[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 17-15426

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency No. A097-611-243

MAXI DINGA SOPO, 

 Petitioner,

 versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

 Respondent.

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________

(June 25, 2018)

Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Maxi Dinga Sopo seeks review of his final order of removal to Cameroon. 

In his petition for review, Sopo argues that the Board of Immigration Appeals 

(“BIA”) and the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) committed legal error in determining 

(1) that his federal bank fraud conviction constituted a “particularly serious crime” 

rendering him ineligible for withholding of removal under the INA and (2) that he 

had not shown a likelihood of torture, for purposes of relief under the United 

Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c), if he was 

returned to Cameroon. After review, we find no legal error in either of these 

determinations and deny Sopo’s petition.1

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

In 2003, Sopo, a native and citizen of Cameroon, entered the United States 

on a tourist visa. In 2004, Sopo was granted asylum based on his application 

claiming political and religious persecution in Cameroon. 

According to Sopo’s 2004 asylum application, Sopo, while a university 

student in Cameroon, participated in the Southern Cameroons National Council 

(“SCNC”) and the Southern Cameroons Youth League (“SCYL”), organizations 

that engaged in political activities challenging Cameroon’s ruling regime.2

 Sopo 

 

1

On January 24, 2018, Sopo was removed from the United States to Cameroon. See Sopo 

v. United States Att’y Gen., 890 F.3d 952, 953 (11th Cir. 2018). 

2

The SCNC advocates for independence for the English-speaking southwest corner of 

Cameroon from the rest of Cameroon, which is French-speaking. 

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also refused to comply with his village’s tribal traditions and to convert to Islam, 

instead becoming involved with the Bali Catholic Youth Organization. 

Due to his association with these organizations, Sopo said that the police 

arrested, beat, and mistreated him in January 2000 and March 2002. In October 

2002, Sopo was again arrested and held for two months. Sopo claimed that, during 

this detention, he was beaten, deprived of food, light, or medication, and held in 

unsanitary conditions. Sopo asserted that because of his activism and his 

involvement in the SCNC, he was “a likely target for arrest, imprisonment, torture, 

and certain death” if he returned to Cameroon. 

In August 2010, six years after being granted asylum, Sopo pled guilty in 

federal court to four counts of bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344. Sopo 

received a 33-month sentence and was ordered to pay $147,249.92 in total 

restitution, of which Sopo was: (1) solely liable for $23,354 in restitution to one of 

the three credit-union victims; and (2) jointly and severally liable with his two 

codefendants for $51,006.15 and $72,889.77 to the other two credit unions, 

respectively. 

In January 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) issued a 

Notice to Appear charging Sopo with removability, pursuant to INA 

§ 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), for having been convicted of an 

aggravated felony, as defined in INA § 101(a)(43)(M), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(M), 

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relating to a fraud offense in which the loss to the victim exceeded $10,000. At a 

March 2012 master calendar hearing before an Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Sopo 

conceded the charge of removability. 

In April 2012, Sopo filed a second application for asylum, withholding of 

removal, and CAT relief. Sopo’s new asylum application was “barebones,” 

consisting of only his name, social security number, and alien number, because he 

elected to proceed based on his claims in his 2004 asylum application.

3

 Sopo also 

filed an application for adjustment of status with a waiver pursuant to INA 

§ 209(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c) (“209(a) waiver”) on humanitarian grounds. 

Sopo’s subsequent immigration proceedings were protracted and will not be 

recounted here, as they have no bearing on the two legal issues raised in Sopo’s 

current petition for review. Ultimately, the IJ terminated Sopo’s asylee status, 

denied all requested relief, and ordered him removed. Relevant to this appeal, the 

IJ concluded, and the Bureau of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) agreed, that Sopo’s 

bank fraud convictions were “particularly serious” crimes under INA 

§ 241(b)(3)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii), that rendered him ineligible for 

withholding of removal. 

 

3

Although Sopo’s 2004 application asserted claims of both political and religious 

persecution, he appears to have abandoned his religious persecution claim at some point in the 

2012 proceedings and does not raise it with this Court.

