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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. 32,811

5 BILLY MACKEY,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY

8 Lisa B. Riley, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender

13 B. Douglas Wood III, Assistant Appellate Defender

14 Santa Fe, NM 

15 for Appellant

16 MEMORANDUM OPINION

17 GARCIA, Judge.
2

1 {1} Defendant appealsfromhis convictionsfor one count of trafficking a controlled

2 substance by possession with intent to distribute and one count of tampering with

3 evidence. [DS 4; MIO 1; RP 105, 107] This Court issued a calendar notice proposing

4 to affirm. Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition, which this Court has duly

5 considered. We remain unpersuaded by Defendant’s arguments and therefore affirm.

6 In his docketing statement, Defendant argued that there was insufficient

7 evidence to prove that the substance found by the drug task force could be directly

8 connected to him. [DS 4] Although it seemed like Defendant was only appealing his

9 conviction for trafficking crack cocaine, this Court’s calendar notice addressed all

10 three of Defendant’s convictions: (1) trafficking a controlled substance by possession

11 with intent to distribute; (2)tampering with evidence; and (3) possession of marijuana

12 or synthetic cannabinoids. We proposed to affirm all of Defendant’s convictions.

13 In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant has clarified that he is appealing

14 the first two convictions, but he is not appealing his conviction for possession of

15 marijuana or synthetic cannabinoids. [MIO 1; RP 106]

16 Trafficking a Controlled Substance by Possession with Intent to Distribute

17 Defendant continuesto argue that there wasinsufficient evidence to support his

18 conviction fortrafficking crack cocaine by possession with intent to distribute because

19 the State failed to prove that “(1) he possessed the cocaine at issue and that (2) he
3

1 intended to transfer the cocaine to another person.” [MIO 8] As we explained in detail

2 in our calendar notice, there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s

3 determination that Defendant was in possession of crack cocaine [CN 3-6], he knew

4 the substance was crack cocaine or he believed it to be crack cocaine [CN 6-7], and

5 he intended to transfer it to another on June 24, 2011. [CN 6-7] 

6 Defendant does not raise any new legal arguments or facts in response to our

7 notice. See State v. Ibarra, 1993-NMCA-040, ¶ 11, 116 N.M. 486, 864 P.2d 302 (“A

8 party opposing summary disposition is required to come forward and specifically

9 point out errors in fact and/or law.”). Instead, Defendant asserts that a rational juror

10 could not have found each element of trafficking beyond a reasonable doubt. [MIO

11 6] 

12 It is “an appellate court’s duty on review of a criminal conviction to determine

13 whether any rational jury could have found each element of the crime to be

14 established beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Garcia, 1992-NMSC-048, ¶ 27, 114

15 N.M. 269, 837 P.2d 862. The application of this standard, however, “does not involve

16 substituting the appellate court’s judgment for that of the jury in deciding the

17 reasonable-doubt question[.]” Id. ¶ 27. Similarly, this standard does not require that

18 we consider the “merit of evidence that may have supported a verdict to the contrary.”

19 State v. Vigil, 1990-NMSC-066, ¶ 6, 110 N.M. 254, 794 P.2d 728.
4

1 Defendant assertsthat, even though Agent Leostestified that he saw Defendant

2 “make a motion with what appeared to be an object inside the kitchen area[,]” Agent

3 Leos was outside the residence when he made that observation and he could not testify

4 to what the object was or whether Defendant was moving an object at all. [MIO 8]

5 Additionally, Defendant claims that the packages of crack cocaine found in the trash

6 can were large enough that Agent Leos should have been able to see them if

7 Defendant was actually handling them when Agent Leos observed him. [MIO 8; DS

8 5] 

9 For the reasons discussed in our calendar notice, we conclude that there was

10 sufficient evidence to support the jury’s determination that Defendant possessed the

11 crack cocaine at issue. See State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 23, 107 N.M. 126,

12 753 P.2d 1314 (“A reviewing court may neither reweigh the evidence nor substitute

13 its judgment for that of the jury.”); see also State v. Anaya, 1982-NMSC-073, ¶ 4, 98

14 N.M. 211, 647 P.2d 413 (“[W]here a jury verdict in a criminal case is supported by

15 substantial evidence, the verdict will not be disturbed on appeal.”). 

16 Defendant also asserts that, even if the State proved that he possessed cocaine,

17 the State failed to establish that he intended to transfer it. [MIO 9-10] Defendant

18 claims that his mere presence in the residence, his possession of “a bundle of cash”

19 that he gave to another occupant in the house, second-hand reports that he was selling
5

1 drugs from the house, and his request that officers not search the house without a

2 warrant, were not sufficient to prove that he intended to transfer cocaine to another.

3 [MIO 3, 9-10] 

4 In addition to this evidence, the record reflects that officers had been observing

5 the house after receiving complaints of crack cocaine trafficking from that residence,

6 Agent Leos had purchased crack cocaine from Defendant from that house in the past,

7 and upon officers’ arrival on June 24, 2011, the officers observed a female drive up

8 to the house, go inside the house, and within one minute, return to her vehicle and

9 leave. [DS 2, 3-4; RP 16, 18] Agent Whitzel attempted to speak to the female, but she

10 avoided him and sped off. [DS 2; RP 16] Shortly thereafter, Agent Leos went to the

11 front porch and spoke to Defendant, who appeared to be very nervous and started

12 trembling. [DS 2-3; RP 16] At that time, Defendant pulled out a large amount of

13 money from his pocket and handed it to another male in the house. [MIO 3; DS 2-3;

14 RP 16]

15 We conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s

16 determination that Defendant intended to transfer crack cocaine to another.

