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August 24-Month Study

Date: August 15th 2023

From: Water Resources Group, Salt Lake City

To: All Colorado River Annual Operating Plan (AOP) Recipients

Current Reservoir Status

July Inflow

(unregulated)

(acre-feet)

% (percent) Aug. 14 Midnight

Elevation (feet)

Aug. 14, Midnight

Reservoir Storage

(acre-feet)

Fontenelle 140,700 83 6,503.97 318,192 

Flaming Gorge 174,500 86 6,031.19 3,311,173 

Blue Mesa 117,200 108 7,507.40 720,810 

Navajo 45,800 96 6,054.74 1,227,254 

Powell 1,054,200 109 3,577.28 9,078,640 

Expected Operations

The operation of Lake Powell and Lake Mead in the August 2023 24-Month Study is pursuant to the 

December 2007 Record of Decision on Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and 

the Coordinated Operations of Lake Powell and Lake Mead (Interim Guidelines) and reflects the 2023 

Annual Operating Plan (AOP). Pursuant to the Interim Guidelines, the August 2022 24-Month Study 

projections of the January 1, 2023, system storage and reservoir water surface elevations set the 

operational tier for the coordinated operation of Lake Powell and Lake Mead during 2023. 

Consistent with Section 6.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, Lake Powell’s operation in water year (WY) 2023 is 

governed by the Lower Elevation Balancing Tier with an initial projected water year release volume of 7.00 

million acre-feet (maf). Based on hydrologic conditions in April 2023, Reclamation determined that 

conditions were sufficient to release up to 9.50 maf from Lake Powell in WY 2023, consistent with Section 

6.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, but releases could be as low as 7.00 maf consistent with the Interim 

Guidelines and to protect Lake Powell from declining below elevation 3,525 feet at the end of December 

2023. Balancing releases in WY 2023 are based on the projected end of water year physical contents of 

Lake Powell and Lake Mead. 

Consistent with this operating approach and based on the most probable inflow forecast, the August 2023 

24-Month Study projects a balancing release of 8.86 maf from Lake Powell in WY 2023.The projected 

release from Lake Powell in WY 2023 will be updated each month throughout the remainder of the water 

year. The modeling approach for 2024 and beyond will be consistent with the Interim Guidelines and will 

be based on the projected physical contents at Lake Powell and Lake Mead.

The 2022 Drought Response Operations Agreement (DROA) Plan for May 2022 through April 2023 was 

amended to suspend 2022 DROA Plan releases as of March 7, 2023. A total DROA release of 

approximately 463 thousand acre-feet (kaf) occurred under the 2022 DROA Plan. Reclamation will attempt 

to maximize DROA recovery in the Upper Initial Units in WY 2023 and through April 2024. Reclamation 
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will provide monthly DROA accounting, including DROA releases and recovery, which can be found online 

at: https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/DROSummarySheet.pdf. 

In May of 2023, the DROA Parties agreed to the 2023 DROA Plan. The 2023 DROA Plan does not include 

any DROA releases, but rather provides for recovery of prior DROA releases from the units upstream of 

Powell. 

Reclamation will continue to carefully monitor hydrologic and operational conditions and assess the need 

for additional responsive actions and/or changes to operations. Reclamation will continue to consult with 

the Basin States, Basin Tribes, Mexico, and other partners on Colorado River operations to consider and 

determine whether additional measures should be taken to further enhance the preservation of these 

benefits, as well as recovery protocols, including those of future protective measures for both Lakes 

Powell and Mead. 

Consistent with Section 2.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, a Shortage Condition consistent with Section 

2.D.1.b is governing the operation of Lake Mead for calendar year (CY) 2023. In addition, Section III.B of 

Exhibit 1 to the Lower Basin Drought Contingency Plan (DCP) Agreement will govern the operation of 

Lake Mead for CY 2023. Efforts to conserve additional water in Lake Mead under a 2021 Lower Basin 

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to facilitate near-term actions to maintain the water surface 

elevation of Lake Mead and additional conservation efforts under the Lower Colorado River Basin System 

Conservation and Efficiency Program (LC Conservation Program) will also take place in CY 2023.

The August 2023 24-Month study projects the January 1, 2024, Lake Powell elevation to be less than 3,575 

feet and at or above 3,525 feet and the Lake Mead 

elevation to be at or above 1,025 feet. Consistent with Section 6.C.1 of the Interim Guidelines the 

operational tier for Lake Powell in WY 2024 will be the 

Mid-Elevation Release Tier and the water year release volume from Lake Powell will be 7.48 maf.

