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Glen Canyon Dam

Adaptive Management Work Group

Ad Hoc Committee on Strategic Planning

Report to AMWG, January 2001

Strategic Plan Update

This document consists of the following components, which should be 

viewed as an integrated whole. Together, they guide the work of the 

Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Work Group.

ß Vision and Mission

ß Principles

ß Goals 

ß Objectives

ß Glossary
Vision and Mission

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The Grand Canyon is a homeland for some, sacred to many, and a 

national treasure for all. In honor of past generations, and on behalf of 

those of the present and future, we envision an ecosystem where the 

resources and natural processes are in harmony under a stewardship 

worthy of the Grand Canyon.

We advise the Secretary of the Interior on how best to protect, mitigate

adverse impacts to, and improve the integrity of the Colorado River 

ecosystem affected by Glen Canyon Dam, including natural biological 

diversity (emphasizing native biodiversity), traditional cultural 

properties, spiritual values, and cultural, physical, and recreational 

resources through the operation of Glen Canyon Dam and other means.

We do so in keeping with the federal trust responsibilities to Indian 

tribes, in compliance with applicable federal, state, and tribal laws, 

including the water delivery obligations of the Law of the River, and 

with due consideration to the economic value of power resources.

This will be accomplished through our long-term partnership utilizing 

the best available scientific and other information through an adaptive 

ecosystem management process.
Principles

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The Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Work Group embraces the following Principles. 

They guided development of the Goals and Objectives for the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive 

Management Program (GCDAMP). These Principles are:

1. The Goals represent a set of desired outcomes that together will accomplish our Vision and 

achieve the purpose of the Grand Canyon Protection Act. Some of the Objectives and 

actions that fall under these Goals may not be the responsibility of the GCDAMP, and may 

be funded by other sources, but are included here for completeness.

2. The construction of Glen Canyon Dam and the introduction of non-native species have 

irreversibly changed the Colorado River ecosystem.

3. Much remains unknown about the Colorado River ecosystem below Glen Canyon Dam and 

how to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem Goals.

4. The Colorado River ecosystem is a managed ecosystem. An ecosystem management 

approach, in lieu of an issues, species, or resources approach, will guide our efforts. 

Management efforts will prevent any further human-induced extirpation or extinction of 

native species.

5. An adaptive management approach will be used to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem Goals, 

through experimentation and monitoring, to meet the intent of the Grand Canyon Protection 

Act, the Environmental Impact Statement, and the Record of Decision. 

6. Management actions, including changes in dam operations, will be tried that attempt to return 

ecosystem patterns and processes to their range of natural variability. When this is not 

appropriate, or beyond the range of operational flexibility of the dam, experiments will be 

conducted to test other approaches.

7. Because management actions to achieve a Goal may benefit one resource or value and 

adversely affect another, those action alternatives that benefit all resources and values will be 

pursued first. When this is not possible, actions that have a neutral impact, or as a last resort, 

actions that minimize negative impacts on other resources will be pursued, consistent with 

the final Glen Canyon Dam EIS and the Record of Decision.

8. If the target of a management objective proves to be inappropriate, unrealistic, or 

unattainable, the AMP will reevaluate that target and the methods used to attain it.

8.9. Recognizing the diverse perspectives and spiritual values of the stakeholders, the unique 

aesthetic value of the Grand Canyon will be respected and enhanced.
Goals

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1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable 

populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

2. Maintain or attain viable populations of existing native fish and 

remove jeopardy from humpback chub and razorback sucker.

3. Restore populations of extirpated species, as feasible and advisable.

4. Maintain a wild reproducing population of rainbow trout above Lees 

Ferry the Paria River, to the extent practicable and consistent with 

the maintenance of viable populations of native fish.

5. Maintain or attain viable populations of Kanab ambersnail.

6. Protect or improve the biotic riparian and spring communities.

7. Establish water temperature, quality, and flow dynamics to achieve 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

8. Increase fine Maintain or attain levels of sediment storage within the 

main channel and along shorelines to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem 

goals.

Goal 8. Protect the presence of southwestern willow flycatcher in a 

manner consistent with riparian ecosystem goals

9. Maintain or improve the quality of recreational experiences for users 

of the Colorado River ecosystem, within the framework of 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

10.Maintain or increase power capacity and energy generation, and 

increase where feasible and advisable, within the framework of 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

11.Preserve, protect, manage, and treat cCultural resources within the 

river corridor shall be preserved, protected, managed and treated for 

the inspiration and benefit of past, present and future generations.

12.Maintain a high-quality monitoring, research, and adaptive 

management program. (These goals are now part of Goal 12: Build 

a broad, effective, outreach program. Broaden the funding base to 

achieve GCDAMP goals and objectives.)
Goal 1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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The target for all the Management Objectives in Goal 1 is adequate food availability to support trout and native fish above the Paria River, and native fish below the Paria 

River. Linkages: See the numbers of fish desired under Goals 2, 3, and 4.

Biomass 17.5x +/- y g/m2 (Cobble)(27)

2.7 a +/- b g/m2 (Pool) (27)

(To be provided from 

Shannon et al.)

150 g/m2(27)

x +/- y g/m2 (Cobble)

 a +/- b g/m2 (Pool)

(Need to resolve differences 

between data from Shannon 

et al. and AGFD.)

Also see McKinney et al. 

1999(22)

The small group suggested 

the target should be the 

average of 1996 and 1997 

data which they believe 

represents the best biomass 

estimates for the period in 

which data is available, 

and because they appeared 

to be good years to support 

the desired species.

49.60% Cladophora

33.10% Chlorophyta

 9.10% Fontinalis

 3.35% Chromophyta

 2.40% Rhodophyta 

 2.50% Cyanobacteria

(27)

River 

Mile

% 

Algae

% 

Macrophytes

POOLS

IN IN

IN IN

IN IN

COBBLES

IN IN

IN IN

Composition

IN IN

Obtain from 

literature Information Need

Metric is % of algal 

species that support upright 

diatoms

Given the change in 

composition, the idea of 

Cladophora as a keystone 

species has been called into 

question. Scientists have 

said composition is an 

Information Need and 

should not be broken down 

below algae and 

macrophytes at this point 

in time.

1.1

(1

and 

3)

Maintain or 

attain

Algae and 

periphyton

Primary 

producers: algae 

on hard 

substrates, 

rooted 

macrophytes on 

soft substrates, 

and diatoms

Production

Mainstem from 

Glen Canyon 

Dam to the Paria 

River in both 

pools and on 

cobble bars 

identified by 

specific 

sampling sites

Information Need Information Need Metric is g/m2/time of 

Cladophora
Goal 1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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The target for all the Management Objectives in Goal 1 is adequate food availability to support trout and native fish above the Paria River, and native fish below the Paria 

River. Linkages: See the numbers of fish desired under Goals 2, 3, and 4.

Biomass 5.0 x +/- y g/m2 (Cobble) (27)

1.0a +/- b g/m2 (Pool)(27)

5000 g/m2(27)

x +/- y g/m2 (Cobble) 

a +/- b g/m2 (Pool)

Also see McKinney et al. 

