# Patent

## Title
Method of and device for producing carbide and carbon solid solution

## Abstract

A method of making electrical steel strip characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction includes the steps of: hot rolling a slab into a strip having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): up to 0.01 C, 0.20-2.25 Si, 0.10-0.45 Al, 0.10-1.0 Mn, up to 0.015 S, up to 0.006 N, up to 0.07 Sb, up to 0.12 Sn, 0.005-0.1 P, followed by coiling, hot band annealing, cold rolling, batch annealing at a temperature in the range of 1040.degree.-1140.degree. F., and temper rolling to provide the strip with a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in or less. Electrical steel is manufactured from the steel strip by punching out shapes into laminations, and final annealing the laminations. The electrical steel has a grain texture including a {110}<001> orientation and a permeability in the range of 5000-65000 (G/Oe) in the rolling direction.

## Background
The present invention relates generally to electrical steels and, more specifically, to motor lamination steels having improved magnetic properties in the rolling direction, as well as good mechanical properties.

Desired magnetic properties of steels used for making motor and transformer laminations are low core loss and high permeability. Those steels which are stress relief annealed after punching should have mechanical properties which minimize distortion, warpage and delamination during the annealing of the lamination stacks.

Continuously annealed, silicon steels are conventionally used for motors, transformers, generators and similar electrical products. Continuously annealed silicon steels can be processed by techniques well known in the art to obtain low core loss and high permeability. Since the steels are substantially free of strain, they can be used in the as-punched condition (commonly referred to as fully processed steels) or can be finally annealed by the electrical apparatus manufacturer after punching of the laminations (commonly referred to as semi-processed steels) to produce the desired magnetic properties with little danger of delamination, warpage, or distortion. Continuous annealing processing requires the electrical steel sheet manufacturer to have a continuous annealing facility. The equipment for a continuous annealing facility requires a capital expenditure of many millions of dollars.

In order to avoid a continuous annealing operation, practices have been developed to produce cold rolled motor lamination steel by normal cold rolled sheet processing including batch annealing followed by temper rolling. Continuous annealing processes differ in many respects from normal cold rolled sheet processing. For example, continuous annealing subjects the coil to uniform annealing conditions, whereas batch annealing does not.

In addition, a continuously annealed product does not require temper rolling for flattening, because when steel is continuously annealed it has little strain imparted to it from the annealing process. Although batch annealing facilities use much lower cost equipment than continuous annealing facilities, batch annealing facilities are not able to produce a sufficiently flat product without temper rolling. Strain imparted by temper rolling leads to the delamination and warpage problems of motor lamination steel. At the present time, delamination and warpage resulting from this strain is a serious concern to such customers.

Steel can be produced to have either "oriented" grains, or "non-oriented" grains. Grain oriented silicon steels are characterized by very high permeability and low core loss in the rolling direction. For example, at 1.5 Tesla ("T") and 60 Hertz ("Hz"), a 0.012 inch thickness strip may have a permeability in the rolling direction of 28,000 Gauss/Oersted ("G/Oe") and a core loss in the rolling direction of 0.58 Watts/pound ("W/lb").

Grain oriented silicon steels have superior magnetic properties in the rolling direction as a result of a so-called Goss texture, i.e., a {110}<001> orientation as defined by the Miller crystallographic indexing system. Steel having a Goss texture is magnetically anisotropic, i.e., it has a sheet-plane variation of permeability and core loss from the rolling direction (0.degree.) to the transverse direction (90.degree.). In grain oriented steel, the rolling direction coincides with the easily magnetizable <001> crystal axes and the grains in the steel occupy a very sharp {110}<001> texture. It is generally believed to be desirable for grain oriented steel to have a substantially complete Goss texture. To this end, an average displacement angle of individual grains from the {110}<001> orientation is as small as possible, for example, within 3.degree..

A typical process for making grain oriented silicon steel generally includes hot rolling a high alloy steel, containing about 3% or more by weight of silicon. The steel is then solution annealed to dissolve second phase particles and is closely control cooled to produce fine second phase precipitates. Next, there is a two-stage cold reduction, with an intermediate annealing operation. The cold rolled sheets are then primarily recrystallized in a decarburizing atmosphere to remove particles that inhibit grain growth. Secondary recrystallization is then employed in order to grow very large grains (>5 mm) possessing the Goss texture. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,454 to Hayakawa et al.

