[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 178 (Friday, September 17, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 51970-52024]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-19040]



[[Page 51969]]

Vol. 86

Friday,

No. 178

September 17, 2021

Part II





 Department of Commerce





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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration





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50 CFR Parts 229 and 697





Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing Operations; 
Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan Regulations; Atlantic Coastal 
Fisheries Cooperative Management Act Provisions; American Lobster 
Fishery; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 86 , No. 178 / Friday, September 17, 2021 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 51970]]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Parts 229 and 697

[Docket No. FR-210827-0171]
RIN 0648-BJ09


Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Commercial Fishing 
Operations; Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan Regulations; 
Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act Provisions; 
American Lobster Fishery

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: NMFS is amending the regulations implementing the Atlantic 
Large Whale Take Reduction Plan to reduce the incidental mortality and 
serious injury to North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), 
fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback whales (Megaptera 
novaeangliae) in northeast commercial lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot 
fisheries to meet the goals of the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the 
Endangered Species Act. In addition, this action also makes a small 
revision to Federal regulations implemented under the Atlantic State 
Marine Fisheries Commission's Interstate Fishery Management Plan for 
American Lobster to increase the maximum length of a lobster trap trawl 
groundline. This action is necessary to reduce the risks to North 
Atlantic right whales and other large whales associated with the 
presence of fishing gear in waters used by these animals.

DATES: This rule is effective October 18, 2021. Compliance for 50 CFR 
229.32(b)(2)(i), (b)(3), (c)(2)(i) through (iv), and (c)(8) and (9) is 
not required until May 1, 2022 (see SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for more 
details).

ADDRESSES: Copies of the Final Environmental Impacts Statement (FEIS) 
including the Record of Decision, Regulatory Impact Review (RIR), and 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (RFA) as well as supporting documents 
are accessible via the internet on the Atlantic Large Whale Take 
Reduction Plan website at: Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP or you may request 
copies by email from Marisa Trego: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#83cee2f1eaf0e2add7f1e6e4ecc3edece2e2ade4ecf5"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="baf7dbc8d3c9db94eec8dfddd5fad4d5dbdb94ddd5cc">[email protected]</span></a>.
    Written comments regarding the burden-hour estimates or other 
aspects of the collection-of-information requirements contained in this 
final rule should be sent within 30 days of publication of this rule to 
www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAMain or by email to Ainsley Smith at 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e7a68e89948b829ec9b48a8e938fa789888686c9808891"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f7b69e99849b928ed9a49a9e839fb799989696d9909881">[email protected]</span></a>.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Marisa Trego, Marine Mammal Take 
Reduction Team Coordinator, phone: (978) 282-8484 or email: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c38ea2b1aab0a2ed97b1a6a4ac83adaca2a2eda4acb5"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="662b07140f1507483214030109260809070748010910">[email protected]</span></a>

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

Background
Changes to the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan
    Changes to the Plan to Reduce the Number of Vertical Buoy Lines
    Changes to the Plan to Related to Seasonal Restricted Areas
    Changes to the Plan to Establish Weak Rope Requirements
    Changes to the Plan for Gear Marking Requirements
    Regulatory Language Changes (Definitions)
    Changes to Federal Regulations Implementing the American Lobster 
Management Plan
Comments and Responses
Classification
References
List of Subjects

Background

    This final rule implements modifications to the Atlantic Large 
Whale Take Reduction Plan (ALWTRP or Plan) as informed by the Atlantic 
Large Whale Take Reduction Team (ALWTRT or Team) and contained in the 
proposed rule, as modified based upon public input, including 
modifications deemed necessary by NMFS to meet the goals of the Marine 
Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and Endangered Species Act (ESA). The 
final rule includes a one-month delay in effectiveness to allow 
fishermen time to move gear away from seasonal restricted areas. 
Compliance with gear configuration modifications described below 
including those changes that require fishermen to modify gear marking, 
change gear configurations to increase traps fished on trawls, or 
modify buoy lines to accommodate new weak rope and weak insertions is 
not required until May 1, 2022. Delayed compliance will provide 
fishermen with the time necessary to purchase materials and reconfigure 
their gear while conducting other regular gear maintenance activities.
    The ALWTRP was originally developed pursuant to section 118 of the 
MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1387) to reduce mortality and serious injury of three 
stocks of large whales (fin, humpback, and North Atlantic right) 
incidental to Category I and II fisheries. Under the MMPA, a strategic 
stock of marine mammals is defined as a stock: (1) For which the level 
of direct human-caused mortality exceeds the Potential Biological 
Removal (PBR) level; (2) which, based on the best available scientific 
information, is declining and is likely to be listed as a threatened 
species under the ESA of 1973 within the foreseeable future; or (3) 
which is listed as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA or 
is designated as depleted under the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1362(19)). When 
incidental mortality or serious injury of marine mammals from 
commercial fishing exceeds a stock's PBR level, the MMPA directs NMFS 
to convene a take reduction team made up of stakeholders including 
representatives of Federal agencies, each coastal state which has 
fisheries which interact with the species or stock, appropriate 
Regional Fishery Management Councils, interstate fisheries commissions, 
academic and scientific organizations, environmental groups, all 
commercial and recreational fisheries groups and gear types which 
incidentally take the species or stock, and if relevant, Alaska Native 
organizations or Indian tribal organizations.\1\
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    \1\ There are no Alaska Native or Indian tribal organizations 
participating in fisheries managed under the Atlantic Large Whale 
Take Reduction Team.
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    The ALWTRT was established in 1996 and has 60 members, including 
about 22 trap/pot and gillnet fishermen or fishery representatives. The 
background for the take reduction planning process and initial 
development of the Plan is provided in the preambles to the proposed 
(62 FR 16519, April 7, 1997), interim final (62 FR 39157, July 22, 
1997), and final (64 FR 7529, February 16, 1999) rules implementing the 
initial plan. The Team met and recommended modifications to the Plan, 
implemented by NMFS through rulemaking, several times since 1997 in an 
ongoing effort to meet the MMPA take reduction goals. Despite 
modifications to the Plan (notably the use of sinking groundlines 
effective in 2009 (72 FR 57104) and efforts to reduce the number of 
vertical buoy lines and an expansion of the Massachusetts Restricted 
Area (MRA) effective in 2015 (79 FR 36586, 79 FR 73848, and 80 FR 
30367)), mortalities and serious injuries of right whales in U.S. gear 
and first seen in U.S. waters at levels above PBR have continued.
    NMFS informed the Team in late 2017 that it was necessary to 
reconvene to develop recommendations to reduce the impacts of U.S. 
commercial fisheries on

[[Page 51971]]

large whales with a focus on reducing risk to the declining North 
Atlantic right whale population (Pace et al. 2017). Seventeen right 
whale mortalities were observed in 2017, including many determined to 
have been caused by vessel strikes and entanglements, leading to a 
declaration of a right whale Unusual Mortality Event. An annual average 
of five entanglement-related mortalities and serious injuries were 
documented from 2009 through 2018. Most could not be identified to a 
country of origin; only 0.2 per year could be attributed with certainty 
to U.S. fisheries, only 0.7 per year to Canadian fisheries, and an 
average of four per year could not be attributed to either country. For 
the purposes of creating a risk reduction target, NMFS assigned half of 
the unknown entanglement incidents to U.S. fisheries. Under this 
assumption, based on documented mortality and serious entanglement 
incidents, a 60-percent reduction would be needed to reduce right whale 
mortality and serious injury in U.S. commercial fisheries from an 
annual average PBR of 2.2 to below the current PBR of 0.8 per year. 
However, documented mortalities and serious injuries represent a 
minimum count and unobserved mortalities and serious injuries are not 
considered in the 60-percent target risk reduction. An upper bound 
target of 80 percent considered estimated mortalities generated by the 
Pace et al. 2017 population model that estimates unobserved mortality 
(Hayes et al. 2019). Currently, there is no way to definitively 
apportion unseen but estimated mortality across causes (fishery 
interaction vs. vessel strike) or country of origin (United States vs. 
Canada). For the purposes of developing a conservative target to meet 
the MMPA goals, in 2019 NMFS assumed that half of the estimated 
undocumented incidents occurred in U.S. waters and were caused 
primarily by incidental entanglements. However, given the assumptions 
and other sources of uncertainty in the 80-percent target, as well as 
the challenges achieving such a target, the Team focused on developing 
recommendations to achieve the lower 60-percent target.
    Greater detail on right whale population estimates, the stock's 
decline, changes in distribution and reproductive rates, and 
entanglement-related mortalities and serious injuries documented in 
recent years can be found in the preamble to the proposed rule (85 FR 
86878 December 31, 2020), and are briefly summarized in Chapter 2 of 
the FEIS.
    During a Team meeting in April 2019, the Team recommended a 
framework of measures to modify lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot trawls 
within the Northeast Region Trap/Pot Management Area (Northeast Region) 
intended to reduce risk of mortality and serious injury to right whales 
incidentally entangled in buoy line in those fisheries by at least 60 
percent. The Team's near-consensus recommendations included 
jurisdictionally specific combinations of line reduction measures to 
reduce right whale encounters with buoy lines and weak rope 
requirements to increase the chance of right whales parting the rope 
(self-releasing) to reduce mortalities and serious injuries when 
entanglements do occur. As described in more detail in the preamble to 
the proposed rule and in Chapter 3 of the FEIS, the Team's 
recommendations were not fully crafted as regulatory elements, and the 
proposed rule and draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) included 
modifications to the Team's recommendations based on public scoping and 
input from New England states related to implementation and operational 
feasibility. The proposed rule analyzed in the DEIS included less line 
reduction and weak rope than the Team recommended, and included 
additional measures to reduce right whale co-occurrence through new or 
expanded seasonal restricted areas. Although the Team did not make 
recommendations on the existing weak link requirement at the buoy line 
or on the proposed change to transition seasonal restricted areas to be 
closures to fishing with buoy lines rather than closures to fishing 
altogether, those measures were also proposed and analyzed. Finally, 
gear marking recommendations were discussed by the Team and received 
general support, but specific gear marking requirements were never 
taken to a vote for consensus, and gear marking requirements were not 
included in the Team's recommendations. Comments on the proposed rule 
and DEIS as well as new information regarding right whales were 
considered in the development of this final rule.
    The public's vast input into this regulatory effort demonstrates 
stakeholder interest in conserving and recovering the North Atlantic 
right whale while also ensuring the development of operationally 
feasible and economical risk reduction measures. Benefits of large 
whale protection are difficult to describe in monetary value, but 
include non-consumer use benefits, non-use benefits, and potential 
costs savings from current disentanglements efforts. Economic research 
has demonstrated that society places economic value on environmental 
assets, whether or not those assets are ever directly exploited. The 
large number of commenters shows that society places real (and 
potentially measurable) economic value on simply knowing that large 
whale populations are flourishing in their natural environment (often 
referred to as ``existence value'') and will be preserved for the 
enjoyment of future generations. Collateral benefits to other species 
are also incurred through buoy line reductions that benefit other 
endangered species of large whales and endangered sea turtles, and 
weaker rope that would benefit other large whales.
    Protection to large whales under the take reduction process, 
however, cannot be done without an economic impact. The annual cost of 
compliance for this rulemaking is $9.8-19.2 million, representing 1.5 
to 3 percent of the 2019 landings value of the fisheries. However, 
given the input of fishermen and fishery managers, operationally 
feasible measures were developed that, relative to the other 
alternative analyzed, achieve the purposes of this rulemaking with 
nearly the same risk reduction but a much lesser economic impact on 
regulated entities than the analyzed non-preferred Alternative.

Changes to the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan

    This rule modifies the Plan in 50 CFR part 229, specifically the 
Northeast Region (Maine through Rhode Island) American lobster and 
Jonah crab trap/pot fishery. Described in more detail below, this rule: 
Increases the minimum number of traps per trawl based on area fished 
and distance fished from shore in the Northeast Region; modifies 
existing restricted areas from seasonal fishing closures to seasonal 
closures to fishing with persistent buoy lines; expands the geographic 
extent of the Massachusetts Restricted Area to include Massachusetts 
state waters north to the New Hampshire border; establishes two new 
restricted areas that are seasonally closed to fishing for lobster or 
Jonah crab with persistent buoy lines; requires modified buoy lines to 
incorporate rope engineered to break at no more than 1,700 pounds (lb) 
(771.1 kilograms (kg)) or weak insertion configurations that break at 
no more than 1,700 lb (771.1 kg); and requires additional marks on buoy 
lines to differentiate vertical buoy lines by principal port state, 
includes unique marks for Federal waters, and expands requirements into 
areas previously exempt from gear marking.

[[Page 51972]]

Changes to the Plan To Reduce the Number of Vertical Buoy Lines

    The rule increases the minimum number of traps between buoy lines, 
known as trawling up, to reduce the number of buoy lines. The trawl 
configurations are established by area fished and distance fished from 
shore in the Northeast Region (waters offshore of Maine (ME), New 
Hampshire (NH), Massachusetts (MA), and Rhode Island (RI)) as detailed 
in Table 1. The rule describes the areas established in Maine 
regulations and known as Maine Lobster Management Zones (Zones) (ME DMR 
13-188 Chapter 25.94). As a conservation equivalency measure for 
vessels fishing in Zones, this rule allows fishermen to choose to 
either trawl up to the minimum established traps/trawl or fish a trawl 
with half the minimum number of traps with a buoy line on only one end.

                    Table 1--Line Reduction Measures
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Area                             Traps/trawl
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ME 3 nm (5.56 km)-6 nm *, Zone A West..  8 traps/trawl per two buoy
                                          lines or 4 traps/trawl per one
                                          buoy line.
ME 3 nm (5.56 km)-6 nm *, Zone B.......  5 traps/trawl per one buoy
                                          line.
ME 3 nm (5.56 km)-6 nm*, Zones C, D, E,  10 traps/trawl per two buoy
 F, G.                                    lines or 5 traps/trawl per one
                                          buoy line.
ME 3 nm (5.56 km)-12 nm (22.22 km),      20 traps/trawl per two buoy
 Zone A East.                             lines or 10 traps/trawl per
                                          one buoy line.
ME 6*-12 nm, Zone A West...............  15 traps/trawl per two buoy
                                          lines or 8 traps/trawl per one
                                          buoy line.
ME 6*-12 nm, Zone B, D, E, F...........  10 traps/trawl per two buoy
                                          lines or 5 traps/trawl per one
                                          buoy line (status quo in D, E,
                                          & F).
ME 6*-12 nm, Zone C, G.................  20 traps/trawl per two buoy
                                          lines or 10 traps/trawl per
                                          one buoy line.
MA Lobster Management Area (LMA) 1, 6*-  15 traps/trawl.
 12 nm.
LMA 1 & Outer Cape Cod (OCC) 3-12 nm     15 traps/trawl.
 (5.56-22.22 km).
LMA 1 over 12 nm (22.22 km)............  25 traps/trawl.
LMA3, North of 50 fathom line on the     45 traps/trawl, increase
 south end of Georges Bank.               maximum trawl length from 1.5
                                          nm (2.78 km) to 1.75 nm (3.24
                                          km).
LMA3, South of 50 fathom line on the     35 traps/trawl, increase
 south end of Georges Bank.               maximum trawl length from 1.5
                                          nm (2.78 km) to 1.75 nm (3.24
                                          km).
LMA3, Georges Basin Restricted Area....  50 traps/trawl, increase
                                          maximum trawl length from 1.5
                                          nm (2.78 km) to 1.75 nm (3.24
                                          km).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* ME 6 is a line offshore of Maine that is approximately 6 nm (11.1 km)
  from the coast.

Changes to the Plan Related to Seasonal Restricted Areas

    The rule modifies closures in two restricted areas, the 
Massachusetts Restricted Area and the Great South Channel Restricted 
Area, by implementing closures to buoy lines rather than closures to 
the harvest of lobster or Jonah crab by the trap-pot fishery. The 
change would not include the Outer Cape Cod (OCC) Lobster Management 
Area (LMA), which remains closed to the lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot 
fishery under Massachusetts and Federal regulations (32 Mass. Reg 6.02 
paragraph(7)(a) and 50 CFR 697.7(c)(1)(xxx)) implementing the Atlantic 
State Marine Fisheries Commission's (Commission) Interstate Fishery 
Management Plan for American Lobster. This modification allows 
fishermen with authorization to be exempt from surface marking 
requirements (buoys, radar reflectors, and high flyers) to fish these 
areas if they fish without the use of persistent buoy lines by remotely 
retrieving traps from the bottom using an acoustic signal, or through 
other means that do not require a persistent buoy line. This measure is 
intended to accelerate research and development of buoyless fishing 
methods, commonly termed ``ropeless'' fishing, so that in the future, 
commercial fishing using ropeless technology can be used in place of 
seasonal closures to allow trap/pot fishing while protecting right 
whales.
    NMFS has invested a substantial amount of funding in developing 
ropeless fishing gear. We anticipate that these efforts to facilitate 
and support the industry's development of ropeless gear will continue, 
pending appropriations. Given the high cost of ropeless retrieval 
technology, for the foreseeable future, industry participants are 
likely to depend on loans of gear purchased by the Northeast Fisheries 
Science Center for ropeless research collaborations. By 2025, we 
anticipate this would allow up to 33 fishermen to fish with up to 10 
trawls each in the Northeast Region, including the restricted areas. 
Because they would be fishing under Federal exempted fishing permits 
(EFP) or equivalent state authorization, conditions to minimize impacts 
on the natural and human environment will likely include some area 
restrictions, reporting and monitoring requirements, gear marking of 
any stored buoy line, and evidence of communication and collaboration 
with adjacent fixed and mobile gear fishermen to minimize gear 
conflicts.
    This rule also extends the area of the Massachusetts Restricted 
Area north to the New Hampshire border for state waters, mirroring the 
Massachusetts 2021 modification of the state water closure (322 CMR 
12.04(2)). This final rule does not adopt the Massachusetts seasonal 
extension through May 15, but instead retains the February through 
April seasonal closure.
    This rule also establishes two new restricted areas that would be 
seasonally closed to fishing for lobster and Jonah crab with persistent 
buoy lines. The LMA 1 Restricted Area would be closed to buoy lines 
from October through January. The South Island Restricted Area would be 
closed to buoy lines from February through April. Figure 1 shows 
existing (dark gray) and new (light gray) seasonal restricted areas.

[[Page 51973]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR17SE21.000

Changes to the Plan To Establish Weak Rope Requirements

    This rule removes the requirement for a weak link at the buoy in 
the Northeast Region commercial lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot 
fisheries. As described in Table 2, all buoy lines in these fisheries 
will have weak rope or weak insertions well below the surface system. 
There is little information available to determine the efficacy of weak 
links at the buoy in reducing entanglement severity. Models suggest 
that when a whale encounters rope in the water column, the rope parts 
below the encounter (Knowlton et al. 2020). Retention of the buoy may 
have some benefits: Buoys have identifying marks that could improve our 
understanding of set locations of retrieved gear or may provide 
resistance and pull gear away from a whale, improving the chances of 
shedding gear.
    Depending on the area fished and distance from shore, this rule 
requires all buoy lines in the fisheries to use engineered weak rope or 
weak inserts as described in Table 2. Under most operational 
conditions, weak rope or a weak insertion within the top half of a buoy 
line would not be subject to forces approaching or greater than 1,700 
lb (771.1 kg) during hauls. Weak insertion placement locations were 
developed and proposed by Maine Department of Marine Resources (DMR), 
with much input from Maine fishermen who identified measures that could 
work with their existing gear, even with the longer trawl lengths being 
implemented. These measures reduce economic impacts and concerns that 
longer trawl lengths would result in strong and more dangerous buoy 
ropes.

                       Table 2--Weak Rope Measures
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Area                     Weak rope or weak insertions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast Region.......................  For all buoy lines
                                          incorporating weak line or
                                          weak insertions, remove weak
                                          link requirement at surface
                                          system.
ME state waters outside of exemption     1 weak insertion 50 percent
 line.                                    down the line.
MA State Waters........................  Fully weak line or weak inserts
                                          every 60 ft (18.3 m) in top 75
                                          percent of line.
NH state waters........................  1 weak insertion 50 percent
                                          down the line.
RI wtate waters........................  Fully weak line or weak inserts
                                          every 60 ft (18.3 m) in top 75
                                          percent of line.
ME Zone A west, B, C, D, E; Federal      2 weak insertions, at 25
 waters 3-12 nm (5.56-22.22 km).          percent and 50 percent down
                                          line.
ME Zone A east, F, and G; Federal        1 weak insertion 33 percent
 waters 3-12 nm (5.56-22.22 km).          down the line.
MA and NH LMA 1 , OCC; Federal waters 3- 2 weak insertions, at 25
 12 nm (5.56-22.22 km).                   percent and 50 percent down
                                          line.

[[Page 51974]]

 
LMA 1 & OCC over 12 nm (22.22 km)......  1 weak insertion 33 percent
                                          down the line.
LMA 2..................................  Fully weak line or weak inserts
                                          every 60 ft (18.3 m) in top 75
                                          percent of line.
LMA 3..................................  One buoy line weak to 75
                                          percent.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A number of approved weak insertions are detailed in this 
regulation. To be approved, these weak inserts were demonstrated to 
break at 1,700 lb (771.1 kg) or less through 10 trials with a 
calibrated rope breaking machine, they are considered replicable, and 
are large enough and created with a contrasting color so they can be 
detected for enforcement purposes.
    This rule also includes a provision for the Greater Atlantic 
Regional Administrator to approve in writing new weak insertions that 
are demonstrated to break at 1,700 lb (771.1 kg) or less and to include 
information about approved weak insertions on the ALWTRP website. The 
current regulations indicate that the NMFS Assistant Administrator 
would approve new weak insertions, as well as weak link and gear 
marking modifications. In actual practice, the NMFS Greater Atlantic 
Regional Administrator makes that determination, therefore these edits 
are made for accuracy. A definition for the Regional Administrator was 
added to the definitions list in 50 CFR part 229.

Changes to the Plan for Gear Marking Requirements

    This rule modifies gear marking requirements by establishing a 
state-specific color for Maine (purple), New Hampshire (yellow), 
Massachusetts (red), and Rhode Island (silver/gray) vessels, except 
those fishing in LMA 3 which retains black as the primary gear mark 
color. For ropeless fishing operations working under EFPs or state 
authorizations, gear marking is likely to be recommended as a permit 
condition for any stored buoy line that is retrieved remotely, and a 
yellow/black striped mark is anticipated. All vessels in the Northeast 
Region are required to include a large 3-foot (0.9-meter (m)) solid 
mark within the surface system using paint or tape, and additional 1-
foot (0.3-m) green marks (no marking convention defined; tape, paint, 
twine, etc.) within 6 inches (15.24 centimeters (cm)) of each area-
specific gear mark to distinguish state from Federal waters or, in the 
case of LMA 3 vessels, to distinguish Northeast Region vessels from 
vessels fishing in the southern and western LMA 3 waters. For dual 
permitted vessels that fish in both state and Federal waters, the green 
gear mark can be created with a twine or other marking system that can 
be applied or removed during transit between state and Federal water 
fishing locations, or with paint, if applicable state regulations 
permit Federal marks to remain on buoy lines fished in state waters by 
dual permitted vessels. Gear marks are all required to be 1-foot long 
or greater when installed to distinguish them from Canadian marks, 
which currently are required to be at least 6 inches (15.24 cm) in 
length. The term ``state'' refers to the state associated with the 
vessel's principal port as declared on state and Federal permits. A 
principal port is considered the city and state where the majority of 
landings occur. Although more than 90 percent of lobster and Jonah crab 
Federal permit holders identify the same state as their principal port, 
mailing address, and home port (city and state where a vessel is 
moored), the port of landing was selected based on recommendations from 
some state managers, and is considered to be the area where fishing 
occurs.

                   Table 3--Gear Marking Modifications
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Northeast Region Lobster and Jonah
               Area                      Crab Trap/Pot  Gear Marking
                                                 Requirement
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Waters......................  One 3-foot (0.9-m) state-specific
                                     colored mark (based on principal
                                     port state) in surface system
                                     within 2 fathoms (3.7 m) of the
                                     buoy. At least two 1-foot (0.3-m)
                                     marks in the state (principal port)
                                     color in the primary buoy line, one
                                     in the top half and one in the
                                     bottom half. Maine exempt waters
                                     will be regulated by Maine and not
                                     included in Federal regulations.
All Northeast Region Federal        A 3-foot (0.9-m) state-specific
 waters, except LMA 3.               colored mark within two fathoms
                                     (3.7m) of the buoy. At least three
                                     1-foot (0.3-m) marks in the state
                                     (principal port) color on the top,
                                     middle and bottom of the primary
                                     buoy line. Additional Northeast
                                     Region Federal water mark within 6
                                     inches of each state-specific
                                     color: 1-foot (0.3-m) long green
                                     marks. For dual permitted vessels,
                                     state regulations will determine
                                     whether green Federal markings can
                                     remain on gear being fished in
                                     state waters.
LMA 3.............................  A 3-foot (0.9-m) black mark within 2
                                     fathoms (3.7 m) of the buoy. At
                                     least three 1-foot (0.3-m) black
                                     marks on the top, middle and bottom
                                     of the primary buoy line.
                                     Additional Northeast Region Federal
                                     water mark within 6 inches of each
                                     black mark: 1-foot (0.3-m) long
                                     green marks within 6 inches (15.24
                                     cm).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Regulatory Language Changes (Definitions)

    This rule adds three definitions to Sec.  229.2. A definition is 
added for ``Lobster Management Area'' to reference the management areas 
that were developed for the American lobster fishery, citing the 
Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act regulations at 50 
CFR 697.18. A definition for ``surface system'' is added for clarity 
related to the gear marking requirements. A definition for ``Regional 
Administrator'' is added to clarify approvals for any new weak 
insertions and provide information about approved weak insertions on 
the ALWTRP website.
    A housekeeping edit is made to the Table in paragraph (c)(2(iv) 
completing a blank cell in the table by clarifying that there is no 
minimum number of traps per trawl in the Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot 
Waters Area.

[[Page 51975]]

Changes to Federal Regulations Implementing the American Lobster 
Management Plan

    In addition to changes to 50 CFR part 229, this rule makes two 
minor revisions to the Federal regulations implemented under the 
Commission's Interstate Fishery Management Plan for American Lobster at 
50 CFR 697.21. To accommodate conservation equivalencies in Maine 
Lobster Management Zones, this rule modifies the requirement that 
limits lobster trap trawls with a single buoy to trawls of no more than 
three traps to allow up to ten traps on a trawl attached and marked 
with a single buoy by Maine permitted vessels fishing in some Maine 
Zones within LMA1. To accommodate changes in the number of traps per 
trawl in LMA 3, this rule also increases the maximum length of a 
lobster trap trawl from 1.5 nm (2.78 km) to 1.75 nm (3.24 km), as 
measured from radar reflector to radar reflector.

Comments and Responses

    We published the Proposed Rule to Amend the Atlantic Large Whale 
Take Reduction Plan to Reduce Risk of Serious Injury and Mortality to 
North Atlantic Right Whales Caused by Entanglement in Northeast Crab 
and Lobster Trap/Pot Fisheries and DEIS on December 31, 2020. A 60-day 
public comment period began on December 31, 2020, and ended on March 1, 
2021 (85 FR 86878, December 31, 2020). We reviewed and considered all 
written and oral public submissions received during the public comment 
period. Comments on the proposed rule and DEIS were accepted as 
electronic submissions via regulations.gov on docket number NOAA-NMFS-
2020-0031, as electronic submissions via email to a NMFS 
representative, and comments submitted orally at public information 
sessions and hearings.
    In January 2021, we held four public information sessions and in 
February 2021, we held four public hearings, all virtual due to the 
global pandemic. The sessions were organized by region, though everyone 
was welcome to attend any session. Although the purpose of the January 
meetings was to provide information and answer questions, we accepted 
oral comments on the proposed rule and the DEIS at all eight meetings. 
A total of 122 speakers submitted comments orally at public information 
sessions or public hearings. Many of the speakers submitted more than 
one comment, and several submitted comments at more than one session. 
If an individual commented at more than one session, the individual was 
counted as a unique speaker on each day. We received 2 comments from 
academic/scientific individuals or organizations, 3 fishing industry 
associations, 27 non-governmental organizations, 27 members of the 
public, 59 fishermen, 2 state fishery resource managers, and 2 state/
Federal legislators.
    We received 171,213 written comments on the Proposed Rule and the 
DEIS through the comment portal. Of these, six comments from Non-
Governmental Organizations were entered as counting for more than one 
comment: Pew Charitable Trusts: 47,699; Conservation Law Foundation: 
1,192; Humane Society of the U.S: 15,922; Oceana: 18,440; Natural 
Resources Defense Council: 33,045; and Riverkeepers: 4. Five additional 
comments from Non-Governmental Organization were entered as one 
comment, but had thousands of signatures attached: International Fund 
for Animal Welfare: 31,912; Whale and Dolphin Conservation: 3,629; 
Environment America: 11,727; Center for Biological Diversity: 26,594; 
and Environmental Action: 11,135.
    All of the above-referenced comments, which represent up to 201,269 
people, were in favor of stronger regulations to protect North Atlantic 
right whales. They strongly favored the following measures: Longer and 
larger restricted areas, increased gear marking, transition to ropeless 
gear, and a risk reduction target of more than 60 percent. While many 
were in favor of weak rope or weak link requirements, many also voiced 
concerns that 1700 lb breaking strength has not been proven to reduce 
entanglements and could still severely entangle juveniles and calves. 
In addition, the vast majority urged NMFS to use the most updated 
population data in setting risk reduction targets and recommended the 
use of emergency measures to take action immediately.
    After accounting for the bulk submissions, we received 53,585 
comments uploaded through the regulations.gov portal, as well as 9 
comments emailed directly to our office, 3 of which were added to 
regulations.gov, and are included in the 53,585 total above. After 
running a deduplication analysis, identifying additional campaign 
emails not detected by the deduplication analysis, and reviewing the 
entries for double submissions or submissions of supporting 
documentation separate from the original comment letter, we received 
approximately 1,076 unique comments that were not clearly part of a 
coordinated campaign. We received 28 comments from academic/scientific 
individuals or organizations, 2 Federal agencies, 1 Federal resource 
manager, 2 fishery management associations, 10 fishing industry 
associations, 2 manufacturers, 71 non-governmental organizations, 617 
members of the public, 300 fishermen, 2 representatives from other 
industries, 32 state/Federal legislators, 7 state fishery resource 
managers, and 2 towns.
    As many of the speakers who submitted comments orally also 
submitted comments through the regulations.gov portal, we considered 
each individual's comments, both oral and written, as one submission. 
This gives us a total of 1,129 unique submissions. Combining both 
written and oral submissions, and excluding duplicates, we received 
submissions from 28 academic/scientific individuals or organizations, 2 
Federal agencies, 1 Federal resource manager, 2 fishery management 
associations, 10 fishing industry associations, 2 manufacturers, 76 
non-governmental organizations, 628 members of the public, 336 
fishermen, 2 representatives from other industries, 33 state/Federal 
legislators, 7 state fishery resource managers, and 2 towns.
    Of the 336 unique commenters who identified themselves as 
fishermen, either directly or through context, 312 voiced opposition to 
all or part of the rule, 19 commented on particular provisions, but did 
not expressly support or oppose, and 5 supported the general idea of 
the rule, though had specific comments on some measures. Of the ten 
fishing industry groups, eight opposed all or part of the rule, one 
gave specific recommendations, but did expressly support or oppose, and 
one supported the general idea of the rule. The primary concerns raised 
by fishermen are that right whales are not in the areas that they fish 
and this rule will not protect right whales, but instead will place a 
large economic burden on fishermen with no benefit for the whales 
(>147); the economic impact of this rule will put them out of business 
and devastate coastal communities (>126); and that ropeless fishing is 
not yet and may never be feasible on a large scale (>105).
    Of the 628 unique commenters who identified themselves as members 
of the public, either directly or through context, the vast majority 
(534) supported this rule, but expressed the opinion that the rule did 
not go far enough to protect right whales, with 84 suggesting NMFS use 
emergency authority to implement immediate protections for whales. Only 
54 expressed opposition to the rule. A small number suggested that this 
rule

[[Page 51976]]

should be withdrawn because it does not provide adequate levels of 
protection for right whales, and NMFS should start over.
    To summarize, overall, nearly 59 percent of unique commenters 
supported the Proposed Rule in whole or in part, with the majority 
expressing the opinion that the proposed regulations should be 
strengthened to provide more protection to right whales. A little over 
34 percent of commenters opposed the rule in whole or in part, and 
about 4 percent suggested that the rule should be withdrawn because it 
does not provide adequate levels of protection for right whales, and 
NMFS should start over. About 4 percent of commenters did not express 
support or opposition, but suggested specific measures or strategies 
that NMFS should employ. In addition, about 14 percent of commenters 
(who had either supported the rule or suggested starting over) wanted 
NMFS to take emergency action.
    We identified a total of 187 distinct substantive comments that 
were within the scope of the current rulemaking. The majority of these 
comments were submitted by multiple people, some of them by thousands 
of people. We also received several comments that were outside the 
scope of the current rulemaking, which are summarized below. The final 
rule and analyses in the FEIS are related to amendments to the Plan. 
The Plan and the take reduction process are restricted to the 
monitoring and management of incidental mortality and serious injury of 
marine mammals in U.S. commercial fisheries. Because these comments 
were out of the scope of the final rule and the FEIS, we did not 
provide responses in this document.
    Below, we summarize the comments received in the topic category, 
and then provide specific comments and responses to each. Responses may 
refer to portions of the FEIS or final rule that have been modified as 
a result of comments (to obtain copies of the FEIS see ADDRESSES). We 
also made changes to the DEIS and the rule in response to the comments, 
where appropriate, including updates to data where the comments affect 
the impact analysis. Technical or editorial comments on the DEIS merely 
pointing out a mistake or missing information were addressed directly 
in the body of the FEIS and final rule.
    Due to the large number of comments, they are organized according 
to the following specific topics: 1. Canada, 2. Economics, 3. 
Enforcement, 4. Gear Marking, 5. Legal Issues, 6. Line/Effort 
Reduction, 7. Management, 8. Research, 9. Restricted Areas, 10. 
Ropeless Gear, 11. Stressors, 12. Trawls, 13. Weak Links/Inserts/Rope, 
14. Out of Scope.

1. Canada

    Of the 1,129 unique comments, around 43 suggested that Canadian 
fishing gear is largely to blame for the recent right whale mortalities 
and entanglements, and that Canada needs to do more to reduce right 
whale mortalities and serious injuries. In addition to these 
commenters, dozens of others felt it was unfair that U.S. fishermen are 
being asked to make expensive and time-consuming changes to fishing 
gear and practices, and many questioned NMFS's apportionment of unknown 
entanglements in determining how much risk reduction was needed to 
reduce U.S. commercial fishery interactions to the PBR level 
established under the MMPA.
    Comment 1.1: Canadian fishing gear is primarily responsible for 
recent right whale entanglements and mortalities, not U.S. fishing 
gear, and NMFS should not attribute 50 percent of the unknown gear to 
the United States.
    Response: In recent years, gear has only been retrieved from about 
54 percent of the detected right whale entanglement events. The 
majority of the entangling line retrieved is of unknown origin. During 
2010-2019, out of 114 documented right whale entanglement incidents, 
gear was present on 62 whales. Of these, gear could be identified to a 
country in only 25 incidents (22 percent of all observed incidents): 18 
were documented Canadian cases (14 Canadian snow crab, 4 unknown 
Canadian) and 7 were documented U.S. cases (1 gillnet, 1 lobster, 2 
unknown trap, 3 unknown United States). The remaining 37 incidents 
involved gear of unknown origin (6 unknown gillnet/mesh, 1 unknown 
trap, 30 unknown line). Out of approximately 1.24 million buoy lines 
within the Northeast waters from Rhode Island to Maine, we estimate 
that 72 percent of buoy lines were unmarked under current ALWTRP gear 
marking guidelines although that percentage was reduced when Maine 
required gear marks on lobster trap buoy lines beginning in September 
2020.
    It is important to consider that most right whale mortalities are 
never seen. Entanglement incidents detected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
in recent years from May to early November may reflect some observer 
bias as the result of the extensive survey effort since late summer 
2017 in an enclosed water body. During most of that season, the 
whereabouts of the two-thirds of the population that were not detected 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence remains largely unknown. While acoustic 
detections indicate that right whales are present in U.S. waters year 
round, counts of individuals when spread over large areas remain 
outside of current capabilities but, given Gulf of St. Lawrence counts, 
the entire population could be present in U.S. waters from December 
through April and up to two thirds of them could be present year round. 
U.S. fisheries fish many more buoy lines than Canadian fisheries. That 
exposure to U.S. fisheries is balanced, however, by the many broad 
scale gear modifications in place, as well as seasonal restricted areas 
implemented under the Plan. However lacking an actual estimate of the 
proportion of the right whale population's exposure to U.S. or Canadian 
fisheries each year, in 2019 NMFS apportioned unknown mortality using a 
50/50 split that recognized that more whales may be exposed over more 
months to fishing gear in U.S. waters (suggesting higher opportunity 
for entanglement) but broad based U.S. conservation measures would 
reduce mortality and serious injury. This apportionment also recognizes 
that mortality is occurring on both sides of the border, and that U.S. 
and Canadian measures are needed to reduce human-caused mortality to 
this transboundary species to recover the population. For more, see 
FEIS Section 2.1.5.
    Comment 1.2: Canada's current regulations are insufficient, as they 
rely on dynamic management, which could fail due to lack of visual or 
acoustic detections, and the delay of weak rope implementation until 
the end of 2022.
    Response: Under the MMPA, NMFS is responsible for U.S. fisheries 
and protected species within our borders and on the high seas. We work 
closely with our Canadian partners through bilateral meetings, 
coordinated disentanglement efforts, distribution and abundance data, 
health assessment, and gear analysis. Since July 2017, Canada has shown 
a commitment to reduce the impacts of their fisheries on the North 
Atlantic right whale population and they affirm that commitment in 
these bilateral efforts. The Canadian Department of Fisheries and 
Oceans (DFO) is responsible for fisheries management and protected 
species within their borders, and any concerns about their management 
measures should be directed to Canada's DFO.
    Comment 1.3: Canada and the United States should collaborate in 
monitoring, data collection, and technology development to understand 
whale movements and sources of mortality,

[[Page 51977]]

and the United States should pressure Canada into doing more.
    Response: NMFS coordinates with Canada on right whale conservation 
and recovery efforts through bilateral discussions and frequent 
information sharing with the DFO and Transport Canada at both the 
senior leadership and staff levels. NMFS senior leadership have had 
discussions with leadership from DFO and Transport Canada on 
conservation and management efforts for right whales since 2019, and 
plan to continue these discussions. We also coordinate and cooperate 
with DFO and Transport Canada through the Canada and United States 
Bilateral Working Group on North Atlantic Right Whales. This includes 
discussing lessons learned on fishing and vessel regulations, planning 
joint scientific activities (e.g., aerial surveys), and coordinating 
collaboration across all right whale conservation efforts.
    Comment 1.4: Maine's Department of Marine Resources should be 
allowed to participate in all future bilateral meetings with Canada.
    Response: The U.S. Government routinely conducts bilateral 
consultations with foreign counterparts on issues of fisheries 
management. Several of these ongoing consultations are founded in 
formal collaborative agreements, while others occur through less formal 
arrangements. Discussions often include sensitive topics, such as 
respective positions being considered for multilateral organizations. 
Consequently, such consultations are restricted to Federal government 
personnel.

2. Economics

    Approximately 143 commenters voiced concerns that this rule would 
cause them extreme economic hardship, with some stating that this rule 
would put them out of business. Many commenters expressed concern about 
the effects of this rule on the economic health of their communities, 
the supply chain, and on the state of Maine. Several questioned NMFS' 
economic analysis and suggested additional factors to consider in the 
economic analysis. Others were concerned that economics inappropriately 
and illegally dictated the alternatives considered in this rule; see 
the Legal Issues section for responses to those comments.
    Comment 2.1: The new regulations will drive up costs, making 
fishermen unable to compete with Canada, resulting in the loss of an 
iconic U.S. fishery.
    Response: Under the Fish and Fish Product Import Provisions of the 
MMPA published on August 15, 2016 (81 FR 54389), fish and fish products 
from fisheries identified by the NOAA Assistant Administrator in the 
List of Foreign Fisheries can only be imported into the United States 
if the harvesting nation has applied for and received a comparability 
finding from NMFS. Nations have until November 30, 2021, to apply for 
Comparability Findings for their fisheries. Beginning January 1, 2023, 
all nations seeking to continue exporting fish and fish products to the 
United States must have received Comparability Findings. Beginning in 
2023, Canadian lobster and snow crab fisheries will face similar 
conservation costs for large whale protection if they wish to enter the 
U.S. seafood market. The new MMPA import regulations are intended to 
even the playing field.
    Comment 2.2: NMFS underestimated the economic costs of the LMA1 
seasonal restricted area because it did not take into account; (1) 
total affected vessels, (2) displacement of effort from those vessels, 
(3) changes in value to landings.
    Response: Based on the comments received, we identified new and 
updated data sources and have revised our estimation methods. In the 
DEIS, we relied on the Industrial Economics (IEc) model vessel data and 
calculated catch per trap using NMFS Vessel Trip Report data. Because 
only about 10 percent of Maine vessels provide trip reports annually, 
these data may not have reflected the catch rates and landings achieved 
by vessels fishing in the seasonal restricted areas. Due to public 
comments, we updated the analysis using Maine Department of Marine 
Resources (Maine DMR) harvester and dealer report data to re-estimate 
the total landings outside 12 nm. Please see FEIS Section 6.3.4.1 for 
details.
    Further, not all landings would be lost when the restricted area is 
in place. Fishermen are expected to relocate their gear to fishing 
grounds within the same or directly adjacent Maine lobster management 
zones. As fishermen commented, vessels already fishing in those 
adjacent fishing grounds would then be crowded, reducing their catch 
rates. We have included the crowding effects to other vessels in the 
surrounding areas in our economic calculations in the FEIS. We also 
assume a 5-10 percent reduction rate based on the natural lobster 
mortality rate. Nearly all the lobsters not caught during the 
restricted area closure are assumed to be caught at other locations or 
later in the year. Looking at the industry as a whole, the lost value 
to the entire fleet would be those lobsters dying from natural causes.
    In Table 6.12, as one commenter noted, we had incorrect information 
on the lobster price unit leading to an error in the landings values. 
The prices displayed in the table are in dollars per pound but should 
have been calculated as dollars per kilogram. However, the costs in the 
last two columns are still correct, as they were calculated separately 
using pounds.
    Comment 2.3: NMFS should include the potential benefit of reducing 
the need for disentanglement efforts in the economic effects analysis. 
We ask NMFS to evaluate the annual average costs of retaining each 
disentanglement team, including its equipment, insurance requirements, 
and staff.
    Response: We agree that we should consider this in our economic 
analysis, and have revised our analysis to include an estimate of 
disentanglement costs as well as the potential benefit of reducing the 
need for disentanglement efforts. See the qualitative and quantitative 
discussion in FEIS Section 9.6.4.
    Comment 2.4: The DEIS does not analyze the economic benefits of 
ropeless fishing.
    Response: This rule does not require fishermen to fish with 
``ropeless'' fishing gear. However, in response to commenters, we added 
some analysis of the economic costs and benefits of ropeless fishing to 
FEIS Section 6.3.3, and some details of anticipated impacts can be 
found in response to comments below in response to Comment 9.4.
    Comment 2.5: The Proposed Rule fails to account for the full 
benefits of weakening vertical lines to reduce mortality and serious 
injury from entanglements. The full benefits should be taken into 
account in the development of a final rule.
    Response: All cases where full weak rope was not implemented were 
analyzed according to the proportional risk reduction of the number of 
inserts compared to the equivalent of full weak rope (an insert every 
40 feet). Please see FEIS Section 3.3.4 and 5.3.1.3 for a description 
of how the use of weak rope was analyzed and the anticipated impacts on 
large whales. FEIS Sections 5.3.2.3 and 5.3.4.3 discuss the expected 
impacts on other protected species and protected habitat.
    Comment 2.6: NMFS should consider the costs already incurred under 
previous take reduction measures, and the effectiveness of those 
measures, and should standardize a review of its economic analysis 
based on the actual impact of previous rules.
    Response: In the FEIS, we revised our analysis to provide as much 
information as possible about the costs already incurred under previous 
take reduction

