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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

 March 6, 2001 Session

JANICE F. ROBERTS v. STEVIE D. DAVIS, ET AL.

 A Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County. 

No. 96C-1856 The Honorable Walter Kurtz, Judge.

No. M2000-01974-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 7, 2001

On May 17, 1995, Plaintiff Janice Roberts and her husband Max Nichols were involved in an

automobile accident with the Defendant Food Lion, Inc. and their driver Stevie D. Davis. The

accident occurred on Interstate 24. Plaintiff Roberts sued the Defendants in the Circuit Court of

Davidson County seeking a recovery of $270,000 for injuries and various amounts of damages

she sustained as a result of the accident. A bench trial was held on May 1, 2000. On May 4,

2000 the trial court by Memorandum and Order found that Plaintiff Roberts was entitled to

recover $25,000 for reasonable and necessary medical expenses, pain and suffering and loss of

enjoyment of life, and for some diminution in earning capacity. On June 2, 2000 Plaintiff

Roberts filed a motion for new trial, which was subsequently denied by the trial court on July 7,

2000. This appeal followed. Plaintiff Roberts insists that the trial court erred in not granting a

motion for continuance; not allowing the deposition testimony of a witness; in its award of

damages; and by not allocating monies for future medical expenses. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

DON R. ASH, SP. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FARMER, J., and HIGHERS, J

joined.

Bill Hodde and Bruce Kessler, Madison, Tennessee, for the appellant, Janice F. Roberts.

Jonathan Cole and Sandi L. Pack, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Stevie D. Davis and

Food Lion, Inc.

OPINION

 I.

In order to put this transaction into perspective, some background information will assist

in the process. On May 17, 1995, appellant Janice F. Roberts (“Ms. Roberts”) was involved in

an automobile accident on Interstate 24. Ms. Robert’s automobile was struck in the rear by the

appellee Stevie D. Davis (“Mr. Davis”). Mr. Davis was driving a semi-tractor owned by Food

Lion. Both parties were traveling in the same direction when the accident occurred. The impact
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of the collision caused Ms. Robert’s vehicle to travel several feet before coming to rest on the

median. Ms. Roberts was able to exit the car under her own control, however, upon the urging

of medical personnel, she was transported to Vanderbilt Medical Center (“Vanderbilt”). Ms.

Roberts spent several hours at the hospital where she was examined and x-rayed. Vanderbilt

noted no evidence of serious head injuries and released her.

Soon after the accident, Ms. Roberts consulted her chiropractor, Dr. Chris Banning (“Dr.

Banning”), concerning her injuries. Ms. Roberts had been seeing Dr. Banning on a regular basis

prior to the accident. Dr. Banning treated Ms. Roberts for a year and a half before referring her

to Dr. Anderson, a neurologist, for further testing. Dr. Anderson conducted several tests and

analysis of Ms. Roberts. Dr. Anderson continued to treat Ms. Roberts for roughly two and a half

years before referring her to a neuropsychologist, Dr. Jim Olson. Dr. Olson specializes in

managing chronic pain. However, during this time, Ms. Roberts was involved in a subsequent

accident involving another tractor-trailer on September 25, 1997. There is existing litigation in

Rutherford County regarding that matter.

On May 1, 2000, the Honorable Judge Walter Kurtz held a bench trial concerning the

accident. Following a portion of the proof, Ms. Roberts intended to call Dr. Olson as a witness

to testify on her behalf. Ms. Roberts and her counsel were unable to locate him. Subsequently,

Ms. Roberts asked the court for a recess and the recess was granted. Following the recess and

the remainder of the trial, Ms. Roberts was not able to produce Dr. Olson. At that point, Ms.

Roberts moved to include Dr. Olson’s deposition into the record as an exhibit. The trial court

denied Ms. Robert’s motion to admit the deposition because Ms. Roberts could not produce a

copy of the return summons delineating there had in fact been on service on Dr. Olson. On May

4, 2000, Judge Kurtz awarded Ms. Roberts a judgment of $25,000 for reasonable and necessary

medical expenses, pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life, and for diminution in earning

capacity by means of a Memorandum and Order. Ms. Roberts later filed this appeal.

The issues before the Court regarding this appeal are as follows: 

(1) whether the trial court erred in denying Ms. Robert’s motion for a continuance based

upon the absence of a witness; 

(2) whether the trial court erred in refusing to consider Dr. Olson’s deposition testimony;

(3) whether the trial court erred in awarding Ms. Robert’s a judgment of less than her 

reasonable and necessary medical expenses; and 

(4) whether the trial court erred failing to compensate Ms. Roberts for future medical

expenses. 

 II.
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The first issue to consider is whether the trial court erred in denying Ms. Robert’s motion

for a continuance. A motion for continuance lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge.

State v. Hines, 919 S.W.2d 573, 579 (Tenn. 1995). In order to show an abuse of discretion, it

must be reasonably concluded that a different result would have occurred had the continuance

been granted. Id. In determining whether there was an abuse of discretion, Ms. Roberts must

show that she was prejudiced by the fact the continuance was not granted. The root of this issue

hinges on the facts concerning the subpoena of Dr. Olson and his absence at the bench trial on

May 1, 2000. 