1999(22)

Composition 0.4% Worms

 3.6% Gammarus

 5.5% Oligochaetes

 0.1% Simulium

28.8% Midges

 3.8% Miscellaneous

57.7% Gastropoda

(Cobble)(27)

9999 1.0% Worms

 0.9% Gammarus

35.7% Oligochaete

22.3% Midges

(Pool)(27)

Cobble:

__ % Tubificids

__ % Gammarus

__ % Chironomids

__ % Gastropods

__ % Other

Pool:

__ % Tubificids

__ % Gammarus

__ % Chironomids

__ % Gastropods

__ % Other

(Data to be filled in by Joe 

Shannon and AGFD.)

Information Need Metric is relative % of 

species.

1.2

(2)

Maintain or 

attain

Benthic 

invertebrates

Production

Mainstem from 

Glen Canyon 

Dam to Paria 

River

Information Need Information Need Metric is g/m2/time
Goal 1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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The target for all the Management Objectives in Goal 1 is adequate food availability to support trout and native fish above the Paria River, and native fish below the Paria 

River. Linkages: See the numbers of fish desired under Goals 2, 3, and 4.

Biomass Information Need Information Need

Composition Information Need Information Need

1.3

(3)

Maintain or 

attain

Aquatic 

macrophytes

Production

Mainstem from 

Glen Canyon 

Dam to Paria 

River

Information Need Information Need Metric is g/m2/time

RMRiver 

Mile

g/m2

COBBLE

2

61

68

127

Biomass

205

50 g/m2(27)

RMR

iver 

Mile

% 

Algae

% Macrophytes

POOLS

2

61

68

127

205

COBBLE

2

61

68

127

1.34

(4 

and 

6)

Maintain or 

attain

Primary 

producers: algae 

on hard 

substrates and,

rooted 

macrophytes on 

soft substrates, 

and diatoms

Composition

Mainstem below 

the Paria River 

on cobble bars 

identified by 

specific 

sampling sites

205

Information Need Metric is relative % of 

algal species. MAMB is 

for miscellaneous algae, 

macrophytes, and 

bryophytes
Goal 1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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Biomass 0.960 g/m2 (Cobble)(27)

0.054 g/m2 (Pool)(27)

Obtain from literatureTo be 

provided based on 1996-97 

data.

Composition 0.4% Worm

 7.1% Gammarus

 8.2% Oligochaete

 4.3% Simulium

55.4% Chironomid

 3.6% Miscellaneous

21.0% Gastropod 

(Cobble)(27)

 0.4% Worm

 1.1% Gammarus

30.1% Oligochaete

14.3% Simulium

48.9% Chironomid

 1.2% Miscellaneous

 4.0% Gastropod

(Pool)(27)

Cobble:

__ % Tubificids

__ % Gammarus

__ % Chironomids

__ % Gastropods

__ % Other

Pool:

__ % Tubificids

__ % Gammarus

__ % Chironomids

__ % Gastropods

__ % Other

Obtain from literature Metric is relative % of 

species.

1.45

(5)

Maintain or 

attain

Benthic 

invertebrates

Production 

Mainstem below 

the Paria River

Information Need Information Need Metric is g/m2/time
Goal 1. Protect or improve the aquatic foodbase so that it will support viable populations of desired species at higher trophic levels.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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Distribution 20 Worms

 500 Gammarus

 120 Oligochaetes

 10 Simulium

2150 Midges

 20 Miscellaneous

1580 Gastropod

(Cobble at Mile 2)(27)

Information Need

0.024 g/m3/s (Plants)

0.056 g/m3/s (Detritus)

0.001 g/m3/s (Inverts)

River Mile AFDW

2

61

68

127

Abundance

205

Obtain from literatureTo be 

provided based on 1996-97 

data.)

1.56

(7)

Maintain or 

attain

Foodbase drift: 

Diptera

Gammarus

Other Bugs

CPOM

FPOM

DOC

Composition

Mainstem below 

GCD

29.2% (Plants)

69.3% (Detritus)

 1.1% (CPOM inverts)

 0.4% (FPOM inverts)

Obtain from literature
Goal 2. Maintain or attain viable populations of existing native fish and remove jeopardy from humpback chub and razorback sucker.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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LCR and 

mainstem within 

3 miles of LCR

LCR 

aggregation 

(The definition 

of the LCR 

aggregation will 

be resolved 

following 

completion of 

the stock 

assessment 

workshop and 

the PEP review.)

8096 4330-4811 

individuals(3; 36) with a mean 

of 4508 individuals

2.1 Information Need

(8)

Maintain or 

attain

Humpback chub 

(150 mm and 

larger)

(Length is based 

on the size at 

which a HBC is 

able to be pittagged.)

Abundance

Mainstem 

except within 3 

miles of the 

LCR

Eight mainstem 

aggregations

225 individuals(3; 36)

Information Need

?? Confidence interval with a 

mean of 225 individuals??

Information Need

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.

Target to be based on 91-

96 population estimate, 

PVA, & Ne.

LCR 

aggregationLCR 

and mainstem 

within 3 miles of 

LCR

Obtain from literature

Information Need. Consider 

using a CPUE index for 

different year classes, at 

some place in the LCR at 

some time during the year.

Information Need. Intended 

to be an index that will 

indicate spawning success.

2.2

(9)

Maintain or 

attain

Humpback chub 

(51 mm to 150 

mm)

AbundanceYear 

class strength

Eight mainstem 

aggregationsMai

nstem except 

within 3 miles of 

the LCR

0-74 captures/trip(9)

Information Need

Information Need

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.

Metric is “catch per unit 

effort” (CPUE). See 

Gorman and Bramblett.(9)

See synthesis by Coggins.
Goal 2. Maintain or attain viable populations of existing native fish and remove jeopardy from humpback chub and razorback sucker.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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LCR 

aggregation

2.3 Information Need Information Need

(ne

w)

Maintain or 

attain

Humpback chub 

(> 200 mm) 

(This is the 

length at which 

50% of the fish 

are thought to be 

sexually 

mature.)

Recruitment

8 mainstem 

aggregations

Information Need Information Need

Target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.

2.4

3

(10)

Establish Humpback chub PopulationsSpa

wning 

aggregation

CRE 

downstream of 

GCD

One self-sustaining 

populationspawning 

aggregation in the LCR

One additional selfsustaining populationA 

second spawning aggregation

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.

LCR 

aggregationLCR 

and mainstem 

within 3 miles of 

LCR

Information Need Information Need. There 

should be a minimum 

threshold.

Condition

8 mainstem 

aggregationsMai

nstem except 

within 3 miles of 

the LCR

Information Need Information Need

LCR 

aggregationLCR 

and mainstem 

within 3 miles of 

LCR

Information Need Information Need

2.5

4

(11)

Attain Humpback chub

HealthDisease 

and other 

parasites

8 mainstem 

aggregationsMai

nstem except 

within 3 miles of 

the LCR

Information Need Information Need

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy. PEP should 

be asked to evaluate the 

method that would be 

used to calculate 

condition and the value to 

be established as the 

threshold.
Goal 2. Maintain or attain viable populations of existing native fish and remove jeopardy from humpback chub and razorback sucker.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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LCR and 

mainstem within 

3 miles of LCR

2.5 Information Need Information Need 

(12)

Maintain or 

attain

Humpback chub Spawning

Mainstem 

except within 3 

miles of the 

LCR

Information Need Information Need

See Gorman and 

Bramblett.(9)

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.

