# Patent

## Title
Stabilizers for improved open time of aqueous coatings

## Abstract

A stabilizer composition comprising an AB type polymer for use in increasing Open Time of aqueous coating compositions is disclosed. The stabilizers compositions are of utility in many aqueous compositions including paints, stains, varnishes, adhesives and inks. Of particular interest is the use of the stabilizer compositions for in increasing the Open Time of latex paints as well as alkyd emulsion paints.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/793,291, filed on Apr. 19, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 11/031,187, filed Jan. 7, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,542.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of increasing the Open Time of an aqueous coating. More particularly, this invention relates to a method of increasing the Open Time of a coating of a water-borne latex paint using a new stabilizer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Open Time is a property of paint that is of high importance to the painter. It is defined as the maximum time paint can be re-worked prior to demonstrating permanently the deformations brought to the paint, such as brush-marks, etc. Water-borne latex paints are known to suffer from a rather short Open Time in comparison to solvent borne paints. The origin of this difference lies in the fact that the binder in water borne paints is not soluble in the continuous phase (water). However, some improvements can be made to extend the Open Time by addition of co-solvents. The demand for lowering VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) in paint requires other solutions for extending Open Time than the addition of co-solvents.
One of the traditional methods to improve Open Time of paint is to add co-solvents, and coalescing agents. The use of glycols or high-boiling solvents is known. However, this is undesirable in paints intended to meet the Volatile Organic Compound limits that are in place today. Another disadvantage of the addition of addition of solvents is the lowering of block resistance, and dirt pick-up can become a problem. EP 1500589 states that an Open Time of 10 min is considered optimal.
EP1500689A1 publication describe the preparation and composition of a water borne coating of an acrylic latex prepared and stabilized with a protective colloid, pigments and extenders, wetting agents or leveling agents, coalescents, and thickener. The coating composition relies upon the presence of PVOH (polyvinyl alcohol) as stabilizer; also, PVOH copolymerized with ethylene (marketed by Kuraray Co. Ltd.) can be used or partial acetylation of the OH groups. Although intended for solvent free paints, EP 1500689 shows the improved Open Time in a gloss paint contains nearly 10% of coalescing agents and co-solvents (nearly 10% PG (propylene glycol) and Texanol® ester alcohol, available from Eastman Chemicals).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,189 discloses the addition of a polyurethane (PU) dispersion to an aqueous coating, where Tg (glass transition temperature) of the polyurethane dispersion is less than that of the latex polymer. The PU dispersions have small particle size (30 nm) and a low Tg ( ̃−50° C.- ̃−10° C.). Yet the level of co-solvent (propylene glycol) still was roughly 9.4 wt %.
EP 593,151A1 publication describes an improvement in Open Time by developing a latex having still reactable groups, or mix the latex with compounds that have complementary reactable groups.
WO 02/32980 publication demonstrates the preparation and use of a water dispersible (self) crosslinkable polyurethane, having a relatively low molecular weight. This binder crosslinks by various possible chemical reactions.
EP 62,106A1 publication discloses the manufacturing of acrylate latex and styrene-acrylic latex stabilized with PVOH as protective colloid. Preferably, the latex is stabilized without surfactants.
EP 538,571A1 publication discloses the preparation of latex via a surfactant free emulsion polymerization of a selected mixture of monomers with selected PVOHs. This patent does not mention Open Time as a critical parameter to be improved.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,908 discloses an improvement of Open Time in paints by using low molecular weight oligomers that are water dispersible film formers, and having coupling moieties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,380 also discloses the use of a binder that has reactable groups.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,368 discloses the preparation and use of a latex with acetoacetate, acetoacetamide, cyanoacetate and cyanoacetamide as pendant groups. Also disclosed is the use of polyether monoamine or diamine having primary amine or secondary amine functionality and an alkylpolyglucoside. These polymers are coupled through reaction of the diamine with the acetoacetate to form enamine structures.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,762,230 discloses a coating with coalescent and a latex polymer, in which the coalescent may be reactable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of increasing the Open Time of a coating. The method comprises the manufacturing and use of additives that prolong the Open Time of water borne paints and may have a degree of rheological functionality.
This invention relates to a stabilizer composition for use in increasing Open Time of an aqueous coating composition comprising an AB type polymer. The B of the AB type polymer may be any type of water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer. The A of the AB type polymer is covalently connected to B and is a “comb type” of structure that has the following formula:




In the above formula, R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which may be linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic or combinations thereof. R1 may be H, CH3, or C2H5. R2 may be CH2O, CO2, CONH, or CH2. The identity of the R2 can be the same or different in each occurrence of the AB type polymer. R3 may be either an H or OH. The “n” denotes an integer from 1 to 100. The “m” may be either 0 or 1.
The aqueous coating composition which the stabilizer of the present invention may be used can selected from the group consisting of paints, stains, varnishes, adhesives and inks.
The stabilizers of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in increasing the Open Time in architectural latex paint, but may also be employed in alkyd emulsion paints to increase its Open Time.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It has been surprisingly found that Open Time in paints can be significantly increased by using a stabilizer of the present invention. This stabilizer may be made at a preliminary stage in the paint manufacturing process or it may be added after the paint has been formulated thereby overcoming the necessity of requiring the stabilizer to be already in the latex preparation stage. Thus, it is easier and more versatile to use. It also shows the benefits in truly solvent free paints where Open Time is a problem.
The stabilizer composition of the present invention is of use in increasing Open Time of an aqueous coating composition and is an AB type polymer. The “B” segment of the AB type polymer may be any type of water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer. The B segment may be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polyactalpolyether (PAPE), acrylate, acrylamide and polyethylene oxide. A preferred “B” of use in the present invention is polyethylene glycol. Another preferred “B” of use in the present invention is polyactalpolyether (PAPE). The polyethylene glycols that are of use in the stabilizers of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of monomethylpolyethylene glycol and hydroxypolyethylene glycol. The polyethylene glycol may be a methoxy-end-capped polyethylene glycol. The “B” of use in the present invention may be a mono functional oligomer.
The “A” of the AB type polymer is covalently connected to “B” and has the following formula:




In the above formula, R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which may be linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic or combinations thereof. R1 may be H, CH3, or C2H5. R2 may be CH2O, CO2, CONH, or CH2. The identity of the R2 can be the same or different in each occurrence of the AB type polymer. R3 may be either an H or OH. The “n” denotes an integer from 1 to 100. The “m” may be either 0 or 1.
The “A” may be selected from the group consisting of polyphenoxy glycidyl ether, methylphenyl glycidyl ether, ethylhexylglycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and alkali glycidyl ether. Preferably the “A” is methylphenyl glycidyl ether or ethylhexylglycidylether.
The stabilizers of the present invention are of particular use in increasing the Open Time in aqueous compositions. In addition to the stabilizer, the aqueous compositions also contain a film-forming polymer. In many architectural paints, the film-forming polymer is a latex. In other end uses, the film-forming polymers may be used and selected from the group consisting alkyl acrylates, alkoxy acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, alkoxy methacrylates, vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids monoolefins and conjugated dienes.
The film-forming polymer typically contains at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer. This ethylenically unsaturated monomer may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, acrilic esters, styrene, vinyl ethers, vinyl and vinylidene halides, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene, propylene or greater alpha-olefins, allyl amines, allyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids and amides thereof, allyl acetate, allyl propionate, allyl lactate, their amides, mixtures thereof and mixtures thereof.
These stabilizers are useful by post-addition in the paint, but are not restricted to addition in this stage, i.e. these additives might also be employed in the pigment paste preparation (grinding stage), in preparing the aqueous continuous phase, and also can be employed as stabilizer in preparing the latex. Therefore, the stabilizer composition may be added to the aqueous solution before the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified in the aqueous solution, after the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified or at the same time the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified.
The dosage level at which these stabilizers work is extremely low, in contrast to the use of co-solvents, that require a high dosage level before showing apparent differences in Open Time. The stabilizer composition of the present invention may bu used at dosage levels of above about 0 to about 10 wt % of the aqueous coating composition, preferably about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, more preferably 0.5 to about 1 wt % of the aqueous coating composition.
The invention is based on the concept of delaying the film formation of binder particles or film-forming polymers in the paint by improving their stability toward coalescence and coagulation. This was already noted as being the major driving force behind Open Time.
These stabilizers contain a moiety that has a very high affinity for the latex particles and another part that is highly soluble in the continuous phase of the paint formulation.
The high affinity for latex part is chemically constructed in such a way that desorption from the latex is extremely unlikely. Thus, the stabilizer of the present invention may be viewed as being irreversibly adsorpted to the latex particle.
The stabilizers of this invention can be used as post-stabilizers but also may be employed as thickener for the paint thereby affecting the paint's rheological properties and may stabilize the paint during production of the paint. When employed as thickener, these chemicals described in the inventions serve to prolong Open Time of paint.
The stabilizers of the present invention are of utility in may be used in many aqueous compositions selected from the group consisting of paints, stains, varnishes, adhesives and inks. Of particular interest, is the use of the stabilizers of the present inventions in increasing the Open Time of latex paints. The stabilizers of the present invention are also of utility in increasing the Open Time of alkyd emulsion paints.
One of the advantages of the current invention is the applicability in various systems. The additives described in this invention can be used in the latex preparation, in the paint preparation as thickener, and as post additive after complete paint is prepared. Also, combinations of the use are possible. One advantage of this invention is in creating excellent stability of the binder articles in the system (either during latex manufacturing, or as post stabilizer), most probably due to a very good adsorption on the latex. This is one of the major advantages over the use of regular surfactants that tend to desorb whenever this is more energetically more favorable.
The stabilizers of the present invention may be used as surfactants, dispersants, encapsulants, stabilizers for emulsion polymerization and of alkyd emulsions as well as other dispersions.
The aqueous compositions are typically formulated with other components to impart desired properties on the product in use as well as the final product. These additional components may be selected from the group consisting of pigments, fillers, thickeners, biocides, mildewcides, surfactants, dispersants and defoamers.
DEFINITIONS
“Open Time”: the length of time a coating remains wet enough to allow for brushing in at the laps, synonymous to Wet Edge time.
“Wet edge”: the edge of a wet painted area which remains workable.
The examples are merely set forth for illustrative purposes, but it is to be understood that other modifications of the present invention can be made by skilled artisans in the related industry without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The parts and percentages used in the examples being by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are presented to describe the synthesis routes for preparing the stabilizers of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown, the stabilizer is of the AB type, where the composition of the B was polyethylene oxide, A was polyphenoxy glycidyl ether an the stabilizer was produced according to the below Scheme 1.




