FIRST DIVISION

							December 31, 2001

1-01-0739, 1-01-0740, 1-01-0742 consolidated

STEPHEN YOUNG, Special Adm'r,	of the 	)	Appeal from the

Estate of ANDREW YOUNG, Indiv. and,		)	Circuit Court

on Behalf of a Class of Similarly 		)	of Cook County

Situated Persons; ARLENE MACIAS, Special	)

Adm'r of the Estate of MIGUEL	MACIAS,	)

Indiv. and, on Behalf of a Class		)

of Similarly Situated Persons,		)

							)	No. 98 L 6684,

	Plaintiffs-Appellees,			)	No. 98 L 13465,

							)	No. 99 L 5628	

		v.					)	(consolidated)

							)

BRYCO ARMS, BREIT & JOHNSON SPORTING	)

GOODS, INC.; BERETTA U.S.A. CORPORATION;	)

BROWNING ARMS COMPANY; COLT'S 		)

MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC.; 			)

DAVIS INDUSTRIES, GLOCK, INC.; 		)	

H & R 1871, INC.; INTERNATIONAL		)

ARMAMENT CORPORATION d/b/a INTERARMS	)

INDUSTRIES, INC.; LORCIN ENGINEERING 	)

COMPANY, INC.; NAVEGAR, INC. 			)	

d/b/a INTRATEC, INC.;				)

PHOENIX ARMS; SMITH & WESSON	CORPORATION;)

STURM, RUGER & COMPANY, INC.; 		)

SUNDANCE INDUSTRIES, INC.; TAURUS 		)

INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURING, INC.; 		)

HI-POINT FIREARMS, RAVEN ARMS, INC.; 	)

KEL-TEC CNC INDUSTRIES, INC.; JENNINGS	)

FIREARMS, INC.; FABER BROTHERS, INC.;	)

RILEY'S, INC.; and ASHLAND SHOOTING 	)

SUPPLIES, INC.,					)

							)

	Defendants-Appellants.			)

________________________________________	)

							)

OBRELLA SMITH, Special Adm'r of the 	)

Estate of SALADA SMITH, Deceased, Indiv.	)

and, on Behalf of a Class of Similarly	)

Situated Persons; RASELL BOWMAN, Special	)

Adm'r of the Estate of WILLIE LEE LOMAX,	)

III, Deceased, Indiv. and, on Behalf of	)

a Class of Similarly Situated Persons,	)

							)

	Plaintiffs-Appellees,			)

							)

		v.					)

							)

NAVEGAR, INC. d/b/a INTRATEC FIREARMS;	)

BRYCO ARMS; BETERRA U.S.A. CORPORATION;	)

BROWNING ARMS COMPANY; COLT'S 		)

MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC.;			)

DAVIS INDUSTRIES, INC.;				)

GLOCK, INC.; H & R 1871, INC.; 		)

INTERNATIONAL ARMAMENT CORPORATION d/b/a	)

INTERARMS INDUSTRIES, INC.; LORCIN		)

ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.; PHOENIX ARMS; 	)

SMITH & WESSON CORPORATION; STURM,  	)

RUGER & COMPANY, INC.; 				)

SUNDANCE INDUSTRIES, INC.; 			)

TAURUS INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURING, 	)

INC.; HI-POINT FIREARMS; RAVEN ARMS, 	)

INC.; KEL-TEC CNC INDUSTRIES, INC; 		)

JENNINGS FIREARMS, INC.; FABER BROTHERS,	)

INC.; RILEY'S, INC.; ASHLAND SHOOTING	)

SUPPLIES, INC.; and DARNELL FOX,		)

							)

	Defendants-Appellees.			)

________________________________________	)

							)

ANTHONY CERIALE, Special Adm'r of the	)

Estate of MICHAEL CERIALE, Indiv. and,	)

on Behalf of a Class of Similarly 		)

Situated Persons,					)

							)

	Plaintiffs-Appellees,			)

							)

		v.					)

							)

SMITH & WESSON CORPORATION; CHUCK'S GUN 	)

SHOP & PISTOL RANGE; JOHN RIGGIO, JR.; 	)

ELIZABETH RIGGIO; JIM RIGGIO; BERETTA	)

U.S.A. CORPORATION; BROWNING ARMS COMPANY;)

BRYCO ARMS; COLT'S MANUFACTURING COMPANY,	)

INC.; DAVIS INDUSTRIES, INC.; GLOCK, 	)

INC.; H & R 1871, INC.; INTERNATIONAL	)

ARMAMENT CORPORATION d/b/a INTERARMS	)

INDUSTRIES, INC.; LORCIN ENGINEERING 	)

COMPANY, INC.; NAVEGAR, INC.			) 

d/b/a INTRATEC,INC.; PHOENIX ARMS;		)

STURM, RUGER & COMPANY, INC.;			)

SUNDANCE INDUSTRIES, INC.; TAURUS		)

INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURING, INC.;		)

HI-POINT FIREARMS; RAVEN ARMS, INC.; 	)

KEL-TEC CNC INDUSTRIES, INC.; JENNINGS	)

FIREARMS, INC.; FABER BROTHERS, INC.; 	)

RILEY'S, INC.; and ASHLAND SHOOTING		)	The Honorable

SUPPLIES, INC.,					)	Jennifer Duncan-Brice,

							)	Judge Presiding.

	Defendants-Appellants.			)	

	JUSTICE COUSINS delivered the opinion of the court:

	Plaintiffs are the surviving relatives of five individuals who were shot

and killed in Chicago by juveniles with access to handguns.  The defendants

are various manufacturers, distributors and dealers of handguns.

	Three complaints, filed separately, were consolidated for the purpose of

this appeal: (1) Stephen Young filed a complaint on behalf of his son, Andrew

Young, who was killed on the streets of Chicago by a juvenile street gang

member using a gun manufactured by defendant Bryco Arms (Bryco) (Young v. Bryco Arms, No. 98 L 6684); (2) Obrellia Smith filed a complaint on behalf of her daughter, Salada Smith, who was killed in the course of a drive-by

shooting by a juvenile gang member using a gun manufactured by defendant

Navegar, Inc. (Navegar) (Smith v. Navegar, Inc., No. 98 L 13465); and (3) Anthony Ceriale filed a complaint on behalf of his son, Michael Ceriale, who

was killed in the course of his duties as a Chicago police officer by a

juvenile gang member using a .357 Magnum revolver manufactured by defendant

Smith & Wesson Corporation (Smith & Wesson) (Ceriale v. Smith & Wesson Corp., No. 99 L 05628).

	After a ruling issued by the trial court on May 11, 2000, plaintiffs

Young and Smith amended their complaints, in part, to include two additional

plaintiffs.  Young added plaintiff Arlene Macias, suing on behalf of her son

Miguel Macias, who was killed in Chicago by a juvenile gang member using a .38

caliber semi-automatic handgun that was never recovered.  Smith added

plaintiff Rasell Bowman, suing on behalf of her son Willie Lee Lomax III, who

was killed in Chicago by a 14-year-old gang member using a .38 caliber

revolver that was also never recovered.