CRE below 

GCD LCR

Predation on Information Need Information Need

native fish

Mortality due to 

non-native fish 

predation as a % 

of overall 

mortality

Mainstem Information Need Information Need

2.6

(13)

Reduce NonnativeNative

fish

Competition 

with native fish

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need Information Need

Metric for ‘predation on 

native fish’ is rate of 

predation. See Gorman 

and Bramblett.(9)

The target is reduction of 

non-native fish predation 

and competition so they it 

does not impinge on 

native fish viability. 

Suggested metrics for this 

MO are stomach content 

analysis, abundance, and 

distribution. Linkages: 

The native fish MOs in 

Goal 2 and Goal 3.

2.7

(14)

Attain Razorback 

sucker

PopulationsAbu

ndance

CRE below 

GCD

0 individuals(9) Information Need Target is derived from the 

capability of the habitat to 

support the species.

Abundance and 

distribution

?? AGFD to provide (9) Flannelmouth Information Need

sucker

Distribution ?? AGFD to provide (9) Information Need

Abundance ?? AGFD to provide (9) Bluehead sucker Information Need

Distribution ?? AGFD to provide (9) Information Need

Abundance ?? AGFD to provide (9) Information Need

2.8

(15)

Maintain

Speckled dace

Distribution

CRE below 

GCD

?? AGFD to provide (9) Information Need

Appropriate metric to be 

determined.

The target is viable 

populations and removal 

of jeopardy.
Goal 3. Restore populations of extirpated species, as feasible and advisable.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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Colorado 

pikeminnow

0 individuals(9) Information Need

Bonytail 0 individuals(9) Information Need

Roundtail Chub 0 individuals(9) Information Need

3.1

(16)

Restore

River otter

Abundance CRE 

downstream of 

GCD

0 individuals(10) Information Need
Goal 4. Maintain a wild reproducing population of rainbow trout above Lees Ferrythe Paria River, to the extent practicable and consistent 

with the maintenance of viable populations of native fish.

NOTE ON GOAL 4: The purpose of this goal is recreation. It is limited by MO 13.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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This goal is self-explanatory and does not need a separate qualitative target. Linkages: See Issue Paper B (trout). 

260,000 +/- 30,000 Age II+ 

individuals(23)

100,000 – 250,000 Age II+ 

individuals

Abundance

Electrofishing CPUE Information Need

An upper threshold level 

of population abundance 

should be developed that 

triggers some action to 

reduce abundance so 

population densities do 

not drive the other suite of 

RBT indicators below 

acceptable levels.Target is 

the level at which trout do 

not impinge on native 

fish.

Electrofishing 

CPUE

Information Need Information Need

Proportional 

Stock Density 

(see below)

15% Information Need Might replace measure of 

“length at age” in the 

future. Value of metric 

needs to be assessed.

Length at age 15” by Age III(23) 15 – 18” by Age III

Condition Wr = 0.82(23) Wr = 0.90

Whirling disease 

and other 

parasitic 

infections

Absence Absence

4.1

(17)

Maintain or 

attain

Rainbow trout 

(RBT)

Spawning 

habitat

Mainstem from 

Glen Canyon 

Dam to Paria 

River

Information Need Information Need Metric is quality and 

abundance of habitat.

4.2

new

Maintain or 

attain

Rainbow trout Natural 

recruitment

100% 100% This MO restates and 

measures the goal.
Goal 4. Maintain a wild reproducing population of rainbow trout above Lees Ferrythe Paria River, to the extent practicable and consistent 

with the maintenance of viable populations of native fish.

NOTE ON GOAL 4: The purpose of this goal is recreation. It is limited by MO 13.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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4.23

new

Maintain or 

attainLimit

Lees Ferry RBT Distribution CRE bBelow the 

Paria River

Information Need Information Need. Some 

number that suggests 

minimal competitive or 

predator / prey effect on 

downstream native fish.

Need research and data that 

demonstrate predator / prey 

and competitive effect.

Target is some number 

that suggests minimal 

competitive or predator / 

prey effect on 

downstream native fish.

Proportional Stock Density is the ratio that results by dividing the number of fish great than 16” by the number of all fish greater than 12”. This provides a measure of the 

abundance of fish at a certain size, which should translate into a target for both abundance and length at age.
Goal 5. Maintain or attain viable populations of Kanab ambersnail.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 16 of 37

The metric is the 

population parameter(s) 

that indicate viability. 

Target is a viable 

population. “Viable” 

includes the entire 

population, not just those 

below 70,000 cfs.

5.1

(24)

Attain and 

maintain

Kanab 

ambersnail

Population Vasey’s 

Paradise

 7100 (April 1999)

 6400 (May 1999)

20,000 (July 1999)

35,000 (Sept/Oct 1999)

(Individuals below 70,000 

cfs stage)(24)

Information Need (to be 

measured in the spring and 

before any Management 

Action that may affect the 

population)

Management Action: 

monitor the KAS 

populations at Keyhole, 

Elves, and Deer Creek 

5.2

(25)

Maintain Kanab 

ambersnail

Habitat Above some 

stage level at 

Vasey’s 

Paradise (stage 

level is an 

Information 

Need)

82-99 m2 monkeyflower and 

36.6 m2 watercress below 

70,000 cfs stage.

Information Need (for above 

new stage level when it is 

determined)

 Information Need. An tenxyear running average greater 

than or equal to 50y% of the 

total area of occupied habitat 

measured at Vasey’s in 

March 1996, with a minimal 

level TBD.

Target is level needed to 

sustain a viable 

population. Purpose is to 

limit human impact, by 

intentional flooding or 

other actions, to habitats 

occupied by Kanab 

ambersnail.
Goal 6. Protect or improve the biotic riparian and spring communities.

NOTE ON GOAL 6: This goal is intended to help achieve the biological, cultural, and recreational goals.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 17 of 37

The target is an achievable and appropriate mix of these four types of communities: marsh, open sand beach, old high water zone (OHWZ), and new high water zone 

(NHWZ). All four communities are important for maintaining the diversity of wildlife. The Old High Water Zone is a high priority because of the threat of losing it. One 

way of maintaining it is through high flows, which may have a negative effect on marshes and New High Water Zones. 

Considering the legal and regulatory mandates of the NPS to protect natural landscapes and native species and communities, considering regenerative capabilities, and 

recognizing the dynamic and successional nature of these communities, the other three zones would be a lower priority.

Abundance 1215 patches (4.6 ha)(7) For a 10x-year running 

average of 1000 y or more 

marsh patches >/= 10 m2, as 

determined by standard 

criteria for wetland species, 

soil type, and wetted area.

