In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth ___________________________

No. 02-18-00335-CR

___________________________

On Appeal from the 213th District Court

Tarrant County, Texas

Trial Court No. 1479170D

Before Kerr, Birdwell, and Bassel, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Birdwell

JOSE LUNA, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This appeal arises from a theft prosecution of a contractor who took money 

from homeowners but never performed the promised services. A jury convicted Jose 

Luna of theft of between $1,500 and $20,000, and the trial court assessed his 

punishment at nine years’ confinement. Luna brings three complaints on appeal: 

(1) the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction; (2) the trial court reversibly 

erred by admitting extraneous offense evidence at guilt–innocence; and (3) because 

the indictment failed to state a crime, the trial court did not have jurisdiction. We 

affirm.

Indictment Sufficiently Pleaded Offense; Thus, Trial Court Had Jurisdiction

In his third issue,1 Luna argues that the indictment failed to state a specific

offense; thus, it failed to meet the constitutional definition of an indictment and 

deprived the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction. According to Luna, he can raise 

this argument for the first time on appeal. We agree. See Smith v. State, 309 S.W.3d 10, 

16–18 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

To determine if a charging instrument alleges an offense, we must decide

whether the allegations in it are clear and specific enough that a person can identify

the offense alleged, i.e., the penal statute under which the State intends to prosecute 

the defendant. Teal v. State, 230 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Duron v. 

 1

We address the issues out of order for ease of discussion, and we dispense 

with a separate background section because we discuss the facts in detail in our review 

of the evidence’s sufficiency.
3

State, 956 S.W.2d 547, 550–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If the allegations are 

sufficiently clear and specific, the indictment is sufficient to confer subject matter 

jurisdiction. Teal, 230 S.W.3d at 180. “Stated another way: Can the trial court (and 

appellate courts who give deference to the trial court’s assessment) and the defendant 

identify what penal code provision is alleged and is that penal code provision one that 

vests jurisdiction in the trial court?” Id.

The version of Penal Code Section 31.03 under which Luna was prosecuted

provided that (1) “[a] person commits an offense if he unlawfully appropriates 

property with intent to deprive the owner of property,” (2) “[a]ppropriation of 

property is unlawful if . . . it is without the owner’s effective consent,” and (3) such an 

offense is a state jail felony if “the value of the property stolen is $1,500 or more but 

less than $20,000.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a), (b)(2); Act of May 29, 2011, 

82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 1234, § 21, 2011 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 3301, 3309–10 (amended 

2017) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(e)(4)(A)). Penal Code Section 

31.09 provides that when a person commits theft in accordance with one scheme or 

continuing course of conduct, “whether from the same or several sources,” the

multiple appropriations may be considered one offense, and the amounts may be 

aggregated to determine the level of offense. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.09.

The indictment in this case alleged that Luna,

pursuant to one scheme or continuing course of conduct, unlawfully 

appropriate[d] the property hereinafter listed by acquiring or otherwise 

exercising control over said property with the intent to deprive the 
4

owners, named below[,] of the property, and the aggregate value of all

the property appropriated was more than $1500, but less than $20,000, 

and the date, property appropriated and the owners of said property is as 

follows:

2-28-14, Money, Dao Le,

3-03-14, Money, Dao Le,

3-10-14, Money, Sharon Johnson[.]

According to Luna, although the indictment references a scheme or continuing 

course of conduct, it is defective because it does not specify how he engaged in a

scheme or continuing course of conduct, and it does not state how much money he 

allegedly stole from each of the two complainants. But the indictment (1) adequately

notified Luna that the State was seeking to aggregate the amounts taken from two 

different specified complainants on three different specified dates under one scheme 

or continuing course of conduct and (2) listed the minimum and maximum amounts 

alleged to have been stolen for determining the potential range of punishment. These 

allegations were sufficiently specific to allow Luna to discern the offense alleged; thus, 

the indictment was not so defective that it deprived the trial court of jurisdiction. See 

Kellar v. State, 108 S.W.3d 311, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); see also Berg v. State, 747 

S.W.2d 800, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g) (holding that Section 31.03 

theft indictment, not relying on Section 31.09, need only allege that the person 

charged unlawfully appropriated personal property with the intent to deprive the 

owner of that property).

We overrule Luna’s third issue.
5

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Luna contends in his first issue that the evidence is insufficient to show that he 

appropriated property from the complainants because all the money was given to a 

man named “Jay” and there was no proof that Luna ever received any money from 

Jay. He also contends that there was no evidence that he never intended to do the 

agreed-upon work.