	The plaintiffs' complaints allege a public nuisance claim against

eighteen firearm manufacturers, four wholesale distributors and two suburban

retail gun dealers who, according to the complaints, are all individually

responsible for the public nuisance of widely available handguns that are

accessible to juveniles in the City of Chicago.        

	The defendants filed various motions to dismiss plaintiffs' public

nuisance claims.  On February 14, 2001, the trial court held in favor of the

plaintiffs, ruling that the plaintiffs stated a cause of action in public

nuisance against the defendants.  The trial court then certified the following

question pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308 (155 Ill. 2d R. 308) for immediate

interlocutory appeal:

	   "Does plaintiffs' Fifth Amended Complaint in Young v. Bryco Arms, No. 98 L 6684, and plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint in Smith v. Navegar, Inc., No. 98 L 13465, and plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint in Ceriale v. Smith & Wesson Corp., No. 99 L 05628, state a viable public nuisance cause of action under Illinois law against the defendants in those

respective cases?"

On March 6, 2001, the defendants moved for leave to appeal the trial court's

order of February 14, 2001, as certified on February 20, 2001.  This motion

was granted on March 22, 2001.

BACKGROUND

	Plaintiffs' Complaints

	The complaints assert that the plaintiffs and others possess a public

right to use the streets and other public places within the City of Chicago

without fear, apprehension and undue risk of injury to themselves or to their families.  Plaintiffs allege that defendants' marketing and distribution

practices have unreasonably interfered with this public right by virtue of the

wide availability of handguns that are accessible to juveniles in Chicago.

	Specifically, plaintiffs allege that defendants produce and sell

handguns that are designed to appeal to criminally oriented juvenile street

gangs and other criminals.  For example, defendant Navegar markets the TEC-

DC9, a military-style assault weapon that features a silencer, a sling swivel

to facilitate spray firing of the weapon and a finish that provides resistence

to fingerprints.  Defendant Bryco Arms markets the Bryco 59, a semi-automatic

handgun that is small, easily concealable and inexpensive.  Defendant Smith &

Wesson markets the .357 Magnum revolver as a "man stopper," which is capable

of firing a longer than usual round and propelling a bullet more rapidly so as

to do more damage to the intended target.

	Plaintiffs also allege that defendants: (1) distributed firearms through

a market structure intentionally created by defendants by relying on low-end

retailers who encourage purchasers to illegally transport weapons to Chicago;

(2) failed to regulate or discipline known irresponsible dealers; (3) flooded

the market in areas surrounding Chicago, knowing and foreseeing that excess

firearm supply would be taken to Chicago and possessed and used illegally; and

(4) created and maintained an underground market for handguns "knowing and

intending this result."

	Chain of Distribution

	Plaintiffs allege the following facts regarding the circumstances

surrounding the death of plaintiffs' decedents.  First, the Young complaint

alleges that Andrew Young was shot and killed on June 10, 1996, at the corner of Clark and Howard Streets in Chicago.  The complaint asserts that Mario

Ramos shot Young at the instigation of Roberto Lazcalo, who was allegedly

associated with the Latin Kings.  The firearm used by Ramos was Bryco 59

manufactured by defendant Bryco Arms.  It was shipped to defendant distributor

Jennings Firearms, Inc., on July 23, 1993.  On July 28, 1993, Jennings shipped

the weapon to defendant distributor Riley's, Inc.  Riley's then shipped the

gun to defendant retail seller Breit & Johnson Sporting Goods, Inc., on August

6, 1993, located in Oak Park, Illinois.  The complaint further alleges that

Bryco was on notice that both Jennings and Riley's were among a core group of

10 irresponsible distributors who acted as distributors for nearly half of the

firearms traced to crimes in Chicago.  The complaint alleges that Riley's was

also on notice that Breit & Johnson was one of a core group of 24

irresponsible gun dealers operating in Chicago.

	On September 7, 1993, the gun was sold to Mariano DiVittorio under

circumstances which the plaintiffs allege should have alerted Breit & Johnson

that this was a "straw purchase" (i.e. purchased not for DiVittorio himself, but for the benefit of Daniel Escobedo, a notorious convicted felon with ties

to the Latin Kings street gang).  Escobedo then directly or indirectly caused

the gun to be transferred to the Latin Kings, making it available to Roberto

Lazcalo and Mario Ramos, who used it to kill Andrew Young.

	According to the Young complaint, coplaintiff Miguel Macias was shot and

killed on June 4, 1997, by Christopher Raygoza, age 19, Leslie Matos, age 18,

and Raul Quezada, age 14, at a pizza shop.  Although the complaint alleges

that Macias was shot with a .38-caliber semi-automatic handgun, the weapon was

never recovered. 

	Second, the Smith complaint alleges that Salada Smith was murdered on

June 22, 1997, and that Darnell Foxx was one of three juveniles arrested and

charged with her death.  The complaint states that the TEC-DC9 used to kill

Smith was manufactured and marketed by defendant Navegar.  On February 3,

1992, Navegar shipped the gun to a distributor called RSR Wholesale Guns.  RSR

then shipped the gun to retailer Perry's Trading Post in Greenwood,

Mississippi on February 17, 1992.  Approximately two and a half weeks before

RSR shipped the weapon, the partners who owned Perry's were indicted by the

federal government for illegal gun sales.  The complaint alleges that RSR and

defendant Navegar knew or reasonably should have known that the principals of

Perry's Trading Post were engaged in illegal gun sales at the time the weapon

was shipped to Perry's.

	Perry's then allegedly sold the gun to an unknown purchaser on March 28,

1992.  Following that sale, the weapon flowed into an underground market and

was owned by the Vice Lords street gang in Chicago.  On June 22, 1997, it was

used by 15-year-old Darnell Foxx to kill Salada Smith and her unborn child in

a gang-related drive-by shooting.

	The Smith complaint further alleges that co-plaintiff Willie Lee Lomax

III was murdered by 14-year-old Christopher Kronenberger, a member of the Two

Six street gang.  The firearm used to kill Lomax was allegedly a .38 caliber

revolver, but was never recovered.

	Third, the Ceriale complaint alleges that police officer Michael Ceriale

was shot on August 15, 1998, while he was conducting a narcotics surveillance

in a vacant lot in Chicago.  He died on August 21, 1998.  Jonathan Tolliver,

who was then 16 years old and a member of the Gangster Disciples, was convicted of the murder.  Defendant Smith & Wesson marketed the .357 Magnum 

revolver used by Tolliver and sold it to distributor Camfour, Incorporated on

April 4, 1995.  On April 10, 1995, Camfour shipped the revolver to a gun

dealer listed in an invoice as Strictly Shooting, located in Merrionette Park,

Illinois.  The complaint further alleges that Smith & Wesson was on notice

that Camfour was among a core group of 55 irresponsible distributors who acted

as initial distributors for nearly 80% of the firearms traced to crimes in

Chicago.  The complaint alleges that Camfour was also on notice that Strictly

Shooting was one of 65 irresponsible gun dealers located in close proximity to

Chicago.

	Strictly Shooting sold the revolver some time later to an unknown

purchaser.  It then reached the possession of a Chicago resident, Laura

Crowell, who sold it to a suburban retail store located in Cook County called

Chuck's Gun Shop in September 1997.  On December 28, 1997, Chuck's sold the

revolver to Ezra Evans in circumstances that the complaint alleges should have

alerted Chuck's that this was a straw purchase made for the benefit of the

Gangster Disciples street gang.  The gun was then used by Tolliver to shoot

Ceriale on August 15, 1999.      

	The complaints allege that each of the five named plaintiffs has

suffered the death of a relative as a consequence and the proximate result of

the public nuisance.  Count I of all three complaints alleges public nuisance

claims for damages against the specific manufacturers of the guns used in the

murders.  Thus, plaintiff Young claims damages against Bryco, Smith sues

Navegar, and Ceriale asserts damages against Smith & Wesson.  

	Count II involves allegations of public nuisance by plaintiffs Young and Macias, Smith and Bowman, and Ceriale against all of the handgun manufacturers

and distributors named in the complaints, including those manufacturers and

distributors who did not manufacture, sell or distribute the firearms

identified in the killings.

	Plaintiffs assert counts III and IV as class actions for public nuisance

on behalf of themselves and as representatives of the class of persons whose

decedents have been killed or who have themselves been physically injured or

threatened with a handgun.  Count III claims damages against all of the

handgun manufacturers and distributors named in the complaint, while count IV

seeks injunctive relief.  

	Count V asserts negligence against the specific manufacturers of the

guns used in the killings and was dismissed by the trial court.  Count VI in

the Young and Ceriale complaints is also a negligence claim against the gun

dealers who sold the guns used in the killings and was dismissed by the trial

court.  Count VI of the Smith complaint alleges assault and battery.

	Finally, count VII of the Young and Ceriale complaints alleges public

nuisance against the specific gun dealers who sold the firearms used in the

murders (Breit & Johnson and Chuck's Gun Shop, respectively).       

	Procedural History

	After plaintiffs filed their three complaints, on July 1, 1999, certain

manufacturer defendants submitted motions to dismiss plaintiffs' public

nuisance claims.  On November 30, 1999, the trial court denied defendants'

motion to dismiss the public nuisance claims.	The plaintiffs then amended their complaints to add the "unrelated defendants" -- a term coined by

defendants to describe those who did not manufacture, distribute or sell the firearms identified in the shootings.  On January 13, 2000, defendants moved

to dismiss these complaints pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 1998)).  On May 11, 2000, the trial court

dismissed plaintiffs' negligence claims.  Finding no special relationship

between the parties that could support the imposition of a duty on the

manufacturers to protect plaintiffs from the criminal acts of remote,

unrelated third parties, the court concluded that:

	"Under the current status of Illinois law, the manufacturers and

distributors owed no duty to plaintiffs to control the distribution of

handguns based upon the allegations in plaintiffs' Complaints."

The trial court further reserved ruling on the sufficiency of the plaintiffs'

public nuisance claims against the "unrelated defendants," reasoning that if a

class were certified, certain class members may have a claim against these

manufacturers.

	On July 25, 2000, plaintiffs moved to amend the complaints.  Plaintiffs

added allegations concerning the specific chain of distribution and ownership

of identified firearms; statistical data; and Young and Smith sought to join

plaintiffs Macias and Bowman, respectively.  On December 13, 2000, defendants

brought multiple 2-615 and 2-619 motions, seeking a reconsideration of the

trial court's November 30, 1999, ruling.  Individual manufacturers also

brought separate 2-619 motions, arguing that they should be dismissed from the

actions because there was no claim that their specific products were used in

any of the shootings.

	On February 14, 2001, the trial court denied the defendants' multiple

motions to dismiss the public nuisance claims.  The trial court found that plaintiffs stated a viable public nuisance cause of action against the

defendants who actually manufactured, distributed or sold the identified

firearms.  The court rejected defendants claims that lawful conduct could not

constitute nuisance, reasoning that plaintiffs' core allegation was not

whether defendants lawfully sold guns, but that defendants' marketing and

distribution practices allowed an underground gun market to flourish.  The

court also found that by releasing weapons into a chain of distribution, the

defendants created and controlled conditions which made guns freely available

to juveniles.

	The trial court further held that plaintiffs stated a cause of action

against the "unrelated defendants."  Relying on Cook v. City of Du Quoin, 256 Ill. App. 452 (1930), the court held that defendants could be held jointly and

severally liable where their actions, although separate and distinct in time

and conduct, culminated in producing the public nuisance that enabled the

underground handgun market to flourish.  The court further found the inclusion

of the claims of plaintiffs Macias and Bowman to be proper.  The court

distinguished Smith v. Eli Lilly & Co., 137 Ill. 2d 222 (1990), indicating that unlike plaintiffs in Smith, Macias and Bowman were not claiming that one particular gun caused their injuries.  According to the court, the plaintiffs

were instead claiming that defendants caused a saturation of guns in Chicago

and these guns, in turn, allegedly caused the death of plaintiffs' decedents. 

	On February 20, 2001, the trial court certified the question noted above

for interlocutory appeal.  The petition for interlocutory appeal was granted

by this court on March 22, 2001.

ANALYSIS

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

	The question certified for interlocutory appeal asks whether the

plaintiffs’ complaints "state a viable public nuisance cause of action under

Illinois law against the defendants."  This question of law challenges the

legal sufficiency of the complaints and, as such, is appropriately examined

under the standard of review applicable to a section 2-615 motion to dismiss. 

735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 1998).

	A motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to section 2-615 attacks the

legal sufficiency of the complaint.  Joseph v. Chicago Transit Authority, 306 Ill. App. 3d 927, 930, 715 N.E.2d 733 (1999).  In reviewing the sufficiency of

a complaint, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the

complaint and all reasonable inferences which can be drawn from those facts. 

Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 86, 672 N.E.2d 1207 (1996).  "Pleadings are to be liberally construed and a pleader is not

required to set out his evidence but only the ultimate facts to be proved." 

Gilmore v. Stanmar, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 651, 654, 633 N.E.2d 985 (1994).  The court must determine whether the allegations of the complaint, when

considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to

state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted.  Board of Directors of Bloomfield Club Recreation Ass’n. v. Hoffman Group, Inc., 186 Ill. 2d 419, 424, 712 N.E.2d 330 (1999).  A cause of action will not be dismissed on the

pleadings unless it clearly appears that no set of facts can be proved which

will entitle the plaintiff to relief.  Van Horne v. Muller, Ill. 2d 299, 305, 705 N.E.2d 898 (1998).  The sufficiency of a complaint is an issue of law and

is reviewed de novo.  People ex rel. Devine v. $30,700.00 United States Currency, 316 Ill. App. 3d 464, 474, 736 N.E.2d 137 (2000).

II. ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC NUISANCE

	Illinois courts have adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts

definition of public nuisance.  Wheat v. Freeman Coal Mining Corp., 23 Ill. App. 3d 14, 18, 319 N.E.2d 290 (1974); City of Chicago v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 24 Ill. App. 3d 624, 631, 321 N.E.2d 412 (1974).  Section 821B of the Restatement (Second) of Torts defines a public nuisance as "an unreasonable

interference with a right common to the general public."  Restatement (Second)

of Torts §821B (1979).  Unlike an individual right, a public right is

collective in nature and is common to all members of the general public. 

However, it is not necessary that the entire community be affected by a public

nuisance, so long as the nuisance will interfere with those who come in

contact with it in the exercise of a public right or it otherwise affects the

interests of the community at large.  Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B,

Comment g (1979).  A private individual may bring a public nuisance action if he suffers damages distinct from those suffered by the public at large. 

Restatement (Second) of Torts §821C (1979); David H. Swain & Son v. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R.R. Co., 252 Ill. 622, 626, 97 N.E. 247 (1911).

	A sufficient pleading for a public nuisance cause of action consists of

facts alleging a right common to the general public, a transgression of those

rights by the defendant and resulting damages.  Feder v. Perry Coal Co., 279 Ill. App. 314, 318 (1935); Gilmore, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 661.  Pleading requirements are not strenuous because common law public nuisance eludes

precise definition and depends on the peculiar facts of each case.  Gilmore, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 661, citing City of Chicago v. Festival Theatre Corp., 91 Ill. 2d 295, 438 N.E.2d 159 (1982), and Commonwealth Edison, 24 Ill. App. 3d 624, 321 N.E.2d 412 (1974).

	A. PUBLIC RIGHT

	The first element that a plaintiff must allege in order to state a claim

for public nuisance is the existence of "a right common to the general

public."  Commonwealth Edison Co., 24 Ill. App. 3d at 631.  Rights of the general public entitled to protection include the right to "the public health,

the public safety, the public peace, the public comfort or the public

convenience."  Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B(2)(a) (1979) (common law

public nuisances include interference with public safety, like shooting off

fireworks in the public streets, or interference with public convenience, as

by obstruction of a public highway).

	Here, plaintiffs allege "the rights of plaintiffs and others to use the

streets and public ways without fear, apprehension and injury."  In support,

plaintiffs rely upon Village of Des Plaines v. Poyer, 123 Ill. 348, 14 N.E. 677 (1888), for the origin of this right.  In Poyer, the Illinois Supreme Court was called upon to decide the validity of a village ordinance.  The

ordinance declared public picnics and open air dances to be a public nuisance. 

The court indicated that nothing in the nature of public picnics and open air

dances was necessarily harmful.  The court conceded that public dances and

picnics could perhaps lead to annoyance and injury to the public.  However,

the court reasoned that the ordinance should then be directed to "the right of

the people to be free from disturbance and reasonable apprehension of danger

to person and property."  Poyer, 123 Ill. at 351.  According to the court, this right "is to be respected and jealously guarded."  Poyer, 123 Ill. at 351.  Accord Bubalo v. Navegar, No. 96 C 3664 (N.D. Ill. March 20, 1998).  In our view, plaintiffs' allegations sufficiently plead the right of the people

to be free from disturbance and reasonable apprehension of danger to person

and property.

	B. UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE

	According to comment e, section 821B of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, an unreasonable interference need not be negligent.  Rather,

intentional misconduct by the defendant can also give rise to liability for

public nuisance.

	"[T]he defendant is held liable for a public nuisance if his

interference with the public right was intentional or was unintentional

and otherwise actionable under the principles controlling liability for

negligent or reckless conduct or for abnormally dangerous activities.

*** If the interference with the public right is intentional, it must

also be unreasonable."  Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B, Comment e (1979).

	The Restatement further defines what constitutes an "intentional"

invasion as follows:

	   "An invasion of another’s interest in the use and enjoyment of land

or an interference with the public right, is intentional if the actor

	   (a) acts for the purpose of causing it, or

	   (b) knows that it is resulting or is substantially certain to result

from his conduct."  Restatement (Second) of Torts §825 (1979).

	Finally, the Restatement sets forth the following circumstances that may

sustain a holding that an interference with a public right is "unreasonable":

	   "(a) Whether the conduct involves significant interference with the

public health, the public safety, the public peace, the public comfort

or the public convenience, or

	   (b) whether the conduct is proscribed by a statute, ordinance or

administrative regulation, or

	   (c) whether the conduct is of a continuing nature or has produced a

permanent or long-lasting effect, and, as the actor knows or has reason

to know, has a significant effect upon the public right."  Restatement

(Second) of Torts §821B(2) (1979).

Comment e explains that the three circumstances listed above are not intended as exclusive tests for determining unreasonableness.  Also, the

unreasonableness of the defendants’ actions which led to the determination of

nuisance is a question of fact for the jury.  Gilmore, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 661, citing Belmar Drive-In Theatre Co. v. Illinois State Toll Highway Comm’n, 34 Ill. 2d 544, 216 N.E.2d 788 (1966).    

	In the instant case, plaintiffs allege that defendants designed and

marketed weapons targeting criminals; distributed firearms through a market

structure intentionally created by defendants by relying on low-end retailers

who encourage purchasers to illegally transport weapons to Chicago; failed to

regulate or discipline known irresponsible dealers; flooded the market in

areas surrounding Chicago, knowing and foreseeing that excess firearm supply

would be taken to Chicago and possessed and used illegally; and intentionally

created and maintained an underground market for handguns.  In our view, the

complaints sufficiently allege that the defendants’ actions were intentional. 

The complaints also allege two of the "unreasonableness" factors: the alleged conduct significantly affects public safety, and the conduct has caused

plaintiffs permanent damages. 

	Defendants cite Abell v. First National Bank in Shawneetown, 153 Ill. App. 3d 946, 506 N.E.2d 684 (1987), to argue that generalized assertions that

all defendants have intentionally engaged in unspecified misconduct are not

enough under the law.  However, Abell involved a conspiracy to defraud claim and not public nuisance.  In Abell, the court indicated that the plaintiffs’ evidence regarding defendants’ intent to defraud fell short of "substantial

certainty."  Abell was also decided at the summary judgment phase of litigation.  In contrast, here, the plaintiffs need only plead ultimate facts

regarding defendants’ intent to survive a motion to dismiss.  Gilmore, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 654 ("a pleader is not required to set out his evidence but

only the ultimate facts to be proved").