The August 2023 24-Month Study projects the January 1, 2024 Lake Mead elevation to be below 1,075 

feet and above 1,050 feet. Consistent with 

Section 2.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, a Shortage Condition consistent with Section 2.D.1.a will govern 

the operation of Lake Mead for CY 2024. In 

addition, Section III.B of Exhibit 1 to the Lower Basin DCP Agreement will also govern the operation of 

Lake Mead for CY 2024. Lower Basin projections for Lake Mead take into consideration updated water 

orders to reflect additional conservation efforts under the LC Conservation Program.

The 2024 operational tier determinations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead will be documented in the 2024 

AOP, which is currently in development.

Current runoff projections into Lake Powell are provided by the National Weather Service’s Colorado Basin 

River Forecast Center. The observed unregulated inflow into Lake Powell for the month of July was 1.05 

maf or 109 % of the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020. The August 2023 unregulated inflow forecast for 

Lake Powell is 0.43 maf or 114% of the 30-year average. The preliminary observed 2023 April through July 

unregulated inflow is 10.62 maf or 166 % of average.
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The 2023 AOP is available online at:

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/rsvrs/ops/aop/AOP23.pdf.

The Interim Guidelines are available online at:

https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/strategies/RecordofDecision.pdf. 

The Colorado River DCPs are available online at:

https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/finaldocs.html.

The 2021 Lower Basin MOU is available online at: 

https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/2021_MOU.pdf.

The Upper Basin DROA is online at:

https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/droa.html.

The Upper Basin Hydrology Summary is available online at:

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/studies/24Month_08_ucb.pdf. 

Information on the LC Conservation Program is available online at: 

https://www.usbr.gov/lc/LCBConservation.html.

Fontenelle Reservoir

As of August 02, 2023, the Fontenelle Reservoir pool elevation is 6502.92 feet, which amounts to 93 

percent of live storage capacity. Inflows for the month of June totaled approximately 140,680 acre-feet 

(af) or 83 percent of average. 

July inflow to Fontenelle was lower than forecasted. The spring runoff has been unpredictable due to 

unsettled weather in the region. Release rates are currently holding at 1,200 cfs, pending hydrology. 

Release rates may need to increase if unpredictable weather patterns persist in August. 

The August final forecast for unregulated inflows into Fontenelle for the next three months projects near 

average conditions. August, September, and October Most Probable inflow volumes amount to 65,000 af 

(100 percent of average), 45,000 af (113 percent of average), and 45,000 af (100 percent of average), 

respectively.

The next Fontenelle Working Group meeting is scheduled for August 24, 2023 at 10:00 a.m. at Seedskadee 

National Wildlife Refuge, WY. Details on the meeting will be provided as we get closer to the meeting 

date. Prior Fontenelle Working Group meeting minutes are available online on USBR’s website at 

https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/wg/ft/ftcurrnt.html. The Fontenelle Working Group is an open public 

forum for information exchange between Reclamation and other parties associated with the operation of 

Fontenelle Reservoir.

Flaming Gorge Reservoir

As of August 7, 2023 (end of day), Flaming Gorge Reservoir pool elevation is 6031.37 feet, which amounts 

to 90 percent of live storage capacity. Unregulated inflow volume for the month of July is approximately 

174,000 af, which is 87 percent of the average July unregulated inflow volume. Current average daily 

releases are approximately 1,800 cfs. The Colorado pikeminnow experiment is being implemented and 

releases will be made, pending the Yampa flow, to achieve greater than 2,200 cfs in Reach 2, measured at 

the USGS Jensen gage. 
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The July unregulated inflows into Flaming Gorge for the next three months projects near average. August, 

September, and October forecasted unregulated inflow volumes amount to 75,000 af (105 percent of 

average), and 50,000 af (109 percent of average), and 55,000 af (103 percent of average), respectively. 

The observed April through July unregulated inflow volume into Flaming Gorge Reservoir is 1,457,000 af 

(157% of average), a moderately wet hydrologic classification.

Reclamation is planning to hold Flaming Gorge Working Group meetings on August 23, 2023, at 10:00 am 

in Vernal (and Teams virtual meeting) at the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Northeastern Region 318 

N. Vernal Ave., Vernal, Utah. The Flaming Gorge Working Group is an open public forum for information 

exchange between Reclamation and the stakeholders of Flaming Gorge Dam. The public is encouraged to 

attend and comment on the operations and plans presented by Reclamation at these meetings. Meeting 

notes from past Working Group meetings are posted on the Working Group webpage. For more 

information on this group and these meetings please contact Alex Pivarnik at (385) 475 – 8329.

Aspinall Unit Reservoirs

As of August 9, 2023, releases from Crystal Dam are approximately 1,750 cfs. Flows of the Gunnison River 

in the Black Canyon are being maintained at about 700 cfs while the Gunnison Tunnel is diverting 1,100 

cfs. Flows in the Whitewater Reach of the Gunnison River are about 1,450 cfs.

The unregulated inflow volume in July to Blue Mesa was 117,000 af (108 percent of average). Unregulated 

Inflow volumes forecasted for Blue Mesa for the next three months (August, September and October) are 

projected to be: 57,000 af (100 percent of average), 40,000 af (114 percent of average) and 40,000 af (108 

percent of average), respectively. The August 24-Month Study will be reflective of these new forecasted 

inflows.

The forecasted 2023 water year unregulated inflow volume to Blue Mesa is projected to be 1,083,000 af 

(120 percent of average). The water supply period (April-July) for 2024 had an unregulated inflow volume 

of to be 833,000 af of unregulated inflow (131 percent of average)

Blue Mesa elevation has increased dramatically between April and the end of June. On April 9, 2023 the 

elevation of Blue Mesa was 7444.46 feet above sea level and Blue Mesa was 36.3% full. On June 25, 2023, 

the elevation of Blue Mesa reached its peak for the year at 7512.47 feet above sea level and Blue Mesa 

storage reached 92 4% of full. By the end of water year 2023 (September 30, 2023) Blue Mesa elevation is 

projected to be approximately 7,500.21 feet above sea level with about 659,950 acre-feet of storage which 

will be 80 percent of capacity.

The Aspinall Unit Operations Group is an open public forum for information exchange between 

Reclamation and the stakeholders of the Aspinall Unit. The public is encouraged to attend and comments 

on the operations and plans presented by Reclamation at these meetings. Meeting notes from past 

working Group meetings are posted on the Operations Group webpage. For more information on this 

group and these meetings please contact Erik Knight in the Grand Junction Area Office at (970) 248-0629.

The next Operations Group meeting will be held August 24, 2023 at 1:00 p.m., in person at the Elk Creek 

Visitor Center at Blue Mesa Reservoir. This will be an in-person meeting with an option for remote 

participation. Contact Erik Knight in the Grand Junction Area Office at (970) 248-0629 to get more 

information regarding this Operation Group meeting.
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Navajo Reservoir

On August 7th the daily average release rate from Navajo Dam was 700 cfs while reservoir inflow was 

averaging 273 cfs. The water surface elevation was 6056.04 feet above sea level. At this elevation the live 

storage is 1.24 maf (75 percent of live storage capacity) and the active storage is 617 maf (60 percent of 

active storage capacity). An average of 785 cfs is currently being diverted to Cutter Reservoir for the 

Navajo Indian Irrigation Project (NIIP). Approximately 26 cfs is being diverted to the San Juan-Chama 

Project (SJC) above Navajo Reservoir. So far this calendar year, NIIP has diverted 140 kaf and SJC has 

diverted 144 kaf.

Releases from Navajo Dam are made for authorized purposes of the Navajo Unit and are pursuant to the 

Record of Decision for the Navajo Reservoir Operations. Releases target the San Juan River Recovery 

Implementation Program's (SJRIP) recommended downstream baseflow range of 500 cfs to 1,000 cfs 

through the critical habitat reach of the San Juan River (Farmington, NM to Lake Powell).

Preliminary modified unregulated inflow (MUI) into Navajo in July was 46 kaf, which was 96 percent of 

average for the month. The release averaged 520 cfs and totaled 32.3 kaf, which was 68 percent of 

average for the month. The total April-July modified unregulated inflow into Navajo was 1,028 kaf (164 

percent of average).

The most probable MUI forecast for August, September, and October, is 20 kaf (61% of average), 23 kaf 

(67% of average), and 35 kaf (91% of average), respectively.

As per the Reclamation Record of Decision for Navajo Dam (2006), a spring peak release was conducted in 

May and June of 2023. The release peaked at 4,600 cfs and achieved three of the four SJRIP flow goals.

Reclamation conducts Public Operations Meetings three times per year to gather input for determining 

upcoming operations for Navajo Reservoir. Input from individuals, organizations, and agencies along with 

other factors such as weather, water rights, endangered species requirements, flood control, hydro power, 

recreation, fish and wildlife management, and reservoir levels, will be considered in the development of 

these reservoir operation plans. In addition, the meetings are used to coordinate activities and exchange 

information among agencies, water users, and other interested parties concerning the San Juan River and 

Navajo Reservoir. The next meeting will be held on Tuesday, August 22nd at 1:00 PM. This meeting is 

open to the public, and will be held at the Farmington Civic Center, 200 West Arrington, in Farmington, 

New Mexico (subject to change based on guidance at the time). The meeting will also have a virtual 

option.

Glen Canyon Dam / Lake Powell

Current Status

Consistent with Section 6.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, Lake Powell’s operation in WY 2023 is governed 

by the Lower Elevation Balancing Tier with an initial projected WY release volume of 7.00 maf. Based on 

hydrologic conditions as of April 2023, Reclamation determined that conditions were sufficient to release 

up to 9.50 maf from Lake Powell in WY 2023 consistent with Section 6.D.1 of the Interim Guidelines, but 

releases could be as low as 7.00 maf consistent with the Interim Guidelines and to protect Lake Powell 

from declining below elevation 3,525 feet at the end of December 2023. Balancing releases in WY 2023 

are based on projected end of water year physical contents of Lake Powell and Lake Mead. 
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Consistent with this operating approach and based on the most probable inflow forecast, the August 2023 

24-Month Study projects a balancing release of 8.86 maf from Lake Powell in WY 2023. The projected 

release from Lake Powell in WY 2023 will be updated each month throughout the remainder of the water 

year. The modeling approach for 2024 and beyond will be consistent with the Interim Guidelines and will 

be based on the projected physical contents at Lake Powell and Lake Mead. 

Reclamation will continue to carefully monitor hydrologic and operational conditions and assess the need 

for additional responsive actions and/or changes to operations. Reclamation will continue to consult with 

the Basin States, Basin Tribes, Mexico, and other partners on Colorado River operations to consider and 

determine whether additional measures should be taken to further enhance the preservation of these 

benefits, as well as recovery protocols, including those of future protective measures for both Lakes 

Powell and Mead. 

The unregulated inflow volume to Lake Powell during July was 1,054 kaf (109 percent of average). The 

release volume from Glen Canyon Dam in July was 1,149 kaf. The end of July elevation and storage of 

Lake Powell were 3,580.42 feet (120 feet from full pool) and 9.33 maf (40 percent of live capacity), 

respectively. 

Current Operations

The August 2023 24-Month study projects the January 1, 2023, Lake Powell elevation to be less than 3,575 

feet and at or above 3,525 feet and the Lake Mead elevation to be at or above 1,025 feet. Consistent with 

Section 6.C.1 of the Interim Guidelines the operational tier for Lake Powell in water year 2024 will be the 

Mid-Elevation Release Tier and the water year release volume from Lake Powell will be 7.48 maf. 

Hourly releases during August 2023 will fluctuate from a low of approximately 10,540 cfs during the early 

morning hours to a high of 18,540 cfs during the afternoon and evening hours. The August release 

volume is 900,000 acre-feet. The anticipated monthly release volume for September is anticipated to be 

753,025 acre-feet and will be confirmed toward the end of August and throughout September as 

Reclamation balances the contents between Powell and Mead by the end of WY 2023.

In addition to daily scheduled fluctuations for power generation, the instantaneous releases from Glen 

Canyon Dam may also fluctuate to provide 40 megawatts (MW) of system regulation. These 

instantaneous release adjustments stabilize the electrical generation and transmission system and 

translate to a range of about 1,300 cfs above or below the hourly scheduled release rate. Under normal 

system conditions, fluctuations for regulation are typically short lived and generally balance out over the 

hour with minimal or no noticeable impacts on downstream river flow conditions.

Releases from Glen Canyon Dam can also fluctuate beyond scheduled releases when called upon to 

respond to unscheduled power outages or power system emergencies. Depending on the severity of the 

system emergency, the response from Glen Canyon Dam can be significant, within the full range of the 

operating capacity of the power plant for as long as is necessary to maintain balance in the transmission 

system. Glen Canyon Dam currently maintains 30 MW (approximately 1,300 cfs) of generation capacity in 

reserve in order to respond to a system emergency even when generation rates are already high. System 

emergencies occur infrequently and typically require small responses from Glen Canyon Dam. However, 

these responses can have a noticeable impact on the river downstream of Glen Canyon Dam.
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Inflow Forecasts and Model Projections

The forecast for water year 2023 unregulated inflow to Lake Powell, issued on August 1, 2023, by the 

Colorado Basin River Forecast Center, projects that the most probable (median) unregulated inflow 

volume in water year 2023 will be 13.75 maf (143 percent of average). 

In addition to the August 2023 24-Month Study based on the Most Probable inflow scenario, and in 

accordance with the Upper Basin Drought Response Operations Agreement (DROA), Reclamation has 

conducted model runs in August to determine a possible range of reservoir elevations. The August 2023 

24-Month Study probable most, minimum and maximum probable inflow scenarios were used to 

determine the range of probable outcomes. The probable minimum and probable maximum model runs 

are conducted simultaneously in January, April, August, and October, or when necessary to incorporate 

changing conditions. The probable minimum inflow scenario reflects a dry hydrologic condition which 

statistically would be exceeded 90 percent of the time. The most probable inflow scenario reflects a 

median hydrologic condition which statistically would be exceeded 50 percent of the time. The probable 

maximum inflow scenario reflects a wet hydrologic condition which statistically would be exceeded 10 

percent of the time. There is approximately an 80 percent probability that a future elevation will fall inside 

the range of the minimum and maximum inflow scenarios. Additionally, there are possible inflow 

scenarios that would result in reservoir elevations falling outside the ranges indicated in these reports. 

The DROA coordination will continue until either (i) the minimum probable projected elevation remains 

above 3,525 feet for 24 months or (ii) the process moves to the next step when the most probable 

projected elevation indicates Powell elevations below 3,525 feet and a Drought Response Operations Plan 

is developed. This 2022 Plan is described above and available for review here: 

https://www.usbr.gov/dcp/droa.html.

The August forecast for water year 2023 is 13.75 maf (143 percent of average). The August forecast for WY 

2024 ranges from a minimum probable of 6.10 maf (64% of average) to a forecasted maximum probable 

of 17.70 maf (184 percent of average) with the most probable forecast for water year 2024 of 10.00 maf 

(104 percent of average). There is a 10 percent chance that inflows could be higher than the current 

maximum probable forecast and a 10 percent chance that inflows could be lower than the minimum 

probable forecast.

Based on the current forecast for water year 2023 of 13.75 maf unregulated, the August 24-Month Study 

projects Lake Powell elevation will end water year 2023 near 3575.56 feet with approximately 8.79 maf in 

storage (38 percent of capacity). Based on the current forecast for water year 2024 of 10.00 maf 

unregulated, the August 24-Month Study projects Lake Powell elevation will end water year 2024 near 

3595.59 feet with approximately 10.60 maf in storage (45 percent of capacity). Note that projections of 

elevation and storage for water year 2024 have significant uncertainty at this point in the season. 

Projections of end of water year 2024 elevation using the August minimum and maximum inflow forecast 

results are 3,557.48 feet and 3,656.79 feet, respectively. The annual release volume from Lake Powell 

during water year 2024 will be 7.48 maf under the Mid-Elevation Release Tier as determined under 

Section 6.C.1 of the Interim Guidelines as determined by the Department of the Interior as described 

above.
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Upper Colorado River Basin Hydrology 

Upper Colorado River Basin regularly experiences significant year to year hydrologic variability. The 30-

year average was updated in October 2022 from 1981 through 2010 to 1991 through 2020. Shifting the 

period of record decreased the average unregulated inflow 1.20 maf. The period 2000-2022 is the lowest 

23-year period since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, with an average unregulated inflow of 8.29 

maf, or 93 percent of the 30-year average (1991-2020). (For comparison, the 1991-2020 total water year 

average is 9.60 maf.) The unregulated inflow during the 2000-2022 period has ranged from a low of 2.64 

maf (28 percent of average) in water year 2002 to a high of 15.97 maf (166 percent of average) in water 

year 2011. In water year 2021 unregulated inflow volume to Lake Powell was 3.50 maf (36 percent of 

average), the second driest year on record above 2002. Under the current most probable forecast, the 

total water year 2023 unregulated inflow to Lake Powell is projected to be 13.75 maf (143 percent of 

average).

At the beginning of water year 2023, total system storage in the Colorado River Basin was 19.54 maf (33 

percent of 58.48 maf total system capacity). This is a decrease of 3.33 maf over the total storage at the 

beginning of water year 2022 when total system storage was 22.87 maf (39 percent of capacity). Since the 

beginning of water year 2000, total Colorado Basin storage has experienced year to year increases and 

decreases in response to wet and dry hydrology, ranging from a high of 94 percent of capacity at the 

beginning of 2000 to the now current level of 33 percent of capacity at the beginning of water year 2023. 

Based on current inflow forecasts, the current projected end of water year 2023 total Colorado Basin 

reservoir storage is approximately 25.25 maf (43.2 percent of total system capacity). The actual end of 

water year 2023 system storage may vary from this projection, primarily due to uncertainty regarding this 

season’s runoff and reservoir inflow.