NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HAYDEE ALICIA LEZAMAMEJIA; JEICER JASSIR RAMOSLEZAMA; and CARLOS EMANUEL 

RAMOS-LEZAMA,

 Petitioners,

 v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General,

 Respondent.

No. 22-864

Agency Nos.

A201-499-406

A201-499-407

A201-499-408

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted November 16, 2023

San Jose, California

Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and PAEZ and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

Haydee Lezama-Mejia and her two derivative applicant children, Jeicer

Ramos-Lezama (JRL), and Carlos Ramos-Lezama (CRL) (together, Petitioners) 

petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissal of their 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

JAN 18 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 22-864

appeal of an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision denying their applications for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and for protection under the Convention Against 

Torture (CAT). Petitioners are natives and citizens of Honduras.

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Our review is “limited to 

the BIA’s decision except where the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted.” Plancarte 

Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir. 2022). We review for substantial 

evidence the agency’s factual findings, and we review de novo questions of law. 

Flores-Rodriguez v. Garland, 8 F.4th 1108, 1113 (9th Cir. 2021). “Whether a 

group constitutes a ‘particular social group’ is a question of law,” which is 

reviewed de novo. Cordoba v. Barr, 962 F.3d 479, 482 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal 

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Pirir-Boc v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1077, 1081 (9th 

Cir. 2014)).

Petitioners raise four separate arguments. First, JRL argues that the BIA 

erred when it found that his proposed particular social groups of “Honduran youth” 

and “Honduran school children” were not cognizable. Second, Lezama-Mejia and 

CRL contend that the BIA erred when it determined that they had not suffered past 

persecution or established a well-founded fear of future persecution based on their 

membership in the proposed family-based social group of “Family Members of 

Jeicer J. Lezama-Ramos.” Third, Petitioners contend that the BIA erred when it 

determined that they had not suffered past persecution or established a well-
3 22-864

founded fear of future persecution on account of their imputed anti-gang political 

opinion. Fourth, Petitioners argue that the BIA erred when it determined that they 

were not eligible for CAT relief. 

We address each argument in turn. We grant the petition for review as to 

JRL’s asylum and withholding of removal claims and remand those claims to the 

BIA. We deny the petition for review as to Lezama-Mejia and CRL.

1. Youth-Based Particular Social Groups. An applicant for asylum and 

withholding of removal bears the burden of establishing eligibility for such relief. 

8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), 1229a(c)(4)(A). See Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 

F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010); see also 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 

1231(b)(3)(A). “Both asylum and withholding depend on a finding that the 

applicant was harmed, or threatened with harm, on account of a protected ground. 

One such ground is that the applicant is a member of a particular social group.” 

Plancarte Sauceda, 23 F.4th at 833. The BIA has previously interpreted the phrase 

“particular social group” to refer to a group that is “(1) composed of members who 

share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) 

socially distinct within the society in question.” Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. 

Dec. 227, 237 (B.I.A. 2014); see also Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1131 (9th 

Cir. 2016).
4 22-864

The BIA has defined “immutable” to mean a characteristic “‘that the 

members of the group either cannot change, or should not be required to change 

because it is fundamental to their individual identities or consciences.’” Matter of 

W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 208, 212 (B.I.A. 2014) (quoting Matter of Acosta, 19 I. & 

N. Dec. 211, 233 (B.I.A. 1985)); see also Plancarte Sauceda, 23 F.4th at 833. 

Particularity requires that a proposed social group be “discrete” and possess 

“definable boundaries.” Diaz-Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1077 (9th Cir. 

2020) (quoting Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 239).

The BIA has further explained that the social distinction requirement 

“‘refers to social recognition’ and requires that a group ‘be perceived as a group by 

society.’” Rios v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123, 1127 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Matter of 

M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 240). “[D]etermining whether a proposed social 

group is cognizable necessarily involves ‘case-by-case determination[s] as to 

whether the group is recognized by the particular society in question.’” VasquezRodriguez v. Garland, 7 F.4th 888, 897 (9th Cir. 2021) (second alteration in 

original) (quoting Pirir-Boc, 750 F.3d at 1084). “The BIA’s conclusion regarding 

social distinction—whether there is evidence that a specific society recognizes a 

social group—is a question of fact that we review for substantial evidence.” 

Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 1242 (9th Cir. 2020).
5 22-864

Here, the BIA concluded that “Honduran youth” and “Honduran school 

children” were not cognizable particular social groups because they lacked 

immutability, particularity, and social distinction. We consider each element in 

turn.

The BIA determined that JRL’s proposed social groups lacked immutability

because “youth[,] by its very nature is a temporary state that changes over time.” 

In support of this proposition, the BIA cited to Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 

579, 583 (B.I.A. 2008). But in Matter of S-E-G-, the BIA held that, while youth is 

not entirely immutable, the mutability of age is “not within one’s control, and [] if 

an individual has been persecuted in the past on account of an age-described 

particular social group, or faces such persecution at a time when that individual’s 

age places him within the group, a claim for asylum may still be cognizable.” Id. 

at 583–84. Taken together, the BIA’s decisions in Matter of W-G-R- and Matter of

S-E-G- make clear that an immutable characteristic is one that members of the 

group cannot change, and the BIA has recognized that an individual cannot control 

or change their age. Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 213; Matter of S-E-G-, 

24 I. & N. Dec. at 583–84. Because the BIA failed to properly consider its own 

precedent regarding the cognizability of an age-described particular social group,

the basis upon which it rejected JRL’s proposed “Honduran youth” and “Honduran 
6 22-864

school children” social groups was erroneous.1 See Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 

707 F.3d 1081, 1091 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc).

The BIA also concluded that “Honduran youth” and “Honduran school 

children” lacked social distinction. The BIA determined that Petitioners had failed 

to present evidence that Honduran society recognizes Honduran youth as a distinct 

group. This determination was not supported by substantial evidence. The BIA’s

conclusion ignores uncontradicted record evidence that Honduran society 

recognizes Honduran youth as a discrete class of persons. Country conditions 

reports state that ninety percent of Hondurans surveyed reported that gangs had a 

negative effect on Honduran youth, primarily due to threats and coercion to join 

gangs, suggesting that Hondurans recognized “youth” as a group. Record evidence 

also indicates that gangs in Honduras appear to specifically target Honduran 

children as young as six years old for forcible gang recruitment, again suggesting 

that Hondurans have a concept of “youth” as a group. The BIA’s failure to 

consider such relevant record evidence “constitutes reversible error.” AguilarRamos v. Holder, 594 F.3d 701, 705 (9th Cir. 2010). Indeed, “[w]here the Board 

does not consider all the evidence before it, either by ‘misstating the record [or] 

failing to mention highly probative or potentially dispositive evidence,’ its decision 

1 Because the BIA’s analysis conflated “Honduran school children” with 

“Honduran youth,” the agency should specifically address the cognizability of the 

former on remand. 
7 22-864

cannot stand.” Castillo v. Barr, 980 F.3d 1278, 1283 (9th Cir. 2020) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762, 772 (9th Cir. 2011)). On this 

record, substantial evidence compels the conclusion that Honduran society 

recognizes Honduran youth as a distinct group of persons. Henriquez-Rivas, 707 

F.3d at 1092. 

By failing to address relevant record evidence and failing to analyze how 

such evidence might impact whether JRL’s proposed social group was sufficiently 

distinct, the BIA’s cognizability determination was insufficient under Pirir-Boc, 

750 F.3d at 1084. There, we held that the BIA must engage in a “case-by-case 

determination as to whether the group is recognized by the particular society in 

question.” Id. In concluding that JRL’s proposed social group was not cognizable 

under its precedent, the BIA failed to consider significant evidence that Honduran 

society recognizes the unique vulnerability of Honduran youth to forcible gang 

recruitment, as gang members target these individuals as a group.