One disadvantage of grain oriented silicon steels is that they are expensive to manufacture. Grain oriented steel processing typically requires several costly rolling and annealing steps to produce the Goss texture. Moreover, grain oriented steel processing typically requires the use of a continuous annealing facility.

Another disadvantage of grain oriented steel is that it has poor magnetic properties off-angle from the rolling direction in the plane of the strip. In grain oriented steels, permeability is about 28000 G/Oe in the rolling direction (0.degree.) and only about 500 G/Oe in the transverse direction (90.degree.). See the brochure, Armco Oriented Electrical Steels, copyright 1974, Armco Steel Corporation, pages 14 and 36, which is incorporated by reference herein, for typical permeabilities and core losses for grain oriented steel in the rolling direction and off-angle from the rolling direction. Grain oriented steel exhibits a very steep drop in permeability even slightly off-angle from the rolling direction. For example, a typical grain oriented steel has a greater than 50% reduction in permeability between the permeability in the rolling direction and the permeability at 10.degree. from the rolling direction.

An inconvenience of using grain oriented steel is that the permeability is so high it may create problems in some devices. For example, transformer light ballast manufacturers have indicated that typical grain oriented material is undesirable in fluorescent light ballasts because it causes a humming sound when the device is operated.

Conventional non-oriented cold rolled sheet processing includes the steps of hot rolling, coiling, pickling, optional hot band annealing, cold rolling, batch annealing and temper rolling. The equipment for such non-oriented processing costs much less than the equipment for a continuous annealing facility. Non-oriented steel processing often employs compositions that desirably have less silicon than grain oriented steel compositions. However, non-oriented steel has a mostly random distribution of orientations. That is, the magnetically "soft" <001> directions occupy a fairly uniform distribution in space, not only in the plane of the sheet but also pointing into and out of the sheet where they participate only minimally in the magnetization process. As a result, non-oriented steel does not exhibit a significant improvement of magnetic properties in the rolling direction.

The present invention utilizes the low-cost attributes of traditional non-oriented processing of cold rolled electrical steels to produce a new class of steel having the Goss texture found in expensive higher alloy grain oriented materials. The steel produced in accordance with the invention has exceptional magnetic properties in the rolling direction, as well as good magnetic properties across a broad range of angles from the rolling direction in the plane of the strip.

The method of the present invention generally comprises the steps of employing a slab of a composition having an ultra low carbon content of less than 0.01 weight % and a low silicon content of 0.20-2.25 weight %. The slab is hot rolled into a strip, which is subjected to steps including hot band annealing, cold rolling, batch annealing at temperatures ranging from 1040.degree.-1140.degree. F., and temper rolling to provide the strip with a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in (1.times.10.sup.-6 inches) or less.

More specifically, electrical steel is manufactured from the steel strip by steps including punching out motor or transformer shapes from the strip into laminations, which are then stacked and assembled. The laminations are subjected to a final anneal to produce the electrical steel of the present invention.

A preferred method in accordance with the invention for making electrical steel characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction comprises the steps of: of (% by weight): F., of 15 .mu.in or less,

The electrical steel of the present invention has a grain texture including a {110}<001> orientation, a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in or less, more preferably 10 .mu.in or less, and a permeability in the rolling direction in the range of 5000-6500 G/Oe. The core loss is 1.5 W/lb or less in the rolling direction.

Use of the phrase "transfer surface roughness" herein means the surface roughness of the steel strip that has been acquired by contact between the temper rolls and the steel strip. Reference to "smooth" temper rolls herein means rolls that impart a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in or less to the steel strip. All angles referred to herein are taken in the plane of the steel strip with respect to the rolling direction, which is at 0.degree., and the transverse direction, which is 90.degree. from the rolling direction.

More specifically, the steel has a change in permeability of about 5% between the permeability in the rolling direction and the permeability at 10.degree. from the rolling direction. The permeability is at least 5000 G/Oe across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 18.degree. from the rolling direction. The core loss is 1.5 W/lb or less across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 25.degree. from the rolling direction.

The steel of the present invention has magnetic properties similar to those found in conventional grain oriented steel, and does not suffer from delamination and warpage problems. Moreover, the method of the present invention uses features of non-oriented cold rolled sheet compositions and processing to produce a product having characteristics of a grain oriented product. Therefore, the present method is much more economical than conventional grain oriented steel processing because it does not require a continuous annealing facility, additional rolling steps and higher alloys. In addition, the steel produced by the present invention has the desirable properties of high permeability and low core loss in the rolling direction.

