data. From the perspective of a terminal served by one of the pico-cells, sub-frames S3, S7 and S11 are same-layer sub-frames, and sub-frames S2, S6 and S10 are cross-layer sub-frames.
The TDM scheduling pattern of FIG. 1 is shown solely by way of example. In alternative embodiments, any other suitable pattern can be used. The pattern may involve any desired number of layers, with each layer using any desired pattern of data-carrying sub-frames 28 and ABSs 26. In some embodiments, a given layer comprises only data-carrying sub-frames and no ABSs. When the TDM scheduling pattern involves more than two layers, the pattern typically comprises multiple types of cross-layer sub-frames that correspond to multiple combinations of layers that transmit simultaneously.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates mobile communications user equipment operating on a heterogeneous wireless communication network 30, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein. In the present example, system 30 comprises a cellular system that operates in accordance with the Long Term Evolution (LTE) specifications. In alternative embodiments, network 30 may operate in accordance with any other suitable communication standard or protocol that supports TDM scheduling.
In the example of FIG. 2, network 30 comprises a mobile communication terminal 34 (referred to in LTE terminology as User Equipment—UE), three macro-cells 38 and two pico-cells 42. This choice is made, however, purely by way of illustrative example. In real-life configurations, system 30 typically comprises a large number of cells of various types and a large number of terminals. Terminal 34 may comprise, for example, a cellular phone, a wireless-enabled computing device or any other suitable type of communication terminal.
Network 30 is a heterogeneous network, in which the cells are arranged in layers, such that each layer comprises the cells of a certain transmit power class. In the present example, macro cells 38 belong to a layer 46, and pico-cells 42 belong to a layer 50. In alternative embodiments, a layer may comprise any other suitable class of cells, e.g., pico-cells or femto-cells. In another example embodiment, one layer comprises high-power macro cells, and the other layer comprises a given type of Low-Power Nodes (LPNs) such as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), relay nodes, pico-cells and/or femto-cells). Different types of LPNs typically have different transmit power levels, and a given layer is typically made-up of a single type of LPNs. For example, pico-cells and femto-cells are typically not included in the same layer.
At a given time, terminal 34 is served by one of the cells in network 30, either by a macro-cell in layer 38 or by a pico-cell in layer 50. This cell is referred to as the serving cell of the terminal. In order to reduce interference, network 30 applies TDM scheduling between layers 46 and 50, for example the scheduling pattern of FIG. 1 above. In some embodiments, network 30 comprises one or more controller devices (not seen in the figure) that control communication between the cells and provide various other network services such as scheduling services.
In the present embodiment, terminal 34 comprises at least one antenna 54 for receiving Radio Frequency (RF) downlink signals from the cells and for transmitting RF uplink signals to the cells. A downlink receiver 58 receives the downlink signals via antenna 54, down-converts the signals and extracts downlink data from the signals. An uplink transmitter 62 produces uplink signals, up-converts them to RF and transmits the RF uplink signals via antenna 54.
Control circuitry 66 manages the operation of terminal 34. Among other tasks, the control circuitry calculates channel feedback based on the received downlink signals. The channel feedback is indicative of conditions on the downlink communication channel between the serving cell and terminal 34. The control circuitry provides the channel feedback to uplink transmitter 62 for uplink transmission to the serving cell.
In some embodiments, control circuitry 66 calculates the channel feedback separately for the same-layer sub-frames and for the cross-layer sub-frames, and transmitter 62 transmits the two types of channel feedback to the serving cell. In the example of FIG. 2, control circuitry 66 comprises a sub-frame type identification unit 70 and a feedback calculation unit 74. Unit 70 identifies which of the received downlink sub-frames comprise same-layer sub-frames and which comprise cross-layer sub-frames. Unit 74 calculates same-layer channel feedback that is indicative of the channel conditions during the same-layer sub-frames, and cross-layer channel feedback that is indicative of the channel conditions during the cross-layer sub-frames.
(As noted above, when network 30 comprises more than two layers, the TDM scheduling pattern typically comprises multiple types of cross-layer sub-frames. In these embodiments, unit 70 distinguishes between the multiple types of cross-layer sub-frames, and unit 74 calculates separate channel feedback for each cross-layer sub-frame type.
Unit 74 provides the same-layer channel feedback and the cross-layer channel feedback to uplink transmitter 62 for uplink transmission to the serving cell. The cells of network 30 use the channel feedback received from terminal 34 for configuring subsequent downlink transmissions, e.g., in scheduling or precoding subsequent downlink transmissions to terminal 34.
The terminal and network configurations shown in FIG. 2 are example configurations, which are depicted in a highly simplified manner solely for the sake of clarity. In alternative embodiments, any other suitable terminal and network configurations can be used. Terminal and network elements that are not mandatory for understanding of the disclosed techniques have been omitted from the figure for the sake of clarity.
In various embodiments, some or all of the elements of terminal 34, including receiver 58, transmitter 62 and control circuitry 66, are implemented in hardware, such as implementing elements of the transmitter and receiver using one or more Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFICs), or implementing the elements of the transmitter, the receiver and/or the control circuitry using one or more Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). In alternative embodiments, certain elements of terminal 34 are implemented in software, or using a combination of hardware and software elements.
In some embodiments, certain terminal elements, such as certain elements of control circuitry 66, are implemented in a programmable processor, which is programmed in software to carry out the functions described herein. The software may be downloaded to the processor, in whole or in part, in electronic form, over a network, for example, or it may, alternatively or additionally, be provided and/or stored on non-transitory tangible media, such as magnetic, optical, or electronic memory.
In some embodiments, sub-frame type identification unit 70 identifies the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames automatically from the received downlink signals, regardless of prior information as to the TDM scheduling pattern. In other embodiments, unit 70 is notified (e.g., by the serving cell) of the TDM scheduling pattern and of the locations of the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames within the pattern.
In various embodiments, feedback calculation unit 74 calculates the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback in different ways. The description that follows refers to a network comprising two layers—A macro-cell layer and a Low-Power Node (LPN) layer. (As noted above, in alternative embodiments feedback calculation unit 74 calculates multiple types of cross-layer feedback for multiple different types of cross-layer sub-frames.)
In an embodiment, let P denote the number of sub-frames in the TDM scheduling pattern, let Ps_macro denote the number of same-layer sub-frames in the pattern in which macro-cells are scheduled for transmission, and let Ps_lpn denote the number of same-layer sub-frames in the pattern in which LPNs are scheduled for transmission. The number of cross-layer sub-frames in the pattern in which both macro-cells and LPNs are scheduled for transmission is thus Pc=P−(Ps_macro+Ps_lpn).
In some embodiments, unit 74 calculates the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback by estimating two types of channel covariance matrices Rnn—A same-layer covariance matrix Rnn_sl estimated over the same-layer sub-frames and a cross-layer covariance matrix Rnn_cl estimated over the cross-layer sub-frames. From these two matrices, unit 74 estimates a same-layer Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) denoted SINRsl over the same-layer sub-frames, and a cross-layer SINR denoted SINRcl over the cross-layer sub-frames.
In an embodiment, the interference in a frequency bin fn during sub-frame si can be written as:
Equation 1:




  
    
      
        
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        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        1
      
    
  




wherein Hl denotes the channel response between the lth cell and terminal 34, xl denotes the signal transmitted by the lth cell, v denotes an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) component whose distribution is CN(0,K), and l is summed over either the same-layer cells or cross-layer cells excluding the serving cell.

Thus, the channel covariance matrix for sub-frame si, averaged over all frequency bins, can be written as:




  
    
      
        
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        2
      
    
  




wherein IRx denotes an identity matrix of size Rx.

For example, in the pattern of FIG. 1 above, if terminal 34 is served by a macro-cell, unit 74 measures Rnn_sl over the interference from all macro-cells other than the serving cell in sub-frames si=S0, S1, S4, S5, S8, S9, . . . (i=M·P and i=1+M·P, wherein M is integer). If terminal 34 is served by a pico-cell, unit 74 measures Rnn_sl over the interference from all pico-cells other than the serving cell in sub-frames si=S3, S7, S11, . . . (i=3+M·P). In either case, unit 74 measures Rnn_cl over the interference of all cells other than the serving cell in sub-frames si=S2, S6, S10 . . . (i=2+M·P). Unit 74 averages each of Rnn_sl and Rnn_cl over their relevant sub-frames during a certain interference averaging period, for example over Q·P sub-frames with Q a positive integer:




  
    
      
        
          
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        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        3
      
    
  




In this embodiment, unit 74 calculates the cross-layer SINR and the same-layer SINR depending on the receiver type (e.g., Minimum Mean Square Error—MMSE or Maximum Ratio Combining—MRC) for all possible combinations of precoding vector Cn and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS):




  
    
      
        
          
            
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        4
      
    
  








  
    
      
        
          
            
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        5
      
    
  




