GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER

Integrated Water Quality Program Plan

FY 2002-2007 

DRAFT 

by 

William S. Vernieu 

Susan J. Hueftle 

Steven Gloss 

Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center 

2255 N Gemini Dr., Room 341 

Flagstaff, AZ 86001 

May 14, 2002
Abstract 

This document summarizes the intent of the Integrated Water Quality Program (IWQP) for fiscal 

years 2002-2007. It builds upon the plan released in 1999 (Vernieu & Hueftle, 1999) that addressed 

the existing management objectives and information needs as described in (TWG MOs and Ins, July 

1998), as well as results from the Protocol Evaluation Panel findings (Jones et al., 2001) and the 

subsequent IWQP response (Hueftle et al., 2001). 

It will outline the current state of the long-term monitoring program, including the four reach-based 

components: Quarterly monitoring of the physical-chemical-biological processes of the main 

channels in Lake Powell; monthly and continuous monitoring of the physical-chemical-biological 

processes in the reservoir’s forebay; monthly and continuous monitoring of the physical-chemicalbiological processes in Glen Canyon Dam and tailwaters; and continuous thermal monitoring within 

Grand Canyon. 

This plan will also describe short-term research components of the IWQP which are designed to 

improve its responsiveness to adaptive management needs, increase data collection efficiency and 

relevance, and increase integration efforts, particularly within the AMP and GCMRC. 

This document will outline how PEP recommendations will be evaluated and implemented, with 

special attention to implementation plans for programmatic shifts, including development of a 

hydrodynamic model and shifts in effort as the model successfully predicts reservoir processes. Less 

attention is given to particular methodology recommendations, which will be addressed in a separate 

methodologies document to be completed in 2002.

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 2 of 39 
I. Introduction and Background 

I. A. Purpose and Scope 

The purpose of this report is to present an integrated water quality monitoring and research program

that addresses information needs of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program (AMP). 

Information collected from this program will provide further understanding of linkages between dam

operations, water quality, and the aquatic ecosystem of the Colorado River. 

This report provides a description of proposed monitoring and research activities and areas of focus 

for the next five years, beginning in fiscal year 2002. The report contains a brief discussion of the 

role of the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) Integrated Water Quality 

Program (IWQP) within the context of the AMP. The report will also describe recent 

accomplishments and the implementation of the recent Protocol Evaluation Panel’s 

recommendations. 

I. B. The Protocol Evaluation Process 

As required by the GCMRC strategic plan, the IWQP was evaluated by a protocol evaluation panel 

from November 27 to December 3, 2000. A panel of 6 external experts in the fields of limnology, 

engineering, modeling, and ecology gathered in Flagstaff and in the field to evaluate the Integrated 

Water Quality Program's, goals, procedures and methods. The panel was well informed, enthusiastic, 

and interested in both the program and the resources under review. In February they provided a 

detailed guiding document to direct IWQP for the next 5-20 years (Jones et al., 2001). The IWQP 

provided a response to the recommendations to the adaptive management program (AMP) on May 

30, 2001. Few recommendations were adopted or rejected entirely. Since many of the 

recommendations will have resource impacts in terms of funding levels, contracted assistance or 

cooperative agreements, they will be evaluated and prioritized for implementation in both this 

document and a detailed methodologies document (in development) prior to implementation. 

The greatest repeated themes for high PEP prioritization were: 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 3 of 39 
Develop appropriate models for up- & downstream, collecting appropriate data to calibrate & 

validate models. Start with physical components and work toward biological modeling. Obtain 

appropriate assistance and consider convening an expert panel for modeling efforts. 

· Use the models to revise the 5-year IWQP and guide AMP decision-making 

· Drive integration efforts with focused testable hypothesis 

· Shift efforts from uplake to downstream as models are developed and provide predictability 

In this document, PEP recommendations will be identified when discussed in the relevant activity. 

I. C. Water Quality Monitoring and Adaptive Management Information 

Needs 

The purpose of the IWQP is to conduct monitoring and research to address various Information 

Needs (INs) developed by the Technical Work Group (TWG) related to water quality of the Lake 

Powell reservoir, Glen Canyon Dam releases, and the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam. 

These INs were developed to meet the Management Objectives (MOs) of the Adaptive Management 

Work Group (AMWG) for adaptive management of the Colorado River ecosystem. 

II. Water Quality Monitoring Plan 

II. A. 1. a) Monitored Parameters 

Physical and Chemical 

Measurements of common physical and chemical water quality parameters are routinely collected 

during the reservoir measurements, continuously in the tailwater below Glen Canyon Dam, and in 

conjunction with the collection of all chemical samples. These measurements are taken using a 

multi-probe instrument, such as a Hydrolab Surveyor3/H20, Hydrolab Recorder, or YSI 6920. These 

measurements will include temperature (C), specific conductance (μS), pH, dissolved oxygen 

(mg/L), and turbidity (NTU). 

Temperature and specific conductance are important in reservoir surveys for primarily defining the 

density of low-turbidity water and, hence, determining the fate of an inflow and degree of 

stratification. Specific conductance is also an indirect measure of salinity and is one indicator of the 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 4 of 39 
chemical concentrations in water. It can also be used in river systems to quantify additional chemical 

inputs from non-gauged tributaries by mass balance. DO and pH indicate levels of biological 

metabolism and chemical oxidation. Chemical and biological process rates are also regulated by 

temperature. 

Dissolved oxygen is important to biological processes in aquatic systems, where most organisms 

have specific oxygen requirements. Further, very low dissolved oxygen levels can result in release of 

trace elements from sediments and generation of hydrogen sulfide. In the reservoir, dissolved 

oxygen levels help indicate the relative age of inflow currents, the suitability for release to 

downstream organisms, and the degree of decomposition of organic and inorganic matter in a 

particular stratum. pH is affected by biological and chemical processes such as respiration and 

oxidation-reduction potential and reflects changes in dissolved oxygen, it indicates amounts of 

carbon dioxide and the degree of buffering in the water from biological or atmospheric processes. 

Turbidity is used to track inflow currents, indicating the concentration of organic or inorganic 

particles and the amount of light available underwater. 

Chemical samples for major ion analysis have been collected to characterize the overall chemical 

makeup of the water being sampled. Laboratory analysis includes specific conductance, pH, 

alkalinity, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids, which describe the physical aspects of 

the water. Chemical concentrations have also been determined for the major cations and anions 

(sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, silica, total and dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, 

chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate). Alkalinity determinations are also performed in the field 

concurrently with the collection of a chemical sample. 

Samples are collected to determine the concentration of the nitrogen-phosphorus nutrient 

compounds (total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total 

Kjeldahl nitrogen, and dissolved nitrate-nitrite nitrogen). These nutrient compounds, in addition to 

other micronutrients such as iron, silica, organic carbon and others, support primary productivity in 

the reservoir and downstream aquatic ecosystem. Phosphorus levels in the reservoir and tailwater are 

generally low; but improved detection limits have reduced non-detectible samples to less than 15% 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 5 of 39 
since 1999. Further exploration of techniques to achieve lower detection levels and better methods 

continue to be pursued (Table 1). 

Biological 

The objective of the biological program is to characterize, both in the lake and tailwaters, long-term, 

seasonal, and spatial trends in abundance, community structure, and primary and secondary 

productivity. This is a long-term program focusing on broader trends. Separate research programs 

must address quantifying shorter-term effects from operational experiments or a TCD. IWQP's role 

below Lees Ferry will be as an integrating force between existing food-base & fisheries studies and 

known water quality factors as we move to a more pro-active monitoring role. Specific goals of the 

current program include the following: 

Quantify primary productivity in the reservoir and tailwaters. We can determine trophic status with 

long-term, seasonal and reach trends in chlorophyll and phytoplankton. Using statistical correlation, 

limiting and determinative factors of the food-base (physical, chemical, and biotic) can be indicated. 

Use biological indicators to evaluate water quality trends. Zooplankton and especially phytoplankton 

have been used to indicate trophic status, presence of pollutants and other chemical concentrations 

relevant to plankton growth. Quantify secondary productivity of the reservoir and tailwaters. 

Zooplankton are integral both as predators upon themselves and algae and as prey for fisheries, 

particularly during the periodic crash of forage fish. 

II. A. 1. b) Quarterly Reservoir Surveys 

Objectives 

The objective of quarterly reservoir surveys is to characterize the chemical, physical, and biological 

conditions in the major strata of the main channels of the reservoir, and describe seasonal and 

longitudinal variations in stratification patterns, mixing processes, effect of inflows, trophic status, 

planktonic community structure and abundance, and potential quality of water released downstream. 

Information from reservoir surveys provides a short-term predictive capability of release water 

quality or potential water quality problems. It forms a baseline from which the long-term effects of 

management actions related to dam operations can be evaluated. Findings from quarterly lake 

surveys are valuable for predicting downstream releases in the short-term and out 2-3 years. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 6 of 39 
Monitoring Activities 

Reservoir surveys are conducted four times per year, coinciding with seasonal patterns observed on 

the reservoir. Primary focus is given to the main channel of the Colorado River and its major 

tributaries (San Juan and Escalante channels) in Lake Powell. To a lesser extent, additional efforts 

have been made to characterize conditions in smaller tributaries and embayments where conditions 

differ significantly from the main channel. 

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275

Kilometers from Glen Canyon Dam → 

Temper at ur e (Sept ember 2000)

975

1000

1025

1050

1075

1100

1125

JT: 3175' /967.7

PS: 3109' 947.6

SP: 3157' 962.3 LSO: 3133.57

 b4 deflector RSO: 3134.18

LDT: Intake @ 3170.67/ 966.42

RDT: Intake @ 3137.37' 956.27m

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

Conduct ivit y (Jul y 1992)

975

1000

1025

1050

1075

1100

1125 600 μS

650 μS

700 μS

750 μS

800 μS

850 μS

900 μS

950 μS

1000 μS

1050 μS

Fall 

Underflow

Late Winter

Underflow (Last Year's)

 Convectively

Mixed Epilimnion

SPRING FLOOD

Meromictic

Hypolimnion

* Vertical and horizontal 

 axes not to scale

82 °F

79 °F

75 °F

72 °F

68 °F

64 °F

61 °F

57 °F

54 °F

50 °F

48 °F

46 °F

6 °C 43 °F

8 °C 

9 °C 

10 °C

12 °C

14 °C

16 °C

18 °C

20 °C

22 °C

24 °C

26 °C

28 °C

Generators

Turbines

Epilimnion

Spillways @ 1111.9 m

(Max=208 K cfs) Metalimnion / Thermocline

Penstocks @ 1057.7 m

(Max=31-33 K cfs / 940 cms)

River Outlets @ 1028.4 m

(Max=15 - 20 K cfs / 400-570 cms)

Hypolimnion

Figure 1: Temperature and conductivity cross-sectional isopleths of Lake Powell 

demonstrating dominant lake vertical and longitudinal structures. 

A thirty-six-year period of record exists for reservoir-wide surveys, varying in quality and frequency 

from monthly to yearly. Most samples have been taken in the Colorado River channel of the 

reservoir, but since the 1992, numerous stations have been added from the San Juan and Escalante 

tributaries, which constitute approximately 8-15% and 3-5% of annual inflows, respectively. Navajo 

Canyon, near the dam, has also been added as an indicator of side-channel water quality (Figure 2). 

There are currently 26-29 stations. Sampling efforts are distributed between deep, lacustrine (lakelike) sites and the more dynamic transition and riverine zones uplake (Figure 1). Additions have 

focused on the transition and inflow zones where water quality is more dynamic, further, as lake 

elevation changes, length and location of the transition zone and inflows also change. 

General field observations of existing weather conditions, water depth, and water clarity (Secchi 

depth) are made at every station. Additionally, there are two possible levels of sampling; the 14 full 

stations include measurement of all the physical, chemical, and biological parameters; while all 

stations receive basic physical profiling and surface chlorophyll. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 7 of 39 
Lake Powell Stations

(Secchi Depth (m), August 2000)

GC Dam

SJR Conflu 

Escalante 

Iceberg 

Bullfrog 

Scorup 

Hite Basin 

North Gap Sheep 

Dark 

Clear Ck 

Davis Gulch 

Willow Ck

Garces Isle

~Esc Inflow

Lees Ferry

Wahweap

Xing Fathers

Oak Cyn

Lake Cyn

Moki Cyn

Knowles

Lower Good Hope

Navajo Cyn

Cha Cyn

Lower Piute

Upper Piute

Lower Zahn

Piute Farms

~SJR Inflow

1514131211109876543210

Full sampling stations Profile, secchi, chemical

and biological series

Profile Station

Profile, chlorophyll, secchi

 

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Figure 2: Map of Lake Powell station locations and level of sampling

The longest record exists for temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and a suite of major 

ions taken at 8-9 historical locations since 1965. Biological and nutrient samples were not taken 

consistently until 1992. Current sampling includes a physical, chemical and biological component. 

Profiles of common physical parameters (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, 

and oxidation-reduction potential) using a Hydrolab H20 provide a rapid on-site return of lake 

conditions. Chemical samples for laboratory analysis are collected at the 14 full stations, including 

nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus series; organic carbon in the inflow and outflow samples), major 

cations and anions, as well as total suspended and dissolved solids, alkalinity, pH and specific 

conductance (see Appendix A). Biological samples include chlorophyll and phytoplankton, which 

measure primary productivity and community dynamics, and zooplankton measures secondary 

production. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 8 of 39 
Sample Timing 

Lake-wide surveys are conducted on a quarterly basis to capture significant seasonal processes 

occurring in the reservoir. 

Late Spring

Late spring sampling occurs from mid-May and mid-June, and describes the transition between 

winter mixing and summer stratification. Peak inflows typically occur by mid-June. The volume of 

this spring flood will define the thickness and composition of the epilimnion for the next year. By 

this time, the lake begins to experience significant thermal stratification from spring warming. 

Primary productivity is peaking in the inflow and transition zones while zooplankton productivity 

has subsided somewhat from late winter peaks. Corresponding to the high primary productivity, 

dissolved oxygen concentrations are above the saturation level in much of the epilimnion. The fate 

of the winter underflow current is apparent by this time, resulting in either a hypolimnetic 

underflow, interflow, or overflow, depending on the relative densities of the hypolimnion and 

underflow current. This underflow poses the greatest potential for mixing hypolimnetic waters and is 

one of the more important features to monitor for projecting long-term reservoir water quality. 

Late Summer

Late summer sampling is performed during the period of mid-August to mid-September. It 

represents conditions when the reservoir is at its maximum degree of thermal stratification and 

surface warming. Primary productivity is peaking while secondary productivity continues to decline. 

Clarity is at a minimum due to both algal productivity and clay and calcium carbonate particulates. 

Inflows have returned to base flows, reaching peak salinity and temperatures, creating a signature of 

warm but increasingly dense water intruding beneath the plume of spring flood waters. Hypoxia 

(low dissolved oxygen) begins to develop in the lower epilimnion as a result high oxygen demand 

from flood-borne organic and inorganic matter and autochthonous production, typically reaching a 

maximum in early autumn. Hypolimnetic oxygen levels are also degrading. 

Late Autumn

Late autumn sampling is performed within the months of November to December. During this 

period the lake is in a transition state between the strongly stratified conditions of the previous 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 9 of 39 
summer and the maximal homogeneity. Primary and secondary productivity levels are at a minimal. 

Cooler conditions have been driving convective winter mixing since late summer. The inflow 

currents are generally low, saline, and have cooled considerably. The resulting late autumn

underflow is typically warmer and more saline than the hypolimnion it flows and diffuses through. 

This underflow is important in that it represents the greatest annual contributor to hypolimnetic 

salinity, and hence, long-term meromixis, or stagnation of the hypolimnion. Hypolimnetic oxygen 

levels typically reach an annual minimum prior to possible winter refreshment. 

Late Winter

Late winter sampling is conducted between mid-February to early March. The objective of this 

sampling is to describe conditions when winter cooling and mixing of the reservoir surface has 

peaked and maximum reservoir homogeneity results. Turnover has occurred in the upper reaches of 

the reservoir, contributing to the resulting winter underflow current’s dimension and composition, 

typically cold, dilute and bearing higher oxygen than much of the hypolimnion. Levels of discharge 

and inflow are low. Starting in the transition zones, secondary productivity is peaking while primary 

productivity is still generally low. Clarity is at a maximum lake-wide. 

PEP recommendations and implementation: 

Modeling development and needs

The panel identified the highest priority to calibrating and validating a hydrodynamic model 

(described in section II.A.1.c). The model will be instrumental in driving the future of the reservoir 

monitoring program. Many of the amendments proposed to the uplake reservoir program are a 

response to data gaps in model calibration. Others are a reduction in effort to allow redistribution of 

resources, including personnel. Enhancing inflow sampling efforts, profiling technology, chlorophyll 

sampling and vertical resolution, addition of meteorological sampling, were all proposed to augment 

current efforts to aid in model calibration efforts. Collaboration with the efforts of the Upper 

Colorado Region of the USBR and outside modelers will fine tune exact data needs. 

Meteorological data including wind speed & direction from several uplake stations is considered a 

high priority for model calibration. Installation of instruments on Park Services sewage pump-out 

docks is planned for FY2002. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 10 of 39 
More extensive inflow sampling was identified as another modeling need. This effort could entail 

extensive costs and labor, and so will receive due consideration. The costs of instigating continuous 

physical and 6-week interval chemical sampling at the existing USGS stations at Cisco, Colorado; 

Green River and Bluff, Utah will be evaluated against inflow measurements made closer to Lake 

Powell for FY2002-03. 

Collection of total organic carbon and chlorophyll data was indicated as a modeling data need of 

moderately high priority, and current efforts have already been enhanced. The addition of a 

Seabird® SBE-19 or SBE-25 profiling instrument was recommended to speed and enhance spatial 

resolution and chlorophyll profiling efforts on-lake. The cost of this oceanographic-oriented 

instrument demands careful evaluation for effectiveness on mesotrophic Lake Powell. Field testing 

of a suitable Seabird is slated for FY2002. 

Development of a sustainable 20-year long-term reservoir monitoring program

Following PEP recommendations, as results from the CE-QUAL-W2 model become calibrated and 

validated, elements of reservoir sampling are targeted for reduction of effort. Some of these elements 

may be reduced prior to finalization of the model should an evaluation of existing data conclude that 

the data is adequate, the cost-benefit analysis of continuing such collections is unjustified, or lack a 

of significant clients for such data collections exist. 

Monitoring Locations

The PEP panel recommended reservoir sampling stations be reduced to accommodate increased 

downstream sampling, and this will be accomplished both through immediate evaluation for minor 

adjustments, and later, as a result of model findings for greater modifications. The effort will focus 

on reducing some of the intermediate stations in zones of the lake that are less dynamic (deep 

lacustrine stations) in favor of the dynamic inflow stations. Somewhat reduced vertical resolution of 

chemical and biological samplings at intermediate stations is already in progress and will received 

further evaluation. The PEP panel also recommended a reduced effort in the side-bays and side-arms 

of the reservoir. While this work proceeds from non-AMP funding sources, an evaluation of historic 

data and eventual model findings will be accessed to determine the level of detail and necessity of 

continued collections. It is anticipated this process will be a gradual transition from FY2002 to 2007. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 11 of 39 
Reduction of major ion and plankton sampling resolution was also identified as a means to reallocate 

efforts and funding for downstream priorities. A rigorous evaluation of the current program and 

findings will allow some reduction in effort prior to calibration of the model. Preliminary analysis of

major ion data demonstrates a low demand for the results, a high level of correlation with more 

easily collected specific conductance, and a long history of detailed collections available for study. It 

is recommended that collections of Ca, Na, Cl, SO4, CO3, HCO3 be phased out immediately. 

Reducing plankton collection efforts from the current 15 sites to the recommended 2 or 3 stations 

lake-wide will be implemented. Reducing vertical resolution can probably be effected once analyses 

are more complete without jeopardizing the quality of the dataset, and should take effect in FY2002. 

Major Changes 

Changes to the reservoir monitoring program include the addition of several continuous thermal 

monitoring stations in the lake. Tidbit© thermistors are located at the inflow areas of the Colorado 

River (Sheep Canyon) and San Juan River (Mike’s Canyon), logging temperature at 15-minute 

intervals. In addition, a Hydrolab Recorder monitors temperature, specific conductance, pH and 

dissolved oxygen at the Sheep Canyon buoy. 

Four specially designated water quality buoys have been installed at the Wahweap, Padre Bay, Oak 

and Escalante stations. These buoys assist in collection efforts at these deep-water stations as well as 

act as a platform for any deployments of continuous monitors. Chlorophyll sampling protocols have 

been amended under recommendations of the PEP. TOC, total organic carbon, measurements have 

been added to DOC measurements already being taken in the inflow areas of the lake. 

II. A. 1. c) Monthly Forebay Surveys 

Objectives 

Monthly forebay surveys characterize the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the Glen 

Canyon Dam forebay and describe monthly variations in stratification patterns, mixing processes, 

planktonic community structure and abundance, and quality of water released downstream. 

Information from forebay monitoring forms a baseline from which the immediate effects of 

management actions at Glen Canyon Dam can be evaluated. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 12 of 39 
Monitoring Activities 

Sampling focuses on characterizing conditions within the strata of the forebay and at potential 

release depths. The monthly sampling frequency provides increased temporal resolution of 

conditions existing upstream of the dam. Conditions in the forebay have an immediate effect 

downstream and follow operational patterns at Glen Canyon Dam more closely than those monitored 

uplake. A thirty-six-year period of record exists for forebay surveys on an approximately monthly 

basis, with the exception of the period 1982-1990. 

Monthly forebay monitoring consists of a profile of physical parameters through the water column; 

sampling for nutrients, organic carbon and major ions in identifiable strata; chlorophyll in biological 

active depths, surface phytoplankton, and zooplankton tows from the surface to below penstock 

depths. Parameters are similar to uplake efforts with the addition of organic carbon and greater 

vertical resolution. General field observations of existing weather conditions, water depth, and 

Secchi depth are also be made. These data are provided to researchers involved in both the reservoir 

and downstream (USBR/TCD, aquatic foodbase, trout, and native fish). 

PEP recommendations and implementation: 

The PEP panel reiterated that “the forebay station should be considered differently than other lake 

stations as it represents the upper boundary conditions for reservoir release water quality and 

provides forecasting of potential water quality problems”. Sampling at the forebay station is more 

detailed and frequent than uplake stations. 

The panel recommended the development and calibration of a “smart model” to integrate and predict 

riverine water quality based on the forebay and operating conditions of the dam. As development of 

the CE-QUAL-W2 model proceeds, the necessity of additional models will be evaluated during 

FY2002. 

Installation of a forebay weather station to include air temperature, wind speed & direction, incident 

radiation, precipitation, and relative humidity is slated for installation for FY2002-03. Installing a 

permanent thermistor chain in the forebay for model calibration will proceed depending on 

evaluation of data from the temporary thermistor chain already installed. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 13 of 39 
Major Changes 

Changes to the forebay monitoring program include the addition of continuous thermal monitoring at 

the Wahweap station. Approximately 26 TidBiT® thermistors have been deployed since May 2000 

at thermally strategic depths from a specially designated water quality buoy. These thermistors will 

remain in place for at least two or three years, depending on evaluation of results. 

Vertical resolution of chemical samples has been enhanced to include duplicates (top and bottom) of 

thicker stratum, increased vertical sampling of chlorophyll, and the addition of TOC measurements 

at all sampling depths, as per PEP recommendations. 

II. A. 1. d) Glen Canyon Dam Tailwater 

Objectives 

The objective of the tailwater monitoring program is to characterize the quality of water released 

from Glen Canyon Dam and measure changes occurring in the tailwater between Glen Canyon Dam

and Lees Ferry. Glen Canyon Dam release water quality varies as a result of long-term

climatological and hydrological processes in the Colorado River Basin, advective and convective 

mixing processes within Lake Powell, and the operation of Glen Canyon Dam. The water quality of 

Glen Canyon Dam releases forms a base condition from which changes occur downstream and 

directly affect the aquatic ecosystem. Monitoring of water quality conditions at Lees Ferry 

demonstrates changes occurring in the Glen Canyon reach of the river caused by warming and 

primary productivity processes. Information from this monitoring program supports studies in other 

resource areas within the Colorado River ecosystem (e.g., primary productivity, trout, and native 

fish). 

Monitoring Activities 

Continuous monitoring of tailwater quality will be performed below Glen Canyon Dam and at Lees 

Ferry. Monitors will be maintained inside Glen Canyon Dam at least one draft tube location, in the 

tailwater immediately below the dam, and at Lees Ferry, 25 km (15.5 mi.) downstream of the dam.

Measurements of temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity will be 

made at 20-minute intervals and logged within the monitor. Monitors will be downloaded, serviced, 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 14 of 39 
and recalibrated on a monthly basis. A continuous record since 1988 record exists for data collected 

below Glen Canyon Dam; continuous data collection began at Lees Ferry in 1991. 

On a monthly basis, chemical sampling for nutrients and major ions, and biological sampling for 

chlorophyll, phytoplankton, and zooplankton will be performed inside Glen Canyon Dam and at 

Lees Ferry. 

PEP Recommendations 

The recent Protocol Evaluation Panel (PEP) suggested that the current location of the continuous 

monitor immediately below Glen Canyon Dam may not be representative of the water released from

the dam under all available release scenarios and that a permanent station should be located some

distance downstream of the dam. This comment is believed to be based on the fact that the current 

location is not able to measure the combined flow of powerplant, river outlet works, and spillway 

releases, may be influenced by discharge from a seepage drain, and that there may be lateral 

heterogeneity between the eight powerplant penstocks under certain conditions based on the location 

and orientation of the penstocks on the dam face. 

The IWQP believes that the most representative sampling location, to establish an upper boundary 

condition of water quality released downstream, is within the powerplant draft tubes. The station 

immediately below the dam experiences significant dissolved oxygen artifacts from re-aeration due 

to atmospheric exposure and powerplant operations, such as when generating units are condensing, 

or placed on spinning reserve. To obtain more accurate dissolved oxygen readings, locations for 

continuous monitors have been established at the draft tubes of the individual generating units. A 

monitor is currently placed at a single unit that is determined to be running most consistently 

through the deployment period. While providing superior dissolved oxygen data compared to the 

tailwater monitor, a generating unit will commonly experience periodic shutdowns so this record is 

not always continuous. It is believed that the combination of the continuous tailwater monitor with 

the more accurate but not as continuous draft tube monitor provides the best representation of the 

quality of dam releases without incurring the additional expense and effort of placing a monitor at 

each of the eight draft tubes. 

The Panel raised the valid concern that there might be differential water quality released from the 

eight penstocks across the dam. The assumption has been made that water quality of each penstock 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 15 of 39 
is laterally homogenous and is based on the fact that the penstocks all withdraw from the same

elevation in the reservoir and no horizontal heterogeneity has been documented in the reservoir near 

the dam. The basis for this assumption will be evaluated by comparison of paired deployments of

monitors on consistently operating generating units through the next year. The deployment locations 

would be spaced as far apart as possible to maximize any lateral differences in water quality. These 

deployments would be most important during periods when the potential for any heterogeneity 

across penstocks would be greatest, such as late winter, when density boundaries are very close to 

penstock withdrawal zones. An assessment will then be made as to the need for modifying 

monitoring locations to more accurately represent dam releases. 

Major Changes 

A set of YSI Model 6920 water quality monitors was installed in January 2001 for monitoring below 

Glen Canyon Dam and at Lees Ferry. These replace similar Hydrolab Recorders, which have been 

used since 1995. These units have shown much less sensitivity to flow variations in dissolved 

oxygen measurements and are providing superior results compared to past instrumentation. Paired 

monitors in the Glen Canyon Dam draft tubes are also being deployed at widely spaced penstocks to 

evaluate potential differences between penstocks to address the PEP’s concern about the draft tube 

deployment location. Total and dissolved organic carbon determinations have been added to the 

suite of chemical analysis parameters collected below Glen Canyon Dam and at Lees Ferry. 

II. A. 1. e) Downstream Monitoring 

Objectives 

The primary purpose for water quality monitoring in Grand Canyon below Lees Ferry is to describe 

downstream water quality conditions in the Colorado River and its tributaries and evaluate warming 

patterns that vary with geomorphic reach and release patterns from Glen Canyon Dam. Thermal 

conditions are of significant importance to fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic vegetation, and other 

components of the ecosystem. Evaluation of warming patterns is needed to describe baseline levels 

and the potential for instream warming of dam releases. The water quality of Glen Canyon Dam

releases forms a baseline from which changes occur downstream; downstream water quality 

monitoring documents these changes and the effects of tributary inputs. This information supports 

research regarding the effect of water quality on the downstream aquatic ecosystem. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 16 of 39 
Monitoring Activities 

Thermal monitoring is performed at several sites on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and at 

major tributary mouths. Submersible monitors are placed at 8 Colorado River main-channel 

locations at approximate 50 km intervals, and 9 Grand Canyon tributary sites (Table 1). Instruments 

are downloaded and serviced on a quarterly basis, in conjunction with other scheduled research trips 

when possible. 

The U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division (USGS-WRD) has performed continuous 

monitoring of some water quality parameters at existing Grand Canyon gaging stations in recent 

years. Currently, temperature and specific conductance are measured on the Colorado River at Lees 

Ferry, above the Little Colorado River, and near Grand Canyon. The Colorado River above 

Diamond Creek gage is part of the USGS NASQAN program and is sampled 8 times a year for a 

wide variety of water quality parameters. NASQAN sampling at the Lees Ferry gage was 

discontinued in FY 2001. 

As discussed in the following section, water quality monitoring at downstream locations will be 

augmented or revised, based on an analysis of existing data, assessment of modeling requirements, 

revised Information Needs, and results of reconnaissance monitoring during the next year. 

Table 1. Grand Canyon thermal monitoring locations 

Mainstem Monitoring Sites Tributary Monitoring Sites 

Colorado R. above Little Colorado R. Paria R. above Lees Ferry

Colorado R. near Grand Canyon Nankoweap Creek

Colorado R. at RM 127 Little Colorado R. above Mouth 

Colorado R. above National Canyon Bright Angel Creek

Colorado R. at RM194 Shinumo Creek

Colorado R. above Diamond Ck. Tapeats Creek 

Colorado R. at RM230 Kanab Creek

Colorado R. above Spencer Canyon Havasu Creek

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 17 of 39 
PEP Recommendations 

Comments from the Protocol Evaluation Panel and TWG members raised a concern with the low 

level of water quality monitoring downstream of Lees Ferry and recommended that sampling 

through Grand Canyon should be increased as needed to calibrate a river water quality model and 

address questions posed by fisheries or aquatic foodbase investigations. 

The IWQP is designed to monitor parameters below Glen Canyon Dam that exhibit measurable 

changes through Grand Canyon, are affected by dam operations and have a significant effect on 

biological processes in Grand Canyon. 

Current assumptions regarding downstream water quality changes and the effect of dam operations 

on these changes, combined with the cost and logistics of additional monitoring below Lees Ferry 

have determined the level of monitoring below Lees Ferry. While the current temperature 

monitoring meets these criteria there may be other water quality parameters that have significant 

linkages between dam operations and the downstream aquatic ecosystem.

With the recommendations from the PEP Panel and TWG members, revision of AMP Information 

Needs, input from other researchers, requirements of a river water quality model, and those of the 

Grand Canyon Ecosystem Conceptual Model, a revised and augmented water quality monitoring 

program below Lees Ferry will be developed. 

Major Changes 

Monitoring at an isolated group of warm springs near Fence Fault (RM 30) identified as potential 

humpback chub spawning areas has taken place since August 1995. As spring temperatures have 

been shown to be stable at 21°C, monitoring at these sites has been discontinued. Temperature 

monitoring in the Colorado River near Spencer Creek (RM 246) has been reinitiated. Continuous 

monitoring of temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the Colorado River at 

the Lake Mead Boundary Buoy has been initiated on a reconnaissance basis to evaluate the levels of 

these parameters and the feasibility of maintaining accurate monitoring of these parameters. 

In order to address the PEP recommendation of increased downstream water quality monitoring, 

provide input to modeling efforts, and improve understanding of water quality changes through 

Grand Canyon, monitoring of currently collected parameters will be maintained and possibly 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 18 of 39 
augmented with other parameters and the inclusion of the Colorado River above Diamond Creek in 

FY 2002. Sample collection for major ions, nutrients, and biological parameters will be initiated on a 

reconnaissance level to determine existing conditions and the need for continued monitoring of these 

parameters. Current and historical data will be evaluated to develop a long-term program of 

appropriate water quality parameters that will meet the PEP recommendations and support related 

AMP Information Needs. Based on this evaluation, observed patterns, and experience with the 

performance of these monitors, parameters and service intervals for the monitors will be more 

definitely established during the next year. 

II. A. 2. Necessary and Complementary Research 

II. A. 2. a) Introduction 

In order to effectively meet the needs of the Adaptive Management Program (AMP), a research 

component is incorporated in the IWQP to provide meaningful information for management 

decisions supported by the results of monitoring efforts. Components of this research component 

include providing understanding of the linkages between dam operations, water quality conditions, 

and the affected aquatic resources in Grand Canyon, developing predictive capabilities of water 

quality conditions, evaluating and refining monitoring activities, and addressing other specific 

questions or information needs. This section describes several proposed research activities planned 

for FY 2002 and beyond. 

II. A. 2. b) Modeling 

A well-calibrated hydrodynamic model could be very valuable to the IWQP for many reasons. If the 

model can be developed predict to simulate Lake Powell water quality conditions currently being 

monitored by the IWQP, monitoring efforts on Lake Powell can be reduced, and expenditures can be 

refocused elsewhere. Simulation of processes in the reservoir can be observed and used to test 

currently held hypotheses. Scenarios can be posed that would provide more of an accurate prediction 

and elucidation of the mechanisms of potential water quality problems. Models for the Colorado 

River below Glen Canyon Dam can be employed to predict and simulate warming patterns and water 

quality changes downstream in Grand Canyon. 

The Bureau of Reclamation Upper Colorado Regional Office has been developing the CE-QUALW2 model for use on Lake Powell and several other reservoirs within the Upper Colorado River 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 19 of 39 
Basin. The primary focus of their modeling efforts on Lake Powell has been to evaluate the 

feasibility and the immediate effects of a proposed Temperature Control Device (TCD) on Glen 

Canyon Dam. The IWQP has interest not only related to a potential TCD but also to predict and 

simulate water quality and hydrodynamic conditions under a variety of climatological and 

operational scenarios to gain more understanding of reservoir processes and improve the efficiency 

of its monitoring program. 

Plans are being developed to collaborate with Reclamation’s Upper Colorado Regional Office 

(UCRO) in the development of CE-QUAL-W2 so that a working model exists to meet the needs of 

both parties. It is proposed that the UCRO provide the initial development and calibration of the 

model. The IWQP could provide the necessary hydrological, meteorological and chemical input 

information and well as in-reservoir monitoring data for model calibration and verification. Other 

projects, such as revising input bathymetric files, development of water quality and biological 

components of the model, and other model enhancements, could be evaluated in this collaborative 

environment and implemented, as necessary. 

Downstream model development would proceed by invoking the riverine component of the CEQUAL-W2 model, or by using other available simulation models for prediction and simulation of 

downstream changes to water quality. 

The output of any modeling effort would be available to incorporate into the existing Grand Canyon 

Conceptual Model to provide a more accurate water quality input data into the model and to evaluate 

the response of the model to various potential water quality conditions that may arise in the future. 

II. A. 2. c) Downstream water quality integration 

The IWQP recognizes that science in the CRE could be advanced at a greater rate with more 

effective integration between AMP participants and other researchers with existing datasets. IWQP 

also recognizes that the information collected in the downstream reach may not be adequate to 

address management objectives and information needs proposed by AMWG. It is suggested that a 3-

phase program be considered to fill this gap. This program could be contracted out, where 

appropriate, via the RFP process, or maintained in-house. 

1. Assessment: 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 20 of 39 
An evaluation of downstream researchers’ water quality data needs (parameters, collection 

frequency, and data quality requirements) for addressing AMWG information needs would be 

conducted. Testable hypothesis will drive research efforts. 

Literature would be reviewed to develop a synthesis of past collections of water quality data since 

the construction of the dam. 

Existing data collections would be evaluated. 

2. Research will be designed to ascertain the best methodologies for describing water quality trends 

and will integrate with existing programs. It will address long-term versus short-term data needs and 

may include a testing phase. Priorities of effort will reflect 1) a logical progression of knowledge 

based on trophic interactions, and 2) urgency of the data needed for collaborating with ongoing or 

pending research.

3. The research will be used to design an efficient and pro-active water quality monitoring program. 

Key projects for downstream: 

Downstream primary productivity has shifted in both composition and biomass over the last decade, 

and causes are still being sought. IWQP can be fundamental in driving integration with the involved 

researchers to identify causes that may stem from water quality, climatic trends, flow dynamics, 

natural succession, or other factors. 

The role of downstream metabolism is still unknown and could be an important food-base source for 

higher trophic levels, including endangered fisheries. Basic water quality parameters may prove 

useful as a low-cost, less intrusive method for detection. 

Integrating food-base science toward causes for primary productivity trends, shifts in community 

structure, differences reach-based metabolism, and effects of tributary influences has been a gap in 

the current GCMRC program. IWQP can help facilitate integration, identify knowledge gaps, and 

direct efforts to address data gaps where suitable. 

PEP recommendations 

The panel emphasized that integration of information and interagency data must be among the 

program’s highest priorities. Efforts to calibrate hydrodynamic and ecosystem models, or establish 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 21 of 39 
community succession, energetics, and trophic interactions must be driven by testable hypothesis, 

sound sampling designs, coordination of effort and collaboration. 

IWQP will focus increasingly downstream as modeling efforts allow for redirected efforts. 

II. A. 3. Data Management, Analysis, and Reporting 

II. A. 3. a) Introduction and Background 

Data from the IWQP comes from a variety of sources ranging from hand-written field notes to large 

data files in electronic format. Consequently, this information usually exists as data in several 

software applications, depending mostly on the type of data, its point of origination, and the primary 

analysis application. Much progress has been made in moving these data into a standardized format 

in a common repository; however, a substantial amount of work remains. 

A well-designed and comprehensive database is a necessity for an environmental monitoring 

program such as the IWQP. It provides a single location for each piece of information in a 

standardized format that can be easily linked with other data to provide fast and easy access and 

improve summary and analysis of the data. The data can then be output in a variety of hardcopy 

formats, graphics, or electronic files for input into other software or modeling programs. 

The advantage of this system is to facilitate integration of different types of water quality data in a 

common system for access by the TWG and AMWG, GCMRC analysts, downstream research 

efforts, and other interested parties. Linkage to other databases such as Glen Canyon Dam releases, 

USGS gauging stations and other GCRMC monitoring and research projects will also be 

incorporated. Updates to larger public databases such as the USGS NWIS and the EPA STORET 

system can also be made 

An existing data structure exists for the IWQP water quality information and is being used to store 

much of the data collected from the water quality-monitoring program. Because of its ease of use, 

availability, and capabilities, Microsoft Access has been designated as the primary database for 

development and population. Once the GCMRC Oracle database becomes operational, the relational 

structure of the database and its contents will be migrated to that database as a permanent repository. 

Until this progress is made, the existing Access database, with some proposed enhancements, will 

continue to be used and refined. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 22 of 39 
II. a. 3. b) Progress and Proposed Activities 

Significant progress has been made with major components of WQDB, the IWQP MS Access 

database. The STATION table, a table describing locations, photographs, geographical coordinates, 

etc., of each sampling location has been completed. 

All recent information has been entered into the SURFACE table, which describes each site visit to a 

particular reservoir monitoring location. Historical SURFACE information has been retrieved from

the Ingres database, developed by Reclamation in 1995. This data will be incorporated into WQDB 

in the next year to provide a complete history of site visits. 

Data from the corresponding PROFILE table, which lists measurements made at each depth in a 

water quality profile at a given station, is currently stored in SAS, in separate files corresponding to 

specific sampling trips. As SAS is the primary application software to process these data, the current 

plan is to keep the data in SAS files and establish linkages from MS Access to these files using the 

OLE and/or ODBC protocols. Remaining work in this area involves consolidating the individual 

files into a single master file and incorporating historical data from the Ingres database. 

Information from analyses of major ion, nutrient, and other chemical parameters is currently stored 

in spreadsheet format. These data are stored in several files with different formats and have 

significant amounts of redundant information. This information will be converted to the WQDB 

database within the next year. Converting this information to a relational database format will 

facilitate protocol evaluation efforts to determine the need for a particular analysis and refinement of

future monitoring activities. 

Information from the biological sampling has been stored in various applications and processed 

separately. Efforts will be made in the next year to design an appropriate structure to organize these 

data and convert them into the WQDB. 

II. A. 3. c) Features 

The design structure of the water quality database allows for the incorporation of similar information 

from other components of the IWQP and is flexible to allow for adaptation of other types of data. 

This database will be directly accessible by authorized users from within and outside of GCMRC. 

Preliminary design of the database has used preexisting standards and protocols for station and 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 23 of 39 
sample identification, parameter coding and other 

design factors from the EPA STORET system

whenever possible. Continued progress has 

occurred with the development and refinement of 

analytical tools to retrieve selected data from the 

database, perform statistical and other types of 

numerical analyses, and display these data in 

tabular and graphical format. Currently, the 

majority of below-dam data analysis is being 

performed with the use of SAS software (SAS 

Institute, 1990), which provides comprehensive 

data management, statistical, and graphical 

analysis capabilities for data served from the 

water quality database. In addition to its 

analytical capabilities, the SAS system stores and 

maintains hydrologic, water quality and climatic 

databases for the Grand Canyon maintained by the GCMRC office. Capabilities existing with the 

SAS system include providing tabular reports, data manipulation, statistical summaries, multiparameter color graphs of individual profiles (Figure 3) and graphical analysis of time series 

information (Figure 4). Much of the Lake Powell reservoir data is analyzed using SURFER (Golden 

Software, Inc.), a three-dimensional analysis program used to develop isopleths of various 

parameters of the Lake Powell monitoring program. This provides a valuable tool for depicting 

information which changes with time at a given station (Figure 5), or which changes across the 

reservoir at a specific time (Figure 6). The isopleths allow increased understanding of advective and 

convective processes in the reservoir on a spatial and temporal basis. Timing and frequency of 

sampling efforts and as well as selection of sampling locations are important considerations when 

using this tool to represent three-dimensional data sets. 

Figure 3. Reservoir water quality profile. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 24 of 39 
Figure 4: Time series of water quality at Glen Canyon Dam. 

Temperature (°C)

975

1000

1025

1050

1075

1100

1125

0.0°

2.0°

4.0°

6.0°

6.5°

7.0°

7.5°

8.0°

10.0°

14.0°

16.0°

20.0°

24.0°

28.0°

32.0°

34.0°

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Figure 5. Time series temperature isopleth of Wahweap forebay station, with penstock 

intakes and river outlet works intakes indicated at 1058m and 1028 m, respectively. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 25 of 39 
* Vertical and horizontal

 axes not to scale

82 °F

79 °F

75 °F

72 °F

68 °F

64 °F

61 °F

57 °F

54 °F

50 °F

46 °F

6 °C 43 °F

8 °C 

10 °C

12 °C

14 °C

16 °C

18 °C

20 °C

22 °C

24 °C

26 °C

28 °C

0 5 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Kilometers from Glen Canyon Dam → 

Epilimnion

Spillways @ 1111.9 m

(Max=208 K cfs)

Metalimnion / Thermocline

Penstocks @ 1057.7 m

(Max=940 cms)

1125

1100

1075

1050

1025

1000

 975 Generators

Turbines

River Outlets @ 1028.4 m

(Max=400-570 cms)

Hypolimnion

2 Diversion

Tunnel (now closed)

Figure 6. A cross-section of an isopleth of main-channel reservoir temperature.

Recently, a revised station identification scheme has been developed to allow for a standardized 

system of identifying reservoir sites and incorporating this information as spatial data into the 

GCMRC geographical information system. As a result, a digitized map of the reservoir has been 

developed using GIS. Stations can be located and river channel distances from a given reference 

point can be determined. A record of visual and verbal documentation, geographical coordinates, 

and river channel distance is maintained for each main channel station. 

II. A. 3. d) Database Design 

The design of the IWQP database has developed from the consideration of several factors. First and 

foremost, it should be a repository for all significant information collected by the monitoring 

program and be easily retrievable for a variety of purposes. It should follow established standards of 

relational database management principles such as normalization, optimization, and security. It 

should have a structure compatible with other existing water quality databases such as the EPA 

STORET system and the USGS WATSTORE system. 

It is anticipated that the current design and structure of this database will be dynamic in the future, as 

population of the database proceeds, further optimization of the existing design occurs, and efforts 

begin to integrate with the Oracle database. A main goal of the database design is that the data exist 

in a modular format for ease of analysis and portability and the table structure and data definitions 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 26 of 39 
remain flexible while ensuring the information's overall integrity. A schematic of the proposed 

structure of the IWQP database is shown in Figure 7. 