17 Accordingly, we affirm his conviction for trafficking a controlled substance by

18 possession with intent to distribute. 
6

1 Tampering with Evidence

2 Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he tampered

3 with evidence. [MIO 10-12] Defendant continues to argue that, because Agent Leos

4 could not testify to the nature of the object Defendant was moving, there was

5 insufficient evidence to show that Defendant had moved the cocaine that was later

6 found in the trash can. [MIO 11] Defendant further argues that even if he had placed

7 the packages of cocaine in the trash can, there was insufficient evidence to prove that

8 Defendant did so to evade apprehension, prosecution, or conviction. [MIO 11]

9 The district court instructed the jury that in order to find Defendant guilty of

10 tampering with evidence, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

11 Defendant “hid or placed cocaine” with the intent to prevent his “apprehension,

12 prosecution, or conviction” and this happened in New Mexico on or about June 24,

13 2011. [RP 90] We conclude that the State presented substantial evidence supporting

14 all elements of the crime.

15 Agent Leos testified that, on July 24, 2011, he observed Defendant standing at

16 the front doorway of the house, turn around, and walk back inside the house into the

17 kitchen area. [MIO 2-3; DS 2] Agent Leos continued to observe Defendant, who

18 remained within Agent Leos’ view, and Agent Leos saw Defendant make “a furtive

19 movement as if in an attempt to conceal an object.” [MIO 3; DS 2] Agent Leos
7

1 testified that Defendant “bent down and appeared to place something off to the right,

2 at a downward angle.” [MIO 3; DS 2]

3 Agent Leos went to the front porch, identified himself, and informed Defendant

4 that he had received complaints of crack cocaine trafficking. [MIO 3; DS 2] While

5 talking to Agent Leos, Defendant retrieved a “bundle of cash” from his front pocket

6 and gave it to a man sitting on a couch in the house. [MIO 3; DS 2-3] Agent Leos

7 asked Defendant to surrender all crack cocaine in his possession, but Defendant

8 denied having any crack cocaine. [MIO 3; DS 3] 

9 After Agent Leos obtained a search warrant for the house, he searched the

10 kitchen area. [MIO 4; DS 3] Agent Leos observed a trash can in the area, which

11 contained a paper sack and a twelve-pack with several beer bottles. [DS 3; RP 17]

12 Underneath those items, there were two baggies containing white rock and powder13 like substance, which were later tested and confirmed to be crack cocaine. [MIO 4; DS

14 3] Although Defendant claimed the cocaine was not his, he admitted that he knew the

15 cocaine was in the house. [MIO 4; DS 3] 

16 We conclude this evidence satisfies each of the aforementioned elements of

17 tampering with evidence. See State v. Salgado, 1999-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 691,

18 974 P.2d 661 (providing that substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a

19 reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion” (citation omitted)).
8

1 The jury could reasonably infer that Defendant saw Agent Leos, Defendant knew the

2 cocaine was in the house, and Defendant did not want Agent Leos to find the cocaine,

3 so he hid the cocaine in the trash can underneath other objects.

4 This case is similar to State v. Delgado, 2009-NMCA-061, 146 N.M. 402, 210

5 P.3d 828, overruled on other grounds by State v. Aragon, 2010-NMSC-008, ¶ 19, 147

6 N.M. 474, 225 P.3d 1280. In Delgado, two police officers observed the defendant

7 bending down behind a wooden fence. 2009-NMCA-061, ¶ 2. One of the officers

8 called out to the defendant, the defendantstood up, looked at the officers, and quickly

9 walked away toward a nearby storage shed. Id. The officer lost sight of the defendant

10 briefly. Id. Then, the defendant turned around and started walking back toward the

11 officers. Id. The officer questioned the defendant about what he had thrown because,

12 “based on his body movements, she believed that he had disposed of something.” Id.

13 ¶ 3. A third officer arrived on scene and found a white baggie containing a white

14 powdery substance in front of the shed. Id. The substance tested positive for cocaine.

15 Id. ¶¶ 3-5. After the baggie was located, the defendant put his hands behind his back

16 and turned around. Id. ¶ 3. This Court concluded that these facts constituted sufficient

17 evidence to support the defendant’s tampering conviction because the evidence was

18 found and officerstestified about the defendant’s actionslinking him to disposing the

19 evidence. Id. ¶¶ 24-25.
9

1 In the present case, we are not persuaded by Defendant’s argument that even

2 if he placed the cocaine packages in the trash can, there was insufficient evidence that

3 he did so to evade apprehension, prosecution, or conviction. [MIO 11] It was

4 reasonable for the jury to infer that Defendant hid the cocaine to prevent his

5 apprehension, prosecution, or conviction. See State v. Silva, 2008-NMSC-051, ¶ 18,

6 144 N.M. 815, 192 P.3d 1192 (explaining that intent to prevent apprehension,

7 prosecution or conviction is “often inferred from an overt act of the defendant”).

8 Therefore, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support

9 Defendant’s conviction for tampering with evidence. 

10 Conclusion

11 For the reasonsstated above and in this Court’s notice of proposed disposition,

12 we affirm.

13 IT IS SO ORDERED.

14 

15 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
10

1 WE CONCUR:

2 

3 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

4 

5 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge