NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

GEORGE GOLLOMAN, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D16-2583

)

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion August 18, 2017.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for DeSoto

County; James S. Parker and Kimberly 

Bonner, Judges.

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and

Judith Ellis, Assistant Public Defender, 

Bartow, for Appellant. 

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Jonathan P. Hurley, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee. 

CASANUEVA, Judge.

George Golloman seeks review of his judgment and sentences for several 

charges following a negotiated plea of no contest. Mr. Golloman argues that the trial 

court erred in denying his motion to withdraw plea because there had been no 

determination of competency at the time he entered his plea. We reverse the judgment 

and sentence and remand for further proceedings.
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I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Mr. Golloman was arrested on December 7, 2013, and charged with 

possession of cocaine with intent to sell within 1000 feet of a school, resisting arrest 

with violence, depriving an officer of a means of protection or communication, and 

possession of drug paraphernalia. He was found incompetent to proceed on June 3, 

2015. Upon reevaluation, he was determined to be competent by two doctors. A trial 

date was set, and on the day of trial, Mr. Golloman accepted a negotiated plea to the 

following charges, filed under an amended information: possession of a controlled 

substance, resisting arrest with violence, attempt to deprive an officer of a means of 

protection or communication, and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was sentenced

to thirty-six months' prison followed by twenty-four months' community control pursuant 

to the plea agreement. 

Mr. Golloman filed a timely motion to withdraw plea, arguing that an order 

of competency had never been entered and his plea was involuntary. After 

acknowledging the lack of a written order, the trial court found that the issue of 

competency had been addressed, concluded that his plea was voluntary, and denied 

the motion to withdraw. For the reasons discussed below, we must reverse.

II. ANALYSIS

"An individual who has been adjudicated incompetent is presumed to 

remain incompetent until adjudicated competent to proceed by a court." Shakes v. 

State, 185 So. 3d 679, 681 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) (quoting Dougherty v. State, 149 So. 3d 

672, 676 (Fla. 2014)). "Under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.210, a criminal 

prosecution may not move forward at any material stage, which includes entry of a plea, 
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against a defendant who is incompetent to proceed." Ross v. State, 155 So. 3d 1259, 

1259 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015).

Upon receiving notice that the defendant has regained competence, the 

trial court is required to hold a hearing to determine if the defendant is in fact competent 

to proceed. Bylock v. State, 196 So. 3d 513, 515 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016); Shakes, 185 So. 

3d at 681 (citing Roman v. State, 163 So. 3d 749, 751 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)). At the 

competency hearing, the trial court may hear live testimony of the court-appointed 

experts, "or where the parties and the trial court agree, the trial court 'may decide the 

issue of competency on the basis of the written reports alone.' " Shakes, 185 So. 3d at 

681 (quoting Dougherty, 149 So. 3d at 677-78). "However, the court must regard the 

reports as advisory only." Zern v. State, 191 So. 3d 962, 964 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016). 

The trial court must make an independent determination of competency 

and enter a written order containing its findings. Shakes, 185 So. 3d at 681. Relying on 

a stipulation of counsel to determine competency "improperly absolves the trial court 

from making an independent determination regarding a defendant's competency to 

stand trial." Dougherty, 149 So. 3d at 678. This is so even when the expert reports are 

in agreement as to the defendant's competency. Cramer v. State, 213 So. 3d 1028, 

1029 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017).

Once a reason for a competency hearing has arisen, the defendant has a 

due process right to an independent finding of competency. Zern, 191 So. 3d at 965. 

This right cannot be waived, and a trial court's failure to make such a finding constitutes 

fundamental error. Id. 
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In this case, the record does not reflect that the trial court made an 

independent determination of competency before Mr. Golloman entered his plea. The 

record shows that on March 23, 2016, the new presiding judge on the case inquired as 

to whether there had been a formal adjudication as to competency. Counsel could not 

recall, and the trial court ultimately relied on a stipulation of counsel that competency 

had been restored. The trial court made no oral finding of competency, and no written 

order of competency was entered. 

On March 28, 2016, the day Mr. Golloman was scheduled for trial, the 

court denied his request to be reevaluated for competency, stating, "at this point, we 

have our standing evaluation, you know, after his discharge that tells us that he is 

competent." After some discussion, Mr. Golloman entered a plea, and the trial court 

sentenced him according to that plea agreement. 

Mr. Golloman filed a timely motion to withdraw his plea based on the lack 

of a proper determination of competency. The trial court denied the motion, stating:

I'm confident that we addressed his restored competency although 

again I do acknowledge there was not an order presented that did 

so. But the evaluations speak for themselves, and I would also 

think that that lack of a -- of a formal entry of a record was quite 

probably waived by entry of a plea without raising it at that time.

This was error. 

Having been adjudicated incompetent to stand trial on June 3, 2015, Mr. 

Golloman was thereafter presumed to be incompetent until, after proper notice and 

hearing, the court found otherwise. See Roman, 163 So. 3d at 750-51. The expert

evaluations were merely advisory, and it was incumbent upon the trial court to make the 

ultimate determination of competency. See Shakes, 185 So. 3d at 681; Zern, 191 So. 
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3d at 964. However, the record shows that no determination of competency was ever 

made by the trial court, nor was a written order entered. Counsels' stipulation as to 

competency was insufficient, see Dougherty, 149 So. 3d at 678, and Mr. Golloman did 

not waive this due process violation by entering a plea without raising the issue of 

competency, see Zern, 191 So. 3d at 965.

III. CONCLUSION

We reverse the judgment and sentences and remand this matter for the 

trial court to allow Mr. Golloman to withdraw his plea and to hold a proper competency 

hearing in accordance with this opinion. As the trial court did below, we caution Mr. 

Golloman that, should he withdraw his plea, the State can proceed against him on the 

original charges.

Reversed and remanded with instructions.

SILBERMAN and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.