SURFACE

storet_id

sm pl_dt

lake_elev

bot_sndg

secchi

wind

PROFILE

storet_id

sm pl_dt

depth

tem perature

conductance

d. o.

pH

orp

ntu

LAB_LOG

storet_id

sm pl_dt

depth

lab_id

sm pl_id

comments

cloud_cvr

instrum ent

recorder

com m ents

NUTRIENTS MAJOR_IONS

lab_id lab_id

total_p ca

srp

no2_3

nh4

m g

na

k

tkn cl

so4

co3

hco3

LAKE POW ELL DATA MANAGEMENT

CHLOROPHYLL PLANKTON CHEMISTRY

storet_id

sm pl_dt

depth

storet_id

sm pl_dt

depth

storet_id

sm pl_dt

top_depth

storet_id

sm pl_dt

depth

spl_vol lab_id

chl_a

chl_b

chl_c

bot_depth

taxa_code

num ber

com m ents

prm tr_code

value

com m ents

com m ents

TAXONOMY

taxa_code

phylum

class

order

fam ily

genus

species

STATION

storet_id

station_nam e

description

rcd

latitude

longitude

com m ents

Figure 7. Water quality relational database structure. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 27 of 39 
The relational structure of WQDB is comprised of several tables, which contain items of 

information, or records that describe a particular component of the monitoring program. Tables can 

be linked together on common fields so that information can be shared between tables and redundant 

information is eliminated, as in this example of three main tables in WQDB. For example, the 

STATION table describes all the locations at which monitoring activities can take place. Each 

record in the STATION table contains a set of fields that describe a particular sampling location, 

such as its identification code, its geographical coordinates, and a verbal description. 

The SURFACE table describes information and observations about a given site visit to a particular 

station, such as the time of the visit, maximum depth, and water clarity. One record in SURFACE 

describes one site visit at a particular station. There may be many records in SURFACE that 

correspond to one record in the STATION table. 

The PROFILE table contains each individual measurement from a water quality profile, performed 

during a specific site visit at a particular station. Uniquely identified by the sample depth, site visit 

time, and location, each record list the value of each parameter (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, 

etc.) at a single depth. Many PROFILE records relate to a single SURFACE record. 

II. A. 4. Related Activities 

There are activities associated with the adaptive management program that will require additional 

data collection efforts. While these activities are not developed in this document, the IWQP 

recognizes that the level of monitoring and research covered in this plan may not adequately cover 

the needs of these planned actions. 

II. A. 4. a) Temperature control device 

Modifications at Glen Canyon Dam for the installation of a temperature control device (TCD) have 

been proposed. This device would withdraw warmer water from the epilimnion of the reservoir at a 

higher elevation than is normally used for powerplant operations. This has the potential for creating 

significant changes both in the downstream environment and the reservoir within Lake Powell as the 

surface has higher biological productivity and generally more dilute chemistry than at penstock 

depths. This experiment will require modification to the existing water quality program to include 

more detailed baseline data, the need to document changes under operation of the device, and an 

evaluation of its effect to longer-term reservoir and downstream water quality patterns. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 28 of 39 
Findings from a TCD workshop in January 2001 (Kubly, et al., 2001) identified a number of water 

quality data requirements and issues that would need addressing upon approval of a TCD. These 

include alterations to the stratification, composition, and trophic dynamics of the epilimnion; 

differential entrainment of organic matter, nutrients and deleterious fish or pathogens, downstream

and upstream ecological interactions, adequacy of modeling efforts and development, engineering 

alternatives, and others. Telemetered data would become a higher priority under TCD operation, and 

suitable budgetary adjustments would be necessary. 

The biological monitoring program in particular would need revision, as it currently does not have 

the spatial and temporal resolution to reflect short-term effects. The distribution and abundance of 

plankton is of a patchier nature than chemicals in solution; it is regulated by dynamics within the 

fisheries community, light penetration, temperature and location of the thermocline, wind patterns, 

nutrient availability, and many other factors (Horne & Goldman 1994, Wetzel 1975, and others). 

A monitoring plan specific to the temperature control device experiment would be developed by 

GCMRC. At this point, the monitoring plan described in this document does not include specific 

activities related to the TCD. Maintenance of the current program, however, ensures that minimal 

baseline data is being gathered. 

PEP recommendations 

The panelists identified additions to sampling protocol should the operation of a TCD become

imminent. These included continuous telemetered monitoring of temperature, flow and conductivity 

in the lake inflows, as well as installation of a telemetered programmable in-situ multi-parameter 

profiling station in the forebay, greater resolution of continuous tailrace monitoring, telemetered 

thermal monitoring in Grand Canyon in 3 locations, and possible use of automated sampling devices 

such as an IPSCO water quality sampler. 

While not telemetered, continuous temperature is currently available with the thermistors in place at 

the forebay and inflows. Conductance values are available monthly from the forebay and 

continuously from the Colorado River inflow, though long-term deployment would require some

modification. Telemetered data and a continuous multi-parameter station could be effected once 

TCD funds are made available and the specific data needs are identified and more immediate. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 29 of 39 
II. B. Resource Requirements 

PEP recommendations and equipment 

Conforming to PEP recommendations may require the purchase of a Sea-bird SBE-25 multiparameter submarine profiling instrument. This unit can be adapted with various probes for basic 

physical parameters as well as in-situ chlorophyll, light penetration, and others. It is an 

oceanographic tool designed to collect rapid, high density vertical profiles. Startup costs could run 

$27,000 to $28,500. If suitable for Lake Powell, it could significantly reduced station time and 

personnel needs. The purchase of additional YSI monitors is proposed to provide assessment and 

replication of tailwater monitoring. 

The addition of 4 meteorological stations to the reservoir could cost approximately $10,000-12,000. 

A full weather platform (air temperature, wind speed & direction, incident radiation, precipitation, 

and relative humidity) near the dam could run $4000-$6000 plus annual maintenance costs. In 

addition, several uplake stations including wind speed & direction would cost approximately $1000 

each, plus installation and maintenance. 

Alteration of the current chemical sampling scheme may redistribute costs, as some uplake samples 

are reduced and forebay and TOC samples are increased. 

II. C. Staffing 

Presently, the GCMRC IWQP is being conducted with two permanent full-time, and one term fulltime staff positions. Ancillary help is received from an Interagency Acquisition from the National 

Park Service and Reclamation's Upper Colorado Regional Office, as well as part time term

appointees and volunteers as available. 

Staffing requirements include field activities of sampling and instrument deployment. These 

activities include trip planning and preparation, adequate acquisition and maintenance of supplies 

and equipment; and sample processing, shipment and equipment maintenance following a field 

survey. Instrument downloading, maintenance, calibration and servicing are performed in the field 

or in a laboratory setting. Data management, statistical summarization, and graphical analysis of the 

data are required prior to interpretation and subsequent reporting and presentation. Attendance and 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 30 of 39 
participation of scientific, AMP or other meetings or conferences is required, as well as community 

outreach projects. 

 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 31 of 39 
Bibliography 

IWQP Publications: 

Hueftle, S. J. and L.E. Stevens. 2001. Experimental Flood Effects on the Limnology of Lake Powell 

Reservoir, Southwestern USA. Ecological Applications. Vol. 11(3) pp. 644-656. 

Hueftle, S. J., Vernieu, W, and Gold, B. Response to IWQP PEP recommendations. Document and 

presentation to AMWG, Phoenix, AZ. May 30, 2001. 

Jones, Jack, Kennedy, Robert H., Nestler, John, Robertson, Dale, Ruane, Richard J., and Schladow, S. 

Geoffrey. Final Report of the Protocol Evaluation Panel for the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research 

Center Integrated Water Quality Program (IWQP). Grand Canyon Monitoring & Research Center, 

Flagstaff, AZ. February 23, 2001. 