A mixture of PEG-Monomethyl (Mw=5 K, 41.5 g), NaOH (0.7 g) was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour, methylphenyl glycidyl ether (7.0 g) was added. The mixture was heated at 120° C. for 8 hours. The product was dissolved in toluene (200 mL) and precipitated in hexane (600 mL) giving a solid (45 g) after washing and drying. It was designated 1A.
Similarly, another composition of polyphenyl glycidyl ether comb with PEG-O-Me was made from PEG-O-Me (60 g), NaOH (1 g) and phenyl glycidyl ether (12.5 g). The product was designated as 1B.
In the above experiments, the comb material was made from a mono-functional PEG oligomer. It is also convenient to make this mono functional oligomer through a hydrolysable multi-functional oligomer. The hydrolysable linkage could be an acid-sensitive connective groups, such as acetal, ester, or a base sensitive connective groups, such as carbonate, ester, or amide.
Example 2
The following examples show hydroxy-PEG-polyhydrophobe oligomers made by hydrolysis of telechelic-polyhydrophobe-PEG-acetal oligomers.
Hydroxy-PEG (4K)-polyphenyl glycidyl ether was used in the production of stabilizer material.
A mixture of PEG (4K, 60 g), NaOH (1.3 g) was heated to 80° C. for 1 hr. Dibromomethane was added (1.3 g) and the reaction mixture was continued at 80° C. for 2 hr. Methylphenylglycidyl ether (4 g) was added. The reaction was kept at 120° C. for 4 hr. After cooled down to 80° C., 50 mL of toluene, H2SO4 (3 mL, 3M) and water (3 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 4 hr. The product was isolated by precipitation in hexane (500 mL) and by soaking in IPA (500 mL). After drying, 62 g of material was collected. SEC gave 90% mono-capped material. 1H NMR indicated that the material has 5% hydrophobe by weight. The product was designated as 2A.
Hydroxy-PEG (8K)-polyphenyl glycidyl ether was used in the production of stabilizer material.
A mixture of PEG (8K, 60 g), NaOH (1.3 g) was heated to 80° C. for 1 hr. Dibromomethane was added (0.65 g) and the reaction mixture was continued at 80° C. for 2 hr. Methylphenylglycidyl ether (4.25 g) was added. The reaction was kept at 120° C. for 4 hr. After cooled down to 80° C., 50 mL of toluene, H2SO4 (3 mL, 3M) and water (3 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 4 hr. The product was isolated by precipitation in hexane (500 mL) and by soaking in IPA (500 mL). After drying, 63 g of material was collected. SEC gave 80% mono-capped material. 1H NMR indicated that the material has 5% hydrophobe by weight. The product was designated as 2B.
Hydroxy-PEG (20K)-polyphenyl glycidyl ether was used in the production of stabilizer material.
A mixture of PEG (20 K, 53 g), NaOH (1.3 g) was heated to 80° C. for 1 hr. Dibromomethane was added (0.23 g) and the reaction mixture was continued at 80° C. for 2 hr. Methylphenylglycidyl ether (7 g) was added. The reaction was kept at 120° C. for 4 hr. After cooled down to 80° C., 50 mL of toluene, H2SO4 (3 mL, 3M) and water (3 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 4 hr. The product was isolated by precipitation in hexane (500 mL) and by soaking in IPA (500 mL). After drying, 57 g of material was collected. SEC gave 85% mono-capped material. 1H NMR indicated that the material has 7.9% hydrophobe by weight. The product was designated as 2C.
Other examples were produced using similar methods as above examples 2A, 2B and 2C. These one example is described as comprising PEG (12K)/PGME (60 g/14 g), estimated to comprise 30% double combs in the “A” section of the polymer. This product was designated as 2D. Another example is described as comprising PEG (20K)/PGME (60 g/14 g), estimated to comprise 30% double combs in the “A” section of the polymer. This product was designated as 2E. Another example is described as comprising PEG (12K)/PGME (60 g/4 g), estimated to comprise 30% double combs in the “A” section of the polymer. This product was designated as 2F. Another example is described as comprising PEG (20K)/PGME (60 g/4 g), estimated to comprise 30% double combs in the “A” section of the polymer. This product was designated as 2G.
Example 3
Preparation of Various Stabilizers of the Present Invention; 3A; 3B; 3C, 3D; 3E; 3F; 3G, 3H and 3I
The reaction was carried out in a 500 ml 3-neck round bottom flask, which was equipped with a temperature controlled heating mantle, thermo-couple, reflux condenser (on top connected with gas bubbler to visualize gas-flow), rubber septum to inject chemicals, nitrogen inlet, stirrer motor, glass stirrer rod with removable Teflon blade, gas seal and bearing.
PEG 8K or PEG 10K (60 g) and NaOH (1.23 g) were blended under N2 blanket and heated to 80° C. and kept for 15 min. while stirring in order to dissolve the NaOH. The products 3A and 3C were made using methoxy-end-capped PEG (mono capped) instead of regular PEG. The product 3H, was similar to 3A except that it comprises 16% MPGE by weight instead of 17% MPGE found in 3A.
The crosslinker (preheated at 50° C.) DBM (dibromomethane) was added by syringe via the septum; the amount DBM used was exactly 0.5 mole of the PEG used. The mixture was kept at 80° C. for 1 hour in order to react. The products 3A and 3C were made without this coupling step. In the 3B, 3D, 3E, and 3F products, dibromomethane was used. In the preparation of 3B and 3G, 10 ml of toluene were added after reaction with dibromomethane.
After reaction, the hydrophobic reagent (e.g. alkali glycidyl ether) was injected via the septum, in an amount of 7.58 gram (=12 wt %) MPGE or 10.2 g (=17 wt %) MPGE or 11.57 g (=15% EHGE, ethylhexylglycidyl ether). The temperature was raised to 120° C. and kept at that temperature for 2 hours. After reaction, the temperature was decreased to 100° C.
For the hydrolysis step, H2SO4 1.5 M (about 12 ml) was added, and allowed to react for 4 hours. The product 31 was solid HM-PAPE (C16-PAPE) which was hydrolyzed.
The procedure after hydrolysis depended of the presence of toluene in the reaction mixture.
In the case when no toluene was present, the reaction mixture was poured into an aluminum pan and cooled down to room temperature. The product was scooped out of the pan and was further purified.
When toluene was present, an additional 100 g of toluene was added to the reaction mixture. The temperature was kept at 80° C. for 15 minutes. Upon stirring, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
The reaction mixture was decanted and precipitated in 200 g of hexane and further purified.
The purification of the product was carried out as follows: The precipitate in hexane was filtrated under “vacuum” using a Buchi-funnel equipped with a S&S rundfilter 5893 Ø90 mm Ref. no. 300209. After filtration the residue was scooped out of the funnel, ground in a mortar, and put back again in the Buchi-funnel. The residue was then washed with totally 100 g ethyl acetate (EA) as follows: The EA was added until all reaction product was covered by liquid, then filtering was carried out under atmospheric conditions until the residue had a ‘dry’ appearance, then a very low “vacuum” (1000 mbar) was applied until the bulk of the liquid was passed. Then full vacuum was applied until all liquid was passed. This procedure was repeated until all EA was used. After this, the same wash procedure was carried out with hexane. The product was further dried for 12 hr at 45° C.
Example 4
PEG 4K (12 g) and PEG 5K (45 g) and NaOH (2.88 g) were blended under N2 blanket and heated to 80° C. to let the PEG melt. The mixture was kept at 80° C. and 2.16 g of pre-heated (50° C.) trimethylolpropanenethoxylate (TMPE) was added through injection. The mixture was kept at 80° C. for 1 hour in order to react. The crosslinker, preheated at 50° C., DBM (2.08 gram in 15 ml toluene) was added by syringe via the septum. The mixture was kept at 80° C. for 1 hour in order to react. After reaction, the hydrophobic reagent (e.g., alkali glycidylether) was injected via the septum in an amount of 10.13 grams (=16 wt %) MPGE or 9.33 (=14 wt %) EHGE (ethylhexylglycidylether) or 10.67 g (=16 wt % EHGE). The temperature was raised to 120° C. and kept at that temperature for 2 hours. Another 100 grams of toluene was added and the reaction mix was decanted and precipitated in 200 g hexane. The precipitate in hexane was further purified as described above.
Example 5
Preparation of Various Stabilizers (Invention)
The reaction steps to produce the samples 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E are set forth below and were produced according to the below schematic representation.




Compositions of stabilizers produced in Examples 1-5 are listed below in Table 1.









TABLE 1





Designation
Chemical Description







1A
MPEG (5K)/PGME (41.5 g/7 g) single chain comb NaOH



0.7/45


1B
MPEG (5K)/PGME (60 g/12.5 g) single chain comb 1 g/70


2D
PEG (12K)/PGME (60 g/14 g) estimated 30% double



combs


2E
PEG (20K)/PGME (60 g/14 g) estimated 30% double



combs


2F
PEG (12K)/PGME (60 g/4 g) estimated 30% double combs


2G
PEG (20K)/PGME (60 g/4 g) estimated 30% double combs


3A
Linear 5K 17% MPGE


3B
Linear 8K 12% MPGE


3E
Linear 15K 12% MPGE


3C
Linear 10K 12% MPGE


3D
Linear 8K 12% MPGE


4A
Branched 6K 16% MPGE


4B
Branched 6K 14% C8


4C
Branched 6K 16% C8


3H
Linear 5k 16% MPGE


3G
Linear 5k 16% C8


3E
Linear 10K 12% MPGE


3I
Linear 8k unknown % C16


5E
MPGE-PEG 4K SO3Na


5D
MPGE-PEG 12K SO3Na


5A
MPGE-PEG 12K


5B
MPGE-PEG


5C
MPGE-PEG SO3Na









Example 6
Use of the Stabilizer Polymer Materials as Additives in Water Borne Latex Paints
This Example 6 describes the use of the stabilizer polymers of the present invention as additives in various water borne paint formulations.
The stabilizers were added to the paint formulation after preparing the complete paint. Mixing and equilibrating of the paint+stabilizer was carried out by gentle tumbling overnight (A&D paints).
The paints were individually prepared. The additive was dissolved in water in high concentrations prior to addition to the paint, and mixed for 1 hour with the base paint, by using a Caframo type RZR1 laboratory mixer fitted with a 2-inch diameter, 3-vane propeller blade. The paint was subsequently thickened by using an amount of thickener that without the stabilizer would have resulted in a paint viscosity of 100 KU viscosity.
Of all paints the Open Time was evaluated according to the following procedures:
Open Time X-test A&D:
A 100 μm or 200 μm drawdown of the test paint is applied on a Leneta scrub test panels (form P121-10N). Immediately after drawing down the paint, eight X-shaped crosses were made in the film. The “X”s were drawn using an eraser from the head of a pencil. The “X” should be made so that no paint is visible on the drawdown card at a width of 5 mm. Prior to recoating of “X”s, the paint brush (Copenhagen Gold Marine #16) was prepared. The preparation of the brush was accomplished by coating the brush with paint to be tested and then applying paint to a drawdown card with a minimum of twenty strokes. Depending on the expected Open Time, the first recoating of an “X” was started between 1 and 10 minutes after the wet film application. Just before recoating 0.6 g paint was applied in the center of the “X”. This recoating was accomplished with a minimum of 20 strokes or until the brush drag increased due to severe resistance of the brush.
The same procedure was then repeated every 2 minutes until the “X” stayed visible through the fresh paint.
After the test was completed, the test panel was allowed to dry overnight.
Open Time X-test RC
A 10 mil drawdown of the test paint was applied on a plain block Leneta scrub chart. Immediately after drawing down the paint, six X-shaped crosses were made in the film using the eraser head of a pencil. The “X” was made so that no paint was visible on the drawdown card at a width of one-quarter inch. Prior to recoating of “X”s, the paint brush (11⁄2′′ brush) was prepared. The preparation of the brush was accomplished by coating the brush with paint to be tested and then applying paint to a drawdown card with a minimum of twenty strokes. Following preparation of the brush, the brush was once again loaded with fresh paint to the point of just being wet. Three minutes after the wet film application, step A, the first recoating of an “X” was performed. This recoating was accomplished with a minimum of 20 strokes or until the brush drag increased due to severe resistance of the brush.
The same procedure was then repeated every minute until the workability was not realistic anymore due to setting-up of the first applied layer. Between these two minute intervals, the paint brush was covered in aluminum foil to reduce the risk of drying. After the test was completed, the test panel was allowed to dry overnight.
The results of enhancement in Open Time upon using the invention as additive are set forth in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10.
Open Time Test Method
Materials needed for Open Time testing:
Paints to be examined
Glass plate or other apparatus for making drawdowns
Leneta Standard Range Anti-Sag Meter (3-12 mils)
Leneta Plain Black Drawdown Chart (Form BH)
Stopwatch or other timing device
Plastic transfer pipettes (for transferring paint to Leneta chart)
11⁄2 inch wide paint brush
Adhesive tape

    
    
        1. The tape was used to secure the Leneta BH chart to a flat, level surface in preparation for paint drawdown and testing. These charts were larger than the opacity charts typically used for drawdowns.
        2. The test paint was drawn down using the Standard Range Anti-Sag Meter, down the middle of the chart lengthwise.
        3. The stopwatch was started immediately after the drawdown had been made. The test was performed in one-minute intervals.
        4. After one minute had passed on the stopwatch, the paint brush was dipped into the test paint and applied across the stripes of paint made by the anti-sag meter. The paint was brushed on from the 12-mil stripe to the 3-mil stripe (right to left), for a total of 20 strokes.
        5. Step 3 was repeated at two minutes, three minutes, etc, until there is no longer room for another stripe to be painted across the chart. This usually happened after 6 or 7 stripes had been painted.
        6. The stopwatch was turned off after final stripe had been painted on the Leneta chart.
        7. The tape was removed from the Leneta chart and Leneta chart from drawdown area.
        8. The newly painted chart was allowed to dry overnight at ambient conditions before evaluating.
        9. The endpoint was considered to be at what time a narrow ridge of dried paint was visible on the right edge of the 5-mil strip of paint. This varied from paint to paint. The ridge should be a complete and unbroken line through the brushed-out area of paint.
    
    


Notes on Procedure:

    
    
        10. If no endpoint was visible after 7 minutes had elapsed, another Leneta chart was prepared for the test paint by following Steps 1-3, above. However, the painting was begun across the drawdown at 7 minutes, rather than 1 minute. Continued painting strips in one-minute intervals as per the original procedure outlined above. This variant will take Open Times out to 13 minutes, which usually is sufficient to determine an endpoint.
    
    


A replicate series of paint samples/drawdowns can be used to determine an average value for Open Time. A minimum of two charts is recommended; however, for screening purposes, one chart may be satisfactory. Use pass controls or fail controls as required if testing different formulations of a given paint type.
Comparative Example 1
Use of regular surfactants and cosolvents additives in water borne latex paints as a comparison to the stabilizers of the present invention are described.
The procedure was followed as described in Example 6 with the exception that now a regular surfactant or co-solvents were employed as additive in place of the stabilizers of the present invention. The results of Open Time measurements are mentioned in Tables 14 and 15.
Example 7
Use of the stabilizers of the present invention as rheology modifiers in water borne latex paints is described.
Paints were prepared according to the formulations mentioned in Table 2. The stabilizers of the present invention were employed as rheology modifier. In Table 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 13, data are presented showing the performance of these paint formulations.
Example 8
Use of the stabilizers of the present invention as additives in water borne alkyd emulsion paint formulations is disclosed.
The results of enhancement in Open Time upon using the stabilizer of the present invention as additive are mentioned in Table 10.
Furthermore these materials may be used as post-additive in water borne coatings. Also these compounds can be used as rheology modifier in water borne coating thus serving dual functions.







TABLE 2





Paint formulations used







A&D Semi-gloss paint with VOC free acrylic latex:










Ingredient
parts by weight






water
56



AMP 90
2



Dispex GA 40
6



Dehydran 1293
5



Preventol D7
2



Tioxide RHD2
179



Omyacarb CL extra
79



(disperse 20 min 4000 t)




Surfynol 104E
6



Neocryl XK 96
501



Dehydran 1293
9



Thickener
x



Water
155



Total
1000










A&D solvent free PVC 70 flat paint:










Ingredient
parts by weight






water
164



Calgon N
3



Lopon 894
3



Agitan 315
3



Tioxide TR-92
100



China-Clay Speswhite
50



Polestar 200 P
50



Omyacarb 2 GU
264



Micro Talc WT 1
47



Agitan 315
1



Prevantol D7
2



Water
25



Mowilith LDM 1871
158



Thickener
x



Water
130



Total
1000










Vinyl-Acrylic (UCAR 379G) interior semi-gloss pastel base


paint (57 g/l VOC):











Designation
Ingredient
parts by weight






Grind
Water
140.0



Hegman >6
Propylene glycol
8.0




Texanol
5.0




Tamol 731A
10.0




Tergitol NP-9
3.0




AMP-95
2.5




Drew Plus I-475
2.0




Ti-pure R-900
200.0




Polygloss 90
50.0



Letdown
Drew Plus L-475
2.0



Hold
Latex
400.0




Thickener & Water
200.0




Total
1022.5












Paint properties:
% PVC: 27.1
% Vol solid: 31.7



% coalescent: 6.8
% volatile: 53.06



% water 51.54
VOC (g/l)): 56



Density, lbs/gallon: 10.56










25 PVC Zero VOC interior semi-gloss paint











Desig-

parts by

parts by


nation
Ingredient
weight
Ingredient
weight





Grind
Water
136.3
Water
136.3



Tamol 731A
12.0
Tamol 731A
12.0



Ammonia
2.5
Ammonia
2.5



Strodex PK-90
2.0
Strodex PK-90
2.0



Trition CF-10
2.0
Trition CF-10
2.0



Drew Plus L-475
1.5
Drew Plus L-475
1.5



Proxel GXL
1.5
Proxel GXL
1.5



Ti-pure R-706
230.0
Ti-pure R-706
230.0



Atomite
30.0
Atomite
30.0



Attagel 50
5.0
Attagel 50
5.0


Hold
UCAR 300
452.0
Optive 130
497.2



Drew Plus L-475
3.0
Drew Plus L-475
3.0



Thickener & Water
151.5
Thickener & water
106.3



Total
1061.5
Total
1061.5













Paint
% PVC: 24.8
% Vol solid: 35.0
% weight


properties:


solids: 48.6



Density, lbs/gallon: 10.6
VOC (g/l)): <1








For a <50 g/l VOC paint to each paint (1061.5 parts) 18.0 parts of


ethyleneglycol was added.









Vinyl-Acrylic (UCAR 300) Interior Flat Paint (PVC 60):








TABLE 3







Open Time of A&D semi gloss paint upon post-addition of stabilizer additive















% added






Sample code
stabilizer

Brookfield



Thickener
added
(weight on
Open Time (min),
viscosity


Paint code
used in paint
stabilizer
total paint)
conditions (C., % RH)
(mPa · s)
















TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
none
0
5
(20° C., 60% RH)
2250



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
none
0
4
(21° C., 60%)



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
none
0
3.75
(22° C., 60%)



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
1A
0.1
3.5
(22° C., 60%)



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
1A
0.5
5
(22° C., 60%)



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
1A
1
8
(21° C., 60%)
1900



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
1A
2.5
8
(21° C., 60%)
2300



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
1A
5
8
(21° C., 60%)
2000



NLS 200



rheological



modifier


TK 080604 E
Natroso ® l 250
none
0
3
(20° C., 60% RH)
9500



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
none
0
3.5
(21° C., 60%)



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
none
0
4.5
(22° C., 60%)



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
1B
0.1
5.5
(22° C., 60%)



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
1B
0.5
6.5
(22° C., 60%)



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
1B
1
6
(21° C., 60%)
8000



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
1B
2.5
6
(21° C., 60%)



HBR HEC


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
1B
5
6
(21° C., 60%)
7900



HBR HEC





Aquaflow ® NLS 200 rheological modifier is available from Hercules Incorporated.


Natrosol ® 250 HBR hydroxyethylcellulose is available from Hercules Incorporated.













TABLE 4







Open Time of A&D semi gloss paint upon post-addition


of 1 wt % stabilizer additive

















Open
Conditions
Stormer
ICI


Sag


Product
Product
Time
(RH(%),
viscosity
viscosity
Leneta
NYPC
resistance


code
composition
(min)
T(° C.))
(KU)
(cP)
leveling
leveling
(□m)


















none
—
4.5
60%, 20°
—
95
9
5
350


3A
Lin 5K 17%
7
60%, 20°
81
60
9
5
300



MPGE


3B
Lin 8K 12%
7
60%, 20°
>150
220
1
1
600



MPGE


none
—
4.5
55%, 20°
102
95
9
5
350


3D
Lin 15K 12%
6.5
55%, 20°
—
85
9
5
300



MPGE


3E
Lin 10K 12%
6.5
55%, 20°
108
110
9
5
350



MPGE


3F
Lin 8K 12%
7
55%, 20°
—
110
9
5
350



MPGE


none
—
5
55%, 21.5°
102
—
—
—
—


4A
Brnch 6K
6.5*)
55%, 21.5°
89
—
—
—
—



16% MPGE


4B
Brnch 6K
6.5
55%, 21.5°
—
—
—
—
—



14% C8


4C
Brnch 6K
6.5
55%, 21.5°
—
—
—
—
—



16% C8


4A
Brnch 6K
7.5
55%, 21.5°
89
—
—
—
—



16% MPGE


None

4.5
55%, 21°
—
—
—
—
—


3G
Lin 10K 12%
7
55%, 21°
—
—
—
—
—



MPGE


3I
Lin 8K C16
7
55%, 21°
—
—
—
—
—


3C
Lin 5K 15%
6.5
55%, 21°
—
—
—
—
—



C8





*0.5 wt % used instead of 1 wt %













TABLE 5







Open Time of A&D PVC 70 flat paint upon post-addition of stabilizer


additive












Open Time
Conditions


Product code
Product Composition
(min)
(RH(%), T(° C.))













None
—
4.5
55%, 21.5°


5C
MPGE-PEG 4K SO3Na
6
55%, 22°


5B
MPGE-PEG 12K SO3Na
5.5
55%, 22°


5A
MPGE-PEG 12K
5.5
55%, 22°


None
—
4
55%, 21°


5D
MPGE-PEG
5
55%, 21°


5E
MPGE-PEG SO3Na
5.6
55%, 21°


5C
MPGE-PEG 4K SO3Na
6.5
55%, 21°
















TABLE 6







Open Time of RC 0-VOC semi gloss paint (PVC 25) upon post-addition of


stabilizer additive
















% added







Sample
stabilizer
Open Time (min),
Stormer
ICI


Latex used
Thickener used in
code added
(weight on
conditions
viscosity
viscosity


in paint
paint
stabilizer
total paint)
(F., % RH)
(KU)
(Poise)
















Optive 130
Aquaflow ® NLS 200
none
0
1.5 (73 F., 50% RH)
109
0.53



rheological modifier


Optive 130
Aquaflow ® NLS 200
1A
1.5
3.5 (73 F., 50% RH)
84
0.65



rheological modifier


Optive 130
Aquaflow ® NLS 200
1B
1.5
3 (73 F., 50% RH)
87
0.60



rheological modifier


UCAR 300
Natrosol ® 250 MBR
none
0
1.5 (73 F., 50% RH)
103
0.62



HEC


UCAR 300
Natrosol ® 250 MBR
1A
0.95
3 (73 F., 50% RH)
107
0.80



HEC


UCAR 300
Natrosol ® 250 MBR
1B
1.5
4 (73 F., 50% RH)
94
0.90



HEC





Natrosol ® 250 MBR hydroxyethylcellulose is available from Hercules Incorporated.













TABLE 7







Open Time of RC semi gloss pastel base with UCAR 379G latex, 57g/l VOC


paints having the Stabilizer additives as single paint thickener
















Stormer
ICI
Open



Thickener
Carrier for

viscosity
viscosity
Time


code
thickener
TE (wt %)
(KU)
(Poise)
(min)
Leveling
















X33487-
Water/Butylcarbitol
1.47
98
1.254
8
5


95BC
(75/25)


Aquaflow ®
Water/Butylcarbitol
0.58
101
1.19
5.5
6


NLS 200
(80/20)


rheological


modifier
















TABLE 8







Open Time of RC 25 PVC Zero VOC interior semi-gloss paint based on


UCAR 300, having the Stabilizer additives as single paint thickener

















ICI



Open




Stormer
viscosity
60°
Sag
Leneta
Time


Stabilizer
TE (wt %)
viscosity (KU)
(Poise)
gloss
resistance
Leveling
(min)

















Aquaflow ®
0.46
100




2


NLS 200


rheological


modifier


MBR
0.68
101
0.6
43.3
16 
1
1


2G
1.99
103
2.5
34.5
8
10
5


2F
2.07
101
2.3
33.6
6
10
5.5


2E
0.56
107
0.5
46.6
24+
5
3


2D
0.42
98
0.3
42.7
24+
6
3
















TABLE 9







Open Time of RC 25 PVC Zero VOC interrior semi-gloss paint based on


UCAR 300, having the Stabilizer additives as rheology modifier in combination


with Aquaflow NLS 200













Wt %

Stormer

Open Time (min),



Stabilizer
Wt % NLS 200
viscosity

measured by


Stabilizer
on paint
on paint
(KU)
Open Time (min)
different operator















None
0
0.46
100
<3
<3


Triton CF-10
0.40
0.56
98
3
<3


1B
1
0.56
102
<3
<3


2F
1
0.21
99
4.5
6


2G
1
0.21
101
5
6


2G
0.5
0.28
96
<3
<3
















TABLE 10







Open Time of A&D alkyd emulsion paint upon post-addition of stabilizer


additive












Thick-
Sample
% added




ener
code
stabilizer




used
added
(weight on
Open Time (min),


Paint code
in paint
stabilizer
total paint)
conditions (C., % RH)














DK100602

None
0
4.5 (19.5° C., 55% RH)




1A
1
5 (19.5° C., 55% RH)




1A
1.85
5 (19.5° C., 55% RH)




1B
1
5 (19.5° C., 55% RH)




1B
2.5
5 (19.5° C., 55% RH)
















TABLE 11







Open Time of RC 0-VOC semi gloss paint (PVC 25) with Rovace 990 as


latex upon post-addition of stabilizer additive












Weight %
Open Time Test



Additive code
additive
Method (minutes)














None
0
3



Ethyleneglycol
3
9



3B
1
7.5



3H
I
6.5



3H
0.5
5.5



3G
1
7
















TABLE 12







Open Time of RC 0-VOC semi gloss paint (PVC 25) with


Rhoplex ® SG30 as latex upon post-addition of stabilizer additive












Weight %
Open Time Test



Additive code
additive
Method minutes














None
0
3.8



Ethyleneglycol
3
10



3B
2
4.7
















TABLE 13







Open Time of RC 60 PVC paint with UCAR 300 as latex upon post-


addition of stabilizer additive












Weight %
Open Time Test



Additive code
additive
Method minutes














None
10
4



Ethyleneglycol
3
9



4A
2
7



3D
2
7
















TABLE 14







Open Time of A&D semi gloss paint upon post-addition of regular


surfactant (comparison)














% added
Open




Sample
stabilizer
Time (min),



Thickener
code added
(weight on
conditions


Paint code
used in paint
stabilizer
total paint)
(° C., % RH)














TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
None
0
3.5 (22° C.,



NLS 200


50%)



rheological






modifier





TK 070604 C
Aquaflow ®
Triton CF-10
0.5
3.5 (22° C.,



NLS 200


50%)



rheological






modifier





TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
none
0
4 (22° C.,



HBR HEC


50%)


TK 080604 E
Natrosol ® 250
Triton CF-10
0.5
4 (22° C.,



HBR HEC


50%)





Triton CF 10 is a commonly used surfactant in paint, a 100% nonionic













TABLE 15







Open Time of RC 0-VOC semi gloss paint (PVC 25) upon post-addition of


solvents (comparison)













Sample code
% added stabilizer



Latex used

added
(weight on latex
Open Time


in paint
Thickener used in paint
stabilizer
solids)
(min)














Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Archer TM RC
6
3



200 type)
reactive






coalescent,






available from






ADM Brands




Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Velate ® 368 alkyl
6
2



200 type)
benzoate ester,






available from






Vesicol Chemical






Corporation




Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Benzoflex ® 9-
6
2.5



200 type)
88 plasticizer,






available from






Vesicol Chemical






Corporation




Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Benzoflex ® 2088
6
3



200 type)
plasticizer,






available from






Vesicol Chemical






Corporation




Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Texanol TM ester
6
2



200 type)
alcohol,






available from






Eastman






Chemical




Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Butylcarbitol
6
3



200 type)





Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
Ethylene glycol
6
4



200 type)





Optive 130
10% solution of HMPE (NLS
None
0
2.5



200 type)









Although the invention has been illustrated by the above Examples, this is not to be construed as being limited thereby, but rather, the invention encompasses the generic area as hereinbefore disclosed. Various modifications and embodiments can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A stabilizer composition for use in increasing Open Time of an aqueous coating composition comprising an AB type polymer, wherein B comprises a water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer and wherein A, covalently connected to B, comprises a structure that has the following formula:



wherein R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which is linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic, or combinations thereof;
R1 comprises H, CH3, or C2H5;
R2 comprises CH2O, CO2, CONH, or CH2 and wherein R2 can be the same or different;
R3 comprises H or OH;
n is an integer from 2 to 100; and
m is either 0 or 1;
wherein “A” is made from a monomer selected from the group consisting of polyphenoxy glycidyl ether, methylphenyl glycidyl ether, ethylhexylglycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and alkali glycidyl ether, and wherein “B” comprises polyacetalpolyether (PAPE); and
wherein the addition of at least 0.5 wt % of the AB type polymer to an aqueous coating composition increases the Open Time of the aqueous coating composition by at least 10% Open Time, as measured by at least one of Open Time X-test A&D and Open Time X-test RC.

