IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2004-CA-01145-SCT

H.S. STANLEY, JR., CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE FOR

THE BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF GULFPORT

PILOTS ASSOCIATION, INC., AS SUBSTITUTED

FOR MICHAEL KOPSZYWA

v.

MISSISSIPPI STATE PILOTS OF GULFPORT,

INC., MURRELL W. HINTON, JR., STANLEY

FOURNIER, JR. AND THOMAS GIBSON

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 05/07/2004

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. CARTER O. BISE

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: GEORGE W. BYRNE, JR. 

RANDALL SCOTT WELLS

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: NICHOLAS VAN WISER

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 12/07/2006

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

DIAZ, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. In this case, we consider whether a judgment in a fraudulent conveyance action was

proper. Finding that both the successor corporation and its directors are liable for the debts

of the previous corporation, we reverse and remand.

FACTS

¶2. The facts of this case are not in dispute. 
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¶3. Gulfport Pilots Association, Inc., (GPA) was engaged in the business of piloting ships

in and out of Gulfport Harbor. Four pilots were also the owners, officers, and directors of

the corporation. Other employees included a pilot boat operator and four dispatchers.

Michael Kopszywa was employed as the pilot boat operator in March 1995 when he was

injured on the job. Mr. Kopszywa brought suit in the Circuit Court of Harrison County under

the Jones Act. On March 25, 1997, after a two-day mediation, the case was settled for

$200,000, plus outstanding medical bills of approximately $20,000. 

¶4. When the GPA’s Bahama-based insurance company refused to pay and subsequently

became insolvent, Mr. Kopszywa filed a motion to enforce settlement with the circuit court.

A hearing on the motion was held on May 16, 1997, at which time the court announced it

was going to rule in favor of Mr. Kopszywa. On May 22, 1997, the same day the circuit

court judge entered his order granting the motion, the directors filed articles of incorporation

for Mississippi State Pilots of Gulfport, Inc. They became owners, officers, and directors of

the new corporation and transferred all of the employees from the old corporation to the new

one. Mississippi State Pilots continued to operate from the same business address, used the

same dock, the same accountant, the same law firm, the same bank, and served the same

customers as GPA. 

¶5. A week later, on May 29, 1997, the directors transferred ownership of one of the

boats, the Gulfport Pilot II, to the new corporation by executing a promissory note for

$12,000 in favor of the old corporation. That same day, all four resigned as employees of

the old corporation, while remaining owners, officers, and directors. As a result, GPA was
11 U.S.C. § 544(b) permits the trustee to avoid fraudulent transfers and gives the 1

trustee the rights of any actual creditor who may avoid a transfer under state law.

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left with no employees and no assets other than some outstanding bills for work done prior

to the formation of the new corporation and a dilapidated piloting boat, the Gulfport Pilot I.

¶6. On June 26, 1997, Mr. Kopszywa filed a fraudulent conveyance action against

Mississippi State Pilots and the individual directors in the Chancery Court of Harrison

County. On June 15, 1998, the day the matter was set for trial, the directors filed for Chapter

7 bankruptcy for GPA, staying all proceedings in the chancery court. The only remaining

asset of the old corporation, the Gulfport Pilot I, sank the day it was turned over to the

bankruptcy trustee. 

¶7. The stay was finally lifted on November 21, 2001, and the matter was remanded to

the chancery court to allow the trustee, H.S. Stanley, Jr., to proceed on behalf of Mr.

Kopszywa on the fraudulent conveyance claim. At trial, the directors testified that their 1

intent in forming the new corporation was to keep Mr. Kopszywa from collecting his

judgment. The chancellor found that the directors had fraudulently conveyed the Gulfport

Pilot II and one week’s worth of accounts receivable to the new corporation. While noting

that Defendants’ actions were “distasteful and perhaps even morally wrong,” the chancellor

did not find that the fraudulent conveyance pertained to any other assets of the new

corporation. As a result, the chancellor found that the trustee could only recover $10,064.50

from Mississippi State Pilots of Gulfport. 

ISSUES ON APPEAL
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¶8. There are two issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in failing to find that

the new corporation could be liable for the entire judgment and (2) whether the trial court

erred in failing to find the directors personally liable.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“We will not disturb the findings of a chancellor when supported by substantial ¶9.

evidence unless the chancellor abused his discretion, applied an erroneous legal standard,

was manifestly wrong, or was clearly erroneous.” Williams v. Williams, 843 So. 2d 720, 722

(Miss. 2003).

DISCUSSION

I. Corporate Liability.

¶10. We begin with the basics:

The general rule states that a corporation which acquires the assets, but not the

stock of another corporation, is not obligated for the liabilities of the acquired

corporation. Four exceptions to this rule have been carved out by this Court

in instances where: (1) the successor expressly or impliedly agrees to assume

the liabilities of the predecessor; (2) the transaction may be considered a de

facto merger; (3) the successor may be considered a ‘mere continuation’ of the

predecessor; or (4) the transaction was fraudulent.

