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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the Marriage of:

MAHALINGAM LAKSHMANAN,

 Appellant,

 and

SEETHALAKSHMI MAHALINGAM,

 Respondent.

No. 80296-8-I

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

MANN, C.J. — Mahalingam Lakshmanan appeals the trial court’s entry of a

parenting plan. He argues that the trial court erred by (1) limiting his residential time, (2) 

considering the recommendations of a court-appointed social worker, (3) granting sole 

educational decision-making authority to the mother, and (4) ordering him to complete a 

domestic violence class for dads. We affirm.

I.

Mahalingam1 and Seethalakshmi Mahalingam entered into an arranged marriage 

in India in July 2012 and had one child in April 2013.

2

 1 We use the parties’ first names for clarity. No disrespect is intended. 2 The pertinent facts are set forth in the trial court’s uncontested findings of fact. Unchallenged 

findings are verities on appeal. In re Marriage of Rounds, 4 Wn. App. 2d 801, 804, 423 P.3d 895 (2018). 

We recite only those facts necessary to address the issues raised on appeal.
No. 80296-8-I/2

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Soon after their wedding, Mahalingam began to criticize Seethalakshmi’s manner 

of speech and dress as not being up to his family’s standards and his family insulted her 

for not knowing how to cook. Mahalingam yelled at Seethalakshmi and struck her 

during the pregnancy. He also took Seethalakshmi’s mobile phone away and restricted 

her ability to call friends. The couple moved to Washington in May 2013. 

Once in Washington, Mahalingam withheld the immigration paperwork that 

Seethalakshmi needed to work in the United States and did not give her access to the 

family’s bank accounts. He devoted a great deal of attention to controlling everything in 

their family. According to Seethalakshmi, the physical abuse she had experienced 

infrequently in India now occurred about once a week, which included Mahalingam 

pushing her and twisting her hands. 

In 2014, as their child’s one-year birthday approached, Seethalakshmi told her 

parents that she could not take it anymore, so her father bought tickets for her and the 

child to return to India after the birthday party. After the child’s party, a big fight ensued. 

Mahalingam believed that Seethalakshmi’s desire to return to India with the child meant 

the marriage was irretrievably broken, slapped her on the face, and refused to produce 

the child’s passport. Mahalingam turned over the passport after Seethalakshmi’s father 

threatened to call the police. Seethalakshmi and the child departed to India in May 

2014. 

Seethalakshmi and Mahalingam Facetimed each other when she was back in 

India, but Mahalingam never asked to Facetime with the child and indicated that he 

wanted her to “change.” Meanwhile, Mahalingam’s parents and family in India were 

denigrating Seethalakshmi’s reputation by telling people she came to India without 
No. 80296-8-I/3

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Mahalingam’s permission. In order repair the marriage and return to Washington, 

Seethalakshmi and her parents had to apologize to the business community, apologize 

to Mahalingam’s family and pay them $3,000, and pay for the return tickets to Seattle. 

In August 2015, after 15 months in India, Seethalakshmi and the child returned to 

Washington. The marriage continued to deteriorate. Mahalingam complained to others 

that Seethalakshmi was not working, but he would not provide her the immigration 

papers she needed to get a work permit, and he sometimes took her laptop, keys, and 

locked her inside or outside of the house for hours. 

In December 2016, the couple had a two-day “mediation” that also involved a 

neighbor and several of Mahalingam’s relatives and none of Seethalakshmi’s. 

Mahalingam berated Seethalakshmi, yelled at her, and used abusive language. The 

neighbor described Mahalingam as “about to explode.” Their child was present during 

this mediation. 

In 2017, the physical and emotional abuse worsened. Seethalakshmi called the 

police several times. Mahalingam’s verbal abuse of Seethalakshmi, including degrading 

her, always took place in front of their child. According to Seethalakshmi, she sent 

photographs of her injuries to her uncle in Texas and to her parents.3 Seethalakshmi 

went to visit her uncle in Texas for a couple of weeks, she said, to escape 

Mahalingam’s physical abuse. Upon her return to Washington, Seethalakshmi learned

that Mahalingam had gotten rid of her car, placed her clothes in the garbage, and 

instructed her to sleep on the couch, on the floor, and in the garage. Meanwhile, 

 3 None of these photographs were produced at trial or made a part of the record on appeal. 
No. 80296-8-I/4

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Mahalingam had taken over parenting the child and placed the child in extended day 

care. 

On September 15, 2017, Mahalingam and Seethalakshmi fought over the use of 

a rice cooker. According to Seethalakshmi, Mahalingam hit her in the back and twisted 

her hands behind her back. Seethalakshmi began to record the encounter on her 

mobile phone. The video captured Mahalingam pushing Seethalakshmi three times, 

almost causing her to fall. Law enforcement officers responded to the scene and 

observed red marks and later bruises that were consistent with Seethalakshmi’s version 

of the event. 