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The IJ also denied Sopo’s request for deferral of removal under CAT. The 

IJ concluded that Sopo had “suffered mistreatment in the past” and that the 

“mistreatment [was] sufficient to constitute past persecution on account of his 

political opinion,” but that his arrest, detention, and prosecution of SCNC members 

did not amount to torture. The IJ further concluded that the occasional incidences 

of human rights abuses, which the Cameroonian government sought to combat, did 

not prove that it was more likely than not that Sopo would be tortured if returned to 

Cameroon. 

On appeal, the BIA determined that the IJ “properly and thoroughly assessed 

both whether [Sopo] demonstrated a likelihood of torture by public officials (or 

those persons acting in an official capacity), as well as the likelihood that public 

officials (or those acting in an official capacity) would consent to or acquiesce in 

his torture, and [the IJ] correctly found that [Sopo] did not meet his burden of 

proof[.]” 

II. DISCUSSION

Sopo’s petition for review raises two discrete claims of legal error. First, 

Sopo argues that the BIA and the IJ erred in determining that Sopo was ineligible 

for withholding of removal because they applied the wrong legal standard to find 

that his federal bank fraud convictions constituted “particularly serious” crimes. 

Second, Sopo argues that the BIA and IJ erred in denying him CAT protection 

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because they failed to determine first whether Sopo had suffered past torture and to 

give reasoned consideration to his CAT claim.4

 We address each contention in 

turn.

A. “Particularly Serious Crime” Bar to Withholding of Removal

An alien is ineligible for either asylum or withholding of removal under the 

INA if the Attorney General decides that “the alien, having been convicted by a 

final judgment of a particularly serious crime constitutes a danger to the 

community of the United States.” See INA § 208(b)(2)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii) (asylum); INA § 241(b)(3)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii) 

(withholding of removal). Congress has further provided:

[A]n alien who has been convicted of an aggravated felony (or 

felonies) for which the alien has been sentenced to an aggregate term 

of imprisonment of at least 5 years shall be considered to have 

committed a particularly serious crime. The previous sentence shall 

not preclude the Attorney General from determining that, 

notwithstanding the length of sentence imposed, an alien has been 

convicted of a particularly serious crime.

INA § 241(b)(3)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B) (emphasis added). Thus, a 

conviction for an aggravated felony resulting in a prison sentence of at least five 

years is per se a particularly serious crime, and when a conviction “is not a per se

particularly serious crime, the Attorney General retains discretion to determine on 

 

4

We note that Sopo’s petition for review does not challenge: (1) his removability due to 

his conviction for bank fraud; (2) the termination of his 2004 asylee status because his bank 

fraud convictions were for an aggravated felony; (3) the denial of his 2012 application for 

asylum for the same reason; or (4) the denial of his application for a 209(c) waiver.

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a case-by-case basis whether the offense constitute[s] a particularly serious crime.” 

Lapaix v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 1138, 1143 (11th Cir. 2010).

The BIA has held that the statute does not require an offense to be an 

aggravated felony in order for it to be considered a “particularly serious” crime. In 

re N-A-M-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 336, 338 (BIA 2007). In addition, both the BIA and 

this Court have clarified that the statute does not require two separate findings: 

“first that the alien committed a particularly serious crime, and second that the 

alien constitutes a danger.” Crespo-Gomez v. Richard, 780 F.2d 932, 934 (11th 

Cir. 1986); In re R-A-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 657, 662 (BIA 2012). Instead, the 

statute requires only a single finding that the alien has been convicted of a 

“particularly serious crime.” Crespo-Gomez, 780 F.2d at 934-35; In re R-A-M-, 

25 I. & N. Dec. at 662.

In making the particularly-serious-crime determination, the IJ and the BIA 

may focus solely on the elements of the offense. See In re N-A-M-, 24 I. & N. 

Dec. at 342. However, the IJ and the BIA generally consider “a variety of factors” 

including “the nature of the conviction, the type of sentence imposed, and the 

circumstances and underlying facts of the conviction.” Id.; Lapaix, 605 F.3d at 

1143-44.5 

 

5

Because the BIA agreed with the IJ’s determination that Sopo’s bank fraud convictions 

were particularly serious crimes, we review both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions. See

Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th Cir. 2009). Ordinarily we review 

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Here, the IJ and the BIA applied the correct legal standard and committed no 

legal error in determining that Sopo’s bank fraud convictions were particularly 

serious crimes. The IJ first determined that Sopo’s bank fraud convictions, 

although aggravated felonies, were not per se particularly serious crimes because 

Sopo did not receive a prison sentence of more than five years. Next, the IJ 

correctly identified the factors the immigration court considers in determining 

whether a conviction constitutes a particularly serious crime. In determining that 

Sopo’s bank fraud crimes were particularly serious, the IJ assessed the nature and 

circumstances of his bank fraud in relation to the harm that it caused the victims, 

the exploited accomplices, and the community. 