Composition Information Need No loss of native species. 

Species are assumed still to 

be present when they have 

been detected by monitoring 

within the last 10 years.

6.1

(29)

Maintain Marsh

Area

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need For a 10x-year running 

average area equal to +/-

50y% of the area defined by 

aerial imaging in 2000.

See Kearsley(15) and 

Stevens et al.(29). 
Goal 6. Protect or improve the biotic riparian and spring communities.

NOTE ON GOAL 6: This goal is intended to help achieve the biological, cultural, and recreational goals.

MO 

#

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 18 of 37

Patch number 

and distribution

Information Need Information Need Target is to ensure that 

NHWZ vegetation is not 

eliminated from any 

reaches where it already 

occurs. Metric is number 

of miles per reach. In all 

river reaches where it was 

documented by aerial 

imaging photography in 

20001984,. the target is 

to allow for scouring of 

some NHWZ vegetation 

due to periodic high 

flows, and to allow its 

return through 

successional processes.

Composition Information Need For no loss of native plant or 

animal species. Species are 

assumed still to be present 

when they have been 

detected by monitoring 

within the last 10 years.

Target is to allow no loss 

of native plant or animal 

species.

6.2

(30)

Maintain New high water 

zone community

Area 

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need For a 10x-year running 

average area equal to +/-

50y% of the area defined by 

aerial imaging in 2000.

In any given year, the 

vegetated area should not be 

less than the area measured 

in 1983 or 25% of the area 

measured in 2000 (whichever 

is less).

NHWZ vegetation & sand 

beaches occur in the same 

strip of land. An increase 

to NHWZ vegetation will 

reduce the amount of 

open sand, and vice versa. 

These objectives are 

therefore closely linked to 

each other, as well as to 

the beach-building effects 

of BHBFs.
Goal 6. Protect or improve the biotic riparian and spring communities.

NOTE ON GOAL 6: This goal is intended to help achieve the biological, cultural, and recreational goals.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 19 of 37

Abundance Information NeedIn 1992, 

there was an estimated 1,870 

acres of OHWZ vegetation 

(cite: Stevens 1992).

Information Need Target is no loss of area.

Composition Information Need Information Need

6.3

(31)

Maintain Old high water 

zone

Distribution

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need Information Need

Abundance Information Need Information Need

Composition Information Need Information Need

6.4 

(32)

Maintain Sand Beach

Distribution

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need Information Need

See Kearsley(15) and 

Stevens et al.(29)

Abundance 157 species (Plants)(21; 30) 6.54 Information Need

(33)

Maintain Culturally 

important 

species

Distribution

CRE below 

GCD Information Need Information Need

Abundance 

(Abundance 

refers to number 

of individuals 

within the 

species. These 

species should 

be limited to 

invasive ones, 

not just nonnatives.)

95+ species (Plants)(28)

3 species (Birds)(28)

Range to be determined No 

new non-native species. 

Invasive non-native species 

cover </= x% of total 

riparian area. Targets are 

species-specific. 

(Information Need)

The target for abundance 

is the level at which these 

species do not impinge on 

biological, recreational, 

and cultural resources. 

6.65

(34)

Reduce Invasive nonnative species

Distribution

CRE below 

GCD

Information Need No new non-native species. 

Invasive non-native species 

cover </= x% of total 

riparian area or less. 

Information Need

The target for distribution 

is no spreading of 

invasive non-native 

species to areas where 

they do not already occur.
Goal 6. Protect or improve the biotic riparian and spring communities.

NOTE ON GOAL 6: This goal is intended to help achieve the biological, cultural, and recreational goals.

MO 

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6.7

new

Maintain Spring and 

wetland

Habitat occupied 

by rare and 

endemic species

CRE below 

GCD at some 

stage level 

(Information 

Need)

Information Need Information Need The target is to maintain 

the capability of these 

habitats to support the 

rare and endemic species 

known to live there. The 

targets should recognize 

the dynamic nature of 

these habitats as 

influenced by flow events.

6.86

(27)

Maintain Southwest 

willow 

flycatcher

Riparian habitat CRE below 

GCD, and 

especially from 

Separation to 

Lake Mead

Information Need For a dynamic mosaic of 

NHWZ, OHWZ, and marsh 

vegetation, the NHWZ being 

dominated primarily by 

willows and/or tamarisk at 

least 4 meters high and in 

patches at least 20 meters 

wide.

Information Need

The target is the 

capability of the habitat to 

support the species. The 

target is a dynamic 

mosaic of NHWZ, 

OHWZ, and marsh 

vegetation. The NHWZ 

should be dominated 

primarily by willows 

and/or tamarisk at least 4 

meters high and in 

patches at least 20 meters 

wide. This MO provides 

specificity for other MOs 

under this goal. Lake 

Mead water levels are an 

important factor, but are 

outside the control of the 

AMP. Definitions of 

critical habitat will 

change as we learn more 

about the species’ needs.
Goal 7. Establish water temperature, quality, and flow dynamics to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

NOTE FOR GOAL 7: The phrase, “to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem goals,” indicates that this goal is a method to achieve certain other goals. In this case, “ecosystem goals” 

includes biological goals, recreational goals, and the cultural goal.

MO 

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At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 21 of 37

Temperature 

range

6.93-18.56 o C

(17) Use decision process

Information Need

Target may include 

several stations in the 

mainstem.

7.1

(18)

Attain Water

Seasonal 

variability of 

temperature

Mainstem

Information Need Use decision process

Information Need

The target for MO 7.1 is a temperature range and pattern of seasonal variability based on the range of natural variability, the range of operational flexibility of the dam, the 

range of legal flexibility, and the range that optimizes conditions for the featured targeted resources. Targeted resources are foodbase, native fish, trout, and people (human 

health and safety – microorganisms and hypothermia).

Temperature patterns should have as their first priority the improvement of conditions for native biological resources, including native fish, and including foodbase and trout 

interactions. This is based on the special status of native fish. Linkages: MO 13; Principles 4, 6, and 7; and the Vision-Mission statement.

7.2

(19)

Maintain Water Quality Mainstem Information Need (for the 

specific water quality 

parameters to use).

Obtain from literature and 

use decision process

Information Need

Parameters may include 

nutrients, salinity, pH, 

DO, nitrogen, 

phosphorus, microbes, 

and others. Data available 

from NASQWAN.

(35)

The target for MO 7.2 is water quality based on the range of natural variability, the range of operational flexibility of the dam, the range of legal flexibility, the legallydefined state water quality standards, and the range that optimizes conditions for the featured targeted resources. The targeted resources are foodbase, native fish, trout, 

Southwestern willow flycatcher, riparian and spring communities, the recreational experience, and cultural resources. Linkages: Goals 1-3, 8-10, and 12.

Power plant 

operations

ROD operating criteria Current RODDam operating 

criteria then in effect

BHBF flows Maximum 45,000 cfs (March 

to April)

Current RODDam operating 

criteria then in effect

7.3

(20)

Maintain Flow dynamics

Habitat 

maintenance 

flows

Mainstem

ROD operating criteria Current RODDam operating 

criteria then in effect

See MO 50 for 

experimental flows.
Goal 8. Increase fine sedimentMaintain or attain levels of sediment storage within the main channel and along shorelines to achieve 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

NOTE FOR GOAL 8: The phrase, “to achieve GCDAMP ecosystem goals,” indicates that this goal is a method to achieve certain other goals. In this case, “ecosystem goals” 

includes biological goals, recreational goals, and the cultural goal.

MO 

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At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 22 of 37

The target for Goal 68 is enough sediment to achieve the biological, recreational, and cultural goals. Given limited sediment inputs, we need to retain enough sediment in the 

system to achieve ecosystem patterns in these goals). For the biological goals, the purposes are habitat and nutrient storage. For the cultural goal, the purposes are plant 

habitat and preserving sites through filling in arroyos and replenishing the terraces with sediment. For recreational goals, the purposes are camping beaches and trout 

spawning habitat. Linkages: Recreational, biological, and cultural goals: 1-4, 7-10, and 12.

Abundance 329,000 m3 (35 sites)(12; 31) Current volumes or higher, 

including some timeframe 

based on tributary inputs and 

high flows timing 

(Information Need).

Metric is area (m2) and 

volume (m3) as a rolling 

average. Target level 

should consider spawning 

habitat for trout in Glen 

Canyon.

Grain-size 0.3-0.4 mm(12; 31) Current volumes or higher, 

including some timeframe 

based on tributary inputs and 

high flows timing 

(Information Need).

Also, see Kondolf.(16)

Target level should 

consider spawning habitat 

for trout in Glen Canyon.

8.1

(21)

Maintain or 

attain

Fine Ssediment

Distribution 

Main channel up 

to power plant 

capacity

Information Need Current volumes or higher, 

including some timeframe 

based on tributary inputs and 

high flows timing 

(Information Need).

Metric is # sandbars by 

reach. Target level should 

consider spawning habitat 

for trout in Glen Canyon.

Abundance 289,120 m3 (35 sites)(12; 31) Information Need Metric is area (m2) and 

volume (m3) as a rolling 

average

Grain-size 0.15-0.18 mm(12; 31) Information Need

8.2

(22)

Maintain or 

attain

Fine sediment

Distribution

Eddies up to 

25,000 cfs

Information Need Information Need Metric is # of sandbars by 

reach

Abundance 0.37m (Glen Canyon)

0.60m (Marble Canyon)

0.80m (Grand Canyon) (12)

Information Need Metric is area (m2) and 

volume (m3) as a rolling 

average

Grain-size 0.15 -- 0.18 mm (31) Information Need

8.3

(23)

Maintain or 

attain

Fine Ssediment

Distribution

Shorelines 

between 25,000 

cfs and 

maximum 

BHBF Information Need Information Need Metric is # sandbars by 

reach
Goal 9. Maintain or improve the quality of recreational experiences for users of the Colorado River ecosystem, within the framework of 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

NOTE ON GOAL 9: The phrase, “within the framework of GCDAMP ecosystem goals,” is intended to indicate a hierarchy or order of precedence. That is, the 

accomplishment of this goal should be undertaken in such a way that the likelihood of achieving the biological goals and the cultural goal is not impaired.

MO 

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 23 of 37

Physical access Information Need.

Obtain from current GLCA 

and GRCA management 

plans. Use 10-year average 

distributed by season of userdays, number of people, and 

distribution.

Information Need

(subject to GLCA and 

GRCA river management 

plans in progress)

9.1

(35)

Maintain Visitor

Physical safety 

Mainstem

Information Need. 

Use average of NPS incident 

reports from Myers et al. for 

period 1988-92.

No more river-related deaths. 

Minimum flows 10,000 cfs. 

Maximum flows 35,000 cfs. 

BHBF flows OK with adequate 

warning time (Stewart et al. 

2000)

Target level should be 

within the capacity of the 

CRE to absorb visitor 

impacts. Target level 

should consider GLCA 

and GRCA Management 

Plans. See Myers et al.(25)

Glen Canyon Information Need

GLCA data: number and 

variety of recreational 

activities.

GLCA Management Plan (in 

progress)

9.2

(36)

Maintain or 

improve

Recreational 

opportunitiesy

spectrum

Quality and 

quantity

Grand Canyon Information Need. GRCA 

data: number and variety of 

recreational activities.

GRCA Management Plan (in 

progress – temporarily 

suspended)

NPS studies underway.

Target level should be 

within the capacity of the 

CRE to absorb visitor 

impacts. Target level 

should consider GLCA 

and GRCA Management 

Plans. See Myers et al.(25)

Size Information Need

From Kaplinski et al. in prep.

800 m2 (Stewart et al. 2000)

Quality Information Need Information Need

9.3

(37)

Increase Camping 

beaches

Distribution

Mainstem in 

critical reaches 

(where there are 

only very few, 

very small, or 

very high use 

campsites)

21 +/- 5 beaches per critical 

reach above 10,000 cfs 

capable of accommodating 

16-36 people (after Kearsley 

et al. 1999)

Minimum 21 +/- 5 beaches 

per critical reach above 

maximum ROD flows 

(25,000 cfs) capable of 

accommodating 16-36 

people (after Kearsley et al. 

1999)

Target level should be within 

the capacity of the CRE to 

absorb visitor impacts. 

Target level should consider 

GLCA and GRCA 

Management Plans. See 

Myers et al.(25) Metric for 

Quality includes parameters 

for vegetation, sanitation, 

and shade. Metric for 

Distribution is number of 

campsites required per 

identified reach.
Goal 9. Maintain or improve the quality of recreational experiences for users of the Colorado River ecosystem, within the framework of 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

NOTE ON GOAL 9: The phrase, “within the framework of GCDAMP ecosystem goals,” is intended to indicate a hierarchy or order of precedence. That is, the 

accomplishment of this goal should be undertaken in such a way that the likelihood of achieving the biological goals and the cultural goal is not impaired.

MO 

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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9.4

(38)

Improve Rapids Navigability Mainstem Information Need Information Need 

See incident rates/flow level 

during the late 1980s and 

Interim Flow period. Also 

use Haberline study for a 

reference.

Target level to be 

developed from NPS onriver accident rates. See 

Myers et al.(25) The target 

should address 

navigability across the 

range of flows allowed 

within the ROD. The 

metric is the number of 

accidents per rapid at each 

flow.

9.5

(39)

Maintain or 

enhance

Experience Wilderness Grand Canyon Information Need Information Need Metric to include 

parameters for primitive 

character, unconfined 

experience, undeveloped 

natural and wild 

character, opportunities 

for solitude, sounds of 

nature and scenic beauty. 

The NPS is probably 

responsible for 

monitoring this MO.
Goal 10. Maintain or increase power capacity and energy generation, and increase where feasible and advisable, within the framework of 

GCDAMP ecosystem goals.

NOTE ON GOAL 10: The phrase, “within the framework of GCDAMP ecosystem goals,” is intended to indicate a hierarchy or order of precedence. That is, the 

accomplishment of this goal should be undertaken in such a way that the likelihood of achieving the biological goals, the recreational goals, and the cultural goal is not 

impaired.