One significant way in which the present method differs from grain oriented steel processing is in the final annealing step. In both the present method and grain oriented steel processing, annealing is performed to reduce lamination edge strain from the punching operation. However, when the consumer receives the conventional grain oriented product in its semi-processed form, the material already possesses the Goss texture, which was developed at the mill. The microstructure, and hence the magnetic properties in the rolling direction, of conventional grain oriented steel do not change appreciably during the stress relief anneal by the customer. In fact, many customers of grain oriented products do not even perform a stress relief anneal.

In the present invention, the final or stress relief anneal is employed primarily to relieve the strain induced by temper rolling. This is not the purpose of the stress relief anneal of grain oriented material, because typically no temper rolling is conducted during grain oriented steel processing that would impart such strain. The Goss texture is not developed in the steel of the present invention until this final anneal, which is usually conducted by the customer.

The present invention is directed to a new class of steel that is not comprised of substantially all Goss texture as is grain oriented steel. The steel of the present invention predominantly includes the Goss texture, but has a broader distribution of the Goss texture than typical grain oriented steel. As a result, the steel of the present invention exhibits higher permeabilities across a wider range of angles from the rolling direction than typical grain oriented material. This permits steel made according to the present invention to have permeabilities of 5000 G/Oe or more across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 18.degree. from the rolling direction. Also, in the present invention the decrease in permeability between the permeability in the rolling direction and the permeability off-angle from the rolling direction is much less than in grain oriented steel. For example, in the present invention the decrease in permeability between the permeability in the rolling direction and the permeability at 10.degree. from the rolling direction is about 5%, which is substantially less than in grain oriented materials.

The steel of the present invention is suitably used in any products in which good permeability in the rolling direction is desirable, such as in transformers and ballasts. Because the steel of the present invention does not have the extremely high permeability in the rolling direction of typical grain oriented materials, it may be used in fluorescent light ballasts without the humming problems of the prior art. Steel of the present invention may also be used in motors in view of the significant cost advantage of the present method.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and are described in more detail in the specification and claims that follow.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing permeability (G/Oe) as a function of % reduction of steel strip rolled in a scale breaking mill prior to pickling;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphs showing permeability (G/Oe-thousands) and core loss (W/lb) in the rolling direction, as a function of the average batch annealed grain diameter;

FIG. 3A is an orientation density map showing the as-stress relief annealed Goss texture in a representative "smooth-roll" temper at 10% below the surface in steel produced according to the present invention;

FIG. 3B is an orientation density map showing the as-stress relief annealed texture at 2% below the surface in a representative "rough-roll" temper; and

FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs showing permeability (G/Oe-thousands) and core loss (W/lb), respectively, as a function of the angle from the rolling direction.

A method of making electrical steel strip according to the present invention characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction includes the steps of preparing a slab having a composition consisting essentially of (% by weight): up to 0.01 carbon, 0.20-2.25 silicon, 0.10-0.45 aluminum, 0.10-1.0 manganese, up to 0.015 sulphur, up to 0.006 nitrogen, up to 0.07 antimony, up to 0.12 tin, and 0.005-0.1 phosphorus, more preferably 0.005-0.05 phosphorus. The balance of the composition is substantially iron.

The slab is hot rolled into a strip at either a ferrite or an austenite finishing temperature, and is then coiled at a temperature in the range of 900.degree.-1500.degree. F., more preferably at about 1000.degree. F. The strip is then preferably scale break rolled and then pickled.

The strip is hot band or "pickle band" annealed at a temperature ranging from 1500.degree.-1600.degree. F., cold rolled to a 65-85% elongation, batch annealed at a temperature in the range of 1040.degree.-1140.degree. F., and temper rolled to a reduction in thickness of the strip ranging from 5-10% and more preferably, 8%. The temper rolling is conducted with smooth rolls that provide the strip with a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in or less. The strip is then preferably coated with a material that will prevent adjacent stacked laminations from sticking to each other. Motor or transformer shapes are then punched out of the strip, arranged and stacked in laminations. The stacked laminations are then subjected to a final anneal.

Electrical steel manufactured from the steel strip has a grain texture including a {110}<001> orientation, a transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 15 .mu.in or less, and a permeability in the rolling direction in the range of 5000-6500 (G/Oe).