Standard of Review

Federal due process requires that the State prove beyond a reasonable doubt 

every element of the crime charged. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316, 99 S. Ct. 

2781, 2787 (1979); see U.S. Const. amend. XIV. To determine whether the State met 

this burden, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to 

determine whether any rational factfinder could have found the crime’s essential

elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; 

Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). When the factfinder 

must have made inferences from the evidence, we determine whether the necessary

inferences were reasonable based on the evidence’s cumulative force. Murray v. State, 

457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); see Villa v. State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (“The court conducting a sufficiency review must not engage 

in a ‘divide and conquer’ strategy but must consider the cumulative force of all the 

evidence.”). We must presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences 
6

in favor of the verdict, and we must defer to that resolution. Murray, 457 S.W.3d at 

448–49.

Dao Le

Le testified that in February 2014, she contacted F1 Contractors to repair a 

home she was selling in Euless. She got the contractor’s name from her realtor, and 

when she called she talked to, and later texted with, “Jay.”2 They agreed to a price of 

$180 with a $140 down payment. “Jay” gave Le a bank account name and number so 

that she could drive to the bank and deposit the $140 directly; the account she 

deposited the money into was in Luna’s name.3 The work was to be completed by 

March 8 or 9, 2014. Le got an offer to buy the house on the 8th, but when she drove 

by the house, no work had been done. She tried to contact “Jay” but got no response.

Her realtor was then able to contact “Jay,” who promised that the repairs would be 

done before the home inspection on March 11. The repairs were not completed by 

the inspection time, and the inspector noted in his report the broken items that were 

supposed to have been repaired.

Le spoke with “Jay” again on the 13th and asked him to make additional repairs 

noted by the inspector. She paid him $300, which she also deposited directly into 

Luna’s account. The repairs were to be completed by March 14 because the sale’s 

 2

Although the evidence showed that Luna had an associate who went by the 

name Jay, Luna referred to himself with Le as Jay.

3

Le’s realtor signed a contract with “Jay,” but Le never met him in person.
7

closing was scheduled for March 21. The work was not done, and “Jay” would not 

respond to messages from Le or her realtor. Le had to pay someone else to complete 

the work.

Sharon Johnson

Johnson needed work done on some of her income-producing properties, so 

she responded to an F1 Contractor’s email that she believed was targeted to realtors. 

She talked to Luna, who told her that he would contact her via FaceTime at the 

duplex she owned, look at the areas that needed work, and give her an estimate. She 

showed Luna her property via a FaceTime call on March 5, 2014, and he gave her an 

estimate for the work. But she did not give him a check until she met with his 

associate, Jay, on March 10, 2014. She wrote the check to Jose Luna, which she 

questioned because it was not the company’s name, but Jay told her to make out the 

check that way. The check, which she had designated “Deposit only,” cleared the

same day.

Although work was supposed to start a couple of days after payment, no work 

was done. When Johnson contacted Luna, he told her “[t]hat Jay had fallen off the 

grid and he couldn’t find him.” She called Luna again after some time had passed, and 

he told her “not to worry, that . . . he would do the job, and everything would be 

fine.” Johnson finally had to report Luna to the police because he never did any of the 

promised work.
8

Detective Whitlock

North Richland Hills police detective Eric Whitlock testified that he was 

assigned to investigate Johnson’s report on March 25, 2014. He initially was able to 

access a website for F1 Contractors, but when he tried to access it a second time, it 

was no longer valid. He determined that F1 Contractors, although purporting to have 

an address in Dallas, had no City of Dallas licenses and was not registered with the 

City of Dallas. Whitlock testified about how Johnson had identified Luna in a photo 

lineup.

While investigating, Whitlock discovered what had happened to Le. He also

subpoenaed the bank records for the account into which Johnson’s check was 

deposited. He matched the driver’s license and birthdate information from the

account to Luna. He also saw that Le’s $300 check and Johnson’s $4,800 check had 

been deposited into that account. Whitlock also scrutinized the debit withdrawals

from the account: only two––$238 and $28.68––were for a home improvement store, 

and those charges were made before the Johnson and Le deposits. The majority of the 

rest were for “personal entertainment,” such as liquor and clothing, and were made in 

other states.