MO 

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On some 

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At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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10.1

(40)

Maintain or 

increase 

Power Generation 

flexibility 

GCD ROD and current operating 

practices(33)

Information Need

Target is to maintain current practices, as constrained by the ROD, for 

ß marketable capacity and energy,

ß existing emergency criteria for the WAPA and WSCC systems, and

ß regulation for WALC and WACM;

and to determine feasibility and advisability for 

ß financial exception criteria for the WAPA system, and

ß regulation for other systems.

.
Goal 11. Preserve, protect, manage, and treat Ccultural resources within the river corridor shall be preserved, protected, managed and treated 

for the inspiration and benefit of past, present and future generations.

MO 

#

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 26 of 37

11.1

(41)

Preserve Register-eligible 

properties

National 

Register 

integrity

APE Information Need 100% of extant historic 

properties

Target level should 

consider recreational 

impacts. See USBR(32)

and Leap et al.(19)

Target is to preserve 

register-eligible properties 

via protection, 

management, and/or 

treatment (data recovery) 

for the purpose of federal 

agency compliance with 

NHPA, and AMP and 

AMWG compliance with 

GCPA.

11.2

(42)

Preserve Other cultural 

resources

Cultural values CRE Information Need Information Need Target level should 

consider recreational 

impacts. Target is to 

preserve (stabilize or 

improve based on current 

cultural values) other 

traditionally important 

resources that are not 

sufficiently addressed 

under other MOs.

11.3

(43)

Attain and 

maintain

AMP resource 

monitoring and 

management 

actions

Effective 

government-togovernment 

consultation

CRE Existing level: TWG, 

AMWG, and PA meetings. 

$75,000 appropriated and 

$400,000 power revenues.

100% of AMP actions See USBR(32)

Target is to achieve 

effective, legally 

mandated consultation.
Goal 11. Preserve, protect, manage, and treat Ccultural resources within the river corridor shall be preserved, protected, managed and treated 

for the inspiration and benefit of past, present and future generations.

MO 

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On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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11.4

(44)

Protect and 

maintain

Traditional 

cultural 

resources

Physical access CRE Information Need Information Need See USBR(34)

The target is designed to 

prevent AMWG from 

undertaking events that 

might restrict or block 

physical access by Native 

American religious 

practitioners, without 

meaningful consultation. 

See AIRFA and EO 

13007.

11.5

(45)

Integrate Information Cultural and 

other resources

CRE Synthesis report(30) Information Need Target is to ensure that 

data is able to be used 

both for increased 

understanding of the past 

and for ongoing 

interactions of humans 

within the CRE.
Goal 12. Maintain a high-quality monitoring, research, and adaptive management program.

MO 

#

Perform 

some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 28 of 37

Hydropower N/A Information Need Information Need

Air quality N/A Information Need Information Need

Wilderness N/A Information Need Information Need

Recreation N/A Information Need Information Need

Non-use values N/A Information Need Information Need

12.1

(46)

Maintain or 

attain

Socio-economic 

data

Tribal & 

spiritual values

N/A Information Need Information Need

The current level is how 

much socioeconomic data 

we have on the attributes. 

The target level is how 

much socioeconomic data 

is needed for adequate 

decision-making.

12.2

(47)

Attain and 

maintain 

Monitoring and 

research 

program

Natural, cultural, 

and recreational 

resources

CRE GCMRC Strategic Plan Updated GCMRC Strategic 

Plan

Current and target levels 

should include a planning 

document and an outside 

peer review document.

That 

acknowledges 

uncertainty and 

uses 

experimentation, 

monitoring & 

research

Information Need Updated AMP Strategic Plan 

that describes the processes 

for science-based 

collaborative resources 

management.

12.3

(48)

Attain and 

maintain 

AMP composed 

of all 

stakeholders

Participation

N/A

See meeting records. 100% attendance by all 

representatives at AMWG 

and TWG meetings plus 

active participation in Ad 

Hoc Committees.

12.4

(49)

Attain and 

maintain

 Funding

Tribal 

participation

AMP $75,000 (Appropriated)

$400,000 (Power revenues)

Information need The target is a level of 

funding adequate to meet 

each tribe’s needs to 

participate in the 

Adaptive Management 

Program. Linkage: 

Vision/Mission statement, 

particularly the mention 

of federal trust 

responsibilities.
Goal 12. Maintain a high-quality monitoring, research, and adaptive management program.

MO 

#

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

Attach_03 Page 29 of 37

12.5

(50)

Conduct Experimental 

flows

Flow dynamics Mainstem Information Need Information Need See GCMRC,(6) Webb et 

al.(37) and Topping et 

al.(31) Target level is the 

experiments needed to 

gain critical 

understanding of 

ecosystem function under 

different dam operations.

12.6

(51)

Conduct Management 

experiments

Other 

management 

actions

CRE Information Need Information Need Target level is the 

experiments needed to 

gain critical 

understanding of 

ecosystem function under 

different management 

alternatives outside of 

dam operations.

12.7

(52)

Build AMP Public support N/A Information Need Information Need

A public outreach plan 

adopted by the AMWG. 

Propose to have BOR, NPS, 

and USGS public affairs 

people develop the plan.

Metric should include 

GCMRC and BOR web 

pages; GCD programs 

and tours; AMWG 

Outreach Committee; 

publications; various 

AMWG member 

activities. The target is 

adequate public support 

for AMP experiments and 

adaptive management, 

and a diverse funding 

base.

Foundation and 

Corporate

$0 Information Need

Appropriated $75,000 (FY 2000) $1,010,000 USGS

$475,000 Tribal participation

State Agency Information Need (obtain 

from AGFD)

Information Need

12.8

(53)

Maintain or 

attain

Funding

Power revenues

N/A

$6.22M (for GCMRC) 

$1.443M (for BOR)

$7,850,000 indexed for CPI

The target is adequate 

funding to meet the goal.

Develop a plan 

identifying sources for 

obtaining foundation and 

corporate funding.
Goal 12. Maintain a high-quality monitoring, research, and adaptive management program.

MO 

#

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some action

On some 

element

On some 

attribute

At some place From the current level To the target level Comments

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12.9

(54)

Maintain or 

attain

Participation Externallyfunded

investigators

CRE Information Need (obtain 

from NPS)

Information Need

MAs:

1. Develop a brochure that 

indicates support that would 

be provided by GCMRC and 

NPS to researchers who 

bring their own funding to 

address issues related to 

AMP MOs and INs.

2. Get outside researchers 

engaged and obtain their 

data.

Current and target levels 

should include small and 

cost-shared projects in 

NPS, AGFD, etc.

The target is contributions 

to meeting Information 

Needs by externally 

funded investigators. 

NOTE: Incentives could 

include donated office 

space, partial funding, 

letters of support, 

facilitated access, and 

logistical support.
Glossary

Attach_03 Page 31 of 37

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

Adaptive management is an iterative process, designed to experimentally compare selected management actions by 

evaluating alternative hypotheses about the ecosystem being managed. It consists of three parts: management 

actions, monitoring, and adaptation. Management actions are treated as experiments subject to modification. 