Turning now to the specific features of the present method, prior to pickling, the thickness of the steel strip is reduced by an amount ranging from 1.0-5.0%, with a preferred reduction being about 3.0%. The steel strip may be reduced in a mill typically used to break scale from the strip at the pickle line. FIG. 1 shows that permeability increases as the % reduction increases, with the highest permeability being achieved at about a 3.0% reduction in the scale breaking mill.

The range of hot band anneal temperatures is an essential part of the present invention. It has been determined that the particular range of hot band annealed temperature of the present invention is critical for coarsening the hot band grains. Coarsening the grains at this point in the processing is important to achieve the magnetic properties of the present invention in the final product. Suitably coarse grains are achieved by conducting hot band annealing at a temperature range of 1500.degree.-1600.degree. F. For example, a grain size of 550-600 .mu.m occurs at a hot band annealing temperature of 1500.degree. F.

The importance of the hot band anneal step and the particular temperature range used is shown in the following Table I. Table I shows the magnetic properties for a composition that includes (% by weight): 0.008 C, 0.48 Mn, 0.013 P, 0.005 S, 1.15 Si, 0.31 Al, 0.045 Sb, and 0.002 N. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. Slabs of the desired composition were hot rolled with a finishing temperature of 1600.degree. F. The strips were then coiled at the temperatures indicated, rolled in the scale breaking mill to impart a 2% elongation, pickled, either not hot band annealed or hot band annealed at the temperatures indicated for 15 hours, cold rolled, batch annealed to produce a roughly 20 .mu.m recrystallized grain size, and temper rolled to a 7.0% reduction in thickness with smooth rolls. Next, the strips were cut into single strip magnetic test coupons and stress relief annealed according to the present invention. The magnetic properties indicated in the table are average magnetic properties from the rolling direction and the transverse direction, taken at 1.5 T and 60 Hz, at 0.018 inch nominal thickness. ______________________________________ Coiling PBA     Temper Exam- Temp    Temp    (%      Perm        Core Loss ples  (.degree.F.) (.degree.F.) elongation) (G/Oe) B.sub.50 (T) (W/lb) ______________________________________ A     950     none    7.0     2617  1.65  1.78 B     950     1400    7.0     3558  1.68  1.63 C     950     1500    7.0     3678  1.68  1.59 D     950     1600    7.0     3604  1.68  1.58 E     1275    none    7.0     2377  1.65  1.84 F     1275    1400    7.0     3437  1.68  1.73 G     1275    1500    7.0     3982  1.68  1.55 H     1275    1600    7.0     3527  1.68  1.68 ______________________________________

As shown in Table I, the presence of a hot band annealing step greatly increased permeability and B.sub.50 values (i.e., magnetic induction achieved when the magnetizing force is 5000 amp-turns/meter) and lowered the core loss. For example, the steel of Example B, which was pickle band annealed, had a permeability of 3558 G/Oe and a core loss of 1.63 W/lb compared to a permeability of 2617 G/Oe and a core loss of 1.78 W/lb for the steel of Example A, which was subjected to the same conditions except for the pickle band anneal. The steels of Examples A and E, which were not pickle band annealed, had lower permeability and higher core loss than the Examples in which the steel was subjected to a pickle band anneal.

The importance of batch annealing in the present invention and of the particular temperature ranges in which it is conducted are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The process described by FIGS. 2A and 2B employed steel having a composition including (% by weight): 0.004% C, 0.5% Mn, 1.15% Si, and 0.30% Al. The balance of the composition is substantially iron. Slabs were hot rolled into strips with a finishing temperature in the ferrite range (1530.degree. F.). The strips were hot band annealed at 1500.degree. F., tandem rolled, batch annealed for 10 hours at varying soak temperatures to produce a wide range of recrystallized grain size, and temper rolled to a 7% elongation using smooth temper rolls. Single strip magnetic test coupons were cut from the strip and stress relief annealed according to the present invention. The steel was subjected to single strip testing of magnetic properties at 1.5 T and 60 Hz.

A smaller batch annealed grain size resulted from a low batch annealing soak temperature, which was necessary to produce the magnetic properties of the present invention. There was a significant rise in permeability in the rolling direction (FIG. 2A) and a significant drop in core loss in the rolling direction (FIG. 2B) when the average batch annealed grain size was about 20 .mu.m or less in diameter. In this particular example, the batch annealed grain size of 20 .mu.m or less in diameter was the result of a 1125.degree. F. soak temperature. It is critical that batch annealing be performed in the temperature range of 1040.degree.-1140.degree. F. and, more preferably, in the temperature range of 1100.degree.-1125.degree. F., to produce the magnetic properties of the present invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B suggest that if the curves were extrapolated to show the results of an extremely small batch annealed grain size, very high permeability and very low core loss would be attainable. Using even smaller batch annealed grain sizes is well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art.