Temperature Control Device Workshop Summary of Findings. Edited by Dennis Kubly. Saguaro Lake 

Ranch, Arizona. USBR-UCR report. January 22-24, 2001. 

Benenati, P.L, D. Blinn, J.P. Shannon, K.P. Wilson and S.J. Hueftle. 2000, Reservoir-river linkages; 

Lake Powell and the Colorado river, AZ. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19:742-

755. 

Hueftle, S. J., The Integrated Water Quality Program Annual Report Water Year 2000, GCMRC 

publication. Flagstaff, AZ, September 10, 2000. 

Vernieu, Bill. Water Quality below Glen Canyon Dam—Water Year 2000 (Draft). Grand Canyon 

Monitoring & Research Center publication. October 25, 2000. 

Hueftle, S. J., Work Plan for Low Steady Summer flows and accompanying spikes. GCMRC IWQP 

publication, March 22, 2000. 

Vernieu, W., and Hueftle, S. J. GCMRC Integrated Water Quality Program, GCMRC IWQP publication. 

Flagstaff, AZ. June 24, 1999. 

IWQP presentations: 

Hueftle, S. J., Vernieu, W, and Gold, B. Response to IWQP PEP recommendations. presented to 

AMWG, Phoenix, AZ. May 30, 2001. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 32 of 39 
Hueftle, S. J., TCD implications for Lake Powell, Phoenix Greenway Middle School, Flagstaff, AZ May 

10, 2001. By Invitation 

Hueftle, S. J., Thermal Dynamics of Lake Powell and its Inflow: Patterns during the LSSF Experiment 

and Beyond, GCMRC Science Symposium. Flagstaff, AZ. April 26, 2001. 

Vernieu, W.S., Main channel and Near-shore Warming of the Colorado River Under Low Steady Flows, 

GCMRC Science Symposium. Flagstaff, AZ. April 26, 2001. 

Hueftle, S. J., The Integrated Water Quality Program Application to a TCD. Temperature Control Device 

Workshop, Saguaro Lake, AZ, January 22, 2001. By Invitation 

Hueftle, S. J., Water Quality in Lake Powell, Colorado River Aquatic Biologists (CRAB) conference, 

Laughlin, NV. January 10, 2001. By Invitation 

Hueftle, S. J., Recent Water Quality Trends in Lake Powell, Lake Powell Cooperators Annual Meeting, 

December 6, 2000. 

Hueftle, S. J., A Review of Current Findings from the Lake Powell IWQP, presented to the IWQP PEP 

panel, Flagstaff, AZ. November 30, 2000. 

Hueftle, S. J., A Review of the Findings from the 1998 Lake Powell Assessment, presented to the IWQP 

PEP panel, Flagstaff, AZ. November 30, 2000. 

Hueftle, S. J., Water Quality Trends in Lake Powell with implications for conceptual modeling, 

Conceptual modeling integration meeting for Lake Powell, Phoenix AZ, October 10, 2000. By Invitation 

Hueftle, S. J., Water Quality Trends in Lake Powell and Downstream Influences, Tailwater Symposium,

Wahweap, AZ. April 24, 2000. 

Reference: 

Odum, H.T. 1956. Primary production in flowing waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1: 102-117. 

Carpenter, Stephen R., Kitchell, J. F., ed. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes, Cambridge University Press. 

1996 

Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., 1808 136th Place NE, Bellevue, WA 98005. 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 33 of 39 
APPENDIX A 

Detection limit and EPA Methodology of chemicals analyzed for the IWQP 

Analyte 

Symbol Sample Units Detection Limit EPA Method 

Physical (Hydrolab profiles) 

Temperature T °C 0.1

Specific Conductance EC μS/cm 1 

PH pH pH 0.01

Dissolved Oxygen DO mg/L 0.01

Oxidation-Reduction ORP mV 1

Turbidity ntu 0.1

Major Ions 

Specific Conductance Lab EC μS/cm 2 120.1 

pH pH pH N/A 150.1

Alkalinity CaCO3 mg/L 1.0 310.1

Total Suspended Solids TSS mg/L 4 160.2 

Total Dissolved Solids TDS mg/L 10 160.1 

Calcium Ca mg/L 0.03 200.7

Magnesium Mg mg/L 0.03 200.7

Iron Fe

+3

μg/L 4.0 200.7

Sodium Na mg/L 0.03 200.7

Potassium K mg/L 1.0 200.7

Silica SiO2 mg/L 0.02 200.7

Carbonate CO3= mg/L 1.0 310.1

Bicarbonate HCO3- mg/L 1.0 310.1

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 34 of 39 
Analyte 

Symbol Sample Units Detection Limit EPA Method 

Chloride Cl

- mg/L 1.0 300.0A

Sulfate SO4= mg/L 1.0 300.0A

Nutrients 

Total Phosphorus TP-P mg/L 0.003 365.1 

Soluble Reactive Phosphorous OP-P mg/L 0.001 365.1 

Ammonia NH3-N mg/L 0.003 350.1

Nitrate +Nitrite NO3 + 

NO2-N mg/L 0.003 353.2

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TKN-N mg/L 0.05 351.4 

Organic Carbon 

TOC 

DOC 

mg/L 0.5 415.1

Biological 

Chlorophyll-a 

Chlorophyll-b 

Chlorophyll-c 

Pheophytin-a 

mg/m3

0.01 

0.1 

0.1 

0.01 

Phytoplankton 

 Density 

 Biovolume 

Mostly spp. 

#/L &% 

mm3

/L &% 

Zooplankton 

 Density 

 Biovolume 

 Fecundity 

Mostly spp. 

#/L & % 

mm3

/L & % 

egg ratios 

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 35 of 39 
APPENDIX B 

Modifications to Reservoir Sampling

Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Oct-04 O

Inflow Sampling (upstream gage activation) - - -

 Assessment of Existing Data

 Development of Revised Inflow Sampling Plan 

 Historical Data Assessment

 Final Evaluation

Reservoir Sampling Modifications - - - - - - - - - - 

 Assessment of Existing Data

 Develop and Implement Initial Modifications

 Develop and Implement Final Modifications

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 36 of 39 
IWQP Modelling Activities

Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Oct-04 Oct-05

 Plan Development with USBR

 Model Selection

 Data needs evaluation

Hydrodynamic Modeling

 Evaluate Inflow Files

 Initiate Meterological Data

Collection

 Perform initial calibration

 Validation and application

 Downstream Modeling

Chemical Water Quality Modeling

Biological Modeling

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 37 of 39 
Downstream Monitoring Revision

Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Oct-04 

 Information Needs Assessment

from TWG and Pis

 Integration and Review,

possible workshop

 Develop and Implement Initial

Revisions

 Determine Simulative

Capabilities of Model

 Assess Initial Revisions and

Information Needs

 Develop and Implement Final

Modifications

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 38 of 39 
Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Oct-04 

Inflow Sampling (upstream gage activation) - - -

 Model Needs Assessment

 Assessment of Existing Data

 Comparison of Inflows with Upstream Gages

 Development of Revised Inflow Sampling Plan

 Implement Inflow Sample Collection

Seabird Evaluation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

 Historical Data Assessment

 Field Demonstration

 Final Evaluation

Reservoir Sampling Modifications - - - - - - - - - - 

 Model Needs Assessment

 Assessment of Existing Data

 Sensitivity Analyses of Parameters, Frequency, Location

 Develop and Implement Initial Modifications

 Determine Simulative Capabilities of Model

 Develop and Implement Final Modifications

GCMRC - IWQP Program Plan FY2002-2007 (DRAFT, May 14, 2002) Page 39 of 39