Opinion issued March 7, 2019

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-17-00905-CR

———————————

PATRICK LEON WASHINGTON, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 208th District

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 1490417

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury found appellant, Patrick Leon Washington, guilty of the felony offense 

of aggravated sexual assault of a child. After it found the enhancement allegation in 

the indictment true, the trial court assessed appellant’s punishment at confinement 
2

for life in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.1In his 

first point of error, appellant contends that article 38.37, section 2 of the Texas Code 

of Criminal Procedure is unconstitutional because the trial court’s admission of 

extraneous offense evidence under this section violated his right to due process. In 

his second, third, and fourth points of error, he argues that the trial court abused its 

discretion when it allowed (1) the investigating officer to give her opinion regarding 

appellant’s truthfulness; (2) the complainant’s brother to testify as an outcry witness; 

and (3) the State to introduce his jail disciplinary records during the guilt/innocence 

phase of trial, and that these errors were not harmless. We affirm.

Background

At trial, the State called Officer Roy Reed, a certified latent print examiner for 

the Harris County Sheriff’s Office, as its first witness. Through Officer Reed’s 

testimony, the State proved up appellant’s prior conviction for sexual assault of a 

child between fourteen and seventeen years of age. Officer Reed testified that he 

had taken appellant’s fingerprints that same morning, and that they matched the 

fingerprints in appellant’s pen packet for his prior conviction. Over objection, the 

trial court admitted the pen packet (State’s Exhibit 2).

 

1 Texas Penal Code section 12.42(c)(2) imposes an automatic sentence of life 

imprisonment for a defendant convicted of a sexual offense listed in section 

12.42(c)(2)(A) if he committed that offense after previously having been convicted 

of any of the enumerated sexual offenses in section 12.42(c)(2)(B). See TEX. PENAL 

CODE ANN. §12.42(c)(2).
3

Ebonie Butler, a deputy child abuse investigator with the Harris County 

Sheriff’s Office, was assigned to investigate the complainant’s sexual abuse 

allegations against appellant. She testified that the complainant was interviewed by 

a forensic interviewer and underwent a medical examination at the Children’s 

Assessment Center (CAC). The medical records from the exam were admitted 

without objection (State’s Exhibit 4). Deputy Butler interviewed appellant during 

her investigation. A redacted version of appellant’s statement was admitted without 

objection (State’s Exhibit 5A). 

Susan Odhiambo, the CAC forensic interviewer, interviewed Theresa, the 

complainant,2 on July 24, 2014. She testified that Theresa, who was eleven years 

old at the time, disclosed multiple instances of sexual abuse by appellant. Theresa

began by telling Odhiambo that appellant, her stepfather, would tell her to give him 

a hug and take the opportunity to touch her butt and breast. Odhiambo testified that 

Theresa told her that appellant would also come into her room at night and “touch 

himself.” She showed Odhiambo how he touched himself, which Odhiambo 

demonstrated at trial by making a hand with a hole in the middle and going up and 

down. Theresa also told Odhiambo that appellant would “touch her on her butt and 

 

2 We have used pseudonyms to identify the witnesses who were minors at the time of 

the offense. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.10(a)(3) (prohibiting disclosure of sensitive data, 

including “the name of any person who was a minor at the time the offense was 

committed”).
4

her middle part with his middle part.” Theresa told Odhiambo that once when 

appellant had some candy, he told Theresa that she could have some if she wrestled 

with him “in a nasty way,” and that appellant would then touch her butt with his 

middle part on top of her clothes. Theresa told Odhiambo that appellant would also 

grab her arm and make her touch his middle part. Theresa told Odhiambo that if she 

refused to give appellant a hug, appellant would make her get in a closet. Theresa 

disclosed that appellant would also come into her room and pull down her clothes 

and tell her not to tell her mother.

Theresa was the next witness to testify. Appellant, whom Theresa referred to 

as “Coach Pat,” was the coach of her brothers’ little league football team. After her 

mother, Renee, and appellant married, appellant and his daughter, Lisa, moved in 

with Renee, her three sons, and her two daughters, Rachel and Theresa.

Theresa testified that, within a year after appellant moved into the house, he 

called her into his bedroom, removed her clothes, and touched her breast and vagina 

with his hands. Appellant told Theresa not to tell anyone because he would get in 

trouble with the police. After this incident, appellant fondled Theresa in his bedroom 

twice a week.

On one occasion, when Theresa and her younger brother were home alone 

with appellant, appellant called Theresa into his bedroom, told her to take off her 

clothes, and touched her with his hands. While Theresa was lying down, appellant 
5

penetrated her vagina with his penis and ejaculated on the bed. Afterwards, appellant 

told Theresa to put her clothes back on and take a shower. Appellant continued to 

have sexual intercourse with Theresa twice a week until she began menstruating.

On other occasions, appellant called Theresa into his room while he was 

watching pornography and masturbating. Appellant also went into Theresa’s 

bedroom at night, which she shared with her older sister, Rachel, and stepsister, Lisa, 

and touched her breast. Theresa did not tell her mother about the sexual abuse 

because her mother had health issues and Theresa did not want to put more pressure 

on her. Theresa testified that she told Rachel and Lisa about the sexual abuse 

because appellant had abused them as well. Other than Rachel and Lisa, Theresa

did not tell anyone about the sexual abuse for two or three years.

Rachel was called to testify. She stated that, when she was about thirteen 

years old, appellant squeezed her breast while she was in the kitchen washing dishes. 

Appellant also touched her over and underneath her clothing. On one occasion, 

appellant called Rachel into her mother’s room, pushed his penis onto her, and 

touched her vagina. Rachel told Theresa what appellant did to her, and she later told

their older brother, Oshaa. Rachel also saw appellant touch Theresa’s breast while 

she was asleep. 

Denise, appellant’s daughter, testified that she was estranged from her father 

until she was fifteen years old, when she saw appellant three or four times. On one 
6

of those occasions, appellant caressed Denise’s butt and asked her whether she 

would consider dating him if he was not her father. On another occasion, appellant 

called Denise into his room where a pornographic website was displayed, tried to 

take off her pants, and touched her vagina with his hand. After this last incident, 

Denise did not see appellant again until his trial.

Lisa, appellant’s daughter, testified that she lived with appellant when she was 

thirteen years old. Lisa shared a bedroom with her stepsisters, Rachel and Theresa. 

On two occasions, appellant called Lisa into his room and touched her vagina with 

his hand. On a third occasion, appellant came up behind Lisa while she was in the 

garage and showed his penis to her. On a fourth occasion, appellant called Lisa into 

his room, pulled her into his bed, took her shorts off, and penetrated her vagina with 

his penis.

In 2014, Theresa’s oldest brother, Oshaa, lived with his mother, appellant, his 

sisters, and his brothers. Oshaa testified that he became aware of certain “red flags” 

involving appellant, and he asked Rachel whether appellant had ever tried to touch 

her. Rachel told Oshaa that appellant was “kind of weird” and asked for hugs but 

that he had not tried to touch her. However, Rachel told Oshaa that he should talk 

to Theresa.

Theresa initially denied that appellant had touched her. When Oshaa told her 

that she would not get in trouble, Theresa told him that appellant “used to come in 
7

her room late night and touch her private parts” and, on one occasion, “he made her 

touch his private part.” Theresa also told Oshaa that she would lock herself in the 

bathroom when she got home from school because she and her younger brother were 

home alone with appellant. Oshaa called his maternal aunt, Tawinna Calais, and 

told her what Theresa had told him, and his aunt told Renee. The police were called 

but appellant left the house before they arrived.

Oshaa testified that three “red flags” prompted him to ask his sisters about 

appellant. The first one occurred when Oshaa’s two godsisters, who lived with 

Oshaa’s family when they were fifteen or sixteen years old, told him that appellant 

was “weird” and “watch[ed] them.” The second red flag occurred when a police 

officer came to their home. Appellant later told Oshaa that “a thirteen-year old girl 

had lied on him,” and that he was a registered sex offender. The third red flag 

occurred when Oshaa’s girlfriend, who was then fifteen years old, told Oshaa that 

appellant had “tried to hit on her.” Following Oshaa’s testimony, the State rested.

The defense called Yakisha Washington, appellant’s younger sister. Yakisha 

testified that she had grown up with appellant and that she had never seen any 

indication that he was attracted to children. Yakisha testified that, when she spoke 

to Theresa about her allegations against appellant, Theresa said that “he didn’t do 

anything.” According to Yakisha, there were a lot of problems in Theresa’s home 

because of her older brother, Oshaa. She testified that she once saw Oshaa pull a 
8

gun on appellant and, on another occasion, she saw him pull a knife on appellant. 

Yakisha testified that Oshaa wanted to fight appellant because of appellant’s 

attempts to discipline Oshaa, and that Oshaa wanted appellant out of the house.

Tina Washington, appellant’s mother, testified that she spoke with Theresa 

and her sister, Rachel, and that they both denied that appellant had sexually abused 

them. According to Tina, their stepsister, Lisa, bullied the girls and told them that 

she would fight them if they did not allege that appellant sexually abused them. 

According to Tina, Oshaa resented appellant living in his mother’s house. Tina did 

not believe the allegations against appellant because there were a lot of children in 

their family and she had never seen any indication that appellant acted

inappropriately with any of them.

Appellant testified that all of the allegations of sexual abuse against him arose 

because Oshaa wanted him out of the house. He described Oshaa as a gang member 

who refused to submit to any type of discipline. He testified that Oshaa pulled a gun 

on him on one occasion and a knife on another occasion. Appellant denied ever 

touching Theresa or molesting his biological daughter, Lisa.3 As for Theresa’s and 

Rachel’s allegations against him, he testified that Oshaa put them up to it because 

he wanted to break up appellant’s marriage.

 

3 Appellant denied that Denise is his biological child.
9

At the conclusion of the guilt-innocence phase of trial, the jury found 

appellant guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a child. During the punishment 

phase, appellant pleaded true to the enhancement paragraph, and the trial court, after 

finding the enhancement allegation true, assessed appellant’s punishment at 

mandatory life imprisonment. This appeal followed.

Constitutionality of Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.37

In his first point of error, appellant contends that Texas Code of Criminal 

Procedure article 38.37—under which the trial court admitted his prior conviction 

for sexual assault of a child and the testimony of three other alleged child abuse 

victims—is unconstitutional. Specifically, he argues that the admission of the 

extraneous evidence was so prejudicial that it violated any sense of fair play and it 

deprived him of his constitutional right to due process and a fair trial.

A. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offense 

evidence for an abuse of discretion. Buxton v. State, 526 S.W.3d 666, 685 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d); Wilson v. State, 473 S.W.3d 889, 899 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (citing De La Paz v. State, 279 

S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). We will not reverse a trial court’s 

ruling on an evidentiary matter unless the decision was “outside the zone of 

reasonable disagreement.” Buxton, 526 S.W.3d at 685–86.
10

B. Applicable Law

In determining the constitutionality of a statute, we presume that it is valid 

and that the Legislature did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily in enacting it. Id. at 

686; Harris v. State, 475 S.W.3d 395, 399 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, 

pet. ref’d). The appellant bears the burden of establishing that the statute is 

unconstitutional. Buxton, 526 S.W.3d at 686. 

Article 38.37, section 2, applicable to a trial for aggravated sexual assault of 

a child, provides:

Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, and 

subject to Section 2-a, evidence that the defendant has committed a 

separate offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) [including an 

offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child] may be admitted in the 

trial of an alleged offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) for any 

bearing the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of 

the defendant and acts performed in conformity with the character of 

the defendant.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37, § 2(b); see also Belcher v. State, 474 

S.W.3d 840, 844 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, no pet.) (noting that section 2(b) allows 

admission of evidence that defendant has committed certain sexual offenses against 

nonvictims of charged offense). Section 2-a provides:

Before evidence described by Section 2 may be introduced, the trial judge 

must:

(1) determine that the evidence likely to be admitted at trial will be 

adequate to support a finding by the jury that the defendant 

committed the separate offense beyond a reasonable doubt; and
11

(2) conduct a hearing out of the presence of the jury for that purpose.

Id. § 2-a. The State must give the defendant notice of its intent to introduce article 

38.37 evidence in its case-in-chief not later than the thirtieth day before trial. Id. § 3.

C. Analysis

Several of the intermediate courts of appeals, including this Court, have 

addressed constitutional challenges to this statute and have uniformly found that 

section 2(b) is constitutional. See, e.g., Caston v. State, 549 S.W.3d 601, 608 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.); Buxton, 526 S.W.3d at 686–89; Bezerra 

v. State, 485 S.W.3d 133, 139–40 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016, pet. ref’d); 

Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d 205, 213 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. ref’d); 

Harris, 475 S.W.3d at 403; Belcher, 474 S.W.3d at 847. As we noted in Buxton

[S]ection 2(b) contains numerous procedural safeguards that protect a 

defendant’s right to a fair trial, including requirements that the trial 

court determine at a hearing outside the presence of the jury that the 

evidence will be adequate to support a finding that the defendant 

committed the separate offense beyond a reasonable doubt, that the 

defense counsel has the right to cross-examine the witnesses at the 

hearing, and that the State provide notice of its intent to use such 

evidence in its case in chief at least thirty days before trial.

526 S.W.3d at 688 (citing Harris, 475 S.W.3d at 402). We concluded that section 

2(b) does not lessen a defendant’s presumption of innocence and does not alter the 

State’s burden of proof, as the State is still required to prove every element of the 

charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 688–89; see also Harris, 475 

S.W.3d at 402; Baez v. State, 486 S.W.3d 592, 600 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, 
12

pet. ref’d) (holding that section 2(b) enlarges scope of admissible testimony but does 

not alter quantum of proof required to support conviction); Bezerra, 485 S.W.3d at 

139–40 (following “well-reasoned opinion” in Harris and holding that section 2(b) 

does not violate defendant’s due process rights); Robisheaux, 483 S.W.3d at 211–13 

(following Harris and Belcher and holding section 2(b) is not facially 

unconstitutional); Belcher, 474 S.W.3d at 847 (noting, in holding that section 2(b) 

is constitutional, that statute is more narrowly drawn than its counterpart in federal 

rules).

The record also reflects that the procedural safeguards set out in sections 2-a 

and 3 of article 38.37 were followed in this case. More than six months prior to trial, 

the State gave appellant notice of its intent to introduce, among other things, 

extraneous evidence of appellant’s prior conviction for sexual assault of a child, and 

appellant’s sexual offenses against Lisa, Rachel, and Denise. See TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. art. 38.37, § 3. During the trial, the court conducted separate hearings outside 

the presence of the jury to determine the admissibility of appellant’s conviction and 

the testimony of each of these witnesses, and it ruled that the evidence was adequate 

to support a finding by the jury that the defendant committed each of the extraneous 

offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court also overruled appellant’s Rule 

403 objections, ruling that the probative value of this evidence was not substantially 
13

outweighed by any prejudicial effect. The three witnesses were also subject to 

cross-examination by trial counsel. See id. § 2-a. 

We reaffirm this Court’s holding in Caston and Buxton that section 2(b) does 

not lessen the presumption of innocence or the State’s burden of proof and, therefore,

does not violate a defendant’s due process rights. See Caston, 549 S.W.3d at 611; 

Buxton, 526 S.W.3d at 688–90. Because appellant has failed to establish that article 

38.37 is unconstitutional, we overrule his first point of error.

Deputy Butler’s Testimony

In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion by allowing Deputy Ebonie Butler to testify that she did not find appellant 

credible after she interviewed him. Specifically, he argues that Deputy Butler’s 

testimony, given just before his statement was played to the jury, established a filter 

through which appellant’s statement was viewed. Thus, he concludes, the testimony 

had to have a substantial and injurious effect on how the jury saw his statement and 

ultimately on its verdict.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

A trial court’s decision to admit evidence is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). 

A trial court abuses its discretion when its acts are arbitrary and unreasonable, 
14

without reference to any guiding rules or principles, or is so clearly wrong as to lie 

outside the zone within which reasonable persons might disagree. See id.

Evidence showing that an accused was deceptive during an investigation is 

relevant and admissible. See Oliva v. State, 942 S.W.2d 727, 732 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. dism’d). However, an expert is not permitted to give 

a direct opinion on the truthfulness of a witness because this is not a subject on which 

an expert’s testimony would assist a factfinder. See Yount v. State, 872 S.W.2d 706, 

709–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Similarly, a witness’s expert opinion on the 

truthfulness of a criminal defendant during an investigation is also inadmissible. See

Gonzalez v. State, 301 S.W.3d 393, 398 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, pet. ref’d) 

(concluding testimony of expert on heroin withdrawal was impermissible opinion 

on truthfulness of defendant’s confession); see, e.g., Poor v. State, No. 11-14-00090-

CR, 2016 WL 1072640, at *1 (Tex. App.—Eastland Mar. 17, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. 

op., not designated for publication) (concluding trial court erred in admitting 

detective’s opinion that defendant “was not being fully truthful” during interview 

with detective). This rule applies to expert and lay witness testimony alike. 

Blackwell v. State, 193 S.W.3d 1, 21 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. 

ref’d).
15

B. Error Analysis

Deputy Butler, the lead investigator, testified that she interviewed appellant 

during her investigation. On direct examination, the prosecutor asked Deputy 

Butler, “After speaking with the Defendant, did you find him to be credible in his 

story to you?” Deputy Butler responded that she did not, and trial counsel objected 

to “[t]he officer giving an opinion as to the credibility of the Defendant,” arguing 

that it was “outside the province of this officer.” In overruling the objection, the trial 

court stated, “based on [her] education and training and experience and her present 

sense impression with regard to what she saw, I’m going to allow that testimony in.” 

The prosecutor then asked, “So you did not find the Defendant to be credible when 

he was making his statement?” to which Deputy Butler replied that she did not.

Appellant asserts—and the State concedes—that the introduction of Deputy 

Butler’s testimony was improper. We agree. The trial court erred by admitting this 

testimony.

C. Harm Analysis

However, even if the trial court errs in admitting expert testimony, this error 

is non-constitutional and requires reversal only if it affects the substantial rights of 

the accused. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b) (stating non-constitutional error must be 

disregarded unless it affects substantial right); Petriciolet v. State, 442 S.W.3d 643, 

653 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d). “We will not overturn a 
16

criminal conviction for non-constitutional error if, after examining the record as a 

whole, we have fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a 

slight effect.” Petriciolet, 442 S.W.3d at 654 (citing Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W.3d 

91, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)).

In assessing the likelihood that the jury’s decision was improperly influenced, 

we consider the record as a whole, including testimony and physical evidence, the 

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged error 

and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case. See 

Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 94; see also Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002). Factors that we may consider include (1) the strength of the 

evidence of the appellant’s guilt; (2) whether the jury heard the same or substantially 

similar admissible evidence through another source; (3) the strength or weakness of 

an expert’s conclusions, including whether the expert’s opinion was effectively 

refuted; and (4) whether the State directed the jury’s attention to the expert’s 

testimony during argument. Petriciolet, 442 S.W.3d at 654 (citing Coble v. State, 

330 S.W.3d 253, 286 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)).

Here, the evidence of appellant’s guilt was strong. Theresa testified in detail 

about appellant’s sexual abuse of her over the course of several years. Odhiambo, 

the forensic interviewer who interviewed Theresa, testified that Theresa disclosed 

multiple instances of sexual abuse by appellant and provided specific details of each 
17

incident, and that her detailed disclosure “lends to her credibility.” The record also 

reflects that Theresa’s disclosure to the medical doctor who interviewed her was 

consistent with both Theresa’s testimony and her disclosure to Odhiambo. Rachel, 

her sister, also corroborated Theresa’s allegations when she testified that she saw 

appellant touch Theresa’s breast while she was asleep. Further, the State introduced 

evidence that appellant had been previously convicted of sexual assault of a child,

and the jury heard testimony that appellant had sexually abused Rachel as well as 

Lisa and Denise, his two biological daughters. See Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 357 (stating 

that presence of overwhelming evidence of guilt should be considered in harm 

analysis under rule 44.2(b)).

The jury also heard similar evidence without objection. Prior to her testimony 

regarding appellant’s credibility, Deputy Butler testified that the majority of 

appellant’s statement during his interview was “self-serving.” When asked by the 

prosecutor whether such statements are “meant to deflect or excuse behavior,” 

Deputy Butler replied “yes.” This testimony, which expressed Deputy Butler’s 

negative opinion as to appellant’s credibility, was admitted without objection. See 

Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“[O]verruling an 

objection to evidence will not result in reversal when other such evidence was 

received without objection, either before or after the complained-of ruling.”); 

Washington v. State, 485 S.W.3d 633, 638–39 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 
18

2016, no pet.) (noting error in admission of evidence may be rendered harmless when 

substantially same evidence is admitted elsewhere without objection).

Moreover, Deputy Butler’s testimony that she did not find appellant credible 

must be considered in light of her other testimony from which the jury could only 

conclude that she did not find appellant credible. Deputy Butler testified that she 

found Theresa’s disclosure to the medical doctor consistent with her disclosure she 

made to Odhiambo. In contrast, Deputy Butler testified that, after she investigated 

the claims that appellant made in his interview, she forwarded the case for 

prosecution.4 Given that Deputy Butler proceeded with charges against appellant 

following her investigation, the jury could reasonably infer that she did not find 

appellant to be credible and that she believed he had sexually abused Theresa. See 

Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 295 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (finding 

detective’s testimony explaining his doubts about defendant’s credibility and his 

belief of child sexual abuse victim’s account not particularly powerful given fact that 

detective forwarded case to district attorney’s office for prosecution after 

investigation and, therefore, factfinder could logically assume that he found victim 

 

4 For example, appellant told Deputy Butler that, two years before the sexual abuse 

allegations against him, Oshaa held appellant at gunpoint and that appellant’s family 

called the police. Deputy Butler conducted a computer search for any calls for 

service related to the incident appellant described but did not find any. Deputy 

Butler also investigated appellant’s claims that Theresa’s aunt and brother were 

scheming against him. After speaking with Tawinna and Oshaa, Deputy Butler 

forwarded the charges against appellant.
19

credible, her allegations truthful, and believed appellant was guilty of committing 

alleged sexual assault); see also Foster v. State, No. 01-97-00871-CR, 1999 WL 

33498, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 28, 1999, no pet.) (mem. op.) (not 

designated for publication) (“While it is error for an officer to testify as to the 

credibility of a defendant’s story, the error is harmless if the opinion is a reasonable 

inference from other testimony, and the jury could not logically have reached a 

different conclusion.”).

The State did not emphasize or direct the jury’s attention to Deputy Butler’s 

testimony during closing argument. The record reflects that the prosecutor 

mentioned Deputy Butler’s testimony regarding grooming behaviors common to 

child sexual predators, but she did not refer to Butler’s testimony regarding 

appellant’s credibility. The prosecutor also told the jury that it could assess 

appellant’s credibility from his own testimony.

Finally, the jurors were repeatedly instructed that they were the exclusive 

judges of the credibility of the witnesses. During voir dire, the trial court informed 

the venire, “You are the judges of the facts, and so you decide ultimately the 

credibility of the witnesses, who to believe, how much weight to give their 

testimony, and in the end you decide whether or not the person on trial is guilty or 

not guilty.” The prosecutor also advised the venire panel, “[I]t’s your job to weigh 

the credibility of the witnesses . . . .” The trial court also instructed the jury that they 
20

were “the exclusive judges of the facts proved, of the credibility of the witnesses and 

the weight to be given their testimony . . . .” After watching appellant’s recorded 

statement and hearing the other properly admitted testimony at trial, the jury could 

have reasonably decided on its own that appellant was not credible. See Flores v. 

State, 513 S.W.3d 146, 171–72 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) 

(holding trial court’s error in admitting psychologist’s testimony regarding 

children’s truthfulness did not affect defendant’s substantial rights where testimony 

was not calculated to inflame jury’s emotions, substantially similar testimony was 

allowed without objection, jury charge instructed jury that it was the sole judge of 

credibility of witnesses and weight to be given to their testimony, and jury heard 

complainant provide detailed account regarding defendant’s sexual assault); Lopez

v. State, 288 S.W.3d 148, 159 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, pet. ref’d) (holding 

that, despite State’s emphasis of clinical psychologist’s opinion regarding 

truthfulness of children, trial court’s error in admitting testimony was harmless 

where jurors had been instructed that they were exclusive judges of credibility of 

witnesses and had received ample evidence through which they could form their own 

opinion of victim’s credibility).

After examining the record as a whole, we conclude that, although error, the 

trial court’s admission of Deputy Butler’s testimony regarding appellant’s credibility

did not have a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s 
21

verdict. Petriciolet, 442 S.W.3d at 653. We overrule appellant’s second point of 

error.

Oshaa Banks’s Testimony

In his third point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion when it allowed Oshaa Banks to testify as an outcry witness because it led 

to testimony that was so damaging as to affect appellant’s substantial right to a fair

trial.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

As with a trial court’s ruling to admit or exclude evidence, a trial court’s 

designation of an outcry witness is also reviewed under an abuse of discretion 

standard. See Thomas v. State, 309 S.W.3d 576, 578 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). 

Article 38.072 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows the admission 

of a hearsay statement made to an outcry witness by certain victims, including child 

victims of a sexual offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.072. The outcry 

witness is the first person over the age of eighteen, other than the defendant, to whom 

the child spoke about the offense. See id. § 2(a)(3). The statement must be “‘more 

than words which give a general allusion that something in the area of child abuse is 

going on’; it must be made in some discernable manner and is event-specific rather 

than person-specific.” Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
22

(quoting Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). “Hearsay 

testimony from more than one outcry witness may be admissible under article 38.072 

only if the witnesses testify about different events.” Id. There may be only one 

outcry witness per event.” Id.

B. Error Analysis

Prior to admitting forensic interviewer Odhiambo’s testimony regarding 

Theresa’s statement to her, the trial court conducted a hearing pursuant to article 

38.072 to determine the proper outcry witness. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 

38.072, § 2(b)(2) (requiring trial court to conduct hearing outside presence of jury 

and find statement is reliable based on time, content, and circumstances of statement 

prior to its admission). During that hearing, Theresa testified that she told Oshaa 

that appellant had “been touching on [her] and stuff.” She testified that she did not 

tell him that appellant had touched her vagina with his penis. When the trial judge 

asked Theresa if she told her brother something different than what she told 

Odhiambo, Theresa replied “No, I just told him that he had been touching me 

inappropriately; but I told the lady, like, from the beginning to, like, the very end of 

it happened.” When the trial judge asked Theresa if she was more specific with 

Odhiambo than she was with her brother about what had happened, she replied “Yes, 

sir.”
23

Odhiambo testified that Theresa disclosed multiple instances of sexual abuse 

including instances when the appellant “touched her on the butt and her breast on 

top of her clothes” and “touched [her] on her butt and [vagina] with [his penis].” 

Odhiambo testified that Theresa told her that she had disclosed to her brother that 

“she had been touched,” but not with the detail with which she had disclosed the 

sexual abuse to Odhiambo. Following Theresa and Odhiambo’s testimony, the trial 

court designated Odhiambo as the outcry witness for the charged offense and found 

that Theresa’s hearsay statement was reliable.

The trial court later conducted another article 38.072 hearing following the 

testimony of Odhiambo, Theresa, Renee, Rachel, Denise, and Lisa to determine if 

Oshaa was also an outcry witness. During that hearing, Oshaa testified that Theresa

told him that appellant came into her room late at night on more than one occasion 

and “touch[ed] her on her private parts.” Trial counsel objected to admission of this 

hearsay statement, arguing that it was not a true outcry statement because Oshaa 

initiated the conversation with Theresa and the statement did not meet the 

requirements of article 38.072. The trial court overruled the objections and 

designated Oshaa as “an outcry witness with regard to the statements that [Theresa] 

gave to him that was a result of an independent, distinct event of sexual abuse of a 

child that [appellant was] not on trial for in this specific case.” 
24

In the presence of the jury, Oshaa testified that Theresa initially denied that 

appellant had tried to touch her. After Oshaa told her that she would not get in 

trouble, Theresa told him that appellant “used to come into her room late night and 

touch her private parts and stuff like that.” Oshaa also testified that Theresa told him 

that appellant “made her touch his private part and stuff like that.”

Appellant contends—and the State acknowledges—that the trial court erred 

in permitting Oshaa to testify about Theresa’s statement to him because there is 

nothing in the record to support a finding that the events Theresa described to Oshaa 

are different than the events she disclosed to Odhiambo, particularly in light of 

Theresa’s article 38.072 testimony that she told Odhiambo about appellant’s abuse 

of her “from the beginning . . . to the very end” and that she did not tell Oshaa 

anything different than what she told Odhiambo. Having found error, we must 

determine whether the error requires reversal. 

C. Harm Analysis

As previously noted, the erroneous admission of evidence is reviewed under 

the standard for non-constitutional harm and requires reversal only if it affects the 

substantial rights of the accused. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Taylor v. State, 268 

S.W.3d 571, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “A substantial right is affected when the 

error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s 

verdict.” Petriciolet, 442 S.W.3d at 653. “We will not overturn a criminal 
25

conviction for non-constitutional error if, after examining the record as a whole, we 

have fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury or had but a slight effect.” 

Id. at 654.

Initially, we note that the improper admission of outcry testimony is harmless 

when similar testimony is admitted through the unobjected-to testimony of the 

victim. See Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718; Duncan v. State, 95 S.W.3d 669, 672 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). In his brief, appellant acknowledges 

that Odhiambo and Oshaa testified to the “exact same thing” and “the same events.” 

Further, the record reflects that Theresa and Rachel testified to the same fact that 

Oshaa related to the jury, that is, that appellant came into Theresa’s room and 

touched her. Thus, to the extent that appellant complains about Oshaa’s testimony 

regarding Theresa’s statement to him, this evidence was cumulative of other 

unobjected-to testimony that came before the jury and, therefore, was harmless. See 

Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718; Duncan, 95 S.W.3d at 672; see also McLemore v. State, 

No. 02-15-00229-CR, 2016 WL 4395778, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 18, 

2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op. not designated for publication) (noting defendant 

conceded that testimony of outcry witnesses was cumulative where he admitted 

witnesses’ testimony overlapped). 

Appellant also argues that when Oshaa was allowed to testify as an outcry 

witness, “it opened the door to his whole discussion about why he questioned the 
26

girls in the first place and to all of the ‘red flags’ that supposedly went to his state of 

mind.” He contends that Oshaa’s testimony that the red flags led him to ask his 

sisters about appellant—namely, his godsisters’ statement that appellant was 

“weird” and “watche[d] them,” appellant’s statement that he was a sex offender and 

that a thirteen-year old girl “had lied on him,” and his fifteen-year old girlfriend’s 

statement that appellant had “tried to hit on her”—was so damaging that it affected

his substantial right to a fair trial.

However, the evidence supporting the verdict was strong. See Petriciolet, 442 

S.W.3d at 654 (noting courts may consider strength of evidence of defendant’s guilt

as factor in harm analysis). The jury heard Theresa’s testimony that (1) within a 

year after appellant moved into the house, he touched her breast and vagina with his 

hands and, afterwards, he fondled her in his bedroom twice a week; (2) on one 

occasion, appellant called Theresa into his bedroom, told her to take off her clothes, 

and penetrated her vagina with his penis and ejaculated on the bed; (3) appellant 

continued to have sexual intercourse with Theresa twice a week until she began 

menstruating; and (4) appellant went into Theresa’s bedroom at night and touched 

her breast. The jury also heard testimony from Rachel who witnessed appellant

touch Theresa’s breast while she was asleep. 

We also consider the impact of the complained-of testimony in connection 

with other evidence in the case. See Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 94. Given the above
27

testimony, as well as Odhiambo’s testimony regarding Theresa’s detailed disclosure 

to her of multiple instances of abuse and the testimony of the other extraneous 

victims that was already before the jury, the impact of Oshaa’s testimony regarding 

his godsisters’ and girlfriend’s statements is diminished when placed in the context 

of a trial filled with other highly detailed and emotionally charged evidence. See 

Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (finding trial court’s 

admission of children’s autopsy photographs erroneous, but harmless, where 

photographs were not particularly gruesome or emotionally charged and paled in 

comparison to properly admitted post-mortem photographs of parents with whose 

deaths appellant was charged); Walter v. State, 293 S.W.3d 886, 891 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) (concluding that error in admitting codefendant’s 

blame-shifting hearsay testimony containing statements about victims

unsuccessfully pleading for their lives was harmless error where conviction was 

supported by other, properly admitted, emotionally charged evidence). With regard 

to the remaining “red flag”—Oshaa’s testimony that appellant admitted that he was 

a sex offender and that a thirteen-year old girl “had lied on him”—we note that 

evidence of appellant’s prior conviction for sexual assault of a child was already 

before the jury. See Leday, 983 S.W.3d at 718.

We may also consider the jury instruction given by the trial judge, the State’s 

theory and any defensive theories, closing arguments and even voir dire, if material 
28

to appellant’s claim. Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 

Here, the record reflects that the trial court instructed the jury that they were not to 

consider Oshaa’s testimony regarding his godsisters’ and girlfriend’s statements to 

him for the truth of the matter asserted, but rather only for the effect that the 

statements had upon him. See id.

Oshaa’s testimony regarding the red flags that prompted him to talk to his 

sisters about appellant were also particularly relevant in rebutting appellant’s 

defensive theory that Oshaa had influenced his siblings and step-siblings to fabricate 

allegations against appellant. Deputy Butler testified that, during her interview of 

appellant, he claimed that Theresa was lying about the allegations against him and 

that she and Oshaa were scheming against him. Through his cross-examination of 

Theresa, Renee, Rachel, Lisa, and Denise—who all testified before Oshaa—trial 

counsel sought to develop the defensive theory that Oshaa convinced Theresa to 

fabricate the allegations against him because he was a troublemaker who resented 

appellant’s attempts to discipline him and wanted him out of the house. Trial counsel 

also elicited similar testimony from appellant’s sister and mother. Thus, Oshaa’s 

testimony regarding the red flags that led him to talk to Theresa allowed the State to 

rebut appellant’s defensive theory. See id.
29

A review of the record reveals that the State did not emphasize this portion of 

Oshaa’s testimony at trial. Aside from one reference to Oshaa’s knowledge that 

appellant is a sex offender, the State made no mention of the evidence. See id.

After examining the record as a whole, we have fair assurance that the 

admission of Oshaa’s outcry testimony, although erroneous, did not influence the 

jury, or had but a slight effect. Accordingly, the error in the admission of this 

evidence does not constitute reversible error. See Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355. We 

overrule appellant’s third issue.

Admission of Jail Disciplinary Records

In his fourth issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion

by allowing the State to introduce his jail disciplinary records during the 

guilt-innocence phase of the trial.

During the cross-examination of appellant, the following exchange occurred: 

State: Have you ever masturbated in front of anyone?

Appellant: No.

State: You tried to strip—

Appellant: Let me rephrase that.

State: Okay.

Appellant: In jail I have, in jail.
30

Trial counsel objected on the grounds of improper impeachment because 

appellant admitted that he had masturbated in front of someone at the jail, and he 

also objected under Texas Rule of Evidence 403 that the probative value of the 

evidence was outweighed by its prejudicial value. The trial court overruled the 

objections. The cross-examination continued: 

State: In fact, you’ve been written up for masturbating in jail twice, 

correct?

Appellant: I was standing at the toilet.

State: I’m not asking you about details, sir. I’m asking you—

Appellant: Yes, yes, yes, ma’am, I was.

State: At one point, you stared down a female officer, right?

Appellant: I don’t recall that.

The State later sought to introduce evidence from appellant’s jail disciplinary 

records. Trial counsel objected to their admission under Code of Criminal Procedure 

article 38.37 and evidentiary rules 403 and 404. Following a bench conference, the 

trial court allowed the State to introduce the jail disciplinary records into evidence. 

Trial counsel re-urged the same objections. The trial court overruled the objections 

and admitted the records. The records reflect two incidents in which appellant 

masturbated in front of females in the jail while looking at them. The first incident 

involved a nurse and the second incident involved a jailer. 
31

Appellant contends that the disciplinary records were not relevant as 

impeachment evidence because he admitted on the stand that he had been written up 

twice for masturbating in jail and, therefore, there was nothing to impeach. He also 

argues that trial counsel’s objection under Rule of Evidence 403 should have been 

sustained.

A. Applicable Law

Under Rule 403, “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the 

issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative 

evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 403. “Rule 403 favors the admission of relevant evidence 

and carries a presumption that relevant evidence will be more probative than 

prejudicial.” Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “The 

term ‘probative value’ refers to the inherent probative force of an item of evidence—

that is, how strongly it serves to make more or less probable the existence of a fact 

of consequence to the litigation—coupled with the proponent’s need for that item of 

evidence.” Id. (quoting Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007)). “‘Unfair prejudice’ refers to a tendency to suggest decision on an improper 

basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” Id. “It is only when 

there exists a clear disparity between the degree of prejudice of the offered evidence 
32

and its probative value that Rule 403 is applicable.” Id. (quoting Williams v. State, 

958 S.W.2d 186, 196 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).

In conducting a Rule 403 analysis, a trial court must balance (1) the inherent 

probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need 

for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an 

improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from 

the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury 

that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) 

the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount 

of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 

S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

B. Analysis

Assuming that the admission of the jail disciplinary records constituted error, 

the record does not demonstrate that appellant was harmed by the evidence.5 See

Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355; Morales, 32 S.W.3d at 867. The evidence established 

that appellant had been charged with the disciplinary offense of “engaging in sexual 

acts” twice for masturbating in the jail. The record reflects that, despite trial 

counsel’s initial objection to appellant’s admission to masturbating in jail, appellant 

 

5 The State agrees with appellant that the trial court erred in admitting his jail 

disciplinary records.
33

admitted, without objection, that he had been written up twice for that offense. 

“Error in the admission of evidence may be rendered harmless when substantially 

the same evidence is admitted elsewhere without objection.” See Washington, 485 

S.W.3d at 638–39 (citing Leday, 983 S.W.3d 717–18).

As summarized above, the evidence supporting the verdict was strong. 

Appellant acknowledges this point, albeit implicitly, when he asserts that the State 

did not need this evidence, and that its introduction was simply “an instance of 

‘piling on’” in light of the evidence, already before the jury, of appellant’s prior 

conviction for sexual assault of a child and the testimony of the three extraneous 

victims regarding other instances of sexual abuse by appellant. See Motilla, 78 

S.W.3d at 355. 

The record reflects that the State briefly mentioned appellant’s jail 

disciplinary records in its closing arguments. The prosecutor told the jury that she 

offered the disciplinary records not for the purpose of “throw[ing] in the kitchen 

sink,” but to show that appellant was lying on the stand about whether or not he 

would be capable of committing these sexual offenses. However, the record also 

reflects that the records were not published or shown to the jury.

Finally, the record shows that the trial court’s charge instructed the jury that 

it could only consider evidence that the defendant had committed “an alleged offense 

or offenses other than the offense alleged against him in the indictment in this case
34

... in determining the motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, 

identity or absence of mistake or accident of the defendant, if any, in connection 

with the offense, if any, alleged against him in the indictment and for no other 

purpose.” Thus, the jury was instructed that it was not to consider the records for 

any other purpose, including character conformity and impeachment. See id.

Viewing the entire record, including the strong evidence of appellant’s guilt, 

the unobjected-to cumulative evidence, and the trial court’s instruction to the jury, 

we have fair assurance that the admission of the jail disciplinary records, although 

error, did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 

93. Accordingly, appellant’s fourth point of error is overruled.6 

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Russell Lloyd

Justice 

 

6

In the final paragraph under his fourth point of error, appellant states that “[t]he 

error [in allowing introduction of the jail disciplinary records] undoubtedly had a 

substantial and injurious effect on the jury’s verdict (if not singularly, certainly in 

its cumulative affect [sic]).” To the extent that appellant is alleging cumulative error 

or harm, we need not decide this issue because appellant’s conclusory statement is 

insufficient to maintain his burden to adequately brief the point of error. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Linney v. State, 401 S.W.3d 764, 782–83 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (finding issue inadequately briefed because defendant 

made only conclusory statement that cumulative harm affected his substantial 

rights).
35

Panel consists of Justices Lloyd, Kelly, and Hightower.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).