In light of our determination that the proposed particular social group 

“Honduran youth” satisfies immutability and social distinction, we remand to the 

BIA to determine whether it possesses sufficient particularity to be cognizable, 

and, if so, whether JRL has demonstrated past persecution or a well-founded fear 

of future persecution “on account of” his membership in such a group. Perdomo v. 

Holder, 611 F.3d 662, 669 (9th Cir. 2010). 
8 22-864

2. Family-Based Particular Social Group. Petitioners argue that LezamaMejia and CRL suffered past persecution and established a well-founded fear of 

future persecution on account of their kinship to JRL. In conversations with JRL, 

gang members threatened to harm Lezama-Mejia and CRL if JRL did not join their 

gang. In addition, Lezama-Mejia was riding a bus when she witnessed armed men 

board the bus and attempt to rob some passengers. 

The BIA determined that Petitioners had not demonstrated past persecution 

or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of their kinship to JRL. 

This finding is supported by substantial evidence. In connecting Lezama-Mejia 

and CRL to JRL, the gang members were motivated by their desire to recruit JRL 

to join their gang. No evidence compels the conclusion that the persecutor’s 

threats were motivated by Lezama-Mejia and CRL’s kinship to JRL. See BarajasRomero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 357 (9th Cir. 2017) (explaining that “the 

persecutor’s motive” is what matters for nexus).

As to the bus robbery incident, Lezama-Mejia has not shown that the robbers

“were motivated by anything other than an economic interest.” Rodriguez-Zuniga

v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1019 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation and quotation marks 

omitted). It is well established that an applicant’s “desire to be free from 

harassment by criminals motivated by theft . . . bears no nexus to a protected 
9 22-864

ground.” Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010). We therefore 

deny the petition as to Lezama-Mejia and CRL’s family membership claim.

3. Imputed Anti-Gang Political Opinion. To establish past persecution on 

account of an imputed political opinion, Petitioners must show that their

persecutors believed that they held a political opinion and that they were harmed 

on account of that imputed political opinion. Singh v. Holder, 764 F.3d 1153, 1159 

(9th Cir. 2014). The BIA determined that Petitioners failed to meet this burden. 

This decision is supported by substantial evidence. Petitioners have not provided 

any evidence indicating that their persecutors believed they held an anti-gang 

political opinion, or that they were mistreated due to that imputed political opinion. 

Rodriguez-Zuniga, 69 F.4th at 1017. We therefore deny the petition as to 

Petitioners’ imputed anti-gang political opinion claim. 

4. CAT Relief. To qualify for relief under CAT, Petitioners must establish 

that “it is more likely than not that [they] would be tortured if removed” to 

Honduras. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). The BIA concluded that Petitioners failed to 

meet this burden. The BIA’s decision is supported by substantial evidence. 

Torture is “more severe than persecution.” Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208, 

1217 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Nuru v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 1207, 1224 (9th Cir. 

2005)). Petitioners must also prove that the torture would be “inflicted by, or at the 

instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public official acting in an 
10 22-864

official capacity or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 

1208.18(a)(1). Petitioners must also demonstrate that they would be subject to a 

“particularized threat of torture.” Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 

2008) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 

Here, Petitioners argue that country conditions reports compel the 

conclusion that they would be tortured, but the reports offered only provide 

evidence about generalized gang violence in Honduras, not about a specific threat 

to Petitioners. Because Petitioners have failed to establish that it is more likely 

than not that they would be tortured if removed to Honduras, substantial evidence 

supports the agency’s determination that Petitioners failed to establish that they 

would experience torture if removed to Honduras. We therefore deny the petition 

as to CAT relief.

Petitioners shall bear their own costs on appeal. 

PETITION GRANTED IN PART; DENIED IN PART; REMANDED.