IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 57915-4-II

Respondent,

v.

JENNIFER LORRIANE MARTIN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Appellant.

VELJACIC, A.C.J. — Jennifer L. Martin appeals her possession of a stolen vehicle 

conviction, arguing that the allowed testimony violated the confrontation clause and the trial court 

erred in denying her hearsay objection during trial. Martin further argues that the State failed to 

prove by a preponderance of evidence her criminal history, the trial court erred in denying her 

request for an exceptional sentence below the standard range, and the court wrongly imposed a 

$500 victim penalty assessment (VPA) and a $100 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) collection fee. 

The State concedes that it failed to prove Martin’s criminal history. In her statement of additional 

grounds (SAG) for review, Martin alleges prosecutorial misconduct and ineffective assistance of 

counsel. We affirm Martin’s conviction but accept the State’s concession regarding the sentencing 

error pertaining to Martin’s criminal history, and remand for resentencing.

FACTS

Pierce County Sheriff’s Department dispatched Deputy Carly Cappetto to investigate the 

report of a stolen vehicle. 2RP 292, 294. The vehicle’s owner reported that he spotted the vehicle 

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

July 9, 2024
57915-4-II

2

and followed it to a U-Haul store. Cappetto was nearby and also observed the vehicle pull into the 

U-Haul store. 

Cappetto observed Martin get out of the vehicle and walk over to a U-Haul truck. Cappetto 

approached the vehicle and confirmed that it was the stolen vehicle by checking the vehicle 

identification number. Martin was aware of Cappetto’s presence and kept looking over at her.

Cappetto observed Martin get into the U-Haul truck with Tammie Wright and another 

individual and drive through an alley. Cappetto followed them and waited for backup. The truck 

stopped at a nearby grocery store and Cappetto observed Martin get out of the truck and go inside 

the store.

When backup arrived, Cappetto and the other deputies began looking for Martin. After 

about five minutes, a store employee approached the deputies and told them the individual they 

were looking for was in the restroom and had been in there the whole time. Cappetto located 

Martin in the restroom and arrested her. 

The State charged Martin with unlawful possession of a stolen vehicle.

Prior to trial, Martin filed a motion in limine to exclude hearsay in violation of Martin’s 

constitutional right of confrontation. Martin specifically requested that any reference to anything 

that Wright might have said should be excluded “[b]ecause [] Wright will not be present for trial.” 

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 32. Martin’s 45-page motion in limine does not mention the store 

employee’s statement. During the hearing on Martin’s motion, the court clarified that the objection 

was just focused on Wright and defense counsel replied, “Yes. Yes.” 1 Rep. of Proc. (RP) at 37. 

The court granted the motion to exclude any statements by Wright.

During trial, Cappetto testified to the events that led up to Martin’s arrest. When testifying 

about looking for Martin inside the grocery store, Cappetto stated that a store employee approached 
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the deputies and said, “the female [they] were looking for was located in the bathroom, and she 

had been in there ever since she came in.” 2 RP at 304. Defense counsel objected, stating, “I 

object to her reporting hearsay from the store clerk that we can’t examine.” 2 RP at 304. The trial 

court overruled the objection.

The jury found Martin guilty of unlawful possession of a stolen vehicle.

At sentencing, the State only summarized Martin’s criminal history without providing 

evidence. The parties disagreed about Martin’s offender score based on her prior criminal history. 

Martin conceded that she had a prior felony conviction for escape but argued that it washed out. 

The State argued that the conviction did not wash out because of subsequent misdemeanor 

convictions. Martin requested an exceptional sentence below the standard range based on her 

argument that the conviction washed out.

The trial court concluded that the prior felony did not wash out and calculated her offender 

score as a one. The court denied Martin’s request for a mitigated exceptional sentence and imposed 

a low-end standard range sentence of two months. 

The trial court imposed a $500 VPA fee and $100 DNA collection fee but waived the 

criminal filing fee based on the court’s finding that Martin was indigent. The court ordered Martin 

to pay $500 in restitution to the vehicle’s owner for damage to the vehicle.

Martin appeals.

ANALYSIS

I. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE

Martin contends her constitutional right to confrontation was violated by admission of 

Cappetto’s testimony regarding what the store employee told her about Martin’s location inside 
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the grocery store. The State responds that this issue was not preserved for appeal. We agree with 

the State. 

Where a witness is absent but the State wishes to present his or her prior testimonial 

statements at trial, it can do so consistent with the federal and state constitutions only if the witness 

is truly unavailable and the defendant has had a prior opportunity for cross-examination. State v. 

Price, 158 Wn.2d 630, 639, 146 P.3d 1183 (2006); Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 124 

S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004); U.S. CONST. amend VI; WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22. But a 

defendant must assert his right to confrontation at trial to preserve the challenge for appeal. State 

v. Burns, 193 Wn.2d 190, 210-11, 438 P.3d 1183 (2019).

In Burns, the Washington Supreme Court adopted a requirement that a defendant must 

object in the trial court to evidence that violates his or her right to confrontation. 193 Wn.2d at 

210-11. The court held that “requiring an objection is in the interests of judicial efficiency and 

clarity, and provides a basis for appellate courts to review a trial judge’s decision.” Id. at 211. If 

a defendant does not object at trial, “‘nothing the trial court does or fails to do is a denial of the 

right, and if there is no denial of a right, there is no error by the trial court, manifest or otherwise, 

that an appellate court can review.’” Id. (quoting State v. Fraser, 170 Wn. App. 13, 25-26, 282 

P.3d 152 (2012)).

A general objection may not be sufficient. State v. Dash, 163 Wn. App. 63, 72, 259 P.3d 

319 (2011). Moreover, a hearsay objection is not enough. State v. O’Cain, 169 Wn. App. 228, 

245, 279 P.3d 926 (2012). 

Prior to trial, Martin filed a motion in limine to exclude statements made by Wright based 

on constitutional confrontation clause grounds, but she made no mention of the grocery store 

employee’s statement. Then, during trial, Cappetto testified that while looking for Martin inside 
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the store, a store employee approached the deputies and told them that “the female [they] were 

looking for was located in the bathroom, and she had been in there ever since she came in.” 2 RP 

at 304. Martin objected, stating, “I object to her reporting hearsay from the store clerk that we 

can’t examine.” 2 RP at 304. She did not mention the confrontation clause in her objection. Use 

of the word “examine” is not enough to preserve this issue for review because it is ambiguous and 

could simply be a reference to the witness’s unavailability under the hearsay rules. 2 RP at 304. 

Additionally, Martin raised the issue of confrontation previously in her motion to suppress 

Wright’s statements and in so doing demonstrated awareness of the issue and ability to specifically 

raise it. She did not do so here. See Dash, 163 Wn. App. at 72. For this reason, we hold that 

Martin did not preserve her argument that her confrontation right was violated. 

II. HEARSAY

Martin next contends that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Cappetto to testify 

to the grocery store clerk’s statement. We disagree. 

Generally, a decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 

State v. Griffin, 173 Wn.2d 467, 473, 268 P.3d 924 (2012). A trial court abuses its discretion when 

it adopts a view that a reasonable person would not take, its decision is based on facts unsupported 

in the record, or its decision was reached by applying an incorrect legal standard. Id. 

“Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at trial, 

offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. ER 80l(c). Generally, hearsay is not

admissible unless an exception applies. ER 802. ER 803(a)(l) provides an exception for present 

sense impressions and the declarant’s availability is immaterial. A present sense impression is a 

“statement describing or explaining an event or condition made while the declarant was perceiving 

the event or condition, or immediately thereafter.” ER 803(a)(l). “Present sense impression 
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statements must grow out of the event reported and in some way characterize that event.” State v. 

Martinez, 105 Wn. App. 775, 783, 20 P.3d 1062 (2001), overruled on other grounds by State v. 

Rangel-Reyes, 119 Wn. App. 494, 81 P.3d 157 (2003). “The statement must be a ‘spontaneous or 

instinctive utterance of thought,’ evoked by the occurrence itself, unembellished by premeditation, 

reflection, or design. It is not a statement of memory or belief.” Id. (quoting Beck v. Dye, 200 

Wash. 1, 9-10, 92 P.2d 1113 (1939)).

Here, deputies were at the grocery store looking for Martin. A store employee approached 

the deputies and told them Martin was in the restroom and had been in there since she came in. 

This statement was made within minutes of the deputies starting their search for Martin and was 

based on the store employee’s observation of what was happening at the grocery store. The 

contemporaneous and spontaneous nature of the statement, including the timing, nature, and 

content, reduces the chance of misrepresentation or fabrication by the witness. Therefore, the 

statement was a present sense impression under ER 803(a)(l) and an exception to the hearsay rule. 

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Martin’s hearsay objection at 

trial. 

III. SENTENCING 

Martin contends that the State failed to prove her criminal history beyond a reasonable 

doubt. The State concedes the error. We accept the State’s concession. 

“In determining the proper offender score, the court may rely on information that is 

admitted, acknowledged, or proved in a trial or at sentencing.” State v. Cate, 194 Wn.2d 909, 913-

14, 453 P.3d 990 (2019). The State has the burden of proving the criminal history by a 

preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 912-13. A prosecutor’s unsupported summary of criminal 

history does not satisfy the State’s burden. Id. at 913.
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Here, the State only summarized Martin’s criminal history at sentencing without providing 

evidence. This is not sufficient to satisfy the State’s burden. Cate, 194 Wn.2d at 913. 

Accordingly, we accept the State’s concession and remand for resentencing. 

Martin further contends that the trial court erred in denying her request for an exceptional 

sentence below the standard range and in imposing the $500 VPA fee and the $100 DNA fee. 

Because we remand for resentencing, Martin may raise these issues to the trial court on remand.1 

IV. SAG

In her pro se SAG, Martin first appears to allege prosecutorial misconduct, arguing that the 

prosecutor wrongly requested that the trial court order restitution as part of her sentence even 

though defense counsel allegedly obtained information that the stolen vehicle’s owner engaged in 

insurance fraud. Because we remand this matter for resentencing, we do not address this issue. 

Martin next argues that she received ineffective assistance of counsel because counsel did 

not argue to the jury that Martin admitted driving the vehicle as she requested and counsel would 

not let Martin testify when she wanted to testify. But our record does not include evidence relating 

to these allegations. Because Martin’s SAG claims rely on matters outside the record, we do not 

consider them on direct appeal. See State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 338, n5, 899 P.2d 1251 

(1995) (declining to consider matters outside the record on an ineffective assistance of counsel 

appeal and holding that “a personal restraint petition is the appropriate vehicle for bringing those 

matters before the court.”).

 

1 The State requests that we reach the exceptional sentence issue to provide guidance to the trial 

court on remand. But, based on our disposition, any discussion regarding this substantive issue 

would amount to an advisory opinion, which is disfavored by Washington courts. State v. Norby, 

122 Wn.2d 258, 269, 858 P.2d 210 (1993).
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CONCLUSION

We affirm Martin’s conviction but accept the State’s concession regarding the sentencing 

error involving proving Martin’s criminal history, and remand for resentencing. On remand, 

Martin may address her other sentencing issues before the trial court. 

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, 

it is so ordered.

Veljacic, A.C.J.

We concur:

Maxa, J.

Che, J.