2. The stabilizer composition of claim 1, wherein “A” is made from methylphenyl glycidyl ether.

3. The stabilizer composition of claim 1, wherein “A” is made from ethylhexylglycidylether.

4. An aqueous coating composition comprising:
a film-forming polymer, and
a stabilizer composition comprising an AB type polymer, wherein B comprises a water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer and wherein A, covalently connected to B, comprises a structure that has the following formula:





wherein R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which is linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic or combinations thereof:
R1 comprises H, CH3, or C2H5;
R2 comprises CH2O, CO2, CONH, or CH2 and wherein R2 can be the same or different;
R3 comprises H or OH;
n is an integer from 2 to 100; and
m is either 0 or 1;
wherein “A” is made from a monomer selected from the group consisting of polyphenoxy glycidyl ether, methylphenyl glycidyl ether, ethylhexylglycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and alkali glycidyl ether, and wherein “B” comprises polyacetalpolyether (PAPE); and
wherein the addition of at least 0.5 wt % of the AB type polymer to an aqueous coating composition increases the Open Time of the aqueous coating composition by at least 10% Open Time, as measured by at least one of Open Time X-test A&D and Open Time X-test RC.

5. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4, wherein the film-forming polymer comprises a latex.

6. The aqueous coating composition of claim 5, wherein the film-forming polymer may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylates, alkoxy acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, alkoxy methacrylates, vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids monoolefins and conjugated dienes.

7. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4 further comprising one or more of an additional component selected from the group consisting of pigments, fillers, thickeners, biocides, mildewcides, surfactants, dispersants and defoamers.

8. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4, wherein the stabilizer composition comprises about 0.1 to about 10 wt % of the aqueous coating composition.

9. The aqueous coating composition of claim 8, wherein the stabilizer composition comprises about 0.1 to about 3 wt % of the aqueous coating composition.

10. The aqueous coating composition of claim 8, wherein the stabilizer composition comprises about 0.5 to about 1 wt % of the aqueous coating composition.

11. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4, wherein “A” comprises methylphenyl glycidyl ether.

12. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4, wherein “A” comprises ethylhexylglycidylether.

13. The aqueous coating composition of claim 4, wherein the aqueous coating composition is selected from the group consisting of paints, stains, varnishes, adhesives and inks.

14. The aqueous coating composition of claim 13, wherein the aqueous coating composition comprises a paint.

15. A method of producing an aqueous coating composition having increased Open Time comprising the steps of:
dispersing or emulsifying a film-forming polymer in an aqueous solution, and
adding an amount of a stabilizer composition to the aqueous solution to form the aqueous composition having increased Open Time, wherein the stabilizer composition comprises an AB type polymer, wherein B comprises a water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer and wherein A, covalently connected to B, comprises a structure that has the following formula:





wherein R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which is linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic or combinations thereof:
R1 comprises H, CH3, or C2H5;
R2 comprises CH2O, CO2, CONH or CH2 and wherein R2 can be the same or different;
R3 comprises H or OH;
n is an integer from 2 to 100; and
m is either 0 or 1;
wherein “A” is made from a monomer selected from the group consisting of polyphenoxy glycidyl ether, methylphenyl glycidyl ether, ethylhexylglycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and alkali glycidyl ether, and wherein “B” comprises polyacetalpolyether (PAPE); and
wherein the addition of at least 0.5 wt % of the AB type polymer to an aqueous coating composition increase the Open Time of the aqueous coating composition by at least 10% Open Time, as measured by at least one of Open Time X-test A&D and Open Time X-test RC.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein stabilizer composition is added to the aqueous solution before the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified in the aqueous solution.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein stabilizer composition is added to the aqueous solution after the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified in the aqueous solution.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein stabilizer is added to the aqueous solution at the same time the film-forming polymer is dispersed or emulsified in the aqueous solution.

19. A stabilizer composition for use in increasing Open Time of an aqueous coating composition comprising a latex thickener and an AB type polymer, wherein B comprises a water-soluble/water dispersible oligomer or polymer and wherein A, covalently connected to B, comprises a structure that has the following formula:



wherein R comprises a C1 to C30 hydrocarbon, which is linear or branched, aliphatic or aromatic, or combinations thereof;
R1 comprises H, CH3, or C2H5;
R2 comprises CH2O, CO2, CONH, or CH2, and wherein R2 can be the same or different;
R3 comprises H or OH;
n is an integer from 2 to 100; and
m is either 0 or 1;
wherein “A” is made from a monomer selected from the group consisting of polyphenoxy glycidyl ether, methylphenyl glycidyl ether, ethylhexylglycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and alkali glycidyl ether, and wherein “B” comprises polyacetalpolyether (PAPE); and wherein the addition of at least 0.5 wt % of the AB type polymer to an aqueous coating composition comprising a latex thickener increases the Open Time of the aqueous coating composition by at least 30% Open Time, as measured by at least one of Open Time X-test A&D and Open Time X-test RC.