	Defendants present a series of arguments to claim that their alleged

conduct does not constitute an unreasonable interference with a public right. 

1. No Liability for Criminal Misuse of Product 

	First, defendants rely on Martin v. Harrington & Richardson, Inc., 743 F.2d 1200 (7th Cir. 1984), Linton v. Smith & Wesson, 127 Ill. App. 3d 676, 469 N.E.2d 339 (1984), and Riordan v. International Armament Corp., 132 Ill. App. 3d 642, 477 N.E.2d 1293 (1985), to argue that Illinois law rejects the imposition of any tort liability, including public nuisance, on firearm

manufacturers and distributors for the criminal misuse of their products. 

However, neither Martin, Linton nor Riordan involved public nuisance claims.

	The plaintiffs in Martin alleged that manufacturing and selling handguns to the public was an ultrahazardous activity that gave rise to strict liability for any damage done by the guns.  Martin, 743 F.2d at 1201-02.  The court noted that Illinois law limited strict liability for the sale of a

product to unreasonably dangerous defective products.  Martin, 743 F.2d at 1204.  Since the handgun involved in the shooting posed an obvious danger that

required no warning, the court found that it was not unreasonably dangerous. 

There were also no allegations that the gun was defective.  Martin, 743 F.2d at 1202-03.  The court concluded that the plaintiffs had no grounds for

recovery under the doctrine of strict liability for engaging in ultrahazardous

activities.  Martin, 743 F.2d at 1204.

	In Linton, the plaintiff alleged that a gun manufacturer was liable for negligent and wilful and wanton distribution of the gun used to shoot the

plaintiff.  The plaintiff claimed that the gun manufacturer had a duty to

prevent the sale of its guns to persons who were likely to cause harm to the

public.  Linton, 127 Ill. App. 3d at 677-78.  The court disagreed, holding that the manufacturer of a nondefective firearm had no duty to control the

distribution of the product to the general public.  The court reasoned that,

unlike small children, the general public did not lack the judgment,

discretion and experience to use such a product safely.  Linton, 127 Ill. App. 3d at 678.

	Similarly, Riordan rejected a claim identical to the plaintiffs’ in Linton -- that handgun manufacturers and distributors owed a duty to control the distribution of their products based upon allegations of negligent and

wilful and wanton distribution.  The court, citing Linton, found that a duty did not arise because criminal misuse of the product was not a foreseeable

consequence of sales to the general public.  Riordan also rejected plaintiffs’ claim that the defendants negligently failed to warn consumers of the danger

of handguns and the illegality of carrying concealed weapons.  The court held

that no duty to warn arose as the dangers of illegal handgun misuse were

obvious and open conditions that a reasonable consumer would realize.

	Riordan further dismissed plaintiffs’ two claims for strict liability:  (1) that manufacturing and marketing of handguns to the public constituted an

ultrahazardous or abnormally dangerous activity; and (2) that handguns were

defectively designed in that they were small, relatively cheap and easily

concealable without serving a useful social purpose.  Riordan, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 645, 648-49.  Following Martin, Riordan held that it was not the manufacture and sale of handguns that was ultrahazardous, but their use or

misuse alleged in plaintiffs’ complaints.  Riordan, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 649.  Riordan further stated that strict liability for a "defective condition" is a condition not contemplated by the ordinary consumer.  Riordan, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 649-50.  Since the alleged design defects of size and concealability

were not conditions that caused the handgun to fail to perform in a reasonably

expected manner, Riordan held that the plaintiffs could not recover under strict liability for defective design.  Riordan, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 650-51.

	Unlike the plaintiffs in Martin, Linton and Riordan, the plaintiffs here do not allege that defendants are liable under theories of negligence or

strict liability.  Rather, their public nuisance claims allege intentional and unreasonable conduct on the part of the defendants.  Indeed, a public nuisance

claim may be predicated on intentional interference with a public right.  See

Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B, Comment e (1979).  Thus, the  analysis in those cases is inapplicable to the case at bar.  For the same reason, we find inapposite the following strict liability and negligence cases cited by

defendants which do not present public nuisance claims:  Miller v. Civil Constructors, Inc., 272 Ill. App. 3d 263, 651 N.E.2d 239 (1995) (discharge of firearms was not ultrahazardous activity such that target shooters were

strictly liable for bystander's injuries); Hamilton v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 96 N.Y.2d 222, 750 N.E.2d 1055, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7 (2001) (negligence claims by survivors of persons killed through criminal use of illegally obtained

handguns failed to allege that handgun manufacturers owed a duty to exercise

reasonable care in the marketing and distribution of their product).     

		2. Public Nuisance Inapplicable to Products

	Next, defendants cite two federal cases from Illinois to assert that

public nuisance law does not apply to the lawful, commercial distribution of a

product:  Bubalo v. Navegar, Inc., No. 96 C 3664 (N.D. Ill. March 20, 1998) (Bubalo II), and City of Bloomington, Indiana v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 891 F.2d 611 (7th Cir. 1989).  Bubalo II, a federal district court case, is noteworthy as it is the only public nuisance case against handgun

manufacturers and distributors that has been decided in Illinois.1  The issue before us is an issue of first impression in an Illinois state court.    

 	Bubalo II involved a public nuisance action brought on behalf of two police officers who were shot in the line of duty.  Defendant Navegar

manufactured the 9 millimeter semi-automatic pistol used in the shootings. 

Bubalo v. Navegar, No. 96 C 3664 (N.D. Ill. June 13, 1997) (Bubalo I).  Plaintiffs alleged that the design and marketing of these powerful assault

weapons were targeted to appeal to criminals.  In addressing defendant's

argument that manufacturers of nondefective, legal products could not be

liable for public nuisance, Bubalo II examined the Seventh Circuit's decision in City of Bloomington.

	In City of Bloomington, Monsanto Company (Monsanto) manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and sold them to Westinghouse Electric

Corporation (Westinghouse).  The city sued Monsanto and Westinghouse for

public and private nuisance, alleging that Westinghouse discharged waste

containing PCBs that contaminated the city's landfill, sewer system and sewage

treatment plant.

	In assessing Monsanto's liability, the court indicated that it was

unable to find any authority holding manufacturers liable for public or

private nuisance claims arising from the use of their product subsequent to

the point of sale.  The court focused on the fact that Monsanto could not be

held liable on a nuisance theory because no facts were alleged stating that

Monsanto retained the right to "control" the PCBs beyond the point of sale. 

City of Bloomington, 891 F.2d at 614.  

	The court also emphasized that when alerted to the risks associated with

PCBs, "Monsanto made every effort to have Westinghouse dispose of the

chemicals safely."  City of Bloomington, 891 F.2d at 614.  According to the court, there were no allegations to support the notion that Monsanto

participated in carrying on the nuisance.  The court cited section 834 of the

Restatement (Second) of Torts for support:

	  "One is subject to liability for a nuisance caused by an activity, not

only when he carries on the activity but also when he participates to a

substantial extent in carrying it on."  City of Bloomington, 891 F.2d at 614, citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, §834 (1977).           

The court concluded that without allegations of such participation, the

nuisance claims were properly dismissed.  City of Bloomington, 891 F.2d at 614.    

	In its analysis of City of Bloomington, Bubalo II highlighted that Monsanto made every effort to have Westinghouse dispose of the chemicals

safely.  However, according to Bubalo II, if Monsanto had intentionally marketed the product knowing that its customers would dispose of it in a

harmful manner, nothing would preclude liability in those circumstances.

	"Suppose, however, that Monsanto *** intentionally marketed the product

to customers who it knew or should have known would dispose of PCB’s in

a manner that would harm the environment.  Nothing in the opinion in

City of Bloomington would preclude the imposition of liability on the manufacturer under those facts."  Bubalo II, slip op. at 4.    

Bubalo II then remarked that, unlike City of Bloomington, plaintiffs make a "serious and disturbing" allegation that the defendants designed and marketed

powerful assault weapons targeted to appeal to criminals.  This allegation, if

true, suggested a degree of participation not present in City of Bloomington and "within the meaning of [the] phrase ['to a substantial extent'] in the Restatement §834."  Bubalo II, slip op. at 4, 5.  As a federal court deciding a case of first impression under Illinois nuisance law, Bubalo II stated that it was reluctant to impose liability under Illinois law without more guidance

or "solid foundation in the state decisional law."  Bubalo, slip op. at 4. 

	Similar to the plaintiffs in Bubalo II, the plaintiffs here allege that defendants designed and marketed weapons targeting juveniles and criminals. 

Also, the plaintiffs' allegations in this case describe even further

participation by the defendants: (1) distribution of firearms through a market

structure intentionally created and maintained by defendants by relying on

low-end retailers who encourage purchasers to illegally transport weapons to

Chicago; (2) failure to regulate or discipline known irresponsible dealers;

and (3) market saturation of areas surrounding Chicago, knowing and foreseeing

that excess firearm supply will be taken to Chicago and possessed and used

illegally.  In our view, the complaints allege participation "to a substantial

extent" within the meaning of the phrase in section 834 of the Restatement.

	Defendants cite cases outside Illinois that dismissed public nuisance

claims against firearm manufacturers and distributors.  The cited cases

include:  Camden County Board of Chosen Freeholders v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 123 F. Supp. 2d 245 (D.N.J. 2000) (Camden I), aff'd No. 01-1051, (3rd Cir. November 16, 2001) (Camden II); City of Philadelphia v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 126 F. Supp. 2d 882 (E.D. Pa. 2000); and City of Cincinnati v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., Nos. C-990729, C-990814, C-990815 (Ohio App. August 11, 2000).  An examination of these cases reveals a general trend in the way courts

nationwide have approached the issue of whether to recognize a public nuisance

action involving a nondefective product, specifically a handgun.  There appears to be a correlation between the degree of mental culpability

associated with a defendant's (manufacturer, distributor or dealer) alleged

conduct and whether a public nuisance claim is permitted to proceed.  In these

cases, allegations falling short of intentional creation and propagation of an

illegal underground gun market, such as negligence, recklessness, awareness or

knowledge that guns flow into an illegal market, have not succeeded.

	City of Cincinnati2 and City of Philadelphia3 generally alleged "awareness" or "knowledge" by the defendants that their marketing and

distribution allowed guns to be possessed and used illegally; however, they

chose not to do anything about it.  City of Cincinnati held that a lawful activity could not constitute a public nuisance and dismissed the claim.  City of Cincinnati, slip op. at ___.  City of Philadelphia found that there was no precedent to apply public nuisance law to the design and distribution of a

product.  City of Philadelphia, 126 F. Supp. 2d at 908.  The court also rejected the claim on the following bases: defendant's acts were lawful;

third-party criminal actions were the cause; defendants exercised no control over the product after its sale; and there existed no public right to be free

from guns.  City of Philadelphia, 126 F. Supp. 2d at 909-11.

	In Camden I, the complaint alleged that the defendants created a criminal market for handguns by implementing marketing and distribution

policies that made it easy for criminals to access guns.  Camden I, 123 F. Supp. at 266.  Significantly, the New Jersey district court indicated that there were no allegations that the defendants endorsed or condoned the

criminal gun market.  The court reasoned that, without such allegations, it could not be said that the defendants substantially participated in creating

the nuisance and had the power to control it.  Due to this pleading defect,

the district court concluded that the complaint failed to state an actionable

claim for public nuisance.  Camden I, 123 F. Supp. at 267.  The Third Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that the defendant manufacturers' lawful

distribution of handguns did not constitute a public nuisance under New Jersey

law.  Camden II explained that the complaint failed to allege that defendants exercised sufficient control over the source of the interference with the

public right, namely criminals with guns.  Camden II, No. 01-1051, slip op. at ___.

	In the instant case, the complaints are filed on behalf of persons who

were killed by teenage gang members.  Plaintiffs have alleged that defendants

intentionally created and maintained an illegal secondary gun market, thereby creating and carrying on a public nuisance.  Specifically, the complaints

allege that the  defendants have "created and maintained this market structure

knowing and intending this result."  In our view, contrary to defendant's

claims that they have no power to abate the nuisance due to lack of control, the complaints connote that defendants have the power to control the

purposeful creation and maintenance of an illegal secondary market by

oversupplying the areas around Chicago with handguns.

	Additionally, defendants' reliance upon cases rejecting public nuisance

liability for the sale of defective products is misplaced.  See Levit v. General Motors Corp., 682 F. Supp. 386 (N.D. Ill. 1988) (public nuisance law was inapplicable in a products liability case against manufacturer of

refrigerator that suddenly burst into flames); Tioga Public School District v. United States Gypsum Co., 984 F.2d 915 (8th Cir. 1993) (nuisance law does not afford remedy against manufacturer of asbestos-containing material to an owner

whose building was contaminated following installation of that product,

because defendant lacked control of the product after sale); Detroit Board of Education v. Celotex Corp., 196 Mich. App. 694, 493 N.W.2d 513 (1992) (same).   Unlike the allegations of intentional creation of a public nuisance presented

here, Levit, Tioga, and Detroit Board involved an individual consumer's tort remedy for the negligent sale of a defective product.