[[Page 51978]]

measures. However, these economic impacts are not directly related to 
current rulemaking, so would not be included in the final costs. Under 
Section 610 of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, NMFS is required to 
review any significant rule to evaluate the continued need for 
regulation. Our review procedures include a summary of the expected 
economic impacts contained in the final rule, as well as a summary of 
any changes in technology or economic conditions that may have occurred 
since. To allow for sufficient time for economic adjustments to occur 
and for data to become available, we review rules every seven years. 
The most recent ALWTRP rule was published in 2015, and will be coming 
up for review shortly.
    Comment 2.7: Did economic analysis take into account fishermen from 
outside Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, as there 
are some fishermen from New York and Connecticut that may be affected?
    Response: This rulemaking applies to lobster and Jonah crab 
fisheries in the Northeast Region Trap/Pot Management Area (Northeast 
Region). Please see FEIS Chapter 1 for the regulated waters map. In the 
DEIS, we only included fishermen from Maine to Rhode Island. In the 
FEIS, we identified a few New York fishermen that fished within the 
regulated area and we revised our analysis to include the economic 
impacts to those lobster and Jonah crab fishermen. No Connecticut 
fishermen were identified in the regulated waters. Due to data 
confidentiality requirements, those New York fishermen were combined 
with Rhode Island LMA 2 vessels and LMA 3 vessels in the analysis.
    Comment 2.8: This rule will drive small fishermen out, and the 
fleet will become consolidated into larger corporate operations, 
destroying iconic tourist-drawing fishing communities and resulting in 
cultural loss.
    Response: A number of the measures including trawling up and weak 
insertion requirements were initially developed by Maine DMR after 
extensive outreach with Maine fishermen. Fishermen indicated that the 
trawling up and weak insertion measures could be done by reconfiguring 
existing trawls and buoy lines, reducing impacts of wholesale 
replacement of gear. Based on recommendations from the public, 
fishermen and state agencies, we have modified the alternatives in the 
FEIS to include conservation equivalencies in Southern New England, LMA 
3, and Maine Lobster Management Zones out to 12 miles. As requested by 
Rhode Island fishermen and supported by the state, we analyzed the use 
of weak rope instead of trawling up measures for LMA 2. Fishermen 
indicated they could not support longer trawls unless they invested in 
a new vessel or vessel modifications. An analysis of risk reduction 
determined that this provided equal or better risk reduction. The final 
rule applies weak rope measures identical to the Massachusetts state 
measures for LMA 2 and does not require further trawling up. Similar 
concerns expressed by LMA 3 fishermen resulted in the implementation of 
trawling up restricted areas with varying trawling up requirements. 
Conservation equivalency measures provided by Maine fishermen and Maine 
DMR allow fishermen to choose between different trawl lengths with one 
or two buoy lines, or use more weak inserts instead of trawling up 
based on fishing practices in the Maine lobster management zones.
    Comment 2.9: Does the economic analysis of gear conversion take 
into account the replacement savings of current gear that is nearing 
the end of its lifespan?
    Response: We have revised our analysis to include this in the FEIS. 
Since it is difficult to estimate the life stages for all gears in the 
regulated areas, we applied new gear prices for current gear 
requirements in the DEIS.
    When vessels modify their gear configurations by trawling-up to add 
more traps between trawls, they can save some gear costs from the 
reduction in surface system like buoy lines, buoys and radar 
reflectors. These savings are calculated using new gear prices.
    For weak rope measures, in Alternative 2 (Preferred) and the final 
rule, weak rope can be inserted into current ropes, so no large-scale 
replacement of buoy lines is needed. Estimated costs of inserts assume 
the rope or sleeve is new. In Alternative 3, which requires fully 
engineered weak rope to replace the current rope, the compliance costs 
would be the difference between fully weak rope and regular rope. We 
also use new gear prices for both ropes.
    Comment 2.10: Fishermen should be compensated for the time it takes 
to mark all the gear.
    Response: Currently there is no mechanism by which NMFS is able to 
compensate fishermen for gear marking costs. A program of that nature 
would require Congressional appropriations. Similar programs have been 
made available to fishermen in the past. Note that effective gear 
marking could help fishermen and the government avoid additional 
regulatory burden in the future by better identifying areas where 
interactions are likely and unlikely to occur.
    Comment 2.11: The costs of lost gear from new weak rope 
requirements should have been considered in the evaluation of economic 
effects.
    Response: We discussed this issue qualitatively in FEIS Section 
6.2.6.1.
    Comment 2.12: The economic impacts of gear marking, including the 
time already spent marking gear, should have been included in the 
economic impact analysis because the rules were implemented in direct 
anticipation of the Proposed Rule.
    Response: Other than the gear marking costs for fishermen fishing 
within Maine Exempt waters, who will be regulated by the state of 
Maine, we revised the analysis to include estimates of the gear marking 
costs (both material and labor costs). This revision is in response to 
public comments correctly noting that Maine implemented gear marking 
measures in anticipation of this final rule. However, improved 
information regarding the location of large whale entanglement related 
mortalities and serious injuries may allow future tailoring and reduced 
economic impacts of regulations.
    Comment 2.13: The evaluation of the economic effects of this rule 
should have included all parts of the supply chain, such as lobster 
processors, dealers, gear suppliers, trap builders, rope and line 
manufacturers, and restaurateurs.
    Response: We quantitatively evaluated the economic impact of the 
final rule as it applies to the lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot 
fisheries in the Northeast. We recognize that these changes could 
impact the broader supply chain, as well as local communities and 
economies in ways that are not easily quantifiable. In FEIS Section 
6.7.2.2, we include a qualitative evaluation of the socioeconomic 
impacts to fishing communities.
    Comment 2.14: Fishermen should get economic assistance/subsidies to 
cover the costs of gear changes and lost revenue.
    Response: Given the vast amount of industry input into the 
development of weak insertions, which would not require fishermen to 
replace buoy lines, and trawling up measures, many gear modifications 
implemented in the final rule were created to control costs. However, 
the economic analysis in Chapter 6 indicates the first-year cost of 
this rulemaking is $9.8 to $19.2 million, which is 3 percent of the 
landings value of the lobster fishery in 2019. Some of those costs are 
likely to be passed on to

[[Page 51979]]

the consumer but economic impacts to fishermen are anticipated.
    In December 2019, $1.6 million in Federal funds were reprogrammed 
to support recovery actions for the North Atlantic right whale in the 
lobster/Jonah crab trap/pot fishery. The funds were made available to 
fishermen through our partnership with the Commission. The funds were 
obligated to the Commission and have been distributed to Maine, New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island to assist the lobster/Jonah 
crab trap/pot fishery in adapting to and comply with the measures in 
this final rule and to help defray costs to support affected fishermen 
broadly. Maine and Massachusetts have used funds to improve reporting 
(Maine) and to support a gear liaison to collaborate with fishermen to 
develop and test weak insertions. New Hampshire and Rhode Island plan 
to use funds to purchase rope for fishermen once the rule becomes 
effective. At this time additional funds have not been appropriated by 
Congress or further reprogrammed to reimburse fishermen.
    Comment 2.15: NMFS should reevaluate the use of Automatic 
Identification Systems (AIS) to track vessel locations and movements, 
and not dismiss it from consideration as an alternative based on 
expense.
    Response: NMFS supports the collection of high-resolution spatial 
data in the lobster fishery and intends to continue to work with the 
Commission, through their technical working group, to develop data 
collection objectives and requirements, while balancing the financial 
burden to industry. Included in ongoing discussions are specifications 
needed to determine whether options less expensive than AIS systems can 
be used effectively. A basic vessel tracking system costs between $500 
and $1,300, while a more advanced AIS system costs between $750 and 
$3,500. AIS devices also have ongoing operating costs. In relation to 
the overall size and value of the lobster fishery (approximately $600 
million), for example, the cost of vessel tracking technology is small 
in light of the benefits it provides in the form of real-time fishery 
monitoring as well as safety to prevent vessel collisions. We 
anticipate continued investigation into the appropriate vessel tracking 
specifications to meet the needs for lobster and right whale management 
and, if appropriate, would pursue rulemaking within the next few years 
to require vessel tracking for federally permitted vessels fishing for 
lobster.
    Many lobster vessels are smaller than 65 feet and therefore not 
currently required by law to carry AIS. While the individual cost of 
AIS systems are low compared to the value of the fishery, outfitting 
the entire fleet with AIS would not be a cost effective approach to 
monitoring, due to the trap-setting nature of the fishery. Other vessel 
tracking methods are being piloted by the Commission that are more 
responsive to tracking the movements of lobster boats, such as setting 
and hauling back. NMFS will work with them to regulate this monitoring 
approach.
    Comment 2.16: In doing its economic analysis, NMFS did not consider 
the ecological value of right whales, and the role they play in a 
healthy environment, including their role in carbon sequestration.
    Response: In Section 9.6.1 of the DEIS, we discussed the value of 
large whale protection in non-consumptive use benefits and non-use 
benefits. We provided the total expenditure of the whale watching 
industry as a proxy for non-consumption use value, and we provided a 
list of research results on the willingness to pay for whale protection 
programs from society as a proxy for the non-use value. In FEIS Section 
9.6, we revised our analysis to include recent studies on the 
ecological and economic value of large whales.
    Comment 2.17: The DEIS does not include a reference to the Meyers 
and Moore 2020 paper that suggests a reduction in effort brought about 
by time/area closures and removals of traps and lines from the water 
may reduce costs.
    Response: When we prepared the DEIS in spring 2020, this Meyers and 
Moore (2020) paper had not yet been published. We have updated the FEIS 
and this paper has been cited. See FEIS Section 6.5.1.
    Comment 2.18: The economic and social impacts analysis fails to 
consider the impact that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had on 
demand for the fisheries. In the first six months of 2020, U.S. exports 
of lobster declined by 44.6 percent (FAO Globefish 2021) and that 
significant uncertainty regarding the duration and extent of these 
impacts remains.
    Response: The full consequences of COVID-19 on the U.S. lobster and 
Jonah crab trap/pot fisheries cannot yet be determined. In the first 
half of 2020, the U.S. fishing and seafood sector experienced broad 
declines due to COVID-19 protective measures instituted in March 2020 
across the United States. While lobster fishing effort and demand for 
lobster were low in the first half of 2020, landings increased and 
prices rose as the year went on. Maine, the state that has the most 
active and valuable lobster fishery, reported preliminary data that 
indicated that the value of lobster landings in 2020 exceeded $400 
million for only the seventh time (Maine DMR constituent email, March 
24, 2021). The catch volume was reportedly 5 percent lower than 2019 
landings but the vessel price was $0.44 higher per pound than the 
average price over the previous ten years. While the uncertainty caused 
by COVID-19 on communities that rely on lobster and other fisheries 
cannot be understated, in the Gulf of Maine, where lobster stocks are 
healthy, the fishery appears to be somewhat resilient.
    Comment 2.19: The costs of compliance fail to account for economic 
losses associated with shorter equipment durability and lifespan caused 
by the proposed weak ropes, insertions, and trawling up.
    Response: See the description of gear loss costs in Chapter 6, 
section 6.2.6.1. Gear loss is not included in the final costs 
estimation because the effect of trawling up on gear loss is unclear 
and not thought to be substantial. We also currently have no evidence 
that weak rope or weak inserts would cause significantly more gear 
loss. In a study of weak inserts conducted by New England Aquarium for 
the Massachusetts Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Knowlton 
et al. (2018) documented sleeves designed with reduced breaking 
strength breaking in only 11.8 percent of hauls relative to 8.5 percent 
of control buoy lines, which they did not find statistically 
significant. Some fishermen who have used the South Shore Sleeves for 
several years have incurred no significant increase in extra gear loss. 
NMFS will continue to test and evaluate the use of weak inserts to 
ensure they are not likely to contribute to an increase in ghost gear. 
See Section 5.3.1.3.2 for a description of the anticipated indirect 
effects of trawl length and weak rope measures, including the 
likelihood of gear loss. Also note that lobster landings dropped in 
2020 due to COVID-19 but the 2020 lobster average price was the second 
highest in the past decade, about $4.4/lb.
    Comment 2.20: The DEIS exclusively uses the Federal dealer data to 
analyze the commercial impact to the industry, not the full value of 
the supply chain, and so underestimates the true cost.
    Response: For our analysis of the impacts on commercial fisheries, 
the dealer data provides the most accurate information. Although we 
have some information of the total economic value of the supply chain 
in Maine, it is difficult to estimate the impacts of the proposed rule 
on it. The biggest impact

[[Page 51980]]

on the supply chain from the rulemaking would be the short-term landing 
reduction. There could be some negative impacts in the near term, but 
also could benefit the industry in the long run. We discussed this 
issue briefly in FEIS Section 6.7.2.2.
    Comment 2.20: NMFS's economic analysis fails to properly consider 
that reduced effort does not equate to reduced catch.
    Response: For reduced effort in restricted areas, under the 
scenario where fishing is suspended, we assumed fishermen would lose 
all their revenue during the closed fishing period, which was the more 
conservative estimate. We recognize the costs could be overestimated in 
section 6.3.1.2 ``Caveats''. Under the scenario where effort is 
relocated, we assumed a 5 percent to 10 percent landing reduction in 
the first year, and we also applied a decreasing rate of landing 
reduction for the impacts of restricted areas.

3. Enforcement

    About 14 commenters voiced concerns that this rule would be 
difficult to enforce, and 11 commenters including the United States 
Coast Guard, suggested that NMFS needs to develop a comprehensive 
enforcement plan for the areas affected by this rule. As noted in the 
FEIS, lobster trap/pot gear makes up the vast majority of buoy lines 
fished in the Northeast Region, making compliance with regulations 
paramount to the rule's ultimate success or failure in reducing right 
whale mortalities and serious injuries.
    Comment 3.1: NMFS should develop a comprehensive monitoring and 
enforcement plan to ensure compliance. One commenter stated that there 
is currently no enforcement in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and LMA 3, 
and another stressed the importance of including states in the 
development of any enforcement plan.
    Response: State partnerships serve a significant role in effective 
regional enforcement activities. The Office of Law Enforcement-
Northeast Division (OLE-NED) has Joint Enforcement Agreements (JEA) in 
place with ten New England and Mid-Atlantic coastal states (Maine, New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). The following states perform 
inspections of lobster gear in Lobster Management Areas: Maine, New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New 
Jersey. The following states perform inspections of black-sea-bass gear 
in Lobster Management Areas: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. OLE-NED 
has developed and implemented a pilot program using remotely operated 
vehicles (ROVs) to inspect offshore fishing gear, including in LMA 3. 
The pilot project will inform future offshore enforcement activities 
for ALWTRP compliance monitoring efforts Additional information on this 
pilot program is provided in response to Comment 3.2. OLE-NED has 
identified a number of elements to review, in partnership with the 
states and the United States Coast Guard, to help develop a more 
comprehensive enforcement strategy for the ALWTRP regulatory 
requirements. Appendix 3.5 of the FEIS provides a high-level overview 
of compliance monitoring plans and associated enforcement assets.
    Comment 3.2: Several commenters noted that enforcement in the 
offshore areas, particularly LMA 3, is sparse, and question whether 
Marine Patrol will be able to do gear inspections on longer trawls.
    Response: Traditional methods of hauling gear in offshore waters 
for compliance monitoring poses both safety and sustainability 
challenges. To meet these challenges, OLE-NED developed and implemented 
a pilot program using ROVs to inspect offshore fishing gear. OLE-NED 
has conducted offshore subsurface ROV surveys to check for sinking 
groundlines, gear markings, and weak links in previously uninspected 
areas. Gear tags were also inspected when possible. After initial 
trials, OLE has determined that ROV-based inspection of gear in the 
water is a safer and more efficient way to enforce offshore lobster 
gear requirements, rather than physically pulling the gear. The pilot 
project was carried out in FY2020 and FY2021, and will inform future 
offshore enforcement activities for ALWTRP compliance monitoring 
efforts.
    Comment 3.3: How will NMFS be able to enforce the different 
requirements in different areas, as fishermen move from area to area?
    Response: NOAA's Office of Law Enforcement partners with state 
agencies and the United States Coast Guard to enforce all applicable 
lobster regulations nearshore and offshore. Fishermen are required to 
adhere to the regulations in the areas they fish. In Maine Lobster 
Management Zones, where conservation equivalencies established by zone 
and distance from shore present the greatest enforcement challenge, the 
Maine Marine Patrol assured us that they use outreach, education, and 
enforcement to establish and maximize compliance, are very familiar 
with Maine's lobster management zones and boundaries, and that ``. . . 
enforcement of most restrictive rules relative to lobster zones does 
not present any significant challenge . . .'' (email from Erin Summers, 
April 20, 2021). Offshore enforcement poses challenges that enforcement 
partners have been evaluating in recent years. While OLE does not 
disclose specific law enforcement techniques, as discussed above, OLE 
has started deploying ROVs to inspect offshore gear. OLE welcomes and 
encourages the public to report violations to their hotline.

4. Gear Marking

    A total of 75 commenters supported gear marking, indicating that 
gear marking is the best way to determine where and in which fisheries 
entanglements occur, and potentially absolving other areas and 
fisheries of blame. Gear marking was universally supported by 
conservationists and fishermen. Several Maine fishermen commented that 
they had already completed their required gear marking, and many are 
expecting the results to show that Maine's lobster fishery does not 
entangle whales.
    Comment 4.1 NMFS should give Maine's lobster fishery a three-year 
evaluation period to make sure that Maine's rope (now with purple 
marks) is not causing entanglements before adding any other 
requirements.
    Response: The results of Pace et al. 2021 show that in the years 
1990-2009, roughly eight right whales per year died, many unseen. Since 
2010, on average 21 right whales per year have died. Recent 
observations indicate that the increase in mortality since 2010 is in 
part due to a significant amount of mortality in Canadian waters and/or 
from Canadian fishing gear. However, the sources of the unseen 
mortality (roughly eight whales per year) that has existed for decades 
remains uncertain and the effects of the Plan's measures cannot be 
evaluated (Pace et al. 2017) and likely has not reduced mortality and 
serious injury below one per year as required to meet MMPA goals.
    If current trends continue, even accounting for a mean of 11 births 
per year over the last 10 years, we could expect to lose another 30 
whales over the next 3 years, or 10 whales per year. Pace et al. (2021) 
estimates that approximately 368 right whales were alive at the end of 
2019. At the current rate of decline, we would expect the 2020 
population to be 358. If we wait 3 more years to implement risk 
reduction regulations, the population could be as low as 328. We are 
required by the

[[Page 51981]]

MMPA to take action now. See FEIS Chapter 1 for more information on the 
need for immediate action.
    We expect gear marking and acoustic and aerial surveys to help us 
further identify the areas of most risk to right whales. Until we have 
additional information, we must regulate based on the best available 
science: Maine has the highest concentration of all vertical line gear 
in U.S. waters, and right whales are still using Maine waters.
    Comment 4.2: There should be an exemption for hand-hauled lobster 
traps in less than 100 feet of water, because when traps are pulled by 
hand, the vertical lines are not cleared of organisms on the rope as 
they would be when a pot hauler is used.
    Response: It is unclear what exemption is being requested by the 
commenter, as no exemption fitting this general description was 
included in the final rule. The request may be for an exemption from 
gear marking requirements because marks may be obscured by fouling. 
While this may reduce the ability to see marks from a vessel, gear 
marks would be detectable from line retrieved from a whale.
    Comment 4.3: We received comments from some who support the idea of 
individual ID tags that would allow NMFS to identify the fisherman 
whose gear entangles a whale, as well as from others who oppose 
individual ID tags.
    Response: Current regulations require buoys to be marked with 
information that can be traced back to individual fishermen. Buoy and 
individual line tagging technologies exist, but this method of marking 
comes at some cost and the benefits are unclear. Gear is not always 
recovered and often buoys or traps are not present on the entangled 
whale. Line marking technology, such as identification tape (i.e., 
marker tape) that is woven into line, is expensive and is difficult to 
enforce without severing the buoy rope. Radio frequency identification 
and passive integrated transponder tags are also expensive, require 
standardized tag readers to adequately enforce, and in field trials 
have not held up well in commercial fishing conditions. As the 
technology improves and the costs are reduced, NMFS will continue to 
monitor the possibility of line identification tape. We are not 
requiring individual markings in this rulemaking.
    Comment 4.4: One commenter proposed dividing Massachusetts and 
Maine into smaller subdivisions with distinct markers to allow NMFS to 
develop more accurate and targeted marine policy, and another suggested 
weak rope should be marked or colored to identify it as weak rope.
    Response: Current regulations include some small zones of multiple 
colored marks but given the rarity of gear retrieval, the value of 
small area marking requirements is not yet proven. Gear marking is one 
of the most expensive elements within the proposed regulations and 
increasing complexity adds expense without proven benefits or any risk 
reduction. Regarding requiring weak rope to be identifiable with a 
color or marking scheme, NMFS does not regulate rope manufacturers. 
However, we are asking them to create intentionally engineered weak 
rope with a tracer or a strand of a contrasting color. Weak insertion 
approval has included a requirement of a contrasting color to allow 
both enforcement and disentanglement teams to recognize the weak 
insertion.
    Comment 4.5: NMFS should not require any additional gear marking 
beyond what is already in place.
    Response: Currently, the majority of gear recovered has no 
identifiable marks and until Maine established gear marking 
requirements in Maine exempted waters, over half of all U.S. buoy lines 
were unmarked. In order for the ALWTRT to make better recommendations, 
including those that could allow more targeted gear modifications and 
closures, the Team needs a better understanding of the types and 
locations of rope that entangle whales. The more robust gear marking 
scheme included in the final rule, including some markings largely 
supported by the ALWTRT and states, should increase our ability to 
identify the gear, and subsequently, identify more targeted and more 
effective measures to reduce entanglements.
    Comment 4.6: Gear marking should be required for all fisheries in 
the right whale migratory path.
    Response: The ALWTRP covers commercial fisheries within the right 
whale migratory path from Florida to Maine. While, historically, the 
majority of gear recovered from right whale entanglements has been 
unknown, state regulations and the final rule expand the gear marking 
schemes substantially for the lobster/Jonah crab fishery, which 
contributes the vast majority of vertical lines in these waters. The 
new gear marking requirements should increase the frequency with which 
we encounter gear marks on recovered rope from entanglements and enable 
visual identification of state of origin from aerial and vessel-based 
platforms. The ALWTRT has begun meeting to develop recommendations 
related to reducing the risks posed by other U.S. fisheries in right 
whales range. In recent years, Canada has also implemented gear marking 
requirements for Canadian lobster and snow crab fisheries.
    Comment 4.7: NMFS should require gear markings every 17 fathoms, so 
that gear markings will be at the same intervals regardless of the 
total length of the rope.
    Response: The large number of different fisheries operating at 
various depths managed under the ALWTRP makes it difficult to implement 
a single gear marking structure. For those fisheries occurring in deep 
offshore waters, this rule more than doubles current gear marking 
requirements but may not result in marks as frequent as every 17 
fathoms (31 m). However given the large number of buoy lines in 
shallower waters, one marking every 17 fathoms (31 m) would be a 
reduction in gear marking compared to what we have in the final rule.
    Comment 4.8: Several commenters suggested that sinking groundlines 
should be marked to distinguish them from vertical lines, while others 
supported not requiring any gear marking on sinking groundlines.
    Response: Groundline marking has not been extensively discussed by 
the ALWTRT in recent years. Under current ALWTRP and in this final 
rule, no gear marking will be required for sinking ground lines.
    Comment 4.9: Why are the gear marks required to be 3 feet long 
(0.91 m), and would that be useful in murky water?
    Response: Gear marking and fishery identification relies mainly on 
recovering gear from entangled whales, making the water clarity a 
negligible component of gear identification. However, the proposed 
larger 3-foot (0.91 m) mark within 2 fathoms (3.65 m) of the surface 
system should help identify gear from vessel and aerial platforms, as 
the surface system will keep the line in relatively clear water. The 
mark could also provide useful information for disentanglement teams, 
and may allow gear identification in cases where whales are 
photographed, but not seen again.
    Comment 4.10: Any final rule should include requirements for all 
buoy lines to be marked the full length of the vertical line, or at the 
very least, markings every 40 feet, and in such a way that the location 
of where gear was set can be known even in cases when a buoy is not 
seen or retrieved.
    Response: The final rule increases the number of marks with 
additional distinction between Federal and state waters, offering 
better spatial resolution than those in the Proposed Rule. The marks 
will also be longer in length to increase the likelihood that a mark 
will be spotted without a buoy. However, it

[[Page 51982]]

was determined that marking every 40 feet would be costly without a 
commensurate benefit given that since 2010 gear has only been retrieved 
from about 40 percent of the observed right whale entanglements.
    Comment 4.11: Time consuming gear marking regulations should be 
implemented during the off season, as otherwise gear making will reduce 
the time available for fishing.
    Response: We recognize this issue, and this rule will include a 
delayed implementation date to allow time during slow seasons as 
practicable for gear configuration and gear marking changes.
    Comment 4.12: Can we alert whales to the presence of ropes with 
visual or acoustic cues?
    Response: Research conducted by Kraus, Fasick, Werner and McFarron 
(2014), and Kraus and Hagbloom (2016), suggested that red and orange 
lines may be visually detectable by North Atlantic right whales at 
greater distances than other colors although it is unclear to what 
depths color can be detected or whether detection results in avoidance. 
For more information on gear marking measures included in this rule, 
please see Table 3.3. Unlike toothed whales that use echolocation to 
sense their surroundings, baleen whales like right whales are not 
detecting fishing gear acoustically and acoustic cues are unlikely to 
result in gear avoidance in the same way that pingers have been 
successful at reducing entanglements of harbor porpoises, for example.