Mahalingam was arrested and charged with assault in the fourth degree, 

domestic violence. He accepted a Stipulated Order of Continuance that required him to 

participate in domestic violence treatment, which he later completed. However, 

Mahalingam demonstrated very little insight into his own behaviors and continued to 

assert that his actions were all defensive. 

On November 15, 2017, Mahalingam petitioned the King County Superior Court 

for legal separation, which was eventually converted into a dissolution proceeding. 

Days later, Seethalakshmi obtained a domestic violence protective order (DVPO) for 

herself and the child. Mahalingam then stopped paying the rent, the utilities, and the 

fee for the child to attend pre-kindergarten. He did not make any payments toward 

supporting the child until the trial court required him to do so in a temporary order. 

Seethalakshmi relied on friends to pay utility bills and to help her rent a studio 

apartment. The trial court ordered Mahalingam to pay Seethalakshmi maintenance 

based on his ability to pay and her need.
No. 80296-8-I/5

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During the four-day bench trial in April 2019, the trial court heard the testimony of 

the parties, as well as 14 other family members, friends, and professionals. Sarah 

Zubair, a Family Court Services social worker, who conducted a parenting evaluation 

testified about her recommendations for a parenting plan. Zubair testified that 

Mahalingam’s approach to parenting is “parent-centered.” Mahalingam was determined 

to have the child placed in a “gifted academic program,” and yet the child’s teachers 

said the child was below grade level. Zubair also testified that Mahalingam had signed 

the child up for Kumon (beginning at age three), Indian dance and singing, piano, 

gymnastics, and other activities. 

Among other things, Zubair recommended that there be a restriction on 

Mahalingam’s residential time based on a history of acts of domestic violence and that 

the child continue to reside primarily with Seethalakshmi. 

The trial court entered a permanent parenting plan, along with contemporaneous 

detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law, providing for the child to live primarily 

with Seethalakshmi. The court limited Mahalingam’s residential time based upon a

finding that he had “a history of domestic violence.” The parenting plan allowed for the 

child to reside with Mahalingam overnight on weekends, every other week, from Friday 

afternoon to Monday morning. The plan also required Mahalingam to successfully 

complete the “DV Dads program” and follow all treatment recommendations, and 

allocated major decision-making authority to Seethalakshmi. Mahalingam moved for 

reconsideration, which the trial court denied. 

Mahalingam appeals. 
No. 80296-8-I/6

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II.

We review a trial court’s parenting plan for an abuse of discretion, which “occurs 

when a decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or 

untenable reasons.” In re Marriage of Katare, 175 Wn.2d 23, 35, 283 P.3d 546 (2012)

(citing In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 46-47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997)). The 

appellant bears the “‘heavy burden of showing a manifest abuse of discretion.’” In re 

Marriage of Kim, 179 Wn. App. 232, 240, 317 P.3d 555 (2014) (quoting In re Marriage 

of Landry, 103 Wn.2d 807, 809, 699 P.2d 214 (1985)). 

On review, we will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact if substantial evidence 

supports them. In re Marriage of Bernard, 165 Wn.2d 895, 903, 204 P.3d 907 (2009). 

Evidence is substantial if it is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of 

the declared premise. Bernard, 165 Wn.2d at 903. We accept unchallenged findings of 

fact as verities on appeal. Rounds, 4 Wn. App. 2d at 804.

III.

A.

Mahalingam claims that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting his 

residential time with the child under RCW 26.09.191(2)(a) without first weighing the best 

interests of the child factors in RCW 26.09.187(3). We disagree.

RCW 26.09.187(3) states that a “child’s residential schedule shall be consistent 

with RCW 26.09.191” and that the seven factors listed in RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(i)-(vii)

must be considered only if “the limitations of RCW 26.09.191 are not dispositive of the 

residential schedule.” RCW 26.09.191 lists several circumstances under which the trial 

court must impose mandatory parenting plan restrictions. RCW 26.09.191(2)(a)(iii) 
No. 80296-8-I/7

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requires a trial court to limit a parent’s residential time if it finds that the parent has “a 

history of acts of domestic violence as defined in RCW 26.50.010(3).” RCW 

26.50.010(3)(b) defines “domestic violence” as the following conduct committed against 

a family or household member: “physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the infliction of 

fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or assault, sexual assault, or stalking as 

defined in RCW 9A.46.110.”

Here, the trial court’s finding that Mahalingam had a history of domestic violence 

is well supported by the record. Mahalingam hit, struck, slapped, and physically 

assaulted Seethalakshmi throughout their marriage. Because the trial court’s 

restrictions imposed under RCW 26.09.191 were required, and dispositive of the 

residential schedule, the court was not required to consider the factors set forth in RCW 

26.09.187(3)(a).4 

B.

Next, Mahalingam argues that the residential restrictions imposed under RCW 

26.09.191(2) were not reasonably calculated under the circumstances. 

Any limitations imposed by the trial court pursuant to RCW 26.09.191(2) “shall be 

reasonably calculated to protect the child from the physical, sexual, or emotional abuse 

or harm that could result if the child has contact with the parent requesting residential 

time.” RCW 26.09.191(2)(m)(i).

Here, the trial court expressly found that (1) the couple’s child was present during 

a two-day “mediation” in which Mahalingam berated Seethalakshmi and was verbally 

aggressive, yelling, and about to explode, and (2) Mahalingam’s “[v]erbal abuse, 

 4 Because the unpublished opinion that Mahalingam cites on this issue is not necessary for a 

reasoned decision, we neither cite nor discuss it. See GR 14.1(c).
No. 80296-8-I/8

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including degrading her, always took place in front of their child.” A child’s “direct and 

indirect exposure to domestic violence is harmful.” Rodriguez v. Zavala, 188 Wn.2d 

586, 598-99, 398 P.3d 1071 (2017) (“[E]xposure to domestic violence . . . qualifies as 

domestic violence under chapter 26.50 RCW.”).

In view of the domestic violence to which their child was exposed, the trial court 

properly exercised its discretion to impose reasonably calculated restrictions on 

Mahalingam’s residential time in an effort to protect the child from further harm.

IV.

Mahalingam contends that the trial court erred by considering and accepting 

Zubair’s “biased” residential schedule recommendations. 

We defer to the trial court on witness credibility and the persuasiveness of the 

evidence. In re Marriage of Akon, 160 Wn. App. 48, 57, 248 P.3d 94 (2011). After 

hearing all of the testimony and considering the evidence, the trial court was free to 

accept, reject, or modify the recommendations in Zubair’s written report. Although 

Mahalingam argues that Zubair failed to “investigate and balance” the RCW 26.09.187 

and .191 factors “on the record,”5 this argument is misplaced because we do not review 

whether substantial evidence supports a social worker’s recommendation. Instead, our 

review is limited to whether substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings and 

whether those findings support its conclusions. And, as we have already determined 

that the trial court’s imposition of restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(2)(a) was proper, 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion by substantially agreeing with Zubair that 

Mahalingam’s residential time should be limited.

 5 Mahalingam cites to another unpublished opinion on this so-called requirement but discussion 

of that opinion is not needed for us to address this argument.
No. 80296-8-I/9

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V.

Mahalingam argues that the trial court abused its discretion by “automatically 

awarding” Seethalakshmi sole decision-making authority for their child’s education. 

RCW 26.09.191(1) provides:

The permanent parenting plan shall not require mutual decisionmaking or designation of a dispute resolution process other than court 

action if it is found that a parent has engaged in any of the following 

conduct: . . .(c) a history of acts of domestic violence as defined in RCW 

26.50.010(3) or an assault or sexual assault that causes grievous bodily 

harm or the fear of such harm or that results in a pregnancy.

“RCW 26.09.191 is unequivocal.” Mansour v. Mansour, 126 Wn. App. 1, 10, 106 

P.3d 768 (2004). Thus, once the trial court finds that a parent has a history of acts of 

domestic violence, such as Mahalingam in this case, the court “must not require mutual 

decision-making.” Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 10. Under RCW 26.09.187(2)(b), “[t]he 

court shall order sole decision-making to one parent when it finds that: (i) [a] limitation 

on the other parent’s decision-making authority is mandated by RCW 26.09.191.” “The 

Legislature designed a system whereby sole decision-making is granted to the parent 

that has not committed physical abuse.” Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 11 (emphasis 

added).

The record is replete with instances of Mahalingam physically abusing 

Seethalakshmi and engaging in acts of domestic violence. So, applying RCW 

26.09.191(1) and .187(2)(b), the trial court properly awarded sole educational decisionmaking to Seethalakshmi. This was not an abuse of discretion.

VI.

Finally, Mahalingam argues that the trial court erred by requiring him to attend a 

domestic violence program for dads. He claims that this requirement was “based on the 
No. 80296-8-I/10

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premise that the child was present during the history of alleged acts of domestic 

violence.” Contrary to Mahalingam’s contentions, the trial court ordered Mahalingam to 

complete another domestic violence awareness program because it deemed the 

additional training necessary. The trial court heard testimony that Mahalingam needed 

“further treatment for the history of domestic violence” and entered findings that

Mahalingam demonstrated “very little insight into his own behaviors, continuing to assert 

that his actions were all defensive.” The trial court did not err by requiring completion of 

the DV Dads program.

VII.

Seethalakshmi requests an award of attorney fees on appeal. Under RAP 18.1, 

we may award attorney fees on appeal if applicable law provides for an award of fees. 

RCW 26.09.140 allows us to order a party to pay the other party for maintaining the 

appeal and the attorney fees in addition to statutory costs. Because Seethalakshmi

demonstrates financial need, we grant her request subject to compliance with RAP 

18.1(d). 

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR: