OPINION AND ORDER – 1 

 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

SHARON MURPHY, ) Civil No.: 6:16-cv-00700-JE 

 ) 

 Plaintiff, ) OPINION AND ORDER 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

NANCY A. BERRYHILL,1

 ) 

Acting Commissioner of Social Security, ) 

 ) 

 Defendant. ) 

____________________________________ ) 

 Linda S. Ziskin 

 Ziskin Law Office 

 P.O. Box 753833 

 Las Vegas, NV 89136 

 

 Attorney for Plaintiff 

 Billy J. Williams, U.S. Attorney 

 Janice Hebert, Asst. U.S. Attorney 

 1000 S.W. 3rd Avenue, Suite 600 

 Portland, OR 97204 

 Sarah Elizabeth Moum 

 Special Asst. U.S. Attorney 

 Office of the General Counsel 

 Social Security Administration 

 701 5th Avenue, Suite 2900 M/S 221 A 

 Seattle, WA 98104-7075 

 Attorneys for Defendants 

 

1

 Nancy A. Berryhill replaced Carolyn W. Colvin as Acting Commissioner of Social Security on January 20, 2017, 

and is therefore substituted as the Defendant in this action pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d). 
OPINION AND ORDER – 2 

JELDERKS, Magistrate Judge: 

 Plaintiff Sharon Murphy brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) seeking 

judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (the Commissioner) 

denying her application for Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) under the Social Security Act 

(the Act). 

 For the reasons set out below, the Commissioner’s decision is reversed and this action is 

remanded for further proceedings. 

Procedural Background 

 Plaintiff protectively filed an application for a period of disability and disability benefits 

on March 8, 2012, alleging she had been disabled since December 22, 2009. 

 After her claim was denied initially and upon reconsideration, Plaintiff timely requested 

an administrative hearing. 

 On November 19, 2013, a video hearing was held before Administrative Law Judge 

(ALJ) Janice Shave. Plaintiff and Jacklyn A. Benson-Dehaan, a vocational expert (VE), testified 

at the hearing. Plaintiff was represented by counsel. At the hearing Plaintiff amended her alleged 

onset date to June 30, 2010, which corresponds to her sobriety date. Tr. 34, 75. 

 In a decision dated December 4, 2013, ALJ Shave found that Plaintiff was not disabled 

within the meaning of the Act. 

 On March 6, 2015, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review, rendering 

the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. In the present action, Plaintiff 

challenges that decision.

Background 

 Plaintiff was born in 1959 and was 54 years old at the time of the ALJ’s decision. 
OPINION AND ORDER – 3 

Plaintiff graduated from high school and completed three years of college. Tr. 214. She has past 

relevant work as a customer service representative. Tr. 41, 76. 

Disability Analysis 

 The ALJ engages in a five-step sequential inquiry to determine whether a claimant is 

disabled within the meaning of the Act. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920. Below is a summary 

of the five steps, which also are described in Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098-99 (9th Cir. 

1999). 

 Step One. The Commissioner determines whether the claimant is engaged in substantial 

gainful activity (SGA). A claimant engaged in such activity is not disabled. If the claimant is 

not engaged in substantial gainful activity, the Commissioner proceeds to evaluate the claimant’s 

case under Step Two. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(b). 

 Step Two. The Commissioner determines whether the claimant has one or more severe 

impairments. A claimant who does not have such an impairment is not disabled. If the claimant 

has a severe impairment, the Commissioner proceeds to evaluate the claimant’s case under Step 

Three. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). 

 Step Three. Disability cannot be based solely on a severe impairment; therefore, the 

Commissioner next determines whether the claimant’s impairment “meets or equals” one of the 

presumptively disabling impairments listed in the Social Security Administration (SSA) 

regulations, 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. A claimant who has such an impairment 

is disabled. If the claimant’s impairment does not meet or equal an impairment listed in the 

regulations, the Commissioner’s evaluation of the claimant’s case proceeds under Step Four. 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d). 
OPINION AND ORDER – 4 

 Step Four. The Commissioner determines whether the claimant is able to perform 

relevant work he or she has done in the past. A claimant who can perform past relevant work is 

not disabled. If the claimant demonstrates he or she cannot do work performed in the past, the 

Commissioner’s evaluation of the claimant’s case proceeds under Step Five. 20 C.F.R. 

§ 404.1520(f). 

 Step Five. The Commissioner determines whether the claimant is able to do any other 

work. A claimant who cannot perform other work is disabled. If the Commissioner finds that 

the claimant is able to do other work, the Commissioner must show that a significant number of 

jobs exist in the national economy that the claimant can do. The Commissioner may satisfy this 

burden through the testimony of a vocational expert (VE) or by reference to the MedicalVocational Guidelines, 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2. If the Commissioner 

demonstrates that a significant number of jobs exist in the national economy that the claimant 

can do, the claimant is not disabled. If the Commissioner does not meet this burden, the claimant 

is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(g)(1). 

 At Steps One through Four, the burden of proof is on the claimant. Tackett, 180 F.3d at 

1098. At Step Five, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to show that the claimant can perform 

jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy. Id.

ALJ’s Decision 

 As an initial matter, the ALJ found that Plaintiff met the requirements for insured status 

through December 31, 2010. 

 At the first step of her disability analysis, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in 

substantial gainful activity during the period from her alleged onset date of December 22, 2009, 

through her date last insured of December 31, 2010. 
OPINION AND ORDER – 5 

 At the second step, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the following severe impairments: 

degenerative disc disease of the lumbar and cervical spine, history of left cubital syndrome with 

2006 ulnar nerve compression and left carpal tunnel release, history of overuse syndrome of the 

right upper extremity and right cubital syndrome (2007), history of right knee arthroscopic 

surgery in 1996 and 2010, left knee mild bursitis and left greater trochanter bursitis. Tr. 36-37. 

 At the third step, the ALJ found that through the date last insured, Plaintiff did not have 

an impairment or combination of impairments that met or equaled a presumptively disabling 

impairment as set out in the Listings, 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, App. 1. 

 The ALJ next assessed Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (RFC). She found that 

through the date last insured, Plaintiff retained the capacity to perform light work except that: 

the claimant could never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds or crawl, could 

occasionally climb ramps and stairs, kneel, crouch, and stoop (but not repetitively, 

and not all at once), and could frequently handle with the (nondominant) left 

upper extremity. The claimant could not repetitively handle and finger with the 

left upper extremity for gripping, grasping, torqueing, vibrating and pounding 

tools and not for a prolonged period. The claimant could frequently reach 

overhead with the (dominant) right upper extremity. The claimant needed to avoid 

concentrated exposure to vibration, unprotected heights, and workplace hazards or 

moving machinery. The claimant required a sit/stand option (the opportunity to 

stand or sit every 60 minutes, not constantly). 

Tr. 38. In making this determination, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s and third-party statements 

concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of her symptoms were not entirely 

credible. 

 At the fourth step, based on testimony from the VE, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was 

capable of performing her past relevant work as a customer service representative as it was 

actually performed. 

 Based upon the testimony of the VE, the ALJ also alternatively found, at the fifth step, 

that Plaintiff could perform other work that existed in significant numbers in the national 
OPINION AND ORDER – 6 

economy. She cited file clerk, teller, alarm investigator and case aide as examples of such work. 

Based upon her finding at step four and alternative finding at step five, the ALJ found that 

Plaintiff had not been under a disability, as defined by the Act, at any time from December 22, 

2009 through December 31, 2010. 

Standard of Review

 A claimant is disabled if he or she is unable “to engage in substantial gainful activity by 

reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which . . . has lasted or can 

be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 

 423(d)(1)(A). Claimants bear the initial burden of establishing disability. Roberts v. Shalala, 

66 F.3d 179, 182 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1122 (1996). The Commissioner bears 

the burden of developing the record, DeLorme v. Sullivan, 924 F.2d 841, 849 (9th Cir. 1991), 

and bears the burden of establishing that a claimant can perform “other work” at Step Five of the 

disability analysis process. Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098. 

 The district court must affirm the Commissioner’s decision if it is based on proper legal 

standards and the findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. 

42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). 

“Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance; it is such 

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 

Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039. The court must weigh all of the evidence, whether it supports or 

detracts from the Commissioner’s decision. Martinez v. Heckler, 807 F.2d 771, 772 (9th Cir. 

1986). The Commissioner’s decision must be upheld, however, even if “the evidence is 

susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039-40. 
OPINION AND ORDER – 7 

Discussion 

 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in her Step 2 evaluation and findings; in concluding 

that Plaintiff was less than fully credible, by failing to include all of Plaintiff’s limitations in the 

RFC assessment or in the hypotheticals posed to the VE; and by relying on uncertain and 

contradictory testimony from the VE. 

I. Step Two Findings 

 Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ failed to make a finding regarding the severity of her 

intestinal issues, failed to identify adjustment disorder as one of Plaintiff’s mental impairments 

and failed to apply the “special technique” in assessing her mental impairments. 