Paradise Corp. v. Amerihost Dev., Inc., 848 So. 2d 177, 179 (Miss. 2003) (citing Huff v.

Shopsmith, Inc., 786 So. 2d 383, 388-89 (Miss. 2001). The last two exceptions are

applicable in this case.

¶11. Regarding the fraudulent transaction, the main issue in this case is not whether there

was a fraudulent conveyance but what assets were fraudulently conveyed under Miss. Code
This statute has been replaced, effective July 1, 2006, by the Uniform Fraudulent 2

Transfer Act, Miss. Code Ann. §§ 15-3-101 et seq. (Supp. 2006).

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Ann. § 15-3-3 (repealed 2006). Fraudulent conveyance of an entire business was thoroughly 2

examined by this Court in Morris v. Macione, 546 So. 2d 969 (Miss. 1989). In Morris, we

affirmed a chancellor’s ruling to enforce specific performance of a contract when

shareholders of a clothing store dissolved the corporation, created a new one, and transferred

the store’s assets to the new entity. Id. We noted that “a corporate obligor and those who

control it may not with impunity dissolve the corporation in a debt avoidance maneuver and

cause its assets to be transferred to a new successor corporation. This is so whether the debt

arises in contract, quasi-contract, or tort.” Id. at 971 (internal citations omitted).

Furthermore, “(n)either law nor equity will permit one corporation to take all the property

of another, deprive it of the means of paying its debts, enable it to dissolve its corporate

existence, and place itself practically beyond the reach of creditors, without assuming its

liabilities.” Id. (quoting Meridian L. & R. v. Catar, 103 Miss. 616, 621, 60 So. 657, 658

(1912)). 

¶12. The chancellor correctly cited Morris for the proposition that “the creditor’s rights in

such cases are limited to the extent that the successor corporation acquired the assets of the

predecessor.” However, because the trial court limited its inquiry to the one week that the

directors were employed as pilots by both corporations, the chancellor failed to find that

Defendants fraudulently conveyed the entire business to the new corporation. In this case,

the defendants improperly transferred their entire business in order to avoid a legal

obligation. Moreover, this fact was repeatedly admitted at trial by all of the individual
At the time of conveyance, GPA’s tangible assets consisted of the two boats, accounts 3

receivable, a filing cabinet, and an unknown amount of money in a bank account. The trial

court found that GPA did not have sufficient assets and capital to satisfy the liability.

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defendants. The new corporation was formed the same day the order to enforce settlement

was entered. 

¶13. The new corporation operated from the same business address, used the same dock,

the same accountant, the same law firm, the same bank, and served the same customers as

GPA. The remaining accounts receivable were used to pay the outstanding debts of GPA

(other than Mr. Kopszywa’s Judgment), and the rest was divided among the directors. The

only asset that was transferred for value, the Gulfport Pilot II, was found by the trial court

to be fraudulently conveyed. 

¶14. The chancellor noted that “a wealth of the badges of fraud are present,” even though

the company “took great pains to make the transaction appear fair.” Additionally, the day

Defendants were to go to trial on the fraudulent conveyance claim, GPA filed for Chapter 7

bankruptcy protection in an effort to dissolve the old corporation. The only creditor in the

bankruptcy proceeding was Mr. Kopszywa, and the corporation’s only remaining asset, a

boat, sank the day it was handed over to the trustee. Mississippi State Pilots of Gulfport, Inc.

is unmistakably liable for Mr. Kopszywa’s judgment against GPA up to the amount

fraudulently transferred. 

¶15. The amount transferred includes all of the accounts receivable from GPA, rather than

one week’s worth as the chancellor found. Because it is unclear from the record whether the

value of the transferred assets would equal the amount of the judgment, it is necessary to

discuss the alternative doctrine of “continuity of enterprise.” In Paradise Corp. v. 3
However, to support their argument that Kopszywa’s attorney was “too lazy” to attempt to

seize the accounts, Defendants claimed in their brief that there was in fact enough money in

accounts receivable to satisfy the judgment.

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Amerihost Development, Inc., 848 So. 2d 177 (Miss. 2003), we adopted the “continuity of

enterprise” theory to hold a successor corporation liable for the predecessor’s debts where

the successor benefitted from the goodwill of the predecessor without sharing the liabilities.

The theory considers several factors: (1) whether only one corporation remains after the

transfer of assets; (2) identity of stock, shareholders, and directors between the two

corporations; (3) retaining the same employees; (4) retaining the same supervisory personnel;

(5) retaining the same business facilities in the same physical location; (6) offering the same

services; (7) retaining the same name; (8) continuity of assets; (9) continuity of general

business operations; and (10) whether the successor holds itself out as the continuation of the

previous enterprise. Id. at 180 (citing Mozingo v. Correct Mfg. Corp., 752 F.2d 168, 175

(5th Cir. 1985)). 