Having a smooth surface condition of the temper rolls is critical in the method of the present invention for improving magnetic properties in the rolling direction, as shown by Table II. The method described by Table II employed a material having a composition including (% by weight): 0.004 C, 0.5 Mn, 1.15 Si, 0.30 Al, 0.011 P, 0.004 S, 0.002 O , 0.002 N, and 0.022 Sb and the balance being substantially iron. Slabs having this composition were hot rolled into strips with a finishing temperature of 1530.degree. F. The strips were coiled at 1000.degree. F., had their thickness reduced in a scale breaking mill by about 3%, pickled, hot band annealed at 1500.degree. F. for 15 hours, tandem rolled, batch annealed to produce a recrystallized grain size of roughly 20 .mu.m, and then temper rolled with a reduction in thickness of 7.0%. Single strip magnetic test coupons were then cut from the strips and subjected to a stress relief anneal according to the present invention.

Examples I-L used smooth or "bright" temper rolls according to the invention to produce a transfer surface roughness (Ra) in the strip of about 5 .mu.in. Comparative Examples M-P used conventional rough temper rolls to produce a transfer surface roughness (Ra) in the strip of about 49 .mu.in. The rolling direction magnetic properties were taken by single strip testing at 1.5 T and 60 Hz, at 0.018 inch nominal thickness. ______________________________________ EXAMPLES        Perm. (G/Oe) Core Loss (W/lb) ______________________________________ I               4917, 1.49 J               5734, 1.44 K               5577, 1.40 L               5393, 1.50 ______________________________________ COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES Perm. (G/Oe) Core Loss (W/lb) ______________________________________ M               1812, 1.84 N               2128, 1.68 o               1250, 1.93 P               1623, 1.88 ______________________________________

As shown in Table II, there are substantial increases in permeability and decreases in core loss in the rolling direction when smooth temper rolls are used rather than rough temper rolls. The lowest permeability of Example I (4917 G/Oe) was over 100% greater than the highest permeability of Example N (2128 G/Oe).

FIG. 3A shows the texture that occurs when temper rolls having a smooth surface finish are used, and FIG. 3B shows the texture that occurs when temper rolls having a rough surface finish are used. FIG. 3A confirms the presence of the Goss texture in the steel produced according to the present invention when smooth temper rolls are used. FIG. 3B shows that the Goss texture is not obtained using rough temper rolls.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show the magnetic anisotopy of steel produced according to the invention (shown by the curve having data points represented by .circle-solid.'s) compared to a comparative steel that was batch annealed at 1230.degree. F. and temper rolled to have a rough transfer surface roughness (Ra) of 50 .mu.in (shown by the curve having data points represented by +'s). The comparative steel was produced by a method that used the high batch annealing temperature and the rough temper roll steps found in traditional motor lamination steel processes.

The anisotropic products (.circle-solid.) of FIGS. 4A and 4B had a composition including (% by weight): 0.003 C, about 0.5 Mn, 1.17 Si, about 0.31 Al, about 0.006 S, 0.011 P, 0.002 N, and about 0.035 Sb. The balance of the composition was substantially iron. The steel was hot rolled into strips with an aim ferrite finishing temperature 1630.degree. or 1525.degree. F. (the actual finishing temperature being about 30.degree.-50.degree. F. lower). The strips were coiled at 1000.degree. F., had their thicknesses reduced in a scale breaking mill by about 3%, pickled, and hot band annealed at 1500.degree. F. for 15 to 20 hours. The strips were cold rolled to a 78% reduction in thickness in a tandem mill. The strips were then batch annealed at 1125.degree. F. Temper rolling was then performed with smooth rolls that produced a transfer surface roughness (Ra) in the strips of 6 .mu.m in the rolling direction and 17 .mu.m in the transverse direction. Next, single strip magnetic test coupons were cut from the strip and subjected to a stress relief anneal according to the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows a high permeability exceeding 6000 G/Oe in the rolling direction for the steel produced according to the present invention compared to a permeability of less than 3000 G/Oe in the rolling direction for the comparative steel. The steel of the present invention has high permeability across a broad range of angles from the rolling direction. For example, the permeability of the steel of the present invention is 5000-6200 G/Oe across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 18.degree. from the rolling direction. In contrast, the comparative steel has permeabilities of 2500-2900 G/Oe across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 18.degree. from the rolling direction.