 An impairment or combination of impairments is considered “severe” at Step 2 if it 

significantly limits a claimant's ability to perform basic work activities. SSR 96–3p. An 

impairment is not severe only if it is a slight abnormality that has no more than a minimal effect 

on the ability to do such activities. Id. The “severe impairment” analysis is a “de minimis

screening device to dispose of groundless claims.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th 

Cir.1996). 

A. Lack of Severity Finding Regarding Intestinal Issues 

The ALJ discussed Plaintiff’s testimony regarding her stomach pain and bowel issues in 

the context of her credibility determination. Tr. 40. However, she made no mention of this 

alleged impairment in Step 2 of her disability analysis nor did she make any finding at all 

regarding its severity. 

 Plaintiff provided extensive testimony regarding her intestinal difficulties and the 

functional limitations she experienced due to this alleged impairment. Tr. 62-69. In addition, the 

record contains references to Plaintiff’s intestinal difficulties during the relevant time period. Tr. 
OPINION AND ORDER – 8 

682-85, 708-14. The record also contains medical evidence that closely post-dates the relevant 

time period and refers to Plaintiff’s intestinal difficulties as having occurred for several years. Tr. 

1011, 1051, 1076. 

 Furthermore, the ALJ’s discussion of Plaintiff’s issue mischaracterizes aspects of the 

record. The ALJ asserted that there was no indication of frequency in the records from 

November 2010. However, the record from that visit notes “chronic diarrhea, abdomen pain, 

bloating, not improving.” Tr. 708. “Chronic” is a sufficient indicator of frequency. Additionally, 

the ALJ commented that Plaintiff was told by emergency room staff in 2013 that her multiple 

trips to the bathroom for the first 2-3 hours of the morning were not abnormal. Tr. 41, 1048. The 

ALJ fails to note, however, that Plaintiff was being treated at that time for cryptosporidiosis2 and 

medical staff did not judge the frequency of her bowel movements to be abnormal within the 

context of her recovery from that condition. Tr. 1048. 

 The ALJ here failed to address Plaintiff’s intestinal difficulties at Step 2 of her disability 

analysis. This was error. As Plaintiff correctly points out, even a determination that her alleged 

impairment was nonsevere would have required the ALJ to consider the functional limitations 

stemming from that impairment. See 20 C.F.R. §404.1545(e). 

 The Commissioner argues that Plaintiff’s alleged intestinal difficulties may not be the 

result of a distinct impairment but a side effect of medication. This may be true, but the ALJ 

failed to make such a finding. There was no discussion in the ALJ’s decision regarding 

medication side effects and no indication that any such side effects were considered in 

determining Plaintiff’s credibility or her RFC. The Commissioner instructs ALJs “to consider all 

 2

 Cryptosporidiosis is an illness caused by tiny, one-celled cryptosporidium parasites that can cause watery 

diarrhea, dehydration, stomach cramps or pain, nausea and vomiting. Cryptosporidium infection - Overview - 

Mayo Clinic, available at http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cryptosporidium/home/ovc-20272940 
OPINION AND ORDER – 9 

of the evidence in an individual's record when they evaluate the intensity and persistence of 

symptoms.” Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3p, available at 2016 WL 1119029 *2 (Mar. 16, 

2016) (superseding SSR 96–7p but retaining the same factors for the ALJ to consider in her 

credibility determination). This evidence includes “any side effects of medication.” Id. at *6. 

 The ALJ’s failure to address Plaintiff’s intestinal difficulties at Step 2 or consider 

whether Plaintiff’s symptoms were a result of her medications was error. Furthermore, these 

failures were not harmless because the ALJ failed to address any functional limitations posed by 

the intestinal difficulties. See Lewis v. Astrue, 498 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2007). Under these 

circumstances, remand is warranted. 

B. The ALJ’s Assessment of Plaintiff’s Mental Impairments 

 Plaintiff also contends that this action must be remanded because the ALJ failed to make 

any finding regarding her adjustment disorder with anxiety components and failed to identify any 

evidence supporting her finding that Plaintiff’s depression was non-severe and caused no more 

than mild limitations. Plaintiff also asserts that the ALJ failed to employ the agency-mandated 

“special technique” in assessing her mental impairments. She argues that the ALJ provided only 

a “cursory mention of the ‘B’ criteria, without describing the four functional areas, performing 

no analysis and providing no foundation.” Pl. Brief at 14. 

1. Adjustment Disorder 

 A medically determinable impairment must be established by objective medical evidence 

from an acceptable medical source and be supported by medically acceptable clinical and 

laboratory diagnostic techniques. 20 C.F.R. §404.1521. The ALJ here did not err in omitting 

adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood from the list of Plaintiff’s severe 

impairments, or even from the list of nonsevere impairments. Plaintiff points to only one 
OPINION AND ORDER – 10 

mention in the record to such an adjustment disorder and my review of the medical evidence 

revealed no additional references. Tr. 479. Even if this single notation can be considered a 

“diagnosis,” it was not supported by the requisite signs, symptoms or objective findings. 

Moreover, no doctor opined that the disorder limited Plaintiff's ability to perform basic work 

activities, and there is no other evidence that Plaintiff had an adjustment disorder that resulted in 

such limitations. Under these circumstances, the ALJ did not err in omitting adjustment disorder 

from Plaintiff’s list of impairments. 

2. “Special Technique” 

 Plaintiff correctly notes that relevant regulations require ALJs to assess the functional 

limitations set out in the “B” criteria of mental listings if there is evidence that a claimant has a 

record of mental impairment, and require that the “special technique” for evaluating these 

impairments be used at every step of the disability analysis process. 20 C.F.R § 404.1520a. 

Plaintiff also correctly notes that, though ALJs are no longer required to complete a PRTF 

(Psychiatric Review Technique Form), they must incorporate the mode of analysis required by 

the form into the decision. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(e)(4). Regulations require that the decision 

issued by an ALJ 

incorporate the pertinent findings and conclusions based on the technique. The 

decision must show the significant history, including examination and laboratory 

findings, and the functional limitations that were considered in reaching a 

conclusion about the severity of the mental impairment(s). The decision must 

include a specific finding of the degree of limitation in each of the functional 

areas described in paragraph (c) of this section. 

Id.

 Based upon a careful review of the ALJ's decision and the relevant portions of the 

medical record, I conclude that the ALJ erred in failing to apply the “special technique” to 

Plaintiff’s alleged mental impairment of depression. With regard to the Plaintiff’s alleged mental 
OPINION AND ORDER – 11 

impairments, the ALJ’s decision states only “There is no indication the claimant had more than 

mild limitations [sic] the broad areas of functioning set out in the disability regulations for 

evaluating mental disorders . . . .” Tr. 37. The ALJ’s decision fails to mention, let alone “include 

a specific finding of the degree of limitation in each of” the functional areas. As the regulations 

acknowledge, assessment of functional limitations in order to determine the severity of a mental 

impairment is a “complex and highly individualized process.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a. The ALJ’s 

cursory treatment of this aspect of the disability analysis fell fall short of what was required and 

constitutes legal error. See Keyser v. Comm'r Soc. Sec. Admin., 648 F.3d 721, 726 (9th Cir. 

2011). Without any indication in the ALJ’s decision that such a process was completed, this 

Court is unable to determine whether the ALJ’s decision is based upon substantial evidence. 

Accordingly, remand is warranted. 

II. Remand 

 It is quite apparent that, due to the nature of the ALJ’s errors, further proceedings are 

required to resolve outstanding issues regarding the severity and limitations, if any, of Plaintiff’s 

intestinal and mental health issues. See, e.g., Harman v. Commissioner, 211 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th

Cir. 2000)(remand for further proceedings appropriate if outstanding issue must be resolved 

before determination of disability can be made). Without the benefit of a severity finding 

concerning Plaintiff’s intestinal issues and the resultant required consideration of the functional 

limitations, if any, stemming from that issue, it is not possible to determine whether the ALJ’s 

ultimate conclusion that Plaintiff was not disabled is supported by substantial evidence and free 

from legal error. Likewise, the failure of the ALJ to properly assess Plaintiff’s mental 

impairments through application of the “special technique” mandated by 20 C.F.R. §404.1520a 

requires remand for the ALJ to perform this analysis. 
OPINION AND ORDER – 12 

 On remand, the ALJ will necessarily have to reconsider the issue of Plaintiff’s credibility; 

reformulate her RFC determination; obtain vocational testimony based upon a complete and 

accurate hypothetical; and reexamine the ultimate question of Plaintiff’s disability in light of her 

additional findings and analysis at Step 2. Accordingly, any determination by the Court as to the 

remaining errors asserted by Plaintiff would be premature and advisory and thus I decline to 

address them here. 

Conclusion 

 Based on the foregoing, the Commissioner’s decision is REVERSED and this action is 

REMANDED to the Agency for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order. 

 

 DATED this 3rd day of August, 2017. 

 

 /s/ John Jelderks 

 John Jelderks 

 U.S. Magistrate Judge