PAGE 1 – OPINION AND ORDER

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

LORI WAKEFIELD, individually and on 

behalf of a class of others similarly situated,

Plaintiff,

v.

VISALUS, INC.,

Defendant.

Case No. 3:15-cv-1857-SI

OPINION AND ORDER

Scott F. Kocher and Stephen J. Voorhees, FORUM LAW GROUP, 811 SW Naito Parkway, 

Suite 420, Portland, OR 97204; Benjamin H. Richman, Rafey S. Balabanian, Eve-Lynn J. Rapp, 

J. Aaron Lawson, and Lily E. Hough, EDELSON PC, 123 Townsend Street, Suite 100, San 

Francisco, CA 94107; and Gregory S. Dovel, Simon Franzini, and Jonas Jacobson, DOVEL &

LUNER LLP, 201 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 600, Santa Monica, CA 90401. Of Attorneys for 

Plaintiff and the Certified Class.

Joshua M. Sasaki. Jonathan H. Singer, and Nicholas H. Pyle, MILLER NASH GRAHAM & DUNN 

LLP, 3400 U.S. Bancorp Tower, 111 SW Fifth Avenue, Portland, OR 97204; John M. O’Neal and 

Zachary S. Foster, QUARLES & BRADY LLP, 2 N. Central Avenue, One Renaissance Square, 

Phoenix, AZ 85004; and Christine M. Reilly, MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS LLP, 11355 W. 

Olympic Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90064. Of Attorneys for Defendant.

Michael H. Simon, District Judge.

After a three-day jury trial that resulted in a verdict for Plaintiff Lori Wakefield on behalf 

of herself and a certified class of others similarly situated, Defendant ViSalus, Inc. (“ViSalus”) 

has moved to decertify the class. In its motion, ViSalus raises several challenges to class 
PAGE 2 – OPINION AND ORDER

certification, the evidence supporting the jury verdict, and the requirements for establishing 

liability under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227. After 

considering whether class certification remains appropriate in light of the evidence introduced at 

trial, the Court finds that it is and denies Defendant’s motion. 

STANDARDS

An order granting or denying class certification may be altered or amended at any time 

before the entry of final judgment. FED. R. CIV. P. 23(c)(1)(C). Until a final judgment has 

entered, a class certification order is “not final or irrevocable, but rather, it is inherently 

tentative.” Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Comm’n of the City & Cty. of S.F., 688 F.2d 

615, 633 (9th Cir. 1982). This rule provides district courts with broad discretion to determine 

whether a class should be certified and to revisit that certification as appropriate “throughout the 

legal proceedings before the court.” Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 871 n.28 (9th Cir. 2001). 

“[T]he judge remains free to modify [a certification order] in the light of subsequent 

developments in the litigation.” Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160 (1982). 

This gives the district court flexibility to address problems with a certified class as they arise up 

to and even after a jury trial. See, e.g., Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 136 S. Ct. 1036 (2016) 

(reviewing class certification order after jury trial). “A district court may decertify a class at any 

time.” Rodriguez v. W. Publ’g Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 966 (9th Cir. 2009).

The same standards used for analyzing class certification under Rule 23 of the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure are applied when determining whether to decertify a class. Marlo v. 

United Parcel Serv., Inc., 639 F.3d 942, 947 (2011). Because “[t]he party seeking [to maintain] 

class certification bears the burden of demonstrating that the requirements of Rules 23(a) and (b) 

are met,” United Steel, Paper, Forestry, Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers 

Int’l Union v. ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d 802, 807 (9th Cir. 2010), a plaintiff bears the burden
PAGE 3 – OPINION AND ORDER

throughout litigation to establish that certification remains proper, Marlo, 639 F.3d at 947-48;

accord Lightfoot v. District of Columbia, 246 F.R.D. 326, 332 (D.D.C. 2007) (“As the proponent 

of continued class certification, Plaintiffs [retain] the burden of establishing that [all] of the 

requirements for class certification . . . are met.”).

The district court also retains an independent obligation to perform a “rigorous analysis” 

to ensure that the requirements of Rule 23 are satisfied. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 

338, 350-51 (2011). To pursue her claim on behalf of a class, “a plaintiff must demonstrate 

numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequate representation of the class interest.” Marlo, 

639 F.3d at 946 (2009) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 23(a)). In addition to these requirements, Rule 

23(b) requires that a class may be maintained only if “the questions of law or fact common to 

class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a 

class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the 

controversy.” FED. R. CIV. P. 23(b)(3).

“Normally, the district court resolves factual issues related to class certification, making 

its findings based on the preponderance of the evidence, even if they overlap with the merits of 

the case.” Mazzei v. Money Store, 829 F.3d 260, 268 (2d Cir. 2016) (citing Amgen v. Conn. Ret. 

Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 465-66 (2013)). Although the Ninth Circuit has not directly 

addressed how a jury’s factual findings should be treated when determining factual issues in a 

post-trial motion for decertification, the Court finds the reasoning of the Second Circuit in 

Mazzei persuasive. In that case, the court similarly was faced with a post-trial motion for 

decertification that involved factual questions “both relevant to the (de)certification motion and

an element of the class’s merits claim.” Id. (emphasis in original). The Second Circuit held that 

“when a district court considers decertification (or modification) of a class after a jury verdict, 
PAGE 4 – OPINION AND ORDER

the district court must defer to any factual findings the jury necessarily made unless those 

findings were ‘seriously erroneous,’ a ‘miscarriage of justice,’ or ‘egregious,’” thus applying the 

same standard used in a motion for a new trial based on the weight of the evidence. Id. at 269.

When the Court must make factual findings on issues not necessarily decided by the jury’s 

verdict, it should do so using the preponderance of the evidence standard that normally applies

when making a determination on class certification. Id. 

BACKGROUND

ViSalus is a multi-level marketing company that sells weight-loss products and other 

nutritional dietary supplements, including energy drinks. Individual members sign up with 

ViSalus to be “promoters,” and promoters purchase products from ViSalus and re-sell them to 

customers of the promoter. Plaintiff Lori Wakefield signed up to be a promoter with ViSalus in 

late 2012 but did not sell any ViSalus products and decided to cancel her ViSalus membership 

after two months. Although Plaintiff cancelled her account in March 2013, she received 

telephone solicitation calls from ViSalus in April 2015. Plaintiff brought claims against 

Defendant for violating the TCPA, alleging that she and a class of similarly situated individuals 

had received telephone calls promoting ViSalus products or services using an artificial or 

prerecorded voice without their consent. In an opinion issued on June 23, 2017, U.S. District 

Judge Anna Brown, who presided over this action until she took senior status in 2018, granted 

certification of a class consisting of:

All individuals in the United States who received a telephone call 

made by or on behalf of ViSalus: (1) promoting ViSalus’s products 

or services; (2) where such call featured an artificial or prerecorded 

voice; and (3) where neither ViSalus nor its agents had any current 

record of prior express written consent to place such call at the 

time such call was made.

ECF 81 at 6. 
PAGE 5 – OPINION AND ORDER

The case proceeded to a three-day jury trial. At trial, the jury received evidence about 

ViSalus’s Progressive Outreach Manager (“POM”) system that ViSalus’s outbound marketing 

department used to automatically make telephone calls. The jury heard prerecorded messages 

promoting ViSalus’ products and saw spreadsheets documenting the results of each calling 

campaign as recorded by the POM system’s disposition codes. The jury saw the forms filled out 

by all individual members who signed up to be promoters or customers of ViSalus— forms that 

asked for either a home telephone number or a mobile telephone number and contained no 

provision for giving consent to receive automated or prerecorded telephone marketing calls. The 

jury heard testimony from Ms. Wakefield, the named plaintiff, and heard how she had signed up 

to be a promoter with ViSalus and shortly thereafter cancelled her membership but continued to 

receive telephone calls and voicemails promoting ViSalus products. The jury also heard from 

Ms. Wakefield that she runs an informal daycare business out of her home watching the children 

of a few of her husband’s coworkers but does not use her home telephone to conduct any 

business related to her daycare work. 

On April 12, 2019, the jury returned a special verdict, finding that (1) Ms. Wakefield had 

proven by a preponderance of the evidence that ViSalus made or initiated four telemarketing 

calls using an artificial or prerecorded voice to a residential telephone line (residential landline) 

belonging or registered to Ms. Wakefield in violation of the TCPA and (2) that Plaintiff, as class 

representative, had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that ViSalus made or initiated

1,850,436 telemarketing calls using an artificial or prerecorded voice to either (a) a mobile 

(cellular) telephone or (b) a residential telephone line (residential landline), belonging or 

registered to one or more class members, other than Ms. Wakefield, in violation of the TCPA. 

ECF 282. The jury also concluded that it could not tell from the evidence presented exactly how 
PAGE 6 – OPINION AND ORDER

many of the 1,850,436 violative calls were specifically made to cellular phones or to landlines. 

ECF 282. In other words, the jury found that a total of 1,850,436 violative calls were made to 

either cell phones or landlines, but could not be more precise as to how many calls were made to 

each. 

In 2012, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) issued a rule requiring that 

all requests for a consumer’s written consent to receive telemarketing robocalls must include the 

telephone number that the consumer authorizes may be called with telemarketing messages, and 

clear and conspicuous disclosures informing the consumer that: (1) the consumer authorizes the 

seller to deliver telemarketing calls to that number using an automatic telephone dialing system 

or an artificial or prerecorded voice; and (2) the consumer is not required, directly or indirectly, 

to provide written consent as a condition of purchasing any property, goods, or services. See 

Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, 27 FCC 

Rcd. 1830, 1833 ¶ 7 (2012). 

Promptly after the effective date of the new rule (October 16, 2013), two companies 

petitioned the FCC for a retroactive waiver of the new written consent requirements. These 

companies previously had obtained written consent from consumers, but the consent obtained 

did not meet the more demanding requirements set out in the new rule. In 2015, the FCC issued a 

declaratory ruling granting a retroactive waiver to those companies and allowing them to rely on 

previously obtained written consents for a limited period of time. See In the Matter of Rules and 

Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, 30 FCC Rcd. 7961 

(2015). In reaching its decision, the FCC concluded that there was evidence in the record that the 

petitioners could have been reasonably confused as to whether their previously obtained written 

consents would remain valid after the new rule became effective. The 2015 declaratory ruling 
PAGE 7 – OPINION AND ORDER

granted the companies a grace period through October 7, 2015 to come into compliance with the 

more demanding written consent requirements in the new rule. After October 7, 2015, the 

petitioners were required to come into full compliance with the new rule. The FCC also granted

waivers to seven additional petitioners who demonstrated that they were similarly situated to the 

first two petitioners.

On September 14, 2017, nearly two years after Plaintiff filed her complaint and the FCC 

granted its first retroactive waiver, ViSalus petitioned the FCC for a retroactive waiver of the 

express written consent requirements created by the 2012 FCC rule. On June 13, 2019, nearly 

two months after the jury returned its verdict, the FCC granted ViSalus’s petition for retroactive 

waiver but only as it applied to “calls for which the petitioner had obtained some form of written

consent.” ECF 321-1 at 2 (FCC Order) (emphasis in original). 

DISCUSSION

ViSalus argues that the FCC’s retroactive waiver given to ViSalus requires the Court to 

decertify the class because in light of the FCC waiver, the named Plaintiff lacks standing and 

consent becomes an individualized issue that predominates over class-wide issues. ViSalus also

makes several arguments challenging the propriety of class certification not based on the FCC 

order, which can largely be grouped into six categories. First, ViSalus argues there are 

insufficient questions of law or fact common to the class and those common questions do not 

predominate over questions affecting only individual members. Second, ViSalus argues that the 

class is unmanageable because it will be too difficult to determine which class members heard 

which messages, and that a class action is not superior because it is procedurally unfair to 

ViSalus. Third, ViSalus argues that the class lacks numerosity because Plaintiff did not introduce 

evidence showing how many individuals both received and heard a prerecorded telemarketing 

message. Fourth, ViSalus argues that Ms. Wakefield’s claims are not typical of the class. Fifth, 
PAGE 8 – OPINION AND ORDER

ViSalus argues that Ms. Wakefield is not an adequate class representative. Finally and sixth,

ViSalus argues that the class, as certified, constituted an impermissible “fail-safe” class. 

A. FCC Retroactive Waiver

On June 13, 2019, eight weeks after the jury returned its verdict, the FCC granted 

ViSalus a retroactive waiver from the 2012 express written consent requirements. The waiver, 

however, only applies to “calls for which the petitioner had obtained some form of written

consent.” ECF 321-1 at 2 (emphasis in original). In TCPA litigation, consent is an affirmative 

defense. See Van Patten v. Vertical Fitness Grp., 847 F.3d 1037, 1044 (9th Cir. 2017). ViSalus

did not plead consent as an affirmative defense in its answer. Further, throughout this litigation, 

ViSalus has disclaimed any reliance on consent as a defense to liability:

To expedite the pretrial issues before the Court, ViSalus represents 

that it does not intend to present evidence at trial that Plaintiff, 

individually, provided “prior express invitation or permission” to 

receive the subject telephone calls for purposes of 47 U.S.C. § 

227(a)(4). . . . ViSalus did not in the Motion assert that it would 

present evidence of Plaintiff’s or the class’s “prior express written 

consent” under 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(2)-(3). . . . To set the record 

clear, ViSalus . . . does not claim that for Count II, Plaintiff’s or 

the class’s claims are barred by them giving ViSalus prior express 

written consent under 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(2)-(3). 

ECF 145 at 2 (filed July 27, 2018). ViSalus did not plead as an affirmative defense that it 

obtained written consent for the calls in a manner consistent with the FCC waiver that it sought. 

The FCC has emphasized in each retroactive waiver that it has granted that “these waivers do not 

apply to calls for which there was not some form of written consent previously obtained prior to 

the 2012 rule change.” ECF 321-1 at 6 (emphasis in original). Written consent obtained after the 

2012 rule change became effective on October 16, 2013 must still meet the more stringent 

express written consent requirements. In addition, any calls made after October 7, 2015 must 

comply with the express written consent requirements stated in the 2012 rule. Thus, the FCC 
PAGE 9 – OPINION AND ORDER

waiver does not apply to any consents obtained after October 16, 2013 or any calls made after 

October 7, 2015.

Although ViSalus knew that it had applied for a retroactive waiver from the FCC as early 

as September 2017, and knew that the FCC previously had granted waivers to many petitioners 

similarly situated to ViSalus, ViSalus did not plead consent as an affirmative defense, the parties 

did not conduct discovery on the issue of consent, and consent was not at issue in the jury trial. 

Before the 2012 rule, callers met the express consent requirements merely by asking 

consumers to provide a telephone number. But the retroactive waiver does not apply to all 

consents obtained before the 2015 rule change; it only applies to written consent. The FCC’s 

order does not address whether any phone numbers obtained in writing, and not orally, satisfy 

the criteria for the retroactive waiver.

1

For nearly two years now, ViSalus has known that it petitioned the FCC for a retroactive 

waiver, yet ViSalus decided to forego any argument or development of the record on what the 

consequences would be if the FCC ultimately granted Visalus’s request. Relatedly, ViSalus 

never asked to stay the litigation pending the FCC’s ruling on ViSalus’s petition. Throughout 

this litigation, ViSalus has expressly disclaimed and in no uncertain terms waived any 

affirmative defense of consent. It now, however, asks the Court to find after the jury’s verdict 

that ViSalus obtained written consent from class members, thereby exempting it from liability 

 

1 Although ViSalus argues that it obtained “prior express written consent from consumers 

to call them with marketing messages under the ‘old’ prior express consent rules,” ECF 177-1 at 

8 (ViSalus’s FCC Petition), it is not clear that asking for a phone number in writing and 

providing consumers an option to check “none” when asked how they preferred to be contacted 

(as ViSalus’s forms do) would constitute “written consent.” ViSalus has submitted a declaration 

from its Chief Operating Officer, Aldo Moreno, who states that it would now be impossible to 

determine whether class members checked boxes indicating that they gave ViSalus permission to 

contact them. ECF 330 at 2. 
PAGE 10 – OPINION AND ORDER

under the FCC’s retroactive waiver. At this late stage, the Court declines to delve into the factual 

dispute surrounding whether ViSalus obtained written consent from class members.

Plaintiff argues that ViSalus has waived the affirmative defense of consent. An exception 

to the general rule of waiver exists when there has been an intervening change in the law 

recognizing an issue or a defense that was previously not available. Big Horn Cty. Elec. Co-op v. 

Adams, 219 F.3d 944, 953 (9th Cir. 2000). “The intervening-change-in-law exception to our 

normal waiver rules . . . exists to protect those who, despite due diligence, fail to prophesy a 

reversal of established adverse precedent.” GenCorp, Inc., v. Olin Corp., 477 F.3d 368, 374 (6th 

Cir. 2007). Parties are excused from waiver only when there is an intervening change in the law 

and there was strong precedent before the change such that the failure to raise the issue was not 

unreasonable and the opposing party was not prejudiced by the failure to raise the issue sooner.

See Curtis Pub. Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 144 (1967)); Huerta-Guevara v. Ashcroft, 321 F.3d 

883, 886 (9th Cir. 2003). Courts do not require parties to read “the handwriting on the wall.” Id.

at 143. 

This exception does not excuse ViSalus’s failure to raise the issue sooner. ViSalus was 

not diligent when it failed to raise the consent defense earlier, with full knowledge that its 

application with the FCC was pending. Had ViSalus been diligent, the Court would have had the 

advantage of a developed record on the issue of whether ViSalus obtained written consent. The 

relevant precedent, here the FCC’s previous orders granting waivers to at least nine similarly 

situated petitioners, foreshadowed the FCC’s decision to grant ViSalus’s petition such that 

ViSalus was not taken by surprise when its petition was granted. This was not an instance in 

which a court, or, in this case, an agency, deviated from longstanding precedent in creating new 

law. Rather, the FCC, consistent with its string of nine prior waivers, granted ViSalus’s petition 
PAGE 11 – OPINION AND ORDER

for waiver just as ViSalus requested. ViSalus got exactly what it asked for. Its failure to raise the 

consent issue given the likelihood that the FCC would grant its waiver petition was 

unreasonable, and Plaintiff would be unfairly prejudiced by being denied the opportunity to take 

discovery on the issue of consent and argue to the jury why ViSalus did not, in fact, obtain

written consent. Knowing that the FCC waiver petition was pending, ViSalus could have made 

arguments contemplating the scenario in which its petition was granted. It chose not to do so and 

has thus waived the affirmative defense of consent. 

ViSalus also also could have prepared for what it would do in the event its petition was 

granted. The parties could have engaged in discovery on the question of whether ViSalus

obtained consent in written form, the jury could have been asked to determine whether any

consent given was in written form, how many of those written consents were obtained before 

October 16, 2013, and how many otherwise violative calls were made after October 7, 2015. The 

Court holds that ViSalus has waived reliance on the affirmative defense that it obtained prior

written consent from class members and will not consider the FCC’s recent order as a basis to 

decertify the class. 

B. Commonality and Predominance

ViSalus argues that the class fails to meet the commonality requirement and that 

individualized issues predominate, and thus certification is improper under Rules 23(a)(2) and 

(b)(3). The Court will, like the parties in their briefing, analyze these two requirements together. 

ViSalus highlights four specific areas where it contends that individualized inquiries 

dominate: (1) whether class members were called on residential landlines or mobile (cellular) 

telephones, (2) whether each call involved a telemarketing prerecorded message, (3) whether the 

message actually played, and (4) whether absent class members suffered any actual harm

because some may have subjectively consented to receiving calls. “All questions of fact and law 
PAGE 12 – OPINION AND ORDER

need not be common to satisfy the commonality requirement. The existence of shared legal 

issues with divergent factual predicates is sufficient, as is a common core of salient facts coupled 

with disparate legal remedies within the class.” Meyer v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., 707 F.3d 

1036, 1041 (9th Cir. 2012) (alterations omitted) (quoting Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 

1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 1998)). 

Some of ViSalus’s arguments implicitly challenge whether a TCPA case can ever be 

properly certified as a class, because ViSalus argues that TCPA liability must depend on which 

specific message each class member received, whether the class member actually listened to the 

message, and whether the class member suffered actual damages. To the contrary, many courts 

have concluded that there are many common questions of law and fact inherent in TCPA cases. 

As described in another TCPA class certification case, the common issues include

[w]hether Defendants used a prerecorded voice to make the calls at 

issue; . . . whether the calls were telemarketing calls; whether the 

class members provided express, written consent to receive the 

calls; and whether Plaintiff and class members are entitled to 

damages under the TCPA.

Fisher v. MJ Christensen Jewelers, 2018 WL 1175215, at *4 (D. Nv. Mar. 6, 2018).

1. Type of Telephone Called

Turning to ViSalus’s first argument, the Court does not agree that individualized issues 

associated with determining whether a particular class member was called on a residential 

landline or a cellular telephone prevent class certification. Under the TCPA, liability attaches to 

any call made either to a residential landline or to a cellular telephone, so ViSalus would be 

equally liable for calls made to either kind of telephone. See 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1). Similarly, the 

statutory damages do not differentiate between calls made to residential landlines and cellular 

telephones. See id. § 227(b)(3). The jury returned a special verdict finding that all class members 

were called on either a residential landline or a cellular telephone. Although the jury reported 
PAGE 13 – OPINION AND ORDER

that it could not tell how many calls were placed to each type of telephone, that further 

distinction is not relevant. 

ViSalus further argues that individualized issues predominate in determining whether a 

landline is primarily used for business or residential purposes. ViSalus points to Ms. Wakefield’s 

trial testimony about her informal home daycare business as an example of exactly how 

individualized these findings can be. The jury saw the sign-up forms that ViSalus used to collect 

telephone numbers, which ask only for a home phone number or a mobile phone number. See

ECF 316-8 at 2. Plaintiff argued that the jury should make the reasonable inference that people 

filling out those forms responded truthfully and provided only, as requested, a home telephone 

number or a cellular telephone number and not a business number. Ms. Wakefield testified that 

she too responded truthfully to this form and provided a phone number used primarily for 

residential purposes, and the jury found Ms. Wakefield’s testimony credible. The jury could read 

the sign-up forms to provide common proof that all class members provided either a residential

telephone number or a mobile telephone number and ViSalus has only speculated that some class 

members might have used their home telephone lines for primarily business purposes.

For class members called on their mobile phones, no additional fact-finding could 

possibly affect ViSalus’s liability. For those class members called on their home telephones who 

also run a business out of their home, some additional fact-finding may be necessary before a 

specific potential class member may recover. But ViSalus does not identify any absent class 

members whom it contends use their home telephone number primarily for business purposes. 

And even if some class members did occasionally use home phone numbers for business, 

“[w]hen ‘one or more of the central issues in the action are common to the class and can be said 

to predominate, the action may be considered proper under Rule 23(b)(3) even though other 
PAGE 14 – OPINION AND ORDER

important matters will have to be tried separately, such as . . . some affirmative defenses peculiar 

to some individual class members.’” True Health Chiropractic, Inc., v. McKesson Corp., 896 

F.3d 923, 931 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Tyson Foods, Inc., 136 S. Ct. at 1045). 

Additionally, at trial, Plaintiff’s witness Mr. Davis testified that he searched the 406 POM 

spreadsheets ViSalus produced for common business firm designations and removed any 

columns of data that appeared to be linked to businesses. ECF 316-1 at 45. He testified that he 

removed about 6,000 lines of data that he believed were linked to businesses and not residential 

telephone lines. ECF 316-1 at 45. From this information, the jury could reasonably infer that the 

remaining telephone numbers in the POM spreadsheets were more likely than not either home 

telephone numbers or mobile telephone numbers. The jury concluded based on this evidence that 

more than 1.8 million phone calls were made to either residential landlines or cellular 

telephones.2 This Court will not disturb the jury’s finding that a preponderance of the evidence 

supported the inference that 1.8 million phone calls were made to telephone lines that were either 

residential or cellular. And, because the TCPA makes a caller equally liable for calls to both 

cellular telephones and residential landlines, it does not affect ViSalus’s liability that the jury 

could not determine the number of calls made to each type of telephone. See 47 U.S.C. 

§ 227(b)(1). 

 

2 The Court separated calls to landlines and calls to cellular telephones on the verdict 

form to keep the record clear for post-trial briefing and appeal on the issue of whether Plaintiff 

had adequately proven whether a landline was used for business or residential purposes. The 

Court’s decision to ask the jury to determine the number of calls made to cellular telephones 

(where it does not matter if the telephone was used for business purposes) and landlines (where it 

does) on the verdict form reflected no opinion of the Court on the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s 

evidence. 
PAGE 15 – OPINION AND ORDER

2. Telemarketing Messages

ViSalus next argues that individual questions predominate over whether each prerecorded 

message was a “telemarketing” message under the TCPA. But all 406 calling campaign 

spreadsheets produced by ViSalus and used at trial were ones that it had identified as involving 

telemarketing messages within the definition of the TCPA. See ECF 316-12 at 2. The Court 

instructed the jury on what constitutes a telemarketing message and ViSalus does not, at this 

stage, argue that the jury instructions were erroneous. The jury listened to many of the 

prerecorded messages at trial and concluded that they met the definition of telemarketing. 

Although ViSalus argues that some of its outbound calling campaigns involved nonmarketing messages, it did not produce any evidence of non-marketing messages at trial. The 

non-marketing calling campaigns (such as declined credit card calls) were not included in the 

406 calling campaign spreadsheets introduced at trial, those messages were not played for the 

jury, and the jury did not rely on them in reaching its verdict. See ECF 316-12. At trial, the jury 

listened to many, but not all, of ViSalus prerecorded messages, and the jurors were entitled to 

infer that those messages were representative of all the messages used in the marketing 

campaigns documented in the 406 calling campaign spreadsheets. If ViSalus wanted to refute

that inference, it could have played a message for the jury that did not meet the TCPA definition 

of a marketing message or pointed out which of the 406 marketing calling campaigns it believed 

did not meet the TCPA’s definition of telemarketing. ViSalus offered no evidence at trial to 

suggest that some of the calling campaigns at issue were not marketing campaigns such that 

individual issues of whether class members received marketing calls predominate. 

3. Artificial or Prerecorded Voice

ViSalus is incorrect in its characterization of the requirement that a class member must 

actually hear the message play for liability to attach under the TCPA. As this Court stated in its 
PAGE 16 – OPINION AND ORDER

previous order, and in the jury instructions, the requirement is that the message actually play, not 

that anybody hear it. See ECF 136, 149. This can be satisfied if the prerecorded message is left 

on a voicemail, for example, and the Court need not inquire at this stage whether each individual 

class member actually listened to the voicemail. 

Although whether the message actually played is a question that must be decided on an 

individualized basis, the spreadsheets documenting the outcome of each call provided an easily 

manageable answer to this question. The jury could count the disposition codes documenting that 

a message actually played and use that number to estimate the number of calls. Indeed, it seems 

highly likely that this is the method that the jury used to find the number of phone calls.

ViSalus’s witnesses looked to disposition codes for information about what could have happened 

on each call, see ECF 307-12 at 2; ECF 307-4 at 61, Plaintiff’s witness calculated the total 

number of calls with each disposition code in Trial Exhibit 36A, and the jury had access to the 

POM manual, which explained the meaning of each disposition code. At trial, both parties 

argued to the jury that it should look at the POM spreadsheets and disposition codes in reaching 

its verdict. 

4. Subjective Consent

Finally, ViSalus’s fourth argument, that individualized issues regarding consent compel 

decertification, without merit. At trial, ViSalus did not dispute that it lacked legal consent for the 

calls. Under the TCPA, a plaintiff need not show actual injury or actual damages to prevail. See 

Van Patten, 847 F.3d at 1043. ViSalus argues that, although class members might not have given 

legally adequate consent to receive its telemarketing messages, some of the class members may 

have nonetheless wanted to receive those calls and thus have suffered no injury. The harm that 

the TCPA protects against is the harm of being called without first giving prior express written 

consent, and as the Ninth Circuit has made clear, a plaintiff alleging a violation of the TCPA 
PAGE 17 – OPINION AND ORDER

“need not allege any additional harm beyond the one Congress has identified.” Van Patten, 847 

F.3d at 1043 (quoting Spokeo v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1549 (2016)); accord Meyer, 707 F.3d 

at 1045 (“We agree with [plaintiff] that [defendant’s] violation of the TCPA violated his right to 

privacy, an interest the TCPA intended to protect.”). 

In the Ninth Circuit, consent is an affirmative defense, Van Patten, 837 F.3d at 1044, and 

although a plaintiff bears the burden of showing the class satisfies the certification requirements 

of Rule 23, the burden of proving consent fell on ViSalus at trial. Therefore, the Court assesses 

“predominance by analyzing the consent defenses [a defendant] has actually advanced and for 

which it has presented evidence.” True Health Chiropractic, 896 F.3d at 932 (refusing to 

consider “speculation and surmise”). ViSalus has provided no evidence that the class contained 

any members who consented, legally or subjectively, to receiving prerecorded telemarketing 

calls from ViSalus. See Meyer, 707 F.3d at 1042 (finding individualized issues of consent did not 

predominate because defendant “did not show a single instance where express consent was given 

before the call was placed”). Because Visalus did not dispute that it failed to obtain prior express 

written consent from any class member, consent is not an individualized issue, but instead one 

that can easily be answered on a class-wide basis. See True Health Chiropractic, 896 F.3d at 932 

(holding that, where lack of legally adequate consent under TCPA was ascertainable simply by 

examining forms filled out by all class members, Rule 23(b)(3) predominance requirement was

satisfied). 

C. Manageability and Superiority

ViSalus also argues that the class is unmanageable because it will be impossible to 

determine which class members heard which messages, and class members are unlikely to

remember whether they received a call from ViSalus years ago, which could make administering 

the class more difficult. ViSalus argues that the class members who actually listened to its calls 
PAGE 18 – OPINION AND ORDER

would be too difficult to identify. But the Ninth Circuit has made clear there is no 

ascertainability prerequisite to class certification under Rule 23. See Briseno v. ConAgra Foods, 

Inc., 844 F.3d 1121, 1133 (9th Cir. 2017). The Court notes that ViSalus appears to have kept 

good records of who was called in each calling campaign through the POM records, and feasible 

methods exist to determine which class members received phone calls. See, e.g., Booth v. 

Appstack, Inc., 2016 WL 3030256, at *8 (W.D. Wa. May 25, 2016) (finding “whether 

confirmation of TCPA Class members is performed via sworn self-identification, review of 

specific phone records, or another method, minimal individualized inquiry is required”). It is 

irrelevant for the purposes of liability which specific marketing message each class member 

received, so long as the message was a marketing one. And although ViSalus raises concerns

with the manageability of the class throughout litigation and trial, the Court has encountered no

difficulties managing the class, up to and including trial. 

ViSalus also argues that superiority is not met because it would be procedurally unfair to 

put a company out of business without proof of actual harm. Under ViSalus’s argument, a class 

action is not superior to other methods of adjudication because it would result in such a large 

damage award that ViSalus would be forced to go out of business. Although the statutory 

damages are high, the damages were computed based on the number of violative calls that the 

jury found ViSalus made and the statutory damages that Congress considered appropriate. The 

Ninth Circuit has held that “[t]o limit class availability merely on the basis of ‘enormous’ 

potential liability that Congress explicitly provided for would subvert congressional intent.” 

Bateman v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 623 F.3d 708, 723 (9th Cir. 2010). Had the jury found 

ViSalus’s unlawful conduct to be less extensive, the damages would have been lower. ViSalus

has not asked this Court for a remitter, or to reduce the award if it is unconstitutionally excessive, 
PAGE 19 – OPINION AND ORDER

nor is a motion to decertify the proper vehicle to make such a request. Given the potential 

number of class members (perhaps as high as 800,000), a class action is a superior method for

adjudicating hundreds of thousands of individual claims. 

D. Numerosity

ViSalus argues that there is no reliable evidence establishing a reasonable estimate of the 

number of individuals who both received and heard a telemarketing message, and so it is 

impossible to determine whether the class meets this Court’s numerosity requirements. As 

discussed above, the Court has already held that the TCPA only requires that a message play, and 

it does not require, at the class certification stage, proof that every class member actually heard

it. See also ECF 136. The jury concluded that more than 1.8 million automated telemarketing 

messages played. This Court, as a “rough rule of thumb” requires about 40 class members in 

order to satisfy the numerosity requirement. See Or. Laborers-Emp’rs Health & Welfare Tr. 

Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc., 188 F.R.D. 365, 372 (D. Or. 1998). Although the exact number of 

class members not precisely known, the Court finds that a preponderance of the evidence 

establishes that the class contains far more than 40 individuals. 

E. Typicality 

ViSalus argues that Ms. Wakefield’s claims are not typical of the class. In pursuit of this 

argument, ViSalus attempts to subdivide this class into many subclasses, for whom it contends 

Ms. Wakefield’s claim is not typical of the sub-class. See ECF 306 at 30 (arguing that Ms. 

Wakefield is not representative of class members who subjectively wanted to receive phone calls 

from ViSalus, is not representative of class members who were successful promoters because she 

never sold any ViSalus products, is not representative of customers because she was a promoter, 

and is not representative of class members who were called on business lines or who never 

received telemarketing messages at all). “[R]epresentative claims are ‘typical’ if they are 
PAGE 20 – OPINION AND ORDER

reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class members; they need not be substantially 

identical.” Marlo, 707 F.3d at 1042 (quoting Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020). And “even a welldefined class may inevitably contain some individuals who have suffered no harm as a result of a 

defendant’s unlawful conduct.” Torres v. Mercer Canyons Inc., 835 F.3d 1125, 1136 (9th Cir. 

2016). Thus, even if the class includes some individuals who received calls from ViSalus on a 

business line or who received a call from ViSalus but no prerecorded message ever played, this 

fact alone does not render certification improper. Id. 

Ms. Wakefield’s claims are typical of the class because she received an automated or 

prerecorded telemarketing message from ViSalus without giving prior express written consent. 

The injury she suffered, the invasion of privacy caused by a telemarketing robocall, is coextensive with the injuries that absent class members suffered and is not different in kind than 

the injury suffered by other class members.

F. Adequacy of Representation

ViSalus further argues that Ms. Wakefield was not an adequate class representative 

because, as a disgruntled former promoter, her interests were adverse to the interests of absent 

class members who feel favorably about ViSalus and its products and would not want ViSalus to 

be put out of business by a large damage award. ViSalus, however, has presented no evidence 

that any absent class members feel so warmly about ViSalus. Furthermore, most of the violative 

calls at issue were made as part of a “Winback campaign.” Only customers or promoters who 

had not placed an order “within the last 90 days” were “eligible” to be called during the Winback 

campaign. ECF 307-13 at 2. Thus, any class member who was called as part of the Winback 

campaign was likely not a hypothetical absent class member “whose livelihood depends on the 

company’s continued operations.” ECF 306 at 41. This does not provide a basis for decertifying 

the class. 
PAGE 21 – OPINION AND ORDER

G. Fail-Safe

Lastly, ViSalus argues that the class should have never been certified because it is an 

impermissible “fail-safe” class. A “fail-safe” class is “one that is defined so narrowly as to 

‘preclude[] membership unless the liability of the defendant is established.” Torres, 835 F.3d at 

1138 n.7 (quoting Kamar v. RadioShack Corp., 375 F. App’x 734, 736 (9th Cir. 2010)). “As a 

result, we require no more than a reasonably close fit between the class definition and the chosen 

theory of liability.” Id. In this class action, class was defined as:

All individuals in the United States who received a telephone call 

made by or on behalf of ViSalus: (1) promoting ViSalus’s products 

or services; (2) where such call featured an artificial or prerecorded 

voice; and (3) where neither ViSalus nor its agents had any current 

record of prior express written consent to place such a call at the 

time such call was made. 

ECF 81 at 6. The class definition does not overlap perfectly with the chosen theory of liability 

because (1) the class includes phone calls made to business landlines, (2) the class includes calls 

where an artificial or prerecorded voice never actually played, and (3) the class includes calls 

that might not meet the definition of “telemarketing” under the TCPA. At trial, to establish

liability, Plaintiff had to prove that the calls met the TCPA’s definition of “telemarketing,” that 

the calls were made to residential landlines or mobile phones, and that an artificial or 

prerecorded voice actually played. The class “definition is not a circular one that determines the 

scope of the class only once it is decided that a class member was actually wronged.” Kamar,

375 F. App’x at 736. Thus, whether an individual is a member of the class is independent of 

ViSalus’s liability, and the class is not “fail-safe.” 

CONCLUSION

After reviewing Defendant’s arguments and the evidence presented at trial, the Court 

finds that the class certification was, and remains, proper and meets the requirements of Federal 
PAGE 22 – OPINION AND ORDER

Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Defendant’s Motion to Decertify the Class (ECF 306) is DENIED. 

Defendant’s Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Sur-Reply (ECF 342) is also DENIED. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED this 21st day of August, 2019.

/s/ Michael H. Simon

Michael H. Simon

United States District Judge