Whitlock could not find Jay, whom he identified as Jamael Bradley, but he 

believed Luna was the “primary offender” because the full amounts of Le’s $300 and 

Johnson’s $4,800 checks were deposited into Luna’s account. Luna’s name was the 

only one associated with the account. Nothing in his investigation showed that Jay 
9

kept any of those funds for himself or that money was transferred from Luna’s 

account to any other account. Whitlock’s investigation also showed that someone had 

created additional websites––F1 Pro, F1 Build, and “all other sorts of variations of the 

original name.”

Whitlock discovered other people from whom Luna had taken money or

property for work he never performed. Using a photograph of a vehicle driven by Jay 

(taken by Johnson’s boyfriend), Whitlock discovered that Luna had done something 

similar to Lori Ward, Lisa Hildinger, and Ronald Weber.

4

Weber testified that in January 2014 he contacted Efficient Contractors to 

replace carpet, repair walls, and paint to prepare his home for sale “by a certain time”;

he spoke with Luna.

5 Weber set up a meeting with Luna, but a different person 

showed up instead: a “[y]oung guy, about 25, tall, thin African American.” The man 

carried a tablet, through which Weber communicated with Luna via video conference. 

That day, Weber and Luna settled on a total price, including a down payment of 

$1,500.

The next night, Weber wrote a check for that amount to “Jose Luna” and put it 

under his doormat; the check was gone the next morning. Two days later, the check 

 4

Although Luna challenges the admission of the following evidence in his 

second issue, we consider it in our sufficiency review because we have determined 

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting it.

5

All three extraneous-offense witnesses testified that Luna called himself either 

Luna or Joe Moon, interchangeably.
10

cleared Weber’s bank. A copy of the cancelled check was admitted into evidence; it 

showed that the check had been deposited into Luna’s bank account.

Luna never did any of the agreed-upon work. Initially, he did not respond to 

Weber’s phone calls and voice mails, but when Weber called him from an anonymous 

number, Luna answered and told Weber he could not do the work according to the 

agreed-upon schedule. Luna asked to reschedule for several weeks to a month later, 

but Weber told him that would not work with his schedule and asked for a refund. 

Luna initially refused to give Weber a refund, but he later texted Weber and promised 

to write him a check for the full amount. Weber never received a check from Luna.

Lisa Hildinger testified that she contacted Efficient Contractors in January 2014 

to replace windows at a home she intended to move into. She talked to Luna and 

scheduled a date to meet with him; the “project manager” showed up instead, and she 

spoke to Luna via FaceTime. Luna quoted her a price for the work and asked for the 

entire amount up front; he also refused to take a credit card. Hildinger wrote a check 

for half the amount instead and gave it to the project manager that day. She then got 

nervous and called her bank to try to stop payment, but the check had been cashed 

about a half hour after the project manager left her.

Although Luna emailed Hildinger that the windows would be installed in 

February, he stopped answering her calls. Hildinger was able to get Luna to talk to her 

again by telling him she wanted an estimate for additional work. Again, the project 

manager met with her, and she spoke to Luna via FaceTime. Luna told her the
11

windows would be delayed for five days from his original estimated installment date. 

She never heard from Luna again, and he never performed any work. Hildinger 

reported Luna to the police, and he was charged in Denton County. In October 2017, 

Hildinger agreed with prosecutors to drop the charges in exchange for Luna’s 

repaying her.

Lori Ward, a realtor and house flipper, testified that in early September 2013

she contacted Luna after getting an “e-blast”; she was considering adding an addition 

to her personal home. He met with her the next day and gave her an estimate. Luna 

was driving a sports car, and Ward asked him why he did not have a truck; he said he 

had wrecked his truck, and the sports car was a rental. As a down payment, she 

offered him either a truck or Ford Explorer, both of which her husband was selling, 

and he chose the Explorer. Her husband was eager to sell both, so they let Luna––

whom she verified by his driver’s license––take the Explorer with him that day. The 

trial court admitted a picture that Ward had taken of Luna’s driver’s license the day 

she met with him. Three days after their initial meeting, Luna brought a CAD drawing 

to her house and asked for a $4,200 down payment so that he could buy supplies; she 

wrote him a check, which cleared her bank the same day. Although the work was 

supposed to be finished by October 30, Luna did not have the plans approved by the

city until November. Over the next several months, he gave Ward varying excuses for 

the delay in beginning work. Although some workers did “set the form boards and 
12

put the rebar in” in January, Luna did not do any other work.6 He stopped

communicating with Ward in February 2014. By contacting the Plano police, she was 

able to get her Explorer back but not the $4,200.