In alternative embodiments, unit 74 may calculate the same-layer and cross-layer covariance matrices and/or the same-layer and cross-layer SINR using any other suitable method.
In some embodiments, unit 74 calculates the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on SINR_cl and SINR_sl. In various embodiments, each type of feedback comprises, for example, a preferred rank (Rank Indicator—RI), a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) or any other suitable type of feedback that is indicative of the respective communication channel.
In various embodiments, uplink transmitter 62 transmits the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback over the uplink in various ways. In some embodiments, transmitter 62 transmits each type of feedback once every TDM scheduling period P. In this embodiment, during a given TDM scheduling period, the cross-layer feedback is used for configuring downlink transmissions (e.g., scheduling) to terminals during the Pc cross-layer sub-frames, and the same-layer feedback is used for configuring downlink transmissions to terminals served by macro-cells during the Ps_macro same-layer sub-frames and/or to terminals served by LPNs during the Ps_lpn same-layer sub-frames.
In some embodiments, terminal 34 is configured to transmit both the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback in the same uplink sub-frame. In other embodiments the terminal is configured to interleave and transmit the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback in alternate uplink sub-frames. The choice of configuration may depend, for example, on the capacity of the uplink channel used for transmitting the channel feedback (e.g., Physical Uplink Control Channel—PUCCH in LTE). In these embodiments, the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback are transmitted at the same frequency or update rate.
In an example embodiment that uses the TDM scheduling pattern of FIG. 1, for example, a terminal served by a macro-cell transmits both same-layer feedback and cross-layer feedback in sub-frame S7. In another example embodiment, a terminal served by a macro-cell transmits the same-layer feedback during sub-frame S6, and transmits the cross-layer feedback during sub-frame S7.
In another embodiment, a terminal served by a LPN transmits the cross-layer feedback in sub-frame S7, and transmits the same-layer feedback in sub-frame S8. In yet another embodiment, a terminal transmits each type of feedback in alternate TDM scheduling periods (e.g., same-layer feedback in odd-order periods and cross-layer feedback in even-order periods, or vice versa). In alternative embodiments, the terminal transmits the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback in any other suitable sub-frame or sub-frames. In an alternative embodiment, a terminal transmits the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback at different update rates or frequencies, i.e., at different periodic intervals. In an example embodiment, terminals served by macro-cells transmit the same-layer feedback at four sub-frame intervals, e.g., in sub-frames S2, S6, . . . , and transmit the cross-layer feedback at eight sub-frame intervals, e.g., in sub-frames S7, S15, . . . . Further alternatively, terminal 34 may transmit the same-layer and the cross-layer feedback in accordance with any other suitable pattern or intervals of sub-frames.
In some embodiments, control circuitry 66 compresses one or both of the same-layer feedback and the cross-layer feedback prior to uplink transmission, and provides the compressed feedback to uplink transmitter 62 for uplink transmission. In the example embodiments below, circuitry 66 transmits a RI, a PMI and a CQI as the same-layer feedback, and a RI, a PMI and a CQI as the cross-layer feedback, but sets one or more of these parameters to be the same for both types of feedback.
In an example embodiment, control circuitry 66 sets the RI (preferred rank) of the same-layer feedback to be the same as the RI of the cross-layer feedback. In this embodiment the RI is transmitted only once and applies to both feedback types. In another example embodiment, control circuitry 66 sets the RI to be the same for the same-layer and the cross-layer feedback, and also sets the PMI to be the same for both feedback types. In other words, only a single RI and a single PMI are transmitted, and they apply to both types of feedback.
In yet another embodiment, control circuitry 66 transmits the CQI of one feedback type differentially relative to the CQI of the other feedback type. In other words, the control circuitry transmits the CQI of one of the same-layer and the cross-layer feedback, and the difference between this CQI and the CQI of the other feedback type. Further alternatively, control circuitry 66 may use any other suitable scheme for compressing one or both of the same-layer and cross-layer feedback.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for providing channel feedback in the heterogeneous wireless communication network 30, in accordance with an embodiment that is described herein. The method begins with downlink receiver 58 of terminal 34 receiving downlink signals from the cells of network 30, at a downlink reception operation 80. Sub-frame type identification unit 70 in control circuitry 66 of the terminal identifies the same-layer sub-frames and the cross-layer sub-frames, at a sub-frame type identification operation 84.
Unit 74 in control circuitry 66 calculates same-layer channel feedback over one or more of the same-layer sub-frames, and calculates cross-layer channel feedback over one or more of the cross-layer sub-frames, at a feedback calculation operation 88. Uplink transmitter 62 of terminal 34 transmits the respective same-layer channel feedback and cross-layer channel feedback for the respective layers and cross-layer combination over the uplink, at an uplink transmission operation 92.
Although the embodiments described herein mainly address same-layer and cross-layer sub-frames, the methods and systems described herein can also be used with any other suitable classification of frames. In other words, in some embodiments control circuitry 66 classifies received frames into two or more classes, such that the frames in each class have certain interference characteristics that differ from one class to the other. Based on this classification, control circuitry 66 calculates channel feedback separately for each of the classes, and reports this feedback to the cells.
It is noted that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art. Documents incorporated by reference in the present patent application are to be considered an integral part of the application except that to the extent any terms are defined in these incorporated documents in a manner that conflicts with the definitions made explicitly or implicitly in the present specification, only the definitions in the present specification should be considered.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
receiving in a mobile communication terminal a sequence of downlink frames from a communication network that includes multiple cells arranged in at least first and second layers, wherein the first layer corresponds to a first class of the cells selected from a group of classes consisting of macro-cells, micro-cells, pico-cells, femto-cells and low-power nodes (LPN), and wherein the second layer corresponds to a second class of the cells that is different from the first class;
identifying in the sequence one or more cross-layer frames in which at least a first cell in the first layer and at least a second cell in the second layer transmit data;
identifying in the sequence one or more same-layer frames in which only one or more of the cells in a single layer that currently serves the terminal transmit the data;
calculating cross-layer channel feedback over the cross-layer frames, and calculating same-layer channel feedback over the same-layer frames; and
transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback from the terminal.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises calculating a cross-layer Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) over the received cross-layer frames, calculating a same-layer SINR over the received same-layer frames, and calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer SINR and the same-layer SINR, respectively.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises calculating a cross-layer covariance matrix over the received cross-layer frames, calculating a same-layer covariance matrix over the received same-layer frames, and calculating the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer covariance matrix and the same-layer covariance matrix, respectively.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises sending both the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in a single uplink frame.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises interleaving the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in alternate uplink frames.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback at a first update rate, and transmitting the same-layer channel feedback at a second update rate, different from the first update rate.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein transmitting the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback comprises compressing one or both of the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback prior to transmission.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein receiving the downlink frames comprises receiving downlink sub-frames in accordance with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) specification.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein identifying the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames comprises automatically detecting a predefined periodic pattern which the cells transmit using the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein receiving the sequence comprises receiving the downlink frames from no layer other than the first and second layers.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein receiving the sequence comprises receiving the downlink frames from three or more layers in which the cells are arranged.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein identifying the cross-layer frames comprises identifying two or more different types of the cross-layer frames, corresponding to respective different subsets of the layers whose cells are permitted to transmit during the cross-layer frames, and wherein calculating the cross-layer channel feedback comprises computing the cross-layer channel feedback separately for each type of the cross-layer frames.

13. Apparatus, comprising:
a receiver, which is configured to receive a sequence of downlink frames from a communication network that includes multiple cells arranged in at least first and second layers, wherein the first layer corresponds to a first class of the cells selected from a group of classes consisting of macro-cells, micro-cells, pico-cells, femto-cells and low-power nodes (LPN), and wherein the second layer corresponds to a second class of the cells that is different from the first class;
control circuitry, which is configured to identify in the sequence one or more cross-layer frames in which at least a first cell in the first layer and at least a second cell in the second layer transmit data, to identify in the sequence one or more same-layer frames in which only one or more of the cells in a single layer that currently serves the apparatus transmit the data, to calculate cross-layer channel feedback over the cross-layer frames, and to calculate same-layer channel feedback over the same-layer frames; and
a transmitter, which is configured to transmit the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback to the communication network.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control circuitry is configured to calculate a cross-layer Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) over the received cross-layer frames, to calculate a same-layer SINR over the received same-layer frames, and to calculate the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer SINR and the same-layer SINR, respectively.

15. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control circuitry is configured to calculate a cross-layer covariance matrix over the received cross-layer frames, to calculate a same-layer covariance matrix over the received same-layer frames, and to calculate the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback based on the cross-layer covariance matrix and the same-layer covariance matrix, respectively.

16. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit both the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in a single uplink frame.

17. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the transmitter is configured to interleave the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback in alternate uplink frames.

18. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the cross-layer channel feedback at a first update rate, and to transmit the same-layer channel feedback at a second update rate, different from the first update rate.

19. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control circuitry is configured to compress one or both of the cross-layer channel feedback and the same-layer channel feedback prior to transmission.

20. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the receiver is configured to receive from the communication network downlink sub-frames in accordance with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) specification.

21. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control circuitry is configured to identify the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames by automatically detecting a predefined periodic pattern which the cells transmit using the cross-layer frames and the same-layer frames.

22. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the downlink frames from no layer other than the first and second layers.

23. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the downlink frames from three or more layers in which the cells are arranged.

24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the control circuitry is configured to identify two or more different types of the cross-layer frames, corresponding to respective different subsets of the layers whose cells are permitted to transmit during the cross-layer frames, and to calculate the cross-layer channel feedback separately for each type of the cross-layer frames.

25. A mobile communication terminal comprising the apparatus of claim 13.

26. A chipset for processing signals in a mobile communication terminal, comprising the apparatus of claim 13.