# Patent

## Title
DC-DC converter with modular stages

## Abstract

An apparatus for electric power conversion includes a converter having a regulating circuit and switching network. The regulating circuit has magnetic storage elements, and switches connected to the magnetic storage elements and controllable to switch between switching configurations. The regulating circuit maintains an average DC current through a magnetic storage element. The switching network includes charge storage elements connected to switches that are controllable to switch between plural switch configurations. In one configuration, the switches forms an arrangement of charge storage elements in which at least one charge storage element is charged using the magnetic storage element through the network input or output port. In another, the switches form an arrangement of charge storage elements in which an element discharges using the magnetic storage element through one of the input port and output port of the switching network.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2012/036455, filed on May 4, 2012, which claims the benefit of the priority date of U.S. Provisional Applications Nos. 61/482,838, filed May 5, 2011; 61/548,360, filed Oct. 18, 2011; and 61/577,271, filed Dec. 19, 2011. The content of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
This disclosure relates to power supplies, and in particular to power converters.
BACKGROUND
Many power converters include switches and one or more capacitors that are used, for example, to power portable electronic devices and consumer electronics. Switch-mode power converters regulate the output voltage or current by switching energy storage elements (i.e. inductors and capacitors) into different electrical configurations using a switch network. Switched capacitor converters are switch-mode power converters that primarily use capacitors to transfer energy. In such converters, the number of capacitors and switches increases as the transformation ratio increases. Switches in the switch network are usually active devices that are implemented with transistors. The switch network may be integrated on a single or on multiple monolithic semiconductor substrates, or formed using discrete devices.
Typical DC-DC converters perform voltage transformation and output regulation. This is usually done in a single stage converter such as a buck converter. However it is possible to split these two functions into two specialized stages, namely a transformation stage, such as a switching network, and a separate regulation stage, such as a regulating circuit. The transformation stage transforms one voltage into another, while the regulation stage ensures that the voltage and/or current output of the transformation stage maintains desired characteristics.
For example, referring to FIG. 1, in one converter 10, a switching network 12A is connected to a voltage source 14 at an input end thereof. An input of a regulating circuit 16A is then connected to an output of the switching network 12A. A load 18A is then connected to an output of the regulating circuit 16A. Power flows between the voltage source 14 and the load 18A in the direction indicated by the arrows. Such a converter is described in US Patent Publication 2009/0278520, filed on May 8, 2009, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, the invention features an apparatus for electric power conversion. Such an apparatus includes a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a regulating circuit having an inductance, and switching elements connected to the inductance. These switching elements are controllable to switch between switching configurations. The regulating circuit maintains an average DC current through the inductance. The converter also includes a switching network having an input port and an output port. This switching network includes charge storage elements and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. These switching elements are controllable to switch between switch configurations. In one switch configuration, the switching elements form a first arrangement of charge storage elements in which a charge storage element is charged through one of the input port and the output port of the switching network. In another configuration, the switching elements form a second arrangement of charge storage elements in which a charge storage element is discharged through one of the input port and output port of the switching network. The switching network and regulating circuit also satisfy at least one of the following configurations: (1) the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network; (2) the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, wherein either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase; (3) the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network; (4) the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, and either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase; (5) the switching circuit is connected between the regulating circuit and an additional regulating circuit; or (6) the regulating circuit is connected between the switching network and an additional switching network.
Embodiments of the invention include those in which the switching network includes a reconfigurable switching network and those in which the switching network includes a multi-phase switching network.
Other embodiments include those in which the regulating circuit includes a bidirectional regulating circuit those in which the regulating circuit includes a multi-phase regulating circuit, those in which the regulating circuit is bidirectional and includes a switch-mode power converter, those in which the regulating circuit is bidirectional regulating circuit and includes a resonant power converter, those in which the regulating circuit is connected to an output of the switching network, and those in which the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network.
In other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and a switching network, and either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase.
In other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network.
In yet other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, and either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase.
Among the embodiments of the invention are those in which the switching circuit is connected between the regulating circuit and an additional regulating circuit, and those in which the regulating circuit is connected between the switching network and an additional switching network.
In additional embodiments, the switching circuit is configured as an AC switching circuit. Among these embodiments are those that also include a power-factor correction circuit connected to the AC switching circuit. Among these embodiments are those in which this power-factor correction circuit is connected between the AC switching circuit and the regulating circuit.
In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus including a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a switching network having an input port and output port. This switching network includes charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. The switching elements are controllable to arrange the charge storage elements into a selected configuration. In at least one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another, the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The converter also includes a bi-directional regulating circuit connected between at least one of an input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network and an output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.
In some embodiments, the switching network includes a multi-phase switching network.
Also included among the embodiments are those in which the bidirectional regulating circuit includes a buck/boost circuit and those in which the bidirectional regulating circuit includes a split-pi circuit.
In another aspect, the invention features a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a switching network having an input port and output port, charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements for arranging the charge storage elements into one of a plurality of configurations. In one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another configuration, the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The converter further includes a regulating circuit configured to provide a stepped-up voltage and connected between the output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.
In yet another aspect, the invention features an apparatus having an input terminal and output terminal, and a switching network having an input port and output port, charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. The switching elements are controllable for causing the switching elements to be arranged in a plurality of configurations. In one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another configuration the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The apparatus further includes a source regulating circuit connected between an input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network.
Some embodiments also include a load regulating circuit connected between an output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.
In another aspect, the invention features a manufacture including multiple switching networks and regulating circuits having inputs and outputs that permit modular interconnections thereof for assembly of a DC-DC converter.
In some embodiments, at least one switching network includes a switched capacitor network. Among these are those in which the switched capacitor network includes an adiabatically charged switched capacitor network. These embodiments also include those in which the adiabatically charged switched capacitor network includes a cascade multiplier. In some of these embodiments, the cascade multiplier is driven by complementary clocked current sources.
In other embodiments, at least one regulating circuit includes a linear regulator.
Embodiments also include those in which the DC-DC converter includes series-connected switched capacitor networks, and those in which the DC-DC converter includes multiple regulating circuits that share a common switching network.
These and other features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying figures, in which:



DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows a known DC-DC converter with separate regulating circuit and switching network;
FIG. 1A shows a bidirectional version of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 2-4 show DC-DC converters with alternate configurations of regulating circuits and switching networks;
FIG. 5 shows a particular implementation of the power converter illustrated in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment with multiple regulating circuits;
FIG. 7 shows an RC circuit;
FIG. 8 shows a model of a switched capacitor DC-DC converter;
FIGS. 9A and 9B show a series-parallel SC converter operating in charge phase and discharge phase, respectively;
FIG. 10 shows a series pumped symmetric cascade multiplier with diodes;
FIG. 11 shows a parallel pumped symmetric cascade multiplier with diodes;
FIG. 12 shows charge pump signals;
FIG. 13 shows a two-phase symmetric series pumped cascade multiplier with switches;
FIG. 14 shows a two-phase symmetric parallel pumped cascade multiplier with switches;
FIG. 15 shows four different cascade multipliers along with corresponding half-wave versions;
FIG. 16 shows output impedance of a switched capacitor converter as a function of frequency;
FIG. 17 shows a particular implementation of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1A with a full-wave adiabatically charged switching network;
FIG. 18 shows the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 17 during phase A;
FIG. 19 shows the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 17 during phase B;
FIG. 20 shows various waveforms associated with a 4:1 adiabatically charged converter;
FIG. 21 shows adiabatic charging of series connected stages;
FIG. 22 shows a particular implementation of the power converter illustrated in FIG. 21;
FIG. 23 shows an AC voltage rectified using a reconfigurable switched capacitor stage;
FIG. 24 shows an AC-DC power converter architecture;
FIG. 25 shows a particular implementation of the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 24;
FIG. 26 shows the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 25 during the positive portion of the AC cycle;
FIG. 27 shows the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 25 during the negative portion of the AC cycle;
FIG. 28 shows an AC-DC power converter architecture with power-factor correction;
FIGS. 29 and 30 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 31 and 32 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIGS. 33 and 34 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 2; and
FIGS. 35 and 36 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 4.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments described herein rely at least in part on the recognition that in a multi-stage DC-DC converter, a switching network and a regulating circuit can be made essentially modular and can be mixed and matched in a variety of different ways. This provides a transformative integrated power solution (TIPSTM) for the assembly of such converters. As such, the configuration shown in FIG. 1 represents only one of multiple ways to configure one or more switching networks 12A with one or more regulating circuits 16A. FIG. 1A shows a bidirectional version of FIG. 1, where power can flow either from the source 14 to the load 18A or from the load 18A to the source 14 as indicated by the arrows.
There are two fundamental elements described in connection with the following embodiments: switching networks and regulating circuits. Assuming series connected elements of the same type are combined, there are a total of four basic building blocks. These are shown in FIGS. 1-4. The embodiments disclosed herein include at least one of the four basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4.
Additional embodiments further contemplate the application of object-oriented programming concepts to the design of DC-DC converters by enabling switching networks 12A and regulating circuits 16A to be “instantiated” in a variety of different ways, so long as their inputs and outputs continue to match in a way that facilitates modular assembly of DC-DC converters having various properties.
The switching network 12A in many embodiments is instantiated as a switched capacitor network. Among the more useful switched capacitor topologies are: Ladder, Dickson, Series-Parallel, Fibonacci, and Doubler, all of which can be adiabatically charged and configured into multi-phase networks. A particularly useful switched capacitor network is an adiabatically charged version of a full-wave cascade multiplier. However, diabatically charged versions can also be used.
As used herein, changing the charge on a capacitor adiabatically means causing an amount of charge stored in that capacitor to change by passing the charge through a non-capacitive element. A positive adiabatic change in charge on the capacitor is considered adiabatic charging while a negative adiabatic change in charge on the capacitor is considered adiabatic discharging. Examples of non-capacitive elements include inductors, magnetic elements, resistors, and combinations thereof.
In some cases, a capacitor can be charged adiabatically for part of the time and diabatically for the rest of the time. Such capacitors are considered to be adiabatically charged. Similarly, in some cases, a capacitor can be discharged adiabatically for part of the time and diabatically for the rest of the time. Such capacitors are considered to be adiabatically discharged.
Diabatic charging includes all charging that is not adiabatic and diabatic discharging includes all discharging that is not adiabatic.
As used herein, an adiabatically charged switching network is a switching network having at least one capacitor that is both adiabatically charged and adiabatically discharged. A diabatically charged switching network is a switching network that is not an adiabatically charged switching network.
The regulating circuit 16A can be instantiated as any converter with the ability to regulate the output voltage. A buck converter for example, is an attractive candidate due to its high efficiency and speed. Other suitable regulating circuits 16A include boost converters, buck/boost converters, fly-back converters, Cuk converters, resonant converters, and linear regulators.
In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 2, a voltage source 14 provides an input to a first switching network 12A, which is instantiated as a switched capacitor network. The output of the first switching network 12A is a lower voltage than the input voltage that is provided to a regulating circuit 16A (e.g. a buck, a boost, or a buck/boost converter). This regulating circuit 16A provides a regulated voltage to a second switching network 12B, such as another switched capacitor network. A high voltage output of this second switching network 12B is then applied to a load 18A.
An embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 2 can be configured to regulate the load 18A or to regulate the voltage source 14 depending on the direction of energy flow.
In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, a low voltage source 14 connects to an input of a regulating circuit 16A, the output of which is provided to an input of a switching network 12A to be boosted to a higher DC value. The output of the switching network is then provided to a load 18A.
An embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 3 can be used to regulate the voltage source 14 or the load 18A depending on the direction of energy flow.
Referring now to FIG. 4, another embodiment of a converter 100 includes a first regulating circuit 300A connected to an input 102 thereof and a second regulating circuit 300B connected to an output 104 thereof. Between the first and second regulating circuits 300A, 300B is a switching network 200 having an input 202 and an output 204. The switching network 200 includes charge storage elements 210 interconnected by switches 212. These charge storage elements 210 are divided into first and second groups 206, 208.
In some embodiments, the switching network 200 can be a bidirectional switched capacitor network such as that shown in FIG. 5. The switched capacitor network in FIG. 5 features a first capacitor 20 and a second capacitor 22 in parallel. A first switch 24 selectively connects one of the first and second capacitors 20, 22 to a first regulating circuit 300A, and a second switch 26 selectively connects one of the first and second capacitors 20, 22 to the second regulating circuit 300B. Both the first and second switches 24, 26 can be operated at high frequency, thus facilitating the adiabatic charging and discharging of the first and second capacitors 20, 22.
The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 5 has a two-phase switching network 200. However, other types of switching networks 200 can be used instead.
In yet another embodiment, shown in FIG. 6, multiple regulating circuits 16A, 16B, 16C are provided at an output of a first switching network 12A for driving multiple loads 18A-18C. For one of the loads 18C, a second switching network 12B is provided between the load 18C and the corresponding regulating circuit 16C thus creating a pathway similar to that shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 6 thus provides an example of how the modular construction of regulating circuits and switching networks facilitates the ability to mix and match components to provide flexibility in DC-DC converter construction.
A switched capacitor (SC) DC-DC power converter includes a network of switches and capacitors. By cycling the network through different topological states using these switches, one can transfer energy from an input to an output of the SC network. Some converters, known as “charge pumps,” can be used to produce high voltages in FLASH and other reprogrammable memories.
FIG. 7 shows a capacitor C initially charged to some value VC (0). At t=0 the switch S is closed. At that instant, a brief surge of current flows as the capacitor C charges to its final value of Vin. The rate of charging can be described by a time constant τ=RC, which indicates the time it takes the voltage to either rise or fall to within 1/e of its final value. The exact capacitor voltage vc (t) and current ic (t) are given by the following equations:




  
    
      
        
          
            v
            c
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              v
              c
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              0
              )
            
          
          +
          
            
              [
              
                
                  V
                  
                    i
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    n
                  
                
                -
                
                  
                    v
                    c
                  
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    0
                    )
                  
                
              
              ]
            
            ⁢
            
              
                (
                
                  1
                  -
                  
                    e
                    
                      
                        -
                        t
                      
                      /
                      RC
                    
                  
                
                )
              
              .
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1.1
        )
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            i
            c
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            C
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                d
                
                  v
                  c
                
              
              
                d
                t
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  V
                  
                    i
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    n
                  
                
                -
                
                  
                    v
                    c
                  
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    0
                    )
                  
                
              
              R
            
            ⁢
            
              
                e
                
                  
                    -
                    t
                  
                  /
                  RC
                
              
              .
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1.2
        )
      
    
  




The energy loss incurred while charging the capacitor can be found by calculating the energy dissipated in resistor R




  
    
      
        
          
            E
            loss
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            t
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              ∫
              
                t
                =
                0
              
              ∞
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  i
                  R
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              ×
              
                
                  v
                  R
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                d
                t
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              ∫
              
                t
                =
                0
              
              ∞
            
            ⁢
            
              
                
                  [
                  
                    
                      i
                      c
                    
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      t
                      )
                    
                  
                  ]
                
                2
              
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              R
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  d
                  t
                
                .
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1.3
        )
      
    
  




The equation can be further simplified by substituting the expression for ic (t) from equation (1.2) into equation (1.3) and then evaluating the integral




  
    
      E
      loss
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      t
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        
          1
          2
        
        ⁡
        
          [
          
            
              V
              in
            
            -
            
              
                v
                c
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                0
                )
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
      2
    
    ⁢
    
      
        C
        ⁡
        
          [
          
            1
            -
            
              e
              
                
                  -
                  2
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  t
                  /
                  RC
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
      .
    
  




If the transients are allowed to settle (i.e. t→∞), the total energy loss incurred in charging the capacitor is independent of its resistance value R. In that case, the amount of energy loss is equal to




  
    
      E
      loss
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      ∞
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      1
      2
    
    ⁢
    C
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    Δ
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        v
        c
        2
      
      .
    
  




A switched capacitor converter can be modeled as an ideal transformer, as shown in FIG. 8, with a finite output resistance Ro that accounts for the power loss incurred in charging or discharging of the energy transfer capacitors, as shown in FIG. 8. This loss is typically dissipated in the ON resistance of the MOSFETs and equivalent series resistance of the capacitors.
The output voltage of the switched capacitor converter is given by




  
    V
    o
  
  =
  
    
      
        V
        
          i
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          n
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          N
          2
        
        
          N
          1
        
      
    
    -
    
      
        I
        o
      
      ⁢
      
        
          R
          o
        
        .
      
    
  




There are two limiting cases where the operation of switched capacitor converters can be simplified and Ro easily found. These are referred to as the “slow-switching limit” and the “fast-switching limit.”
In the fast-switching limit (τ>>Tsw), the charging and discharging currents are approximately constant, resulting in a triangular AC ripple on the capacitors. Hence, Ro is sensitive to the series resistance of the MOSFETs and capacitors, but is not a function of the operating frequency. In this case, Ro of the converter operating in the fast-switching limit is a function of parasitic resistance.
In the slow-switching limit, the switching period Tsw is much longer than the RC time constant τ of the energy transfer capacitors. Under this condition, there is systemic energy loss irrespective of the resistance of the capacitors and switches. This systemic energy loss arises in part because the root mean square (RMS) of the charging and discharging current is a function of the RC time constant. If the effective resistance Reff of the charging path is reduced (i.e. reduced RC), the RMS current increases and it so happens that the total charging energy loss (Eloss=IRMS2Reff=1⁄2C×ΔVC2) is independent of Reff. One solution to minimize this energy loss is to increase the size of the pump capacitors in the switched capacitor network.
It is desirable for a switched capacitor network to have a common ground, large transformation ratio, low switch stress, low DC capacitor voltage, and low output resistance. Among the more useful topologies are: Ladder, Dickson, Series-Parallel, Fibonacci, and Doubler.
One useful converter is a series-parallel switched capacitor converter. FIGS. 9A and 9B show a 2:1 series-parallel switched capacitor converter operating in charge phase and in discharge phase, respectively. During the charge phase, the capacitors are in series. In the discharge phase, the capacitors are in parallel. In the charge phase, capacitor voltages vC1 and vC2 add up to V1 while in the discharge phase, vC1 and vC2 equal V2, which means that V2=V1/2.
Other useful topologies are cascade multiplier topologies, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. In both charge pumps, a source is located at V1 and a load is located at V2. In these types of charge pumps, packets of charge are pumped along a diode chain as the coupling capacitors are successively charged and discharged. As shown in FIG. 12, clock signals vclk and vclk with amplitude vpump are 180 degrees out of phase. The coupling capacitors can either be pumped in series or in parallel.
It takes n clock cycles for the initial charge to reach the output. The charge on the final pump capacitor is n times larger than the charge on the initial pump capacitor and thus the output voltage at V2 for the converters is V1+(n−1)Δvpump in both pumping configurations.
Although the foregoing topologies are suitable for stepping up voltage, they can also be used to step down voltage by switching the location of the source and the load. In such cases, the diodes can be replaced with controlled switches such as MOSFETs and BJTs.
The foregoing cascade multipliers are half-wave multipliers in which charge is transferred during one phase of the of the clock signal. This causes a discontinuous input current. Both of these cascade multipliers can be converted into full-wave multipliers by connecting two half-wave multipliers in parallel and running the multipliers 180 degrees out of phase. FIG. 13 shows a full-wave symmetric series pumped cascade multiplier version while FIG. 14 shows a full-wave symmetric parallel pumped cascade multiplier version. Unlike the diodes in the half-multiplier, the switches in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 are bidirectional. As a result, in both of these cascade multipliers, power can flow either from the source to the load or from the load to the source. Asymmetric multipliers can also be converted into full-wave multipliers
FIG. 15 shows four different step-up versions of full-wave multipliers along with their corresponding half-wave versions. Furthermore, it is possible to combine N phases in parallel and run them 180 degrees/N out of phase to reduce output voltage ripple and increase output power handling capability.
The basic building blocks in the modular architecture shown FIGS. 1-4 can either be connected as independent entities or coupled entities. In the situation where switching networks and regulating circuits are tightly coupled, it is possible to prevent and/or reduce the systemic energy loss mechanism of the switching networks through adiabatic charging. This generally includes using the regulating circuit to control the charging and discharging of the capacitors in the switching network. Furthermore, the output voltage of the regulating circuit and thus the total converter can be regulated in response to external stimuli. One approach to regulating the output voltage is by controlling the average DC current in a magnetic storage element.
A desirable feature of the regulating circuit is to limit the root mean square (RMS) current through the capacitors in the switching network. To do that, the regulating circuit uses either resistive or magnetic storage elements. Unfortunately, resistive elements would consume power so their use is less desirable. Therefore, embodiments described herein rely on a combination of switches and a magnetic storage element in the regulating circuit. The regulating circuit limits the RMS current by forcing the capacitor current through the magnetic storage element in the regulating circuit that has an average DC current. The switches in the regulating circuit are operated so as to maintain an average DC current through the magnetic storage element.
The regulating circuit may limit both the RMS charging current and the RMS discharging current of at least one capacitor in the switching network. One single regulating circuit may limit the current in or out of the switching network by sinking and/or sourcing current. Therefore, there are four fundamental configurations, which are shown in FIGS. 1-4. Assuming power flows from the source to load then, in FIG. 1, the regulating circuit 16A may sink both the charging and discharging current of the switching network 12A. In FIG. 3, the regulating circuit 16A may source both the charging and discharging current of the switching network 12A. In FIG. 4, the regulating circuit 300A may source the charging current of the switching network 200 and the regulating circuit 300B may sink the discharging current of the same switching network 200 and vice-versa. In FIG. 2, the regulating circuit 16A may source both the charging and discharging current of the switching network 12B while also sinking both the charging and discharging current of the switching network 12A. Furthermore, if both the switching networks and the regulating circuits allow power to flow in both directions then bidirectional power flow is possible (source to load and load to source).
One embodiment relies on at least partially adiabatically charging full-wave cascade multipliers. Cascade multipliers are a preferred switching network because of their superior fast-switching limit impedance, ease of scaling up in voltage, and low switch stress.
In cascade multipliers, the coupling capacitors are typically pumped with a clocked voltage source vclk & vclk. However, if the coupling capacitors are pumped with a clocked current source iclk & iclk instead, then the RMS charging and discharging current in the coupling capacitor may be limited. In this case, the capacitors are at least partially charged adiabatically thus lowering, if not eliminating, the 1⁄2C×ΔVc2 loss that is associated with a switched capacitor converter when operated in the slow-switching limit. This has the effect of lowering the output impedance to the fast-switching limit impedance. As shown by the black dotted line in FIG. 16, which depicts adiabatic operation, under full adiabatic charging, the output impedance would no longer be a function of switching frequency.
With all else being equal, an adiabatically charged switched capacitor converter can operate at a much lower switching frequency than a conventionally charged switched capacitor converter, but at higher efficiency. Conversely, an adiabatically charged switched capacitor converter can operate at the same frequency and with the same efficiency as a conventionally charged switched capacitor converter, but with much smaller coupling capacitors, for example, between four and ten times smaller.
FIG. 17 shows a step-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 1A. However, in this embodiment, a switching network 12A is adiabatically charged using a regulating circuit 16A. The clocked current sources iclk & iclk are emulated by four switches and the regulating circuit 16A. The output capacitor CO has also been removed so as to allow VX to swing. In this example, the regulating circuit 16A is a boost converter that behaves as constant source with a small AC ripple. Any power converter that has a non-capacitive input impedance would have allowed adiabatic operation. Although switch-mode power converters are attractive candidates due to their high efficiency, linear regulators are also practical.
In operation, closing switches labeled “1” charges capacitors C4, C5, and C6 while discharging capacitors C1, C2, and C3. Similarly, closing switches labeled “2” has the complementary effect. The first topological state (phase A) is shown in FIG. 18, where all switches labeled “1” are closed and all switches labeled “2” are opened. Similarly, the second topological state (phase B) is shown in FIG. 19, where all switches labeled “2” are closed and all switches labeled “1” are opened.
In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A limits the RMS charging and discharging current of each capacitor. For example, capacitor C3 is discharged through the filter inductor in the regulating circuit 16A during phase A, while capacitor C3 is charged through the filter inductor in the regulating circuit 16A during phase B, clearly demonstrating the adiabatic concept. Furthermore, all of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.
A few representative node voltages and currents are shown in FIG. 20. There is a slight amount of distortion on the rising and falling edges of the two illustrated currents (IP1 and PP2), but for the most part, the currents resemble two clocks 180 degrees out of phase. In general, adiabatic charging occurs in cascade multipliers only if at least one end of a switch stack is not loaded with capacitance, as is the case in this embodiment, where the VX node is only loaded down by the regulating circuit 16A.
The modular architecture with the basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4 may be expanded to cover a wider range of applications, such as high-voltage DC, AC-DC, buck-boost, and multiple output voltages. Each of these applications includes separating the transformation and regulation functions. Extension of the architecture can also incorporate adiabatically charged switched capacitor converters.
In many switched capacitor converters, the number of capacitors and switches increases linearly with the transformation ratio. Thus, a large number of capacitors and switches are required if the transformation ratio is large. Alternatively, a large transformation ratio can be achieved by connecting numerous low gain stages in series as depicted in FIG. 21. The transformation ratio of the total switch capacitor stack (Vin/Vx) is as follows:




  
    
      
        
          
            V
            
              i
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              n
            
          
          
            V
            x
          
        
        =
        
          
            N
            1
          
          ×
          
            N
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          ...
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            
              N
              n
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        2.1
        )
      
    
  




The main disadvantage of the series stacked configuration is that the voltage stresses on the front stages are much higher than those of the rear stages. This will normally require stages with different voltage ratings and sizes.
Adiabatic charging of a preceding series-connected switching network only occurs if the following switching network controls the charging and discharging current of the preceding stage. Thus, it is preferable to use full-wave switched capacitor converters in the front stages or to precede switched capacitor stages such as the single-phase series-parallel switched capacitor converters with magnetic based input filters.
FIG. 22 shows a converter with two series-connected switching networks consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 21. Both switching networks 12A and 12D are two-phase cascade multipliers. In operation, switches labeled “1” and “2” are always in complementary states and switches labeled “7” and “8” are always in complementary states. Thus, in a first switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are open and all switches labeled “2” are closed. In a second switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are closed and all switches labeled “2” are opened. In this embodiment, closing switches 1 charges capacitors C1, C2, C3, while discharging capacitors C4, C5, C6 and closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. Also, closing switches 7 charges capacitors C7, C8, C9, while discharging capacitors C10, C11, C12 and closing switches 8 has the complementary effect.
The power converter provides a total step-down of 32:1, assuming the regulating circuit 16A is a buck converter with a nominal step-down ratio of 2:1. Furthermore, if the input voltage is 32 V and the output voltage is 1 V, then the switches in the first switching network 12A will need to block 8 volts while the switches in the second switching network 12D will need to block 2 volts.
The modular architecture with the basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4 may be configured to handle an AC input voltage as well. One of the main attributes of switched capacitor converters is their ability to operate efficiency over a large input range by reconfiguring the switched capacitor network. If the AC wall voltage (i.e. 60 Hz & 120 VRMS) can be thought of as a slow moving DC voltage, then a front-end switched capacitor stage 13A should be able to unfold the time-varying input voltage into a relatively stable DC voltage.
A diagram of a 120 VRMS AC waveform over a single 60 Hz cycle overlaid with the unfolded DC voltage is shown in FIG. 23. The AC switching network 13A has different configurations (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) at its disposal along with an inverting stage. It was also designed to keep the DC voltage under 60 V. Once the AC voltage is unfolded, it is the job of a regulating circuit 16A, shown in FIG. 24, to produce a final output voltage. It may also be necessary to place another switching network 16A between the AC switching network 13A and the regulating circuit 16A to further condition the voltage. If this is the case, then the caveats for series-connected stages hold true since the AC switching network 13A is a special purpose switching network 12A.
FIG. 25 shows an AC-DC converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 24. In this embodiment, the AC switching network 13A is a synchronous AC bridge followed by a reconfigurable two-phase step-down cascade multiplier with three distinct conversion ratios (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) while the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous buck converter. In operation, switches labeled “7” and “8” are always in complementary states. During the positive portion of the AC cycle (0 to π radians) all switches labeled “7” are closed while all switches labeled “8” are opened as shown in FIG. 26. Similarly, during the negative portion of the AC cycle (π to 2π radians) all switches labeled “8” are closed while all switches labeled “7” are opened as shown in FIG. 27.
In addition to the inverting function provided by switches 7 and 8, switches 1A-1E and switches 2A-2E may be selectively opened and closed as shown in Table 1 to provide three distinct conversion ratios of: 1/3, 1/2, and 1.

















TABLE 1





V2/V1
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E







1/3
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLKB
CLKB
CLKB
CLKB
CLKB


1/2
CLKB
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLK
CLKB
CLKB
CLKB
CLKB


1/1
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF









The AC switching network 13A is provided with a digital clock signal CLK. A second signal CLKB is also generated, which may simply be the complement of CLK (i.e. is high when CLK is low and low when CLK is high), or which may be generated as a non-overlapping complement as is well known in the art. With a switching pattern set in accordance with the first row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one-third (1/3). With a switching pattern set in accordance with the second row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one-half (1/2). With a switching pattern set in accordance with the first row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one.
Most power supplies attached to the wall meet some power factor specification. Power factor is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 that defines a ratio of the real power flowing to apparent power. A common way to control the harmonic current and thus boost the power factor is by using an active power factor corrector, as shown in FIG. 28. A power-factor correction circuit 17A causes the input current to be in phase with the line voltage, thus causing reactive power consumption to be zero.
FIGS. 29-36 show specific implementations of power converters that conform to the architectural diagrams shown in FIGS. 1-4. In each implementation, a regulating circuit or multiple regulating circuits may limit both the RMS charging current and the RMS discharging current of at least one capacitor in each switching network so all of these switching networks are adiabatically charged switching networks. However, if decoupling capacitors 9A or 9B are present, then the ability of the regulating circuit to limit the RMS charging and discharging current may be diminished. Capacitors 9A and 9B are optional and to keep the output voltage fairly constant, a capacitor CO is used. Furthermore, for simplicity, the switching network in each implementation has a single conversion ratio. However, reconfigurable switching networks that provide power conversion at multiple distinct conversion ratios may be used instead.
In operation, switches labeled “1” and “2” are always in complementary states. Thus, in a first switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are open and all switches labeled “2” are closed. In a second switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are closed and all switches labeled “2” are opened. Similarly, switches labeled “3” and “4” are in complementary states, switches labeled “5” and “6” are in complementary states, and switches labeled “7” and “8” are in complementary states. Typically, the regulating circuits operate at higher switching frequencies than the switching networks. However, there is no requirement on the switching frequencies between and amongst the switching networks and regulating circuits.
FIG. 29 shows a step-up converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 1:3 while the regulating circuit 16A is a two-phase boost converter. In operation, closing switches 1 and opening switches 2 charges capacitors C3 and C4 while discharging capacitors C1 and C2. Conversely, opening switches 1 and closing switches 2 charges capacitors C1 and C2 while discharging capacitors C3 and C4.
FIG. 30 shows a bidirectional step-down converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 1A. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-down cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 4:1 while the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous buck converter. In operation, closing switches 1 and opening switches 2 charges capacitors C1, C2, and C3 while discharging capacitors C4, C5, and C6. Conversely, opening switches 1 and closing switches 2 charges capacitors C4, C5, and C6 while discharging capacitors C1, C2, and C3. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.
FIG. 31 shows a step-up converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A is a boost converter while the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C2 while discharging capacitor C1. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect.
FIG. 32 shows a bidirectional up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous four switch buck-boost converter while the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 4:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitors C4, C5, and C6 while discharging capacitors C1, C2, and C3. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.
FIG. 33 shows an inverting up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1, the regulating circuit 16A is a buck/boost converter and the switching network 12B is a step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C1 while closing switches 2 discharges capacitor C1. Similarly, closing switches 7 discharges capacitor C2 while closing switches 8 charges capacitor C2.
FIG. 34 shows a bidirectional inverting up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1, the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous buck/boost converter and the switching network 12B is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C1 while discharging capacitor C2. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. Similarly, closing switches 7 charges capacitor C4 while discharging capacitor C3. Closing switches 8 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.
FIG. 35 shows a step-down converter consistent with the block diagram shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, the regulating 300A is a boost converter, the switching network 200 is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1 and the regulating circuit 300B is a boost converter. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitors C1 and C2 while simultaneously discharging capacitors C3 and C4. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect.
FIG. 36 shows a bidirectional up-down converter consistent with the block diagram shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, the regulating 300A is a synchronous boost converter, the switching network 200 is a two-phase fractional step-down series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 3:2 and the regulating circuit 300B is a synchronous buck converter. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitors C3 and C4 while simultaneously discharging capacitors C1 and C2. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.
It should be understood that the topology of the regulating circuit can be any type of power converter with the ability to regulate the output voltage, including, but without limitation, synchronous buck, three-level synchronous buck, SEPIC, soft switched or resonant converters. Similarly, the switching networks can be realized with a variety of switched capacitor topologies, depending on desired voltage transformation and permitted switch voltage.
Having described one or more preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating these circuits, techniques and concepts may be used. Accordingly, it is submitted that the scope of the patent should not be limited to the described embodiments, but rather, should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for electric power conversion, said apparatus comprising:
a converter having a path for a power flow between a first terminal and a second terminal; said converter comprising
a regulating circuit on the path for the power flow, said regulating circuit having one or more ports, the regulating circuit including
one or more inductors, and
one or more switching elements connected to said one or more inductors, said one or more switching elements being controllable to switch between switching configurations,
wherein, said regulating circuit is controllable to maintain a current through each of the one or more ports according to currents in the one or more inductors; and
said converter further comprising
a switching network on the path for the power flow, the switching network having a plurality of ports at least some of said ports being coupled to the one or more ports of the regulating circuit, said switching network including
a plurality of charge storage elements, and
switching-network switching elements connected to said charge storage elements, said switching-network switching elements being controllable to switch between switch configurations,
wherein, in one switch configuration in operation, said switching-network switching elements form a first arrangement of the plurality of charge storage elements in which
a first charge storage element of the plurality of charge storage elements is charged at a rate determined by a current through at least a first port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit and
a second charge storage element of the plurality of charge storage elements is discharged at a rate determined by a current through at least a second port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit,
wherein in another switch configuration of the switching-network switching elements in operation, said switching-network switching elements form a second arrangement of charge storage elements in which the first charge storage element is discharged at a rate determined by a current through at least a third port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit and the second charge storage element is charged at a rate determined by a current through at least a fourth port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network comprises a reconfigurable switching network.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network comprises a multi-phase switching network.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit comprises a bidirectional regulating circuit.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit comprises a multi-phase regulating circuit.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit comprises a switch-mode power converter.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit comprises a resonant power converter.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit is connected to an output of said switching network.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit is connected between said first terminal of said converter and said switching network, said switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit comprises a first regulating circuit and a second regulating circuit, and said switching network is connected between said first regulating circuit and said second regulating circuit.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said regulating circuit is connected between said switching network and an additional switching network.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network is configured as an AC switching network.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a power-factor correction circuit connected to said AC switching network.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said power-factor correction circuit is connected between said AC switching network and said regulating circuit.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a third port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit is coupled to the first terminal of the converter, and a port of the plurality of ports of the switching network is coupled to the second terminal of the converter.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first port and the second port of the regulating circuit are a same port.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first port and the second port of the regulating circuit are different ports and wherein a third port of the regulating circuit is coupled to the first terminal of the converter and a fourth port of the regulating circuit is coupled to the second terminal of the converter.

18. The apparatus of 3, wherein the multi-phase switching network comprises multi-phase series-parallel switching network.

19. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the multi-phase switching network comprises a multi-phase multiple stage switching network.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said multiple stage switching network comprises a cascade multiplier switching network.

21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network comprises a multiple stage switching network.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the regulating circuit is controllable to maintain a pulsed current through each of the one or more ports.

23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the converter is configured to vary switch configurations of the switching network at a frequency that is different than a frequency at which switching configuration of the regulating circuit are varied.

24. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said AC switching network comprises a bridge rectifier.

25. An apparatus for electric power conversion, said apparatus comprising:
a converter having a path for a power flow between a first terminal and a second terminal; said converter comprising
a regulating circuit on the path for the power flow, said regulating circuit having one or more ports, the regulating circuit including
one or more inductors, and
one or more switching elements connected to said one or more inductors, said one or more switching elements being controllable to switch between switching configurations,
wherein, said regulating circuit is controllable to maintain a current through each of the one or more ports according to currents in the one or more inductors; and
said converter further comprising
a switching network on the path for the power flow, the switching network having a plurality of ports at least some of said ports being coupled to the one or more ports of the regulating circuit, said switching network including a plurality of charge storage elements, and
switching-network switching elements connected to said charge storage elements, said switching-network switching elements being controllable to switch between switch configurations,
wherein, in one switch configuration in operation, said switching-network switching elements form a first arrangement of the plurality of charge storage elements in which
a first charge storage element of the plurality of charge storage elements is charged at a rate determined by a current through at least a first port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit and
a second charge storage element of the plurality of charge storage elements is discharged at a rate determined by a current through at least a second port of the one or more ports of the regulating circuit,
wherein said switching network is configured as an AC switching network,
wherein said apparatus further comprises a power-factor correction circuit connected to said AC switching network, and
wherein said power-factor correction circuit is connected between said AC switching network and said regulating circuit.