3.  Public Nuisance Inapplicable to Lawful Acts

	Third, defendants contend that common law public nuisance actions

traditionally arise in only two circumstances: (1) where the alleged nuisance

is connected to real property; or (2) where the purported nuisance violates a

statute or ordinance.  Defendants further posit that their actions in

manufacturing, marketing, or distributing handguns complied with federal,

state and local laws related to firearms and, therefore, a nuisance action is

foreclosed.

	Contrary to defendants’ contentions, a public nuisance need not involve real property.  "Unlike a private nuisance, a public nuisance does not

necessarily involve interference with use and enjoyment of land."  Restatement

(Second) of Torts §821B, Comment h (1979).  Common law public nuisance is also "not limited to those activities the legislature has declared [to be] public

nuisances."  Festival Theatre, 91 Ill. 2d at 303.

	Defendants rely upon isolated dicta from a private nuisance case for the proposition that "a lawful act will not constitute a public nuisance."  Meyers v. Kissner, 149 Ill. 2d 1, 10, 594 N.E.2d 336 (1992).  However, public nuisance cases have held that compliance with the law is not dispositive and

merely serves as a "guideline" in determining whether an unreasonable

interference has occurred.  Commonwealth Edison, 24 Ill. App. 3d at 632-33.  "Handgun manufacturers, like the rest of us, can be held civilly liable for

their conduct even if it falls within the framework and regulations of

statutory law."  D. Kairys, The Governmental Handgun Cases and the Elements and Underlying Policies of Public Nuisance Law, 32 Conn. L. Rev. 1175, 1182 (Summer 2000).  As the Restatement points out: "[T]raveling at less than the

speed limit may still be negligence if traffic conditions indicate a lesser

speed is required."  Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B, Comment f (1979).  In the instant case, plaintiffs contend that defendants’ intentional creation

and perpetuation of an illegal, secondary handgun market that caters to

juveniles cannot be properly characterized as a "lawful act."

   	Defendants also cite several federal, state and local regulatory provisions, arguing that civil liability for public nuisance is foreclosed due

to a comprehensive set of legislative acts and administrative regulations

governing the details of firearm sales and distribution.  See 18 U.S.C. §921 et seq. (1994); 18 U.S.C. §922 et seq. (1994); 27 C.F.R. Pt. 178 (1998); 430 ILCS 65/2 through 4 (West 1998); 720 ILCS 5/24-3 (West 1998); Chicago

Municipal Code §§4-144-060 (eff. December 9, 1992), 4-144-070 (eff. December

9, 1992), 8-20-010 (amended July 7, 1992), 8-20-030 (amended March 10, 1999),

8-20-040 (amended July 7, 1992); the Cook County Deadly Weapons Dealer Control

Ordinance (app. November 3, 1999).  

	It is certainly true that comprehensive legislation of a certain

activity causes courts to exercise judicial restraint in declaring an activity

to be a public nuisance if it complies with the regulations.  Restatement

(Second) Torts §821B, Comment f. "However, there is generally no regulation of the quantity, frequency, or purpose of firearm purchases or sales nor is there

any national registration of purchasers of firearms.  Multiple sales and even

straw purchases are generally not unlawful and are not significantly

regulated."  D. Kairys, The Governmental Handgun Cases and the Elements and Underlying Policies of Public Nuisance Law, 32 Conn. L. Rev. 1175, 1183 (Summer 2000)).4  The preamble to the Cook County Deadly Weapons Dealer Control Ordinance (app. November 3, 1999) echoes the lack of comprehensive

regulation of guns in Chicago:

	   "WHEREAS, current state law contains gaping loop holes and

unacceptable provisions that allow dangerous and unchecked transfers of

guns at gun shows and multiple sales to straw purchasers who transfer

guns to criminals and youth."  Cook County Deadly Weapons Dealer Control Ordinance (app. November 3, 1999).

Thus, without comprehensive legislation in certain areas related to gun

marketing, sales and distribution, we disagree with defendants that existing

firearm regulations foreclose civil liability for creating a public nuisance.

4. Wrongful Death

	Lastly, we address the contention of defendant reseller Breit & Johnson

Sporting Goods, Inc. (B&J), that plaintiff Young is really attempting to

assert a wrongful death claim against B&J, and not a public nuisance claim. 

In support, B&J argues that count VII of Young's complaint seeks monetary

damages pursuant to the Illinois Wrongful Death Act (740 ILCS 180/1 et seq. (1998)) and does not request injunctive relief.  B&J further posits that

plaintiff does not complain about the violation of a public right, but only

"about the fact that his son was tragically murdered."  According to B&J, the

allegations by Young are simply claims of negligence which were already

dismissed by the trial court in count VI.  We disagree. 

	First, we note that a plaintiff may seek monetary damages as well as

injunctive relief in a public nuisance action:

	"In determining whether to award damages [for public nuisance], the

court's task is to decide whether it is unreasonable to engage in the

conduct without paying for the harm done.  Although a general activity

may have great utility it may still be unreasonable to inflict the harm

without compensating for it."  Restatement (Second) of Torts §821B,

Comment i (1979).

Thus, the fact that Young seeks monetary relief does not abrogate his public

nuisance claim.  

	Next, we disagree with B&J's contention that Young is only suing for the

murder of his son and not a violation of a public right.  Count VII against

B&J incorporates the previous allegations set forth in the complaint,

including the claim that B&J interfered with plaintiff's public right to use

the "public spaces of the City of Chicago without undue risk of injury to

themselves and to their families."  Furthermore, count VII contains more than

allegations of mere negligence:  B&J allegedly substantially participated in

the creation of a public nuisance by conducting illegal sales of handguns to

persons it knew or reasonably should have known would either use or transfer

the gun to another who would use it in a violent or illegal manner.

Specifically, the complaint alleges that B&J had reason to suspect that

Mariano DiVittorio was a gun trafficker whom B&J "knows or reasonably should

know will illegally transfer or resell the handguns", but sold him the Bryco

59 used to kill Andrew Young despite this knowledge.  Unlike count VI,

grounded in negligence, count VII alleges a heightened awareness on the part

of the defendant gun dealer.  In our view, Young's pleadings sufficiently set

forth a public nuisance cause of action against B&J.    

C. RESULTING INJURY			

	The parties do not dispute that the plaintiffs have suffered an injury

resulting from the murders of their family members.  Rather, defendants argue

that the complaints should have been dismissed because they do not assert

facts capable of establishing the necessary element of proximate cause as a

matter of law.

	According to the Restatement, liability for either public or private

nuisance arises because one person’s acts set in motion a force or chain of events resulting in the invasion or interference.  The acts may be a direct

and immediate cause or an indirect cause of the interference.  Restatement

(Second) of Torts §824, Comment b (1979).  Legal causation is essentially a question of foreseeability.  First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d 252, 258, 720 N.E.2d 1068 (1999).  In the special case where

plaintiff’s injuries result not from defendant’s direct actions, but from the

subsequent, independent act of a third person, the issue of legal causation

becomes the following:  whether the intervening cause is of the type that a

reasonable person would see as a likely result of his conduct.  Galman, 188 Ill. 2d at 258.

	The defendants rely on Martin, which held that criminal misuse of a handgun is not a foreseeable consequence of gun manufacturing.  Martin, 743 F.2d at 1205.  According to the defendants, this unforeseeable, intervening

cause similarly breaks the causal connection between the defendants’ actions

and the subsequent injuries, relieving them of liability.  We disagree.

	Unlike Martin, the complaints in the instant case contain much more than allegations of mere gun manufacturing.  The defendants here allegedly

intentionally created and maintained an underground market of firearms and

deliberately designed, marketed, and sold guns that were targeted to appeal to

criminals.  In our view, a reasonable trier of fact could find that the

criminal misuse of guns killing persons were occurrences that defendants knew

would result or were substantially certain to result from the defendants’

alleged conduct in the instant case.     

III. STANDING

	Lastly, defendants argue that plaintiffs, as private individuals, must clear an additional hurdle in a public nuisance action by alleging a special,

distinct injury that is not suffered by the community at large.  Defendants

maintain that this additional requirement raises issues of lack of standing

with respect to certain parties.  Defendants challenge the plaintiffs’

standing on two bases: (1) all plaintiffs lack standing to sue the "unrelated

defendants" -- a term coined by defendants to refer to those who did not

manufacture or distribute the particular handguns used to kill plaintiffs’

decedents; and (2) plaintiffs Macias and Bowman, who could not identify the

specific firearm used in the killings, lack standing altogether and must be

dismissed from the suit. 

	Generally, for a party to have standing based on injury in fact to a

legally cognizable interest, the claimed injury must be: (1) distinct and

palpable; (2) fairly traceable to the defendant's actions; and (3)

substantially likely to be prevented or redressed by the grant of the

requested relief.  Glisson v. City of Marion, 188 Ill. 2d 211, 221, 720 N.E.2d 1034 (1999).  Additionally, a private individual may institute a public

nuisance action only if he suffers a special and particular injury distinct

from that suffered by the public at large.  In cases where no special or

private injury is caused to an individual, an action must be instituted by or

in the name of the public.  Hoyt v. McLaughlin, 250 Ill. 442, 447, 95 N.E. 464 (1911).

	In the instant case, defendants concede that all five plaintiffs have

suffered a distinct injury in that their family members were killed.  However,

defendants argue that this distinct injury is not "directly traceable" to the

unrelated defendants who did not manufacture, distribute or sell a gun identified in any of the killings.

	In response, plaintiffs cite Cook v. City of Du Quoin, 256 Ill. App. 452 (1930), a case relied upon by the trial court in its holding that plaintiffs

had standing to sue the "unrelated defendants."  In Cook, the plaintiff farm owner sued the city for creating a public nuisance.  The city constructed a

sewer system  which discharged sewage into a creek that flowed across

plaintiffs' land.  The creek became contaminated and could no longer be used

by plaintiff to water his stock.  In defense, the city argued that it was not

the sole source of pollution and that other towns and villages may have been

responsible for contributing to the pollution of the creek.  The court

rejected this defense, stating:

	   "Where the acts of several persons, although separate and distinct as

to time and place, culminate in producing a public nuisance, which

injures the person or property of another, they are jointly and

severally liable."  Cook, 256 Ill. App. at 456.

	The water pollution in Cook resulted from fungible ingredients.  As a result, we find Cook to be distinguishable from the instant case.  In Cook, there was no dispute that the city contributed to the pollution of the creek

to some extent.  Even if other sources contributed to the contamination of the

creek, it would be difficult to identify whose contamination affected which

droplet of water that flowed across plaintiff's land and caused him injury. 

Here, in contrast, it is possible to isolate and identify the source of the

firearm that killed plaintiff's decedents.  See Yeazel v. Alexander, 58 Ill. 254, 262 (1871) ("'If, in legal consideration, the act complained of could not

have been committed by several persons, and can only be considered the tort of the actual aggressor, or the distinct tort of each, a separate action against

the actual wrong-doer only, or against each, must be brought. [Citation]'").

Thus, plaintiffs lack standing to assert a public nuisance claim against the

"unrelated defendants" who did not manufacture, distribute or sell the

firearms in question.

	Furthermore, we are not persuaded by the trial court's reasoning that

plaintiffs Macias and Bowman have standing to sue despite the fact that they

are unable to identify the guns that caused the deaths.  According to the

trial court:

	"The Plaintiffs are not claiming *** that one particular gun caused the

Plaintiffs' injuries.  Instead, the Plaintiffs are claiming that the

Defendants, as a whole, have caused guns to become readily available to

both juveniles and criminally oriented individuals within the City of

Chicago.  As a result, Plaintiffs contend, Defendants have caused a

saturation of guns in the City of Chicago and said guns have allegedly

caused the death of Plaintiffs' decedents."

However, in order for a private litigant to successfully plead public

nuisance, he must allege a distinct injury (in this case the victim's death)

which is "fairly traceable" to the defendant's conduct.  Glisson, 188 Ill. 2d at 221.  In our view, the gun is inextricably tied to the victims' injuries

and is also subject to identification.  We conclude that plaintiffs Macias and

Bowman have failed to allege that their distinct injuries are "fairly

traceable" to the defendants' conduct in the instant case.       

	In conclusion, we respond to the certified question presented for immediate appeal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (155 Ill. 2d R. 308) as follows:

	1. Plaintiffs' fifth amended complaint in Young v. Bryco Arms states a viable public nuisance cause of action under Illinois law with respect to

counts I and VII of the complaint.  Plaintiffs Young and Macias lack standing

to assert a public nuisance cause of action against the defendants with

respect to count II.  Accordingly, as to the fifth amended complaint in Young v. Bryco Arms, we answer the certified question yes as to counts I and VII and no as to count II. 

	2. Plaintiffs' third amended complaint in Smith v. Navegar, Inc. states a viable public nuisance cause of action under Illinois law with respect to

count I of the complaint.  Plaintiffs Smith and Bowman lack standing to assert

a public nuisance cause of action against the defendants with respect to count

II.  Accordingly, as to the third amended complaint in Smith v. Navegar, Inc., we answer the certified question yes as to count I and no as to count II.  

	3. Plaintiffs' third amended complaint in Ceriale v. Smith & Wesson Corp. states a viable public nuisance cause of action under Illinois law with respect to counts I and VII of the complaint.  Plaintiff Ceriale lacks

standing to assert a public nuisance cause of action against the defendants

with respect to count II.  Accordingly, as to the third amended complaint in

Ceriale v. Smith & Wesson Corp., we answer the certified question yes as to counts I and VII and no as to count II. 

	Cergfitified question answered.

	McNULTY Aand TULLY, JJ., CONCURCONconcur.