¶16. The trial court also examined this Court’s decision in Paradise, but found it inapplicable

to these facts for the sole reason that this was not a stock acquisition. This finding is clearly

erroneous, for identity of stock is only a portion of one factor to be considered. Here, the

record demonstrates that the successor company took on the identity of the predecessor

company in every way except taking responsibility for the predecessor’s debts. The new

corporation consisted of identical shareholders, directors, officers, employees, and

supervisory personnel. The new corporation also used the same docking facility, dock, pilot

boat, office address, and provided the same piloting services. Except for the Gulfport I, the
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assets were the same, and the only change in general business operations was use of a

different name. 

¶17. Defendants argue that Paradise should not apply for several reasons. First, they argue

that no assets other than the Gulfport II were transferred from the old corporation to the new

one, including the business’s goodwill. The undisputed facts reveal that the entire business

was transferred to the new corporation. Additionally, goodwill has most certainly been

transferred. Goodwill has been defined by the U.S. Supreme Court as “the expectancy of

continued patronage.” Newark Morning Ledger Co. v. United States, 507 U.S. 546, 555,

113 S. Ct. 1670, 1675, 123 L. Ed. 2d 288, 299 (1993) (quoting Boe v. Commissioner, 307

F.2d 339, 343 (9th Cir. 1962)). The new corporation was guaranteed continued patronage

because Defendants enjoyed a state-sanctioned monopoly over piloting services in the

Gulfport harbor. All vessels of a certain size entering and leaving the Port of Gulfport must

be navigated by a pilot who is licensed by the Mississippi State Port Authority, and new

pilots could only be licensed upon the recommendation of GPA, now Mississippi State Pilots

of Gulfport. Defendants’ contention that no assets were fraudulently conveyed is wholly

without merit. 

¶18. Defendants also claim that their actions were necessary to “ensure continued piloting

services to the Port of Gulfport.” The defendants do not provide this service for free, and

even if a reasonable person would believe their motive was purely altruistic, it would not

negate their intent to commit fraud. It is uncontroverted that their sole intent in forming the

new corporation was to prevent Mr. Kopszywa from collecting on his judgment. 

¶19. Defendants further argue that paying the directors’ “salaries” out of the old
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corporation’s funds was completely proper. They offer no authority to support their position,

and even if these amounts were payment for previous piloting work and not corporate

dividends, the conveyance is still fraudulent. The directors never resigned as officers and

directors of the old corporation. They subsequently used their complete control over the

corporation to prefer themselves over a legitimate creditor. We have held that “[o]fficers,

directors and stockholders of an insolvent corporation, or one rendered insolvent by

conveyance to them, cannot prefer themselves in payment of pre-existing debts and thus

deprive creditors of their claims against the corporation.” Cooper v. Miss. Land Co., 220 So.

2d 302, 304 (Miss. 1969). Additionally, “[a] director occupies a fiduciary position toward

creditors, and he has a better knowledge of the condition of the company than have the other

creditors. He should not be permitted to use that position to benefit himself at their expense.”

Id. at 307. Defendants’ assertion that “there is nothing wrong with a corporation preferring

certain legitimate creditors over others,” is completely erroneous under these facts. 

¶20. Their additional contentions have no basis in law. The directors argue that no assets

could have been transferred because the corporation was rendered insolvent by the judgment

and they instructed their accountant to keep the corporations completely separate. They also

claim that somehow they should not be liable because Mr. Kopszywa’s attorney was “too

lazy” to collect on the accounts receivable before the funds were distributed to the directors.

Additionally, they assert that enforcing the settlement order would somehow violate the

Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting slavery and involuntary

servitude. Defendants cite no statutory or case law to support their contentions, which, even

if true, have no relevance to this fraudulent conveyance action. Finally, Defendants argue
The chancellor quoted from a dissenting opinion by Justice Mills: “the only situations 4

which warrant piercing the corporate veil are situations in which a party has abused the

corporate entity to perpetrate fraud and evade contractual and tort responsibility.” J & W

Foods Corp. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 723 So.2d 550, 554 (Miss. 1998)(Mills, J.,

dissenting)(citing Hogan v. Mayor & Aldermen of Savannah, 320 S.E.2d 555, 558 (Ga. Ct.

App. 1984)).

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that the Paradise decision “stretch[ed] the traditional notions of the alter ego theory to

accomplish a specific ruling.” 

¶21. These arguments are wholly frivolous and merit no discussion. Under Paradise, the

new corporation is a mere continuation of GPA and the new corporation is liable for all of

GPA’s debts.