5. Legal Issues

    Approximately 28 commenters believe that the Proposed Rule violated 
the requirements of the MMPA, the ESA, the National Environmental 
Policy Act (NEPA), and/or the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Most 
of these concerns were raised by NGOs, including but not limited to: 
Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Oceana, Center for Biological 
Diversity, Conservation Law Foundation, Defenders of Wildlife, Humane 
Society of the United States, Natural Resources Defense Council, PEER, 
Clearwater Marine Aquarium, Georgia Aquarium, Southern Environmental 
Law Center, as well as the Maine Lobstering Union, and many Federal and 
state legislators.
    Comment 5.1: NMFS refusal to evaluate some strategies, including 
but not limited to certain trap reductions, weak line enhancements, 
static area closures, and gear marking strategies, was ``arbitrary and 
capricious'' under the APA.
    Response: The development of the Proposed Rule was the result of an 
extensive public process involving challenging negotiations within the 
ALWTRT and ample opportunity for public input as prescribed by the 
MMPA, NEPA, and the APA.
    Many options were considered, deliberated, and evaluated by the 
ALWTRT, the public, and NMFS, and some were modified or eliminated from 
further consideration as the process unfolded. Where the measures 
considered in the final rule would also affect state fisheries, the 
input of state fisheries agencies was important to ensure that 
conservation measures were feasible and safe in the various locations 
in which they would apply. State scoping and outreach helped inform the 
rulemaking efforts, and helped identify the measures that would be 
given extensive consideration in the NEPA process.
    The final rule and FEIS reflect this extensive involvement by the 
numerous stakeholders and considered a reasonable range of 
alternatives.
    Comment 5.2: Proposed rule and DEIS violated Executive Order (E.O.) 
12898 by not reviewing issues of environmental justice, particularly 
for Maine's Washington County.
    Response: E.O. 12898 requires agencies to consider whether their 
actions result in disproportionately adverse human health and 
environmental impacts on minority or low income populations. The DEIS 
addressed E.O. 12898 by examining the various counties affected by the 
ALWTRP rulemaking, and concluding that minority and low impact 
communities will not be disproportionately affected.
    While Washington County has higher than state average low income 
and minority populations, Washington County is not disproportionately 
affected by adverse health and environmental impacts from the 
rulemaking when compared to other counties. Where the impacts of the 
ALWTRP rulemaking extend over a large area across multiple states, the 
county level is an appropriate level at which to assess whether the 
rulemaking would result in disproportionate impacts.
    The commenter's concerns appear to be economic in nature, as 
opposed to adverse human health and environmental impacts, which are 
the focus of E.O. 12898. See FEIS Section 10.12 for a complete analysis 
of this rule as it pertains to E.O. 12898.
    Comment 5.3: NMFS' authorization of lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot 
fisheries violates the ESA by allowing entanglements.
    Response: NMFS has satisfied its obligations under the ESA by 
reinitiating consultation on the operation of Federal fisheries under 
eight Federal fishery management plans and two interstate fishery 
management plans, which was completed on May 27, 2021, and consulting 
on the amendment of the ALWTRP itself, which was completed on May 25, 
2021.
    The ALWTRP does not authorize fisheries. NMFS disagrees with the 
commenter's claims that the ALWTRP ``allows'' entanglements. The ALWTRP 
does not state that entanglements are allowed, nor does it prevent 
fishermen from taking actions to avoid or prevent entanglements beyond 
what is required by this rule.
    Comment 5.4: Allocating the full PBR to the trap/pot fishery 
violates the MMPA.
    Response: MMPA Section 118 directs NMFS to develop take reduction 
plans to reduce the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine 
mammals incidentally taken by commercial fishing operations to levels 
less than a stock's PBR level. Section 118 does not address other 
sources of human-caused mortality (e.g., vessel strikes) and those 
other causes are not considered in the goals of the take reduction 
plan. The short-term goal of a take reduction plan is to reduce 
incidental mortality and serious injury of each marine mammal stock to 
below the stock's PBR in the commercial fisheries addressed by the 
plan, with a longer term goal of reducing incidental mortality and 
serious injury to 10 percent of a stock's PBR taking into account 
economics, available technology, and existing fishery management plans. 
NMFS has already reconvened the ALWTRT to develop recommendations for 
gillnet and other trap/pot fisheries.
    Additionally, the FEIS analyzes other sources of impacts on right 
whales. Although beyond the scope of this rule, NMFS has identified 
evaluation of current measures to protect right whales from vessel 
strikes, as well as research into factors affecting health and 
abundance, collaboration with Canada on range-wide recovery efforts, 
and consideration of emerging threats as 2021 to 2025 priority actions 
in the right whale 5-year Species in the Spotlight action plan.
    Comment 5.5: The Proposed Rule violates the MMPA by considering 
economics as a factor when choosing the preferred alternative.
    Response: The commenter argues that NMFS is prohibited from 
considering the economic impacts of measures to be implemented in a 
Take Reduction Plan unless such measures are part of the

[[Page 51983]]

MMPA's long-term goal of reducing mortality and serious injury to 
insignificant levels approaching a zero mortality and injury rate 
(often referred to as ZMRG). However, the distinction drawn by the 
commenter does not accurately reflect the statute. Under the MMPA, to 
reach the long-term goal requires the TRP to take into account the 
economics of the fishery, the availability of existing technology, and 
existing state or regional fishery management plans. The portion of the 
MMPA discussing the short-term goal of reducing mortality and serious 
injury to below a stock's PBR does not use this language. However, that 
does not mean that economics, technological limitations, and state or 
regional fishery management plans cannot be part of the consideration 
as to which measures should be chosen to achieve the short-term goal. 
Here, NMFS developed a 60-80 percent risk reduction target based on the 
latest PBR calculations and estimates of mortality and serious injury, 
and the ALWTRT developed recommendations based on this target. In 
choosing between measures that will accomplish the goal of reducing 
mortality and serious injury below PBR, the MMPA does not prohibit the 
consideration of economics, and here the agency's choice of measures to 
include in the final rule balances various factors, but does not do so 
at the expense of the risk reduction target to reach the short-term 
goal.
    Comment 5.6: The Proposed Rule violates MMPA by not meeting ZMRG 
within 5 years.
    Response: Under section 118 of the MMPA, NMFS is required to meet 
both the short and long-term take reduction plan goals of reducing 
mortality and serious injury incidental to commercial fishing 
operations. The short-term goal is to reduce mortality and serious 
injury to below a stock's PBR, while the long-term goal is to reduce 
mortality and serious injury to insignificant levels approaching a zero 
mortality and serious injury rate (i.e., ZMRG, defined as 10 percent of 
PBR in 50 CFR 229.2), taking into account the economics of the fishery, 
availability of existing technology, and existing state or regional 
fishery management plans.
    Due to the continued entanglements of large whales in commercial 
fishing gear, NMFS is required to take additional action to further 
reduce mortality and serious injury incidental to commercial fisheries 
covered by the ALWTRP. NMFS will continue to discuss future plan 
modifications with the ALWTRT and has already reconvened the Team in 
light of these goals.
    Comment 5.7: The Proposed Rule violates MMPA by not reducing PBR in 
six months.
    Response: The MMPA created a framework for developing and issuing 
take reduction plans, monitoring the plans regularly, meeting with take 
reduction teams regularly, and amending plans if necessary to meet the 
goals of the MMPA. NMFS' actions have been consistent with the process 
laid out by the MMPA.
    The first ALWTRP was issued in 1997, and NMFS has modified the 
ALWTRP numerous times since, with input from the ALWTRT to further the 
MMPA goals of reducing mortality and serious injury of large whales 
incidental to commercial fisheries.
    As we state in the preamble to the final rule, for the purposes of 
creating a risk reduction target, NMFS assigned half of the right whale 
entanglement incidents of unknown origin to U.S. fisheries. Under this 
assumption, a 60 percent reduction in mortality or serious injury would 
be needed to reduce right whale mortality and serious injury in U.S. 
commercial fisheries, from an observed annual average of 2.2 to a PBR 
of less than one whale per year. See Chapter 2 of the FEIS for our 
revised analysis of PBR.
    Comment 5.8: These additions to the ALWTRP may not prevent the 
continued decline of right whales.
    Response: NMFS tasked the ALWTRT with developing measures to reduce 
risk of entanglement to meet the MMPA's goals that fisheries mortality 
and serious injury should be below PBR. It is not within the agency's 
discretion to disregard PBR, and the current rulemaking is the agency's 
attempt to reduce the risk of mortality and serious injury from the 
Northeast lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot fisheries to comply with the 
MMPA. That such measures in and of themselves may not result in 
recovery of the right whale population does not mean that NMFS can 
disregard the statutory direction of the MMPA.
    Comment 5.9: State measures should be included in the final rule.
    Response: NMFS agrees that the MMPA authority applies in both state 
and Federal waters. Many state measures are included in the final rule, 
including Massachusetts weak insertion requirements and extension of 
the MRA north to the New Hampshire border. Because dynamic management 
is difficult to accomplish under Federal procedural requirements and 
such measures were not part of the proposed rule, the Massachusetts 
extension of the state water closure into May was not included. Other 
Massachusetts measures, such as a maximum state water line diameter, 
were not included because they were not analyzed or part of the 
proposed rule.
    Comment 5.10: NMFS ``Purpose and Need'' statement is too narrow.
    Response: The Purpose and Need chapter of the FEIS states that the 
measures need to achieve a risk reduction of at least 60 percent, 
rather than an exact risk reduction target, and therefore, it was not 
meant to constrain the risk reduction to a specific number. Rather, 
this is the minimum target needed. Both of the action alternatives 
considered in the DEIS met the Purpose and Need. The Alternatives have 
been modified in the FEIS.
    The Alternatives were selected because, using the Decision Support 
Tool, these suites of measures, which include ongoing and anticipated 
fishery management measures, measures that will be regulated by Maine 
and Massachusetts, and the benefits of the MRA, are estimated to 
achieve or exceed a 60 percent risk reduction necessary to reduce 
impacts to right whales to below the PBR level of 0.8 mortalities or 
serious injuries per year based on observed incidents. Thus, mortality 
and serious injury of right whales in U.S. fishing gear must be reduced 
by 60 percent (documented) to 80 percent (estimated) to achieve the 
MMPA goal of reducing fishery-related incidental mortality and serious 
injury to below the right whale PBR.
    For more information on the Decision Support Tool and the input 
data, assumptions, and uncertainty please see FEIS Appendix 3.1.
    In terms of the ESA, the final rule has been identified as a first 
anticipated step in the adaptive management approach within the 
conservation framework in the Section 7 Consultation on the 
authorization and permitting of a number of Federal fisheries, 
including lobster and Jonah crab. Additionally, a consultation on the 
ALWTRP which included the implementation of final rule determined that 
the gear regulations implemented by the Plan for U.S. fixed gear 
fisheries including those measures in the final rule will have wholly 
beneficial effects to ESA-listed species or their critical habitat and 
therefore the Plan is not likely to adversely affect ESA-listed species 
or designated critical habitat.
    Comment 5.11: NMFS cannot rely on CEQ's recent amendments to NEPA.
    Response: Because the Notice of Intent to prepare an Environmental 
Impact Statement (84 FR 37822, August 2, 2019) was published prior to 
September 14, 2020, this action was prepared under the NEPA regulations 
first implemented in 1978. Text has

[[Page 51984]]

been added to the Purpose and Need section (FEIS Section 2.2) to 
reflect this. As written, the FEIS addresses direct and indirect 
impacts in Chapter 5 (Biological Impacts), Chapter 6 (Economic and 
Social Impacts), and Chapter 7 (Summary of Biological, Economic, and 
Social Impacts). Cumulative Effects are addressed in Chapter 8, which 
also summarizes the direct and indirect impacts of the action as well.
    Comment 5.12: NMFS failure to consider a ``no commercial fishing'' 
alternative is in violation of NEPA.
    Response: Not allowing any commercial fishing is not a reasonable 
alternative under NMFS' regulatory responsibilities, namely the 
Magnuson-Stevens Act, and does not meet the Purpose and Need of the 
action nor the goals of the Plan. Per the agency's mission, NMFS is 
responsible for the stewardship of the nation's ocean resources and 
their habitat. We provide vital services for the nation: Productive and 
sustainable fisheries, safe sources of seafood, the recovery and 
conservation of protected species, and healthy ecosystems--all backed 
by sound science and an ecosystem-based approach to management.
    Comment 5.13: NMFS did not evaluate a reasonable range of 
alternatives or all reasonable measures in violation of NEPA.
    Response: The development of the Proposed Rule was the result of an 
extensive public process involving the ALWTRT as prescribed by the 
MMPA, NEPA, and the APA. Many alternatives were considered, 
deliberated, and evaluated by NMFS, the ALWTRT stakeholders, and the 
public, but some were eliminated from further consideration as the 
process unfolded. For example, while the non-preferred alternative 
considered a reduction and cap on buoy lines, achieving that reduction 
specifically through a large reduction in the number of traps allocated 
to fishermen or through a reduction in the number of permits issued was 
not analyzed despite studies that suggest that trap reductions may not 
substantially or over the long term reduce lobster landings and would 
reduce operational costs to fishermen (e.g., Myers and Moore 2020; 
Myers et al., 2007). These measures were not included in large part due 
to failed efforts to establish effort reduction measures with the 
primary fishery management body responsible for lobster fishery 
management, the Commission, demonstrating the complexity of developing 
these measures in a fishery with varied state reporting requirements. 
There was also strong opposition from the regulated community, most 
notably when Maine DMR attempted to develop this option through Maine 
Zone Council meetings. Strong industry opposition to measures that 
would require consideration of fishing histories and landings data 
would further extend the rule development and implementation timeline 
and compromise compliance.
    Additionally, trap reduction would not in itself necessarily reduce 
buoy line numbers. Increasing the minimum number of traps per trawl 
would still be required in conjunction with trap reductions, otherwise 
fishermen could use trawls with fewer traps resulting in no decrease in 
vertical buoy lines. While some commenters raised concerns about 
additional weight associated with more traps per trawl and stronger 
buoy lines, weak insertions required in all buoy lines regulated under 
this rule would provide for breakable buoy lines. This example 
demonstrates the complex interrelationship of many of the measures 
analyzed and adopted or rejected, although given the large volume of 
comments not all measures provided in scoping and comments on the 
proposed rule were analyzed.
    Where the measures considered here would also affect state 
fisheries, the input of state fisheries agencies was important to 
ensure that conservation measures were feasible and safe in the various 
locations in which they would apply. As such, state scoping and 
outreach helped inform the rulemaking, and measures given extensive 
consideration in the NEPA process. The FEIS reflects this extensive 
involvement by the numerous stakeholders and contains a reasonable 
range of alternatives for the agency and the public's consideration. 
The Alternatives were selected because, using the Decision Support 
Tool, they achieve or exceed a 60 percent risk reduction necessary to 
reduce impacts to right whales to below the PBR level of 0.8 serious 
injury or mortality per year.
    Comment 5.14: NMFS rejected trap reductions in violation of NEPA.
    Response: While agencies shall include reasonable alternatives not 
within the jurisdiction of the lead agency, these trap reduction 
strategies were not considered reasonable under the Purpose and Need 
due to multiple factors. They are complex, time-intensive, and carry a 
large administrative burden. For example, implementing a line or trap 
cap would require pinpointing accurate data sources, identifying 
qualifying criteria, outlining an allocation method, and engaging the 
industry, on top of managing current measures. Given the need for rapid 
rulemaking and conservation measures, these trap reduction strategies 
are not currently cost effective, nor could they be implemented in a 
timely manner. For more information on trap reduction strategies 
undertaken by the Commission, see also response to Comment 5.14, above, 
and comment 6.4, below.
    Comment 5.15: DEIS did not analyze all risks in concluding the rule 
will reduce mortality and serious injury below PBR in violation of NEPA 
and APA.
    Response: In accordance with NEPA, as part of its cumulative 
impacts analysis, the DEIS described impacts to right whales and other 
large whales from various anthropogenic sources, including vessel 
strikes, aquaculture, and offshore energy development. However, 
attribution of sources of mortality in the PBR framework is not a legal 
requirement of NEPA, but of the MMPA. Section 118 of the MMPA directs 
that NMFS develop take reduction plans to reduce the mortality and 
serious injury of marine mammals incidental to commercial fishing 
operations to levels less than PBR for the marine mammal stock. While 
the DEIS did address other sources of impacts on right whales, the MMPA 
does not mandate that take reduction plans must reduce incidental 
mortality and serious injury from fisheries to levels that would 
accommodate mortality and serious injury from other anthropogenic 
sources within PBR. In other words, NMFS does not apportion PBR; PBR is 
a reference point that serves as the short-term goal for a take 
reduction plans and also alerts NMFS to take management actions needed 
to reduce all sources of human-caused mortality so that we can meet the 
overarching MMPA goal of recovering marine mammals to their optimum 
sustainable populations.
    Comment 5.16: NMFS did not consider dynamic area management as 
required under NEPA and APA.
    Response: The commenter is correct that in the past the take 
reduction plan included dynamic closure measures. Such measures were 
found to be problematic with the fixed gear lobster fishery, and so 
were not considered in this final rule. When a closure is made gear 
cannot be removed instantaneously, and factors such as weather and sea 
conditions affect the timing of gear removal. Dynamic closures must 
allow for safety concerns, which make them less effective from a 
conservation perspective, as such delays can result in gear remaining 
after whales

[[Page 51985]]

are sighted, and may also result in a situation where, by the time 
fishermen are able to remove their gear, the whales may have already 
left the area subject to the closure. Further, while Canada began using 
dynamic closures in 2018 as part of its right whale conservation 
effort, in 2019 there were twelve Canadian right whale mortalities 
despite these measures. See Comment 9.2 under Restricted Areas and 
Borggaard et al. (2017) for further discussion of dynamic management.
    Comment 5.17: Proposed rule violates MMPA and ESA because 
regulations are not effective and immediate.
    Response: The MMPA take reduction rulemaking process is subject to 
procedural requirements arising from the APA, MMPA, NEPA, and ESA that 
make ``immediate'' protections in the form of a Take Reduction Plan 
amendment a legally difficult proposition. While there are 
circumstances in which MMPA emergency rulemaking authority may be 
exercised, as described in more detail in response to comment 7.5, NMFS 
has not concluded that this would be appropriate here, and even if this 
authority were used it would not allow for ``immediate'' protections, 
as there are other non-MMPA procedural steps that must occur. NMFS has 
undertaken the current rulemaking process using the best available 
scientific information while engaging with various stakeholders in the 
take reduction team process to develop effective conservation measures 
to reduce entanglements of right whales in Northeast lobster and Jonah 
crab trap/pot fisheries.
    Comment 5.18: NMFS did not use the best scientific information 
available in violation of NEPA, MMPA, and ESA.
    Response: The rulemaking process unfortunately cannot react 
instantaneously as new information comes to light. The MMPA take 
reduction planning process requires the involvement of numerous 
stakeholders in the TRT in the development of conservation measures, 
followed by the required NEPA and APA processes. At all points, 
however, NMFS uses the best available scientific information to inform 
its decisions, and when the TRT was reconvened, NMFS developed a 60-80 
percent risk reduction target based on the latest PBR calculations and 
estimates of mortality and serious injury.
    As NMFS prepared to publish the DEIS and Proposed Rule, new 
information regarding North Atlantic right whale population came in the 
form of preliminary estimates from the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science 
Center in the fall of 2020. These estimates have since undergone 
additional review, and are being incorporated into the North Atlantic 
right whale stock assessment that includes a new PBR calculation, a 
process that includes public notice and comment. This new information 
is included in the FEIS.
    Comment 5.19: The proposed regulation is not only unconstitutional, 
but a direct attack on the citizens and sovereignty of the state of 
Maine. You should refrain from implementing this regulation.
    Response: NMFS is acting in accordance with direction from Congress 
under the MMPA and other applicable laws. See FEIS Chapter 10.

6. Line/Effort Reduction

    At least 34 commenters were in favor of effort reduction through 
trap limits, line caps, and buybacks, as a way to reduce the number of 
vertical lines in the water, thus reducing risk to right whales, while 
a few were against any effort reduction measures. Maine DMR noted that 
the administrative burden of a line cap system is also something that 
has deterred them from pursuing this management measure. Several 
commenters pointed out that, due to latent effort, NMFS' assumptions on 
effort may be artificially high, though Maine's DMR stated that the 
latent effort calculations were consistent with their view. Some 
commenters suggested that fewer fishermen are entering the fishery, 
leading to a natural reduction in effort, and therefore line reduction 
was already taking place, which would contribute to the risk reduction 
goals of the final rule.
    Comment 6.1: NMFS should review the amount of latent effort in the 
fishery, and ensure that latent effort is properly accounted for in 
determining the risk reduction value of any measures.
    Response: Since the collapse of the Southern New England (SNE) 
lobster stock, the Commission has taken action to attempt to address 
latency in LMA 2 and 3. The Commission's Lobster Management Board 
initiated Addendum XVIII to scale the SNE fishery to the diminished 
size of the SNE lobster resource with a consolidation program aimed at 
addressing latent effort (unfished allocation) and reductions in traps 
fished. Addendum XVIII included an approximate 50 percent trap 
reduction in LMA 2 implemented over 6 years and an approximate 25 
percent trap reduction in LMA 3 implemented over 5 years. These trap 
reductions concluded in fishing years 2020 and 2021.
    Given that the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank (GOM/GB) lobster stock 
(overlapping with LMA 1, 3, and the Outer Cape) is at a near time 
series high for abundance, we can assume that the amount of latency is 
comparatively lower than that found in SNE. As discussed in Chapter 5 
of the FEIS, positive market and lobster stock conditions for the GOM/
GB stock incentivize fishermen to increase fishing effort and may 
encourage inactive fishermen to reenter the fishery. For that reason, 
it is likely that fishermen in the Gulf of Maine have been fishing at a 
high capacity in recent years. Maine, which accounts for the majority 
of permits issued in the Gulf of Maine, submitted data on latency rates 
of state permits (Appendix 3.2 of the DEIS), indicating a stable number 
of latent permits over the last 10 years (2008-2018). Of its 
approximately 6,000 permits issued, approximately 1,500 permits have no 
reported purchased landings and are considered latent. While other 
jurisdictions have not completed similar analyses, latency rates are 
likely similar.
    Given the actions to reduce latency in LMA 2 and 3, the relatively 
low but stable amount of latency in LMA 1, and the current fishery 
incentives given high abundance in the Gulf of Maine, fishery data 
included in the Decision Support Tool are considered accurate and 
representative of existing fishery conditions, including existing rates 
of latency. See FEIS Chapter 5 for more details.
    Comment 6.2: A range of views were expressed on the Non-preferred 
Alternative of capping buoy lines. One comment stated that NMFS should 
choose its Non-preferred Alternative of capping buoy lines at 50 
percent of the average monthly lines fished in Federal waters in 2017. 
Another expressed opposition to it, citing that Massachusetts is the 
only state where end lines are accurately counted or regulated, and it 
would be time and labor-intensive to develop such a system across the 
other states without funding or capacity to do so.
    Response: Regulating buoy lines was analyzed in the DEIS and the 
FEIS as an element within the Non-preferred Alternative 3, taking an 
alternate approach to achieving risk reduction across the proposed 
areas that would reduce line numbers while allowing fishermen to 
respond to the reduction according to their preferences and individual 
operational capacity. Alternative 3 would cap the total number of lines 
available for trap/pot fishing in Federal waters to 50 percent of the 
average baseline number of lines (2017) outside of state waters. 
Because this was not a Preferred Alternative, the exact regulatory 
mechanism for

[[Page 51986]]

implementing a line cap was not identified. It was assumed, however, 
that NMFS would work with the Commission and New England states to 
qualify the number of buoy lines based on an April 29, 2019, control 
date (84 FR 43785, August 22, 2019) using vessel trip reports or, for 
Maine, other data sources to distribute allocations of line tags to 
fishermen.
    NMFS did not select this Non-preferred Alternative because 
development of a buoy line control program would be time- and labor-
intensive and come at a substantial cost to the industry. The 
Commission process, including soliciting public feedback, requires, at 
a minimum, approximately six months to develop an adaptive management 
action. Larger, more controversial actions can take 8 to 18 months. One 
commenter is likely correct that, given the lack of mandatory vessel 
trip reports in the Federal lobster fishery in the baseline year of 
2017, the Commission would have had to rely on state data as the best 
scientific information available to develop a qualification program 
through an addendum.
    Given the variable data regarding individual fishermen's lobster 
fishing histories due to inconsistent state and Federal reporting 
requirements, this would be a large and controversial action. Even once 
approved by the Commission, additional time would be required for NMFS 
to undertake a Federal rulemaking and associated analysis. The FEIS 
estimates that a 50 percent reduction of buoy lines in Federal waters 
would alone achieve an average 45 percent risk reduction in Federal 
waters with economic impacts ranging from $3.9 to 13.4 million. The 
combined set of measures included in the preferred alternative was 
projected to achieve a 69 percent risk reduction at a cost of $9.8 to 
$19.2 million in the first year of implementation. Given implementation 
challenges, the economic impacts of this preferred alternative and the 
fact that the preferred alternative achieves the stated risk reduction 
target, buoy line reductions will not be implemented in the final rule.
    Comment 6.3: States should cap and reduce the number of licenses, 
and reduce risk to right whales.
    Response: Through the Commission's Interstate Fishery Management 
Plan for American Lobster, states and NMFS have made substantial 
efforts at capping the number of permits and traps authorized in the 
lobster fishery, which serves as a primary effort control. The concept 
of controlling lobster fishing effort by limiting access to historical 
participants began in 1994 when NMFS generally limited access into the 
Federal lobster fishery to those who could document participation in 
the fishery before 1991 (59 FR 31938, June 21, 1994). Years later, in 
August 1999, the Commission passed Addendum 1 to Amendment 3 to the 
Interstate Plan, which limited access to Lobster Conservation 
Management Areas 3, 4, and 5 to only those who could document fishing 
history in those areas. Subsequent Commission addenda similarly attempt 
to control effort by limiting access to other Areas:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ All Addenda can be found at www.asmfc.org, under Interstate 
Fisheries Management, American Lobster.
    \3\ New England Fishery Management Council document. This action 
occurred prior to the 1999 transfer of Federal lobster management to 
the Commission under the Atlantic Coastal Act.

 Table 4--Actions Under Interstate Fishery Management Plan for American
                                 Lobster
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Lobster conservation management   Commission action     Corresponding
              area                        \2\           Federal action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
EEZ.............................  March 1994--        June 21, 1994 (59
                                   Amendment 5 \3\.    FR 31938)
LMA 1...........................  November 2009--     June 12, 2012 (77
                                   Addendum XV.        FR 32420)
LMA 2...........................  December 2003--     ..................
                                   Addendum IV \4\.   April 7, 2014 (79
                                  February 2005--      FR 19015)
                                   Addendum VI.       May 10, 2005 (70
                                  November 2005--      FR 24495)
                                   Addendum VII.
LMA 3...........................  August 1999--       March 2003 (68 FR
                                   Addendum 1.         14902)
LMA 4...........................  August 1999--       March 2003 (68 FR
                                   Addendum 1.         14902)
LMA 5...........................  August 1999--       March 2003 (68 FR
                                   Addendum 1.         14902)
LMA 6...........................  1995--by State      Not Applicable in
                                   action.             Federal Waters
Outer Cape Cod..................  February 2002--     April 7, 2014 (79
                                   Addendum III.       FR 19015)
                                  May 2008--Addendum
                                   XIII.
All Areas.......................  February 2009--     April 7, 2014 (79
                                   Addendum XII.       FR 19015)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has used a similar step-by-step approach in all of 
the areas. First, participants are qualified based upon their ability 
to document a history of fishing within the area. Second, those who 
qualify are allocated some number of traps within a given management 
area, based upon their ability to document the level of past fishing 
effort in the area.\5\ These addenda have largely required that states 
implement similar limited access programs (with the exception of LMA 1, 
where recommendations were for the Federal fishery only).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Addendum IV was rescinded in Addendum VI and then revised 
and approved in Addenda VII and XII.
    \5\ Through various addenda to the ISFMP for American lobster, 
history-based effort control plans based on fishery performance have 
been enacted by NMFS (LCMAs 1, 3, 4, and 5) and states (MA in Outer 
Cape Cod; NY and CT for LCMA 6; and MA, RI, CT, & NY for LCMA 2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission Interstate Plan has not included reductions to the 
number of permits issued in the lobster fishery. However, since area 
qualifications were implemented, the number of Federal permits issued 
in each area has either held steady or declined. The 2020 American 
Lobster Benchmark Stock Assessment summarized state and Federal permits 
issued in the lobster fishery, with approximately 1,400 fewer permits 
being issued in 2018 than in 2010. Further, the Commission has approved 
numerous actions that reduce area-specific maximum trap caps or reduce 
the number of traps allocated to each permit. Most recently, Addendum 
XVIII required an approximate 50 percent trap reduction in LMA 2 
implemented over six years and an approximate 25 percent trap reduction 
in LMA 3 implemented over 5 years. These trap reductions concluded in 
fishing years 2020 and 2021.
    The Commission recommended a reduction in the LMA 3 maximum trap 
cap as well as ownership caps in LMA 2 and 3 that are expected to 
further reduce the number of traps authorized in the areas, as part of 
Addenda XXI and

[[Page 51987]]

XXII. NMFS is in rulemaking to consider the implementation of these 
measures. This FEIS anticipates this future rulemaking and has given 
credit to the risk reductions associated with Addenda XVIII, XXI, and 
XXII.
    Comment 6.4: NMFS should remove half the traps from the water, 
which would reduce the risk to right whales while still allowing 
fishermen to make a living.
    Response: Since 1994 under the Commission's Interstate Fishery 
Management Plan for American Lobster, states and NMFS have made 
substantial efforts at capping the number of permits and traps 
authorized in the lobster fishery. Participation caps serve as a 
primary effort control. Reducing trap caps by half could result in less 
effort and, when paired with traps/trawl requirements, could reduce the 
number of lines being fished, with an associated reduction in risk to 
large whales. A number of fisheries and managers that have participated 
in the public meetings of the Commission and the Take Reduction Team 
have expressed confidence that, on productive fishing grounds, lobster 
trap reductions could occur without negative economic consequences. A 
number of studies have demonstrated this, see for examples Myers and 
Moore (2020), Myers et al. (2007), and Acheson (2013).
    However, for a reduction in the number of actively fished buoy 
lines to be fairly distributed based on vessel fishing histories or 
other commonly used metrics, detailed knowledge of the amount of 
fishing effort by sector or individual vessel is required. Allocation 
decisions in effort control management of a capped resource (lines or 
traps) are also usually informed by iterative public fishery management 
processes and include appeal options that are administratively 
burdensome. Because the lobster fishery has variable reporting 
requirements across states, and because only about 10 percent of Maine 
fishermen have been required to report in any year and Federal 
reporting has been variable, data to easily determine effective trap 
and line cap measures is not available. This was demonstrated by the 
failed attempt of the Commission to identify an effort limit addendum, 
as described in FEIS Section 3.1.1.2.

7. Management

    We received thousands of comments on management issues, ranging 
from the use of adaptive management strategies to including 
southeastern states in future rulemaking to evaluating the 
effectiveness of the final rule. Thousands of commenters, primarily 
through campaigns organized by NGOs, but also at least 149 unique 
commenters, advocated NMFS taking emergency action to institute 
immediate vertical line reductions or closed areas, and of them, many 
suggested shutting down all fishing activities that involve vertical 
lines. Several also recommended shutting down all commercial fishing. 
We also received thousands of comments, again primarily through 
campaigns organized by NGOs, but also from 83 unique commenters, about 
our risk reduction calculations being based on outdated population 
estimates.
    Comment 7.1: NMFS should use adaptive management to assess and 
recalibrate the measures every few years to reach goals of reduced 
entanglements in fishing gear.
    Response: During the ESA Section 7 consultation on the operation of 
eight fisheries managed under Federal fishery management plans and two 
fisheries managed under interstate fisheries management plans, NMFS 
identified the need for additional measures to meet the mandates of the 
ESA, and developed a Conservation Framework to outline the agency's 
commitment to implement measures necessary for the recovery of right 
whales. In addition to the current rulemaking that seeks to reduce risk 
of mortality and serious injury by 60 percent, the Conservation 
Framework provides for additional rulemakings to further reduce risk 
over the next decade at levels expected to lead to survival and 
recovery of the species. Central to the Conservation Framework is an 
adaptive management approach by which new information relating to the 
status of right whales and the impacts of fisheries and non-fisheries 
activities will be used to determine the extent of additional 
management measures needed.
    Comment 7.2: NMFS should establish another process through which 
stakeholders can propose measures that could achieve equal or greater 
protections for right whales. The ALWTRP process is time-consuming, and 
does not allow for flexibility and adaptability.
    Response: The MMPA requires NMFS to convene Take Reduction Teams 
and develop Take Reduction Plans. While this process can be time 
consuming, it provides a framework for developing mitigation measures 
and clear goals for the ALWTRP. The ALWTRT has the discretion to 
recommend mitigation measures that are flexible and adaptable in 
meeting the MMPA goals.
    Comment 7.3: NMFS should include southeastern states in any future 
rulemakings, since right whales spend time in the southeast.
    Response: To simplify and expedite rulemaking, NMFS chose to direct 
the ALWTRT efforts initially on the Northeast Region lobster and Jonah 
crab trap/pot fisheries because these fisheries constitute 93 percent 
of the U.S. buoy lines in areas where right whales occur. The Team 
includes southeastern state fishery managers as well as members that 
represent the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council and Southeast 
U.S. fishermen. NMFS has begun working with the ALWTRT to get their 
recommendations on further rulemaking that may include modifications to 
the southeastern fisheries that are subject to the ALWTRP. We will 
include outreach to stakeholders in these states in our future 
rulemaking efforts.
    Comment 7.4: NMFS should enlist fishermen in disentanglement 
efforts, rather than relying on college students and other groups.
    Response: Disentanglement efforts on large whales are conducted 
under a NMFS permit by highly skilled and trained responders throughout 
the United States. These responders come from a variety of backgrounds, 
including fishermen, and NMFS regularly conducts training that 
specifically targets fishermen and other members of the on-water 
community. Disentanglement techniques, tools, and protocols have been 
developed over decades and have been used as a model for successful 
rescues and international disentanglement efforts. National and 
international trainees come from all over the world to learn from and 
train with our teams in the United States. We do ask for assistance 
from untrained fishermen from time to time on specific cases, and will 
continue to do so to provide an effective disentanglement effort that 
is safe for both the disentanglement team and the whales.
    Comment 7.5: NMFS should take emergency action to close all 
fisheries that use vertical lines or other gear that may entangle right 
whales, or to close all areas where whales may co-occur with fishing.
    Response: There are several statutes that lay out the situations in 
which NMFS can take emergency action. In Section 118(g) of the MMPA, 
which many commenters mentioned, the Secretary of Commerce may 
implement emergency rules when incidental take from commercial 
fisheries are having ``an immediate and significant adverse impact on a 
stock or species.'' Where there is already a take reduction plan in 
place, the Secretary should develop such emergency rules that are 
consistent with the plan to the maximum extent practicable, and follow 
``on an

[[Page 51988]]

expedited basis'' with amendments to the plan as recommended by the TRT 
to address the situation. In developing emergency rules, the Secretary 
must consult with the Marine Mammal Commission, TRT, fishery management 
councils, and state fishery managers. Emergency rules can only stay in 
place for 180 days, but can be extended for additional 90 days if an 
emergency situation persists.
    Section 4(b)(7) of the ESA also includes emergency rulemaking 
authority provisions. NMFS has used this authority in the past to 
implement emergency rules for right whale protections (e.g., SERO 2006 
gillnet closure, 71 FR 66469, Nov. 15, 2006). This authority is 
available when there is an ``emergency posing a significant risk to the 
well-being of any species of fish or wildlife or plants.'' In an ESA 
emergency rulemaking, the Secretary must provide detailed reasons why 
the regulation is necessary, and must provide actual notice to state 
agencies in states where species occur. An ESA emergency rule can only 
last 240 days.
    While ESA emergency rulemaking provisions explicitly waive the 
procedural rulemaking requirements of the APA and the ESA, likewise, 
the MMPA's emergency rulemaking authority provides an alternative to 
the normal rulemaking process of the MMPA, which would ordinarily 
include the APA's notice and comment requirements. These MMPA emergency 
provisions do not, however, waive other procedural requirements that 
agencies are subject to when undertaking a rulemaking, including NEPA, 
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), or E.O. 12866. The NEPA regulations 
at 40 CFR 1506.12, for example, allow agencies to consult with the 
Council on Environmental Quality to develop ``alternative provisions'' 
in addressing an emergency situation, but agencies are expected to 
``limit such arrangements to actions necessary to control the immediate 
impacts of the emergency.'' E.O. 12866 provides that in an emergency 
situation, ``the agency shall notify the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) as soon as possible and, to the extent 
practicable, comply with subsections (a)(3)(B) and (C) of this 
section.'' The PRA includes emergency review provisions, subject to 
approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) with a finding 
that the normal process will result in public harm or is not possible 
because of an unanticipated event, and even then the agency must take 
all practicable steps to consult with members of the public. To the 
extent that an emergency action would impact a wide range of the 
fishing community, the need to satisfy these procedural requirements 
would limit the speed of such actions.
    Due to the above-referenced requirements for emergency action under 
the MMPA and ESA, including public notice and comment requirements 
NEPA, PRA, or E.O. 12866, and the limitations on how long an emergency 
rule can stay in effect (270 for MMPA, 240 days for ESA), NMFS believes 
that proceeding with the current action will provide the fastest relief 
and longest-lasting protections for right whales. NMFS generally views 
emergency actions to be appropriate where a clearly identifiable 
problem can be addressed with directed, focused measures, and such 
measures will effectively address the emergency in the timeframes to 
which such authorities are limited. Because it is difficult to predict 
where entanglements will occur given the relative scarcity of 
identified locations of entanglement, an emergency action to completely 
close all fisheries using vertical lines at this time would appear to 
be an overbroad use of its emergency authority. NMFS has not identified 
a geographic location or discrete temporal period within which 
emergency action would address a specific entanglement concern, and 
therefore NMFS believes that the complex issues associated with right 
whale fishery interactions are better addressed through the 
comprehensive approach in the final rule.
    Comment 7.6: NMFS should take emergency action to immediately 
implement a year-round closure south of Martha's Vineyard and 
Nantucket.
    Response: As noted in the response to Comment 7.5, we believe that 
the final rule will provide the fastest relief and longest-lasting 
protections for right whales, so we are not planning to take emergency 
action at this time. The final rule does include a seasonal closure 
south of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket that will be in effect from 
February to April, when right whales have been sighted most frequently 
in high numbers in this area.
    We have selected the larger of the closed areas analyzed as a 
restricted area in Alternative 3 (Non-preferred) in the DEIS, but is in 
the Preferred Alternative in the FEIS and is being implemented in the 
final rule. This larger restricted area was best supported by the most 
recent sightings data. Since 2018, right whales have been documented to 
the west of the originally proposed closure, such that the closure 
could relocate lines into areas of equally high whale density during 
the restricted season. The Preferred Alternative in the FEIS and final 
rule area encompasses the majority of the area where the highest 
density of right whales have been sighted, and the most recent 
sightings in years not yet within the Decision Support Tool demonstrate 
these aggregations have persisted. Restricting buoy lines within this 
area between February and April provides an estimated 4.6 percent risk 
reduction for the entire Northeast and captures much of the risk within 
that area. See FEIS Section 3.1.2.5 for our revised analysis.
    Comment 7.7: NMFS should take emergency action to immediately 
implement seasonal closures in the three areas in the Gulf of Maine: 
Downeast summer closure from August 1-October 31, a western Gulf of 
Maine spring closure from May 1 to July 31, and an offshore migration 
closure from October 1 to April 30.
    Response: As noted above, we believe that the final rule will 
provide the fastest relief and longest-lasting protections for right 
whales, so we are not planning to take emergency action at this time. 
NMFS analyzed the closure areas in the three Gulf of Maine areas 
proposed in an emergency rulemaking petition submitted by The Pew 
Charitable Trusts. Along with the year-round closure proposed in 
Southern New England, these four areas would achieve an estimated 12.6 
percent risk reduction according to Decision Support Tool Version 3, 
using the updated right whale habitat density model (2010-2018). 
However, the team working on the current rule would have to divert to 
preparing a new emergency rule and the required NEPA analyses. As noted 
above, emergency measures may only be implemented within the limited 
timeframe provided by the statutory authority, and the approximate 67 
percent risk reduction from the current rule far exceeds the estimated 
risk reduction suggested by the commenters. The final rule is a 
priority in order to implement broad risk reduction in a timely manner. 
See FEIS Section 3.4 for a further discussion of this and other 
alternatives that were considered but rejected.
    Comment 7.8: NMFS should issue emergency regulations that remove 
vertical buoy lines from the water in areas of high entanglement risk 
to North Atlantic right whales.
    Response: As noted above, NMFS would typically use its emergency 
authority in situations where a clearly defined problem can be 
addressed using discrete measures in a defined geographical area to 
effectively provide conservation protections within the limited 
timeframe provided by the statutory authority. Because the location of 
entanglements are so rarely observed,

[[Page 51989]]

it is difficult to pinpoint times and places where emergency measures 
might provide effective protections from entanglements. NMFS has not 
currently identified new areas where emergency regulations would be 
appropriate, but the final rule includes comprehensive measures that 
address entanglements on a broad scale, including measures that will 
reduce vertical buoy lines through trawling up and seasonal area 
closures. See FEIS Chapter 3.
    Comment 7.9: How will the regulations in this final rule be 
evaluated?
    Response: NMFS anticipates annual meetings of the Team to review 
the North Atlantic right whale and other large whale distribution and 
abundance data, mortality and serious injury data, retrieved 
entanglement gear analyses, fishing effort data, and other relevant 
research results. As they become available, these new data will also 
inform the evolving Decision Support Tool. Modifications to seasonal 
restricted areas will be considered annually by the Team, and they may 
make recommendations to amend the Plan, as needed. Following the 
recommendations of the NMFS Expert Working Group asked to review right 
whale surveillance and monitoring programs (Oleson et al. 2020), we 
anticipate a three-year surveillance and review cycle, providing 
additional opportunities to evaluate right whale distribution data to 
gauge seasonal restricted areas and other conservation measures 
contained in the ALWTRP.
    Comment 7.10: NMFS should evaluate the success of past regulations, 
like sinking groundlines and breakaways, before adding more 
regulations.
    Response: Under Section 610 of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, NMFS 
is required to review any significant rule to evaluate the continued 
need for regulation. To allow for sufficient time for economic 
adjustments to occur and for data to become available, we review rules 
every 7 years. The most recent ALWTRP rule was published in 2015, and 
will be coming up for review shortly.
    Comment 7.11: Several commenters suggested that NMFS ban commercial 
fishing, ban certain commercial fishing gears, or focus on reducing the 
demand for seafood.
    Response: MSA is the primary law that governs marine fisheries 
management in U.S. Federal waters. First passed in 1976, the MSA 
fosters the long-term biological and economic sustainability of marine 
fisheries. Its objectives include preventing overfishing, rebuilding 
overfished stocks, increasing long-term economic and social benefits 
and ensuring a safe and sustainable supply of seafood. The Atlantic 
Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act, governing the U.S. 
lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot fisheries, directs the Federal 
government to support the management efforts of the Commission and, to 
the extent the Federal government seeks to regulate a Commission 
species, develop regulations that are compatible with the Commission's 
Interstate Fishery Management Plan and consistent with the MSA's 
National Standards. Regulations to seasonally close areas to fishing or 
to fishing with certain gear types have been implemented to comply with 
the MMPA, the ESA, and even the Magnuson-Stevens Act. However, a 
complete ban on commercial fishing or closure of an entire fishing 
sector when other options exist that allow fishing to occur while 
complying with the Acts would be inconsistent with our mandates under 
these laws.
    Comment 7.12: NMFS should require all vessels in fixed-gear 
fisheries to use Vessel Monitoring Systems and/or AIS, submit Vessel 
Trip Reports, and have observer coverage in order to get better 
information on distribution and density of vertical lines.
    Response: NMFS supports the collection of high resolution spatial 
data in the lobster fishery. The Commission recommended the collection 
of mandatory harvester reports in the Federal fishery, as part of 
Addendum XXVI to Amendment 3 to the Interstate Fishery Management Plan 
for American Lobster. NMFS is in rulemaking to develop harvester 
reporting requirements that complement the Commission's Interstate Plan 
for lobster. NMFS intends to work with the Commission, through a 
technical working group, to develop additional high resolution spatial 
data collection objectives and requirements, while balancing the 
financial burden to industry.
    Comment 7.13: If the lobster/Jonah crab trap/pot fishery had been 
managed like the Northeast Multispecies fishery, there would be fewer 
offshore fishing permits, and we wouldn't be having this problem.
    Response: The interaction risk of a protected species is largely 
associated with the gear type, but also the quantity of gear in the 
water, gear soak/tow duration, and the temporal and spatial overlap of 
the gear and a given protected species. For the critically endangered 
North Atlantic right whale, fixed gear fisheries with lines linking 
gear on the ocean floor to surface marking systems (buoys, etc.) pose 
the greatest risk as they have accounted for the majority of 
identifiable past fishery interactions. The DEIS indicated that the 
2017 IEC model estimated that over 93 percent of fixed gear buoy lines 
within right whale habitats along the Northeast U.S. Atlantic coast are 
fished by the lobster and Jonah crab fishery. Thus, the lobster and 
Jonah crab fishery poses the greatest risk to right whales and has been 
the focus of this action. For comparison, the Northeast multispecies 
fishery authorizes the use of fixed gear (e.g., gillnets), however, it 
is a relatively small component of the fishery and one of several 
fisheries comprising the other 7 percent of fixed gear fisheries with 
buoy lines.
    The MSA, governing the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management 
Plan, and the Atlantic Coastal Act (ACA), governing the Interstate 
Fishery Management Plan for American Lobster, are the primary laws 
governing marine fisheries management in U.S. Federal waters. First 
passed in 1976, the MSA fosters the long-term biological and economic 
sustainability of marine fisheries. Its objectives include preventing 
overfishing, rebuilding overfished stocks, increasing long-term 
economic and social benefits, and ensuring a safe and sustainable 
supply of seafood. The ACA directs the Federal government to support 
the management efforts of the Commission and, to the extent the Federal 
government seeks to regulate a Commission species, develop regulations 
that are compatible with the Commission's Interstate Fishery Management 
Plan and consistent with the MSA. These laws allow for the updating of 
management measures to meet legislative and management objectives. 
While adjustments to management measures may affect the quantity of 
gear fished, soak time or tow duration, or the spatial or temporal 
usage of gear, and, thus, may alter the interaction risk associated 
with any fishery to protected species, they are unlikely to 
dramatically alter the gear usage in these fisheries.
    Comment 7.14: These rules will create safety hazards for fishermen, 
and will not reduce right whale entanglements or mortalities.
    Response: We acknowledge that open ocean fishing is inherently 
dangerous, and that fishing is one of the most dangerous occupations. 
Fishermen configure their operations in the ways that work best for 
them, and any regulatory changes that require them to modify their 
practices can increase risk until adaptations to the new practices are 
made. Although some commenters have criticized the deference that NMFS 
gave to the states and offshore fishery

[[Page 51990]]

members in developing the Proposed Rule analyzed in the DEIS, the 
extensive outreach to fishermen informed the development of measures 
included in the final rule. Fishermen informed measures with important 
information such as number of traps that can fit safely on deck at one 
time, amount of force on rope hauled under commercial fishing 
practices, rope size that fits safely through blocks and haulers on 
commercial vessels, sizes of vessels and crews fishing at various 
distances from shore, local fishing conditions, and conservation 
equivalencies.
    Alternative 2 (Preferred) of the FEIS and the final rule consider 
those public comments, including many of the conservation equivalencies 
requested, and accommodate those changes along with measures from the 
Proposed Rule that benefitted from earlier scoping. Together, these 
measures should prevent this rulemaking from introducing hazards beyond 
those that already exist in the lobster and Jonah crab fisheries.
    Comment 7.15: NMFS should also evaluate the effects of these 
regulations on all the other large whale species in the region.
    Response: Chapter 5 of the FEIS evaluates the effects of the final 
rule on large whales, other protected species, and habitat.
    Comment 7.16: Thousands of commenters were concerned that cryptic 
mortality and uncertainty in the data was not taken into account when 
choosing the risk reduction target, and recommended an 80 percent risk 
reduction target or higher, with a few suggesting 100 percent.
    Response: The application of cryptic mortality estimates in 
determining annual entanglement mortality and serious injury rates 
relative to the PBR level was a new concept when first introduced to 
the ALWTRT in 2019. Peer review of the cryptic mortality estimate had 
not yet been completed and although it was discussed in the 2018 Marine 
Mammal Stock Assessment Report (Hayes et al. 2019) that was available 
to the Team for the April 2019 meeting, cryptic mortality was not 
incorporated into the entanglement related mortality and serious injury 
estimates in that report. The 60 percent target based on documented 
mortality was in itself seen as a difficult challenge for the Team 
given uncertainties about the location of origin of most documented 
entanglement events. The 80 percent target was an initial attempt to 
account for early estimates of cryptic mortality, but was even more 
daunting and the Team recognized the uncertainty in that higher target 
given the many unknowns related to the unseen mortalities, including 
cause and location of deaths. Therefore, while the Team accepted the 
challenges of a 60 percent mortality and serious injury risk reduction, 
they were unable to agree on the higher target. The recent paper by 
Pace et al. 2021 on cryptic mortality and the more recent analysis in 
the current population estimate (Pace 2021) now provide more support 
for the 80 percent target than at the time the ALWTRT undertook its 
efforts to develop recommendations. Our understanding of cryptic 
mortality will affect management decisions going forward as new stock 
assessments and PBR calculations incorporate this new science.
    Here, NMFS considered this new information, as well as the 
remaining uncertainty around apportioning mortalities to country and 
source, conservation equivalency recommendations from states and 
stakeholders, and the need for urgency in completing the current 
rulemaking constraining us to the scope of the analyses in the DEIS. 
Resulting modifications to the final rule included selection of a 
larger area closure south of the islands and modifications to 
management measures that improved risk reduction estimates to achieve a 
nearly 70 percent risk reduction as determined by the Decision Support 
Tool. Further efforts by NMFS to estimate serious injury and mortality 
and to apportion the estimates to country and mortality source will be 
included in guidance to the ALWTRT to support their development of 
recommendations for further amendments to the ALWTRP.
    Comment 7.17: NMFS should focus risk reduction efforts on areas of 
high right whale occurrence.
    Response: Chapter 3 in the FEIS describes how the alternatives were 
developed and explains that while precautionary measures are required 
throughout the regulated areas, more restrictive and protective 
measures are focused on areas of high right whale co-occurrence with 
buoy lines (e.g., the hotspot analysis that identified restricted 
areas). Particularly, the months and areas with highest whale 
occurrence and co-occurrence are the areas that were selected for 
seasonal restricted areas. However, as described in Chapters 2, 3, and 
8 of the FEIS, there is also a great need to implement measures that 
will be resilient to changes in whale distribution and therefore 
requires broader precautionary risk reduction across the regulated 
area.
    Comment 7.18: Pending fishery management measures should not be 
counted in analyzing risk reduction.
    Response: Noted in the ALWTRT recommendations and throughout the 
development of this rule, other relevant actions that we considered to 
be reasonably certain to occur within the timeframe evaluated within 
this rule were treated as such in our analysis of anticipated risk 
reduction throughout the regulated area. We commit to monitoring the 
progress of these related actions and reporting our findings to the 
ALWTRT at future meetings for consideration.
    Comment 7.19: Massachusetts did not ban single traps on vessels 
longer than 29 feet in their rule, so how was that risk reduction re-
allocated?
    Response: During the development of the Proposed Rule, NMFS 
discussed this measure with the Massachusetts Department of Marine 
Fisheries and recognized that it was likely to be positive toward risk 
reduction. However, we were unable to estimate the impacts on risk. 
Since we did not assign any quantified risk reduction to that measure 
in the DEIS, there was no need to re-allocate it.
    Comment 7.20: NMFS should adopt Maine's proposed conservation 
equivalencies.
    Response: As discussed in FEIS Section 3.3, NMFS is adopting most 
of the conservation equivalencies offered by Maine out to 12 nm, and is 
appreciative of the work done by Maine Department of Marine Resources 
and the Zone Councils to develop and recommend weak insertion and 
trawling up requirements in collaboration with Zone Councils that are 
familiar with capacity and constraints of Zone-specific fishing 
operations and conditions.
    Comment 7.21: Maine should get gear reduction credit if Maine funds 
tags or development of a GPS tracker.
    Response: Technology and tracking in and of themselves do not 
reduce the risk of fishing gear on large whales. However, if Maine 
develops a line reduction program and reporting/tracking technology 
that demonstrates line reduction, it would be considered toward risk 
reduction.
    Comment 7.22: In LMA 3, NMFS should analyze the difference in risk 
reduction between a 50 percent reduction in buoy lines and the proposed 
closure with potential gear displacement.
    Response: Several scenarios were analyzed in Georges Basin 
Restricted Area for the DEIS and FEIS, including a 50 percent reduction 
in lines through a line cap or through trawling up and a

[[Page 51991]]

restricted area. The FEIS includes longer trawl lengths in this area 
compared to the DEIS (50 traps per trawl versus 45 traps per trawl) but 
still implements broader trawling up measures throughout LMA 3 in order 
to distribute risk reduction more evenly. The Georges Basin Restricted 
Area was predicted to increase co-occurrence in the DEIS (See co-
occurrence maps in Chapter 5 and Appendix 5.2).
    Comment 7.23: How is the Massachusetts Restricted Area credit being 
added to the risk reduction estimates?
    Response: FEIS Section 3.3.5.1 discusses credit assigned to the 
Massachusetts Restricted Area and provides an assessment of risk 
reduction with and without application of the value of that area. The 
Team unanimously supported including credit for the Massachusetts 
Restricted Area, which was fully implemented in its current 
configuration in 2015 (79 FR 36585), given recent years' increased use 
of that area by right whales (e.g., Ganley et al. 2019).
    Comment 7.24: Were all the proposals evaluated using the same 
model?
    Response: Each individual risk reduction measure and suite of 
measures were run through the Decision Support Tool (DST) Version 3 to 
identify the estimated contribution to risk reduction across the 
Northeast Region as defined by the Northeast Trap/Pot Management Area.
    Comment 7.25: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute has developed 
a methodology in collaboration with the fishing industry to attribute 
risk to gear based on proportion of water column occupied. This 
information must be considered in this rulemaking.
    Response: We anticipate adding this information to the DST in the 
near future. However, this is less important for the current rulemaking 
because an endline, assuming it approximates a straight line from the 
bottom to the surface, occupies all portions of the water column 
equally and the lobster industry has incorporated sinking groundline so 
groundlines may be assumed to have negligible presence in the water 
column. Incorporating proportions of the water column occupied are more 
critical for complex structures like gillnets or potential aquaculture 
installations, in which case it is important to model not only the 
proportion of water column occupied but also which portion of the water 
column is occupied and the vertical distribution of whales. This will 
be incorporated into the DST for future analysis of risk posed by 
different gear types that do not use the entire water column.
    Comment 7.26: Some commenters questioned the validity of the threat 
component of the DST.
    Response: The threat model based on the TRT opinion poll is no 
longer in use. Starting with the CIE review in 2019, the threat model 
has been based only on the analysis of empirical data on rope breaking 
strengths, rope samples retrieved from entangled whales, and whale 
spatial distributions. At this time, the model is unfortunately 
constrained to rope breaking strength but in two years of polling 
scientists and stakeholders, nobody has proposed a viable alternative. 
It is appropriate for the threat model to be equally weighted with line 
and whale density because entanglement risk only exists when lines are 
present, whales are present, and the lines pose a risk to whales. If 
any of these three factors are not present, the risk of entanglement is 
zero.
    Comment 7.27: The DST is critically flawed in its reliance on an 
estimate of gear threat that significantly overemphasizes the 
contribution of rope strength to entanglement risk. By failing to 
account for the uncertainty inherent in the DST, NMFS overestimated the 
effectiveness of the selected methods for reducing risks to right 
whales.
    Response: There are uncertainties in the DST calculations that we 
have not fully quantified. However, it is important to distinguish 
between uncertainty and bias and we have no reason to believe that the 
inputs and therefore model outputs are particularly biased high or low. 
Thus, while there is unquantified uncertainty around the risk reduction 
calculated by the DST, it is equally likely that actual risk reduction 
is higher than estimated as lower than estimated and no reason to 
believe that risk reductions are overestimated.
    Comment 7.28: NMFS should implement these regulations as soon as 
possible as any delays come at the expense of right whales.
    Response: NMFS recognizes the urgency of the current situation and 
intends to implement these regulations to provide needed conservation 
benefits to right whales as soon as possible. We intend to implement 
new seasonal restricted areas 30 days after the rule is finalized. 
Massachusetts Restricted Area fishermen have indicated that it takes 
several trips for them to remove all of their gear, and because of 
unpredictable winter weather and holidays, they remove and move 
beginning at least a month in advance of their February 1 closure. The 
LMA 1 closure will likely result in moved trawls rather than trawls 
brought to the beach and stored on land so may not require round-trips 
to the dock. Many fishermen moving gear from the South Island 
Restricted Area would be expected to remove gear prior to the February 
1 closure; one month should provide sufficient time to remove gear. 
Gear configuration changes including trawling up, weak buoy lines or 
weak insertion installation, and gear marking, will be delayed for a 
longer period of time because these buoy and groundline modifications 
will take substantial time. The delayed effective date will factor in 
winter or low effort months when many fishermen have removed gear from 
the water for maintenance. The actual effective dates will depend on 
when the Notice of Availability of the FEIS and the final rule are 
released. Our intention is that all measures will be in place for the 
next fishing year starting in the spring of 2022.
    Comment 7.29: Some components of the rule state prohibitions ``to 
fish with, set, or possess'' where other portions leave out ``set.'' If 
this was strategic, please clarify how ``setting'' is separate from the 
regulatory intent of ``to fish with.
    Response: This was carryover language from the existing 
regulations. The word ``set'' is included within seasonal restricted 
areas; seasons when gear must be removed unless fishing without buoy 
lines. During the season that the gear can be fished with gear 
configuration requirements referenced in the regulations, the word 
``set'' is not included.
    Comment 7.30: It is our understanding that any trap, pot, 
contrivance etc. that is capable of catching a lobster is required to 
have a valid lobster trap tag affixed to it. This would indicate that 
any trap which falls into this category is subject to the marking, weak 
insert, and trawling up requirements of this rule. We would ask for 
clarification on this assumption from NOAA, which should help to guide 
discussions in the next ALWTRT process which will be aimed at the 
additional gear types of gill nets and fish pots.
    Response: Any trap/pot within the Northeast Trap/Pot Management 
Region with a lobster trap tag will be required to comply with the 
marking, weak insert, weak line, and trawl length requirements.
    Comment 7.31: While some of these proposals may end up being 
effective, this proposal makes very clear that there is insufficient 
mortality and tracking data on right whales, and many of the suggested 
changes will be considerably

[[Page 51992]]

more detrimental to the fishing industry than beneficial to the whales.
    Response: The Decision Support Tool estimates at least a 60 percent 
reduction in entanglement risk, which is spread across the region to 
remain resilient to changes in right whale distribution. The population 
and distribution are frequently monitored via aerial/vessel surveys as 
well as with acoustic detection, and will be evaluated to ensure the 
measures are targeting areas where entanglement risk exists. See more 
about monitoring in response to Comment 9.10.
    Comment 7.32: The proposed rule does not consider reduction in 
effort, particularly for recreational fisheries. PEER urges NOAA to 
consider the effect of reducing or eliminating recreational fisheries 
in right whale habitat.
    Response: The ALWTRP only regulates Category I and II commercial 
fixed gear fisheries identified in the Plan. Additional regulation of 
recreational fisheries is outside the scope of the current rulemaking.

8. Research

    Comments on research generally fell into one of three categories: 
Whale distribution, insufficiency of current data, and entanglements. 
Many of the fishermen commenting said they had either never seen a 
right whale where they fish, never seen or heard of an entangled right 
whale in areas where they fish, did not believe that there was any 
recent evidence of entanglement in their trap/pot lines, and questioned 
the validity of the scientific models on whale distribution.
    Comment 8.1: NMFS has not shown that entanglement in lobster trap/
pot gear contributes to low birth rates.
    Response: There is a wealth of research that demonstrates that 
stressors, including entanglements in fishing gear like traps/pots, 
have effects on marine mammal health and reproduction. Entanglements in 
fishing line, such as those used in the lobster trap/pot fishery, is 
energetically costly for right whales and requires expenditure of a 
portion of their energy budget that would otherwise be allocated to 
reproduction (van der Hoop et al. 2017a). Entanglements can reduce 
overall whale health and increase calving intervals (Rolland et al. 
2016, Moore et al. 2021). Entanglements that restrict feeding further 
impact energetic reserves and ability to feed (van der Hoop et al. 
2017b). An inability to get enough food is also an important factor in 
the reproductive health of right whales (Meyer-Gutbrod et al. 2015). 
See FEIS Chapters 5 and 8.
    Comment 8.2: Healthy whales don't get entangled in fishing gear; 
there is something else wrong with them.
    Response: Several commenters stated the belief that healthy whales 
do not get entangled in fishing gear. Entanglement in fishing gear is a 
global problem that has been documented for many whale and dolphin 
species. In the Northeast Region, humpback and minke whale 
entanglements are not uncommon. More than 85 percent of North Atlantic 
right whales have experienced entanglement in fishing gear, many more 
than once. A recent assessment of all right whale photos reveals that 
entanglement scarring injuries have increased, with roughly more than 
30 percent of the population having at least minor entanglements each 
year. Much of the population has been entangled multiple times, and 
there is a more than 90 percent chance that a healthy female will get 
entangled between each calving cycle potentially contributing to 
reduced calving rates. Repeated and chronic entanglement affects whale 
health and some whales with unrelated compromised health status may be 
more vulnerable to injury and death. However, there is no evidence that 
healthy whales are more adept at avoiding entanglement.
    Comment 8.3: NMFS should hire mechanical engineers to examine the 
rope and net configurations that are causing entanglements to occur.
    Response: NMFS conducts extensive analysis of recovered gear from 
entangled whales using our gear team, which includes former and active 
fishermen. We also regularly consult with active fishermen who have 
decades of experience and are well versed in various fishing methods 
and local practices. The various configurations we have seen over 
decades of recorded entanglements varies widely, but the basic fact is 
that rope or net in the water column has the potential to entangle 
large whales. NMFS also funds bycatch reduction research, and considers 
research by right whale scientists that include modeling of 
entanglement configurations. NMFS does not believe that hiring 
mechanical engineers is necessary.
    Comment 8.4: NMFS should develop a plan to monitor all whale 
entanglements, including observer coverage and satellite monitoring.
    Response: NMFS, state, and independent research organizations 
coordinate monitoring whale entanglements. Monitoring of entangled 
whales is done through comprehensive survey effort to resight 
individuals and check for entangling gear or scarring. Satellite 
position beacons are sometimes attached to gear entangling a whale to 
facilitate finding the whale for a disentanglement effort. Because 
whale entanglement incidents are rare relative to fishing effort hours 
and whales typically carry gear away from incident sites before a 
vessel returns to the gear, an observer program is not an effective 
means for large whale entanglement monitoring.
    Comment 8.5: How can NMFS justify a seasonal restricted area if 
there have been no confirmed entanglements in that area in over a 
decade? No North Atlantic right whales have been entangled in gear 
attributable to Maine trap/pot gear in at least 15 years, because the 
whales no longer are in Maine waters.
    Response: No gear remains on most right whales that bear 
entanglement scars. In the cases where gear does remain, it is rarely 
collected, and even more rarely has any identifying marks. Between 1980 
and 2016, the New England Aquarium analyzed 1,462 right whale 
entanglement interactions (A. Knowlton pers comm). Only 110 of these 
incidents had gear still attached, and in only 13 cases could that gear 
be traced to the original set location. Because we lack information on 
exactly where interactions occur, we use areas of high co-occurrence of 
right whales and fishing gear as a proxy for identifying areas of high 
entanglement potential. The Decision Support Tool also considers the 
type of gear in determining the risk of a serious entanglement that 
would cause mortality or serious injury. The seasonal restricted areas 
identified in the final rule are based on hot spots, areas with high 
current and historic habitat use by North Atlantic right whales, high 
fishing gear density and high configuration threat. The population and 
distribution are monitored via aerial/vessel surveys as well as with 
acoustic detection, and will be evaluated to ensure the restricted 
areas are effective. See more about evaluation below in response to 
Comment 9.10.
    Until September 2020, when Maine required gear marking in exempted 
waters, most Maine lobster fishery buoy lines were unmarked. Therefore, 
if a buoy line fished by a vessel operating under a Maine permit 
entangled a right whale, the odds of tracing that rope to a Maine 
lobster fishery buoy line have been extremely low. The commenters are 
correct that no rope retrieved from a right whale has been specifically 
traced to gear set by Maine trap/pot fishermen since the 2000s. 
However, cases in 2011 and 2012 were identified as U.S. unknown trap/
pot gear with red ALWTRP marks, consistent with the

[[Page 51993]]

marking scheme for Maine fishermen outside of exempted waters during 
those years. Additionally, a number of anchored minke whales and 
humpback whales have been identified in Maine gear in the past 15 
years. Maine lobster buoy lines entangle and kill whales.
    As noted by the commenters, right whale distribution has changed in 
the past decade, and there may be fewer or less dense aggregations of 
whales in the Gulf of Maine. Right whales continue to occur in Maine 
waters; however, and given the endangered status of the population, the 
high rate of entanglements evidenced by scars on right whales, and the 
continued mortality and serious injuries above PBR, NMFS must provide 
protective measures throughout the population's range in U.S. waters.
    Comment 8.6: One commenter indicated that the data shows that 
gillnet and netting gear were the most prevalent gear (other than 
Canadian snow crab gear) and the Northeast lobster fishery were the 
least prevalent in right whale entanglements.
    Response: As detailed in Chapter 2, while gillnet gear may be 
identified at rates higher than anticipated given the relative number 
of buoy lines, there are more cases identified as trap/pot found on 
right whales than identified gillnet gear and the most prevalent gear 
seen on right whales is described as unknown rope.
    Comment 8.7: The Decision Support Tool relies on coarse data for 
both line density and whale density, and should not be used. There is 
no way to model where the whales are and where the gear is with any 
degree of certainty.
    Response: The Decision Support Tool (DST) was and continues to be 
the best available analytical tool to assess the co-occurring risk of 
large whale entanglement in commercial fixed gear. The model compiles 
the best available large whale habitat density modeling by Roberts et 
al. (2016) which incorporates data from nearly every systematic marine 
mammal survey of the eastern United States. The DST also draws from 
every available state and Federal fisheries data source to incorporate 
the best available estimate of the distribution of fixed gear fisheries 
vertical lines within the Exclusive Economic Zone. We agree that there 
are uncertainties associated with this model, and any model, but we are 
confident in the DST's ability to inform the Team's discussion and 
recommendations toward a risk reduction goal.
    Comment 8.8: NMFS right whale population model overestimates the 
cumulative mortalities.
    Response: The estimates of total mortality are derived from a peer-
reviewed methodology designed to estimate the abundance of North 
Atlantic right whales. The model itself is a version of methodology 
used for many species of wildlife in which particular statistical 
characterizations are used to characterize the capture and/or 
resighting (both alive and dead) histories of individually marked 
whales to estimate survival rates. These models take into account that 
individuals are not seen every year, and this particular model allows 
individuals to have different probability of being ``captured'' on each 
capture occasion.
    It is true that these models cannot distinguish between true 
mortality and the appearance of mortality that would come from an 
individual permanently leaving the survey areas. For that to happen in 
great abundance would suggest that many whales use the United States 
and Canadian coasts for enough time to become catalogued and then 
decide to move elsewhere and never return. There is simply no evidence 
for that scenario. Indeed, there is abundant evidence that the great 
mobility and long life of right whales allows them to take modest 
sojourns to Icelandic and even Norwegian waters and return to the 
survey areas to be ``recaptured'' once again.
    Very few wildlife populations even approach having all mortality 
documented by detected carcasses. Despite the vast survey effort 
directed at right whales, given the large amount of area that right 
whales travel, right whales and other large whales likely die without 
their carcasses ever being seen.
    Comment 8.9: NMFS should use a longer time series to make any 
determinations, as well as acoustic and prey data.
    Response: The FEIS is a compilation of the best available 
scientific information including information on documented and 
projected changes in prey distribution. Acoustic data are increasingly 
used to identify right whale distribution and are included in the near 
real-time sightings posted on our website at fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/map/north-atlantic-right-whale-sightings, and passive acoustic 
monitoring research is available at apps-nefsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacm/#/narw. For a complete list of citations, see the list of references 
included at the end of every FEIS chapter.
    Recent population models demonstrate that the right whale 
population decline began in 2010 and accelerated around 2015 (Pace et 
al. 2021). We cannot wait another decade to respond to that decline.
    Comment 8.10: Thousands of commenters who submitted comments as 
part of a campaign noted that the Proposed Rule relied on outdated 
population estimates to calculate PBR, and requested that the 
calculations be updated and a new PBR determined.
    Response: The calculations in the DEIS showing how NMFS proposed to 
achieve that risk reduction relied on the 2018 Stock Assessment report 
available when the DEIS was drafted, using 2016 population estimates. 
The FEIS has been updated with the most recent population estimate 
(Pace et al. 2021) and stock assessment data (Hayes et al. 2020), 
including the PBR of 0.8, down from 0.9 in the DEIS. For more, see FEIS 
Section 2.1.1.
    Comment 8.11: NMFS should use peer-reviewed science before 
implementing any regulations.
    Response: NMFS concurs. The FEIS is a compilation of the best 
available scientific information. Included in the FEIS are data from 
the Stock Assessment Reports, which are peer reviewed by the Atlantic 
Scientific Review Group and subject to review by the public, and 
results from the Decision Support Tool, which underwent an independent 
peer review conducted by the Center for Independent Experts.
    Comment 8.12: The data used to determine whale distribution is 
flawed and incomplete, and therefore should not be used to make 
regulations.
    Response: NMFS disagrees with this assessment. The whale 
distribution data is the best available information. Although more data 
will help increase the accuracy of analysis results, there is no 
indication that results to date are incorrect, nor is there evidence 
that either the data or the analytical approaches taken to date are 
flawed. The data have been collected with strict adherence to 
established protocols, and analyses have used accepted peer-reviewed 
statistical methods.
    Comment 8.13: What are the migratory patterns of right whales in 
LMA 2?
    Response: An interactive map of right whale sightings data, 
including sightings in LMA 2, can be found online at 
fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/map/north-atlantic-right-whale-sightings.
    Comment 8.14: NMFS should do more to gather data on right whale 
distribution, including increasing aerial, boat-based, and drone 
surveys.
    Response: We agree that more data are needed to refine our 
understanding of right whale distribution. With available resources, 
NMFS is maintaining aerial surveys, increasing acoustic surveys and 
investigating additional tools to

[[Page 51994]]

document whale distribution and individual identification. NMFS is 
working to identify the primary factors that correlate with right whale 
distribution to help identify other areas where right whales are likely 
to occur to direct future survey efforts.
    Comment 8.15: NMFS should develop ways to tag and track right 
whales.
    Response: NMFS agrees that tagging would help us learn more about 
right whale movements and habitat use. Long-term attachments used in 
past studies require an invasive approach to implant tag anchors. These 
efforts were halted on right whales out of concerns regarding potential 
health impacts. NMFS has supported development of less invasive tags to 
track (greater than 24 hours) right whales since 2014. First, we began 
supporting an investigation into using dart-style Low Impact Minimally 
Percutaneous Electronic Transmitters (LIMPETs) on right whales. 
Although a few of the tags successfully tracked right whale movements 
through the mid-Atlantic, most tag attachments were relatively brief. 
Fortunately, there was no evidence of negative health impacts in any of 
the whales that were tagged. We also began, and continue to support, 
the development of blubber-only tags. These are slightly more invasive 
than the LIMPET tags. The fieldwork component of this study was 
interrupted by the global pandemic. Still, tag enhancements continue to 
be supported including investigations into tag materials, tag retention 
methods, etc. It should be noted that despite several decades of 
development, many of the technical and logistical challenges of tagging 
continue to limit the utility of this approach. It is therefore 
important for NMFS to continue and enhance existing monitoring programs 
to provide whale location information for a large portion of the 
population.
    Comment 8.16: NMFS should use spotter planes to make fishermen 
aware of when whales are in their area.
    Response: NMFS uses multiple means to track right whales, including 
aerial surveys and acoustic monitoring systems. Near real-time sighting 
information can be found on our website at fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/map/north-atlantic-right-whale-sightings.
    Comment 8.17: Warming in the Gulf of Maine is causing changes in 
copepod distribution, driving whales to Canada, and out of Maine.
    Response: NMFS agrees that large whales are susceptible to 
ecosystem changes caused by climate change and right whale habitat use 
changes have been documented. Baleen whales will most likely continue 
to expand or shift their current range in response to prey species but 
the nature of the impacts varies by species (MacLeod 2009). Right whale 
habitat shifts in recent years follow their preferred prey farther 
north as the Gulf of Maine warms (Meyer-Gutbrod et al. 2018, Meyer-
Gutbrod and Greene 2018, Record et al. 2019a, Record et al. 2019b). 
Climate change impacts their preferred prey abundance, which is known 
to impede reproductive success in this species (Meyer-Gutbrod et al. 
2015a). Since 2010, there has been a documented change in right whale 
prey distribution that has shifted right whales into new areas with 
nascent risk reduction measures, increasing documented anthropogenic 
mortality (Plourde et al. 2019, Record et al. 2019). However, data 
shows that while abundance and duration of stays may have shifted, 
right whales still occur in waters offshore of Maine and throughout the 
Gulf of Maine at various times of the year. Past and near real-time 
right whale sighting information can be accessed online at 
fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/map/north-atlantic-right-whale-sightings.
    Comment 8.18: North Atlantic right whales do not occur in coastal, 
shallow waters or in LMA 1, and therefore, Maine coastal waters, 
particularly inside the 3 nm line, should be exempted from these 
regulations.
    Response: Gear marking and weak insertion requirements inside the 
Maine exempted waters are not included in this rulemaking. These 
measures are (gear marking) or will (weak insertions) be implemented by 
Maine DMR. Note, however, that the risk reduction benefits of weak 
insertions are considered in the FEIS.
    Comment 8.19: Massachusetts lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot fishing 
gear has never killed a right whale. These regulations will not save 
whales and will force Massachusetts lobstermen out of business.
    Response: No gear remains on most right whales that bear 
entanglement scars. In the cases where gear does remain, it is rarely 
collected, and even more rarely has any identifying marks. Between 1980 
and 2016, the New England Aquarium analyzed 1,462 right whale 
entanglement interactions (A. Knowlton pers comm). Only 110 of these 
incidents had gear still attached, and in only 13 cases could that gear 
be traced to the original set location. Because we lack information on 
exactly where interactions occur, we use areas of high co-occurrence of 
right whales and fishing gear as a proxy for identifying areas of high 
entanglement potential. For example, the Massachusetts Restricted Area 
was identified in the 2014 modifications to the ALWTRP based on high 
co-occurrence given frequent habitat use by North Atlantic right whales 
and fishing gear density. There are other areas in Massachusetts that 
have been identified as hotspots where entanglement risk is high for 
right whales based on predicted whale density and the presence and 
strength of trap/pot gear (see Chapter 3).
    There are cases in 2011 and 2012 where gear was recovered and were 
identified as U.S. unknown trap/pot gear with red ALWTRP marks, 
consistent with the marking scheme for Massachusetts fishermen outside 
of exempted waters during those years. In 2001 and 2016, right whale 
mortalities or serious injuries in Massachusetts lobster gear were 
avoided only because they were successfully disentangled. Additionally, 
a number of anchored minke whales and humpback whales have been 
identified in Massachusetts gear in the past 15 years, so Massachusetts 
lobster buoy lines do entangle and kill whales.
    Comment 8.20: Whale population data is flawed because right whales 
are traveling between Iceland and Labrador, and are not dead as the 
model suggests.
    Response: The right whale population model estimates the number of 
right whales that have disappeared from the population. Given the high 
percentage of the population seen in most years, those whales are to 
some extent presumed dead. It is possible that some right whales are 
not dead, but have emigrated to another area for an extended period. 
Some individuals have been resighted after an absence of many years. 
This is unusual, however, and it is unlikely that all the whales 
considered dead have only emigrated. We currently have few records of 
right whales seen beyond Newfoundland, and to date the whales 
photographed in the Eastern Atlantic have all been seen again in U.S. 
waters. See our response to Comment 8.7 for more detail.

9. Restricted Areas

    The vast majority of commenters associated with campaigns, as well 
as at least 97 unique commenters, support restricted areas as a 
management tool, with many suggesting that some or all of the closures 
should be larger and/or longer. A few commenters did not support 
specific restricted areas, and some did not support restricted areas of 
any kind. Many commenters supported the idea of dynamic management for 
restricted areas, such that the areas could be opened if no right 
whales were documented in the area at the time of a closure or areas 
could be closed upon the sightings of right whales. Several

[[Page 51995]]

commenters questioned the risk reduction value for the Massachusetts 
Bay Restricted Area, which we did continue to include in our risk 
reduction estimate for the Preferred Alternative, as described in FEIS 
Section 3.3.4.2.
    Comment 9.1: Several commenters suggested that restricted areas 
should apply to gillnet/mobile gear.
    Response: The ALWTRT is meeting to develop recommendations to 
reduce the risk of gillnet and other trap/pot fisheries on right whales 
and other large whales. Seasonal restricted areas are likely to be 
among the risk reduction strategies considered by the Team.
    Comment 9.2: NMFS should use dynamic closures such as those being 
used in Canada. Dynamic closures would allow fishermen to keep fishing 
as long as the whales are not there.
    Response: The ALWTRP has used Seasonal Area Management to protect 
right whales in areas of annual predictable aggregations since the 
inception of the Plan. The Plan also has employed dynamic management to 
protect temporary right whale aggregations. Measures implemented 
through amendments to the Plan in 2002 triggered closures or gear 
modification requirements for lobster and gillnet fishing within a 
prescribed distance from sightings of right whale aggregations. 
Borggaard et al. (2017) summarizes the ALWTRP's amendments, including 
the evolution of the Dynamic Area Management (DAM) program. More than 
60 dynamic area management zones were implemented between 2002 and 
2009. Borggaard et al. notes that the program was administratively 
burdensome and attracted significant complaints regarding feasibility 
and effectiveness, ranging from delayed implementation preventing whale 
protection, to such rapid implementation that fishermen could not 
safely remove or modify their gear in time for the required effective 
dates. Given these concerns about the DAM program, the Team modified 
the Plan to instead apply broad-based extensions of the gear 
modifications used in DAMs (such as sinking groundline required in most 
trap trawls through 2009 Plan amendments). Broad-based gear 
requirements afford protection to whales, and is a measure that is 
resilient to changes in whale and fishery distribution.
    Although it was not effective at preventing mortalities in 2019, 
Canada's vessel speed and fishery dynamic management program seems to 
have afforded substantial protection to right whales in the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence in 2018 and 2020. Canada implements time-area closures with 
boundaries that vary based on direct observations that respond to 
annual or seasonal resources distribution changes. To be done well 
Canada currently implements an intensive and expensive surveillance 
program through aerial surveys and acoustic monitoring. Canada also has 
an agile regulatory implementation authority.
    While NMFS and our collaborators may be able to support an 
intensive surveillance program when resources are available, the U.S. 
regulatory requirements are not as agile. As discussed above, while 
DAMs were being implemented, NMFS rulemaking was often unsuccessful at 
responding rapidly to changing conditions. NMFS rulemakings under the 
MMPA and ESA are also subject to procedurally complex Federal laws and 
requirements that Canadian resource management is not subject to, 
including NEPA, PRA, APA, and E.O. 12866. These laws include 
consultation requirements, notice and comment requirements, and 
environmental and economic analyses of the impacts of Federal 
rulemaking before final decisions can be made about Federal actions 
that could have environmental effects. Evaluating the impacts of future 
actions that have not yet been determined is logistically very 
challenging. NMFS, other Federal agencies, and many collaborators are 
continuing to develop models that may be able to project prey and whale 
distribution into future months that could provide tools to develop 
predictable triggers for dynamic area management measures.
    Comment 9.3: Many commenters voiced concern that NMFS had not 
adequately accounted for the effort displacement and crowding that will 
be caused by closures.
    Response: In response to these comments, we modified our analysis 
in the FEIS to consider the impacts that would be caused by vessels 
relocating gear from the LMA 1 Restricted Area to offshore waters of 
Maine Lobster Zones C, D, and E. The analysis in FEIS Section 6.3 
estimates the landing reduction for all vessels outside 12 nm in Maine 
Lobster Zones C, D, and E by using data from the Maine DMR harvester 
reports, which are only available for 10 percent of Maine lobster 
fishermen, and from 100 percent of the dealer reports.
    Comment 9.4: How will the restricted areas affect mobile gear 
fishermen?
    Response: Restricted areas may result in opening up of fishing 
habitat that mobile gear vessels have not been able to access due to 
the presence of lobster trawls, although the benefits may be marginal.
    Mobile gear fishermen have expressed concerns about conflicts with 
ropeless gear trawls that may be fished under EFPs and that could 
increase gear conflicts if trawlers do not know the gear is on the 
bottom. The final rule changes existing and new seasonal restricted 
areas from fishing closures to buoy line closures. This would allow the 
use of gear fished without buoy lines (commonly referred to as 
``ropeless'' gear). Fishermen who obtain EFPs to fish without buoy 
lines could pose some gear conflict threat to mobile gear fishermen. 
Ropeless experimentation with the proper authorization can be done 
anywhere, however access to areas otherwise closed to lobster fishing 
could incentivize fishermen to conduct ropeless fishing within the 
seasonal restricted areas.
    Ropeless experimentation in the lobster and black sea bass trap/pot 
fisheries is occurring already. In the northeast, NMFS and ropeless 
fishing collaborators are working with groundfish and scallop bottom 
trawl fishermen to assess bottom marking technology being developed to 
allow mariners to detect lobster. Concerns that this experimentation 
will occur broadly in the near term appear to be unfounded. Due to the 
cost of ropeless technology, for the foreseeable future we believe that 
ropeless experimentation will be limited to collaborators accessing the 
NMFS ropeless gear cache, with perhaps an additional 10 percent of 
trawls being fished with other ropeless units. The NMFS gear cache also 
loans technology to collaborating mobile gear fishermen. For the next 
few years, we anticipate that the largest number of trap/pot trawls 
that could be supported by these efforts would approach about 330 pot/
trap trawls coastwide (Maine through Florida). Additionally, we 
anticipate that EFP conditions will require participants to work with 
adjacent trawl fisheries, as well as other notice requirements that 
will prevent gear conflicts and support enforcement efforts. 
Collaboration across gear sectors, use of the NMFS ropeless gear cache, 
and reporting and monitoring conditions under exempted fishing permits 
should keep costs and gear conflicts to a minimum while ropeless 
technology is evaluated for potential use as an alternative to fishery 
closures.
    Comment 9.5: Many commenters were concerned that restricted areas 
would create ``walls'' of dense gear right outside the borders, posing 
a greater risk to right whales.

