by

THE GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER

Carol Fritzinger

Barry D. Gold 

F. Mark Gonzales

Vickie Kieffer

Ruth Lambert

Michael Liszewski

Serena Mankiller

Theodore S. Melis

Steven Mietz

Barbara Ralston

October 30, 2000

DRAFT 

THE GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER

FISCAL YEAR 2002

MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN
GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER

FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: THE GCMRC FY 2002 ANNUAL WORK PLAN

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1

GEOGRAPHIC AND INSTITUTIONAL SCOPE.............................................................2

MISSION OF GCMRC........................................................................................................3

ENSURING OBJECTIVE QUALITY SCIENCE...............................................................3

GCMRC SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES..................................................................................4

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................4

Sediment and Water Resources................................................................................4

Biological Resources..............................................................................................13

Socio-Cultural........................................................................................................18

Cultural Resources.................................................................................................18

Recreational Resources..........................................................................................19

Information Technologies Program (ITP) .............................................................20

Data Base Management System.............................................................................20

Geographic Information System............................................................................21

Library....................................................................................................................22

Surveying ...............................................................................................................22

Systems Administration.........................................................................................25

PROGRAM INTEGRATION............................................................................................29

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND INFORMATION NEEDS..................................29

PROTOCOL EVALUATION PROGRAM.......................................................................31

CONTINGENCY PLANNING.........................................................................................31

SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM ..................................................................................................32

FUTURE CHALLENGES .................................................................................................32

SCHEDULE AND BUDGET............................................................................................33

CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES ..............................................................................34

A. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES..........................................................35

A.1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MONITORING ...................................................35

A.2. MONITORING KANAB AMBERSNAIL AND HABITAT

AT VASEYS PARADISE.....................................................................................42

A.3. NEW RESEARCH IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS........................................45

A.4 CULTURAL DATA BASE PLAN...........................................................................46

A.5. CULTURAL MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................48

A.6. TERRESTRIAL HABITAT MAP AND INVENTORY..........................................50
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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B. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES.....................................................................54

B.1. MONITORING AQUATIC FOODBASE

AND EVALUATING ITS QUALITY FOR UTILIZATION...............................54

B.2. MONITORING OF THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF

DOWNSTREAM FISH COMMUNITY...............................................................58

B.3. MONITORING OF THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF THE

LEES FERRY TROUT FISHERY........................................................................62

B.4. ONGOING RESEARCH ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION

GENETICS OF HUMPBACK CHUB IN COLORADO RIVER 

ECOSYSTEM ........................................................................................................65

B.5. NEW RESEARCH ASSOCIATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE FISH SPECIES ...................................................67

B.6. INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY MONITORING.............................................69

C. INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC 

ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES................................................................................72

C.1. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENT STORAGE 

THROUGHOUT THE MAIN CHANNEL ...........................................................72

C.2. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF STREAMFLOW AND FINESEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE MAIN CHANNEL

COLORADO, PARIA AND LITTLE COLORADO RIVERS.............................77

C.3. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF COARSE-GRAINED SEDIMENT

INPUTS, STORAGE AND IMPACTS TO PHYSICAL HABITATS .................82

C.4. STREAMFLOW AND SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 

MODELING WITHIN THE COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEM .....................86

C.4.A. (Part A) MODELING REACH-AVERAGED SAND BAR 

 EVOLUTION IN RESPONSE TO A RANGE OF DISCHARGE 

 AND SEDIMENT CONDITIONS ALONG THE MAIN CHANNEL.............86

C.4.B. (Part B) DEVELOPMENT OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL FINE 

 SEDIMENT-ROUTING MODEL ALONG THE MAIN CHANNEL.............89

C.5. ADVANCED CONCEPTUAL MODELING OF COARSE-GRAINED

SEDIMENT INPUTS RELATED TO EVOLVING PHYSICAL

HABITATS AND AQUATIC PROCESSES ........................................................93

C.6. CONTROL NETWORK ............................................................................................96

C.7. CHANNEL MAPPING............................................................................................100

C.8. PUBLIC OUTREACH............................................................................................103

D. REMOTE SENSING ACTIVITIES.........................................................................106

D.1. EVALUATING GROUND-BASED AND AIRBORNE REMOTE 

SENSING TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................................106
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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CHAPTER 3: MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET..................................................................113

UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS .......................................................................................113

General Proposals ................................................................................................113

Tribal Proposals ...................................................................................................113

IN-HOUSE RESEARCH.................................................................................................113

AMWG & TWG SUPPORT............................................................................................114

TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES: 

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ......................................................114

Introduction..........................................................................................................114

Data Base Management System...........................................................................116

Geographic Information System..........................................................................119

Library..................................................................................................................122

Surveying .............................................................................................................124

Systems Administration.......................................................................................126

Remotely Sensed Data Collection .......................................................................128

LOGISTICS PROGRAM ................................................................................................129

INDEPENDENT REVIEW PANELS .............................................................................131

Peer Review .........................................................................................................131

Science Advisory Board.......................................................................................132

PUBLIC OUTREACH.....................................................................................................133

ADMINISTRATION AND PERSONNEL .....................................................................133

Program Schedule ................................................................................................136

GCMRC Budget...................................................................................................136

REFERENCES CITED .............................................................................................................137

APPENDICES

1 Management Objectives and Information Needs (contains Table 2.4 – Summary of 

MOs & INs)

2 GCMRC Mission and Roles & Responsibilities

3 Summary Table of FY 2001 Project Titles and associated

 Management Objectives and Information Needs

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Summary Table of FY 2001 Project Titles and associated

 Management Objectives and Information Needs (see Appendix 3)

2.2 Summary Table of Projected FY 2002 Budget for Projects

 and by GCMRC Program Managers..............................................................................110
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Map of the GCMRC Study Area .........................................................................................2

1.2 Map showing the Location of 17 GIS Sites for which there are

 Sub-meter Accuracy Topographic Base Maps Available ................................................24

1.3 Integrated Long-term Monitoring and Research Program.................................................30

3.1 Schematic Illustrating the Relationship of various Information Technology

 Program Functions to the GCMRC Monitoring and Research Program

 and the AMWG and TWG.............................................................................................129
CHAPTER 1

THE GCMRC FY 2002 ANNUAL WORK PLAN

INTRODUCTION

The Fiscal Year 2002 (FY 2002) Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center 

(GCMRC) Annual Monitoring and Research Work Plan (Work Plan) describes the scientific 

activities planned by GCMRC for FY 2002.1 The FY 2002 Work Plan is designed to implement 

the adaptive management and ecosystem science approaches called for in the 1992 Grand 

Canyon Protection Act (GCPA), the Glen Canyon Dam Environmental Impact Statement 

(GCDEIS, 1995) and the Record of Decision (ROD, 1996).

GEOGRAPHIC AND INSTITUTIONAL SCOPE

The geographic scope of GCMRC’s activities is the Colorado River ecosystem within Glen 

Canyon National Recreation Area and Grand Canyon National Park (Figure 1.1). The Colorado 

River ecosystem2 is defined as the Colorado River mainstem corridor and interacting resources 

in associated riparian and terrace zones, located primarily from the forebay of Glen Canyon Dam 

(GCD) to the western boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, a distance of approximately 293 

river miles. The scope of GCMRC activities includes limited investigations into some tributaries 

(e.g., the Little Colorado and Paria Rivers). It also includes, in general, cultural resource impacts 

of dam operations for inundation levels associated primarily with flows up to 256,000 cubic feet 

per second (cfs) as addressed in the Programmatic Agreement 3, and for physical, biological, 

recreational and other resources, impacts of dam operations for inundation levels associated 

primarily with flows up to 100,000 cfs. In between these levels, stakeholder concerns with 

respect to relict native vegetation, endangered species, and cultural resources may require

 

1 Current Management Objectives and Prioritized Information Needs adopted at the July 1998 AMWG meeting 

have been used by GCMRC as the basis for developing the FY 2002 Annual Plan (Appendix 1).

2 “Colorado River ecosystem” will be used throughout this document as the standard definition of the monitoring 

and study area for GCMRC. This definition is consistent with that used in the FY 1997-2002 Strategic Plan.

3 The Programmatic Agreement, finalized in August 1994, is a legal agreement between federal and state agencies 

and tribal groups that specifies the responsibilities of the parties to comply with the National Historic Preservation 

Act (1996; 1992) and 36 CFR 800.
2
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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activities by the GCMRC. All proposed projects relate to scientific activities intended to obtain 

information on “... the effects of the Secretary’s actions 4...” primarily on downstream resources 

located in the Colorado River ecosystem.

GCMRC scientific activities are constrained to those probable effects on downstream 

resources associated with dam operations; for this reason upstream monitoring by GCMRC in 

Lake Powell, and downstream in tributaries, (i.e., Little Colorado River) are constrained by 

design. Participants in the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program (GCDAMP) 

realize these to be constraints that inhibit understanding of the entire ecosystem and therefore 

accept that scientific information from programs outside the GCDAMP may be needed as a 

means of strengthening understanding of the entire Colorado River ecosystem. Nevertheless, the 

ultimate purpose of GCMRC monitoring and research activities is to develop information on 

changes in the Colorado River ecosystem related to “... the effects of the Secretary’s actions...” 

primarily on “downstream resources.”

MISSION OF GCMRC5

The GCPA and GCDEIS direct the Secretary of the Interior, “To establish and implement 

long-term monitoring programs and activities that will ensure that Glen Canyon Dam is operated 

in a manner consistent with that of Section 1802...” of the GCPA. The mission of the GCMRC 

is:

“To provide credible, objective scientific information to the GCDAMP on the 

effects of operating Glen Canyon Dam on the downstream resources of the 

Colorado River ecosystem, utilizing an ecosystem science approach. ”

ENSURING OBJECTIVE, QUALITY SCIENCE

The GCMRC was established to provide objective, high quality scientific information to 

the Secretary of the Interior and to the Adaptive Management Work Group (AMWG). To 

accomplish these goals, specific operating protocols for GCMRC have been established6. The 

quality and objectivity of GCMRC research findings is ensured through competition and 

 

4 As specified in the 1992 GCPA and in the Record of Decision for the Glen Canyon Dam EIS (DOI 1996).

5 See Appendix 2 for the GCMRC Mission statement and Roles and Responsibilities.

6 Operating Protocols for GCMRC, June, 1996 and GCMRC Peer Review Guidelines, May 31, 1997.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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independent external scientific peer review. All proposals, data, reports, etc., are reviewed by 

independent, external scientists as well as by the GCMRC science team.

GCMRC SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

The FY 2002 Work Plan describes monitoring and research activities that address the 

management objectives (MOs) and prioritized information needs (INs)7 of the GCDAMP. Longterm monitoring is designed to determine changes in resource attributes. Research is used to 

improve monitoring, interpret and explain trends observed from monitoring to determine causeand-effect relationships and research associations, and to better define interrelationships among 

physical, biological and social processes. 

Inventorying is the measurement of environmental attributes at a given point in time to 

determine what is there. Monitoring is the measurement of environmental attributes over an 

extended period of time to determine status or trends in the environmental attribute being 

monitored. Research is the measurement of environmental attributes to test a specific 

hypothesis. An environmental attribute may be any biotic or abiotic feature of the environment 

which can be measured.

In addition to monitoring and research activities, the GCMRC operates an information 

technologies program to ensure information management (e.g., DBMS, GIS, Library), data 

analysis (e.g., GIS), and data dissemination to managers and stakeholders and science 

organizations (e.g., WWW), a surveying department to provide consistent, quality, cost-effective 

support to monitoring and research projects, and a logistics program to provide cost-effective 

support to monitoring and research field activities.

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE

Sediment and Water Resources – Following are summaries of preliminary results of the 

current physical research and monitoring projects funded under GCMRC from FY 1998 through 

 

7 The MOs and prioritized IN’s adopted at the July 1998 AMWG meeting serve as the basis for the monitoring and 

research activities called for in the FY 2001 Work Plan. These can be found in Appendix 1.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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2000 agreements with the U.S. Geological Survey - Water Resources Division, Utah State 

University (USU), Northern Arizona University (NAU) and Ecometric Research, Inc. 

Main Channel and Gaged Tributary Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Transport 

(Arizona District, Water Resources Division of the USGS): Under the current agreement with 

the USGS-Arizona District, unit-values for streamflow are acquired at four main-channel (river 

miles 0, 61, 87 and 225) and two tributary gaging locations (Paria River at Lees Ferry and Little 

Colorado River near Cameron) operated by the Water Resources Division. Daily mean 

discharges, 15-minute unit values, and data on several water quality parameters for streamflow 

are currently available for these GCMRC-supported sites through either GCMRC or USGS web 

pages. Suspended-sediment and bed grain-size samples continue to be collected and analyzed on 

an intermittent basis to better document the fine-sediment budget below Glen Canyon Dam, and 

to support research aimed at documenting relationships between suspended-sediment transport 

rates and evolving bed grain-size distributions following tributary inputs of fine sediment 

(Rubin, Topping, Anima, and Hornewer). Emphasis for this work is currently on the reach 

between the dam and Phantom Ranch, although the Diamond Creek gage is still being 

maintained. A theoretical, process-based conceptual model for sediment routing along the main

channel has also been developed under the current project (Wiele and others), and provides the 

basic strategy for development of a 1-dimensional fine-sediment routing model for tracking 

tributary inputs below Glen Canyon Dam.

Many of the final products associated with research goals the project has pursued under 

GCMRC funding since 1998 have been delayed owing to additional workloads imposed by the 

FY 2000 LSSF test. The USGS anticipates that all of the products described in the original FY 

1998 agreement, and subsequent modifications, will be completed and delivered to the GCMRC 

during FY 2001. Despite these delays, the project has published several reports that provide new 

understanding about the fine-sediment mass balance of the ecosystem relative to current ROD 

operations. A memorandum summarizing the current state of knowledge of sediment resources 

was sent to the GCMRC Chief on August 29, 2000. The memo summarizes several significant 

findings related to conservation of fine-sediment resources under current operations, on the basis 

of monitoring and research conducted by USGS, Utah State University and Northern Arizona 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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University since the Operations of Glen Canyon Dam – Final EIS was completed in 1995. 

Following, is an abridged excerpt from the memo:

“Sand bars and sandy banks of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon are maintained by the sand 

that is transported through the canyon. The high-elevation parts of these sand bars (those parts at 

elevations above peak power-plant discharge) can be constructed only by flows that exceed peak 

power-plant discharge (i.e. flows greater than 31,000 cfs); in the absence of such high flows, these 

high-elevation areas are eroded by lower flows or canyon winds or are rapidly colonized by both 

native and exotic vegetation. Flows above peak power-plant discharge are necessary to maintain 

these high-elevation sand bars, but are effective only when the river contains sufficient sand 

resources. 

Evaluating restoration and sustainability of sand resources is a complicated problem that 

involves sand storage on the Colorado River’s bed, tributary resupply of sand, sand deposition 

induced by flows above peak power-plant discharge, erosion and transport of sand during normal 

power-plant operations, and recolonization by vegetation. Improving or sustaining sand resources is 

a difficult challenge because Glen Canyon Dam traps all of the sediment from the upper Colorado 

River, resulting in an approximate 94% reduction (relative to pre-dam inputs) in the amount of sand 

supplied to the Colorado River at the upstream boundary of Grand Canyon National Park.

With respect to restoration and sustainability of sand bars, the Secretary of the Interior’s 1996 

Record-of-Decision (ROD) for operations of Glen Canyon Dam is based primarily on two 

hypotheses: 

(1) that much of the sand introduced to the Colorado River by tributaries downstream from Glen 

Canyon Dam can accumulate in the channel over multiple years if dam releases do not exceed 

average volume, and

(2) that flows above peak power-plant release (such as the 45,000 cfs flow in 1996) can 

effectively move that accumulated sand from the channel bed to bars, thereby rebuilding sand 

bars that are eroded by typical dam releases.

Recent Findings

Work conducted since the 45,000 cfs release in 1996 has shown that the first hypothesis on 

which the 1996 ROD was based is false and that the second hypothesis is only partially true. 

The 45,000 cfs release in1996 increased the amount of sand at high elevations, but the sand that 

was deposited at high elevations came largely from the lower portions of the sand bars 

(Schmidt, 1999) and not from the channel bed as originally hypothesized. 

Under the dam operations imposed by the 1996 ROD, most newly input sand is not stored 

on the channel bed for long periods of time. Flows above peak power-plant release cannot take 

advantage of multiple years of sand accumulation, because substantial multi-year accumulation 

of sand does not occur. Instead, this sand is transported downstream relatively rapidly. The time 

required to export (transport downstream past the Grand Canyon gage) one-half of a 500,000 

metric ton input of tributary sand (the contribution of a typical, moderate, Paria flood) varies 

from less than one week (for dam discharges of 25,000-30,000 cfs) to roughly one year (for 

discharges of 10,000 cfs). 

The time required to export the second half of a tributary input is greater than for the first 

half (for a constant water discharge), because the second half is coarser, as a result of 

winnowing of the bed. The remaining half, however, is not necessarily sufficient to enable both 

bar-building and a positive sand balance. For example, the 45,000 cfs release in 1996 exported 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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700,000 metric tons of sand from Marble Canyon in one week. Thus, a release above peak 

power-plant discharge is a double-edged sword: high discharges are indispensable for rebuilding 

high-elevation parts of bars, but high discharges deplete sand resources rapidly. Conducting a 

release above peak power-plant discharge when recent tributary sand inputs are greatest will 

tend to minimize the negative impact on the sand resources.

Since the 45,000 cfs release in 1996, six kinds of sediment and topographic data have been 

examined: sediment input and output, changes in grain size of sand on the river bed, changes in 

sand-bar size, geomorphic mapping, and changes in channel cross-sections. Some of these studies 

document rapid export of tributary sand (transport past the Grand Canyon gage), whereas others 

demonstrate a lack of substantial multi-year accumulation of sand, especially in upper Marble 

Canyon:

• Both measurements and calculations of sediment input and output have shown that most fine 

sediment (sand, silt, and clay) introduced by tributaries is exported within a few month. For 

example, field measurements show that most sediment introduced by floods on the Paria River in 

September 1999, was exported within 6 weeks. On a longer time scale (August 11, 1999, to May 

14, 2000), the Paria supplied approximately 0.8 million metric tons of sand to the Colorado River, 

while roughly twice this amount of sand (1.5-2 million metric tons) was exported past the Lower 

Marble Canyon gage.

• Changes in grain size of sand on the river bed also demonstrate rapid export of tributary sand. 

The bed was measurably enriched in finer sand as a result of Paria floods in September 1998 

(median grain size of Paria River sand is 0.11 – 0.13 mm). When sampled next (May, 1999), most 

of the new fine-grained sand on the bed had been winnowed. The remaining sand in the channel 

was generally too coarse to be transported onto the high-elevation areas of sand bars.

• Topographic surveys of 11 sand bars in the first 76 miles downstream from the dam document 

a continuing depletion of sand bar area from 1991 to 1999. High flows in 1996 and 1997 

temporarily reversed this trend but did not halt the continuing decrease in sand bar area. The sand 

bars (above 20,000 cfs) were 22% smaller in surface area in 1999, although they contained 2-3% 

more sand than in 1991. 

• Topographic surveys of 35 sand bar sites documented scour of sand during the 45,000 cfs 

release in 1996, followed by net accumulation. Comparison with tributary-input data for the same 

time, however, indicates that most of the observed accumulation occurred when there was no 

substantial tributary sand input. 

• Repeated surveys of channel cross-sections from 1991 to 1999 have shown relatively large and 

rapid fluctuations in the amount of sediment present. These fluctuations are interpreted to represent 

temporary storage and subsequent down-river transport of sediment. These studies have not 

detected multi-year accumulation of sediment.

• Analysis of bed-elevation data at the historical Marble Canyon dam sites suggests considerable 

loss of sediment from the 1950’s to the present. Not only does the post-dam river contain less sand 

than the pre-dam river, but the remaining sand is generally coarser.

• Geomorphic mapping indicates that deposition of the 45,000 cfs release in 1996 was least near 

Lees Ferry and was greatest downstream from the Little Colorado River. The magnitude of 

“improvement” is greatest further downstream where more tributaries have delivered fine sediment 

to the channel. Thus, the “improvement” caused by any specific release above peak power-plant 

discharge differs both temporally and spatially, depending on how enriched or depleted a particular 

reach is at the time.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Implications for Current Management Actions

The features listed above characterize a system where increases in sand abundance result not 

from incremental multi-year accumulation but rather from temporary storage of individual tributary 

inputs. In such a system, where increases in sand abundance are temporary, the goal for building 

sand bars should be to exploit tributary inputs as soon as possible, because the volume of sand 

available for bar-building is greatest immediately after large tributary inflows. To be effective in 

rebuilding sand bars, releases above peak power-plant discharge should occur soon after these 

tributary inflows, before the new sand is lost downstream.

Large Paria tributary inflows typically occur during late summer and early fall. Under the rules 

of the 1996 ROD, however, releases above peak power-plant discharge cannot be implemented on a 

schedule that takes advantage of such inputs. If a release above peak power-plant discharge cannot 

be scheduled immediately following a tributary input, another option might be to maintain low flows 

until a release above peak power-plant discharge could be implemented; the low flows would reduce 

the amount of sand lost downstream. The magnitude of an acceptable low flow that limits the rate of 

sand export depends on the volume of sand introduced by tributary flooding, the length of time 

following the tributary input, and what loss of sand downstream is considered acceptable. At dam 

releases that are typical of recent years, half of the sand introduced by a tributary flood can be 

exported within days or weeks. Retention of sand for more than a few months requires sustained 

dam releases at the lower discharges currently permitted under the ROD (8,000 -10,000 cfs).

Recommendations for Future Management Actions

Even if rules for releases above peak power-plant discharge are revised to allow scheduling 

during or shortly after periods of sand inputs, the objectives of improving or sustaining the desired 

abundance, form, and function of sand bars may still not be possible because the long-term sand 

supply from tributaries in critical reaches may be too small. The 76-mile reach downstream from 

Glen Canyon Dam has but one large sand source: the Paria River. The supply of sand from the Paria 

River is only about 6% of the sand that was supplied to this reach prior to the construction of Glen 

Canyon Dam. Natural floods from the Paria River may be too infrequent and too small to restore 

sand resources in this critical upstream reach, which includes the 60-mile length of Marble Canyon 

within Grand Canyon National Park.

Altering the timing of releases above peak power-plant discharge (or drastically reducing the 

dam’s discharge until such flows can be released) may be insufficient to rebuild sand resources 

above existing levels or to achieve sustainability at present levels; additional monitoring will be 

required to see if these options are successful. If alternative timing of releases above peak powerplant discharge proves to be insufficient for sand bar management goals, then other more effective 

alternatives should be evaluated.

One approach would be to selectively add sand downstream of the dam. This alternative 

(“sediment augmentation”) was considered and eliminated during the Operations of Glen Canyon 

Dam EIS process. We are unaware of engineering feasibility studies of such a program, but sediment 

by-pass is an attribute of some recently built dams, as well as harbors and estuaries. A review of 

sediment pipeline technology is included on the EPA web site, http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/arcs/EPA905-B94-003/B94-003.ch5.html. Addition of enough sediment (continuously, seasonally, or 

perhaps only during releases above peak power-plant discharge) would offer greater flexibility in 

dam operations, and it is conceivable that such an approach might cost less than imposing new 

constraints on dam operations. It is possible that sediment augmentation, substantial seasonal 

modification of flows released from Glen Canyon Dam, or both, might be able to restore the sand 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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resources in the Colorado River ecosystem in Grand Canyon National Park without more extreme 

actions.

Conclusions

The post-dam Colorado River is depleted in sand resources relative to the pre-dam river. The 

existing management strategy permitted under the ROD is failing to restore sand resources in the 

ecosystem in Grand Canyon National Park. The bars are continuing to decrease in surface area, and 

no long-term retention of tributary sand has been detected.

Our opinion, based on the information presented in this summary, is that any of the following 

approaches will have a significantly greater likelihood of success in restoring or retaining sand 

resources in the Grand Canyon ecosystem: 

 (1) Implement releases above peak power-plant discharge immediately after substantial inputs of 

sand from tributaries. 

 (2) Maintain low flows following sand inputs until releases above peak power-plant discharge can 

be implemented. 

 (3) Add sediment downstream from the dam. 

Dam operations of the last decade must have caused one of the following possible effects on 

sediment resources in the Colorado River ecosystem: sediment resources were enhanced or 

replenished relative to conditions in the early-to-mid 1990’s, sediment resources were maintained in 

a degraded (post-dam) condition, or long-term export and loss of sediment resources is continuing. 

Distinguishing between such possibilities has been—and should continue to be—an important 

function of the GCMRC Adaptive Monitoring Program. The research reviewed above demonstrates 

that current operations are failing to increase sediment resources. At least one significant measure 

of sediment resources, surface area of sand bars above 20,000 cfs, documents continuing depletion 

of sand resources.”

Ungaged Tributary Sediment Inputs (USGS): Webb and others, of the USGS, have 

estimated ungaged tributary contributions for both fine and coarse sediments between Glen 

Canyon Dam and Upper Lake Mead. Final results of this study have been published by Webb 

and others (2000) in a report entitled Sediment Delivery by Ungaged Tributaries of the Colorado 

River in Grand Canyon; a Water Resources Investigation Report (#00-4055) that will be 

distributed to the adaptive management group in fall 2000. The report concludes that fine 

sediment inputs from the Glen and Marble Canyon reaches of the ecosystem are, on average, 

likely to be a factor of two higher than the estimate used by the EIS team in preparing the 

historically based fine-sediment mass balance reported in the GCD-EIS. Although the fine 

sediment inputs into this critical upstream reach may be significantly higher than previously 

assumed, the grain-size data published in the report indicate that those sediment inputs are as fine 

or finer than inputs from the Paria River. This would suggest that while sand inputs from 

ungaged sources are significant and worth monitoring for management purposes, these inputs 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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likely have as short a residence time in critical reaches as those associated with the Paria River 

(see above). This is important information that further supports development of a fine-sediment 

budget for the ecosystem, as well as technical discussions about how best to conserve fine 

sediment inputs through dam operations.

Sediment Input Models for Paria and Little Colorado Rivers (USGS): Between 1991 and 

present, Topping developed geomorphically based flow and sediment-transport models for the 

major tributaries that contribute fine-sediment to the ecosystem. The Paria River model has been 

undergoing a verification process for flood inputs that occurred in Water Years 1997 through 

1999, and to date has performed well in estimating sand and finer inputs to the main channel. A 

similar model for the Little Colorado River is still in the final phase of development, but is 

expected to be completed by the end of FY 2000. Long-term monitoring protocols have been 

established by Topping for tracking physical channel changes within each river’s modeling 

reaches related to model assumptions and performance. The characteristics of the channel to be 

tracked through long-term monitoring are those related to key model parameters such as channel 

geometry and bed grain-size stability. Verification of both of these flow and sediment models 

will continue under USGS-Arizona District activities as future tributary floods occur. The main 

objective for developing these models is to provide accurate volumetric and grain-size estimates 

of fine-sediment loads (sand and silt/clay) that influence the main-channel sediment budget 

following tributary floods. To further the verification process within one of the key modeling 

reaches (Lower Moenkopi Wash), a former USGS gage site on that LCR tributary is being 

partially reactivated in Water Year 2001, with the aim being to collect both streamflow record 

and suspended-sediment data for flow events on Moenkopi Wash. This project remains inprogress and is expected to be completed by the end of FY 2001, without additional funding 

from the GCMRC program. A one-year, no-cost extension was requested by the PI in September 

2000, and the request was approved by the GCMRC. The new deadline for completion of the 

model is now December 2001.

Synthesis of Historical Geomorphic and Hydrologic Data (USU and USGS): This 

synthesis research project for geomorphology, sediment-transport and streamflow is being 

conducted jointly by USGS (Topping) and Utah State University (Schmidt). The initial phase of 

the synthesis (Lees Ferry to Phantom Ranch) is scheduled for completion in calendar year 2000. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

11

The second phase of the research is focused on the Glen Canyon tailwaters reach, and is 

scheduled for completion under an FY 2000 modification. The study is designed to evaluate all 

streamflow and sediment-transport data for the Lees Ferry and Grand Canyon streamflow 

records relative to climate variability, onset of regulation, the Record of Decision, and historical 

2-dimensional sand bar changes that have been recorded in aerial photographs between 1952 and 

the post 1996 Beach/Habitat-Building Flow (BHBF) Test, as well as 3-dimensional changes 

recorded through cross-section and sand bar surveys. Preliminary mapping results indicates that 

sand bar areas within some reaches of Marble Canyon were historically largest in 1984, 

following the 1983 flood flows, even compared with pre-dam eddy conditions. Further, existing 

time-series coverages for sand bars within existing GIS reaches below river mile 42 show no 

clear trends for sand bar erosion following closure of Glen Canyon Dam.

Historical pre- and post-dam sediment-transport data suggests that the likelihood for 

achieving multi-year storage of fine-sediment inputs from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers 

along the main channel is small under Record of Decision flows. In fact, both pre- and postregulated data suggest that significant aggradation of the main channel bed did not occur on 

more than a seasonal timeframe except for periods when flows were below about 8,000 cfs. 

Preliminary synthesis results also show that the major shift in the seasonal pattern of low versus 

high flows (relative to the fine-sediment input period), resulting from regulation, is a primary 

reason why multi-year storage potential in the main channel is limited. On the basis of these 

preliminary research findings, USGS sediment researchers have concluded that optimal finesediment conservation may only be achieved in upstream critical reaches by releasing BHBFs or 

HMFs during or shortly following major tributary floods (late summer or fall). An alternative 

might be to keep dam releases at the lower end of the operations range during the fine-sediment 

input season (July through September) and into winter, until releases above peak power plant 

discharge can be made under current hydrologic triggering criteria.

During FY 2001, this project has continued to move toward full completion of the 

products originally described in the FY 1998 agreement. Although several of the project’s 

products have been delayed, including completion of digitization of all streamflow analog 

records for the Lees Ferry and Grand Canyon gage records, the team continues to contribute 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

12

significant new findings on relationships between historical dam operations and the downstream 

fine-sediment resources of the ecosystem.

Sand Bar Monitoring (NAU): The annual monitoring of 35 sand bars and associated 

offshore channel-storage settings was continued after the 1996 BHBF-Test by the Geology 

Department of Northern Arizona University, with measurements having been made through 

summer 2000, in conjunction with the LSSF testing. Monitoring data through April 1999, 

indicate that high-elevation sand bars continued to erode following the 1996 BHBF-Test. The 

NAU data show that sand bar areas above the 20,000 cfs stage within Marble Canyon declined 

dramatically (22 percent) over the period between 1991 and 1999, despite bar restoration gains 

achieved by the BHBF test of 1996. The NAU time series (1991 through 1999) suggests that the 

long-term fate of monitored sites in the upper, critical reaches of the ecosystem will be continued 

decline under continued ROD operations. However, cooperating researcher believe that it is 

likely that eroding sand bars might rebuild significantly at higher elevations (between 20,000 and 

45,000 cfs) if release above peak power plant discharge could be made immediately following 

average to above average sand inputs from major tributaries. A revised fact sheet reflecting the 

FY 2000 sand bar measurements is expected to be available from the NAU team in late fall 2000. 

These additional measurements will provide insight into the effects of the low steady summer 

flows, and related spike flows of summer 2000. 

Conceptual Model (Ecometric Research, Inc.): Two conceptual modeling workshops and 

two other related science meetings were convened during 1998 to develop a conceptual physical 

sub-model. These meetings were attended by most of the cooperating physical scientists, as well 

as Timothy Randle of the Bureau of Reclamation and William Jackson of the National Park 

Service. 

On the basis of discussions at these meetings and integration of existing data to develop 

the numerical conceptual model, several preliminary conclusions about sediment transport and 

the fine-sediment budget of the ecosystem were identified: (1) the dominant geomorphic setting 

throughout the main channel where fine-sediment storage occurs is within separation and 

reattachment sand bars and the lower elevations of eddies; (2) channel-margin sand bars may 

store large volumes of fine sediment, but existing monitoring cannot document how much this 

potential storage may be without additional data; (3) on the basis of current sediment transport 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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theory, sand inputs from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers should not be expected to aggrade 

the main channel (non-eddies) until discharges are at about 8,000 cfs or lower; (4) eddies are 

highly effective sediment traps with respect to main channel transport, but only when sediment 

concentrations are high in the main channel, grain-sizes are small and potential storage space is 

available within eddies; and (5) current knowledge about exchange rates between the main 

channel and eddies for fine sediment are mainly derived from empirical data sets, but can be 

greatly improved through expanded use of sand bar evolution models using approaches similar to 

those developed by USGS for short study reaches below the confluence of the Little Colorado 

River.

Additional work was completed by Ecometric Research, Inc., in FY 2001, to develop a 

graphical user interface (GUI) called Colorado River Flow Stage and Sediment (CRFSS) that 

combines the flow modeling capabilities of the USGS UNSTEADY model (Flow attenuation and 

travel time for dam releases), with the Bureau of Reclamation STARS model (predicts stage 

elevations for dam releases at several hundred locations in the ecosystem). This GUI has been 

developed jointly by the GCMRC, Ecometric Research, Inc., USGS and the Bureau of 

Reclamation, for use on desktop PC’s. It has been undergoing beta version testing among a 

subgroup of Grand Canyon managers and scientists, and is scheduled to be completed for wide 

distribution by the middle of FY 2002. The final version shall include an subroutine that allows 

users to estimate sand inputs from the Paria River based on user provided streamflow data from 

that tributary.

Biological Resources – 

Terrestrial Biological Resources – Following are summaries of preliminary results of 

terrestrial biological monitoring and research projects funded under GCMRC from FY 1998 

through FY 2000. Current contracts are separated into vegetation (Kearsley, NAU), avifauna 

(Spence, GCRA), and Kanab ambersnail (Meretsky, SWCA). 

Monitoring Vegetation Change along the Colorado River Mainstem- Dr. Michael 

Kearsley of Northern Arizona University has been involved in measuring vegetation change 

along the Colorado River corridor since 1993. Data collection efforts have changed from a focus 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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on detailed compositional change that takes place on microhabitat scale (Stevens and Ayers, 

1996) to characterizing change at the community level. His work has been focused on evaluating 

and incorporating structural components of vegetation, in addition to identifying changes in the 

species composition of plant communities. These structural components provide an index of 

vertical complexity, a variable that affects bird distribution and abundance. Measurements have 

also been done along shorelines to determine the relative availability of vegetated shoreline, a 

shoreline habitat utilized by young fish (Converse, et al., 1998). Preliminary results of this 

research have identified factors affecting availability of shoreline habitat to include discharge, 

magnitude of fluctuations, and time of year. Other results of this monitoring effort indicate that 

some community constituents have changed very little (e.g., tamarisk) in their representation and 

extent, while others are increasing in abundance (arrowweed). These trends suggest that growth 

rates of arroweed may have implications associated with campable area over the long-term.

Monitoring Avifauna Abundance and Distribution along the Colorado River Mainstem–

Dr. John Spence of the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area has been in charge of overseeing 

a project to monitor bird distribution and abundance along the Colorado River corridor. Included 

in this project is the monitoring of the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher. The project 

has determined that abundance and diversity changes in the avifaunal community along the 

Colorado River corridor is associated with vegetation densities and distance from the dam. 

Structurally complex vegetation patches like those found from river mile 42 to Cardenas and in 

the western Grand Canyon support more birds and more species of birds. Glen Canyon is also an 

area of waterfowl diversity, likely associated with the relatively rich benthic community and 

lower velocity waters found in this reach. In FY 2000, one breeding pair of Southwestern 

Willow Flycatcher was observed and one young is believed to have fledged.

Monitoring of Kanab ambersnail Populations and Habitat at Vaseys Paradise – Dr. Vicky 

Meretsky through SWCA Inc., has been the lead biologist involved with developing population 

estimates for the Kanab ambersnail (KAS) located at Vaseys Paradise in Grand Canyon. Both 

available habitat and snail numbers are determined for each trip throughout the year. Trips are 

conducted on a quarterly basis that coincide with the life history of the snail. Monitoring of the 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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habitat indicate that primary habitat composed of Nasturtium is highly variable in terms of area 

covered. This plant species is an annual and its area cover is influenced by local climate effects. 

A warm winter may result in greater growth earlier in the season, while a summer storm event 

may result in scour of local patches. The variability in habitat is less likely to be observed with 

Mimulus (monkey flower) the other major plant species associated with KAS. This plant is a 

perennial species and the variability in area cover should be less than that of Nasturtium. 

Population estimates for KAS between years has not been shown to be significantly different. 

However, the confidence intervals around these estimates are great, due to overwintering 

mortality that can result in high inter-annual variability. The life-history of KAS is characterized 

by starting with a small number of over-wintering adults. Population size increases throughout 

the season from recruitment. An associated KAS genetics project (Keim, Northern Arizona 

University) has provided preliminary indications that the KAS at Vaseys Paradise is genetically 

distinct from Utah populations also identified as KAS. What this distinction means in taxonomic 

terms is yet undetermined.

Aquatic Biological Resources – Following are summaries of preliminary results of 

aquatic biological monitoring and research projects funded under GCMRC from FY 1998 

through FY 2000. Current contracts are separated into aquatic foodbase (Blinn, NAU), Lees 

Ferry Trout (Persons, AGFD), and Native Fish Monitoring (Gorman, US FWS). The following 

is information provided from these monitoring projects.

Monitoring the Aquatic Foodbase in the Mainstem Colorado River and its Tributaries –

Dr. Dean Blinn of Northern Arizona University has been studying aquatic biology of the 

Colorado River since the 1980s. Efforts since 1998 have focused on monitoring the 

productivity in the mainstem as influenced by dam operations and understanding the 

relationship and influence of tributary productivity on the mainstem. Results of these data 

collection efforts indicate that reducing fluctuations benefits productivity. Productivity is 

increased because areas available to colonize are stabilized. What is not known is if 

combinations of stability and short-term disturbance optimize productivity. Productivity 

increased following the 1996 BHBF, the subsequent flows in the summer of 1996 and in 
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spring/summer 1997 that were high and relatively steady compared to operations in previous 

years and may have been a contributing factor in the measured productivity. Tributary 

collections show that these streams are a source for benthic colonizers in the mainstem, but 

current mainstem conditions (constant cold temperatures) preclude their expansion into the 

mainstem. Some organisms found in tributaries need a range of temperatures as a growth cue. 

These cues are not available in the mainstem. Both of these pieces of information are important 

for managers trying to optimize mainstem productivity. Productivity might be limited by 

temperature (degree days) and other physical parameters, or by habitat instability (amount of 

fluctuations), or a combination of the two.

Monitoring the Lees Ferry Trout Fishery– Mr. Bill Persons of the Arizona Game and 

Fish Department has been overseeing the contract responsible for determining the effects of dam 

operations on rainbow trout in the Glen Canyon reach. This contract has included the collation 

of stocking and catch data since the 1960s and an examination of the effects of minimum flows 

on trout populations. Their analysis concludes that fluctuations conducted during the 1990 

research flows caused a decline in the trout population in the Lees Ferry reach. Higher minimum 

and more stable releases appear to support greater standing stocks of trout than do lower 

minimum releases and releases with greater variability. These data support the findings 

associated with the aquatic foodbase. The full effect of stable releases is not fully realized for up 

to three years: densities of fish >304 mm declined until 1993. Small fish are more affected by 

physical factors, suggesting that recruitment is affected by operations. Larger-sized fish are 

more affected by biological factors (e.g., food availability) which may account for the lag in 

response to steadier releases by fish > 304 mm. Stock assessments for the Lees Ferry fishery 

suggest that the larger fish are food-limited. The trout fishery is considered self-sustaining and 

stocking currently is being suspended in this fishery.

Monitoring of Native and Other Fish in the Mainstem Colorado River and its Tributaries–

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was the principal organization responsible for native fish 

monitoring in the mainstem in FY 1998 and FY 1999. Work in this project has included 

mainstem data collection and tributary data collection. The emphasis has been on evaluating 
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recruitment in the tributaries, primarily the Little Colorado River, and characterizing relative 

abundance of species in the mainstem. The intensity of sampling in the mainstem may not have 

equaled historic levels, but gear-types are comparable. Data from these monitoring trips indicate 

that Rainbow Trout is the most common fish, followed by Speckled Dace and Humpback chub in 

the mainstem. The addition of mini-hoopnet to the sampling regime has resulted in the capture 

of an increased number of smaller Humpback chub in the mainstem. This result suggests that 

either gear types are biased against this size fish, that recruitment and survivorship has increased 

in this size class, or that new habitats are being sampled that were previously not sampled. The 

latter is not a likely explanation for this data. Included in this contract was research associated 

with juvenile growth and temperature. Preliminary results indicate that young fish provided 

unlimited food that are in 12°C water do not grow over a 6-month time period and lose body 

mass over time. Fish in 18°C and 24°C tanks showed changes in growth rates after the first 

month–with those fish in the warmest water growing the greatest. These data have direct 

application for Temperature Control Device (TCD) operations. A question that still needs to be 

addressed is if the small but now older fish are moved from the 12°C tanks to warmer tanks will 

they respond in a similar fashion to temperature increases.

Native Fish Syntheses - Additional synthesis and modeling work on native fish has been 

conducted by SWCA (data integration report), Duncan Patten (compilation of GCES Phase II 

aquatic biology studies) and Walters, et al. (modeling abundance trends in native fish). 

Population estimates for Humpback chub in the LCR have been published by Douglas for 1991-

1993 and additional estimates for 1993-1995 are in press. In addition, modeling work by 

Walters, et al. (in preparation), suggests that populations of Humpback chub in the LCR are 

stable or possibly declining slightly over the period 1991-1996. The work of SWCA highlights 

the importance of life history parameters on the survival of Humpback chub and points to the 

potential of predator-prey interactions in addition to temperature as a key factor affecting 

Humpback chub abundance and distribution in the mainstem. The reviews of GCES Phase II 

Humpback chub monitoring and research activities by Brunkow (in Patten) will be useful in 

designing the long-term monitoring program for native fish.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Socio-Cultural Resources–

Cultural Resources – The current information concerning cultural resources is based on a 

number of previous and ongoing investigations within the Colorado river corridor in the Glen 

and Grand Canyons conducted by the NPS, Tribal groups, and GCMRC investigators. Cultural 

resources along the Colorado River corridor include archaeological sites and traditional cultural 

resources such as springs, landforms, sediment and mineral deposits, and traditional plant 

locations and animals. The goal of the cultural resource efforts is in-situ preservation with 

minimal impact to the integrity of the resources, and when preservation is not possible, treatment 

efforts as appropriate. Monitoring activities include site visits, photography, and remedial 

activities and tribal assessments of traditional cultural resources and the general health of the 

ecosystem through traditional perspectives. 

Cultural resources are monitored regularly and during high flow events. Many of the 

archaeological resources along the river corridor are contained in the sediment deposits which 

form the alluvial terraces. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the sediment resource has 

declined, and the alluvial terraces have eroded. A system-wide method for regenerating the river 

terraces and redistributing sediment is generally considered an essential component to 

maintaining integrity for cultural resources.

Previous Investigations. The 1996 BHBF presented an opportunity to study the 

effects of high flow discharge from Glen Canyon Dam on alluvial terraces and margin deposits 

along the river corridor. The flow was expected to provide system-wide mitigation to most 

cultural sites in the Colorado River corridor through the accumulation of additional sediment and 

the overall findings of the cultural resources studies strongly suggest that the 45,000 cfs BHBF 

flow had either no effect, no adverse effect, or a beneficial effect on cultural resources. These 

findings support the original contention that habitat-building flows can offer a system-wide 

mitigation for cultural resources. Some locations, especially in the Glen Canyon reach, did 

experience loss of sediments or re-deposition of sediments in a way that, in the long run, could 

be detrimental to cultural resources.
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Ongoing Investigations. Current resource monitoring of archaeological and 

traditional resources suggests that archaeological resources continue to be impacted by physical 

impacts such as surface erosion and gullying in both the Grand and Glen Canyon areas. Some 

surface erosion is due to natural processes that are unrelated to dam operations. Other sediment 

loss from erosional processes is believed to be related to dam operations and mainstem water 

levels and head cutting arroyos appear to impact archaeological sites at specific locations. 

Visitor impacts such as trailing and collection of artifacts have also been noted at archaeological 

sites and locations of traditional importance (Leap, et al., 2000). Generally, plant resources seem 

to be in good condition with some physical and visitor impacts noted at some locations.

Recently completed GCMRC projects provide additional information that complements 

previously collected data. These projects include a synthesis of data collected by the NPS and 

Tribal groups, mainstem flow and deposition modeling, and testing of a geomorphic erosional 

hypothesis. The data synthesis report (Neal et al., 2000) identifies data gaps in previously 

collected data. A stage flow and deposition modeling project provides information on estimated 

sediment deposition at selected archaeological resource locations that may result from flow 

regimes associated with dam operations. These data can then be used to analyze available 

information on pre-dam processes that affected cultural site preservation. A final draft report is 

currently under review and will be finalized soon. A recent geomorphic report (Thompson and 

Potochnik, 2000) attempted to identify erosional processes that are related to dam operations 

versus naturally-occurring processes. The results of this study indicate that questions remain in 

distinguishing resource impacts that are related to dam operations. Finally, a cultural resource 

protocol evaluation panel (PEP) was held during Spring 2000. The panel’s report (Doelle et al., 

2000) provided GCMRC and Reclamation with a series of recommendations for program 

coordination and future activities. The work activities described in this plan refle ct the PEP 

recommendations.

Recreational Resources – Beaches and sand bars serve as campsites for rafting groups 

and are highly valued based on size, boat mooring quality, wind protection, access to side canyon 

hikes, scenery, and shade. Historically, the se beaches were replenished annually by sand and silt 

transported by the river during spring runoff. Since this sediment now settles out in Lake 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Powell, the beaches downstream are eroding due to the river's clear, sediment-free flows 

(Kearsley, et al., 1994). Most pre-dam beaches are now considerably smaller, and some have 

disappeared completely. Camping beaches are also being eroded through gullying induced by 

monsoon rainstorm runoff, a phenomenon believed to be related to the lowered mainstem base 

levels as degraded beaches are not replenished by annual flooding.

Previous Investigations. In 1994, change in campable area was analyzed from an 

inventory of campsites using past aerial photographs (Kearsley, et al., 1994). The effects of the 

1996 controlled flood on campsites were evaluated and it was found that the increase in the 

number and size of campsites was of short of short duration. These data suggest that floods 

temporarily increase campsite number and size but then campsites will continue to erode slowly. 

The flood effects to campsites seem temporary but they appear to be the only feasible means of 

depositing sediment above normal fluctuations (Kearsley, et al., 1999).

Recent Investigations. Recent GCMRC studies address campsite assessment and 

monitoring protocols through quantitative beach and sand bar measurements to detect area and 

volume change. The report of this work is in progress and will be available later in FY2001. An 

additional recreational study assessed recreational preferences relative to experiences (Stewart et 

al., 2000). Based on user surveys, this study indicates recreational preferences for camping 

beaches and activities such as white water rafting, day-use rafting in Glen Canyon, and fishing 

and recreation experiences. Studies of recreational safety and economic impacts to 

concessionaires relative to the low steady summer flows are ongoing. Data on beach use 

frequency is currently being collected by an NPS study and will be available in FY 2001 for use 

in future studies investigating human impacts to beach sites. Recreational fishing data will be 

assessed in FY 2001 as part of a protocol assessment that will be conducted in tandem with other 

trout study assessments. These data will be available in later in FY 2001.

Information Technologies Program (ITP) –

Data Base Management System (DBMS) – During FY2000, work toward an integrated 

database proceeded along four general lines. First, historical electronic data sets located at 

GCMRC were identified, and placed into an archive. Second, the data storage and application 

needs of the scientific programs at GCMRC were reviewed, and a preliminary database design 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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was completed to facilitate the integrated decision support needs of the Center, and accomplished 

in part by evaluating the designs of existing ecosystem management databases. Third, selected 

original electronic data sets have been consolidated into an MS Access database, for ultimate 

conversion to an Oracle database. Data collected from the current year Native and non-native 

fish population samples have been consolidated into this MS Access database, and a fish sample 

data entry application has been written to facilitate the consistent use of database parameters 

between investigators. Work has begun developing corresponding tables in the Oracle DBMS, 

and selected tables have been imported from the Access system. During the remainder of 

FY2001, the services of a database consultant will be secured, the current design will be 

validated and extended to other data types, and data entry and analysis applications will be 

written that allow for Web access to the Oracle tables.

Geographic Information System (GIS) –During FY2000 effort has been dedicated

towards remote sensing evaluation and cataloging, and making available legacy-GIS data 

obtained by GCMRC’s predecessor, the GCES program. Much of this data is now available to 

GCMRC staff and investigators, AMWG/TWG members, and the public through our FTP server 

at ftp.gcmrc.gov. The FTP server contains spatial coverages of non-sensitive, project-specific 

data; topographic, geologic, and hydrologic base data at established GIS sites; and remotelysensed imagery including LIDAR and digital orthophotos. Additional effort has been dedicated 

toward assembling basin-wide GIS data sets, developing GIS data and metadata standards, 

preparing for a possible BHBF during the summer of 1999, providing GIS support and training 

to GCMRC scientists and investigators, and coordinating remote sensing activities.

During FY2000 considerable progress was made in the development of spatial data 

standards, developing metadata standards, acquiring legacy data located at the BOR Technical 

Center in Denver, making additional spatial data available on the FTP site, and quality assuring 

spatial data coverages, and metadata delivered as part of the topographic base map development 

using LIDAR. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Library – The GCMRC library continues to make strides in organization and 

accessibility in FY2000:

• The library catalog is now accessible on-line through the GCMRC website.

• Aerial photographs are currently coming into the library on DVD. Very soon, the 

DVDs will be cataloged and a copy made for deep archive purposes. Users can then 

copy the DVD in house and take their copy with them off site.

• New furniture and shelving has augmented the organization and presentation of the 

library.

• The photograph collection is in the process of being cataloged and reorganized so that 

it is more easily accessible and better preserved.

• New materials are cataloged as they arrive.

Surveying - In addition to providing general survey support to GCMRC scientists and 

investigators for spatially-referencing data collected in the field, the survey function provides 

survey and mapping infrastructure in the form of terrestrial base maps, hydrographic base maps, 

and control.

Terrestrial base maps - Terrestrial mapping in the Grand Canyon on the Colorado 

River corridor is required for spatial monitoring of physical, biological, and cultural resources. 

Terrestrial mapping usually produces a digital terrain model (DTM) in combination with the 

XYZ position of features and artifacts. Periodic mapping of the same areas can be used for 

change detection of resources. This data is usually displayed in the form of a contour map.

We currently have sub-meter accuracy terrestrial topographic coverage of approximately 

80 miles of the ecosystem in 17 areas of concentrated scientific effort that we refer to as GIS 

sites (Figure 1.2). We also have similar topography from GCD to Badger Rapid near river mile 

(RM) 8 and in the Phantom Ranch area derived from our LIDAR evaluation in 1998. In FY2000, 

the GCMRC collected high-resolution orthophotography and topography of the entire CRE. This 

dataset will provide one-foot resolution georeferenced and rectified imagery and one meter 

contours as well as a four-meter digital elevation model. In addition to sub-meter terrestrial base 

maps described above, we have high-resolution field surveys of 35 sand bar sites that have been 

repeated at varying intervals since 1991. We also have numerous field surveys of vegetation, 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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cultural, and KAS surveys. Additional sub-meter accuracy terrestrial topographic coverage needs 

to be obtained for the remainder of the ecosystem.

Hydrographic base maps - The Hydrographic mapping program was established 

for the purpose of obtaining a sub-aqueous channel map of the Colorado River within the 

ecosystem and measure changes in morphology and volume to monitor sediment. Another 

important emerging hydrographic technology is the monitoring of grain-size movement and 

distribution.

It is an objective of GCMRC to acquire an in-house multi-beam system to 

complete a channel map of the entire system. The system would also be used to collect eventdriven hydrographic data as well as sediment monitoring. We would also like to incorporate 

side-scan sonar or bottom classification technology to monitor grain-size distribution and bottom 

geomorphology.

We currently have low resolution (20 meter transects) single beam base data from 

GDC to Badger Rapid, and GIS Site 7. We currently have high resolution (10 meter square) 

single beam data in 35 NAU sand bar sites (repeated since 1993), repeated surveys from Paria 

(RM 1) to Cathedral Wash (RM 3), 4 large pool sites in Site 5 (Wiele, 1998), 5 repeated surveys 

in GIS Sites 4 and 5 to monitor the 1996 flood, and a pre- and post-flood survey on the Lake 

Mead Delta. We also have extremely high resolution (multi-beam) surveys in the pools from 

RM 60 to RM 68. Additional channel mapping of all the GIS reaches and the remaining river 

channel needs to be obtained as control is established.

In FY2000, hydrographic channel data was collected for 50 miles of the CRE.
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Figure 1.2 Map showing the location of the 17 GIS sites for which there are Sub-meter Accuracy Topographic Base Maps available.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Canyon control – Survey control in the Colorado River ecosystem is required to 

meet the demands of any spatial measurements for scientific monitoring and research. Survey 

control also supports the spatial positioning of hydrographic and bathymetric channel mapping as 

well as ground control for aerial mapping or remote sensing applications.

We currently have approximately 20 first order GPS grade base stations set on the 

rim of the Grand Canyon in support of Static Differential GPS. This base station network is 

currently in good order to complete the control in the Canyon. We additionally have continuous 

traverse control (point-to-point line of sight) from GDC to RM 72. Downstream from RM 72 

there is continuous traverse control in all existing GIS sites. In addition there is continuous 

traverse control from the LCR confluence to Blue Springs, approximately 14 miles upstream 

which encompasses GIS Site 15.

There are approximately 50 sites throughout the system that exist outside of GIS 

areas that use locally established control points. These sites must be tied in as we bring control 

into these areas. The list includes NAU sand bar monitoring sites, vegetation monitoring sites, 

and cultural sites. All the USGS transect bolts have been tied in from GDC to RM 72. 

Downstream USGS bolts in GIS Sites have also been tied in. USGS bolts that require surveying 

are at Phantom (RM 90), and National Canyon (RM 160). The GCMRC Survey department 

objective is to complete the continuous control network in the Canyon in the next three years.

In FY2000 the survey department linked together and verified 30 control gaps 

between GCD and RM 72. The survey department also established control from RM 72 to RM 

93, which is through the gorge and includes Phantom Ranch. 

Systems Administration– Systems Administration encompasses the entire computing 

and networking environment at the GCMRC. The GCMRC computing environment has been 

substantially upgraded during the past two years with improved intra- and inter-net infrastructure 

and standardized computer hardware and software. The core computing environment is now, for 

the most part, stable with the majority of malfunctions attributable to typical glitches associated 

with all computer environments of similar complexity. 

Remote Sensing – There are currently two aspects to GCMRC remote sensing: (1) 

remotely sensed data collection, and (2) the remote sensing initiative entitled “Evaluating 

ground-based and airborne remote sensing technologies.” Remotely-sensed data collection 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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currently consists of annual aerial photography collected during the Labor Day weekend. Blackand-white stereo aerial photography is collected over the entire Colorado River ecosystem and 

natural color is additionally collected in areas critical to vegetation studies. The GCMRC intends 

to continue the annual acquisition of aerial photography until other remotely-sensed data sets are 

identified and implemented into the monitoring program.

During FY2000, the remote sensing initiative assessed the information 

requirements of the research and monitoring programs in terms of parameters measured, current 

procedures for measurement, accuracy and spatial resolution required, and potential benefits of 

using remote sensing technologies to meet these requirements.

1. We determined that some of the parameters being measured or monitored can 

be better obtained using sensors that are not currently employed and that some parameters can be 

obtained using lower spatial resolutions than the 6-10-cm data currently being acquired. These 

issues will be fully addressed in FY2001 using the data that we collected during FY2000. Of 

course, some parameters related to water quality cannot be approached effectively using remote 

sensing data.

2. Inventoried all existing remote sensing and GIS databases within GCMRC and 

examined existing methods, scanning equipment, storage media, data volume, and cost for 

conversion of the photographic image library to digital format. Created a list of 

recommendations on the fundamental characteristics for a digital archive and retrieval system 

based on experiences of personnel involved with large government archive systems. The 

photographic image archive in its current state is not being used to its full potential because the 

archive of over 32,000 photographs is analog. This archive needs to be converted to an on-line 

digital search and retrieval system as soon as possible so that more efficient monitoring can be 

performed using historical data. Because the requirements on an archive system differ among 

archive systems, the best approach to be taken by GCMRC is to implement a preliminary design 

for their archive system, allow users to interact with the system, and respond to user feedback on 

the functionality of the system for their needs.

3. Performed a market survey of existing LIDAR technology and providers and 

produced a ranked list of providers in terms of sensor capabilities, data processing procedures, 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

27

experience, customer satisfaction, and cost. We found sensor capabilities to be similar among 

the different providers of LIDAR data, but the level of processing of the acquired data differs 

dramatically among providers. Critical criteria for selection of a provider includes their ability 

ro obtain and process multiple returns from a single LIDAR pulse, horizontal and vertical 

accuracies, use of break lines in areas of abrupt change in slope, willingness to work with the 

client to provide the best possible product, and experience in areas of high relief.

4. Acquired low-resolution (4 m shot spacing) LIDAR for the entire canyon 

system from Glen Canyon Dam to Lake Mead in April. Acquired moderate-resolution (2 m shot 

spacing) for the canyon between Glen Canyon Dam and Phantom Ranch in August and in 

September. Acquired high-resolution (0.6 m shot spacing) for 5 sand bar reaches between Glen 

Canyon Dam and Phantom Ranch in August and in September. Although all of these data have 

not been fully processed and delivered, our contracting process has taught us that the statement 

of work for all remote-sensing tasks needs to be constructed carefully and with great detail. Our 

statement of work for remote sensing tasks has evolved this year to close to what is necessary to 

ensure that the products delivered meet our intended expectations. However, additional details 

need to be inserted into our current statement of work. We have also realized that we need to 

prepare a new RFP for our FY2001 remote sensing program that addresses the evolution in 

technologies that GCMRC has found appropriate for its monitoring program.

5. Acquired B&W digital imagery with GPS and IMU under clear sky conditions 

from Glen Canyon Dam to Lake Mead in April (low sun elevation) with one-foot spatial 

resolution and from Glen Canyon Dam to Phantom Ranch in August and in September (moderate 

sun elevation) at 0.6-foot spatial resolution. We have determined that it is critical to employ 

IMU devices on remote sensing data acquisitions because the gyro stabilizers on camera systems 

cannot always compensate for rapid aircraft movements caused by frequent occurrences of 

turbulence in the canyon. We have also determined that even under low sun elevations 

conditions (between September and April) B&W digital cameras provide superior image data 

over conventional photographic systems because the digital systems employ automatic gain 

adjustments for lighting conditions within a flight line. Thus, even though the data that we 

acquired have “apparent” shadows in certain areas of the canyon, the digital image data captured 

ground detail within the shadows which is brought out by image enhancement.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

28

6. Acquired color-infrared photography with GPS and IMU under clear sky 

conditions from Glen Canyon Dam to Lake Mead in April (low sun elevation) at one-foot spatial 

resolution and in July (high sun elevation) at 10-cm spatial resolution. Our color-infrared data 

shows what has been known for a few years: color-infrared image data is more effective than 

natural color photography for detecting vegetation. Our next goal is to directly acquire such data 

digitally because photographic film scratches easily (data loss) and require subsequent scanning 

that is very time consuming, costly, and quite an arbitrary process in terms of color balancing 

between flight lines.

7. Acquired color-infrared photography with GPS and IMU under totally overcast 

sky conditions from Glen Canyon Dam to Phantom Ranch in September (moderate sun 

elevation) at one-foot spatial resolution. These data show much more detail and information 

than data acquired with clear sky, high sun elevation conditions and the data have no shadows. 

Although it is more difficult to plan data acquisition for overcast conditions, because the 

condition is less likely than clear or partly cloudy conditions, our findings do widen the data 

acquisition window to now include both clear sky and overcast sky conditions.

8. Acquired digital multispectral (12 band data including thermal infrared) with 

GPS and IMU under partly cloudy sky conditions for a 42-mile segment (River Mile 30 to 72) in 

July (high sun elevation) using a helicopter flying at 1,200 feet above the ground. Although 

these data have not yet been analyzed to determine their potential benefits for the GCMRC 

program, this data acquisition did give us one important piece of information just from the flight 

and that is that GPS can be maintained at low altitude within the canyon if the aircraft proceeds 

slowly along its flight path. This observation now opens up the possibility of obtaining veryhigh resolution (cm scale) LIDAR data by helicopter for detailed monitoring of sand bars, even 

when the sand bar is heavily vegetated.

9. Compiled all published literature on remote sensing approaches relevant 

related to environmental research or monitoring and have completed review of one-half of the 

publications.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

29

PROGRAM INTEGRATION

All GCMRC monitoring and research programs utilize ecosystem science approaches that 

require integrated studies (Figure 1.3) that conform to the appropriate spatial and temporal scales 

of the issues at hand. As the report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the 

Scientific Basis of Ecosystem Management (ESA, 1995) indicates, the incorporation of good 

science into management decisions at a landscape level is an essential component of ecosystem 

management. An ecosystem approach will serve to advance both scientific understanding and 

management capabilities, while supporting protection, management, and use of natural resources.

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND INFORMATION NEEDS

The monitoring and research activities proposed in the FY 2002 Work Plan are intended 

to address the management objectives and prioritized information needs recommended by the 

AMWG to the Secretary for use in developing priorities for monitoring and research activities 

for the Colorado River ecosystem. MOs and INs are specified in nine different resource areas 

including hydropower, water, sediment, fish and aquatic biology, riparian vegetation, threatened 

and endangered species, terrestrial wildlife, cultural, and recreational resources. Within each of 

the above resource areas specific MOs and INs have been developed by the Technical Work 

Group (TWG) and adopted by the AMWG (see Appendix 1). The specific MOs and INs 

addressed by the monitoring and research activities proposed in this plan are listed in Chapter 2 

in table format, and referenced in the project descriptions.
30

Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Habitats

Sediment & WQ

Tributary & Mainstem Flows

RESERVOIR & DAM 

OPERATIONS

Predators

MOs

Primary

consumers MOs

Primary producers 

MOs

Predators

MOs

Primary

consumers MOs

Primary producers 

MOs

Direction

of

Monitoring

Human Interactions 

& Interpretations

Recreation/Cultural

Integrated Monitoring and Research based on MOs & INs

Figure 1.3 Integrated Long-term Monitoring and Research Program
31

PROTOCOL EVALUATION PROGRAM

The Protocol Evaluation Program (PEP) is intended to support decisions by the GCMRC as to 

the specific monitoring protocols that will be used.

The PEP process for evaluating current and new alternative protocols in all program 

resources area is scheduled for completion by the end of FY 2002. Two PEP workshops will be 

conducted in FY2001. The first, a PEP workshop to review the IWQP, will be held from 

November 26 through December 2. The second, a PEP workshop to review the AFB and native 

fish monitoring program, will be held in the spring of 2001. The recommendations resulting 

from these workshops will be distributed to the TWG and AMWG and used to modify the FY 

2002 work plans as appropriate. All PEP workshops and evaluations are conducted in 

cooperation with external experts identified through a nationwide scoping and competitive 

selection process, as well as GCMRC science cooperators, contractors, and Technical Work 

Group members.

CONTINGENCY PLANNING

The TWG and AMWG have adopted hydrologic criteria and resource criteria for 

triggering releases above peak power plant discharge from Glen Canyon Dam. When triggered, 

these criteria provide little lead time for monitoring and research planning. In addition, 

hydrologic conditions can lead to unplanned release events which may also require GCMRC to 

implement monitoring and research activities with little to no lead time. The potential for these 

events to occur results in the need for contingency planning. Annually, GCMRC will develop 

contingency plans for implementation of: 

1. supplemental monitoring before and (or) after unplanned events, as appropriate;

2. research assessments of “flood flows” (as per the GCDEIS) or other shortduration high flow unplanned events; and

3. a supplemental monitoring and research program for planned events between 

January-July of a given year.

Given the recent passage of the FY 2001 Energy and Water Appropriations Bill that 

includes language that caps funding from power revenues in support of the GCD AMP, a new 

mechanism for supporting additional monitoring and research activities resulting from 

implementing test flows in response to these triggering criteria needs to be developed.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

32

SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM

The GCMRC has initiated a program of regular scientific symposia to discuss the current 

state of scientific knowledge regarding the Colorado River ecosystem, as well as to learn about 

similar research in other systems. The GCMRC convenes a biennial Colorado River ecosystem 

science symposium, and between these years GCMRC program managers and participating 

scientists make presentations at the biennial Colorado Plateau symposium hosted by the 

Colorado Plateau Field Station of the Biological Resources Division of the USGS. GCMRC will 

host a scientific symposia in FY 2001. In FY 2002, GCMRC and participating scientists will 

present scientific information at the Biennial Colorado Plateau Symposium.

FUTURE CHALLENGES

GCMRC and the adaptive management program, in general, face a number of challenges 

with respect to designing monitoring and research activities to gather information on specific 

experimental management actions. These include potentially both the construction and operation 

of a temperature control device (TCD) on Glen Canyon Dam and the implementation of 

seasonally adjusted steady flows (SASF).

The FY 2002 Work Plan is based on the assumption that the TCD, if built, will not be 

operational until FY 2004 and that any activities required to supplement the planned monitoring 

and research activities will be supported out of Reclamation's Section 8 funds. With respect to 

implementation of SASF, the FY 2002 Work Plan is based on the assumption that the actual 

flows to be implemented will follow those in the plan prepared for GCMRC by SWCA, Inc. We 

also assume that a decision for implementation of SASFs in FY 2002 will not be made until 

January 2001, and given the short lead time, any supplemental activities will be implemented as 

modifications to contracts already in place. As with the issue of contingency planning discussed 

earlier, a mechanism for funding this additional work needs to be developed. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

33

SCHEDULE AND BUDGET

The Annual Work Plan and budget described in this document were reviewed by the 

TWG in Fall 2000, and the AMWG recommended at their January 11-12, 2001, meeting that it 

be approved by the Secretary for implementation. The GCMRC FY 2002 Work Plan described 

in this document will be implemented for $5.76 million provided from power revenues. 

For information about AMP activities and budget, and the Programmatic Agreement, 

please contact Mr. Randall Peterson at the Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah.

In addition, GCMRC is seeking $1,010,000 in appropriated funds to support the activities 

described in this plan. If these appropriated funds are not available, GCMRC will need to revise 

some of the activities described in this plan. Finally, GCMRC will be seeking $307,000 in 

support for water-quality-related activities in Lake Powell.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

34

CHAPTER 2

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides descriptions of individual monitoring and research projects to be 

initiated or continued as part of the GCMRC’s FY 2002 integrated science program. These scientific 

activities are grouped into the following categories: (A) Terrestrial Ecosystem; (B) Aquatic 

Ecosystem; (C) Integrated Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystem; and (D) Remote Sensing. Individual 

projects and their relationship to current management objectives and information needs (Appendix 1) 

are summarized in Table 2.1 (Appendix 3). Management objectives and information needs are also 

given with the project description. Each of these projects are classified as: (1) Ongoing – meaning 

a continuation of efforts supported during FY 2001, or (2) New – meaning that the project 

represents initiation of long-term monitoring using current or new alternative methods and sampling 

design or a new research effort. 

Additional information in Table 2.2 shows how total project costs and staff participation are 

estimated to be distributed across the GCMRC program. A key element in developing an ecosystem 

science design for long-term monitoring and research is the team approach to project design and 

oversight being advanced by GCMRC in the FY 2002 Work Plan. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

35

A. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: A.1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MONITORING 

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001

General Project Description: The goal of this project is the collection of data necessary to monitor 

the effects of Glen Canyon Dam operations on terrestrial biological resources of concern. Analysis 

includes: (1) the relative abundance and distribution of waterfowl, raptors and riparian breeding 

birds (including southwestern willow flycatcher); (2) the composition, distribution and structure of 

vegetative communities and plant species; and (3) the abundance and distribution of faunal 

constituents linked to these vegetative communities. The project is multidisciplinary and will seek 

to include native American perspectives in ecosystem monitoring and interpretation. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: The terrestrial ecosystem within the Colorado River ecosystem is 

comprised of habitat that varies from open beaches to debris fans and other alluvial deposits like 

high terraces or talus slope. Overlaid on these areas are plant communities that fall out along a 

moisture gradient (e.g., cattails by the river and cacti and mesquite farther away from the river). 

Along the river corridor, these plant communities can be delineated into pre-dam, or old high water 

zone vegetation and post-dam or new high water zone vegetation, including a marsh community 

(USBOR 1995). These plant communities or the space absent of vegetation influence or define the 

animal community. Vegetation provides either shelter or structure for nesting or foraging (either by 

direct consumption or indirectly by being the host for insects that are the food source). Likewise, 

space absent of vegetation also represents habitats. The presence or absence, distribution or 

abundance of plant species effects the distribution and abundance of animals, including humans, and 

collectively these species (plants and animals) reflect the quality of terrestrial habitats along the 

Colorado River ecosystem (see Diagram 1). 

Plant communities and the space occupied or utilized by their associated animal species 

constitute resources that provide recreational and intrinsic benefit, are of cultural value to tribes (e.g., 

some plants, yellow birds, or eagles) or other entities, or are indicators of change and health of the 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

36

system (invasive exotic plant or high abundances of particular animal species like harvester ants 

or mice). The abundance and distribution of these resources are influenced by available habitat and 

inter-specific interactions. Elements addressed in this monitoring program are habitat structure and 

composition and distribution of plants as they relate primarily to bird abundance and distribution and 

to the river corridor itself within the zone affected by dam operations. Other aspects addressed 

include linkages to distribution, abundance and composition of birds and vegetation. 

Monitoring the composition and structure of vegetation, and the abundance and distribution 

of plants and animals within the terrestrial zones (NHWZ and OHWZ): (1) allows managers to 

assess the status of terrestrial faunal diversity in association with biological, cultural and recreational 

resources; (2) provides data that allows identification and interpretation of linkages between 

physical and biological variables within the Colorado River ecosystem; (3) provides data on the 

effect of periodic management of sediment through high flows under the Record of Decision on 

higher trophic levels associated with terrestrial habitats.

-Integration: The primary goal of this project is to document significant changes in the 

abundance and distribution of terrestrial animals including waterfowl, nesting avifauna, raptors, and 

other culturally important birds and coordinate these with information on the vegetation 

communities. Other animals that are sampled are identified as links to these resources and will aid 

in discriminating between natural variation and the effects of operations on these resources. Other 

parameters that are collected under separately funded projects and that can be incorporated into 

analysis and interpretation of terrestrial ecosystem monitoring include discharge, camping beach 

area and fine sediment monitoring. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

37

Flow (water availability/releases) & Sediment/substrate 

Open space vs. vegetated space

Human occupation/use

Breeding bird nesting success

Vegetation Structure/composition

 Breeding bird foraging

Insect host Raptor foraging & breeding success

Insect distribution abundance & composition

Small mammal/Lizard abundance, distribution & composition

Diagram 1. A flow diagram that illustrate linkages between releases, space, vegetation, birds and their intermediate 

links, which are represented by those organisms circumscribed by the dotted line. Arrows that are two-sided reflect the 

reciprocal effects or feedback loop associated with those resources (e.g., human use can create disturbance that promotes 

weedy plant species and change foodbase composition (decline in some insects but an increase in seed production and an 

increase in small mammal populations) that can feedback to human occupation/use). 

-Protocol Evaluation Panel: The biological PEP (Urqhuart et al., 2000), recommended that 

terrestrial resources 9i.e., flora, fauna and physical habitat) be sampled in an integrated fashion. This 

recommendation was echoed by the physical and cultural PEPs, as well as the NRC (1999). In 

addition, the biological PEP recommended that vegetation sampling sites be expanded and that 

additional elements (i.e., insects, lizards, small mammals) be sampled at the same time. The 

recommendation for expanding vegetation sampling comes from the viewpoint that the 11 sites 

historically monitored do not reflect change along the channel margin, a similar recommendation 

associated with sediment came from the physical review panel. The inclusion of other elements to 

be sampled, like insects and small mammals, was recommended because single species monitoring 

(e.g., on SWWF, or species of concern) may fail to determine the variable that is affecting a change 

in a resource. For example, it may be that ROD flows reduce shoreline insects by destabilizing their 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

38

habitat. These species may be a food source for riparian birds as well as native fish. By 

counting only birds or fish and seeing a decline or an increase in these species one cannot attribute 

that change to either natural variation or to operations. Additionally, these other links can also serve 

as a metric for the level of impact a camping site may experience: increased abundances of mice or 

harvester ants (pogo ant) at a site may be an indication of a degraded, highly disturbed camp which 

feeds into recreational interests and human health issues. Multi-species monitoring is also supported 

by the conceptual model for the CRE (Walters and Korman, 2000). The model is based on trophic 

cascades and linkages and recognizes that linkages are not unidirectional, but have interactions 

within trophic levels and between trophic levels. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The terrestrial ecosystem monitoring project provides 

information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.

Project Goals and Objectives: To annually measure, evaluate and report structural and 

compositional changes in terrestrial vegetation zones (old and new high water zones) that support 

avifaunal and traditional cultural resources. These vegetation data will be related to changes in 

cultural, recreational and biological resources relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam and 

fine-sediment monitoring data. Specific monitoring objectives of the project include change 

detection:

• Related to species abundance and distribution for waterfowl, breeding birds, nesting avifauna, 

raptors, other culturally important birds and associated fauna (insects, lizards, small mammals). 

• Related to food availability and abundance and distribution.

• Related to encroachment of vegetation to campable area.

• Related to advancement of exotic plant species that diminish habitat quality.

• Related to species abundance of utilized cultural resources.

• Related to composition and structure of vegetation associated with nesting birds. 

• Related to fine grain sediment deposition and erosion.

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data on changes in species abundance and distribution that 

result from interactions between available habitat and dam operations. Report delivery about the 

status of species abundance, distribution and compositional change. Data delivery and exchange for 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

39

integration with campsite monitoring regarding expansion of useable avifaunal habitat and 

reduced campable beach habitat. 

Recommended Approach/Methods: 

Sampling: The Biological PEP recommended expanding terrestrial flora and fauna surveys and to 

initiate monitoring utilizing randomly selected sampling sites based on a complete georeferenced 

map of the river corridor (Urqhuart et al. 2000). Completion of such a georeferenced map will be a 

two to three year effort. We have proposed a mapping project that will result in a georeferenced 

map of the river corridor at the same time that we take a phased approach to the expanded and 

integrated monitoring recommended by the PEP.

Sample sites: A georeferenced map provides the ability to randomly select sampling sites and to 

determine variables that predict “good,” “marginal” and “poor” habitat. Such a map would also 

allow the development of predictive responses and as a means of validating the conceptual model of 

how the CRE functions. Sampling for abundance and distribution of organisms will be coordinated 

so the data that is collected is representative of the overall river corridor and not of particular sites. 

This program will utilize randomly selected sampling sits, although some sites will be fixed by their 

nature (e.g., TCP). The initial sampling sites will be selected from historic bird survey sites (110 

total sites are available). Each year 64 sites will be visited. The sites visited in FY2002 will overlap 

with but not be the same sites visited in FY2001 or FY2003. Vegetation structure measurements 

will be linked to bird sites, therefore the sites visited for vegetation structure and composition in 

FY2002 will similarly overlap with but not be the same as those sampled in FY2001 or FY2003. The 

sites sampled for vegetation structure will also represent an increase of at least 53 sampling areas 

beyond the existing 11 vegetation mapping/monitoring sites (Kearsley and Ayers, 1999). Sites 

where linkage data are collected will be fewer in number (16 sites) due to logistics, and will exhibit a 

similar year-to-year rotational approach as described above.

The sites to be sampled will be identified in a manner that can be incorporated into a 

georeferenced relational mapping effort. These sample sites will have GPS coordinates established 

when possible (depending on satellite availability within the canyon) so they can be added to the GIS 

system and linked to a river corridor map when it is available. By gathering these data (bird, 

vegetation, foodbase links) collectively and examining trends of bird abundance and composition 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

40

through time, for example, and within a GIS environment, we begin to fit together pieces that 

identify preferred habitat and better understand the implications (i.e., risk assessment) of 

management actions. 

Sampling: Faunal monitoring data will be collected using primarily field-based survey 

measurements that include point-counts, walking surveys and live trapping for small mammals 

(Spence, et al., 1998, Sogge, et al., 1998, sample book). Surveys will consist of 5 12-18 day trips 

between the months of January through June and a fall trip in September. Survey sites, which 

include point-count stations, will occur in designated patches along the river within geomorphic 

reaches. A minimum of 57 patches will be visited each year below Lees Ferry, with 7 patches being 

visited above Lees Ferry. This number of samples is sufficient to characterize abundance and 

distribution of 15 most common bird, including Lucy’s warbler (sensitive species elsewhere), blue 

grosbeaks, and yellow breasted chats (Spence, et al., 1998). Other species will also be counted, 

however, to expect to monitor birds that occur rarely or are sporadically distributed (i.e., site 

specific) in addition to corridor-wide surveys is unrealistic given the funding available. The 

exception to this case being the southwestern willow flycatcher which is a listed species. In this case 

supplemental surveys will be conducted to assess breeding success of this bird (currently 1 pair in 

Grand Canyon). The birds listed above plus others may be considered surrogates or metrics of 

breeding bird habitat given that they occur in large enough numbers to detect changes in abundance. 

Vegetation will be measured in a manner that captures composition and structure of habitats 

sampled for birds (Mills, et al., 1991). Data regarding annual changes in plant species abundance 

and distribution will be collected at sites that may be randomized or at designated monitoring sites 

depending on the resource in question (e.g., a TCP or an exotic perennial that is locally abundant or 

fixed vs. carex sp. or dogbane that are widespread in their distribution) and may include pre-dam 

river terraces where appropriate. Methods may include line transects along elevational gradients to 

the river, or relieve patches that visually estimate % cover and species list for samples. Available 

habitat associated with vegetation change and campsite areas will be extracted from campsite 

monitoring data. Structural and compositional habitat data collection will be scheduled to coincide 

with nesting avifaunal monitoring (April, May). Data collection associated with linkages will be 

conducted seasonally (e.g., January, April/May, September) and in concert with avifaunal 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

41

monitoring. Under contingency plans, additional measurements of vegetated habitat will occur 

in the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

-Tribal Participation: Tribal perspectives for terrestrial resources tha t are significant to the tribes 

will be included in this monitoring effort. This may be represented by transferring the information 

to the tribe for interpretation and subsequent reporting, augmenting monitoring methods with tribal 

monitoring methods and monitors, or by other means. These efforts would be funding at levels in 

addition to those already designated for this program and administered under a separate contract or 

agreement.

 

Schedule: This long-term monitoring was initiated in FY 2001 and will continue annually through 

at least FY 2003. 

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $386,730

TOTAL $386,730

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002 

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 34,530

Biological Scientist (.05) 6,090 4,450

Biologist (.20) 9,150 12,000

Social Scientist (.10) 8,700 8,900

Physical Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

Database Manager (.10) 7,400

25.0 Contracts 261,000

Biology 180,000 184,000

Cultural 75,000 77,000

Physical

25.0 Services 91,200

Logistics (6 12-18 day river trips) 32,000 88,200

Survey

GIS (GIS Specialist 5%) 3,000

TOTAL 312,680 386,730
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

42

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: A. 2. MONITORING KANAB AMBERSNAIL AND 

HABITAT AT VASEYS PARADISE 

STATUS: Ongoing.

General Project Description: Data collection and analysis that permits the monitoring of the 

Kanab ambersnail habitat up to the old high water zone and provides population estimates of the 

snail within this area. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: Kanab ambersnail is a federally-listed endangered species 

occurring in one location in Grand Canyon: Vaseys Paradise. While the taxonomic ranking of this 

taxon is currently unresolved, it represents a taxon that is endemic to Vaseys paradise. The snail and 

its habitat is a unique ecosystem determined to be of concern by stakeholders. The site is also a 

traditional cultural resource to all Native American stakeholders. The abundance and distribution of 

the snail and the quality of its habitat is influenced by operations of Glen Canyon Dam, as well as by 

springs located at Vaseys Paradise (Diagram 2). Monitoring of quality, area and distribution occurs 

on a more detailed scale due to the limited nature of the habitat and surveys for animals are limited 

to snails. These surveys occur more than once per year. The relationships between operations from 

Glen Canyon Dam, habitat quality and its use by Kanab ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise are a 

management concern. Monitoring data on these ecosystem elements provide information on the 

effectiveness of the primary experimental flow treatment (Secretary’s 1996 Record of Decision) 

relative to stated resource management objectives.

Monitoring of Kanab ambersnail densities, size classes and utilized habitat: (1) allows 

managers to assess the status of this endangered species; (2) provides data that allows identification 

and interpretation of linkages between physical and biological variables within the Colorado River 

ecosystem; (3) provides data on the effect of periodic management of sediment through high flows 

under the Record of Decision on the population dynamics and habitat interactions of this species.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

43

Dam releases Stage/discharge relationship Spring discharge @ Vaseys Paradise

Vegetation and snail habitat Vegetation (composition) and snail habitat 

below old high water zone (inundation/exposure) in old and new high water zone (perennial water source)

Snail densities

Diagram 2. Illustration of the interactions stage discharge, habitat and snail densities have at Vaseys Paradise. While 

the dam and the spring are responsible for habitat, stage discharge relationship has the effect of exposing or inundating 

habitat, while the springs affect moisture gradients at the spring and influence plant composition.

-Integration: Vaseys Paradise is a site that has is a unique physical feature that has 

biological, cultural and recreational value. In addition, the location is a sensitive cultural resource to 

Native American stakeholders. The primary goal for this monitoring project is to document 

significant changes in snail densities and size classes and available habitat at Vaseys Paradise 

resulting from interactions of dam operations and these variables.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The Kanab ambersnail monitoring project provides 

information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.

Project Goals and Objectives: To annually and seasonally measure, evaluate and report on habitat 

quality and distribution and the density and size class changes in Kanab ambersnail. These data will 

be related to available habitat changes relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam and life 

history requirement of the species of concern. Specific monitoring objectives of the project include 

change detection:

• Related to species abundance and distribution for Kanab ambersnail.

• Related to densities and size class distribution to available habitat.

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data on changes in species abundance and distribution that 

result from interactions between available habitat and dam operations. Report delivery about the 

status of species abundance, distribution and compositional changes associated with habitat. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

44

Recommended Approach/Methods: Kanab ambersnail monitoring data will be collected using 

primarily field-based survey methods for snail densities and available habitat. Habitat will be 

measured when possible using remotely sensed methods to minimize impact to the site. Available 

habitat values are used for biological opinion consultation associated with special high releases (e.g., 

BHBF). Estimates for snail densities in inaccessible areas may be based on estimates of snail 

densities sampled in similar habitat that is accessible. Data regarding annual changes in species 

abundance and distribution will be collected and may include pre-dam river vegetated habitat. 

Collection of available habitat and snail density will be conducted in the spring and fall to assess 

overwintering survival and subsequent recruitment. These trips will be coordinated with population 

translocation site surveys located downstream. Project consultation will be conducted with Native 

American stakeholders. Under contingency plans, additional measurements of habitat will occur in 

the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: This long-term monitoring will be initiated in FY 2001 and continued annually through 

at least FY 2005 through contract and (or) cooperative agreements.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

45

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $80,650

TOTAL $80,650

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002 

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 15,750

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biologist (.10) 9,150 6,000

Biology Assistant (.05) 900 850

Social Scientist (.05) 4,450

25.0 Contracts 10,000

Biology 10,000 10,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 54,900

Logistics (2 10-15 day river trips) 39,200

Survey 15,700

Surveyor (.05) 4,150 4,300

Surveying Technician (.20) 11,400 11,400

GIS

TOTAL 39,950 80,650

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: A.3. NEW RESEARCH IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

STATUS: New for FY2002

General Project Description: Funds for trophic interactive work and biological PEP activities in 

the amount of $93,000 will be available for new research in FY2002. Selection of a specific project 

will be done in consultation with the TWG in the spring of 2001. Potential uses of these funds 

include:

• Population model for Kanab ambersnail that examines operational scenarios and predicts 

outcomes.

• Used to augment mapping project if appropriated funds are not fully provided.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

46

• Used to develop a leopard frog monitoring program that can be incorporated into 

KAS monitoring or general terrestrial monitoring.

• Used to determine the impacts of scientific study on the recreational experience.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $93,000

TOTAL $93,000

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits)

25.0 Contracts 93,000

Biology (from Trophic Research & PEP) 93,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services

Logistics

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 93,000 93,000

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: A.4 CULTURAL DATA BASE PLAN

Status: New for FY 2002

General Project Description: This project is a continuation of data base planning efforts initiated 

by the BOR in FY 2001. The overall objective of this project is to consolidate cultural data for 

utilization by the AMP.

 Rationale/Problem Statement: Cultural resource data currently exists in a number of locations, 

including federal agency and tribal data bases. Consolidation of data will assist the AMP assessment 

efforts.

Initial efforts in FY 2001 under Reclamation’s efforts include identification of existing and 

available data within the NPS units and within the tribal groups. Assessment of the type and extent 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

47

of data and existing data structures and systems will also be made. Issues of data sensitivity and 

appropriate dissemination will also be addressed.

MOs and INs To Be Addressed: This project addresses cultural resource management objectives 

and information needs (MO4, IN4.1) and implements recommendations by the cultural PEP.

PEP Recommendations: This project implements the recommendations of the Cultural Resource 

PEP to formulate a data base plan to consolidate cultural data. 

The project contributes to a portion of the overall Historic Preservation Plan suite of 

documents. 

Integration: To achieve an ecosystem-level of understanding of the relationships between resources 

of the CRE and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term monitoring between 

physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. This project will provide a 

means to consolidate the cultural resource data to assist in an ecosystem assessment of the resources.

Project Goals and Objectives: As recommended by the Cultural Resource PEP, this project will 

provide a plan and structure to consolidate cultural resource data that is currently held in various 

locations. The plan will also provide a methodology for the appropriate transfer of data.

Expected Products/ Deliverables: The project deliverables are a data base plan for the continued 

consolidation of existing and new data for the AMP and public dissemination of information, as 

appropriate.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Efforts in FY 2002 will include, but are not limited to, 

formulating the appropriate data structure, given the existing types of available data and data 

structures, address data links with NPS and tribal locations, data compatibility with existing data 

bases and GCMRC data bases, and data security. Development of the data base plan will require 

close coordination and interface with all cultural resource entities. 

Schedule: The project duration is anticipated to be one year. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

48

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $42,050

TOTAL $42,050

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 17,050

Social Scientist (.15) 13,350

Computer Specialist (DBMS) (.05) 3,700

21.0 Travel

25.0 Contracts 25,000

Biology

Cultural 25,000

Physical

25.0 Services 0

Logistics 

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 42,050 42,050

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: A.5. CULTURAL MONITORING PLAN 

Status: New for FY 2002

General Project Description: A long-term monitoring plan for cultural resources within the 

Colorado River Ecosystem (CRE), including resources addressed by Reclamation’s Programmatic 

Agreement program, the GCMRC cultural resources and the tribal groups.

 Rationale/Problem Statement: There are currently several monitoring efforts that are conducted 

within the CRE. This plan will provide direction for coordinated long- term monitoring efforts of the 

NPS, GCMRC, Reclamation and the tribes. The plan will directly link to the research design that 

will be prepared to address research and monitoring questions and resources. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

49

MOs and INs To Be Addressed: This project addresses cultural resource management 

objectives and information needs (MO1, IN1.1).

PEP Recommendations: This project implements the recommendations of the Cultural Resource 

PEP to formulate a monitoring plan to coordinate monitoring efforts of several parties that conduct 

monitoring within the CRE. The project forms a portion of the overall Historic Preservation Plan 

suite of documents. 

Integration: To achieve an ecosystem-level understanding of the relationships between resources of 

the CRE and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term monitoring between physical, 

cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. This project will provide a means to 

consolidate the cultural resource monitoring to assist in an ecosystem assessment of the resources.

Project Goals and Objectives: As recommended by the Cultural Resource PEP, this project will 

provide a plan to consolidate agency, program, and tribal monitoring efforts to interpret and assess 

cultural resources. The objective of this project is to develop a long-term monitoring plan for the 

BOR’s cultural program and provide long-term monitoring guidance to the GCMRC cultural effort. 

The project plan will provide greater coordination and efficiency between program monitoring 

activities and ensure that there are no duplication of efforts. The monitoring plan will be prepared 

after the completion of the research design (in FY 2001) and the plan will provide a mechanism for 

focusing field activities.

Expected Products/Deliverables: The project deliverables are a monitoring plan for the 

coordination and integration of existing and future monitoring activities.

Recommended Approach/Methods: The development of the monitoring plan will require 

consultation with NPS, Reclamation, tribal groups and GCMRC to formulate a strategy for 

coordinated monitoring that is responsible to the Historic Preservation Plan.

Schedule: The project duration is anticipated to be one year. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

50

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $40,130

TOTAL $40,130

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 15,130

Social Scientist (.15) 13,350

Research Information Analyst (.02) 1,780

25.0 Contracts 25,000

Biology

Cultural 25,000

Physical

25.0 Services 0

Logistics

Survey 

GIS 

TOTAL 40,130 40,130

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: A.6 TERRESTRIAL HABITAT MAP AND INVENTORY

Status: New for FY2002

General Project Description: Data collection and analysis that permits the development of a georeferenced, GIS based map of the terrestrial environment including physical (geomorphic at least 

Holocene deposits) and biological coverages (vegetation communities within the old and new high 

water zone). 

Rationale/Problem Statement: Terrestrial mapping of the Colorado River corridor is required for 

spatial monitoring of physical, biological, and cultural resources. Terrestrial mapping usually 

produces a digital terrain model (DTM) in combination with the XYZ position of features and 

artifacts. Periodic mapping of the same areas can be used for change detection of resources. 

Attributes associated with a coverage type can also be used as a predictive tool for monitoring and 

research. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

51

Mapping requires a combination of field surveys and remotely-sensed data 

(photogrammetry, LIDAR). Field surveys yield a very high precision DTM with a contour 

resolution of 10 centimeters (cm). The accuracy is dependent on the geodetic control available. 

Photogrammetry data, as in our current GIS sites, are sub-meter precision and are displayed at one 

half-meter contour so there are a few sites with high-resolution photogrammetry at 20 cm resolution. 

It is an objective of GCMRC to establish a sub-meter accuracy terrestrial topographic base map of 

the entire river corridor to support long-term monitoring. This is only feasible using remotelysensed data such as photogrammetry or LIDAR. Coverages that identify vegetation communities 

and Holocene terrace deposits would be layers applied to the topographic base map. 

We currently have sub-meter accuracy terrestrial topographic coverage of approximately 80 

miles of the CRE in 17 areas of concentrated scientific effort that we refer to as GIS sites. In some of 

these areas, geomorphic base maps have been made (Hereford 1993; Hereford et al., 1993, 1995, 

1996). Coverages for vegetation communities have not been inventoried in a system-wide sense 

(within all GIS sites) since 1992 (Waring, 1993). In the absence of a system-wide topographic map 

being available, an updated coverage of the vegetation communities within the existing georeference sites would provide information about the total area of vegetation within these GIS sites 

and can form the basis for expansion throughout the canyon as the system-wide topographic base 

map is developed. 

 

Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships between 

resources of the CRE and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term monitoring 

between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The inventory and 

mapping of system-wide geomorphic features and substrates and vegetation communities provides 

information about changes in open area (camping beaches) and changes in the old and new high 

water vegetative communities as a whole (e.g., how have marsh community areas changed since 

1992?). The primary goal for this project is to document geomorphology, including Holocene 

deposits, and compositional changes in the vegetated terrestrial habitat at an 80 mile coverage, at 

least, to compliment field based surveys that occur at a fine scale. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

52

MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: Several MOs and INs are addressed by this project. The 

include MO 11, IN 11.5 (terrestrial); MO 1, IN 1.1 (cultural); MO 1, IN 1.5 (sediment); and MO2, 

IN 2.2 (recreation). These are shown in Table 2.1. 

PEP Recommendations: This project addresses recommendations made by the terrestrial, cultural 

resource, and sediment protocol review reports.

Project Goals and Objectives: To measure, record and map terrestrial habitat throughout the river 

ecosystem, including the various geomorphic features and substrates, and vegetation communities. 

These data will be related to available habitat relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam and 

compared with change since 1992. Specific objectives of the project include:

• Mapping of vegetation communities, area covered and distribution in old and new high water 

zones.

• Mapping of the Holocene terrace deposits within the canyon to geomorphically define the area 

potentially affected by dam operations relative to sediment deposits, cultural, and recreational 

resources.

• Provide a focal area for the investigation of geomorphic processes and linkages with dam 

operations and the archaeological remains.

Expected Products: Delivery of map data including geomorphic and terrestrial coverages. The 

terrestrial map coverage will provide information on changes in community composition, area and 

distribution that result from interactions between available habitat and dam operations. The 

vegetation data will be compared to 1992 year data to detect and study changes. 

Recommended Approach/Methods: The overall mapping effort will use photo interpretation and 

ground-truth methodologies. The vegetation community designation will use methods that conform 

to national vegetation mapping standards. Finer scale community delineation may occur for some 

community associations. Digital overflight data (CIR) will be provided by GCMRC for the 

vegetation mapping project. Those areas that are currently within GIS sites will be mapped. If 

additional areas become spatially rectified these will be added, pending budgetary constraints. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

53

In the area of geomorphology, this project will provide a companion effort to a BOR 

workshop to be held in FY 2001. That workshop will define available and existing information and 

resources to accomplish geomorphic mapping. It is anticipated that much of the necessary 

information to complete this project may exist or has been previously collected. Existing sources of 

information may include previously mapped areas, remotely sensed data, and modeled information 

and the underlying data sources.

Schedule: This project will be initiated in FY 2002 and will be a two-year effort. This project may 

be amended in scale of effort and duration based on the outcome of the BOR FY 2001 scoping 

workshop. In the area pertaining to cultural resources, the project may also be revised based on the 

recommendations of a cultural resource research design that addresses numerous issues, including 

geomorphic research issues, that will be completed prior to the initiation of the proposed project.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $157,100

Appropriations $200,000

TOTAL $357,100

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 11,900

Biologist (.05) 3,000

Social Scientist (.05) 4,450

Physical Scientist (.05) 4,450

25.0 Contracts 300,000

Biology

Cultural 100,000

Physical

Other 200,000

25.0 Services 45,200

Logistics (2 10-15 day river trips) 39,200

Survey

GIS (GIS Specialist .10) 6,000

TOTAL 357,100
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

54

B. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.1. MONITORING AQUATIC FOODBASE AND

EVALUATING ITS QUALITY FOR UTILIZATION

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001. May be revised 

based on PEP recommendations.

General Project Description: The collection of data that monitors the influences of Glen Canyon 

Dam operations on the productivity and quality of the aquatic foodbase (phyto-benthic community) 

in the CRE as it relates to higher trophic level needs. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: The aquatic foodbase refers to the phyto-benthic community 

(algae, macrophytes and invertebrates) that are utilized by consumers such as fish, birds. Like the 

vegetative communities on the terrestrial side of the fence, the algae and macrophytes either form 

habitat that is utilized by invertebrates and vertebrates, or provide a source of food to consumers. 

The composition, density and structure of the foodbase are affected by operations (volume, water 

quality of discharge), colonizing substrate (sand or cobble) as well as top down effects 

(overpopulation, overgrazing). Its condition is the basis for the status of higher level species such as 

trout and waterfowl, and native fish (see Diagram 3). The occupation and use of these habitats or 

resources by all organisms is dependent on their quality, distribution and availability. The 

relationships between operations from Glen Canyon Dam, natural fine and coarse-sediment inputs 

that form substrate for aquatic habitats and their colonization and use along the Colorado River 

ecosystem resources are a management concern. Monitoring data on these ecosystem elements 

provide information on the effectiveness of the primary experimental flow treatment (Secretary’s 

1996 Record of Decision) relative to stated resource management objectives.

Monitoring of phyto-benthic communities and evaluating their quality for utilization: (1) 

allows managers to assess the status of this community throughout the Colorado River ecosystem; 

(2) provides data that allows identification and interpretation of linkages between physical and biotic 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

55

variables; (3) provides data on the effect of periodic management of sediment through high 

flows under the Record of Decision on the phyto-benthic community and higher trophic levels.

Dam releases (discharge volume & reservoir water quality at penstocks or other outlets)

Available habitat and nutrients for colonization or utilization by algae and aquatic plants

 Sediment input & turbidity

Productivity and composition of vegetation provide habitat or are direct food source

for invertebrates and vertebrates

Higher trophic level organisms consume invertebrate foodbase (fish, waterfowl)

Human interactions by way of recreation (catch & release, harvest)

Diagram 3. Illustration of the links between operations, water quality, available aquatic habitat, productivity and 

consumption by higher level organisms. There are both bottom-up (sediment and water) and top-down (harvesting, 

population densities) interactions that affect this resource. 

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships between 

resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The 

primary goal is to document significant changes in the composition, structure and volume/density of 

the phyto-benthic community within the main channel resulting from interactions of dam operations, 

changes in sediment supply (substrate) within the context of the Colorado River’s geomorphic 

framework that may affect higher trophic level organisms. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The aquatic foodbase monitoring and evaluation project 

provides information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

56

Project Goals and Objectives: To annually measure, evaluate and report compositional and 

volume/density changes in the phyto-benthic community that supports the aquatic resources 

including native and sport fish, avifauna and cultural and recreational interests. These phyto-benthic 

data will be related to changes relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam and coarse and 

fine-sediment monitoring data, downstream of the dam. Specific monitoring objectives of the 

project include change detection:

• Related to sediment inputs and available habitat vs. habitat colonized and utilized by the phytobenthic community.

• Related to composition and structure of aquatic plant community to benthic colonizers. 

• Related to water quality associated with reservoir and dam operations.

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data on changes in species abundance of aquatic plants and 

invertebrates that are important to the structure of the aquatic community that result from 

interactions between sediment supply and dam operations. Annual preliminary report(s) on 

community structure and compositional changes and data delivery and exchange for integration with 

avifaunal and coarse and fine sediment and water quality monitoring.

Recommended Approach/Methods: The methods for monitoring the phyto-benthic community 

will undergo protocol review (PEP) in March of 2001. The review will include the downstream fish 

monitoring program and elements of the water quality program. The panel will participate in a 

downstream river trip along with PI’s to see first hand logistic constraints of the system. Included in 

the PEP will be discussion of existing sites, sampling methodology visitation of tributary mouths and 

integration of sampling with fishery monitoring. The results of that panel review will help determine 

the methods and approaches for long-term monitoring of this resource. 

One element that will likely be incorporated is developing a tighter link between sampling of 

the aquatic vegetation and invertebrates and fish. Sampling currently takes place at fixed locations. 

Future sampling may become randomized. Additionally, the Glen Canyon area which is currently 

not included with downstream sampling, will be included into the sampling domain. The intent to 

effectively measure and characterize changes in available river channel habitat and the benthic 

communities’ composition and structure as prescribed. Structural and compositional data collected 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

57

may be scheduled to coincide with important seasonal changes or projected changes in 

operations. Under contingency plans, additional measurements of the phyto-benthic community will 

occur in the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: While long-term monitoring will not become officially instituted until FY2002, the 

current phyto-benthic monitoring contains elements that are similar to projected long-term 

monitoring goals. Integration of current and future monitoring techniques will be initiated in FY 

2002 and continued annually through at least FY 2005 through contract and (or) cooperative 

agreements determined through competitive RFP. 

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $312,030

TOTAL $312,030

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 18,230

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biologist (.05) 1,220 3,000

Biologist (Aquatic) (.05) 3,050 3,000

Ecologist (.10) 6,100 6,000

Physical Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 235,000

Biology 230,000 235,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 58,800

Logistics 10,000 58,800

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 256,460 312,030
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

58

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.2. MONITORING OF THE STATUS AND TRENDS 

OF DOWNSTREAM FISH COMMUNITY 

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001. Will be revised 

based on PEP recommendations.

General Project Description: Collection of data that monitors the influences of Glen Canyon Dam 

operations on the fish community in the Colorado River ecosystem including those native fish found 

(e.g., Flannelmouth suckers) in the Glen Canyon reach. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: The downstream fish community is an assemblage of native and 

non-native fish that occur in the Colorado River ecosystem. This assemblage is exclusive of the 

trout fishery that is managed in Glen Canyon by Arizona Game and Fish. The constituents include 

four native fish and introduced competitors/predators like rainbow trout, brown trout, channel 

catfish, carp, and striped bass. The status and trends of the fishery are regulated by biotic and abiotic 

mechanisms that may in turn be affected by the operations of Glen Canyon Dam. Community traits 

such spawning and recruitment are influenced by the quality of substrate, water, and food. 

Competitive interactions between fish species also account for species abundance and distribution. 

The relationships between operations from Glen Canyon Dam, natural fine and coarse-sediment 

inputs that form substrate for aquatic habitats and their colonization and use by fish along the 

Colorado River ecosystem resources are a management concern (Diagram 4). Monitoring data on 

these ecosystem elements provide information on the effectiveness of the primary experimental flow 

treatment (Secretary’s 1996 Record of Decision) relative to stated resource management objectives.

Monitoring of the fish community: (1) allows managers to assess the status of this 

community throughout the Colorado River ecosystem; (2) provides data that allows identification 

and interpretation of linkages between physical and biotic variables; (3) provides data on the effect 

of periodic management of sediment and flow under the Record of Decision on the fish community 

and the resources it depends on.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

59

 Dam releases

(discharge volume & reservoir wate r quality at penstocks or other outlets)

 Available habitat and nutrients for colonization or utilization

 by algae and aquatic plants

Sediment input & turbidity

Primary Productivity spawning/rearing habitat

Recruitment of fish species

Competition & predation

Adult cohort & fish community

Diagram 4. Illustration of interactions and linkages between discharge, habitat, productivity and the fish community. 

There are bottom-up effects associated with operations, habitat and productivity and top-down, or fish species 

interactions that also come into play in this system.

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships 

between resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The 

primary goal is to document significant changes in the abundance and distribution of the fish 

community within the main channel resulting from interactions of dam operations, changes in 

sediment supply (substrate), fish community and the phyto-benthic community within the Colorado 

River ecosystem. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The fish community monitoring and evaluation project 

provides information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

60

Project Goals and Objectives: To annually measure, assess and report abundance and 

distribution in the fish community. These data will be related to changes relative to annual 

operations of Glen Canyon Dam, sediment inputs (coarse and fine) monitoring data, and phytobenthic monitoring data downstream of the dam. Specific monitoring objectives of the project

include change detection:

• In community structure related to sediment inputs and available habitat for spawning, 

survivorship recruitment and foraging.

• Related to distribution and relative abundance of native fish in relation to inter-specific 

competitive and predation from non-native fish. 

• Related to water quality associated with reservoir and dam operations that affect spawning, 

survivorship and recruitment. 

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data on changes in species abundance, distribution and age 

structure of sampled fish community. Annual preliminary report(s) on community structure and 

compositional changes and data delivery and exchange for integration with phyto-benthic 

community monitoring and coarse and fine sediment and water quality monitoring.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Fish community data will be measured using field-based 

survey measurements to provide population estimates for those fish that exist in sufficient numbers 

to characterize change in the fish community. This is a similar approach used in terrestrial 

monitoring for bird (sampling provides estimates of change for the 15 most abundant species of 

birds). With respect to fish species, those species likely to be estimated are humpback chub, 

flannelmouth sucker, rainbow trout, brown trout and carp. 

Parameters of interest with respect to humpback chub are population estimates in the Little 

Colorado River (LCR) and spawning success and recruitment in the LCR, and distribution of adults 

and juveniles in the mainstem. Similar information will be needed for each species and will include 

sampling flannelmouth sucker spawning sites in Glen Canyon and at the Paria River mouth. Data 

collected (shocking effort) in Glen Canyon for the trout system will be incorporated into 

downstream monitoring. And the shocking effort in Glen Canyon will help in the calibration of this 

gear-type downstream. If additional gear types need to be deployed in the Glen Canyon reach for 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

61

flannelmouth sucker, it will be this project that will be responsible for deployment and data 

collection. 

Community change data associated with food or habitat resources will be extracted from 

phyto-benthic and sediment monitoring data. Field data associated with the fish community will be 

scheduled to coincide with important life history stages (e.g., spawning/overwinter survival, fall 

recruitment). Under contingency plans, additional measurements of the fish community will occur 

in the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: While long-term monitoring will not become officially instituted until FY2002, the 

current fish community monitoring contains elements that are similar to projected long-term 

monitoring goals. Integration of current and future monitoring techniques will be initiated in FY 

2002 and continued annually through at least FY 2005 through contract and (or) cooperative 

agreements. The RFP will be released in summer of 2001.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $672,830

 Appropriations $200,000

TOTAL $872,830

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 27,630

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biologist (Aquatic) (.10) 6,100 6,000

Biologist (.05) 1,220 3,000

Ecologist (.15) 9,150 9,000

Biology Assistant (.20) 3,600 3,400

Physical Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 469,000

Biology 460,000 469,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 176,200

Logistics (2-15 day river trips + trips to tributaries) 90,000 176,200

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 576,160 672,830
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

62

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.3. MONITORING OF THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF 

THE LEES FERRY TROUT FISHERY 

STATUS: Ongoing from FY2001.

General Project Description: Monitoring the influences of Glen Canyon Dam operations on the 

Lees Ferry trout fishery in the Colorado River ecosystem. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: The Lees Ferry trout fishery refers to the tailwaters portion of the 

Colorado River ecosystem managed by Arizona Game and Fish Department. This fishery represents 

an important recreational and economic resource. This assemblage includes flannelmouth suckers 

and competitors such as carp and catfish. The status and trends of the fishery is linked to the phytobenthic community and to operations of Glen Canyon Dam. Community traits such as spawning and 

recruitment are influenced by the quality of substrate, water, and food. Competitive interactions 

between trout and other fish species and among trout also account for population status. The 

relationships between operations from Glen Canyon Dam, natural fine and coarse-sediment inputs 

that form substrate for aquatic habitats and their colonization and use by trout in the Glen Canyon 

portion of the Colorado River ecosystem resources are a management concern (diagram 4). 

Monitoring data on these ecosystem elements provide information on the effectiveness of the 

primary experimental flow treatment (Secretary’s 1996 Record of Decision) relative to stated 

resource management objectives.

Monitoring of the rainbow trout population: (1) allows managers to assess the status of this 

population in Glen Canyon; (2) provides data that allows identification and interpretation of 

linkages between physical and biotic variables; (3) provides data on the effect of periodic 

management of sediment and flows under the Record of Decision on the trout population in Glen 

Canyon and the resources it depends on including the phyto-benthic community.

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships 

between resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

63

primary goal is to document significant changes in the abundance, age structure and condition of 

the trout population in Glen Canyon resulting from interactions to dam operations, changes in 

sediment supply (substrate), and the phyto-benthic community within the Colorado River ecosystem. 

These data are used to augment downstream fish community monitoring. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The trout population monitoring and evaluation project 

provides information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.

Project Goals and Objectives: To annually measure, assess and report on abundance, age structure 

and condition of the rainbow trout population in Glen Canyon. These data will be related to changes 

relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam, sediment inputs (coarse and fine) monitoring 

data, and phyto-benthic monitoring data downstream of the dam. Specific monitoring objectives of 

the project include change detection:

• In community structure related to sediment inputs and available habitat for spawning, 

recruitment and foraging.

• Related to condition factor of trout population.

• Related to water quality associated with reservoir and dam operations (e.g., nutrients, 

temperature) that affect spawning and recruitment. 

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data on changes in species abundance, age-class structure 

and condition of sampled trout population. Annual preliminary report(s) on community structure 

and compositional changes and data delivery and exchange for integration with phyto-benthic 

community monitoring and coarse and fine sediment and water quality monitoring.

Recommended Approach/Methods: The trout population data will be collected using a field-based 

survey method tha t characterize changes in the trout fishery in Glen Canyon (see Lees Ferry 

Protocol document: www.gcmrc.gov). Annual changes in trout size class distribution, recruitment 

and condition will be measured at monitoring sites. Populations change data associated with food or 

habitat resources will be extracted from phyto-benthic and sediment monitoring data. Field data 

associated with the trout population will be scheduled to coincide with important life history stages 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

64

(e.g., winter spawning, summer recruitment). Under contingency plans, additional 

measurements of the trout population will occur in the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., 

BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: Long-term monitoring will be initiated in FY 2001 and continued annually through at 

least FY 2005 through contract and (or) cooperative agreements.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $137,830

TOTAL $137,830

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 18,230

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biologist (Aquatic) (.05) 3,050 3,000

Biologist (.05) 1,220 3,000

Ecologist (.10) 6,100 6,000

Physical Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 90,000

Biology 120,000 90,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 19,600

Logistics (2-3 3-day river trips) 10,000 19,600

Survey

GIS

26.0 Supplies 10,000 10,000

TOTAL 146,460 137,830
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

65

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.4. ONGOING RESEARCH ASSOCIATED WITH 

POPULATION GENETICS OF HUMPBACK CHUB IN COLORADO RIVER 

ECOSYSTEM 

STATUS: Ongoing.

General Project Description: Patterns of genetic diversity within and between Humpback chub 

aggregations.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Humpback chub is a federally-listed endangered fish species that 

occurs in Grand Canyon. Plans are either in place or are being developed to address elements of the 

Biological Opinion. The status of this species and other native fish species is a management 

concern. These plans center on providing mainstem habitat that permits spawning and recruitment. 

Determining the relationship of chub aggregates found in the mainstem and in the Little Colorado 

River will help in the evaluation and success of these management strategies. 

Determining the genetic diversity of humpback chub aggregates: (1) allows managers to 

predict the effects of managed flows or selective withdrawal on recruitment by this species; (2) 

provides data that allows fish and wildlife personnel to recommend alternative management 

strategies or actions that will assist the species. 

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships 

between resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring, research and management is required. The primary goal of this project is to document 

the genetic diversity that exists among humpback chub aggregates that provides managers 

information regarding the origin of humpback chub in the mainstem and its tributaries.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The humpback chub genetics project provides 

information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.

Project Goals and Objectives: Understanding the intra-population relationships are integral to 

management actions associated with endangered fish. To collect sufficient samples to quantify 

genetic variation that exists within and between humpback chub aggregates found in the Colorado 

River ecosystem and provide information on the relationship of mainstem aggregates to those fish 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

66

found in the Little Colorado River. Information about these relationships will be used to 

determine the best methods available to assist the species towards recovery.

Expected Products: Delivery of a preliminary and final report on the genetic diversity of 

humpback chub aggregates in the Colorado River ecosystem. Delivery will be provided in a format 

and manner that are useful to managers involved with experimental flows research or hatchery 

programs. 

Recommended Approach/Methods: The project will use molecular techniques that sufficiently 

quantify genetic diversity. Sufficient sample size will also be determined and obtained in order to 

address the goals of this project. Under contingency plans, no additional measurements will occur.

Schedule: This will be the second of a two year funded project through contract and (or) 

cooperative agreements.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $16,050

TOTAL $16,050

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 12,150

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biologist (Aquatic) (.05) 3,050 3,000

Biologist (.05) 3,050 3,000

Biology Assistant (.10) 1,800 1,700

25.0 Contracts

Biology 50,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 3,900

Logistics (1-2 river trips) 2,000 3,900

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 64,250 16,050
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

67

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.5. NEW RESEARCH ASSOCIATED INTERACTIONS 

BETWEEN NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE FISH SPECIES 

STATUS: New.

General Project Description: Examining gut contents of fish to determine the predation rates by 

non-native fish (rainbow trout, brown trout) on native fish. Using this information to determine if 

predation is a significant source of mortality for native fishes. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: Non-native fish (brown trout, rainbow trout and catfish to name a 

few), are predators on native fish, and exist in great enough numbers in the mainstem to potentially 

pose a problem to native fish recruitment. Several proposed management strategies to increase 

native fish recruitment (temperature control device, experimental flows for fish) may also benefit 

non-native fish recruitment and increase predation pressure on native fish. The habitats that young 

native fish are found in are well documented. However, how the predation rates change on young 

fish as these variables change is not well known. Determining predation rates associated with 

variables like turbidity, temperature and velocities will help identify mainstem habitats or conditions 

that merit monitoring and possibly mitigation during flows designed to help native fish species 

recruitment. However, predation rates and susceptibility of young fish to these variables are not 

well known.

Collecting and analyzing data about fish species predation rates: (1) allows managers to 

assess the effects of dam operations aimed at supporting native fish on young fish and predators; (2) 

provides data that allows identification of potential threats to a resource that can be monitored, and 

mitigated for, during a proposed action.

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships 

between resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The 

primary goal of this project is to determine relationships between habitat and fish interactions in the 

mainstem.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The fish interactions project provides information needs 

related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

68

Project Goals and Objectives: To measure, evaluate and report patterns associated with predation 

rates on native fish and changing habitat variables. Identify variables that have the greatest effect on 

predation. These data will be related to changes relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam 

and native fish recruitment. 

Expected Products: Delivery of report and data that identifies key habitat variables that affect 

predation on young native fish. Delivery of data and report on predation rates as variables change. 

Recommended Approach/Methods: Analyze fish stomachs that were taken from Rainbow trout 

and brown trout during the months of June -September in Summer 2000 (steady flows, warmer 

temperatures) and in the year following (fluctuations). Determine seasonal changes in predation, if it 

exists and estimate amount of predation for each species studied. 

Schedule: This project will be funded for two years.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $63,450

Appropriations $125,000

TOTAL $188,450

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 22,450

Biological Scientist (.05) 4350 4,450

Biologist (Aquatic) (.10) 6100 6,000

Ecologist (.20) 12200 12,000

25.0 Contracts 41,000

Biology (Contract cost est $40,000 - $90,000) 40000 41,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services

Logistics

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 62650 63,450
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

69

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: B.6. INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY MONITORING 

STATUS: New. A revised IWQP will be implemented based on the recommendation of the 

IWQP PEP that will be held in December 2000.

General Project Description: The collection of data that monitors the influences of Glen Canyon 

Dam operations on the water quality in Lake Powell and downstream in the Colorado River 

ecosystem. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological 

characteristics of water. The components effect higher-level community composition, quality and 

interactions and represent a cornerstone resource upon which all other aquatic and terrestrial 

resources depend. The water quality parameters are linked to upper basin inflows, reservoir 

dynamics, and operations of Glen Canyon Dam, and downstream tributary inputs. The relationship 

between operations of Glen Canyon Dam and water quality variables affecting downstream 

resources is a management concern. Monitoring data on these ecosystem elements provide 

information on the effectiveness of the primary experimental flow treatment (Secretary’s 1996 

Record of Decision) relative to stated resource management objectives.

Monitoring of the water quality parameters: (1) allows managers to assess the effects of dam 

operations on downstream water quality; (2) provides data that allows identification and 

interpretation of linkages between physical, chemical and biotic variables; (3) provides data on the 

effect of periodic management of sediment through high flows under the Record of Decision on the 

water quality in the reservoir (forebay) and downstream water quality.

-Integration: To achieve ecosystem-level scientific understanding of the relationships 

between resources of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term 

monitoring between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. The 

primary goal of this project is to document significant changes in the physical, chemical and 

biological constituents associated with water quality that can be linked to other Colorado River 

ecosystem resources.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

70

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The water quality monitoring project provides 

information needs related to management objectives as shown in Table 2.1 and in greater detail in 

the Integrated Water Quality Plan (Vernieu and Hueftle, 1999).

Project Goals and Objectives: The goals are to provide further understanding of linkages between 

dam operations, water quality, and the aquatic ecosystem of the Colorado River. Understanding is 

achieved by the following objectives measure, evaluate and report patterns of change in water 

quality parameters in the reservoir, tailwaters and downstream, and to describe changes that differ 

from expected or historic values associated with the reservoir and downstream water quality. 

Information associated with water quality will be shared with other monitoring projects like the 

phyto-benthic and fish community monitoring projects. Specific monitoring objectives of the 

project include change detection:

• Related to detectable levels of chemical constituents (organic, inorganic) that affect biological 

processes and associated recreational and cultural resources.

• Related to mainstem temperature that effect biological and subsequently recreational and cultural 

resources.

• Related to phytoplankton community that affects downstream aquatic resources and related 

terrestrial resources.

Expected Products: Annual delivery of data associated with biological, chemical and physical 

constituents of water quality. Annual preliminary report(s) on status and changes in these 

parameters and the effects of reservoir operations and dam operations on reservoir water 

quality/dynamics and concomitant downstream effects. Timely data delivery and exchange for 

integration with phyto-benthic community monitoring and fish community monitoring and parties 

associated with upper basin water quality (Lake Powell cooperators group).

Recommended Approach/Methods: The monitoring program will undergo protocol review in 

December 2000. The recommendations from the PEP panel will be used to revise the parameters to 

be monitored and the methods used in the long-term monitoring program, as appropriate. The data 

for the water quality monitoring project will be collected using both field and remotely-based survey 

methods (dataloggers) that characterize changes in water quality at prescribed long-term monitoring 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

71

sites in the reservoir and along the Colorado River mainstem and its tributaries (see Vernieu and 

Hueftle, 1999). Field data associated with water quality will be scheduled to coincide with important 

seasonal changes associated with reservoir dynamics and that coincide with changes in dam 

operations. Under contingency plans, additional measurements of the water quality parameters will 

occur in the event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF, temperature 

modification).

Schedule: Long-term monitoring is to be instituted in FY2002. Integration of current and future 

monitoring techniques will be initiated in FY 2002 and continued annually through at least FY 2005 

through contract and (or) cooperative agreements, or completed using GCMRC’s personnel.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $180,980

TOTAL $180,980

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 81,280

Biological Scientist (.07) 6,090 6,230

Biologist (Aquatic) (.05) 3,050 3,000

Hydrologist (.30) 28,000 29,000

Hydrologist (Limnologist) (.30) 28,000 29,000

Hydrologic Technician (.30) 12,000 12,000

Ecologist (.02) 1,220 1,200

Biology Assistant (.05) 900 850

25.0 Contracts 84,000

Biology 84,000

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 15,700

Logistics 8,000 15,700

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 87,260 180,980
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

72

C. INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.1. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF FINE-GRAINED 

SEDIMENT STORAGE THROUGHOUT THE MAIN CHANNEL

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Aproved and Iplemented in FY 2001.

General Project Description: Fine-grained deposits (sand and finer) of the main channel constitute 

a major storage component of the Colorado River ecosystem’s sediment budget. Glen Canyon Dam 

operations influence fine deposits in ways that affect aquatic and terrestrial habitats over both short 

and long periods. The emphasis of this long-term sediment monitoring project shall be to document 

system-wide changes in fine-grained deposits relative to dam operations and natural inputs, with 

emphasis on key storage settings within critical reaches. This project was initiated through release 

of a competitive solicitation process in October 2000, and shall be continued into year two during 

FY 2002.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Relationships between Glen Canyon Dam operations, finesediments input from gaged and ungaged tributaries below the dam, and interrelated downstream 

biological, socio-cultural resources are of primary management concern. Monitoring data on finegrained deposits, linkages with physical habitats and relationships to non-physical resources and 

processes offer insight on the effectiveness of the current experimental flow treatment (Secretary’s 

1996 Record of Decision) relative to management objectives.

Annual monitoring of fine-grained sediment storage provides data: (1) to managers who 

need to assess the status of near-shore aquatic and terrestrial habitats where vegetation and 

associated fauna, socio-cultural resources are of management concern; (2) on the availability of 

fine-grained sediment that can be periodically manipulated through controlled floods to preserve and 

sustain downstream resources dependent on fine sediment; (3) that allow identification and 

interpretation of linkages between dam operations and changes in physical habitats and related 

ecosystem resources. All three areas of information support science-based evaluations of large-scale 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

73

flow experiments (e.g., the Secretary’s actions), and associated decision responses required for 

adaptive management to succeed.

-Integration: Fine-sediment deposits along the main channel form many physical habitats 

for both terrestrial and aquatic organisms of the ecosystem; including ethno-botanical resources. 

They are also comprise sources and sinks for nutrients, recreational campsites and settings for in-situ 

preservation of cultural resources. Information on the distribution and characteristics of these 

deposits must be measured in ways that can be related to dam operations. Further, the measurements 

must be made over spatial and temporal scales that allow fine-sediment related resources to be 

linked to changing conditions of the sediment budget. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This integrated long-term monitoring project shall 

provide data related to management objectives and information needs as indicated in Table 2.1. 

Annual surveys of channel-stored fine deposits shall provide information on the condition of both 

terrestrial and aquatic sand bar morphologies and grain-size characteristics, including return-current 

channels (backwaters) and riparian plant substrates. In addition, fine-grained terraces that are relicts 

of the pre-dam system shall be remotely monitored to detect lateral erosion, and any trends will be 

evaluated relative to historical changes in terraces determined through current synthesis research. A 

system-wide subset of terrestrial sand bars will also be evaluated for recreational camping suitability 

at elevations above the 25,000 cfs stage.

Project Goals and Objectives: The primary goal is to annually measure, report and evaluate 

system-wide relative changes in the morphology, volume and grain-size characteristics of finesediment deposits in aquatic and terrestrial settings of the main channel. These monitoring data will 

mostly be comprised of field measurements made using standard hydrographic and surveying 

methods within designated monitoring reaches. Of particular concern are deposits within the first 

240 miles downstream of the dam related to near-shore, terrestrial habitats, and recreational 

campsites, and areas where cultural resources occur. Habitats influenced by dam operations and 

fine-sediment storage include: aquatic near-shore habitats important to fish (backwaters and sandy 

shorelines that support vegetation), channel environments where benthic organisms occur and are 

affected by fine-sediment flux (cobble bars, debris fans and talus shorelines), terrestrial habitats that 

support riparian vegetation and associated fauna, terrestrial substrates used by recreational 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

74

backcountry visitors, and terrestrial substrates tha t support and preserve cultural resources 

(frequently inundated sand bars and up to the tops of pre-dam river terraces).

Secondary goals shall be to relate changes in fine-sediment storage to dam operations, and to the 

distribution and condition of physical habitats of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem related to 

biological and socio-cultural resources of concern. These physical resource data provide 

information needed to interpret changes in cultural, recreational and biological resources relative to 

annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam. Specific monitoring objectives of the project include 

change detection data:

• For pre-dam river terraces needed to determine the ongoing stability or erosion of these relict 

fine-sediment deposits of the pre-dam river associated cultural resources (biennial 

measurements),

• For near-shore aquatic and terrestrial substrates and associated fauna related to biological and 

cultural resources (annual measurements),

• On grain-size (relative texture) and abundance (relative volume) of fine-sediments available for 

use in restoring and preserving sediment-dependent resources through periodic flow 

manipulation (annual measurements),

• Availability and quality of recreational campsites in critical reaches and system-wide (biennial 

measurements).

• On the system-wide, channel-bed distribution of fine- versus coarse-sediment substrates (annual 

measurements).

Expected Products: Annual data on main channel topographic and grain-size changes of finesediment deposits that result from interactions between sediment supply and dam operations. Also 

required, shall be a system-wide, GIS-based map of the main channel documenting the distribution 

of channel-bed substrates, with specific emphasis on fine- versus coarse-sediment and bedrock. 

Annual interpretive reports based on change-detection data for fine-sediment deposits documenting 

relationships between the above physical data sets and related Colorado River ecosystem attributes. 

Emphasis shall be on relationships between fine-sediment distribution and near-shore aquatic and 

terrestrial habitats where vegetation and associated fauna, recreation and cultural resources are of 

management and scientific concern. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

75

Expected products from this project include:

• Semi-annual progress reports on status of the monitoring project, and annual reports describing 

achievement of goals (e.g. time series depicting changes in the volume, area and grain-size 

distributions of fine-sediment storage, changes in pre-dam terraces related to cultural 

preservation sites, or changes in recreation camping beach availability above the 708 cms stage),

• Annual GIS data sets related to change detection analyses related to main channel storage of fine 

sediment that result from tributary events, and interactions with dam operations,

• Annual technical presentations at GCMRC Science Symposia or Technical Workgroup meetings 

on the project’s progress and results,

• Annual color Fact Sheets that summarize long-term monitoring trends in fine-sediment storage 

through the main channel of the Colorado River ecosystem,

• Participation in conceptual modeling workshops and related planning meetings that are 

periodically convened by GCMRC program staff and other cooperators.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Fine-grained sediment storage data will be measured 

throughout monitoring reaches upstream of Phantom Ranch annually using a combination of remote 

and ground-based topographic survey and sedimentology measurements that characterize changes in 

grain-size, morphology and storage volume changes in fine-sediment deposits at prescribed longterm monitoring sites. Existing monitoring reaches above and below Phantom Ranch will be 

surveyed on a annual schedule, with special emphasis on reaches where relations between physical 

habitat and endangered native fishes are of interest (second population of Humpback chub), or in 

years when changes in fine-grained sediment storage are influenced by flood flows.

Campsite areas will be included within monitoring reaches as a subset of deposits monitored, 

and may include a sub-sample of as many as fifty campsites, located within reaches designated as 

“critical.” Campsite assessments shall be conducted annually within critical reaches using existing 

survey methods to document campable areas at elevations above 25,000 cfs. Campsites outside of 

critical reaches will be monitored on a biennial schedule. These data shall be related to stages up to 

at least 45,000 cfs, and possibly higher. 

Side-scan sonar surveys may be conducted on a system-wide basis in February or March to 

map the distribution of fine versus coarse sediment and bedrock channel-bed substrates. However, 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

76

the need for these data is still be evaluated as part of the long-term monitoring plan for sediment 

and ecological resources. If collected on an annual basis, then substrate map data shall be processed 

in a timely manner that allows wide use of these data by other cooperating scientists during the 

monitoring period and immediately following the end of the funding cycle.

Under contingency plans, additional measurements of fine-sediment storage, channel-bed 

substrates and grain-size characteristics shall be conducted using additional fiscal resources in the 

event of large-scale flow experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: This long-term monitoring program will be continued into its second year in FY 2002, 

and will be continued annually through at least FY 2005 through an annually renewed group of 

technical service contract(s) and through one or more cooperative agreement(s). Status of the 

monitoring program methods, temporal and spatial scale shall be evaluated through a PEP-SEDS 

approach during years 4-5; with special focus on the level of integration with biological resource 

management and information needs.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $492,160

TOTAL $492,160

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 13,660

Physical Scientist (.10) 8,700 8,900

Biological Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

Ecologist (.02) 1,220 1,200

Social Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 348,000

Biology 30,000 31,000

Cultural 85,000 87,000

Physical 225,000 230,000

25.0 Services 130,500

Logistics (2 16-day river trips) 60,000 117,600

Survey (Surveyor (.15) 12,450 12,900

GIS

TOTAL 425,850 492,160
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

77

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.2. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF STREAMFLOW 

AND FINE-SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE MAIN CHANNEL COLORADO, PARIA 

AND LITTLE COLORADO RIVERS 

STATUS: Ongoing. Approved and Implemented in FY 2001 through a Sole Source award to 

the USGS.

General Project Description: This is the core of the long-term monitoring effort for sediment and 

streamflow resources. The project is intended to document: (1) discharges from Glen Canyon Dam 

at the existing Glen Canyon streamgage; (2) streamflows and fine-sediment inputs entering the 

Colorado River ecosystem from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers at existing streamgages; (3) 

combined streamflows and fine-sediment transport along the main channel at the existing 

streamgages at Lees Ferry, upstream of the confluence with the Little Colorado River, Grand 

Canyon, and Diamond Creek (river miles -14, 0, 61, 87, and 225, respectively); (4) evaluate modelderived estimates of fine-sediment inputs from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers with sedimenttransport field measurements; (5) monitor model-reach characteristics before and after major 

tributary floods and evaluate channel changes with respect to model variables and modeling 

assumptions associated with those variables; (6) “event” monitoring of streamflow floods that occur 

in significant ungaged drainage areas in Glen and Marble Canyons to verify existing estimates for 

discharge and sediment inputs from ungaged tributaries; (7) quality of water data from the above 

sites that contribute to water quality information needs, as well as development of a system-wide 

nutrient budget.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Glen Canyon Dam operations prescribed by the Secretary’s Record 

of Decision and their relationship with downstream resources of management concern are the 

primary focus of the ongoing adaptive management program. It is therefore necessary that 

discharges from the dam be measured and reported, as well as additional streamflows and finesediment inputs that result downstream from gaged and ungaged tributaries. Recent findings by 

USGS researchers on the relationships between ROD dam operations and fine-sediment dynamics of 

the ecosystem support further efforts to closely track sand fluxes into and out of the ecosystem. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

78

Inflows from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers are a major source of both inorganic 

and organic fine-sediments that support physical and biological habitats of the ecosystem. 

Therefore, field measurements of these inputs are required for tracking the system-wide finesediment and nutrient budgets. In addition, measuring export of fine-sediment out of the ecosystem 

is another vital component of the system-wide sediment and nutrient budgets related to estimating 

the residence time for inputs. Residence time and fate of nutrients and fine inorganic sediments is 

related to dam operations, and influences the stability and characteristics of physical habitats, as well 

as biological processes.

Monitoring streamflow and fine-grained sediment transport: (1) allows managers to track the 

status of fine-sediment flux into and out of the ecosystem on a seasonal to annual basis; (2) provides 

data that allow development of a 1-dimensional model for routing fine sediment through the main 

channel related to tributary sediment inputs “events” that can dramatically influence Colorado River 

ecosystem resources in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats; (3) provides data that supports 

interpretation of other monitoring data on the availability and grain-size of fine-grained sediment 

stored within geomorphic environments of the main channel.

-Integration: Streamflow is the fundamental parameter linking dam operations with 

changing conditions of downstream resources. Streamflow plays an integral part in driving sediment 

transport, and thus in relating dam operations to changes in downstream resources that are linked to 

the sediment budget. Streamflow also links with nutrient flux between Lake Powell, the Paria and 

Little Colorado River and hundreds of ungaged tributaries downstream from the dam that input both 

organic and inorganic constituents. Data on streamflow, sediment transport and quality of water 

need to be documented consistently throughout the ecosystem so that trends in non-physical 

resources downstream of the dam can be linked back to dam operations, or to non-dam related 

factors.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This integrated physical resource monitoring project 

provides information needs related to management objectives as described in Table 2.1. 

Management objectives and information needs associated with long-term monitoring of dam 

operations, fine-grained sediment flux and streamflow throughout the main channel shall be obtained 

through this project under an interagency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey. Additionally, 

key water quality parameters related to main channel, and gaged tributaries shall be obtained through 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

79

the existing USGS stream gage network in support of biological management objectives and 

information needs.

Project Goals and Objectives: The major emphasis of this project will be to document the flux of 

streamflow and fine-grained sediments system-wide through an existing network of USGS operated 

streamgages and numerical models developed for the gaged tributaries. 

The primary goal is to document the flux of fine inorganic sediment into and out of the main 

channel of the ecosystem and relate this flux to data on system-wide storage of fine-sediment in the 

main channel. Secondary goals include improved understanding of streamflow and sedimenttransport processes in gaged tributaries and along the main channel; continued data collection that 

supports flow and sediment model development and verification; and a consistent process for 

segregating sediment samples into their respective organic and inorganic components to support 

development of a nutrient budget—with an emphasis on organic Carbon. Both inorganic and 

organic components of the fine-sediment budget are known to influence organisms of the food base, 

as well as physical habitats of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem, such as aquatic near-shore 

habitats important to fish, terrestrial habitats that support riparian vegetation and associated fauna, 

terrestrial substrates used by recreational backcountry visitors, and terrestrial substrates that support 

and preserve cultural resources.

These physical resource data shall be related to changes in cultural, recreational and 

biological resources relative to annual operations of Glen Canyon Dam and fine-sediment inputs 

downstream of the dam. Specific monitoring objectives of the project:

• Measurement of unit-value discharge and fine-sediment transport along the main channel 

Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and river mile 225.

• Measurement of unit-value discharge and fine-sediment transport of the Paria and Little 

Colorado Rivers.

• Characterize grain-size of channel-bed and transported fine sediments where discharge 

measurements are made, as well as at key intermediate locations.

• Monitor channel attributes of the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers within modeling reaches 

and compare these data with assumptions associated with flow and sediment input model 

performance estimated for these tributaries.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

80

• Evaluate and report on annual flux of fine sediment with respect to data for similar 

periods on status of channel-storage component of system-wide fine-sediment budget.

Expected Products: Annual data reports on main channel and gaged tributary streamflows and 

sediment transport that reflect tributary inputs and interactions between those inputs and dam 

operations. These measurements will reflect two key elements of the fine-sediment and Carbon 

budgets–inputs, and export from the Colorado River ecosystem (as determined at the Diamond 

Creek, Grand Canyon and gage immediately upstream of the Little Colorado River confluence). 

Annual data and interpretive report(s) on streamflow and sediment transport relationships between 

tributary inputs and the main channel of management and scientific concern. Of particular concern 

will be reports and presentations to the GCMRC and SAB assessing the performance of 

geomorphically based flow and sediment models for the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers.

Streamflow will be measured and reported in 15-minute unit values, and posted along with 

daily mean values on the USGS web site. Suspended-sediment and bed-sediment, and water quality 

samples will be collected and analyzed throughout the monitoring period on a daily to weekly basis 

and reported annually through the USGS web site. Monitoring of tributary model reaches shall be 

conducted periodically as needed relative to flows that have potential for changing channel 

characteristics related to model parameters and assumptions.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Ongoing measurement of streamflow, water quality, 

suspended-sediment concentration and grain-size, and bed-sediment grain-size characteristics at five 

main channel locations downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, and on established gages located on the 

Paria and Little Colorado Rivers. These measurements will be made using standard protocols 

established and maintained by USGS at similar monitoring sites nationwide. Analyses of sediment 

and water samples will be conducted by USGS personnel using standard methods at the Coastal and 

Marine Geology Sediment Laboratory located at Menlo Park, California, office of the USGS, and 

other national laboratories as needed for nutrient budget purposes.

Motorized trips will be conducted to maintain five existing main channel streamgage sites, 

and to deploy intensive sediment sampling teams at above sites on a seasonal basis. Under 

contingency plans, additional measurements of streamflow, suspended and bed sediment 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

81

concentration and grain-size characteristics will occur in the event of large-scale flow 

experiments (e.g., BHBF and SASF).

Schedule: This long-term monitoring project was initiated in FY 2001, and will be continued 

annually through at least FY 2005. The annual work plan for this project remains in draft format and 

is subject to ongoing negotiations between GCMRC program managers and the Arizona District to 

ensure flexibility in the program needed to address evolving information needs of the adaptive 

management program. This draft work plan is the basis for a memorandum of understanding 

between the GCMRC and the Arizona District of the U.S. Geological Survey-Water Resources 

Division. During FY’s 2004 through 2005, this core long-term monitoring program will be 

evaluated through the PEP-SEDS external review process to ensure efficiency and effective 

integration are being achieved.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $607,860

TOTAL $607,860

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 25,560

Physical Scientist (.10) 8,700 8,900

Physical Science Assistant (.70) 0 11,900

Biological Scientist (02) 1,740 1,780

Ecologist (.02) 1,220 1,200

Social Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

21.0 Travel

25.0 Contracts 480,000

Biology 70,000 72,000

Cultural

Physical 400,000 408,000

25.0 Services 102,300

Logistics (6 8-day river trips; 1-14 day trip) 50,000 98,000

Survey (Surveyor .05) 4,150 4,300

GIS

TOTAL 537,550 607,860
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

82

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.3. LONG-TERM MONITORING OF COARSE-GRAINED 

SEDIMENT INPUTS, STORAGE AND IMPACTS TO PHYSICAL HABITATS 

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001.

General Project Title: Monitoring Glen Canyon Dam operations and their interactions with coarsegrained sediment deposits that structure the geomorphic framework of the Colorado River 

ecosystem. Specifically, interactions between coarse-sediment deposits introduced to the main 

channel by tributary debris flows and Glen Canyon Dam operations, relative to system-wide 

distributions of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This sediment monitoring activity consists mainly of 

change detection with respect to coarse-sediment inputs and channel features that support physical 

habitats, such as debris fans, cobble bars, and channel-bed topography and distribution of channelbed coarse-sediment substrates.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Coarse-grained sediment deposits (composed of particles larger 

than sand-sized) are influenced by dam operations, and are also linked to biological, physical and 

recreational resources. Specifically, coarse-sediment deposits containing boulders form debris-fans 

that are stable features of the main channel. Debris fans impinge on the flow of the channel at 

hundreds of locations, and thus control streamflow and fine-sediment deposition throughout the 

ecosystem. Dam operations influence continued inputs of coarse-grained sediment from tributaries 

in unique ways that modify upper pool and downstream eddy environments where fine sediments are 

stored. 

With respect to biological resources, coarse sediments form the substrates needed by benthic 

organisms associated with the food base, as well as spawning habitats for fish. Coarse-sediment 

deposits contribute to the formation and maintenance of hundreds of rapids that attract whitewater 

recreation enthusiasts; supporting a tourism industry that contributes substantially to the regional 

economy. Recent research has also documented that recreational camping areas are periodically 

degraded through erosion and (or) burial when tributary debris flows deposit coarse sediments along 

the main channel of the ecosystem (Melis et al., 1994). Results from the 1996 Beach/Habitat-
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

83

Building Test, indicate that dam operations can be used to manage new coarse-sediment 

deposits through river reworking during controlled floods (Webb et al., 1999). 

Monitoring tributary debris-flow impacts and resulting coarse-sediment deposits, with 

respect to operations of Glen Canyon Dam, provides data on: (1) changing physical-habitat 

conditions related to coarse sediment that influence biological resources (such as the food base and 

spawning habitats for fish) and are of interest to scientists conducting related monitoring projects; 

(2) changing navigational conditions of whitewater rapids; (3) degradation of camping areas owing 

to erosion and (or) burial by coarse debris; () system-wide influences of flow regulation on the 

geomorphology of the main channel with respect to potential distribution and storage of fine 

sediment deposits.

-Integration: Coarse sediments of the main channel provide both substrates and a 

geomorphic framework that makes the Colorado River in Grand Canyon unique. Coarse lag 

deposits of the channel such as cobble bars and debris fans are physical habitats that support the 

benthic organisms of the food base, and support spawning and rearing habitats. Consistent 

measurements of changes in coarse-grain sediment storage are essential to linking dam operations to 

food base trends and patterns of fish behavior related to physical habitat use.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This integrated long-term monitoring project provides 

data related to management objectives and information needs as described in Table 2.1. Information 

shall be provided on changes in the navigational characteristics of rapids, degradation of terrestrial 

sand bars, enhancement of sand-storage potential within upper pools and recirculating zones 

(eddies), distribution of cobble bars, and other aspects of physical habitat characteristics related to 

channel geomorphology.

Project Goals and Objectives: The primary goal is to annually document and evaluate coarsesediment inputs from tributary debris flows and floods. Secondary goals include evaluating annual 

coarse-sediment inputs to: local and system-wide changes in aquatic and terrestrial physical 

habitats, storage settings for fine-sediment deposits, impacts to campsites caused by debris-flow 

deposits, changes to navigational characteristics of rapids, etc. Specific monitoring objectives of the 

project include change detection:

• Distribution and abundance of coarse substrates associated with biological habitats.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

84

• Quality of recreational campsites and navigational conditions in rapids.

• For conditions and potential for fine-sediment storage in pools and rapids.

Expected Products: Annual data on coarse-sediment inputs to main channel that result from 

tributary events, and interactions between coarse-sediment storage and dam operations. Annual 

interpretive report(s) on ecological linkages between the above data sets and related Colorado River 

ecosystem resources, including changing conditions of biological habitats, recreational resources and 

main-channel fine-sediment storage. 

Expected products from this project include:

• Semi-annual progress reports on status of project, and annual reports describing achievement of 

goals (for example, incorporation of historical data into conceptual sub-model for geomorphic 

framework during year one),

• Annual data on coarse-sediment inputs to main channel that result from tributary events, and 

interactions between coarse-sediment storage and dam operations. Annual interpretive reports 

on progress of the monitoring project, as well as collaborative efforts with GCMRC conceptual 

modeling group(s) toward simulating ecological linkages between the above data sets and related 

Colorado River ecosystem resources, including changing conditions of biological habitats, 

recreational resources and main-channel fine-sediment storage.

• Annual GIS data sets related to change detection analyses related to inputs and related impacts of 

coarse-sediment that result from tributary events, and interactions with dam operations,

• Annual technical presentations at GCMRC Science Symposia or Technical Workgroup meetings 

on the project’s progress and results,

• Annual color Fact Sheets that summarize long-term monitoring trends in fine-sediment storage 

through the main channel of the Colorado River ecosystem,

• Participation in conceptual modeling workshops and related planning meetings that are 

periodically convened by GCMRC program staff and other cooperators.

Recommended Approach/Methods: A combination of remotely and field-based survey 

measurements documenting annual impacts from tributary debris flows and floods on the texture and 

topography of debris fans of the main channel, substrates of the terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

85

characteristics of rapids and campsites. These data shall be used in combination with annual 

channel-substrate mapping data collected as part of the long-term monitoring of fine-sediment 

storage to assess the magnitude of pre- versus post-tributary event impacts.

Schedule: Ongoing in FY 2002, and anticipated to continued annually through at least FY 2005 

through a cooperative agreement.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $130,260

TOTAL $130,260

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 13,660

Physical Scientist (.10) 8,700 8,900

Biological Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

Ecologist (.02) 1,220 1,200

Social Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 77,000

Biology

Cultural

Physical 75,000 77,000

25.0 Services 39,600

Logistics (1 16-day river trip) 18,000 35,300

Survey (Surveyor .05) 4,150 4,300

GIS

TOTAL 110,550 130,260

Note - Flood flows in excess of 45,000 cfs shall be of special interest to this monitoring program 

since none have occurred since the time that the ROD has been in effect.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

86

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.4.A. STREAMFLOW AND SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT 

TRANSPORT MODELING WITHIN THE COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEM 

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001.

Part A MODELING REACH-AVERAGED SAND BAR EVOLUTION 

IN RESPONSE TO A RANGE OF DISCHARGE AND SEDIMENT 

CONDITIONS ALONG THE MAIN CHANNEL

Note: Originally proposed as two separate research efforts in the FY 2001 annual plan, these two 

modeling projects described below have been combined into one effort. The main reasons for 

combining the two projects was to promote scientific integration in the models development, as well 

as cost efficiency among the two projects, as they are intimately related to one another.

General Project Description: Development of a sediment-transport model capable of predicting 3-

dimensional sand bar evolution under a range of dam operations and sediment supply conditions in 

selected geomorphic reaches of the main channel. The model development shall be conducted in a 

way that results in predictions of reach-averaged sand bar responses within geomorphic reaches 

identified by GCMRC and Ecometric Research, Inc., in advance of the project (FY 2000 activity). 

The model will also be able to simulate changing bar conditions at specific sites of concern, 

provided that high-resolution channel geometry is available for the reach or site of interest.

Rationale/Problem Statement: One useful method that has been used to screen options for 

managing fine-grained sediment deposits along the main channel has been development of a 

conceptual model that includes flow routing and sedimentation sub-routines. Unfortunately, the 

existing model lacks the capability to predict sand bar deposition and erosion locally at sites where 

3-D bar morphology and process-rate information is needed (fate of backwater habitats, for 

example). By selecting representative sub-reaches in which process-based sediment-transport and 

streamflow modeling can be developed, estimates of sand bar responses can be predicted in ways 

that allow for 3-D bar morphologies to be better anticipated under changing flow and sediment 

supply conditions. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

87

Predicting sand bar size and morphology is critical for anticipating how sand bars 

supporting physical habitats will respond over short and long periods to a range of sediment supply 

conditions and experimental dam operations, such as the current treatment. This modeling capability 

also allows for large-scale flow experiments, especially those intended for sand bar restoration, to be 

evaluated in advance of conducting field tests. Screening of large-scale experiments through 

preliminary modeling is one way to assess and minimize risks associated with alternative floodflows, such as BHBFs of variable duration and floods in excess of 45,000 cfs under varied sediment 

supply conditions. In addition, sand bar simulations allow managers and scientists opportunities to 

better design flood experiments related to key hypotheses that need to be addressed, such as short 

and longer-term impacts to the system’s fine-sediment budget, distribution and characteristics of 

camping beaches, abundance and availability of backwater habitats, and potential for fine-sediment 

deposition along river terraces containing cultural resources.

-Integration: Sand bar distribution, size and morphology are related to habitat types thought 

to be important to biological organisms of the ecosystem, such as early life stages of the Humpback 

chub. Dam operations affect not only the fine-sediment budget of the system, but also the individual 

characteristics of sand bars that support habitat types, such as backwaters. In addition, sand bar 

characteristics also affect recreational campsites and settings where cultural resources are preserved. 

As a result, being able to predict how the range of dam operations and sediment conditions relate to 

sand bar abundance and morphologies can help promote integrated understanding of how physical 

and non-physical resources are related to dam releases. 

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This integrated physical resource research project shall 

provide information needs related to predicting influences of dam operations on fine sediment and 

related resources as described in Table 2.1. This research project shall provide: (1) greater 

understanding of flow and depositional processes related to sand bar evolution; (2) predictive 

insight into the fate of individual sand bar types and site-specific morphologies under a range of 

hypothetical conditions; and (3) sand-storage exchange data between eddies and the main channel 

within key reaches where 1-dimensional fine-sediment export predictions are needed.

Part A Project Goals and Objectives: The primary goal is to advance the understanding of 

sediment and flow processes along the main channel, while developing reach-averaged estimates of 

sand bar deposition and erosion under varied sediment supply conditions and dam operations up to 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

88

100,000 cfs. These estimates shall be based on selected portions of individual geomorphic 

reaches defined on the basis of average channel attributes and (or) proximity to points of major 

sediment inputs. 

Secondary goals are: to produce data on estimated exchanges of fine-sediment transfer 

between eddies and the main channel for use in development of a 1-dimensional sand-transport 

model for routing fine sediment inputs through the main channel to Upper Lake Mead; to evaluate 

evolution of specific sand bar types related to backwaters and other physical habitats; to better 

estimate sand bar building flows related to distribution of camping areas, and to assess sand-bar 

deposition and erosion potential along pre-dam terraces where arroyo development threatens in-situ 

preservation of cultural resources. Because all flood flows must be routed through the relatively 

sediment-depleted Glen Canyon reach, it is crucial to conduct simulations to determine whether such 

flows are likely to erode pre-dam river terraces.

Expected Products: Numerical model code and documentation on model development and use 

within study reaches of the main channel. Model output data on flow and sediment-transport 

simulations for a range of conditions as specified by the GCMRC. Interpretive report(s) on model 

theory and assumptions related to sediment storage changes along geomorphic reaches related to 

dam operations and fine-sediment flux.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Limited development and verification of similar modeling 

capability has been previously undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey, for the reach between 

river mile 61 and 72 below Glen Canyon Dam. Results of these activities indicate good 

correspondence with documented floods in 1993 and 1996 that have resulted in bar building in this 

reach. Methods similar to these are currently being used in the same reach to support information 

needs related to the cultural resources program. It is assumed that such methods will likely be 

successful when applied to other geomorphic reaches throughout the ecosystem. 

Part A Schedule: This research was initiated in FY 2001, through release of a competitive 

solicitation, and will likely continue through at least FY 2003. Progress in modeling will be partially 

dependent on the GCMRC’s ability to provide 3-D geometry data for selected reaches of the main 

channel. Emphasis for model development will focus on critical upstream reaches first where 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

89

physical habitats are of most interest, where sediment supplies are most limited, and where 

impacts of dam operations are most exaggerated.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $166,510

TOTAL $166,510

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 11,010

Physical Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Biological Scientist (02) 1,740 1,780

Biologist (.05) 3,050 3,000

Social Scientist (.02) 1,740 1,780

25.0 Contracts 103,000

Biology

Cultural 25,000 26,000

Physical 75,000 77,000

25.0 Services 52,500

Logistics (1 16-day river trip) 18,000 35,300

Survey (Surveyor .20) 16,600 17,200

GIS

TOTAL 145,480 166,510 166,510

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.4.B. STREAMFLOW AND SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT 

TRANSPORT MODELING WITHIN THE COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEM (Cont.)

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001.

Part B DEVELOPMENT OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL FINE SEDIMENTROUTING MODEL ALONG THE MAIN CHANNEL

General Project Description: A research program to develop an efficient numerical method for 

evaluating the influence of dam operations on tributary sediment inputs (sand and silt/clay) and the 

related fine-sediment budget. A numerical method of routing fine-sediment through the ecosystem 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

90

is needed to track the fate of channel-stored sediment over short periods following tributary 

floods from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers. This capability is also needed to make advance 

estimates of fine-sediment export from the ecosystem that result from planned or unplanned flood 

flows, as well as to simulate impacts of alternative dam operations. Because the grain-size 

distribution of channel-stored fine sediments directly impacts transport rates, this model will focus 

on tracking sediment loads in 1-dimension (tied to existing flow-routing model) for several size 

classes of sand, as well as silt and clay.

Rationale/Problem Statement: At present, the instability of bed-storage grain-size distributions 

and related sediment-transport rating curves for measurement sites on the main channel (Lees Ferry, 

above confluence with Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, and above Diamond Creek) make it 

impossible to estimate changes in the ecosystem’s fine-sediment budget over time frames of interest 

to managers (hours to seasons). To document changes in the storage of fine sediment in critical 

reaches, the current approach is to make relative ly intensive field measurements for suspendedsediment transport. Such measurements are difficult to obtain for extended periods, costly to 

analyze, and are often associated with errors large enough that long-term sediment budgeting has 

little meaning. Development of a fine-sediment routing model that can track the fate of tributary 

inputs over hours to weeks can provide rapid evaluation of short-term changes in the system-wide 

flux of fine sediment needed to evaluate the influence of dam operations.

-Integration: The ability to accurately estimate the export of fine sediment from the 

ecosystem following tributary floods is vital for predicting the potential for restoration of sedimentdependent resources through controlled floods. A major premise of the management program is that 

downstream resources may be preserved and sustained when a positive fine-sediment budget is 

maintained–one where sand supplies are available for manipulation through controlled floods. 

Sediment routing models allow for evaluations on how effective current dam operations are at 

maintaining a positive supply of stored fines in the main channel. This information is another source 

of information that can be used to relate non-physical resources back to dam operations.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This sediment-transport research project provides 

information needs related to predictions about how dam operations influence fine sediment and 

related resources, as described in Table 2.1. Successful development of this model and predictive 

capability has the potential for allowing managers to more quickly assess the system-wide influences 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

91

of dam operations on fine-sediment inputs from gaged tributaries, while reducing the need for 

intensive field measurements and delays caused by laboratory analyses of sediment-transport 

samples.

Part B Project Goals and Objectives: The primary goal is to obtain a 1-dimensional sediment 

routing model that links streamflow to suspended transport of fine sediment between, at a minimum, 

Glen Canyon Dam and the Grand Canyon streamgage near Phantom Ranch. Secondary goals

include improved understanding of relationships between suspended-sediment transport and grainsize evolution of fines stored on the channel bed; improved ability to track fine-sediment budget 

within critical reaches for periods of weeks to months following gaged tributary floods; improved 

estimates of the residence time for storage of fine inputs in main channel eddies and pools relative to 

ROD dam operations.

Expected Products: Numerical model code and documentation on 1-D routing model development 

and use within the main channel below Glen Canyon Dam. Model output data on flow and 

sediment-transport simulations. Interpretive report(s) on model theory, linkages with results of 3-D 

eddy and sand bar simulations, and descriptions of the key model assumptions related to numerical 

estimation of fine-sediment flux along critical reaches related to dam operations and gaged tributary 

fine-sediment flux.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Conceptually, this sediment routing model shall combine the 

existing streamflow routing model (USGS) with results from 3-D sand bar evolution simulations, as 

well as existing reach-averaged channel geometry data, sediment-transport theory, and ongoing 

sediment-transport and streamflow monitoring data collected as part of core long-term monitoring of 

streamflow and sediment. Input data for model simulations will include unit-value discharge data 

from Glen Canyon Dam and associated downstream gage network site, fine-sediment input data 

from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers (existing flow-based sediment models), and estimated 

antecedent conditions of grain size for main channel bed storage. 

The model’s initial development will be followed by an intensive verification period in 

which streamflow, suspended-sediment concentration and grain size, and bed grain-size distribution 

data (above the confluence of the Little Colorado River and Grand Canyon gages) will be compared 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

92

with model simulation outputs. The length of this required verification period will be dependent 

on the desired range of dam operations for which the model is intended to be used, and level of 

tributary flood activity that occurs following model development.

Part B Schedule: This research was initiated in FY 2001, through release of a competitive 

solicitation and will likely continue as a research effort through at FY 2003. The post-development 

verification may last an additional period of several years, but will be supported through collection 

of ongoing streamflow and sediment-transport data at main channel gage sites. Emphasis for 

development of sediment routing prediction will be on critical upstream reaches where finesediments and related physical habitats are of most interest; Glen Canyon Dam to river mile 87 

(Grand Canyon gage). Ultimately, the point at which sediment export is simulated may extend down 

to Diamond Creek. This project shall be highly supported by the long-term monitoring program for 

streamflow and sediment transport (USGS, Arizona District). Eventually, the successful 

development of this sediment routing model may reduce the need for intensive suspended-sediment 

sampling of the mainstem that is currently required to track the fine-sediment flux following large 

floods on the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $141,750

TOTAL $141,750

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 4,450

Physical Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

25.0 Contracts 102,000

Biology

Cultural

Physical 100,000 102,000

25.0 Services 35,300

Logistics (1 16-day river trip) 18,000 35,300

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 122,350 141,750
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

93

PROJECT TITLE AND I.D.: C.5. ADVANCED CONCEPTUAL MODELING OF 

COARSE-GRAINED SEDIMENT INPUTS RELATED TO EVOLVING PHYSICAL 

HABITATS AND AQUATIC PROCESSES 

STATUS: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001.

General Project Description: Development of advanced simulations to predict long-term impacts 

of river regulation and inputs of coarse-grained sediments from ungaged tributaries at hundreds of 

sites along the main channel.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Since closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, local geomorphic 

changes have continued to occur at sites along the main channel owing to coarse-grained sediment 

inputs that result from debris flows in ungaged tributaries. Because of the reduced flood frequency 

imposed by the dam, the natural level of reworking of coarse sediments in the main channel is 

drastically reduced compared with pre-dam annual floods. However, the 1996 controlled flood 

experiment was shown to be an effective means of partially reworking rapids and debris fans 

aggraded by recent debris flows. Inputs of coarse sediments to the system-wide sediment budget of 

the ecosystem have been shown to have implications for enhanced storage of fine sediment in upper 

pools and eddies, as well as for increasing navigational hazards in rapids. 

In addition, coarse-grained deposits generally bury or degrade sand bars used by recreational 

camping, while at the same time adding to coarse substrates on which the food base relies (benthic 

organisms). Simulation of long-term trends in physical habitats related to coarse sediments and 

ongoing inputs shall provide information on how biological and socio-cultural resources are likely to 

respond to increased storage of coarse sediments along the main channel under regulated flows. 

Information on the potential degree to which deposits, such as cobble bars, rapids and debris fans, 

can be reworked by controlled floods to mitigate impacts of coarse inputs that may not be desired. 

Long-term trends that might be countered by dam operations include periodic reworking of aggraded 

rapids that become impassable owing to debris flows, or flood-induced restoration of camping sand 

bars following burial by debris flows.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

94

-Integration: As physical habitats of the main channel evolve in response to regulation 

and continued inputs of coarse sediments, resources are likely to follow in ways that may or may not 

be fully anticipated. As a result, it is vital to further develop abilities to simulate how long-term 

trends in the coarse-sediment budget might influence the food base, campsite availability, spawning 

habitats for fish, or fine-sediment storage along the main channel. Advanced development of 

geomorphic and biological sub-models of the conceptual ecosystem model shall provide 

opportunities for scientists from varied disciplines to test hypotheses about how the geomorphic 

framework of the Colorado River will evolve under regulated flows, and more importantly, how 

such changes will influence the biological processes of the main channel.

-MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: This integrated physical resource monitoring project 

provides information needs related to management objective as described in Table 2.1. Information 

on the estimated trends related to changing navigational conditions of rapids system-wide is an 

obvious initial area where information will be gained. Additionally, information about how physical 

habitats and camping areas will be changed under future conditions shall also provide greater 

understanding about how dam operations will influence downstream resources in the long term.

Project Goals and Objectives: The primary goal is to develop a geomorphic sub-model of the 

main channel that simulates long-term trends in local and reach-averaged changes in fine-sediment 

storage settings, physical habitats such as cobble bars and debris fans that support the food base, and 

degradation of recreational camping areas that result from continued inputs of coarse-grained 

sediments (debris flows). Secondary goals are to improve current understanding of how coarsegrained sediment inputs and dam operations relate to the ongoing channel framework evolution that 

results from regulation, and to promote further understanding of how the fine and coarse sediment 

budgets of the Colorado River are linked to the bottom-up structure and function of the ecosystem.

Expected Products: Advanced physical and biological sub-models that further advance the 

conceptual model’s ability to simulate long-term physical changes in the geomorphic framework of 

the Colorado River ecosystem. The advanced biological sub-model shall link the projected 

geomorphic changes to biological processes of the river. The advanced geomorphic sub-model shall 

link the projected physical changes to potential for fine-sediment storage and camping area 

navigational conditions of rapids that evolve through time. One integrated modeling workshop, to 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

95

be co-convened by the GCMRC and Ecometric Research, is anticipated during FY 2002, to 

evaluate implications of geomorphic framework simulations.

Recommended Approach/Methods: The basis for development of these additional sub-models 

will be integration of all existing physical data sets for the Colorado River ecosystem, estimates for 

long-term inputs of fine and coarse-grained sediments from gaged and ungaged tributaries, 

statistically derived probabilities for tributary debris flows for all ungaged tributaries, and associated 

resource area data sets. Development of the advanced sub-models will be facilitated through a 

workshop approach, similar to that used to initially develop the Colorado River ecosystem 

conceptual model.

Schedule: This research was initiated in FY 2001, with the drafting of a work plan and budget with 

Ecometric Research, and will likely continue through at least FY 2002. This project will be 

accomplished through a continuation of the Ecometric Research, Inc., agreement, and in 

collaboration with GCMRC staff and cooperating scientists. Emphasis will be on critical upstream 

reaches first where physical habitats and the food base are of most interest with respect to native 

endangered fishes. Integration with other physical and biology monitoring programs shall be 

required to simulate future impacts of coarse inputs on recreational camping areas and food base.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

96

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $99,250

TOTAL $99,250

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 22,250

Physical Scientist (.15) 13,050 13,350

Biological Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

Social Scientist (.05) 4,350 4,450

25.0 Contracts 77,000

Biology

Cultural

Physical 75,000 77,000

25.0 Services

Logistics

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 96,750 99,250

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: C.6 - DEVELOPMENT OF A CRE CONTROL NETWORK 

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2000

General Project Description: GCMRC researchers and contractors requiring data collection in the 

CRE need geographic control to spatially position their data. Geographic control is the infrastructure 

to any mapping product. Aerial photography, digital elevation models (DEM), or orthometrically 

rectified stereo photography are common types of geographic control. However, the most common 

reference to control pertains to survey control points that consists of well-defined and monumented 

location within the study areas. Survey control points typically represent the highest accuracy 

possible given the available technology. GPS or conventional survey technology is generally used to 

establish control points.
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Rationale/Problem Statement: Currently, only about half of the CRE has adequate geographic 

control meets the needs of near and long-term monitoring and research plan.

Survey control is required throughout the remainder of the CRE to fully implement the monitoring 

and research plan.

Integration: Accurate Spatial positioning of scientific data facilitates integration across resource 

areas by providing common geographic framework to store and analyze data. Many resource 

monitoring programs depend upon changes in the spatial distribution of resources as the basis of 

their monitoring strategy. Spatial analysis tools such as a GIS depend upon accurate geo-referencing 

of data to provide meaningful analysis. Without geographic control, geo-referencing of resource data 

and subsequent spatial analysis is impractical. 

MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: The survey control network is fundamental to spatially 

positioning all scientific data collected as part of the GCDAMP. This project will address MO’s and 

IN’s identified in all integrated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem activities. Please refer to this 

section for a comprehensive list.

PEP Recommendations: The preliminary physical science PEP conducted in the summer of 1998 

has recommended the continued development of a control network in their list of action items. In 

addition, all cultural, biological, physical, and remote sensing PEP’s recommended scientific 

activities that require a control network throughout the canyon.

Project Goals and Objectives: The objective of this project is to develop a high-precision control 

network throughout the CRE. Control monuments will be established at a line-of-sight interval 

depending upon terrain.

Expected Products: The products of the CRE control network project will be:

• A network of survey control points established at line-of-sight intervals in the CRE from the 

GCD to the headwaters of Lake Mead. 

• A report describing the methods, its construction, and control identifiers and locations.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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• An index map showing the location of control points using the 2000 orthophotography 

as a backdrop.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Control points will be established using two industry standard 

survey methods, GPS and conventional survey practices. In the CRE, conventional survey practices 

means the use of a total station and one or more survey targets. Conventional traverse control 

involves starting at a known reference point, then setting a series of line-of-sight points and closing 

out at the point of beginning (POB) or another known reference point. Conventional survey methods 

will always be required to fill-in where satellite visibility is too obstructive for GPS. Conventional 

methods are used for all types of location surveys including topography and site location.

GPS technology will be used to set accurate control as well as measuring topography. GPS is 

utilized to establish high order control points in the Canyon. This requires that a receiver or 

receivers be placed at known control points on the rim or in the canyon. Then additional receivers 

are used to set new points.

Schedule: 

FY2000 Activities: Extend the State Plane coordinate (SPC) control network from river mile 72 to 

93. The fieldwork and data reduction should be completed by December of 2000, resulting in 

continuous SPC control from GCD to river mile 99.

FY2001 Activities: Extend the State Plane coordinate (SPC) control network from river mile 99 to 

120. The fieldwork and data reduction should be completed by December of 2001, resulting in 

continuous SPC control from GCD to river mile 123.

FY2002 Activities: Extend the State Plane coordinate (SPC) control network from river mile 123 to 

143. The fieldwork and data reduction should be completed by December of 2002, resulting in 

continuous SPC control from GCD to river mile 145. A dedicated Control data collection trip will 

take place in February of 2002. All other control operations will take place concurrently with their 

associated projects in 2002.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

99

FY2003 Activities: Extend the State Plane coordinate (SPC) control network from river mile 

145 to 180. The fieldwork and data reduction should be completed by December of 2003, resulting 

in continuous SPC control from GCD to river mile 183. A dedicated Control data collection trip will 

take place in February of 2003. All other control operations will take place concurrently with their 

associated projects in 2003.

FY2004 Activities: Extend the State Plane coordinate (SPC) control network from river mile 183 to 

280. The fieldwork and data reduction should be completed by December of 2004 resulting in 

continuous SPC control from GCD to river mile 280. A dedicated Control data collection trip will 

take place in February of 2004. All other control operations will take place concurrently with their 

associated projects in 2004.

Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $18,280

TOTAL $18,280

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 18,280

Surveyor (.08) 6,880

Surveying Technician (.20) 11,400

25.0 Contracts

Biology

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services

Logistics

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 18,280
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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PROJECT TITLE AND ID: C.7 - DEVELOPMENT OF CRE HYDROGRAPHIC 

MAPPING PROGRAM

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2000.

General Project Description: The hydrographic mapping program is to facilitate all monitoring 

efforts requiring sub-aqueous measurements. The two areas of hydrographic mapping consist of an 

ongoing system-wide channel map and a repeatable reach monitoring for annual change detection.

Rationale/Problem Statement: Hydrographic mapping is the only method currently available to 

measure sub-aqueous topography.

Integration: Hydrographic technology is used in the Grand Canyon primarily to measure changes 

in the river channel. The primary changes that occur are due to the movement of sediment. These 

changes are monitored by hydro-acoustic measurements that are accurately positioned over the 

course of the river channel. The hydrographic data collection method is designed to develop 

required monitoring and research products such as topographic maps, digital terrain models, 

sediment aggregation and degradation, hydrologic stage discharge modeling, and cross-section 

analysis. These products support the following projects: system wide channel mapping, fine-grained 

sediment storage, coarse-grained sediment, streamflow and fine-grained sediment transport, and 

modeling reach-averaged sand bar evolution.

MO’s and IN’s to be Addressed: Hydrographic channel mapping addresses MO’s and IN’s 

associated with the Physical Science Program’s Sand Storage Change Detection Monitoring and 

Channel Modeling project. 

PEP Recommendations: The GCMRC is actively engaged in investigating alternative ways to 

fulfill science program survey requirements using minimum tool and less intrusive techniques. A 

primary objective of the GCMRC Protocol Evaluation Program (PEP) is to reduce the impact of 

resource monitoring and research in the Canyon. Multibeam technology was recommended for 

evaluation by the GCMRC sponsored PEP for remote sensing and physical science resource 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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monitoring in the summer of 1998. (Final Report GCMRC Remote Sensing Protocols Review 

Panel and Preliminary Report of the Physical Resources Monitoring Peer Review Panel [SEDS I] 

[GCMRC'S Protocol Evaluations Program (PEP)]), respectively - http://www.gcmrc.gov/pep).

Project Goals and Objectives: The objective of the project is to develop:

• Complete mapping sections of river between GDC and Phantom Ranch in 2002. 

• Monitor approximately 30 miles of river channel annually for repeatable change detection of 

the river channel.

Expected Products: The products of the hydrographic channel-mapping project will be:

• A complete hydrographic channel map of the CR to Phantom Ranch at a resolution that 

would allow a contour interval of a quarter-meter without interpolation in 2002.

• A DEM of the CR channel bottom from the GCD to Phantom Ranch in 2002.

• A report describing the hydrographic mapping and data processing methods used in the map 

and DEM production.

Products will conform to GCMRC data standards and be integrated with terrestrial base maps 

produced as part of the FY2000 terrestrial mapping project (i.e., the LIDAR mapping). The 

combined terrestrial and hydrographic maps and DEM’s will provide the most accurate threedimensional canyon geometry obtained so far.

Recommended Approach: The multibeam approach will be used for most of the data collection 

because of its higher resolution and productivity. Multibeam technology is the only method 

available to accomplish the objectives within the projected time frame.

Schedule:

FY2000 Activities: Fifteen miles of channel have been mapped and repeated throughout the LSSF 

experiment.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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FY2001 Activities: All existing GIS areas will be hydrographically mapped from GDC to 

Phantom Ranch. These trips will occur in May and September. LSSF reaches will be repeated for 

monitoring. These trips will occur in March and April.

FY2002 Activities: Dedicated Channel mapping trips would be deployed in January and May of 

2002. A Change Detection monitoring trip would be scheduled in March or April depending on the 

hydrographic conditions of the river system. Base Maps and data would be delivered by the end of 

December 2002.

FY2003 Activities: Dedicated Channel mapping trips would be deployed in January and May of 

2003 and would map from Phantom Ranch to river mile 160. A Change Detection monitoring trip 

would be scheduled in March or April depending on the hydrographic conditions of the river system. 

Base Maps and data would be delivered by the end of December, 2003.

FY2004 Activities: Dedicated Channel mapping trips would be deployed in January and May of 

2004 and would map from river mile 160 to 225. A Change Detection monitoring trip would be 

scheduled in March or April depending on the hydrographic conditions of the river system. Base 

Maps and data would be delivered by the end of December 2004.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $32,580

TOTAL $32,580

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 32,580

Surveyor (.18) 15,480

Surveying Technician (.30) 17,100

25.0 Contracts

Biology

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services

Logistics

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 32,580

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: C.8 PUBLIC OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

Status: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY 2001.

General Project Description: Dissemination of information collected within the GCMRC cultural 

resource program for the benefit of the Adaptive Management Program Stakeholders and the 

interested public. 

Rationale/Problem Statement: In conjunction with an ad hoc group of the AMWG, GCMRC is

developing public outreach activities. To complement GCMRC’s overall public outreach efforts, an 

outreach project is proposed that links the Socio-cultural Program and the IT Program with the 

dissemination of cultural resource data.

MOs and INs To Be Addressed : This project addresses cultural resource management objectives 

and information needs (MO1, IN1.1).
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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PEP Recommendations: This project implements the recommendations of the Cultural 

Resource PEP to coordinate with AMP stakeholders and the Native American representatives to 

disseminate information. The project forms a portion of the overall Historic Preservation Plan suite 

of documents.

Integration: To achieve an ecosystem-level of understanding of the relationships between resources 

of the Colorado River and Glen Canyon Dam operations, integration of long-term monitoring 

between physical, cultural, biological, and recreational resources is required. This project will 

provide a means to disseminate cultural resource information concerning the ecosystem resources.

Project Goals and Objectives: The goals of this effort include the dissemination of GCMRC data 

by and for stakeholders and the participation of the stakeholders in the dissemination process. 

Information dissemination is a part of publicly funded projects. 

Expected Products/Deliverables: A variety of avenues for the dissemination of information are 

possible including presentations, workshop materials, and scooping efforts to expand dissemination 

efforts in the future. 

Recommended Approach/Methods: Methods will range from material for articles to video tapes 

describing the adaptive management program and associated scientific activities, to providing 

GCMRC staff to speak at different meetings. Included within this project are funds to appropriately 

disseminate cultural information, employ student interns from stakeholder groups for resource 

projects; and to sponsor tribally hosted lectures and talks to present cultural information. 

Schedule: The project duration is anticipated to be one year. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Budget:

FUNDING:

AMP $43,680

TOTAL $43,680

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 10,680

Social Scientist (.10) 8,700 8,900

Research Information Analyst (.02) 1,780

25.0 Contracts 33,000

Biology

Cultural 35,000 33,000

Physical

25.0 Services 0

Logistics 15,000

Survey

GIS

TOTAL 58,700 43,680
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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REMOTE SENSING ACTIVITIES

PROJECT TITLE AND ID: D.1 – EVALUATING GROUND-BASED AND AIRBORNE 

REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES

Status: Ongoing. Originally Approved and Implemented in FY2000.

General Project Description: The primary goal of the remote sensing project is explore and to 

capitalize on new remote sensing technologies and data processing techniques in order to provide to 

the research and monitoring projects supporting data that have the following characteristics: noninvasive data acquisition; sufficient spatial resolution; broadest application across all research 

disciplines; broader areal coverage; high accuracy, long-term reliability (reproducibility); and costeffectiveness. These efforts will lead to a general operational plan for data acquisition and data 

analysis for many of the objectives of the other programs

Rationale/Problem Statement: In March 1997, GCMRC proposed lowering flows from Glen 

Canyon Dam to 5,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) in support of Labor Day aerial photography. 

Members of the Technical Work Group (TWG) opposed this proposal. Their main concern was that 

lowering flows in “high-water” years could have a negative effect on the very resource GCMRC was 

trying to monitor (i.e., the monitoring protocol represented a treatment potentially more harmful to 

downstream resources than current dam operations). In response to the discussion around lower 

flows for conducting aerial photography, the suggestion emerged from the TWG that GCMRC 

investigate the potential of expanded use of remote-sensing technologies for data collection. To 

facilitate this process, GCMRC convened a PEP of remote sensing experts in May, 1998. 

Methodologies and protocols used in current GCMRC research projects were presented to the panel. 

The panel subsequently made recommendations of potential new technologies that might better meet 

GCMRC monitoring and research needs.

MOs and INs to be Addressed: Remote sensing technologies will be evaluated for all MOs and 

INs relating to resource projects currently underway or planned within the next five years for which 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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a remote sensing solution might exist. MOs and INs specifically addressed by the remote 

sensing evaluation will be identified utilizing the process described below under Recommended 

Approach/Methods.

PEP Recommendations: 

1. Explore alternative remote sensing technologies for system-wide studies.

2. Use color-infrared imagery for riparian vegetation studies in leaf-on conditions.

3. Use high-resolution aerial photography for studying terrace stability of archeological sites and 

use color-infrared imagery for ethnobotanical studies.

4. Use radar imagery to characterize rapids and debris fan and eddy complexes.

5. Use underwater videography and multispectral imagery for studying aquatic productivity.

6. Use multispectral imagery to study mainstem sediment input.

7. Explore multispectral image data (including thermal infrared) for studying water quality 

attributes.

8. Explore use of AVHRR and Landsat image data for studying basin characteristics associated 

with sediment source regions.

9. Explore use of sonar for channel geometry and grain-size determinations.

10. Explore use of GPS-based photogrammetry to monitor shoreline topography.

11. Use aerial photography or multispectral data to map habitats for endangered species.

12. Acquire airborne data under conditions and with instruments that minimize shadows.

13. Explore alternative sensors for all of the above.

14. Image analysis - hire a senior scientist in remote sensing and image processing and exploit image 

processing and photogrammetry software packages.

15. Prepare assessment of the information requirements of the various research and monitoring 

programs.

16. Conversion of hardcopy photographic archive to permanent digital archive that is accessible 

through the internet.

Integration: The evaluation of remote sensing technologies is intended to address monitoring and 

research needs of the biological, cultural, and physical resource programs at the GCMRC. If 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

108

successful, remotely-sensed data sets could be utilized for multiple monitoring and research 

projects and provide spatial integration of multiple resource parameters.

Project Goals and Objectives: GCMRC proposed the evaluation of ground-based and airborne 

remote sensing technologies with the goal of finding technologies and protocols that would result in 

a long-term monitoring program that is:

• Cost-effective (reduced costs over conventional approaches)

• Less intrusive (the monitoring doesn’t have a greater effect on the system than normal dam 

operations)

• Expanded spatial coverage (has the ability to capture denser spatial data than can be gathered 

by field-based efforts)

FY2002 Activities:

• Preparation of operational plan for remote monitoring

• Test the operational plan.

• Report on the test.

• Completion of the conversion of hardcopy photographic archive to digital format.

• Implementation of the digital archive design that allows internet search and retrieval.

Recommended Approach/Methods: Ground-based and Airborne Remote Sensing Technologies 

will be identified, tested, and evaluated using the following steps: 

1. Identify the GCMRC science program information needs that could be obtained through the use 

of ground-based and/or airborne remote sensing technologies.

2. Determine what technologies exist or are being developed that could collect the data required in 

support of GCMRC science program information needs.

3. Convene a PEP to recommend potential ground-based and airborne remote monitoring 

technologies.

4. Evaluate through literature reviews and expert opinion ground-based and airborne remote 

monitoring technologies based on science information needs and sensor specifications and 

capabilities.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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5. Prioritize promising technologies based on this evaluation into ones which deserve further 

evaluation and possible field testing.

6. Conduct pilot field tests of selected technologies and evaluate the results of those field tests.

7. Recommend to the GCMRC Chief which, if any, of the ground-based and airborne remote 

sensing technologies should be utilized in the Grand Canyon.

8. Develop the needed protocols and implement a ground-based and airborne remote sensing 

program, as appropriate.

Schedule: The remote sensing initiative begins in FY 2000 and continues for three years through 

FY 2002. A report summarizing the evaluation is scheduled for 2003. 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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TABLE 2.2 Summary Table of Projected FY 2002 Power-Revenue Budget for Projects

ID Project Descriptions Salary

Operating 

Expenses

Capital 

Equip.

Contracts 

Biology

Contracts 

Cultural

Contracts 

Physical

Other 

Contracts & 

Services

Logistics 

Support

Survey 

Support

GIS 

Support

TOTAL1

PROJECT 

COST

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

A Terrestrial Ecosystem Activities

A-1 Terrestrial Ecosystem Activities234,530 184,000 77,000 88,200 3,000 386,730

A-2 Monitoring Kanab Ambersnail 15,750 10,000 39,200 15,700 80,650

A-3 New Research in Terrestrial Ecosystems393,000 93,000

A-4 Cultural Data Base Plan417,050 25,000 42,050

A-5 Cultural Monitoring Plan415,130 25,000 0 40,130

A-6* Terrestrial Habitat Map & Inventory511,900 100,000 39,200 6,000 157,100

B Aquatic Ecosystem Activities 0

B-1 Mon. Aqua. Foodbase & Eval. Qual.618,230 235,000 58,800 312,030

B-2* Mon. Status & Trends of Downstream727,630 469,000 176,200 672,830

B-3 Mon. Status & Trends of Lees Ferry 18,230 10,000 90,000 19,600 137,830

B-4 Ongoing Population Genetics of HBC 12,150 3,900 16,050

B-5* New Research Native & Non-Native 22,450 41,000 63,450

B-6 Integrated Water Quality Monitoring881,280 84,000 15,700 180,980
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)

ID Project Descriptions Salary

Operating 

Expenses Capital Equip.

Contracts 

Biology

Contracts 

Cultural

Contracts 

Physical Other Contracts & Services Logistics Support Survey Support GIS Support TOTAL PROJECT COST

C 

Integrated Terrestria1 & Aquatic Ecosystem 

Activities

C-1 LT Mon. of Find-Grained Sed. Storage 13,660 31,000 87,000 230,000 117,600 12,900 492,160

C-2 LT Mon. of Streamflow & Fine-Sediment 25,560 72,000 408,000 98,000 4,300 607,860

C-3 LT Mon. of Coarse-Grained Sediment 13,660 77,000 35,300 4,300 130,260

C-4a Modeling Reach-Averaged Sand Bar 11,010 26,000 77,000 35,300 17,200 166,510

C-4b Dev. Of a 1-Dimensional Model 4,450 102,000 35,300 141,750

C-5 Adv. Conceptual Modeling of Coarse Grained 22,250 77,000 99,250

C-6 Control Network 18,280 18,280

C-7 Channel Mapping 32,580 32,580

C-8 Public Outreach 10,680 33,000 43,680

D Remote Sensing

D-1 Eval. Remote Sensing Technologies 19,580 400,000 8,600 12,000 440,180

E Unsolicited Proposals 72,000 51,000 123,000

F In-House Research 20,000 20,000

G AMWG/TWG Support 61,000 61,000

H* Information Technologies90

 Data Base Management System 56,240 16,000 19,000 10,000 101,240

 Geographic Information System 91,450 23,000 35,000 149,450

 Library 47,500 13,000 5,000 65,500

 Survey Services 35,550 35,000 70,550

 Systems Administration 61,450 31,000 80,000 172,450

 World Wide Web 60,000 60,000
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)

ID Project Descriptions Salary Operating Expenses Capital Equip. Contracts Biology Contracts Cultural Contracts Physical Other Contracts & Services Logistics SupportSurvey Support GIS Support TOTAL PROJECT COST

L Logistics10 0

J* Independent Review Panels11 15,200 179,000 194,200

K Administration & Personnel

 Administrative Operations 283,540 321,000 20,000 193,000 817,540

 Biological Resources Management 124,230 8,000 132,230

 Physical Resources Management 34,360 4,000 38,360

 Socio-Cultural Resources Management 53,810 4,000 57,810

 Information Technologies Management 59,520 8,000 67,520

 AMWG/TWG 77,810 12,000 89,810

TOTAL 1,386,700 485,000 159,000 1,381,000 424,000 971,000 923,000 762,300 63,000 21,000 6,576,000

* Additional funding sought from appropriations.

1Total project costs differ from those presented in the summary budget table of 9/06/00 as a result of a more thorough accounting of salary and other project support costs

based on data developed in FY-2000

2Combines the monitoring of avifauna and terrestrial habitat activities presented in the summary budget table of 9/06/00.

3This project replaces the ongoing trophic interactions project shown in the summary budget table of 9/06/00 and includes support from the PEP line item show in the 

summary budget table of 9/06/00.

4These projects replace the development of historic contexts project shown in the summary budget table of 9/06/00.

5An additional $200,000 in appropriated funds will be sought for this project.

6Same as the ongoing monitoring of the phyto-benthic community shown in the summary budget table of 9/06/00.

7Same as the ongoing monitoring of downstream fish shown in the summary budget table of 9/06/00. An additional $200,000 in appropriated funds will be sought to support

this project.

8GCMRC will also seek $300,000 from BOR O&M funds to support related water quality work in Lake Powell.

9An additional $180,000 is being sought from appropriated funds to support these projects.

10All logistics costs have been distributed in support of projects.

11An additional $50,000 is being sought from appropriated funds to support this activity.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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CHAPTER 3

MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS

The GCMRC proposes to retain $123,000 in FY 2002 to support unsolicited proposals. 

This will allow for flexibility in the program and help ensure that GCMRC can address critical 

issues in a timely fashion. It will also provide GCMRC the ability to fund a truly outstanding 

proposal that addresses a key concern which may be overlooked in the research planning 

process. All unsolicited proposals will be discussed with the TWG and will undergo 

independent, external peer review prior to funding.

The GCMRC encourages Tribal groups to submit proposals for projects that address 

resource issues related to Management Objectives and Information Needs. Because these groups 

define their resource issues from tribal perspectives and formulate their work proposals, the 

GCMRC considers these submittals as unsolicited proposals. These proposals are reviewed by 

internal and external peer reviewers to evaluate the proposed project methodologies relative to 

the project objectives. Unsolicited proposals may be submitted to the GCMRC at any time. 

Examples of current tribal proposals include an ethnobotanical monitoring project by the Hopi 

Tribe and a public outreach project conducted by the Southern Paiute Consortium to disseminate 

their ethnobotanical information.

IN-HOUSE RESEARCH

The GCMRC supports in-house research by GCMRC Program Mangers and scientific 

staff. In-house research is supported as a means of ensuring that GCMRC program managers 

and scientific staff remain subject area experts in their respective fields through the conduct of 

their own research on the Colorado River ecosystem. Funds totaling $20,000 will be available to 

support these activities in FY 2002.This also ensures that they are able to provide the highest 

quality of technical assistance in the form of expert analysis, opinion, and advice to the Chief, 

TWG and the AMWG as requested. In-house research may be in the form of original research or 

synthesis. In all cases, GCMRC in-house research proposals undergo the same independent 

external review as all GCMRC proposals.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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AMWG & TWG SUPPORT

In addition, GCMRC will retain $61,000 in FY 2002 that can be used by GCMRC 

staff in support of requests that arise from the TWG during the course of the year. Such funds 

may be used to gather data, conduct analyses, support the convening of a group of scientists to 

provide an analysis of a given issue (i.e., the annual BHBF resources evaluation) or to obtain 

expertise not contained within the GCMRC staff or contractors.

 

TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES:

Information Technologies

The GCMRC has extensive historical data and information collected over many years 

relating to the condition of resources in the Colorado River ecosystem. This information 

represents an extremely valuable asset to the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program 

(GCDAMP). Its potential for problem solving, improving management guidelines, modeling 

relationships, or increasing understanding of the key resources and systems under study requires 

placing this legacy data into an ecologically integrated database and geographic information 

system (GIS). 

The goal of the Information Technology Program (ITP) is to satisfy the information needs 

of the GCDAMP relative to the Colorado River ecosystem in terms of content and delivery. Key 

to achieving this goal is the development and maintenance of three core information 

technologies: 1) a data base management system (DBMS) for tabular information and other 

electronic non-spatial information, 2) a geographic information system (GIS) for electronic 

spatial information, and 3) a library for hardcopy information (Figure 3.1). Content of these 

systems consists of all information gathered as the result of GCMRC investigations, GCES 

investigations, and additional information relating to the Colorado River ecosystem. 

Data in itself is of little use without sufficient information as to its context, quality, and 

comparability. Therefore, data standards have been be developed which preserve the context 

under which the data was collected and ensures its quality and comparability from year to year, 

place to place, researcher to researcher, and discipline to discipline. Data collection efforts 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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supported by the GCMRC incorporate strict data standards and protocols that provide 

consistency in data collection, storage, and delivery from disparate sources.

Delivery of electronic content will be automated where possible using user-friendly 

World Wide Web browser interfaces. Library content, while not deliverable across the Internet, 

has been cataloged and is searchable electronically utilizing similar interfaces.

Warehoused data conforms to the National Information Infrastructure (NII), the National 

Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure 

(NSDI). Guidelines and protocols promulgated by these infrastructures is being incorporated into 

GCMRC database design and delivery systems whenever possible.

DBMS, GIS, and library operations together form the core information system 

infrastructure for storing and retrieving information at the GCMRC. Data standards and 

protocols ensure the quality and compatibility of the information contained within those systems. 

World Wide Web browsers provide intuitive, consistent interfaces to the information. However, 

information technology at the GCMRC goes beyond the content and delivery of information. In 

addition, the ITP also provides:

• Computer support to GCMRC staff

• Survey support to researchers

• Development of remote sensing applications

These additional services augment the core information infrastructures by providing the 

support, training, technology transfer, and development necessary to provide a comprehensive 

ITP.

Information Technology Program Functions

To accomplish the goal of satisfying the information needs of GCDAMP relative to the 

Colorado River ecosystem, in FY2002, the IT program will focus on 7 functions: 1) database 

management, 2) GIS operations, 3) library operations, 4) survey operations, 5) systems 

administration, 6) world wide web services, and 7), aerial photography. Each function of the IT 

program is described in detail below. Descriptions include general information concerning the 

role of the function within the GCMRC, proposed objectives to be accomplished in FY2002, and 

proposed budgets. IT functions are either performed by GCMRC, staff or procured through a 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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contracting process. Non-contracted program budgets include operating costs and salaries 

that combine to represent the total cost of the function (less the cost of space rental and 

administrative overhead). Operating costs include equipment, supplies, technical training, and 

travel relating to program functions. Contracted IT functions represents the total cost of the 

contracted service or product to GCMRC less the cost of administrating the contract by the 

appropriate contracting officers technical representative. 

Non-contracted IT program functions have associated with them ongoing objectives that 

are necessary to organize and manage the various types of scientific data acquired by GCMRC or 

its contractors. These ongoing objectives may be different depending on the function. They 

include administration of the function, servicing work request, servicing data request, 

incorporating new data into developed data systems, and performing annual inventories. 

Data Base Management System

The purpose of the GCMRC DBMS is to store and deliver all tabular and other electronic 

non-spatial information gathered as the result of GCMRC investigations, and legacy data. 

Developing the DBMS requires inventorying, organizing, archiving, and developing delivery 

systems for many years worth of environmental data collection activities representing a vast 

array of disparate data including physical, biological, cultural, socio-economic, and climatic 

information. Some data resides on mature DBMS systems but much of it is stored on floppy 

disks or hard disks on personal computers using PC type spreadsheet and database formats. 

Although the objective of the information technology program is to provide a centralized 

database management system (DBMS), it is our policy not to duplicate data warehousing already 

provided by other entities. In these circumstances it is preferable to interrogate the off-site 

database remotely when possible. However, the GCMRC will act as a clearinghouse of data 

owned by other entities in the case where remote database interrogation is not possible. The 

DBMS program is currently working on bringing together years of disparate historical data 

collected by multiple entities located in databases across the southwest in an organized fashion 

and then deliver it transparently to an equally disparate group of stakeholders and researchers for 

decision making and modeling purposes. In addition, the DBMS program is developing a process 
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that includes adequate documentaion and training for users to easily access, query, and 

obtain data from the information system. 

The Oracle data base engine was selected for GCMRC data base development. Oracle is 

a state-of-the-art data storage and delivery system that can function either as a centralized or 

distributed data base and incorporates a high degree of information technology integration. 

Important features of the DBMS are:

1. All data is being ecologically integrated. Meaning that data is being stored in a consistent 

format relative to time, space, researcher, and discipline. This is essential for 

comprehensive ecological analysis. Appropriate data standards and protocols have been, 

or in some cases, will be developed to regulate this feature.

2. Spatial data is being geographically integrated. Although the data base does not contain a 

spatial data analysis engine, the GIS used by the GCMRC will be highly integrated with, 

and dependent upon, the data base for storing attribute data associated with spatial 

features. Data contained in the database is being spatially referenced within the data base 

where appropriate. 

3. Public data will be freely available. Sensitive data will be protected. User accessibility is 

being configured item by item.

4. The data base will be searchable over the Internet using browser interfaces. Intuitive 

browser interfaces will be the primary method used to interrogate the database.

The GCMRC data base development is occurring over a two-year period ending in 

December 2002. 

Ongoing Activities:

• Administer the database 

• Service data requests

• Integrate current year data into data system

FY2002 Activities:

• Complete the design of data entry, analysis and web interfaces – fish, cultural, and water 

quality components

• Complete the migration of historical fish, cultural, and water quality data from legacy 

data systems 
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• Document installation and administration procedures – completed for applications 

written to date

Complete design and program data entry, analysis and web interfaces

During FY2002, key computer applications will be written that will allow information users to 

easily enter newly collected data to the Oracle system, and also to retrieve and analyze that 

information.

Migrate historical data from legacy data systems

In order to make use of data collected in the past, the Oracle database must be populated with 

historical information. During FY2002 GCMRC will complete this process for physical, 

biological, and water quality data. Consistent with the recommendations of the Cultural Program 

protocol evaluation panel and subsequent guidelines being developed by GCMRC and 

cooperating organizations, GCMRC will also consolidate cultural data within a GCMRC 

database. One of the challenges in this process is to protect sensitive information from public 

access.

Document installation and administration procedures

Accurate and complete documentation is critical not only to the success of maintaining a 

complex database, but also to making it a success for users of the information it stores. All 

procedures used in the creation of database tables, loading historical information, and also the 

creation of user applications will be documented, and will be made available to interested parties.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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The cost of these ongoing and three additional activities in FY2002 is:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

Data Base Management System 56,240

11.0 Salary (includes benefits)

Computer Specialist (1-fte) (76%) 73,000 56,240

Operating Expenses: 45,000

21.0 Travel 3,000

25.0 Contracts (Oracle) 160,000 10,000

25.0 Services 3,000

26.0 Supplies and Materials 10,000

31.0 Equipment 19,000

TOTAL 233,000 101,240

Geographic Information Systems

A GIS is the second of the three core information technologies being used by the 

GCMRC. Its purpose is to provide spatial analysis capabilities to GCMRC staff and 

stakeholders and maintain a library of GIS thematic coverages of the study area. GIS is an 

important analytical tool for change detection of biological, cultural, and physical data. 

The GCES program developed up to 20 thematic coverages associated with spatial 

relationships of biological, cultural and cultural resources at 17 GIS sites (Figure ?) within the 

Colorado River ecosystem (CRE). Tabular attribute data exists as part of these data sets. These 

data sets are known as “base data”. In addition, other GIS data sets which were constructed as 

part of past GCES-supported investigations and delivered as part of a final product. These data 

sets are known as “contributor data”. Efforts are now underway to catalog, describe, and 

distribute base and contributor data. The GCMRC is working to increase the GIS coverage of the 

CRE by using modern light detection and ranging (LIDAR) mapping techniques.

Ongoing GIS activities are:

• Administer GIS data systems

• Service GIS map, data, and analysis request

• Integrate current year data into data systems
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FY2002 GIS activities are:

• Complete development of the Internet map server (IMS)

• Complete integration of legacy base data

• Continue to provide GIS support to the remote sensing initiative

• Migrate GIS data from INFO to oracle database

Complete development of the Internet map server (IMS)

The IMS will allow our staff, contributing scientists, AMWG/TWG members and the general 

public to browse our spatial data holding and produce maps over the internet through their web 

browsers (Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer). The user will be able to search 

for data by subject (physical, biological, cultural), temporally (when the data was collected), or 

spatially (where was the data collected). Multiple data layers can be overlayed on a map and 

simple spatial analyses will be available through the on-line mapping tool. The results of the 

search can be printed as a map from the users’ local machine. Once data has been identified by 

the user, he/she can download the data and use a GIS package such as Arc/Info to conduct 

complicated GIS and statistical analyses.

Complete integration of legacy base data

Legacy base data sets represent considerable time, effort, and expense in their collection. In 

addition, those data offer snapshots of the past conditions that cannot be derived in any other 

way. Legacy datasets can be used, in conjunction with current datasets, to produce information 

regarding change in resource quantity and condition over time in resources areas where legacy 

data exists (change detection analysis). Integrating these data sets in a usable way presents 

several challenges including the lack of descriptive information about the data or how it was 

collected (metadata) making it difficult to assess the accuracy and usefulness of those data for a 

particular study. The GIS program is currently inventorying all legacy datasets that were 

collected during the GCES period and before and is attempting to create modern meta data for 

those data. This is a time consuming and difficult process. Once the inventory and metadata is 

complete, the legacy data will be stored in its appropriate place in the same databases as current 

and future data. 
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Provide GIS support to the remote sensing initiative

The GIS program supports the remote sensing initiative by developing protocols for seamless 

integration into existing datasets, ensuring that the delivered products meet contract technical 

specifications and conform to GCMRC data standards, and assisting in program development 

and execution by recommending sites where remote sensing evaluations would be most useful 

and cost effective and providing logistical support in data collection

Migrate GIS data from INFO to Oracle database

GCMRC’s selection of the Oracle data base engine presents additional challenges to the GIS. 

Currently GIS data layers are stored in an obsolete database called INFO. Advances in software 

allows us to migrate this data from INFO to the Oracle relational database system while 

maintaining all the mapping and analysis capabilities of the GIS. Using a software called Spatial 

Database Engine, GIS information and tabular data will now be stored in a single Oracle 

database management system allowing us to fully integrate tabular data with spatial layers 

developed through remote sensing or the GIS program. In addition, the GIS will now be able to 

take advantage of modern database tools that are ava ilable in the Oracle software and not in the 

INFO software.

The cost of these ongoing and three additional activities in FY2002 is:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

GIS Services

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 57,850

GIS Assistant (1-fte) (95%) 42,000 40,850

GIS Student Asst (.5-fte) (100%) 17,000

Operating Expenses: 58,000

21.0 Travel 4,000

25.0 Services 8,000

26.0 Supplies and Materials 12,000 11,000

31.0 Equipment 35,000

TOTAL 54,000 115,850
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Library Operations

Library operations provide the last of the three core information technologies being used 

by the GCMRC ITP. Its purpose is to facilitate research by providing a centralized repository for 

hard copy information such as books, reports, maps, photography, and videos. The scope and 

purpose of the library is to collect, archive and deliver those materials that assist the center in its 

efforts to administer long-term monitoring and research. 

Inherent in the administration of long term monitoring and research plans is the delivery 

of hard copy documents, photographs, slides, videotapes, and ARC/Info coverages. A policy for 

loaning these materials is developed in a manner that is most parsimonious to all researchers, 

with underlying GCMRC staffing resources determining the ability to deliver and track loaned 

materials. Delivery of materials also emphasizes technologies that permit remote multi-user 

access. 

Secondary to providing funded researchers access and use of the library’s materials is 

providing non-funded researchers and the general public access to documents unique to 

GCMRC’s holdings (duplicate documents available at other institutions provide non-funded 

researchers access to these materials). The singularity of a document requires special policy 

concerning the borrowing of these materials. Because these unique documents are considered 

part of the public domain, their availability to the public is required

Collection of materials for the purpose of research and monitoring efforts are coordinated 

with program managers and information technology managers. Criteria for the accession of 

materials include: 

1. Applicability of materials to specific research efforts and to overall research and 

management goals; adequacy of the facility and equipment needs of the GCMRC to 

house materials; Ability of the staff to archive and deliver materials; 

2. Availability of funding for materials (e.g., general reference books, government 

publications, CD ROM’s, etc.).

Collection also includes the accessioning of documents that are the product of research 

funded by GCMRC. 

Library holdings included the following:
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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1. Hard copies and electronic copy of final funded research reports.

2. Reprints of articles resulting from funded research.

3. Books resulting from research efforts associated with GCMRC.

4. Books and articles related to Grand and Glen Canyon.

5. Books and articles related to natural and controlled riverine environments.

6. Photographs and slides developed by GCMRC staff (aerial and field documentation).

7. CD-ROM versions of aerial photographs and slides.

8. Videotapes (overflights, programs related to Glen and Grand Canyon).

9. Maps (topographic, flightline maps, Arc/Info Coverages, Orthophotos).

Archival materials are one of a kind, or hard to replace items (e.g., original aerial 

photographs, slides, videotapes). Utilizing imaging technology (e.g., CD-ROM's) and electronic 

media to develop copies of archived materials should always be investigated and promoted so 

that copies of these materials can be made available to the general collection, and thus reducing 

the incidence of loss of unique and irreplaceable materials. 

Ongoing library activities are:

• Administer library operations

• Service library requests

• Integrate current year data into library

• Annual inventory

FY2002 library activities are:

• Complete cataloging library content

• Continue conversion of catalog

• Continue making content available on-line

Complete cataloging library content

The library cataloging needs to be completed. Presently, books and monographs have been 

cataloged according to title, author, publisher, and content. This information has been placed 

into Follett library software and is accessible on-line. The photo and video collection has been 

cataloged on paper, but this information has not yet been put into the Follett software; this will 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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be completed by FY2002. Subject headings for each item will also be added to each 

cataloging record for more comprehensive and flexible searching abilities.

Continue conversion of catalog

Currently, all items in the library collection are identified using call numbers based on the 

Bureau of Reclamation’s Record Management System. By the end of FY2002, the library 

collection will be converted from the Bureau of Reclamation’s record management system to a 

more standardized system such as Dewey Decimal or Library of Congress call numbers. This 

means that items on the same subject will be grouped together and the collection will be easier to 

“browse” for information.

Continue making content available on-line

The Follett library catalog is now available on-line through the GCMRC web page. FY2002, 

items that were previously available only through the library will also be available on-line such 

as reports and aerial photography.

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

Library

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 47,500

Technical Info. Spec (1-fte) (95%) 51,000 47,500

Operating Expenses: 18,000

21.0 Travel 1,500

25.0 Services 1,500

26.0 Supplies and Materials 10,000

31.0 Equipment 5,000

TOTAL 51,000 65,500 65,500

Survey Operations

The Survey department’s mission is to provide survey support for spatial measurement 

and referencing of scientific data collected in the Colorado River ecosystem by GCMRC 

programs. This support may be in the form of precise measurement of geographic coordinates of 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

125

a sample collected in the Canyon or in the generation of topographic maps used for erosion 

monitoring of terraces adjacent to the Colorado river. The Survey department is also responsible 

for establishing and maintaining accurate geographic control in the Canyon that is essential for 

accurate geo-referencing of remotely sensed data and change detection of resource data using 

modern image processing and GIS technologies. These technologies are critical to the integration 

and analysis of the diverse scientific data that have been collected in the Canyon over the past 15 

years. Products of the Survey department include precise sample location coordinates, 

topographic maps, river channel maps and cross sections, digital elevation models, and digital 

terrain models. This information provides the basis for spatial analysis of data within the 

ecosystem using GIS software that in turn provides area and volumetric change detection 

capabilities of resources. 

The Survey department is responsible for the development of sound topographic and 

mapping control required to build accurate spatial data sets that can be used for reliable change 

detection. David Evan's and Associates and Banner and Associates were hired in 1990 to 

establish a reliable geodetic control network. In 1991 Joseph Mihalko (NPS surveyor) occupied 

the Banner ground control points for a soil mapping project by the USGS. He found that the 

control points did not meet their claimed accuracy and precision. As a result, GCES established 

a survey department to correct all previously established survey control as well as meet research 

needs of the future.

The Survey department uses a variety of technology to assist in accomplishing its mission in a 

timely, cost effective manner that utilizes a minimum amount of personnel. These technologies 

include global positioning systems, multibeam acoustic technology, and conventional total 

station survey technology.

Ongoing activities are:

• Administer the survey program

• Service survey work requests

FY2002 activities are:

• Provide survey, control, and GPS support to remote sensing initiative

• Complete organization of legacy data
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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Provide survey, control, and GPS support to remote sensing initiative

Survey operations provide support to GCMRC remote sensing activities in the form of providing 

control and GPS base station data. Data provided from these activities is crucial to the 

geopositioning and rectification of remotely sensed data collected by the initiative and is 

fundamental to the application of remote sensing technologies in the CRE. 

Complete organization of legacy data

As in other IT program functions, there is large amounts of legacy survey data pertaining to CRE 

resources that is worth keeping. This information will be inventoried, described, and translated 

into modern data systems. Survey operations will complete this activity in FY2002. 

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

Survey Services

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 35,550

Surveyor - (1-fte) (5%) 33,200 4,300

Surveying Technician (1-fte) (25%) 37,050 14,250

Student Asst - Survey (.5-fte) (100%) 20,000 17,000

Operating Expenses: 35,000

21.0 Travel 2,000 2,000

25.0 Services 6,000

26.0 Supplies and Materials 6,000 27,000

TOTAL 98,250 70,550 70,550

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

Appropriations -

Requested Funding

25.0 Services - Surveying 50,000

TOTAL 50,000

Systems Administration

The GCMRC computing environment is a complex system of servers, workstations, 

laptops, printers, plotters, modems, routers, hubs, switches, copy machines, FAX’s, and 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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telecommunications equipment networked together using 100baseT networking media. Most 

of the computers are of the PC type running the Windows NT/2000 operating system. In 

addition, over 50 applications are utilized by GCMRC scientists and support personnel in 

carrying out the collective mission of the GCMRC. Applications are primarily off-the-shelf 

products but in many cases are highly specialized.

Ongoing activities are to:

• Administer GCMRC network, computers, and software

• Troubleshoot day-to-day computer problems

• Upgrade existing computing infrastructure and provide new functionality

Budget:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP 

Funding

Systems 

Administration

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 61,450

Res. Info Analyst (Prg 

Mgr) (1-fte) (5%) 4,450

Systems Administrator 

(1-fte) (95%) 61,000 57,000

Operating Expenses: 111,000

21.0 Travel 2,500

25.0 Services 3,500

26.0 Supplies and Materials 120,000 25,000

31.0 Equipment 80,000

TOTAL 181,000 172,450

World Wide Web Services

Through the World Wide Web (WWW), general information about the GCMRC, its 

science programs, and the adaptive management program are provided there. In addition, Web 

interfaces to GCMRC databases, GIS data, library content, and other information will be 

provided through this medium. 

Ongoing activities are: 

• Administer the GCMRC website
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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• Troubleshoot day-to-day web problems

FY2002 objectives will focus on improving the quality of the website by:

• Creating more and better web content

• Making more frequent updates

• Creating more user friendly web interfaces

• Creating more easily navigable web pages

• Creating seamless integration of FTP content

Budget:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2002

AMP Funding

World Wide Web

25.0 Contracts 60,000

TOTAL 60,000

Aerial Photography

Aerial photography is a data collection function of the GCMRC ITP. Aerial photography 

is utilized by multiple researchers conducting scientific investigations in the Colorado River 

ecosystem. In FY2002 GCMRC will collect digital color infrared aerial photography with a 

ground resolution less than one foot. GCMRC will collect aerial photography on an annual basis 

to maintain a continuous photographic record of the Canyon started in 1990 at least until the 

protocol evaluation panels and remote sensing initiative conclude in 2002. The need for 

collecting annual aerial photography after 2002 will be reevaluated at that time. After 2002 it 

may continue, be discontinued, or modified based on the recommendations of the review panels 

and remote sensing report.

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

Appropriations - Requested Funding

Aerial Photography

25.0 Contracts 135,000

TOTAL 135,000
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Figure 3.1. – Schematic illustrating the relationship of various Information Technology Program 

functions to the GCMRC monitoring and research program and the AMWG and TWG.

LOGISTICS

GCMRC monitoring and research programs are conducted by contracted Principal 

Investigators (PIs) whose work is administered by Program Managers in physical, biological and 

social-cultural resource programs. GCMRC staff also initiate some of their own in-house 

scientific activities which require logistical support, including the Integrated Water Quality 

Program. The GCMRC also supports Reclamation's logistics needs for five stakeholder Native 

Tribes, as specified under the Programmatic Agreement, and endangered species activities, as 

appropriate. In addition, GCMRC provides logistics support for any contingency plans or 

experimental floods.

To meet these responsibilities, the GCMRC supports approximately 50 downriver trips 

annually on the Colorado River through Grand Canyon. These trips range from four to thirtytwo people in size, seven to twenty days in length, and are comprised of a variety of 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

130

combinations of oar and motor-powered boats. Trip planning begins in the fall, when a draft 

schedule of trips for the next fiscal year is generated by the PIs, GCMRC Logistics Coordinator

and GCMRC Program Managers. Launch and take-out dates, boats to be used, trip rosters and 

itineraries are firmed up as soon thereafter as possible, and must be finalized 60 days prior to 

launch date and submitted to the Logistics Coordinator in order to meet the 45 day deadline for 

submitting launch permit application packets for each trip to the GCNP/NPS.

The GCMRC uses a “partially in-house” method of supporting trips in which 

government-owned boats and river logistical equipment are used in conjunction with four 

contracted vendors who supply Boat Operators, food packs, river put-in and take-out 

transportation and equipment rentals when needs exceed GCMRC inventory. Taken together, 

competitive bids from multiple subcontractors and better oversight over trip particulars that most 

influence cost (number of boats and Boat Operators, food packs, shuttle services) give the 

GCMRC much more control over trip costs.

In addition, the GCMRC in-house Logistics Coordinator and Program Managers are more 

able than subcontracted vendors to accommodate scientists who may be leaders in their field, but 

new to the Colorado River Ecosystem. More effective communication with PIs, and greater 

sensitivity to and awareness of the challenges they face in implementing their studies, enable the 

GCMRC to offer more tailored (and therefore more cost-effective) logistical support than any 

subcontracted vendor. Retaining more control over the process of supporting trips also facilitates 

better compliance with NPS regulations, and enables the GCMRC to match PIs with the best 

Boat Operators for their particular study.

A full-time Logistics Coordinator and Warehouse Manager are necessary under this 

approach. The partially in-house approach has proven to be most cost-effective because rental of 

frequently used river equipment is minimized, while Boat Operators, drivers, and the capitalintensive, high maintenance vehicles used for put-ins and take-outs can be retained as needed 

through subcontractors.

Arrangements for operations services (Logistical and Technical Boat Operators) and 

support services (food packs, put-in/take-out transportation, equipment rentals) are made two to 

four weeks prior to launch date. Operations services are obtained through one of two contracted 

vendors, while support services are obtained through one of three contracted vendors. In certain 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

131

cases, when the necessary expertise is available “in house,” some operational and support 

services may be supplied by either GCMRC and/or the PI without the use of contracted vendors.

Logistics costs have been distributed to projects.

Budget:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 98,300

Logistics Operations Specialist (95%) 55,000 51,300

Supply Technician "Warehouse" (75%) 30,000 30,000

Logistics SummerAid (100%) 17,000

21.0 Travel

25.0 Contracts 557,000

Logistics Contracts 525,000 500,000

Permitting Contract 54,000 57,000

25.0 Services 37,000

Helicopter Support 30,000 31,000

Emergency Evacuation 6,000 6,000

26.0 Supplies and Materials 5,000

Warehouse Supplies 5,000 5,000

31.0 Equipment 30,000 65,000 65,000

41.0 Grants, Subsidies and Contributions

81.0 Intra-Office/Inter-Bureau

Non-salary logistics costs 650,000 664,000

Subtotal all logistics costs 735,000 762,300

Allocation to Projects 437,000 762,300

TOTAL 298,000 0

INDEPENDENT REVIEW PANELS

Peer Review

All of GCMRC's scientific activities undergo an independent, external peer-review. This 

is true for all proposals, whether unsolicited, submitted in response to an RFP, or an in-house 

proposal. Similarly all draft reports received by GCMRC undergo independent, external peerreview. The peer-review protocols developed by GCMRC meet or exceed the standards 

articulated by the Secretary of the Interior for Department of the Interior.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

132

Peer-review for proposals received by GCMRC in response to an RFP is conducted 

through a panel process, while peer-review for unsolicited and in-house proposals, as well as 

project reports is conducted thorough the mail. In all cases, the peer-reviewers are offered 

anonymity and the individual and panel reviews, where applicable, are provided to the PIs along 

with comments from GCMRC.

The GCMRC review process is handled by a report review coordinator to ensure that the 

peer-review process is conducted one-step removed from the GCMRC program managers to 

guard against any conflicts of interest, real or perceived. Strict conflict-of-interest guidelines are 

adhered to. GCMRC annually recruits new individuals to join the ranks of its peer-reviewers and 

maintains a data base of almost 500 potential reviewers, organized by areas of expertise. 

GCMRC peer-reviewers come from academia, Federal and State government, non-governmental 

organizations, and the private sectors. Reviewers are selected on the basis of their record of 

scientific accomplishment.

Science Advisory Board

 The GCMRC established a Science Advisory Board (SAB) in FY 2001 as one of its 

independent review panels. The SAB is an advisory and not a decision-making body. It is an 

interdisciplinary board, composed of scientists who are qualified, based on their record of 

publication in the peer-reviewed literature, or other demonstrable scientific achievements. 

The SAB together and individually will be expected in FY 2002, among other things, to 

review and comment to the AMWG and GCMRC on: (1) GCMRC's annual work plan and 

budget proposal, (2) GCMRC's long-term monitoring and research plan, (3) the results of 

GCMRC's completed monitoring and research activities, (4) the results of any synthesis and 

assessment activities initiated by the GCMRC, and (5) any other activities (i.e., program specific 

scientific advice) it is asked to address by the GCMRC Chief or the AMWG.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

133

Budget:

OBJECT

CLASS DESCRIPTION FY-2001 FY-2002

AMP Funding

11.0 Salary (includes benefits) 15,200

Chief (.10) 15,200

25.0 Contracts

Biology

Cultural

Physical

25.0 Services 179,000

RFP Review 65,000 66,000

SAB Review 80,000 82,000

Technical Report Review 25,000 26,000

Unsolicited & In-House Proposal Review 5,000 5,000

TOTAL 175,000 194,200

Appropriations - Requested Funding

25.0 Contracts (Executive Secretary) 50,000

TOTAL 50,000

PUBLIC OUTREACH

In conjunction with an ad hoc group of the AMWG, GCMRC is developing public 

outreach activities. These will range from material for articles to videotapes describing the 

adaptive management program and associated scientific activities, to providing GCMRC staff to 

speak at different meetings.

To complement GCMRC’s overall public outreach efforts, an outreach project is 

proposed that links the IT Program and Socio-cultural Program with the dissemination of cultural 

resource data. This effort is described as project C.8 in Chapter 2. 

ADMINISTRATION & PERSONNEL

The GCMRC will be administered by a Chief and four program managers (physical, 

biological, socio-cultural, and information technologies) to oversee the individual resource areas 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

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and an extensive program of data analysis and management, GIS technology and 

information transfer, surveying and evaluation of remote sensing technologies. Together with 

the Chief, they will focus on program integration and evaluation of Colorado River ecosystem 

resource interactions in response to dam operations. 

In addition to their program management responsibilities, the program managers are also 

expected to remain subject area experts in their respective fields through the conduct of their 

own research on the Colorado River ecosystem. It is important that GCMRC program managers 

and scientific staff maintain this expertise so they can provide high quality technical assistance in 

the form of expert analysis, opinion, and advice to the Chief, TWG and the AMWG as requested. 

This will include but is not limited to the annual State of the Canyon Resources Report, 

evaluation of the BHBF resource criteria, preparing draft biological assessments and other such 

synthesis and activities which may be requested. The Socio-cultural Program Manager will also 

function as the Native American coordinator called for in the EIS. The program managers will 

supervise additional technical and support staff.

The GCMRC will continue to conduct all logistics for its programs internally in FY 2002, 

with direct coordination with appropriate NPS offices. This approach has proven its costeffectiveness. In addition to cost savings, by running the logistics program in-house, GCMRC is 

able to ensure compliance with all NPS directives, consolidate and coordinate river trips, and 

create a level playing field so all researchers have an equal chance at competing for proposals 

and successfully implementing their projects. All river trip logistics and permitting, air 

photography, rescue, etc., is overseen by the logistics coordinator in cooperation with the NPS. 

GCMRC expects to initiate between 45 to 50 river trips in FY 2002. Running this many river 

trips requires a full-time logistics coordinator and a full-time warehouse technician.

All completed proposals, Principal Investigator reports, GCMRC reports, cooperative 

programs, etc., are subject to independent peer review according to GCMRC’s peer-review 

protocols. Monitoring and research proposals are subjected to independent external peer- review 

and awards are made competitively based on these reviews. All research proposed by GCMRC 

program managers and scientists also undergoes an independent external review. Similarly, all 

PI reports and GCMRC reports are subject to independent external review. Managing 

GCMRC’s peer-review process requires 3 to 6 person months and is the responsibility of the 
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

135

Librarian/Review Coordinator. The Review Coordinator reports directly to the Chief and 

serves to see that the peer-reviews are overseen by someone one-step removed from the program 

activities to ensure the objectivity of the review, as specified in the DOI peer-review guidelines.

A Cultural Resources Task Group operates to facilitate the incorporation of cultural 

concerns within all GCMRC program areas to assist the GCMRC in the development of a more 

integrated program that incorporates Native American perspectives. The Task Group consists of 

the GCMRC Socio-cultural Resources Program Manager, Reclamation’s Regional 

Archaeologist, NPS managers, and Western Area Power Administration's Archaeologist, and 

Tribal representatives. 

A Biological Opinion Task Group operates to ensure appropriate coordination between 

GCMRC and the monitoring and research needs of the Bureau and USFWS under various 

biological opinions. The Task Group consists of the GCMRC Biological Resources Program 

Manager and appropriate representatives of Reclamation, FWS, AGFD and other AMWG 

members. All proposed activities are reviewed by the TWG.

The Information Technologies program has personnel with specific responsibility for its 

Systems Administration, Data Base Management, GIS, Remote Sensing, and surveying 

activities. These personnel assure critical timely support to managers and other stakeholders in 

their interactions with the GCMRC, especially in their requests for information. For example, 

the surveying department is staffed by two full-time surveyors and a staff assistant who provide 

GCMRC and PIs with high quality, cost-effective, and timely support of their program and 

activities in the areas of terrestrial and bathymetric surveying. Having in-house capability 

ensures familiarity with the challenges of surveying in the canyon and promotes reproducible, 

quality data critical to sound monitoring and research programs.

As called for in the GCDEIS, independent review panels are utilized to evaluate 

GCMRC’s Annual Plan, review proposals submitted to GCMRC for potential funding, review 

reports resulting from GCMRC sponsored activities, and provide advice to GCMRC and the 

AMWG. With respect to the SAB, GCMRC will designate a person to serve as the Executive 

Director who can provide leadership to the SAB and serve as the liaison officer to the AMWG 

and the GCMRC. It is anticipated that the role of Executive Director will require one to three 

person-months annually.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

136

Program Schedule

The tentative schedule for implementation of the FY 2001 Monitoring and Research Plan 

(annual plan) is as follows:

January 11-12, 2000 AMWG review of FY 2002 Annual Plan and 

recommendations for implementation

March 2001 Review of FY 2000 program accomplishments

April 2001 First Progress Report due on FY 2001 program activities

April-May 2001 Release of RFPs

July 2001 Second Progress Report due on FY 2001 program activities

July 2001 Receipt of Proposals for FY 2002 program

August 2001 Panel Review of FY 2002 Proposals

September 2001 Notification of Intent for FY 2002 Awards

September 2001 Draft Final Reports due on FY 2001 program activities

Sept./Oct. 2001 FY 2002 Awards

October 2001 Develop Logistics Plan for FY 2002 program

October 2001 Draft FY 2003 Annual Plan and FY 2001 “State of the 

Colorado River Ecosystem Resources” report for review by 

TWG/AMWG

December 2001 Final “State of the Colorado River Ecosystem Resources” 

report to AMWG.

December 2001 Final Reports on FY 2001 programs with all contract 

deliverables

January 2002 AMWG review of FY 2003 Annual Plan and 

recommendations for implementation

GCMRC Budget

The total FY2002 budget for the GCMRC is $7,883,000. In addition, $307,000 is 

programmed for the IWQP in Lake Powell from Reclamation operation and maintenance funds.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

137

References Cited

Doelle, W., et al., 2000. Final Report: Cultural Resource Program Assessment. Protocol 

Evaluation Panel submitted to Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff, 

AZ.

Gorman O.T., R.G. Bramblett, 1998. Monitoring and studies of native fishes of the Colorado 

River ecosystem in Grand Canyon, Arizona. US Fish and Wildlife Service submitted to 

Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff, AZ.

Hereford, R., 1993. Description of Map Units and Discussion to accompany Map showing 

Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Palisades Creek Archeologic Area, Grand 

Canyon National Park, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93-553). Flagstaff, AZ.

Hereford, R., H. C. Fairley, K. S. Thompson and J. R. Balsom, 1993. Surficial Geology, 

Geomorphology and Erosion of Archeologic Sites along the Colorado River, Eastern Grand 

Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Grand Canyon National Park in cooperation 

with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 93-517). Flagstaff, AZ.

Hereford, R., K. S. Thompson, K. J. Burke and H. C. Fairley, 1995. Late Holocene Debris Fans 

and Alluvial Chronology of the Colorado River, Eastern Grand Canyon, AZ. U.S. Geological 

Survey (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-57). Flagstaff, AZ.

Hereford, R., K. J. Burke and K. S. Thompson, 1996. Description of Map Units and Discussion 

to Accompany Map Showing Quarternary Geology and Geomorphology of the Nankoweap 

Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey (U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 96-502). Flagstaff, AZ.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

138

Kearsley, L. H., 1994. Effects of Glen Canyon Dam on Colorado River sand deposits used 

as campsites in Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Regulated Rivers: Research and 

Management, v9, 137-149.

Kearsley, L. H., R. D. Quartaroli and M. J. C. Kearsley, 1999. Changes in the number and size 

of campsites as determined by inventory and measurement in The Controlled Flood in Grand 

Canyon. Geophysical Monograph 110, American Geophysical Union.

Kearsley, L. H., 1994. Effects of Glen Canyon Dam on Colorado River sand deposits used as 

campsites in Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Regulated Rivers: Research and 

Management, v9, 137-149.

Kearsley, L. H., 1995. Monitoring the effects of interim flows on campsite size along the 

Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park (final report). Grand Canyon National Park 

Division of Resource Management, National Park Service. In cooperation with USDOI 

Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Environmental Studies, Cooperative Agreement 

CA8022-8-0002.

Kearsley, L. H., R. D. Quartaroli and M. J. C. Kearsley, 1999. Changes in the number and size 

of campsites as determined by inventory and measurement in The Controlled Flood in Grand 

Canyon. Geophysical Monograph 110, American Geophysical Union.

Leap, L. M., J. L. Kunde, D. C. Hubbard, C. E. Downum, N. B. Andrews, J. R. Balsom and A. 

Miller, 2000. Grand Canyon monitoring project 1992-1999: Synthesis and annual report, 

FY99. River Corridor Monitoring Project No. 66, Grand Canyon National Park and Northern 

Arizona University. Cooperative Agreement No. CA 8210-97-002.

Melis, T.S., 1997, Geomorphology of debris flows and alluvial fans in Grand Canyon National

Park and their influence on the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona: Ph.D. 

dissertation, 490 p. University of Arizona, Tucson.
FY 2002 MONITORING AND RESEARCH WORK PLAN - DRAFT – October 30, 2000

139

Melis, T. S., R. H. Webb, P. G. Griffiths and T. W. Wise, 1995. Magnitude and frequency data 

for historic debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park and vicinity, Arizona: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 94-4214, 285 p.

Meretsky, V. J. and D. L. Wegner. 1998. Annual report on monitoring of Kanab ambersnail at

Vaseys Paradise. SWCA, Environmental Consultants, Inc., submitted to Grand Canyon 

Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff, AZ.

Neal, L. A., D. Gilpin, L. Jonas and J.H. Ballagh, 2000. Cultural Resources Data Synthesis 

Within the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon National Park and Glen Canyon National 

Recreation Area, Arizona. SWCA, Environmental Consultants, Inc., submitted to Grand 

Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff, AZ.

Stewart, W., et al., 2000. Preferences of recreation user groups of the Colorado River in Grand 

Canyon. University of Illinois, Carbondale, submitted to Grand Canyon Monitoring and 

Research Center, Flagstaff, AZ.

Thompson, K. S., A. R. Potochnik, R. Ryel, G. O’Brien, L. A. Neal, 2000. Development of a 

geomorphic model to predict erosion of pre-dam Colorado River terraces containing 

archaeological resources. SWCA, Environmental Consultants, Inc., submitted to Grand 

Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff, AZ.

Webb, R. H., Melis, T. S., P. G. Griffiths, and J. G. Elliot, 1999. Reworking of aggraded debris 

fans: in R. H. Webb, J. C. Schmidt, G. R. Marzolf, and R. A. Valdez (editors): The 

Controlled Flood in Grand Canyon, p. 37-52, American Geophysical Union Monograph 110, 

Washington.
1

 

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND INFORMATION NEEDS

A. Introduction

Management objectives and information needs help to define measurable standards of 

desired conditions which will serve as targets expected to be achieved by the participants in the 

AMP. The objectives and information needs also drive the strategic planning process and they 

provide the basis for the formulation of the long-term monitoring research program described 

elsewhere in this plan.

Historical Development Of The Management Objectives And Information Needs

Using the nine resource areas in the EIS, the Upper Colorado Regional Office of the 

Bureau of Reclamation worked with a subgroup of the Transition Work Group to develop 

management objectives intended to guide the development of GCMRC monitoring and research 

activities. This group was disbanded with the completion of their assignment and release of their 

July, 1996 recommendations.

Many stakeholders that participated in the Transition Work Group now serve in the 

AMWG and the TWG, providing continuity for the AMP. Also in 1996, under the guidance of 

GCMRC, several workshops were held with scientists who had conducted research under the 

auspices of GCES to define information needs associated with the various management 

objectives.

In July 1997, AMWG requested that the TWG proceed with the evaluation and revision 

of Management Objectives and the prioritization of Information Needs. The revision represents 

a concerted effort by the stakeholders to identify objectives as desired resource conditions sought 

by various stakeholders, and describe information needs in a way that clarifies the required data 

for assisting stakeholders in determining the condition of these resources, and how conditions are 

affected by management actions.

Revision Process and Prioritization Planning

Starting in January 1998, an ad hoc group from the TWG met to address the Management 

Objectives and Information Needs. Meetings were held to discuss general procedures for the 

revision process and the objectives and information needs by resource area. The purpose of the 

meetings was to review and revise management objectives and information needs, to establish 

relative priorities by study type, resource class, and research/monitoring question. The group 

was also tasked with reporting to the TWG during the process and to present recommendations 

on the revised information to the AMWG for adoption. The details of the prioritization process 

and the revised management objectives and prioritized information needs which provide the 

direction for strategic planning can be found in section B of this Appendix.

APPENDIX 1
2

2

The prioritized information needs will permit the GCMRC to stage the various 

information needs currently specified by stakeholders over years FY2000 to 2004. High priority 

information needs will be initiated in years FY2000 and FY2001 whereas other monitoring and 

research needs may be delayed for initiation until FY2002 or beyond. As a result of developing 

this strategic plan, it has become clear that not all of the information needs currently proposed by 

stakeholders can be addressed in the next 5 years. Because the information needs are so 

extensive, and because many relate to annual or intermittent monitoring requirements, it is 

anticipated that about one-third to one-half of the information needs specified will actually be 

completed in the 5-year planning period and much monitoring is expected to continue into an 

extended 10-year program.

B. Summary

Table 2.4 Summary of MOs & INs. (See June 10, 1998, Management Objectives and 

Information Needs document for more detail.)

Resource Category Short Name Mgt Obj Info Need O X Mon or Res

Ecosystem assessment Conceptual model MO 1: IN 1.1 7 14 R

Aquatic foodbase Aquatic foodbase - monitor MO 1: IN 1.1 10 9 M

Aquatic foodbase Aquatic foodbase - dam FX MO 1: IN 1.2 10 9 R

Aquatic foodbase Aquatic foodbase for fish MO 1: IN 1.3 10 10 R

Trout Trout population dynamics MO 2: IN 2.1 8 9 R

Trout Trout population trends MO 2: IN 2.2 5 5 M

Trout Trout condition #1 MO 2: IN 2.3 2 1 M

Trout Trout spawning habitat availability MO 2: IN 2.4 4 4 R

Trout Trout condition #2 MO 2: IN 2.5 4 0 M&R

Trout Trout maintenance RX#1 MO 2: IN 2.6 4 3 R

Trout Trout/foodbase trophic dynamics MO 2: IN 2.7 3 4 R

Native Fish HBC population dynamics MO 3/4: IN 3/4.1 10 10 M&R

Native Fish HBC recruitment MO 3/4: IN 3/4.2 11 8 M&R

Native Fish HBC winter survival MO 3/4: IN 3/4.3 10 8 R

Native Fish HBC intrxn with NN fish MO 3/4: IN 3/4.4 2 0 R&M

Native Fish HBC habitat availability MO 3/4: IN 3/4.5 10 6 R

Native Fish HBC protocol and recreation FX MO 3/4: IN 3/4.6 2 1 Protocol R

Native Fish HBC trophic dynamics MO 3/4: IN 3/4.7 7 6 R

Native Fish HBC YOY habitat and NNS interxs MO 3/4: IN 3/4.8 7 6 R

Native Fish HBC population loss to flows MO 3/4: IN 3/4.9 6 5 R

Native Fish HBC good year strategy MO 3/4: IN 3/4.10 4 2 Admin.

Native Fish HBC downstream transport MO 3/4: IN 3/4.11 6 3 R

Native Fish HBC flow-related take MO 3/4: IN 3/4.12 9 8 R

Native Fish HBC flow criteria to limit take MO 3/4: IN 3/4.13 8 7 Admin.

Native Fish Threatened fish - RPM test flows MO 3/4: IN 3/4.14 5 4 R

Native Fish Native fish – mainstream thermal 

model

MO 5: IN 5.1 6 2 R

Native Fish Native fish – thermal mod FX#1 MO 5: IN 5.2 10 10 R

Native Fish Native fish – thermal mod FX#2 MO 5: IN 5.3 14 14 R

Native Fish Thermal mod impacts on LP fish MO 5: IN 5.4 7 2 R
3

3

Native Fish NN fish control – temperature and 

floods

MO 5: IN 5.599R

Native Fish HBC population mgt. criteria MO 6: IN 6.198R

Native Fish HBC 2nd pop. Feasibility study MO 6: IN 6.297R

Native Fish RBS 2nd pop. Feasibility study MO 7: IN 7.175R

Native Fish Native fish pop. Status MO 8: IN 8.198M

Native Fish Native fish pop. Dynamics#1 MO 8: IN 8.274M

Native Fish Native fish historic pop. dynamics #1 MO 8: IN 8.331 M&R

Native Fish Native fish historic pop. dynamics#2 MO 8: IN 8.452 M&R

Native Fish Native fish flow regime FX MO 8: IN 8.574R

Native Fish Native fish maintenance criteria MO 8: IN 8.674R

Native Fish Native fish experimental flows design 

#1

MO 9: IN 9.132R

Native Fish Native fish experimental flows design 

#2

MO 9: IN 9.251R

Native Fish Native fish trib flows and recruitment MO 9: IN 9.373 M&R

Native Fish Native - NN fish nearshore intrxns MO 9: IN 9.461R

Native Fish Native/NN fish intrxns #1 MO 10: IN 10.165R

Native Fish Native/NN fish intrxns #2 MO 10: IN 10.243R

Native Fish Native/NN fish mitigation intrxns MO 10: IN 10.333R

Native Fish NN fish distrib. And natural history MO 10: IN 10.452M

Native Fish Native/NN fish intrxns #3 MO 10: IN 10.562R

Native FishNative and NN fish autecology MO 10: IN 10.662 M&R

Riparian Autecology of riparian species MO 11: IN 11.199 M&R

Riparian Riparian population variability MO 11: IN 11.246 M&R

Riparian Riparian SOC population changes MO 11: IN 11.324 M&R

Riparian Riparian species habitat distribution MO 11: IN 11.457 M&R

Riparian Riparian habitat map MO 11: IN 11.554R

Riparian Monitor leopard frogs MO 11: IN 11.668R

Riparian Feasibility of 2nd leopard frog 

populations

MO 11: IN 11.711 Admin.

Riparian Evaluate amphibian sensitivity MO 11: IN 11.823R

Riparian Riparian spp – dam FX on 

demography #1

MO 12: IN 12.168R

Riparian Riparian spp – ranges MO 12: IN 12.211R

Riparian Riparian spp – age classes MO 12: IN 12.300R

Riparian Riparian spp – dam FX on 

demography #2

MO 12: IN 12.422R

Riparian Riparian spp – general dam FX MO 12: IN 12.511 R&M

Riparian Riparian food webs: SOC MO 13: IN 13.177 R&M

Riparian Riparian food webs: birds MO 13: IN 13.268R

Riparian Pefa - aerie distribution MO 13: IN 13.311 R&M

Riparian Pefa - population dynamics MO 13: IN 13.422R

Riparian Bald eagle - dam FX MO 13: IN 13.533 R&M

Riparian KAS - habitat RX #1 MO 14: IN 14.198M

Riparian KAS - special flow impacts MO 14: IN 14.277 R&M

Riparian KAS - habitat RX #2 MO 14: IN 14.388 R&M

Riparian KAS - monitor exceptional flow 

impacts

MO 14: IN 14.477M

Riparian KAS - life history schedule MO 14: IN 14.577 R&M

Riparian KAS - monitor #1 MO 14: IN 14.6 11 10 R&M

Riparian KAS - monitor #2 MO 14: IN 14.756M

Riparian KAS - genetic relationships MO 15: IN 15.175R

Riparian KAS - habitat propagation MO 15: IN 15.264R
4

4

Riparian Riparian veg – distribution: all #1 MO 16: IN 16.1 5 6 M

Riparian Riparian veg – distribution: OHW MO 16: IN 16.2 4 5 R&M

Riparian Riparian veg – maintain and restore MO 16: IN 16.3 0 0 M

Riparian Riparian veg – dam FX MO 16: IN 16.4 4 4 R&M

Riparian Riparian veg - life histories MO 16: IN 16.5 2 2 R

Riparian Riparian veg – NNS and dam FX MO 16: IN 16.6 4 5 R&M

Cultural Cultural sites – monitor MO 1: IN 1.1 12 13 M

Cultural Cultural sites – risk assessment MO 1: IN 1.2 6 4 R

Cultural Cultural sites – info needs MO 1: IN 1.3 7 7 Admin.

Cultural Cultural sites – monitor risk MO 1: IN 1.4 6 5 R&M

Cultural Cultural sites – preserve terraces #1 MO 1: IN 1.5 5 2 M

Cultural Cultural sites – preserve terraces #2 MO 1: IN 1.6 6 2 R&M

Cultural Cultural sites & recreation FX MO 1: IN 1.7 1 0 R

Cultural Cultural sites – mitigation strategies MO 2: IN 2.1 9 9 Admin.

Cultural Cultural sites – data recovery 

strategies

MO 2: IN 2.2 5 2 Admin.

Cultural Cultural sites – characterize dam FX MO 3: IN 3.1 9 6 R

Cultural Cultural site data management MO 4: IN 4.1 7 5 Admin.

Socioeconomic Socioeconomics - monitor hydropower 

$

MO 1: IN 1.1 M

Socioeconomic Socioeconomics - costs of ROD MO 1: IN 1.2 M

Socioeconomic Socioeconomics - research costs MO 1: IN 1.3 M

Socioeconomic Socioeconomics - integrated systems 

mgt.

MO 1: IN 1.4 Admin.

Water Flow - monitor releases MO 1: IN 1.1 M

Water Flow - monitor WQ and dam FX on 

major ions

MO 2: IN 2.1 9 9 M

Water Flow - thermal modification MO 2: IN 2.2 6 6 R&M

Sediment Sediment – historic distribution & flow 

FX: all #1

MO 1: IN 1.1 5 7 R&M

Sediment Sediment – minimum storage for 

sustainability

MO 1: IN 1.2 9 11 R

Sediment Sediment – monitor flow FX by reach MO 1: IN 1.3 7 10 R

Sediment Sediment - monitor inputs: all MO 1: IN 1.4 8 10 R&M

Sediment Sediment – GCNRA bar distribution, 

sand input

MO 1: IN 1.5 5 6 R&M

Sediment Sediment - bar & backwater 

distribution: '90-91

MO 2: IN 2.1 1 1 M

Sediment Sediment – establish baselines MO 2: IN 2.2 3 2 Admin.

Sediment Sediment – monitor sand bar 

distribution #1

MO 2: IN 2.3 3 5 R&M

Sediment Cultural - monitor terraces MO 2: IN 2.4 2 3 M

Sediment Sediment - bar & backwater 

distribution: model

MO 2: IN 2.5 3 3 R&M

Sediment Sediment - bar, backwater and camp 

distribution

MO 2: IN 2.6 6 8 R&M

Sediment Sediment - bar & backwater 

distribution

MO 2: IN 2.7 2 5 R

Sediment Flow - spillway impacts on bed and 

benthos

MO 2: IN 2.8 1 1 R&M

Sediment Backwater distribution: '90-91, 96-97 

#1

MO 3: IN 3.1 4 3 R

Sediment Backwater distribution: '90-91, 96-97 

#2

MO 3: IN 3.2 3 2 R

Sediment Sediment - bar & backwater 

distribution #2

MO 3: IN 3.3 3 4 R&M

Sediment Sediment – linkage to biota MO 3: IN 3.4 7 8 R

Sediment Backwater distribution: '90-91, 96-97 

#3

MO 3: IN 3.5 2 3 R

Sediment Backwater distribution: '90-91, 96-97 

#4

MO 4: IN 4.1 6 6 R&M

Sediment Sediment - model dam FX on bars, 

backwaters

MO 4: IN 4.2 4 6 Admin.

Sediment Sediment – assess dam FX on bars, 

backwaters

MO 4: IN 4.3 5 5 Admin.

Sediment Sediment - monitor inputs: Marble 

Canyon

MO 4: IN NH1. 3 3 R&M

Sediment Sediment – GCNRA high terrace 

erosion #1

MO 4: IN NH2. 1 1 R
5

5

Sediment Sediment - monitor inputs: GCNRA MO 4: IN NH3. 2 2 R

Sediment Sediment – GCNRA high terrace 

erosion #2

MO 4: IN NH4. 2 1 R&M

Sediment Sediment – GCNRA bed morphology 

dynamics

MO 4: IN NH5. 2 4 R

Sediment Sediment – GCNRA grain size 

distribution

MO 4: IN NH6. 1 1 R

Sediment Sediment – historic distribution & flow 

FX: GCNRA

MO 4: IN NH7. 0 2 R&M

Sediment Sediment – historic distribution & flow 

FX: all #2

MO 4: IN NH8. 2 3 R&M

GIS GIS - map topography, geology, soils MO 1: IN 1.1 1 1 R

GIS GIS - data archival and storage MO 1: IN 1.2 0 2 Admin.

Recreation Recreation – experience MO 1: IN 1.1 4 9 R&M

Recreation Recreation – monitoring and research 

impacts

MO 1: IN 1.2 2 5 R

Recreation Recreation – mitigate negative flow FX MO 1: IN 1.3 4 10 Admin.

Recreation Recreation – angler satisfaction, use 

and harvest

MO 1: IN 1.4 2 3 R&M

Recreation Water - heavy metal impacts on fish MO 1: IN 1.5 0 0 R

Recreation Recreation – camp 

distribution,carrying capacity

MO 2: IN 2.1 1 10 R&M

Recreation Recreation - dam FX on camp 

distribution

MO 2: IN 2.2 6 8 Admin.

Recreation Recreation – develop campsite 

monitoring strategy

MO 2: IN 2.3 1 3 Admin.

Recreation Recreation – model flow FX on 

campsites

MO 2: IN 2.4 2 2 R

Recreation Recreation safety - boating: GCNRA MO 3: IN 3.1 1 3 R&M

Recreation Recreation safety - boating: all MO 3: IN 3.2 3 3 R&M

Recreation Recreation safety - boating: Grand 

Canyon

MO 3: IN 3.3 2 1 R&M

Recreation Ecosystem Assessment - FX of flows 

for safety on ecosystem

MO 3: IN 3.4 1 0 Admin.

Recreation Recreation – Resource conflicts with 

day rafting

MO 3: IN 3.5 2 1 Admin.

Recreation Trout - flows RX for 100k trout MO 4: IN 4.1 2 7 R

Recreation Waterfowl – hunter use, satisfaction, 

conflicts

MO 5: IN 5.1 1 2 R

Lake Powell Water - Lake Powell WQ MO 1: IN 1.1 

(Phys)

10 14 R&M

Lake Powell Water - dam FX on Lake Powell WQ 

&productivity

MO 1: IN 1.1 (Biol) 5 12 R

Lake Powell Water - Lake Powell, selenium 

impacts #1

MO 1: IN 1.2 1 0 R

Lake Powell Water - water temperature impacts in 

Lake Powell

MO 2: IN 2.1 1 9 R

Lake Powell Lake Powell - dam FX on surface flux 

impacts

MO 2: IN 2.2 0 1 R&M

Lake Powell Water - Lake Powell, selenium 

impacts #2

MO 2: IN 2.3 0 0 R

Lake Powell Lake Powell – dam FX on advective 

flow

MO 2: IN 2.4 0 1 R&M

Lake Powell Lake Powell - fish: dam FX on predprey rels.MO 2: IN 2.5 1 1 R

Lake Powell Lake Powell - fish: dam FX on 

movement

MO 2: IN 2.6 1 5 R

Aquatic foodbase Fisheries – habitat distribution: 

mainstream+ tribs

MO 1: IN 1.7 

(App.)

1 3 R

Aquatic foodbase GIS - aquatic habitat map by stage MO 1: IN 1.8 

(App.)

1 1 R

Aquatic foodbase Fisheries - dam FX on habitat 

distribution

MO 1: IN 1.9 

(App.)

2 4 R

Aquatic foodbase Aquatic foodbase - exposure FX MO 1: IN 1.10 

(App.)

2 3 R

Aquatic foodbase Aquatic foodbase - dam FX on 

hyporheic comms.

MO 1: IN 1.11 

(App.)

0 0 R

Aquatic foodbase Water - selenium impacts on 

benthos/hyporheic

MO 1: IN 1.12 

(App.)

1 0 R

Native fish FMS spawning hab. distrib. #1: 

recruitment

MO 8: IN 1. (App.) 3 1 R&M

Native fish FMS adult origins MO 8: IN 2. (App.) 2 2 R&M

Native fish FMS spawning hab. distrib. #2: Glen 

Canyon

MO 8: IN 3. (App.) 3 1 R&M

Native fish FMS mechanisms of spawning failure MO 8: IN 4. (App.) 2 1 R

Native fish Native fish - FMS dam FX on 

recruitment

MO 8: IN 5. (App.) 3 2 R

Native fish Native fish – spawning and trib. 

Mouths

MO 8: IN 6. (App.) 2 1 R&M

Native fish Aquatic foodbase - dam FX on 

distribution

MO 8: IN 7. (App.) 0 0 R&M

Native fish Native fish - FMS habitat RX MO 8: IN 8. (App.) 1 0 R
6

6

Native fish Native fish - FMS spawning hab. 

distrib. #3: site fidelity

MO 8: IN 9. (App.) 1 0 R&M

Native fish Native fish - MS spawning hab. distrib. 

#4: historic use

MO 8: IN 10. 

(App.)

0 0 R&M

Native fish Native fish - FMS population model MO 8: IN 11. 

(App.)

2 1 R

Native fish Native fish - FMS habitat modification 

RX

MO 8: IN 12. 

(App.)

1 0 Admin.

Native fish Native/NN fish intrxns #4 MO 8: IN 13. 

(App.)

2 0 R

Native fish Water - selenium FX on native fish MO 8: IN 14. 

(App.)

0 0 R
1

GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER

(GCMRC)

MISSION

To provide credible, objective scientific information to the Adaptive Management Program on 

the effects of operating Glen Canyon Dam on the downstream resources of the Colorado River

ecosystem, utilizing an ecosystem science approach.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GCMRC

1. Advocate quality, objective science and the use of that science in the adaptive management 

decision process.

2. Provide scientific information for all resources of concern identified in the “Operation of 

Glen Canyon Dam Final Environmental Impact Statement.”

3. Support the Secretary’s designee and the Adaptive Management Work Group in a technical 

advisory role.

4. Develop research designs and proposals for implementing, by GCMRC and/or its 

contractors, monitoring and research activities in support of information needs identified by 

the Adaptive Management Work Group.

5. Coordinate review of the monitoring and research program with independent review panel(s).

6. Coordinate, prepare, and distribute technical reports and documentation for review and as 

final products.

7. Prepare and forward technical management recommendations and annual reports, as 

specified in Section 1804 of the Grand Canyon Protection Act to the Technical Work Group.

8. Manage all data collected as part of the Adaptive Management Program. Serve as a 

repository (source of information) for others (stakeholders, students, public, etc.) in various 

formats (paper, electronic, etc.) about the effects of operating Glen Canyon Dam on the 

downstream resources of the Colorado River ecosystem and the Adaptive Management 

Program.

9. Administer research proposals through a competitive contract process, as appropriate.

10. Manage GCMRC finances and personnel efficiently and effectively.

July 1999 

APPENDIX 2
1

1

Table 2.1. Summary table of FY2002 Project titles and associated Management Objectives and Information 

Needs.

A. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

Project Title and ID: A.1. Terrestrial Ecosystem Monitoring

Status: Ongoing, originally initiated in FY2001.

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE INFORMATION NEED

TERR MO 11: Protect, restore, and enhance survival of 

native and special status species (federal, tribal, and state 

designations). Ensure that the required habitat for these 

species is preserved.

TERR MO 12: Maintain a natural age-class distribution of 

wildlife species throughout the majority of natural range in 

Glen and Grand Canyon...

AVI MO 13: Protect, restore, and enhance survival of native 

and special status avifauna.

TERR IN 11.1 De fine and specify ecology of native faunal 

components, especially threatened and endangered species; 

including evolutionary and environmental changes, natural range 

of variation, linkages, interdependencies, and requirements

TERR IN 11.2 Determine species population characteristics to 

detect departures from natural range of variation.

TERR IN 11.3 Determine changes, declines in special status 

species and characterize ecosystem changes to benefit species.

TERR IN 12.1 Identify terrestrial species potentially affected by 

dam operations and determined effects on distribution, abundance 

and population structure.

AVI IN 13.2 Determine impacts of dam operations under 

approved operating criteria on avifauna food chain associations

Project Title and ID: A.2. Monitoring kanab ambersnail and habitat at Vaseys Paradise

Status: Ongoing.

KAS MO 14: Sustain populations of Kanab ambersnail 

wherever they currently exist within the Colorado River 

ecosystem.

KAS IN 14.4 Survey KAS habitat before and after any flow 

greater than 25,000 cfs to determine population and its species 

response to disturbance and ability to recover. (T&C 4, p.42; and 

RPM)

KAS IN 14.7 Determine changes in populations, health and 

character of Kanab ambersnail.

Project Title and ID: A.3. New research in terrestrial ecosystems

Status: New for FY2002

PLACE HOLDER FOR SEVERAL POTENTIAL 

PROJECTS

PLACE HOLDER FOR SEVERAL POTENTIAL 

PROJECTS.

APPENDIX 3
2

2

Project Title and ID: A.4. Evaluation of cultural resource monitoring and mitigation strategies

Status: New for FY2002

CULT MO 1: Conserve in situ all the downstream cultural 

resources and take into account Native American cultural 

resource concerns in the Colorado River ecosystem. 

CULT MO 2: If in situ conservation is not possible, design

mitigative strategies that integrate the full consideration of the 

values of all concerned tribes with a scientific approach

CULT IN 1.1 Monitor cultural sites potentially 

impacted by Glen Canyon Dam operations to determine present 

condition and rate of change to assess: types of degradation, 

threats; rates of degradation; define immediacy of threats to 

resources; protection methodologies; protection, monitoring and 

research costs.

CULT IN 2.1 Characterize through scientific study and data 

development all assumed historical and current values, including 

scientific values, of resources to tribal nations and to the general 

public.

Project Title and ID: A.5. Development of historic contexts to evaluate the significance of cultural 

resource data

Status: New for FY2002

CULT MO 4: Maintain and integrate all appropriate cultural 

data recovered from monitoring, remedial, and mitigative 

action and incorporate these data into the evolving research 

designs and mitigative strategies for understanding the human 

occupation and use of the Colorado River ecosystem.

CULT IN 4.1 Develop evolving research designs and/or other 

methods including synthesis of existing available data and GIS for 

understanding human occupation and use.

Project Title and ID: A.6. Terrestrial habitat map and inventory

Status: New for FY2002

TERR MO 11: Protect, restore, and enhance survival of 

native and special status species (federal, tribal, and state 

designations). Ensure that the required habitat for these 

species is preserved

TERR 11.4. Identify and characterize riparian wildlife habitat 

types along the river corridor
3

3

B. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

Project Title and ID: B.1. Monitoring aquatic foodbase and evaluating its quality for utilization

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001. May be revised based on PEP 

recommendations.

AFB MO 1: Maintain and enhance the aquatic food base in 

the Colorado River ecosystem to support desired populations 

of native and non-native fish. At a minimum, maintain 

continuously inundated areas for Cladophora and aquatic 

invertebrates at or above 5,000 cfs discharge levels from Glen 

Canyon Dam.

AFB IN 1.1 Determine status and trends in aquatic food base 

species composition and population structure, density and 

distribution and the influence of ecologically significant processes.

AFB IN 1.2 Determine the effects of past, present, and future 

dam operations under the approved operations criteria on the 

aquatic food base species composition, population structure, 

density, and distribution in the Colorado River ecosystem.

AFB IN 1.3 Determine the aquatic food base species composition, 

population structure, density, and distribution required to maintain 

desired populations of native and non-native fish in the Colorado 

River ecosystem.

HBC IN 3/4.7 Determine origins of fish food resources, energy 

pathways, and nutrient sources important to their production, and 

the effects of Glen Canyon Dam operations on these resources. 

(RPM 1.C.vi) Evaluate linkages between the aquatic food base 

and the health and sustainability of HBC populations.

Project Title and ID: B.2. Monitoring of the status and trends of the downstream fish community

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001. Will be revised based on PEP 

recommendations.

HBC MO 4: Maintain or enhance levels of recruitment of 

HBC in the mainstem as indexed by size frequency 

distributions and presence and strength of year-classes. 

(Focused at young-of-year and juvenile fish, and should 

include a fish health assessment.)

FMS MO 8: Achieve healthy, self-sustaining populations of 

flannelmouth sucker, bluehead sucker, and speckled dace in 

the Colorado River ecosystem, with special emphasis on 

flannelmouth sucker in Glen Canyon based upon the 

capability of the habitat to support those fishes.

MO 10: Minimize to the extent possible, competitive and 

predatory interactions between native & non-native fishes.

HBC IN 3/4.1 Determine adult HBC populations and evaluate life 

history schedules, population health, and reproductive success. 

(Fall 97 RPM 1)

HBC IN 3/4.2 Determine levels of recruitment of humpback 

chub in the mainstem and the LCR.

FMS IN 8.2 Determine population dynamics, distribution, and 

other life history traits of native fish species.

FMS IN 8.3 Determine historic and current character and structure 

of native fish populations.

IN 10.1. Define areas and conditions of existing and potential 

interations.

N/NN FISH IN 10.4 Determine the species composition, relative 

abundance, and size class structure of non-native fishes in the 

Colorado River ecosystem and important tributaries.
4

4

Project Title and ID: B.3. Monitoring the status and trends of the Lees Ferry Fishery

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

TROUT MO 2: In the Colorado River downstream of Glen 

Canyon Dam to the confluence of the Paria river, sufficient 

ecological conditions (such as habitat, foodbase and 

temperature) should be maintained, which in conjunction with 

management by Arizona Game and Fish will produce a 

healthy self-sustaining population of at least 100,000 Age II+ 

rainbow trout that achieve 18 inches in length by Age III with 

a mean annual relative weight (Wr) of at least 0.90.

TROUT IN 2.2 Determine trends in rainbow trout population 

size, character and structure in Glen Canyon.

TROUT IN 2.3 Evaluate harvested and field sampled rainbow 

trout to determine the contribution of naturally reproduced fish to 

the population in Glen Canyon.

Project Title and ID: B.4. Ongoing research associated with population genetics of HBC in Colorado 

River ecosystem

Status: Ongoing.

HBC MO 6: Establish a second spawning aggregation of 

HBC downstream of Glen Canyon Dam (RPM 4).

HBC IN 6.1 Develop criteria for defining self-sustaining 

populations of HBC.

HBC IN 6.2 Assess feasibility of establishing a second population 

of HBC downstream of Glen Canyon Dam including other current 

aggregations.

Project Title and ID: B.5. New research associated with interactions between native and non-native 

fish species

Status: New.

N/NN FISH MO 10: Minimize, to the extent possible, 

competitive and predatory interactions between native and 

non-native fishes.

N/NN FISH IN 10.1 Define areas and conditions of existing and 

potential interactions.

N/NN FISH IN 10.4 Determine the species composition, relative 

abundance, and size class structure of non-native fishes in the 

Colorado River ecosystem and important tributaries.
5

5

Project Title and ID: B.6. Integrated Water Quality Monitoring

Status: New. A revised IWQP will be implemented based on the recommendation of the IWQP PEP 

that will be held in December 2000.

LP WQ MO 1: Prevent impacts that adversely affect the 

water quality (physical, chemical, biological) of Lake Powell 

due to dam operations and ensure that fully informed AMWG 

decisions are possible both now and in the future.

WATER MO 2: (water resources) Maintain water quality at 

levels appropriate to support physical, biotic, and human 

resource needs...

LP-LIMNO IN 1.1 Determine the effect of current dam 

operations (under approved operating criteria) on reservoir water 

quality, including but not limited to the following:

(a) Determine near dam hydrogen sulfide levels (and other 

hazardous chemical constituents) within the hypolimnion 

occurring under current dam operating criteria.

(b) Determine the dynamics of lake stratification and advective 

flows and their effects on chemical constituents

(c) Determine/quantify the dynamics of major cations, anions, 

and nitrate/phosphate ratios resulting from dam operations

(d) Determine the effects of dam operations (under approved 

operating criteria) on the physical/chemical dynamics of Lake 

Powell side channels and embayments

LP-BIO IN 1.1 Determine the impacts of dam operations and 

resulting water quality on primary and secondary productivity of 

Lake Powell, including:

• algae (phytoplankton, periphyton)

• Macrophytes

• Zooplankton

WATER IN 2.1 Monitor water quality, composition, temperature 

(a more comprehensive list of the INs that are addressed by the 

IWQP can be seen in Table 1 of the IWQP plan (Vernieu and 

Hueftle, 1999).
6

6

C. INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITIES

Project Title and ID: C.1. Long-term monitoring of fine -grained sediment storage throughout the 

main channel

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

SED MO 1: (sediment resources) Maintain a long-term 

balance of river-stored sand to support maintenance flow, 

BHBF flow and unscheduled flood flows...

SED MO 2: As a minimum for each reach, maintain the 

number and average size (area and thickness) of sandbars and 

backwaters between the stages associated with flows of 8,000 

and 45,000 cfs that existed during the 1990/91 research 

flows.

SED MO 4: Maintain system dynamics and disturbance by 

SED IN 1.1 Define historical and current levels of river stored 

sediment.

SED IN 1.2 Define minimum levels of river stored sediments 

necessary to maintain sandbars, backwaters and in-stream 

sediment deposits.

SED IN 1.3 Develop procedures to monitor and predict impacts of 

alternative operating criteria (flow regimes) on river stored 

sediment, and impacts in select reaches

SED IN 1.4 Measure and model sediment contributions from all 

contributing sources, including tributary and high terrace sources.

SED IN 1.5 (sediment) Evaluate the geology/geomorphology 

within Glen Canyon to: (1) determine historical changes in size 

and extent of beaches, sandbars and backwaters, (2) quantify 

sediment (size class and quantity) input from side channels, (3) 

understand bed morphology dynamics, (4) evaluate high terrace 

erosion and contribution to river sediment.

SED IN 2.4 Evaluation of flow regime (under the approved 

operating criteria) impacts on terrace and cultural resources

SED IN 2.6 Determine implications of dam operating criteria on 

beach and sandbar and backwater character and structure, 

including suitability of camping beaches.

SED IN 2.7 Quantify the extent and location of existing sandbars, 

beaches and backwaters along the Colorado River corridor

SED IN 4.1 Define character and structure of all beaches and 

backwaters in system after 1996 test flows

REC IN 2.2 Evaluate impacts of operating criteria on establishing 

and maintaining adequate beaches and distribution of other 

resources, quality, character and structure.

REC IN 2.3 Develop methodology to evaluate distribution, 

quantity and quality changes in all campable beaches through time

AFB IN 1.3 Determine the aquatic food base species composition, 

population structure, density, and distribution required to maintain 

desired populations of native and non-native fish in the Colorado 
7

7

redistributing sand stored in the river channel and eddies to 

areas inundated by river flows up to 45,000 cfs in as many 

years as possible when BHBF hydrologic and resource criteria 

are met.

REC MO 2: Maintain flows (under approved operating 

criteria) and sediment processes that create an adequate 

quantity, distribution and variety of beaches for camping, as 

long as such flows are consistent with management of natural 

recreation and cultural resource values (other natural resource 

values).

AFB MO 1: Maintain and enhance the aquatic food base in 

the Colorado River ecosystem to support desired populations 

of native and non-native fish. At a minimum, maintain 

continuously inundated areas for Cladophora and aquatic 

invertebrates at or above 5,000 cfs discharge levels from Glen 

Canyon Dam.

TROUT MO 2: In the Colorado River downstream of Glen 

Canyon Dam to the confluence of the Paria river, sufficient 

ecological conditions (such as habitat, food base and 

temperature) should be maintained, which in conjunction with 

management by Arizona Game and Fish will produce a 

healthy self-sustaining population of at least 100,000 Age II+ 

rainbow trout that achieve 18 inches in length by Age III with 

a mean annual relative weight (Wr) of at least 0.90.

HBC MO 4: Maintain or enhance levels of recruitment of 

HBC in the mainstem as indexed by size frequency 

distributions and presence and strength of year-classes. 

(Focused at young-of-year and juvenile fish, and should 

include a fish health assessment.)

CULT MO 1: Conserve in situ all the downstream cultural 

resources and take into account Native American cultural 

resource concerns in the Colorado River ecosystem.

River ecosystem.

TROUT IN 2.4 Determine the availability and quality of 

spawning substrates in the Glen Canyon reach, necessary to 

sustain the rainbow trout fishery.

HBC IN 3/4.5 Determine the effects of mainstem hydrology on 

the number of nearshore rearing habitats, environmental 

conditions in these habitats, and their successful utilization by 

HBC. (RPM 1.C.iii)

HBC IN 3/4.8 Determine effects on physical habitat used by 

young fishes, food base, and direct effect on larval, juvenile, and 

adult native and non-native fishes of 1996 BHBF. Develop 

methods to detect changes in numbers of HBC or their habitat 

from 1996 BHBF. (1996 BHBF HBC RPM 3)

CULT IN 1.4 Preservation, stabilization and/or 

documentation of cultural resources as impacted by sediment 

resources associated with alternative operating criteria

CULT IN 1.5 Preservation, stabilization of flood 

terraces holding cultural resources

CULT IN 1.6 Evaluate flood terrace stability necessary to 

maintain cultura l resources and terraces at pre-dam conditions
8

8

Project Title and ID: C.2. Long-term streamflow and fine sediment transport in the main channel 

Colorado, Paria and Little Colorado Rivers

Status: Ongoing. Approved and implemented in FY2001 through a sole source award to the USGS.

WATER MO 1: ...Operate GCD in a manner fully consistent 

with the ROD and subject to the “Law of the River”...

WATER MO 2: Maintain water quality at levels appropriate 

to support physical, biotic, and human resource needs of 

various ecosystems downstream of Glen Canyon Dam as 

mandated by the Grand Canyon Protection Act and 

incorporated into the Record of Decision.

SED MO 1: Maintain a long-term balance of river-stored 

sand to support maintenance flow (in years of low reservoir

storage), beach/habitat-building flow (in years of high 

reservoir storage), and unscheduled flood flows. Maintain 

system dynamics and disturbance by annually (in years which 

Lake Powell water storage is low) redistributing sand stored 

in the river channel and eddies to areas inundated by river 

flows between 20,000 cfs and maximum power plant 

capacity.

SED MO 4: Maintain system dynamics and disturbance by 

redistributing sand stored in the river channel and eddies to 

areas inundated by river flows up to 45,000 cfs in as many 

years as possible when BHBF hydrologic and resource criteria 

are met

REC MO 4: Maintain flows (under approved operating 

criteria) and habitat suitable for quality cold water fishery 

opportunities in Glen Canyon.

WATER IN 1.1 Annually collect and report GCD flow release 

information.

WATER IN 2.1 Characterize sandbar/backwater baselines and 

character and structure in 1990/1991

WATER IN 2.2 Working with various resource agencies and 

specialists, select most appropriate flow levels/regimes under the 

approved operating criteria to determine baseline for comparisons 

for all resources.

SED IN 1.2 Define minimal levels of river stored sediments 

necessary to maintain long term sandbar, backwater, instream 

sediment deposits

SED IN 1.3 Develop procedures to monitor and predict impacts 

of alternative operating criteria (flow regimes) on river stored 

sediment, and impacts in select reaches

SED IN 1.4 Measure and model sediment contributions from all 

contributing sources, including tributary and high terrace sources

SED IN 1.5 Evaluate the geology/geomorphology within Glen 

Canyon to: (1) determine historical changes in size and extent of 

beaches, sandbars and backwaters, (2) quantify sediment (size 

class and quantity) input from side channels, (3) understand bed 

morphology dynamics, (4) evaluate high terrace erosion and 

contribution to river sediment.

SED IN 4.2 Develop methodologies to define future flow 

regimes under approved operating criteria to maximize benefit to 

sediment and backwater character and structure

SED IN 4.3 Develop an assessment of dam operations under 

approved operating criteria impacts on range of variation in 

sediment and other resources within Colorado River ecosystem 

and the associated processes that created these ranges

REC IN 4.1 Determine flow regimes (under approved operating 

criteria) necessary to maintain fish populations of 100,000 adult 

Trout (age class II plus)
9

9

Project Title and ID: C.3. Long-term monitoring of coarse-sediment inputs, storage and impacts to 

physical habitats

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

REC MO 1: Provide quality recreation experiences 

consistent with other resource objectives. 

SED MO 1: Maintain a long-term balance of river-stored 

sand to support maintenance flow (in years of low reservoir 

storage), beach/habitat-building flow (in years of high 

reservoir storage), and unscheduled flood flows. Maintain 

system dynamics and disturbance by annually (in years which 

Lake Powell water storage is low) redistributing sand stored 

in the river channel and eddies to areas inundated by river 

flows between 20,000 cfs and maximum power plant 

capacity.

AFB MO 1: Maintain and enhance the aquatic food base in 

the Colorado River ecosystem to support desired populations 

of native and non-native fish. At a minimum, maintain 

continuously inundated areas for Cladophora and aquatic 

invertebrates at or above 5,000 cfs discharge levels from Glen 

Canyon Dam.

TROUT MO 2: In the Colorado River downstream of Glen 

Canyon Dam to the confluence of the Paria river, sufficient 

ecological conditions (such as habitat, food base and 

temperature) should be maintained, which in conjunction with 

management by Arizona Game and Fish will produce a 

healthy self-sustaining population of at least 100,000 Age II+ 

rainbow trout that achieve 18 inches in length by Age III with 

a mean annual relative weight (Wr) of at least 0.90.

FMS MO 8: Achieve healthy, self-sustaining populations of 

flannelmouth sucker, bluehead sucker, and speckled dace in 

the Colorado River ecosystem, with special emphasis on 

flannelmouth sucker in Glen Canyon based upon the 

capability of the habitat to support those fishes.

TERR MO 11: Protect, restore, and enhance survival of 

native and special status species (federal, tribal, and state 

designations). Ensure that the required habitat for these 

species is preserved.

VEG MO 16: Maintain, enhance or restore vegetative 

communities made up of diverse groups of native riparian and 

upland species with special emphasis on preservation of 

unique plant communities and special status species at 

different stages of succession and at different elevations 

above the water line.

REC IN 1.1 Determine criteria and aspects that are important to or 

detract from recreational experience.

SED IN 1.4 Measure and model sediment contributions from all 

contributing sources, including tributary and high terrace sources

AFB IN 1.3 Determine the aquatic food base species composition, 

population structure, density, and distribution required to maintain 

desired populations of native and non-native fish in the Colorado 

River ecosystem.

TROUT IN 2.4 Determine the availability and quality of 

spawning substrates in the Glen Canyon reach, necessary to 

sustain the rainbow trout fishery.

FMS IN 8.4 Determine historic and current ecosystem 

requirements (habitat, spacing, food source, interdependencies, 

etc.) of native fish species.

TERR IN 11.4 Identify and characterize riparian wildlife habitat 

types along the river corridor

VEG IN 16.1 Determine distribution and abundance of native and 

non-native riparian and upland vegetation, including federal-, 

state- and tribal-listed sensitive species, old high water zone, new 

high water zone, and nearshore marshes
10

10

Project Title and ID: C.4.A. Modeling reach-averaged sandbar evolution in response to discharge 

and sediment conditions

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

SED MO 1: Maintain a long-term balance of river-stored 

sand to support maintenance flow (in years of low reservoir 

storage), beach/habitat-building flow (in years of high 

reservoir storage), and unscheduled flood flows. Maintain 

system dynamics and disturbance by annually (in years which 

Lake Powell water storage is low) redistributing sand stored 

in the river channel and eddies to areas inundated by river 

flows between 20,000 cfs and maximum power plant 

capacity.

SED MO 2: As a minimum for each reach, maintain the 

number and average size (area and thickness) of sandbars and 

backwaters between the stages associated with flows of 8,000 

and 45,000 cfs that existed during the 1990/91 research 

flows.

SED MO 4: Maintain system dynamics and disturbance by 

redistributing sand stored in the river channel and eddies to 

areas inundated by river flows up to 45,000 cfs in as many 

years as possible when BHBF hydrologic and resource criteria 

are met.

SED IN 1.2 Define minimal levels of river stored sediments 

necessary to maintain long term sandbar, backwater, instream 

sediment deposits

SED IN 1.3 Develop procedures to monitor and predict impacts 

of alternative operating criteria (flow regimes) on river stored 

sediment, and impacts in select reaches

SED IN 1.5 Evaluate the geology/geomorphology within Glen 

Canyon to: (1) determine historical changes in size and extent of 

beaches, sandbars and backwaters, (2) quantify sediment (size 

class and quantity) input from side channels, (3) understand bed 

morphology dynamics, (4) evaluate high terrace erosion and 

contribution to river sediment.

SED IN 2.4 Evaluation of flow regime (under the approved 

operating criteria) impacts on terrace and cultural resources

SED IN 4.2 Develop methodologies to define future flow regimes 

under approved operating criteria to ma ximize benefit to sediment 

and backwater character and structure

SED IN 4.3 Develop an assessment of dam operations under 

approved operating criteria impacts on range of variation in 

sediment and other resources within Colorado River ecosystem 

and the associated processes that created these ranges

Project Title and ID: C.4.B. Development of one -dimensional fine sediment routing model along 

the main channel

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

SED MO 1: Maintain a long-term balance of river-stored 

sand to support maintenance flow (in years of low reservoir 

storage), beach/ habitat-building flow (in years of high 

reservoir storage), and unscheduled flood flows. Maintain 

system dynamics and disturbance by annually (in years which 

Lake Powell water storage is low) redistributing sand stored 

in the river channel and eddies to areas inundated by river 

flows between 20,000 cfs and maximum power plant 

capacity.

SED IN 1.2 Define minimal levels of river stored sediments 

necessary to maintain long term sandbar, backwater, instream 

sediment deposits

SED IN 1.3 Develop procedures to monitor and predict impacts 

of alternative operating criteria (flow regimes) on river stored 

sediment, and impacts in select reaches

SED IN 1.5 Evaluate the geology/geomorphology within Glen 

Canyon to: (1) determine historical changes in size and extent of 

beaches, sandbars and backwaters, (2) quantify sediment (size 

class and quantity) input from side channels, (3) understand bed 

morphology dynamics, (4) evaluate high terrace erosion and 

contribution to river sediment
11

11

Project Title and ID: C.5. Advance conceptual modeling of coarse-grained sediments related to 

evolving physical habitats and aquatic processes

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.

SED MO 1: Maintain a long-term balance of river-stored 

sand to support maintenance flow (in years of low reservoir 

storage), beach/habitat-building flow (in years of high 

reservoir storage), and unscheduled flood flows. Maintain 

system dynamics and disturbance by annually (in years which 

Lake Powell water storage is low) redistributing sand stored 

in the river channel and eddies to areas inundated by river 

flows between 20,000 cfs and maximum power plant 

capacity.

SED MO 4: Maintain system dynamics and disturbance by 

redistributing sand stored in the river channel and eddies to 

areas inundated by river flows up to 45,000 cfs in as many 

years as possible when BHBF hydrologic and resource criteria 

are met.

REC MO 2: Maintain flows (under approved operating 

criteria) and sediment processes that create an adequate 

quantity, distribution and variety of beaches for camping, as 

long as such flows are consistent with management of natural 

recreation and cultural resource values (other natural resource 

values).

SED IN 1.4 Measure and model sediment contributions from all 

contributing sources, including tributary and high terrace sources.

SED IN 1.5 Evaluate the geology/geomorphology within Glen 

Canyon to: (1) determine historical changes in size and extent of 

beaches, sandbars and backwaters, (2) quantify sediment (size 

class and quantity) input from side channels, (3) understand bed 

morphology dynamics, (4) evaluate high terrace erosion and 

contribution to river sediment.

SED IN 4.3 Develop an assessment of dam operations under 

approved operating criteria impacts on range of variation in 

sediment and other resources within Colorado River ecosystem 

and the associated processes that created these ranges

REC IN 2.1 Determine adequate beach quantity, quality, 

distribution, character and structure for camping throughout 

system.

REC IN 2.2 Evaluate impacts of operating criteria on establishing 

and maintaining adequate beaches and distribution of other 

resources, quality, character and structure. 

Project Title and ID: C.6. Development of a CRE Control network

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2000.

Project Title and ID: C.7. Development of CRE Hydrographic Mapping Program

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2000.

Project Title and ID: Public Outreach Activities

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2001.
12

12

D. REMOTE SENSING

Project Title and ID: D.1. Evaluating ground-based and airborne remote sensing technologies

Status: Ongoing. Originally approved and implemented in FY2000.

GIS MO 1: Creation of GIS base coverages in support of 

integrated monitoring efforts. GIS IN 1.1 Develop a comprehensive GIS base map for 

topography, geology and soils for the Colorado River ecosystem