Analysis

Luna argues on appeal that the evidence is insufficient because all the evidence 

shows that Jay received the checks and there is no direct proof of who made the

withdrawals from Luna’s account. He also contends there is no proof that he lacked 

the intent to complete the work.

The State’s evidence was circumstantial. But circumstantial evidence is as 

probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt. Jenkins v. State, 493 S.W.3d 583, 599

(Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The jury could have reasonably inferred an intent to 

appropriate property from Luna’s pattern of estimating a price for work, obtaining as 

much money up front as quickly as possible––whether personally or through an 

emissary––avoiding contact and failing to perform work after receiving the money, 

and spending the money on items unrelated to materials related to that work. 7 All the 

evidence shows that Le’s $300 and Johnson’s $4,800 were deposited into an account

associated with Luna by driver’s license and birthdate. We conclude that the evidence 

 6

Two different workers threatened to put liens on her house for the work done 

because Luna had not paid them.

7

“In a theft case arising from a contract, the State must prove that the accused 

intended to deprive the owner of the property when it was taken.” Johnson v. State, 560 

S.W.3d 224, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
13

was sufficient to support the conviction. See Johnson v. State, 560 S.W.3d 224, 229–30

(Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

We overrule Luna’s first issue.

Extraneous Offense Admissible

In his second issue, Luna challenges the trial court’s admission of his similar 

extraneous offenses against Weber, Hildinger, and Ward. According to Luna, these 

incidents were not “recent transactions” contemplated by Penal Code Section 

31.03(c), nor were they admissible for any proper purpose under Rule 404(b): “the 

transactions were too remote in time and simply indicate that a business man is facing 

some hard times.”8 Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(c); Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).

Evidence that a defendant has committed “crimes, wrongs, or . . . acts” other 

than the charged offense is not admissible at guilt–innocence to prove character 

conformity. See, e.g., Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(1); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 386

(Tex. 1991) (op. on reh’g). But such evidence may be admissible for non-characterconformity purposes, “such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, 

knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). 

 8

Luna objected to the admission of the evidence during a hearing outside the 

jury’s presence. Specifically, he objected that the prior acts were too remote in time

from the time of trial, not the time of the alleged offense, to be admissible under Section 

31.03(c) and that the circumstances were too different, especially as to Ward, to be 

admissible under Rule 404(b). We will address his complaints to the extent they 

comport with his trial objections. See Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2012) (“In determining whether a complaint on appeal comports with a 

complaint made at trial, we look to the context of the objection and the shared 

understanding of the parties at the time.”).
14

And Penal Code Section 31.03(c) more specifically provides that to prove 

appropriation without consent in theft cases, “evidence that the actor has previously 

participated in recent transactions other than, but similar to,” the charged offense “is 

admissible for the purpose of showing knowledge or intent.” Tex. Penal Code 

Ann. § 31.03(c). The requirement that a similar transaction be “recent” refers to the 

extraneous act’s proximity in time to the charged offense, not to the trial. See Lopez v. 

State, 316 S.W.3d 669, 678 (Tex. App.––Eastland 2010, no pet.); Benson v. State, 240 

S.W.3d 478, 484 (Tex. App.––Eastland 2007, pet. ref’d); Ballard v. State, 945 S.W.2d 

902, 905 (Tex. App.––Beaumont 1997, no pet.); see also Hegar v. State, 11 S.W.3d 290, 

297 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (noting that Section 31.03(c) 

“appears to be limited to recent transactions prior to the charged offense”), criticized in 

part on other grounds by Jennings v. State, 302 S.W.3d 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

All of these other transactions occurred within several months of the charged 

offense and in close proximity to each other. The manner in which Luna obtained

money from all five of these individuals during a relatively short six-month period––

without completing any appreciable work9

––shows a pattern of conduct making it 

more likely that he never intended to perform the work he promised to do. Thus, the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence under Section 

31.03(c).

 9

Even though subcontractors performed some work at Ward’s house, Luna 

never paid them for that work.
15

Because we conclude that the trial court properly admitted the evidence under 

Section 31.03(c), we need not also address whether it was admissible under Rule 

404(b). See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Daugherty v. State, 260 S.W.3d 161, 162 (Tex. App.––

Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). We overrule Luna’s second issue.

Conclusion

Because we have overruled all of Luna’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment.

/s/ Wade Birdwell

Wade Birdwell

Justice

Do Not Publish

Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

Delivered: December 19, 2019