Monitoring is conducted to detect the effects of the management actions. Finally, management actions are refined 

based on the enhanced understanding about how the ecosystem responds.

AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is “the variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants belonging to the same 

species through arrays of species to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels [including] ... the 

variety of ecosystems...”(38)

BIOLOGICAL GOALS

Biological goals include Goal 1 (foodbase), Goal 2 (native fish), Goal 3 (extirpated species), Goal 5 (Kanab 

ambersnail), and Goal 6 (riparian and spring communities).

BIOTIC COMMUNITY

A biotic community is a “group of organisms ... that co-occur in the same habitat or area and interact through 

trophic and spatial relationships....”(20) 

CAPACITY (GENERATING)

Generating capacity is a measure of the ability to generate electric power, usually expressed in MW (megawatts). 

The capacity of a hydropower plant is a function of head (reservoir elevation) and maximum water flow through the 

turbines.

COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEM

The Colorado River ecosystem is the Colorado River mainstem corridor and interacting resources in associated 

riparian and terrace zones, located primarily from the forebay of Glen Canyon Dam to the western boundary of 

Grand Canyon National Park. It includes the downstream inundation level to which dam operations impact physical, 

biological, recreational, cultural, and other resources. The scope of GCDAMP activities may include limited 

investigations into some tributaries (e.g., the Little Colorado and Paria Rivers).

CONCEPTUAL MODEL

A conceptual model is an “assessment of the dynamics of the more important compartments and fluxes of material 

or energy in a system [i.e., patterns and processes], or of changes in a population.”(20) A conceptual model is a 

heuristic tool to provide a framework for thinking about how an ecosystem functions and to discover gaps in our 

knowledge. 

CULTURAL GOAL

Cultural goal refers to Goal 11.

CULTURAL RESOURCES

Cultural resources includes, but is not necessarily limited to, any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, 

structure, landscape, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in the National Register, including artifacts, 

records, and material remains related to such a property or resource. Properties of traditional religious and cultural 

importance to an Indian tribe are included in this definition under Section 101(d)(6)(A) of NHPA. 

ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem is “a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit.”(20) 

An ecosystem consists of patterns and processes that are dynamic and occur within a particular range of temporal 

and spatial variability. 
Glossary

Attach_03 Page 32 of 37

ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY

Ecosystem integrity is “the ability to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive biological system having 

the full range of elements (genes, species, and assemblages) and processes (mutation, demography, biotic 

interactions, nutrient and energy dynamics, and metapopulation processes) expected in the natural habitat of a 

region.”(13) Ecosystem integrity is related to ecosystem resilience (i.e., the capacity to maintain characteristic 

patterns and processes) following a disturbance. 

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

An ecosystem management approach differs from an issue-, species-, or resource-specific approach. Ecosystem 

management is a method for sustaining or restoring ecosystems and their functions and values. “It is goal driven, 

and it is based on a collaboratively developed vision of desired future conditions that integrates ecological, 

economic, and social factors. It is applied within a geographic framework defined primarily by ecological 

boundaries.”(11) Ecosystem management is a process that attempts to mimic appropriate ecosystem patterns 

(abundance and distribution of species and habitats) and ecosystem processes (drivers of ecosystem patterns). It 

includes managing for viable populations of all native species.

ECOSYSTEM PATTERNS

Ecosystem pattern is the abundance of species, biotic communities, and physical habitats, as well as their spatial and 

temporal distribution. This is a broader concept than “composition and structure.” Composition usually refers only 

to species presence or absence, and structure usually refers to the distribution of biotic communities.

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES

Ecosystem processes are the abiotic (i.e., non-living) and biotic (i.e., living) functions, disturbances, or events that 

shape ecosystem patterns. There are physical processes (e.g., fire, hydrologic, geomorphic, and climatic regimes; air 

chemistry, nutrient cycling), biological processes (e.g., competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease, 

migration, dispersal, gene flow, succession, recruitment, maturation), and anthropogenic processes (e.g., habitat 

conversion, novel toxins, vandalism).

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electrical energy is the generation or use of electrical power over a period, usually expressed in megawatt-hours 

(MWh), kilowatt-hours (kWh), or gigawatt-hours (GWh).

EXTIRPATED SPECIES

An extirpated species is one that no longer occurs (i.e., has become extinct) in a particular area. Examples from the 

CRE include river otter and razorback sucker.

INVASIVE SPECIES

An invasive species is one that has invaded an area following changes in one or more ecosystem processes and has 

become dominant. Examples from the CRE include non-native species (e.g., tamarisk) and native species (e.g., 

willow). 

LEGAL FLEXIBILITY

Legal flexibility is that which is allowed by the legal sideboardsstatutes, judicial decrees, compacts, and treaties

controlling operation of the dam.

MONITORING

Monitoring is the “collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate changes in 

condition and progress toward meeting a management objective.”(4) Monitoring needs to produce data of sufficient 

statistical power to detect a trend if in fact it is occurring.(8) Monitoring differs from inventorying, which is the 

measurement of environmental attributes at a given point in time to determine what is there. It also differs from 

research, which is the measurement of environmental attributes to test a specific hypothesis.

NATIVE SPECIES

A native species is one that occurred in an area prior to anthropogenic alterations to ecosystem patterns and/or 

processes. Examples from the CRE include humpback chub, razorback sucker, flannelmouth sucker, bluehead 
Glossary

Attach_03 Page 33 of 37

sucker, speckled dace, Colorado pikeminnow, bonytail, roundtail chub, river otter, Kanab ambersnail, Southwest 

willow flycatcher, brown-headed cowbird, netleaf hackberry, honey mesquite & catclaw acacia.

NATURALIZED SPECIES

A naturalized species is one a non-native species that has become established in an area. See examples in the CRE 

listed under non-native species.

NON-NATIVE SPECIES

A non-native species is one that did not occur in an area prior to anthropogenic alterations to ecosystem patterns 

and/or processes. Non-natives are also known as introduced, exotic, or alien species. Many, but not all, non-native 

species can be categorized as an invasive species. Examples of non-native species in the CRE include Gammarus, 

rainbow trout, brown trout, common carp, red shiner, channel catfish, tamarisk, and camelthorn.

OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

Operational flexibility is the physical capability of the dam to release water.

QUALITATIVE TARGET

An articulation of the purpose of one or more Management Objectives, in order to give a description in words of 

what the numerical target levels are intended to accomplish, and to give direction and guidance to the persons who 

developed the quantitative targets.

RANGE OF NATURAL VARIABILITY

The Range of Natural Variability is the spatial and temporal variation in ecosystem patterns and ecosystem 

processes under which the ecosystem has evolved. The range of natural variability for ecological processes is 

usually defined by their frequency (e.g., number/year), intensity (e.g., cubic feet per second), duration (e.g., number 

of days), magnitude (e.g., acres), seasonally, and rate of change. See Landres(18) for a full discussion.