Specifically, the IJ extensively detailed the nature and circumstances of 

Sopo’s fraudulent car-loan scheme, which “solicited nominal buyers to make false 

statements about their employment and income to ‘induce the Credit Unions to 

approve the fraudulent applications’ for loans,” and involved the exploitation of 

“numerous people, credit unions, and business ventures.” The IJ pointed out the 

length of the fraud scheme (five years), the total amount of the fraud 

 

the IJ’s and the BIA’s discretionary decisions to determine whether discretion was exercised in 

an arbitrary or capricious manner. See Abdi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 430 F.3d 1148, 1149 (11th Cir. 

2005), overruled on other grounds by Avila-Santoyo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 713 F.3d 1357, 1362 

(11th Cir. 2013). Here, however, Sopo is removable by reason of his pleading guilty to an 

aggravated felony. Thus, we lack jurisdiction to review the discretionary decision except to the 

extent Sopo raises a question of law or constitutional claim, which we review de novo. See INA 

§ 242(a)(2)(C)-(D), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)-(D); Jean-Pierre v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 500 F.3d 1315, 

1320 (11th Cir. 2007). Thus, we review only Sopo’s claim that the IJ and the BIA applied the 

wrong legal standard and not whether they abused their discretion.

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($142,249.02), and the portion for which Sopo was individually liable ($23,534) 

under the criminal judgment. The IJ also noted that Sopo’s actions resulted in 

numerous individuals being saddled with “debt beyond their means” and increased 

unpaid debts to the victim financial institutions, all “on the heels of a national 

banking crisis and a recession.” The BIA, in affirming the IJ’s determination, 

likewise focused on the nature and circumstances of Sopo’s bank fraud scheme and 

stressed that Sopo received a 33-month sentence. Contrary to Sopo’s claims, the IJ 

and the BIA were not required to make an explicit, separate finding that Sopo 

posed a danger to the community. See Crespo-Gomez, 780 F.2d at 934-35; In re 

R-A-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 662.

Sopo argues that the IJ’s and the BIA’s particularly-serious-crime 

determination is inconsistent with their determination that Sopo was not a “violent 

or dangerous” individual for purposes of a § 209(c) waiver. This argument is 

tantamount to a claim that the particularly-serious-crime determination was 

arbitrary and capricious, a claim we lack jurisdiction to review in Sopo’s case. See

INA § 242(a)(2)(C)-(D), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)-(D). In sum, the IJ and the BIA 

applied the correct legal standard in determining that Sopo was barred from 

obtaining withholding of removal because his bank fraud conviction was a 

particularly serious crime.

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B. Request for CAT Relief

To qualify for CAT relief, an alien must prove that it is more likely than not 

that he would be tortured by, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public 

official or person acting in an official capacity upon return to his country. Najjar v. 

Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001). The regulations require that “all 

evidence relevant to the possibility of future torture shall be considered, including, 

but not limited to . . . [e]vidence of past torture inflicted upon the applicant.” 8 

C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3)(i). 

Citing § 1208.16(c)(3), Sopo argues that the IJ and the BIA were required to 

make an explicit determination as to whether his past mistreatment in Cameroon 

amounted to torture.6

 By its express terms, § 1208.16(c)(3) does not require the IJ 

and the BIA to make such a determination. Rather, § 1208.16(c)(3) requires the IJ 

and the BIA to consider all relevant evidence of the possibility of future torture, 

including any evidence that the applicant was tortured in the past. 