When dealing with service of process, we must first look to the controlling authority

delineated by the Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 45.03, which provides:

A subpoena may be served by any person authorized to serve

process, 

or the witness may acknowledge service in writing on the

subpoena.

Service of subpoena shall be made by delivering or offering to

deliver

a copy thereof to the person to whom it is directed.

The subpoena was issued on April 14, 2000 and stamped filed by the Davidson County

Circuit Court Clerk’s Office on April 17, 2000. The record indicates that Gene Wilkerson of the

Davidson County Sheriff’s Department served Dr. Olson with the subpoena on April 21, 2000.

The subpoena required Dr. Olson’s attendance at 8:30 a.m. on May 1, 2000. Clearly, Ms.

Robert’s complied with this Rule. Ms. Robert’s attorney improperly relies on the Davidson

County Local Rule 9 of the Rules of Practice in Juvenile Court to state his position. 

In this case, the proper local rule to follow is Davidson County Local Rule 27.05 (b),

which provides: 

(b) Absence of a witness will not be cause for a continuance unless

the subpoena has been issued and dated ten days prior to a trial for

a local witness and 14 days for an out of county witness, pursuant to

Local Rule 28.02.

The record indicates that Ms. Roberts could not communicate or present evidence to the

trial court that in fact a subpoena had been issued for Dr. Olson. It is important for this Court to

revisit the transaction that took place during the bench trial on May 1, 2000. The record points

out the colloquy between the trial court and Ms. Robert’s attorney, Mr. Hodde:

The Court: You indicated that subpoena was mailed to him. I’m not

aware that it complies with the statute on subpoenas. In fact there is a

specific statute that deals with service of process by an attorney or the

attorney’s agent, sometimes paralegal, law clerk, or investigator, but my

recollection is that requires that the subpoena be personally served on the

prospective witness. I know for example I can’t hold a witness in
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contempt for failure to appear unless they have been served consistent

with the statute. 

Mr. Hodde: It may be moot if I can’t find the subpoena anyway, but I’m

of the opinion that we subpoenaed him by mail. I find neither subpoena

nor Dr. Olson. He is retired. He obviously lives within a hundred miles,

but I believe under subpoena if you have the court file and it doesn’t show

he has been subpoenaed, then he has not.

The Court: Rule 43.05, service of the subpoena shall be made by

delivering or offering to deliver a copy thereof to the person whom it is

directed, and it comments this rule requires personal service upon a

witness unlike the prior practice authorizing leaving a copy of the

subpoena at the usual place of residence.

Mr. Hodde: Your Honor, I have nothing further to add to that. If we

didn’t serve him through the Davidson County sheriff’s office and there is

no return summons in the file, he is simply not here.

The Court: Then the proof is closed. 

Following this trial, Ms. Robert’s attorney later found out that his firm did serve Dr.

Olson via the Davidson County Sheriff’s Department and in compliance with Rule 43.05.

However, when asked in open court regarding the manner of service, Ms. Robert’s attorney was

under the impression Dr. Olson was served by mail. At one point he conceded that Dr. Olson

might not have been served at all. Ms. Robert’s attorney also relies on the fact that the trial court

had the subpoena at its disposal in the record. Regardless whether the trial court has the record at

its disposal or not, it is the obligation of the movant to be adequately prepared and present to the

court the pertinent proof. 

There was nothing keeping Ms. Robert’s attorney from checking the record himself or

checking the with the Davidson County Circuit Clerk’s office for a copy of the subpoena. The

trial court gave the parties a long lunch break, which gave Ms. Robert’s attorney the opportunity

to locate Dr. Olson or make alternative plans concerning the case. There is no controlling

authority that requires judges to become investigators. Ms. Roberts was given ample

opportunity to present a copy of the subpoena to the court, however no copy was found or

presented to the court for review. Judge Kurtz had no other choice but to deny the request for a

continuance based on the representations made by Ms. Robert’s attorney, Mr. Hodde. We are

not persuaded by the notion that Judge Kurtz abused his discretion when he denied the

continuance. 

 III.

Ms. Roberts argues the trial court erred in denying the admission of Dr. Olson’s

deposition following its refusal to grant the motion for a continuance based on Dr. Olson’s

nonappearance for the bench trial. Ms. Roberts makes the argument that deposition is
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admissible under the Tennessee Rules of Evidence 804(a)(5) and Tennessee Rule of Civil

Procedure 32.01. We will consider Rule 804(a)(5) first. Rule 804 provides for certain

exceptions to the hearsay exclusionary rule when a witness is “unavailable.” Unavailability is

defined at subsection (a)(5) as including situations in which the declarant “is absent from the

hearing and the proponent of a statement has been unable to procure the declarant’s attendance

by process.” 

Similarly, Rule 32.01 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

At a trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory

proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible

under the rules of evidence applied as though the witness were

then present and testifying, may be used against any party who was

present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had

reasonable notice thereof, in accordance with any of the following

provisions:

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(3) The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be

used by any party for any purpose if the court finds:...(D) that the

party offering the deposition has been unable to procure the

attendance of the witness by subpoena or the witness is exempt

from subpoena to trial under T.C.A. § 24-9-101; or (E) upon

application and notice, that such exceptional circumstances exist as

to make it desirable, in the interest of justice and with due regard

to the importance of presenting the testimony of witness orally in

open court, to allow the deposition to be used. Not withstanding

the foregoing provisions, depositions of experts taken pursuant to

the provisions of Rule 26.02(4) may not be used at the trial except

to impeach in accordance with the provisions of Rule 32.01(1). 

In this case, Ms. Roberts failed to establish the conditions set forth in both Rule 804

(a)(5) and 32.01. The record indicates that the trial court questioned Ms. Robert’s attorney on

the admissibility of the deposition as it relates to Rule 32. Ms. Robert’s attorney could not

articulate to the court whether there was a subpoena issued for Dr. Olson or how the deposition

would be admissible. The trial court had no other option but to deny the deposition into

evidence during the proof portion of the trial. In addition, Ms. Robert’s attorney failed to make

an offer of proof pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 103(a)(2), which was certainly a viable

option for him. See Tennessee Rule of Evidence 103(a)(2). Thus, we find that the trial court

properly denied the deposition of Dr. Olson. 

 IV.

The third issue concerns whether the trial court erred in awarding Ms. Roberts an amount

less than her proven medical expenses. The applicable standard of review for cases involving
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damages is de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of

correctness of the finding unless evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. Proc. 13(d);

Cross v. City of Memphis, 20 S.W.3d 642, 643 (Tenn. 2000). Damages in personal injury

cases are not measured by “fixed rules of law, but rests largely in the discretion of the trier of

fact and is entitled to great weight in the appellate courts in the absence of a showing of fraud or

corruption.” Coakley v. Daniels, 840 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). A plaintiff is

entitled to recover for reasonable and necessary medical expenses acquired during the treatment

of the injury. Hogan v. Reese, 1998 WL 430627 *6-7 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Since there are no

“fixed rules of law” requiring damages to be equal to or exceed the proven medical expenses, the

fact that a given amount is proven as undisputed medical expenses does not prove those

expenses were necessary. Karas v. Thorne, 531 S.W.2d 315, 316-17 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1975).

Furthermore, physicians familiar with the extent and nature of the plaintiff’s medical treatment

can give an opinion regarding the reasonableness of the physician’s services and charges. Long

v. Mattingly, 797 S.W.2d 889, 893 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). The appellate court will not reverse

the trial court unless there is a finding that the award of damages shows prejudice or is so grossly

inadequate as to shock the conscience of the court. Id. at 317-18. 

In the instant case, the trial court awarded Ms. Roberts a judgment in the amount of

$25,000 for damages sustained as a consequence to the accident that occurred on May 17, 1995.

Ms. Roberts offered testimony from a number of doctors who claimed her medical expenses

exceeded $30,000. Dr. James P. Anderson testified Ms. Roberts incurred a minimum of

$31,986.85 in reasonable and necessary medical expenses related to the 1995 accident. Further,

the testimony of Dr. Leon Ensalada indicated Ms. Robert’s reasonable and necessary medical

expenses totaled $31,903.85. Similarly, Dr. Richard Lisella, Food Lion’s expert, confirmed that

$31,903.85 in medical expenses was reasonable and necessary. 

The injuries resulting from the accident involved soreness in her neck and headaches.

The record indicates Ms. Robert’s injuries subsided substantially a “couple of months” after the

accident. Her subsequent injury in September of 1997 complicates this determination. Ms.

Roberts has received extensive medical treatment and further expenses for several years

following the May 17, 1995 accident. In lieu of the September 1997 accident, we are unable to

determine whether all of the medical expenses were reasonable and necessary. Food Lion

argued that only $8,000 in medical expenses was reasonable and necessary due to her second

accident occurring in September of 1997. With the number of questions surrounding the

reasonableness of the medical expenses, we are not convinced that the judgment of $25,000 is so

grossly inadequate as to shock the conscience of this court. The trial court was given the

opportunity to weigh the credibility of the witnesses and the evidence and made a sound

determination in the eyes of this court. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in its award of

$25,000 to Ms. Roberts. 

 V.

The last issue before the court is whether the trial court should have awarded future

medical expenses to Ms. Roberts. Ms. Roberts did not begin to take Celebrex, a prescribed

medication, until after the September 1997 accident. Obviously, this is not attributable to the

May 17, 1995 accident and cannot be allocated as future medical expenses. An award of future
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medical expenses would be considered a windfall for Ms. Roberts, therefore, the trial court was

correct in failing to award future medical expenses.

 VI.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed to the

appellant, Janice F. Roberts.

____________________________

DON R. ASH, SPECIAL JUDGE