FIG. 4B shows a low core loss of under 1.4 W/lb in the rolling direction for the steel produced according to the invention compared to a higher core loss of almost 1.7 W/lb in the rolling direction for the comparative steel. The steel of the present invention has low core loss across a broad range of angles from the rolling direction. The core loss of the present invention is under 1.5 W/lb across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 25.degree. from the rolling direction. In contrast, the comparative steel has a core loss greater than 1.65 W/lb across angles ranging from the rolling direction to 25.degree. from the rolling direction.

The steel strip of the present invention is smoother than material produced by rough rolls during temper rolling. As a result, a coating may be used to prevent adjacent stacked laminations from sticking during final annealing. The coating is preferably one of those embodied in ASTM A345, which are produced by manufacturers such as Morton Inc. and Ferrotech Corp.

The coiled strip is preferably uncoiled and covered by the coating. The coating is dried and the strip is then recoiled. The coiled strip is fit into a punch and motor or transformer shapes are punched out into laminations. The laminations are then stacked and assembled before or after the final annealing.

The final or stress relief annealing was performed by heating the laminations or the magnetic test coupons in a temperature range of 1350.degree.-1650.degree. F. for a duration ranging from approximately 45 minutes to 3 hours in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. The preferred final annealing conditions involve soaking for 90 minutes at 1450.degree. F. in an HNX atmosphere having a dew point of from 50.degree.-55.degree. F. The final annealing produces large grain sizes of 300-500 .mu.m, and is required to produce the desired {110}<001> grain texture in the steel, and hence improved magnetic properties in the rolling direction.

Although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it will be understood that the present disclosure of preferred embodiments has been made only by way of example, and that various changes may be resorted to without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

## Claims

1. A method of making electrical steel characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction comprising the steps of: weight): sufficient to improve magnetic properties in a rolling direction of the strip, F., of not greater than 15 .mu.in,

2. The method of claim 1 further including stacking and assembling the laminations.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said final annealing is effective to produce a grain texture in the strip including a {110}<001> orientation.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the slab is hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the austenite region.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the slab is hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said hot band annealing is performed at a temperature of at least 1500.degree. F.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said hot band annealing is performed at a temperature not greater than 1600.degree. F.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprising pickling the coiled strip.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the strip is batch annealed to have an average grain size of not greater than about 20 .mu.m.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the strip is batch annealed to have an average grain size of not greater than 15 .mu.m.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the strip is temper rolled to have a reduction in thickness of 5 to 10%.

12. A method of making steel strip useful in the manufacture of electrical steels that are characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction, comprising the steps of: weight): sufficient to improve magnetic properties in a rolling direction of the strip, F., and of not greater than 15 .mu.in.

13. A method of making steel strip useful in the manufacture of electrical steels that are characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction, comprising the steps of: weight): effective to coarsen grains sufficient to improve magnetic properties in a rolling direction of the strip, F., and of not greater than 15 .mu.in.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the slab is hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the austenite region.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein the slab is hot rolled into a strip with a finishing temperature in the ferrite region.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein said hot band annealing is performed at a temperature not greater than 1600.degree. F.

17. The method of claim 13 wherein the strip is batch annealed to have an average grain size of not greater than about 20 .mu.m.

18. The method of claim 13 further comprising coating the temper rolled strip with a material that will prevent adjacent stacked laminations punched from the strip from sticking to each other.

19. The method of claim 13 wherein the strip is temper rolled to have a reduction in thickness of 5 to 10%.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein said hot band annealing temperature range is effective to coarsen grains to a grain size ranging from 550 to 600 .mu.m.

21. The method of claim 12 wherein said hot band annealing temperature range is effective to coarsen grains to a grain size ranging from 550 to 600 .mu.m.

22. The method of claim 13 wherein said hot band annealing temperature is effective to coarsen grains to a grain size ranging from 550 to 600 .mu.m.

23. A method of making electrical steel characterized by low core loss and high permeability in the rolling direction comprising the sequential steps of: weight): grains sufficient to improve magnetic properties in a rolling direction of the strip, 1040.degree.-1140.degree. F., roughness (Ra) of not greater than 15 .mu.in, and