Here, the IJ, as required by § 1208.16(c)(3), extensively detailed the 

treatment Sopo endured at the hands of the Cameroonian police in 2002, including, 

but not limited to, evidence that: (1) officers searching for Sopo to arrest him 

 

6

We reject the government’s argument that we lack jurisdiction to review this CAT issue 

because Sopo failed to exhaust it before the BIA. In his pro se brief before the BIA, Sopo argued 

that he was previously tortured in Cameroon under the applicable regulations and precedent and 

that the IJ should have “reassessed” whether he was subjected to past torture. We note, however, 

that Sopo does not now challenge the IJ’s and the BIA’s ultimate determination that he failed to 

meet his burden to show a likelihood that he would be subjected to torture if returned to 

Cameroon. 

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harassed, tortured, and brutalized his family; (2) Sopo was arrested and detained 

“under very unhygienic conditions”; (3) Sopo was stripped to his underwear, 

doused with cold water, beaten with a cane, hung upside down, and received 

electrical shocks to the soles of his feet two or three times a day; (4) Sopo was 

starved and forced to drink his own urine; and (5) as a result, Sopo was 

hospitalized and suffered from amnesia, bruising, and spinal abnormalities. The IJ 

acknowledged the brutality of Sopo’s past treatment in 2002 and that it amounted 

to past persecution on account of political opinion, but concluded that Sopo’s “past 

treatment is insufficient, without more, to entitle [Sopo] to relief in this instance.” 

The BIA agreed. Sopo does not identify any past mistreatment that the IJ or the 

BIA failed to consider in concluding that he was not entitled to CAT relief.

Additionally, although Sopo argues otherwise, the IJ and the BIA gave 

reasoned consideration to Sopo’s CAT claim. See Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

779 F.3d 1284, 1302 (11th Cir. 2015) (explaining that the IJ and the BIA give 

“reasoned consideration” when they “considered the issues raised and announced 

their decisions in terms sufficient to enable review”). Specifically, the IJ 

explained, and the BIA agreed, that despite Sopo’s evidence of past mistreatment 

as an SCNC member, more recent evidence from 2013, including articles

submitted by Sopo and the Country Report for Cameroon, indicated that: (1) while 

there were reports of SCNC members who participated in SCNC activities being 

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arrested and detained, there was no indication they were tortured; (2) Cameroonian

law prohibits organizations, like SCNC, from advocating for secession, and the 

Cameroonian government’s arrest and detention of SCNC members was not 

torture, but rather was treatment that arose from and was incidental to lawful 

sanctions, or “‘judicially imposed sanctions and other enforcement actions 

authorized by law’”; (3) prison conditions in Cameroon were harsh and life 

threatening, but were not directed solely at SCNC members; and (4) the 

constitution and law of Cameroon prohibited torture and, despite reports of 

security forces torturing, beating, and harassing prisoners and detainees, the 

government had taken significant measures beginning in 2012 to combat such 

activities. Accordingly, both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions reflect reasoned 

consideration of Sopo’s CAT claim.

Finally, the IJ and the BIA did not improperly rely upon State Department 

reports. See Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 

2004) (stating that the BIA is “entitled to rely heavily” on State Department reports 

in the record). Both the IJ and the BIA noted that, according to the 2013 Country 

Report, Cameroonian authorities had interrupted some SCNC meetings and 

arrested its members, but that there was no indication the SCNC members were 

tortured. The IJ and the BIA also consistently pointed to the facts in the 2013 

Country Report that: (1) the Cameroonian authorities’ actions in interrupting 

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meetings and arresting members arose from or were inherent or incidental to 

lawful sanctions; (2) harsh prison treatment and conditions were not directly solely 

at SCNC members; and (3) the Cameroonian constitution prohibits torture, and the 

Cameroonian government sought to prevent torture. 

Although the BIA further noted that the 2014 and 2015 Country Reports did 

not discuss any issues between the Cameroonian government and the SCNC, 

including arrests, detentions, or mistreatment of SCNC members, we disagree with 

Sopo that the BIA relied on this one point to discredit Sopo or negate his CAT 

claim. Cf. Gaksakuman v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 767 F.3d 1164, 1171 (11th Cir. 2014) 

(granting an alien’s petition for review and remanding for further proceedings 

where the IJ and the BIA relied on silence in the State Department reports to rebut 

the alien’s evidence that failed asylum seekers were tortured in Sri Lanka and 

explaining that State Department reports are reliable only to the extent they

comment upon or are relevant to the specific questions raised by the applicant). 

PETITION DENIED.

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