NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LUIS ALBERTO FIGUEROA 

RODRIGUEZ,

Petitioner, 

 v. 

WILLIAM BARR, Attorney General,

Respondent.

No. 18-71704

Agency No. A 045-123-742

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 4, 2020**

Portland, Oregon

Before: FERNANDEZ and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and BURGESS,*** District 

Judge.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Timothy M. Burgess, United States Chief District 

Judge for the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.

FILED

MAY 14 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 18-71704

Luis Alberto Figueroa Rodriguez, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions 

for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing his 

appeal from the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for asylum, 

withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) relief. We have 

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). We deny the petition for review.

“We review denials of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief for 

substantial evidence.” Ling Huang v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir. 2014)

(internal quotations omitted). “In order to reverse the BIA, we must determine 

‘that the evidence not only supports [a contrary] conclusion, but compels it—and 

also compels the further conclusion’ that the petitioner meets the requisite standard 

for obtaining relief.” Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 

2014) (quoting I.N.S. v. Elias–Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n. l (1992)) (emphasis 

in original). Where the BIA has reviewed and incorporated portions of the IJ’s 

decision as its own, “we treat the incorporated parts of the IJ’s decision as the 

BIA’s.” Molina-Estrada v. I.N.S., 293 F.3d 1089, 1093 (9th Cir. 2002).

Figueroa seeks asylum because he fears persecution on account of his 

imputed membership in the proposed particular social group, “Mexicans assumed 

to be involved in the theft of Pemex fuel by corrupt Mexican officials and cartels.”

Figueroa left Mexico in March 2016, approximately four months after he was 
3 18-71704

shot in the leg while standing outside his employer’s auto shop. The isolated 

incident occurred when unknown gunmen attacked a group of individuals in a 

restaurant next door to the auto shop and resulted in the murder of five people. The 

BIA determined that the shooting was related to revenge between two rival criminal 

groups and not because of Figueroa’s imputed membership in a particular social 

group.

The BIA did not err in finding that Figueroa failed to establish membership 

in a cognizable particular social group. See Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1131 

(9th Cir. 2016) (observing that, in order to demonstrate membership in a particular 

social group, “[t]he applicant must ‘establish that the group is (1) composed of 

members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with 

particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in question.’” (quoting

Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (BIA 2014))). The BIA properly 

found that Figueroa’s proposed social group lacked distinction and was therefore 

not cognizable because the record contains no evidence that such persons are 

recognized as a particular social group that exists and is perceived as distinct within

Mexican society. See, e.g., Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081, 1092–93 

(9th Cir. 2013) (en banc). Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination 

that Figueroa otherwise failed to demonstrate a nexus between the harm he 

experienced and a protected ground. See Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 
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(9th Cir. 2010) (“An [applicant]’s desire to be free from harassment by criminals 

motivated by theft or random violence by gang members bears no nexus to a 

protected ground.”). Accordingly, Figueroa has not met his burden of establishing 

eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal. Farah v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1153, 

1156 (9th Cir. 2003).

Likewise, the BIA did not err in affirming the denial of CAT relief where

Figueroa failed to show that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured 

by or with the consent or acquiescence of the government if returned to Mexico. 

Substantial evidence supports the determination that the gunmen were not Mexican 

government officials or other persons acting in an official capacity. For instance, 

Figueroa’s initial interview and news accounts of the shooting incident do not 

mention police uniforms and describe the gunmen arriving in private vehicles. The 

evidence does not compel the conclusion that the unknown assailants were 

Mexican government officials or other persons acting in an official capacity.

Figueroa’s evidence of violence in Mexico is not particular to him and, therefore, 

is insufficient to meet the standard for CAT protection. See Delgado-Ortiz v. 

Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010). Moreover, the record demonstrates 

Figueroa safely relocated within Mexico on two separate occasions to avoid harm.

Finally, the record does not support Figueroa’s contention that the BIA failed 

to consider all relevant evidence or otherwise erred in considering relief. Thus, the 
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BIA correctly concluded that Figueroa failed to establish eligibility for CAT relief.

The petition for review is DENIED.