REASONABLE AND PRUDENT ALTERNATIVE

“Reasonable and prudent alternatives refer to alternative actions identified during formal consultation that can be 

implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the action, that can be implemented consistent 

with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that is economically and technologically 

feasible, and that the Director believes would avoid the likelihood of jeopardizing the continued existence of listed 

species or resulting in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.”(5)

REASONABLE AND PRUDENT MEASURE

“Reasonable and prudent measures refer to those actions the Director believes necessary or appropriate to minimize 

the impacts, i.e., amount or extent of incidental take.”(5)

RECOVERY

Recovery is improvement in the status of a listed species to the point at which listing is no longer appropriate, under 

the criteria set out in section 4(a)(1) of the Endangered Species Act (5).

RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM

RECREATIONAL GOALS

Recreational goals include Goal 4 (trout) and Goal 9 (recreation).

REMOVAL OF JEOPARDY

To “jeopardize the continued existence of [a listed species] means to engage in an action that reasonably would be 

expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed 

species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species.”(5) Removing (or 

avoiding) jeopardy is intended to be accomplished through the implementation of reasonable and prudent 

alternatives. 
Glossary

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RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM

The riparian ecosystem is the streamside zone that is influenced by riverine processes, e.g., flood regime and 

distance to subsurface water. 

RIVERINE ECOSYSTEM

The riverine ecosystem is any area typically inundated by the river. 

VIABLE POPULATION

A population is considered viable when there is a high chance of persistence over a long timeframe without 

demographic or genetic augmentation. Population viability is not the same as “recovery” or “removal of jeopardy” 

for a species. However, the concept of population viability is an important consideration in determining recovery 

and removal of jeopardy.
Abbreviations

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AFDW ash-free dry weight

AGFD Arizona Game and Fish Department

AIRFA American Indian Religious Freedom Act

AMP adaptive management program

AMWG Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Work Group

APE Area of Potential Effect

BHBF beach/habitat building flow

BO biological opinion

cfs cubic feet per second

CPOM coarse particulate organic matter 

CPUE catch per unit effort

CRE Colorado River ecosystem

D50 median grain size

DO dissolved oxygen

EO Executive Order

FPOM fine particulate organic matter

GCD Glen Canyon Dam

GCMRC Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center

GCPA Grand Canyon Protection Act

GLCA Glen Canyon National Recreation Area

GRCA Grand Canyon National Park

HBC Humpback chub

KAS Kanab ambersnail

LCR Little Colorado River

MA management action

MO management objective

Ne effective population size

NHPA National Historic Properties Act

NHWZ new high water zone

NPS National Park Service

OHWZ old high water zone

popn population

PVA population viability analysis

RBT Rainbow trout

Register National Historic Register

RNV range of natural variability

ROD record of decision

RPA reasonable and prudent alternative

SWWF Southwestern willow flycatcher

TBD to be determined

WACM Western Area - Colorado Montrose

WALC Western Area - Lower Colorado

WAPA Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy

Wr mean annual relative weight

WSCC Western Systems Coordinating Council
Literature cited

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Journal of Field Ornithology 65: 160-168.

3. Douglas, M.E. and P.C. Marsh. 1996. Population estimates/population movements of Gila cypha, an endangered 

cyprinid fish in the Grand Canyon region of Arizona. Copeia 1996: 15-28.

4. Elzinga, C.L. , et al. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant populations. BLM.

5. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1986. Interagency cooperation 

- Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended; final rule, June 3. Federal Register 51: 19926-19963.

6. GCMRC. 1998. Draft GCMRC response to the Glen Canyon TWG (ad-hoc group) request for assessment of a 

proposal to develop a research plan to analyze resource responses to alternative BHBF and load-following 

releases from Glen Canyon Dam. Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center. 

7. GCMRC. 1999. The state of natural and cultural resources in the Colorado River ecosystem: 1998 report. Glen 

Canyon Monitoring and Research Center. Dated 8 Dec 1998. 

8. Gibbs, J.P., et al. 1998. Monitoring populations of plants and animals. BioScience 48: 935-940.

9. Gorman, O.T. and R.G. Bramblett. 1999. Monitoring and studies of native fishes of the Colorado River ecosystem 

in Grand Canyon, Arizona. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

10. Hoffmeister, D.F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

11. Interagency Ecosystem Management Task Force. 1995. The ecosystem approach: healthy ecosystems and 

sustainable economies. National Technical Information Service.

12. Kaplinski, M., et al. 2000. Monitoring fine-sediment storage of the Colorado River ecosystem below Glen 

Canyon Dam, Arizona. Northern Arizona University Department of Geology. 

13. Karr, J.R. 1996. Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same. Pages 97-109 in P. Schulze, ed. 

Engineering within ecological constraints. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

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measurement. Pages 147-159 in R.H. Webb, et al., eds. The controlled flood in Grand Canyon. American 

Geophysical Union.

15. Kearsley, M.J.C., et al. 1999. Second year transition monitoring of riparian vegetation from Glen Canyon Dam 

to Pearce Ferry: draft final report. Report prepared for the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center. 

16. Kondolf, G.M. 2000. Assessing salmonid spawning gravel quality. Transactions of the American Fisheries 

Society 129: 262-281.

17. Korn, J. and W. Vernieu. 1998. Mainstem and tributary temperature monitoring in Grand Canyon, Arizona. 

Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center. 

18. Landres, P.B., et al. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. 

Ecological Applications 9: 1179-1188.

19. Leap, L.M., et al. 2000. Grand Canyon monitoring project 1992-1999: synthesis and annual report FY99. Grand 

Canyon National Park and Northern Arizona University. 

20. Lincoln, R., et al. 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge.
Literature cited

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21. Lomaomvaya, M., et al. 1999. Ongtuvaqava sakwtala: Hopi ethnobotany in the Grand Canyon, review draft. 

Hopi Tribe. 

22. McKinney, T., et al. 1999. Lotic community responses in the Lees Ferry reach. Pages 249-258 in R.H. Webb, et 

al., eds. The controlled flood in Grand Canyon. American Geophysical Union.

23. McKinney, T.R.S. and W.R. Persons. 1999. Rainbow trout and lower trophic levels in the Lees Ferry tailwater 

below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 

24. Meretsky, V.J. and D.L. Wegner. 1999. Kanab ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon National Park, 

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1999. Northern Arizona University. Report prepared for the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research 

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of sand supply limitation. Water Resources Research 36: 543-570.

32. USBR. 1997. Final draft historic preservation plan for cultural resources affected by Glen Canyon Dam 

operations. Bureau of Reclamation. 

33. USBR. 1999. 29th Annual Report 2000 Annual Operating Plan for Colorado River system reservoir. Bureau of 

Reclamation. 

34. USBR, et al. 1993-1994. Programmatic agreement on cultural resources. Dated (signed) between July 1993 and 

August 1994. 7 pages.

35. USGS. 2000. NASQWAN data. 

36. Valdez, R.A. and R.J. Ryel. 1997. Life history and ecology of the humpback chub in the Colorado River in 

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