II. Individual Liability of Directors

¶22. The trustee argues that the trial court erred in failing to find the directors personally

liable for their actions. We have held that “[t]he rationale used by courts in permitting the

corporate veil to be pierced is that if a principal shareholder or owner conducts his private

and corporate business on an interchangeable or joint basis as if they were one, he is without

standing to complain when an injured party does the same.” A & L, Inc. v. Grantham, 747

So. 2d 832, 843-44 (Miss. 1999) (citing Bone Constr. Co. v. Lewis, 250 S.E.2d 851, 853 (Ga.

App. Ct. 1978)). Additionally, the chancellor correctly recites the rule that piercing the

corporate veil is appropriate where the corporation exists to perpetuate a fraud. See North 4

Am. Plastics, Inc. v. Inland Shoe Mfg. Co., 592 F. Supp. 875, 877-78 (N.D. Miss. 1984)

(citing Johnson & Higgins of Miss., Inc. v. Comm’r of Ins. of Miss., 321 So.2d 281, 285

(Miss. 1975) (accepting the piercing doctrine in Mississippi)). 

¶23. However, the chancellor went on to find that the individual defendants are not
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personally liable even though they fraudulently conveyed their entire business:

In the instant case, their [sic] was no evidence that the individual owners of

Gulfport Pilots Association treated the assets of the corporation as their own

or used corporate funds to pay private debts. There was no evidence that they

failed to observe corporate formalities or keep separate corporate books. The

pilots wrongfully conveyed the Gulfport Pilot II to their new corporation, but

there was no evidence that they used the corporation’s status as a corporate

entity to perpetuate a fraud. While they created the second corporation to

avoid the tort liability incurred by the first, this constituted an avoidance of a

corporate obligation, not a personal one.” 

(emphasis in original).

¶24. The trial court erred in finding that there was no evidence that the directors treated

corporate assets as their own. As discussed in Part I, the directors distributed the profits of

the old corporation to themselves. In doing so, the directors preferred themselves over other

creditors and thereby committed fraud. Our case law clearly holds that directors may not

violate their fiduciary duties to the corporation and prefer themselves over other legitimate

creditors. Cooper, 220 So.2d at 304.

¶25. Furthermore, the purpose of piercing the corporate veil is to make individuals personally

liable for corporate obligations. “The personal liability of [Defendants] arises from their

diversion of corporate assets.” Morris, 546 So.2d at 972. “Corporate officers who

participate in illegal diversions of corporate assets are liable therefor.” Gibson v. Manuel,

534 So. 2d 199, 202 (Miss. 1988) (citing Knox Glass Bottle Co. v. Underwood, 228 Miss.

699, 769, 89 So. 2d 799, 828 (1956)). 

¶26. Additionally, the findings of the trial court only pertain to a certain number of situations

which warrant disregarding the corporate entity. Because of the equitable nature of this

doctrine, the corporate veil may be pierced in a variety of situations. F.M.C. Finance Corp.
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v. Murphree, 632 F.2d 413, 422 (5th Cir. 1980). See Laya v. Erin Homes, Inc., 352 S.E.2d

93, 98-99 (W. Va. 1986) (listing nineteen circumstances that permit a finding of personal

liability, including the formation and use of the corporation to assume the existing liabilities

of another entity). This Court has previously held that conveying a business to a new

corporation in order to avoid a corporate obligation was sufficient to find personal liability.

Morris, 546 So. 2d 969. Similarly, because the directors have abused the corporate entity

to knowingly defraud a legitimate creditor they can be held personally liable, to the extent

that the new corporation has acquired the assets of the old corporation. Id. at 972. Finally,

the chancellor would have required that the directors knowingly contracted with a financially

unreliable insurance company in order to hold them individually liable. While the judgment

cites no authority, it apparently relies on the rule adopted in some jurisdictions that

undercapitalization may warrant disregarding the corporate entity. See e.g., Hambleton

Bros. Lumber Co. v. Balkin Enters., 397 F.3d 1217, 1229 (9th Cir. 2005) (applying Oregon

law). This is too stringent a test and is not the rule in Mississippi. Because there is more

than sufficient evidence to support a finding of individual personal liability, we decline to

address this issue in the present case. 

CONCLUSION

¶27. The findings of the trial court were clearly erroneous. The issues here are the same as

those presented in Morris, and under Paradise, the new corporation is liable for all the debts

of GPA. Therefore, the judgment is reversed, and this case is remanded for a determination

of the amount of Defendants’ personal liability, i.e., the value of the fraudulently transferred

accounts receivable, as well as a determination of attorneys’ fees and punitive damages.
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¶28. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

WALLER, PJ., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES AND RANDOLPH, JJ.,

CONCUR. COBB, PJ., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DICKINSON, J., DISSENTS WITHOUT

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. SMITH, C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.