[[Page 51996]]

    Response: We have modified our analysis in the FEIS to consider 
gear displacement in response to the restricted areas. These analyses 
resulted in changes in the South Island Restricted Area selected for 
final rulemaking, and was one of the reasons that a seasonal buoy line 
closure was not selected for the Georges Basin Restricted Area in the 
preferred alternative. Updated calculations on the gear displacement 
effects of restricted areas suggested the alternative restricted areas 
displaced gear to areas of equal or higher co-occurrence, although 
``walls'' of gear were not projected. The borders of the restricted 
areas are not uniformly productive lobster habitat. Fishermen are more 
likely to redistribute their gear to fishing ground that is productive. 
Please see Chapters 3, 5, and 6 of the FEIS for more details.
    Until recently, NMFS had no evidence that existing closures created 
``walls'' of gear. In April 2021, however, concentrations of gear were 
observed in a small open area east of the state of Massachusetts 
extended spring closure area and west of the Massachusetts Restricted 
Area (MRA). This appears to be an unintended consequence of the state 
extension of the MRA in state waters to the northern state boundary. 
Although this patch of Massachusetts Bay is not a productive fishing 
ground during this season, fishery managers believe that fishermen 
permitted to fish in both state and Federal waters did not remove their 
gear in response to the closure, but instead moved gear out of the 
state waters and into this small open band of water while waiting for 
the MRA to open up May 1 (Bob Glenn, Massachusetts DMF, pers comm April 
26, 2021). Federally permitted fishermen may also have been staging 
their gear, taking it out over multiple trips and days until the MRA 
opened. NMFS will consider future rulemaking to extend the northern 
boundary of the MRA across to the coast to close that gap and prevent 
an annual development of this high-risk dense gear storage area. The 
unconstricted nature of waters surrounding other seasonal restricted 
areas are not expected to similarly aggregate gear.
    Comment 9.6: NMFS should add a restricted area north of Georges 
Bank and/or expand the Georges Bank restricted area. Georges Basin has 
a right whale hot-spot analysis five times greater than LMA 1.
    Response: The final rule does not implement a restricted area in 
Georges Basin, but instead includes additional reduction of lines in 
this area (50 traps per trawl within the restricted area). The previous 
analyses suggest that it is difficult to restrict fishing in this 
hotspot without pushing effort to areas that increase risk outside of 
the hotspot based on predicted whale density (see co-occurrence maps in 
Chapter 5 and Appendix 5.2 the DEIS). Broad line reduction, however, 
achieves line and associated risk reduction without incidentally 
increasing co-occurrence of gear with right whales within this area.
    Comment 9.7: The Pew Charitable Trusts' online message campaign of 
more than 47,000 submissions requested that NMFS implement a year-round 
closure South of the Islands, and seasonal closures in three areas in 
the Gulf of Maine: Downeast summer closure from August 1-October 31, a 
western Gulf of Maine spring closure from May 1 to July 31, and an 
offshore migration closure from October 1 to April 30.
    Response: NMFS analyzed the Gulf of Maine closures proposed by The 
Pew Charitable Trusts along with the year-round closure proposed in 
southern New England. Some of the areas identified were predicted to 
move gear into areas of equal or greater risk. One area south of Cape 
Cod is similar to the seasonal restricted area implemented in this 
rule, although the area they proposed was larger in size and duration. 
The risk reduction estimate for the configurations and seasons proposed 
by Pew would achieve an estimated 12 percent risk reduction according 
to Decision Support Tool Version 3, using the updated right whale 
habitat density model (2010-2018).
    However, to implement these measures, NMFS would have to set aside 
the current rulemaking conducted under the ALWTRT, and divert staff 
working on final rule and FEIS to prepare a new rule and NEPA analyses, 
not a small undertaking. The final rule, which is estimated to achieve 
approximately 67 percent risk reduction, is the NMFS priority. See FEIS 
Section 3.4 for a further discussion of the petition and other 
alternatives that were considered but rejected.
    Comment 9.8: Many commenters wanted to know how NMFS will evaluate 
and modify restricted areas based on changes to whale distribution, and 
how often those evaluations will take place.
    Response: NMFS anticipates annual meetings of the Team to review 
the North Atlantic right whale and other large whale distribution and 
abundance data, mortality and serious injury updates, retrieved 
entanglement gear analyses, fishing effort data, and other relevant 
research results. These data will be incorporated into the next 
iterations of the Decision Support Tool. The Team will consider 
modifications to seasonal restricted areas on an annual basis, and the 
team will continue to make recommendations to amend the Plan. Following 
the recommendations of the NMFS Expert Working Group, which reviewed 
the right whale surveillance and monitoring programs (Oleson et al. 
2020), the NEFSC anticipates a three-year surveillance and review 
cycle, providing an additional opportunity to review right whale 
distribution data to evaluate seasonal restricted areas and other 
conservation measures contained within the ALWTRP.
    Comment 9.9: Restricted areas should be based on the best available 
science, which includes recent and historical sightings, acoustic data, 
and prey data.
    Response: As described in FEIS Section 5.1, the seasonal restricted 
areas that are being implemented through the final rule are based on 
the best available information, including recent and historical right 
whale and other large whale sightings data, acoustic monitoring data, 
and data on prey distribution. The FEIS includes analysis based on 
updated data that has become available since we drafted the DEIS.
    Comment 9.10: Dynamic triggers for closures would not be feasible, 
and NMFS should remove that from consideration in the final rule.
    Response: NMFS agrees that real time data are not available to 
develop an effective trigger for restricted areas. To reduce risk to 
right whales, the LMA 1 area will be implemented as a closure to 
lobster/Jonah crab fishing with buoy lines from October through January 
each year.
    Comment 9.11: Commenters suggested that LMA 1 was designated a 
``hotspot'' for right whales based on old data, and should be analyzed 
using data after the ecosystem shift that began in 2010. As a result of 
old data, the analysis in the proposed LMA 1 closed area appears to be 
disproportionately high in risk reduction value compared to the 
Massachusetts Restricted Area, given the relatively low abundance of 
right whales in that area and the high abundance in Cape Cod Bay.
    Response: In the DEIS, we evaluated whale data from 2003 to 2017 
(Whale model 8, DST Version 2). The proposed LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted 
Area was estimated to have the same risk reduction value of the MRA. 
However, when the Duke whale model was updated to include only whale 
distribution since 2010 (Whale model 11, DST Version 3), while the 
spatial distribution off Maine generally didn't change, the relative 
abundance of right whales did. Using the newer data, the

[[Page 51997]]

LMA 1 restricted area contributes less risk reduction benefit 
(approximately 6.6 percent) than was considered in the DEIS when 
considered across all of the Northeast Lobster Trap/Pot Management 
Area. However, the value of the LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted Area remains 
an important piece of the risk reduction for Maine permitted fishermen. 
See FEIS Sections 3.1.2.5.1 and 5.3.1.1.2 for more information 
regarding the selection and analysis of the LMA 1 restricted area.
    The LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted Area was created to supplement the 
risk reduction contribution of the Maine lobster fishery to the overall 
60-80 percent risk reduction for the Northeast Trap/Pot Management 
Area, following the ALWTRT's recommendation in April 2019 to spread 
risk reduction across jurisdictions. The original recommendation 
approved by the Maine caucus achieved that level of risk reduction 
primarily through a 50 percent line reduction. However, after the 
ALWTRT meeting, the Maine DMR and the Maine Lobstermen's Association 
members on the Team withdrew their support for such extensive line 
reduction measures. Maine DMR developed alternatives and used an 
alternative risk reduction calculation to demonstrate their belief that 
their alternative, which included broad use of weak insertions and some 
trawling up to reduce vertical buoy line numbers, achieved a 60 percent 
risk reduction. NMFS' analysis of the Maine risk reduction measures for 
the DEIS estimated that the Maine DMR revisions were insufficient to 
achieve 60 percent risk reduction for Maine-permitted fishermen in LMA 
1. In discussions regarding preliminary analyses with Maine DMR prior 
to their submission of alternatives, NMFS suggested a closure along the 
LMA1 Restricted Area border with LMA 3 to improve the risk reduction 
calculation for that area during winter months when right whales have 
been demonstrated to aggregate in offshore waters.
    Comment 9.12: NMFS erred in conducting hot-spot analysis by Lobster 
Management Area rather than the region as a whole, and as a result, 
fails to provide evidence that the LMA 1 Restricted Area is supported 
by the data.
    Response: We disagree. As analyzed in FEIS Section 5.1, and in 
comment 9.11 above, the LMA 1 Restricted Area provides significant risk 
reduction for right whales. This area was identified as part of a 
Northeast Trap/Pot Management Area fishery-wide hotspot analysis. See 
FEIS Section 3.1.2.4 for further details.
    Comment 9.13: Several commenters suggested that LMA 1 should be 
closed in the spring rather than fall, both to alleviate lost profits 
and to protect calves.
    Response: In evaluating the risk reduction provided by the 
restricted areas, we relied on the peer-reviewed DST. The DST does not 
indicate substantial risk reduction from restricted areas implemented 
in the spring or summer months. The DST indicates that October through 
January demonstrate the most effective risk reduction to right whales. 
See FEIS Section 5.1 for more information. Estimated right whale 
habitat density and co-occurrence is included in the table below.

 Table 5--LMA 1 Monthly Right Whale Density and Co-Occurrence With Buoy
                                  Lines
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Right whale
                  Month                       habitat     Right whale co-
                                              density       occurrence
------------------------------------------------------------------------
January.................................            6.31           23.50
February................................            1.37            3.87
March...................................            0.12            0.33
April...................................            0.16            0.43
May.....................................            0.98            1.74
June....................................            0.85            1.26
July....................................            0.44            0.66
August..................................            0.17            0.37
September...............................            0.35            0.74
October.................................            4.50           11.00
November................................            8.75           24.42
December................................            5.37           15.99
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment 9.14: NMFS should allow ropeless fishing in LMA 1.
    Response: The LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted Area would be a buoy line 
closure rather than a fishery closure. Fishermen with an EFP for 
fishing without the use of persistent buoy lines would be able to fish 
within the seasonal restricted area from October to January.
    Comment 9.15: NMFS should reconfigure the LMA1 restricted area so 
that it would be narrower and run the entire length of the Area 1 line, 
and should also be at least the same size--if not larger--on the Area 3 
side of that line, too. This would spread the burden of the closure, 
and would benefit the whales according to the co-occurrence model. It 
would also reduce crowding at the area borders, and the accompanying 
gear conflicts and losses.
    Response: This is a novel idea that could have been assessed if it 
had been received during scoping. Because this proposed seasonal 
restricted area was not analyzed in the DEIS, we are unable to 
implement it through final rulemaking at this time. The ALWTRT could 
consider this as an amendment during future discussions.
    Comment 9.16: A number of commenters suggested that the LMA 1 
restricted area was not supported by the acoustic data, either because 
acoustic gliders were not deployed at the right time of year, or 
because the acoustic data showed that only 27 percent of the right 
whale detections were inside LMA 1.
    Response: The right whale habitat model (Duke Model Version 11) 
that the LMA 1 Restricted Area was based on projects a higher density 
of whales in this area throughout October to January. Like some 
commenters, given the lack of recent systematic surveys in this area, 
we were concerned that whales might not be using this area after they 
shifted distributions in the last decade. The glider data validated 
that right whales are still in LMA 1 during the season predicted by the 
Duke Whale Habitat Model (Version 11).
    The commenter notes that only 27 percent of reported positions from 
deployed acoustic gliders were inside the LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted 
Area and season. The glider data supports the Duke whale habitat model 
(Version 11), which estimates higher whale densities on the LMA 3 side 
of the LMA boundary than the LMA 1 side. The glider data does, however, 
validate that whales are still in this area seasonally. Gear density on 
the LMA 3 side is much lower than on the LMA 1 side. We initially 
assessed a restricted area that included both sides of the boundary, 
but determined that there was minimal benefit from the LMA 3 side. LMA 
3 vessels are adopting trawling up and weak line measures that provide 
greater risk reduction, so the restricted area does not include the LMA 
3 side of the boundary.
    During the comment period, we received information that we had 
underestimated the number of vessels that would be affected by the LMA 
1 Restricted Area. In our revised analysis, we considered that in 
conjunction with the fact that there are only about 75 LMA 3-permitted 
vessels. LMA 3 vessels have higher rates of vessel trip reporting, 
which contributes to our estimates of gear distribution. However, 
because we also received anecdotal reports of higher gear densities on 
the LMA 3 side than our data indicate, we are investigating whether LMA 
1 permitted vessels are inaccurately reporting location, or whether we 
are we are underestimating gear density and entanglement threat on the 
LMA 3 side.
    We have modified our analysis of the value of the LMA 1 Seasonal 
Restricted Area in the FEIS. See Chapters 3 and 5.
    Comment 9.17: NMFS should add restricted areas in LMA 3, as a huge 
majority of the boats there already fish

[[Page 51998]]

45 pot trawls or longer, and the proposed regulations will have little 
effect on reducing the risk posed by fishing in LMA 3.
    Response: Alternative 3 analyzed restricted areas in offshore 
waters of LMA 3. The final rule does not implement restricted areas in 
LMA 3, and instead requires a combination of trawling up and weak rope 
requirements. Some areas originally considered for seasonal closures to 
buoy lines in LMA 3 were difficult to create without just shifting the 
risk (see co-occurrence maps in Chapter 5 of the FEIS). Broad line 
reduction and weak rope requirements achieved associated risk reduction 
without incidentally increasing co-occurrence with right whales within 
this area. Contrary to the comment, the average baseline gear 
configuration according to the line model in the DST is 35 traps per 
trawl, so requiring a minimum of 45 traps per trawl is predicted to 
reduce lines in this area. The new preferred alternative offers a 
conservation equivalency that would result in an average of 44 traps on 
a trawl, but with longer trawl lengths occurring in areas of high whale 
density, thus offering slightly greater risk reduction for LMA 3.
    Comment 9.18: The Massachusetts Bay Restricted Area should be 
expanded.
    Response: The final rule would expand the restricted area to 
include state waters to the Massachusetts/New Hampshire line, mirroring 
the regulations implemented by Massachusetts Division of Marine 
Fisheries in the Code of Massachusetts Regulations, Title 322 Section 
12.
    Comment 9.19: We ask NMFS to expand its proposed trigger of three 
right whales to extend the Massachusetts Bay Restricted Area to include 
a cow/calf as a trigger, in addition to three right whales.
    Response: The final rule does not include a dynamic opening 
mechanism or trigger for the Massachusetts Bay Restricted Area.
    Comment 9.20: Seasonal restricted areas should be re-evaluated as a 
management measure once the commercial fishery transitions to ropeless 
fishing systems.
    Response: We anticipate that the ALWTRT will consider the 
appropriateness of existing and new seasonal management areas at 
meetings annually within the context of the best available information 
on large whale distribution, abundance, mortality, birth rates, and 
population metrics. Should ropeless fishing develop as an operationally 
feasible alternative to closures, that will also be evaluated.
    Comment 9.21: What is the risk reduction value to other large whale 
species of the South Island restricted area?
    Response: The South Island Restricted Area was designed to reduce 
co-occurrence and associated risk of entanglement to right whales and 
is not a hot spot for other species. For the FEIS, new analyses 
conducted by the NMFS Decision Support Tool team evaluated the amount 
of humpback and fin whale co-occurrence reduction in the expanded South 
Island Restricted Area. These analyses found that, though these species 
may occur within this area and indirectly benefit from a reduction in 
buoy lines, this buoy line closure does not measurably reduce co-
occurrence and the associated overall entanglement risk for humpback 
whales or fin whales within the Northeast Trap/Pot Management Region.
    Comment 9.22: NMFS should establish a larger restricted area south 
of Nantucket, which has become recognized as an important winter 
habitat for right whales.
    Response: The final rule implements the larger South Island 
Restricted Area, which had been analyzed in Alternative 3 (Non-
preferred) in the DEIS. See FEIS Chapter 3 for the South Island 
Restricted Area selected for implementation.
    Comment 9.23: The South Island Restricted Area should be closed 
year-round, as NMFS has confirmed that the area south of the islands is 
a year-round habitat for the species.
    Response: The monthly risk scores within the South Island 
Restricted Area are shown in the table below. The risk within this 
specific area is estimated to be very low between June and November. A 
year-round closure is not supported by this data. The closure is being 
implemented when the risk level and predicted whale density are the 
highest.

        Table 6--South Island Restricted Area Monthly Risk Scores
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Right whale
                  Month                    Default risk       habitat
                                                              density
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................            4.12           83.85
2.......................................            3.54           87.82
3.......................................            3.25           92.54
4.......................................            3.68          104.14
5.......................................            1.32           47.87
6.......................................            0.19            4.54
7.......................................            0.03            0.61
8.......................................            0.02             0.5
9.......................................            0.03            0.67
10......................................            0.08             1.4
11......................................            0.38             8.4
12......................................            1.95           45.39
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment 9.24: Because right whales use the South Island area year-
round, NMFS should require only one buoy line between May and October 
to reduce risk of entanglement in this heavy offshore gear.
    Response: The use of one buoy line on long trawls in areas of high 
mobile gear fishing effort would likely increase gear conflicts until 
technology becomes available that allows surface detection of bottom 
gear. Work on this challenge is currently being conducted to support 
the development of ropeless fishing methods, including a collaboration 
with mobile gear fishermen to assess bottom gear marking technology. 
These efforts could make this possible for future consideration as a 
risk reduction measure.
    Comment 9.25: NMFS has drastically underestimated the amount of 
fishermen actively fishing in the LMA 1 restricted area, and thus the 
effects of the restricted area on fishermen. If there are only 45 
fishermen in the LMA 1 restricted area, the risk reduction value of the 
closure should be much lower, since that would mean there aren't many 
buoy lines in that area.
    Response: Based on the comments we received from Maine fishermen 
saying that we had underestimated the number of fishermen in LMA 1, we 
have modified our economic analysis of the impacts of the LMA 1 
seasonal restricted area. Fishermen fishing in the fishing zones that 
are bisected by the LMA 1 restricted area are not all required to 
submit vessel trip reports, making a precise count of affected vessels 
difficult. Based on fishermen's input, the evaluation, which can be 
found in FEIS Section 6.3, now assumes that up to 50 percent of the 
vessels that fish outside of 12 nm in Maine Zones C, D, and E, up to 60 
vessels, may have landings from the restricted area. The other half of 
the vessels may be crowded by the vessels that move from the restricted 
area into the waters 12 nm offshore of Maine Zones C, D, and E, 
reducing their catch rates. As a result, our estimate of vessels that 
may be affected by the LMA 1 Restricted Area has been increased to 120 
in the FEIS. See FEIS Section 6.3.
    Estimated buoy line numbers are only one component of the risk 
estimated for the LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted Area. Three factors are 
considered: Whale density, gear density, and threat of the 
configuration of gear used in an area. Those were sufficient to 
identify this area as a hotspot, as described further in FEIS Section 
3.1.2.4.
    Comment 9.26: If NMFS closes an area during the summer, the 
available

[[Page 51999]]

fishing window would be cut by 40 to 50 percent.
    Response: There are no summer restricted areas in this final rule. 
For analysis of the restricted areas being implemented in this final 
rule, see FEIS Section 1.4.3.
    Comment 9.27: NMFS should require that fishing vessels operate at 
less than 10 knots under EFPs in restricted areas, regardless of their 
vessel length.
    Response: Vessel speed restrictions are likely to be included as a 
condition of EFPs for activities in seasonally restricted areas. 
Evidence suggests that 10 knot speed restrictions within areas of large 
whale occurrence have successfully mitigated vessel strikes (Laist et 
al. 2014). Fishing vessels actively fishing either operate at 
relatively slow speeds, drift, or remain idle when setting, soaking and 
hauling gear. Listed species in the path of a fishing vessel would be 
more likely to have time to move away before being struck. However, 
fishing vessels transiting to and from port or between fishing areas 
can travel at greater speeds and could strike a right whale or other 
vulnerable species. A 10-knot transit requirement for fishing vessels 
authorized to harvest lobster from seasonally restricted areas is 
merited as these areas are seasonally important to right whales.
    Comment 9.28: Closures in offshore areas would also minimize the 
impact on fishermen, because the majority of lobster fishing occurs 
closer to shore.
    Response: For an explanation for how seasonal restricted areas were 
selected, see FEIS Section 3.1.2.4 and for a description of the number 
vessels impacted and the economic impacts by seasonal restricted areas 
considered in the preferred and non-preferred alternatives, see FEIS 
Section 6.3.

10. Ropeless Technology

    We received thousands of comments, including the majority of 
campaign comments, on ropeless fishing, with the vast majority of non-
fishermen supporting an immediate transition to ropeless gear 
throughout the northeast lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot fishery, and 
the majority of fishermen opposing ropeless fishing on the grounds that 
it is expensive, unproven, and impractical for a variety of reasons. 
While ropeless technology is not required in the final rule, fishermen 
who wish to try ropeless fishing may apply for an EFP, and will be able 
to fish in the restricted areas to test the technology.
    Comment 10.1: NMFS should promote the permitting process and make 
sure that all fishermen are aware of and have the opportunity to 
participate in EFP trials of ropeless gear.
    Response: An EFP is a permit issued by NMFS' Greater Atlantic 
Regional Fisheries Office. EFPs authorize a vessel to conduct fishing 
activities that would otherwise be prohibited under the regulations at 
50 CFR part 648 or part 697. Generally, EFPs are issued for activities 
in support of fisheries-related research, including landing undersized 
fish or fish in excess of a possession limit for research purposes, 
seafood product development and/or market research, compensation 
fishing, the collection of fish for public display, or in this case, 
testing various aspects of ropeless gear. Anyone that intends to engage 
in an activity that would be prohibited under these regulations (with 
the exception of scientific research on a scientific research vessel, 
and exempted educational activities) is required to obtain an EFP prior 
to commencing the activity. While NMFS believes that ropeless gear 
should be widely tested by vessels under varying operating conditions, 
researchers submitting the EFP requests will be responsible for 
soliciting and securing participants.
    Comment 10.2: Many fishermen had questions and concerns about the 
feasibility of ropeless fishing. Fishermen were concerned about whether 
ropeless technology could work in areas subject to different tides, on 
different bottoms, and in different weather conditions. Others raised 
concerns about conflicts with bottom-tending mobile gear, conflicts 
with other ropeless traps/pot gear, a reported 80 percent retrieval 
rate, an increase in lost gear, which leads to ghost gear, and the need 
for a marking system. Still others were concerned that ropeless 
technology is not ready to be implemented, and would take too long to 
implement. Concerns about repairs, enforcement, expense, and safety 
hazards were also raised.
    Response: We acknowledge that considering broad scale deployment of 
ropeless fishing requires additional planning and research to overcome 
obstacles to implementation. This would include many of the potential 
issues identified within these comments. However, technologies are 
developing to enable fishermen to increase the rate of successful 
retrieval of ropeless gear and to minimize gear conflicts and increase 
enforceability over time. NMFS has invested a substantial amount of 
funding in the industry's development of ropeless fishing gear. We 
anticipate that these efforts to facilitate and support the industry's 
development of ropeless gear will continue, pending appropriations, 
including cooperative research and field trials, economic analyses and 
cost projection, and policy implementation, among the many factors that 
require consideration and further study.
    Comment 10.3: NMFS should offer buybacks or subsidies for fishermen 
unable to transition to ropeless gear.
    Response: Section 312(b) of the MSA establishes the mechanism for 
NMFS to conduct a buyback or fishing capacity reduction program. It 
requires funding appropriations from Congress and a determination that 
the program is necessary to prevent or end overfishing, rebuild stocks 
of fish, or achieve measurable or significant improvements in the 
conservation and management of the fishery.
    Comment 10.4: NMFS did not analyze the costs or effects of 
conflicts between ropeless gear and bottom-tending mobile gear, or the 
effects of ropeless-only fishing areas on mobile gear fisheries, some 
of which significantly overlap with prime scallop grounds.
    Response: NMFS agrees that this would be useful information to 
analyze but was unable to provide a specific cost estimate in the FEIS. 
We have modified our discussion of the effects of gear conflicts 
associated with ropeless gear. See FEIS Section 3.3.3.
    Comment 10.5: NMFS needs to invest in the technology to make it 
viable, which should include working with manufacturers to develop 
virtual gear marking systems and to tailor the devices to the needs of 
fishermen in different areas.
    Response: NMFS has invested a substantial amount of funding in the 
collaborative development of ropeless fishing gear. Virtual gear 
marking systems are being tested by mobile and fixed gear fishermen and 
we anticipated that these efforts will continue, pending 
appropriations.
    Comment 10.6: Ropeless gear regulations will be difficult to 
impossible to enforce.
    Response: Currently ropeless fishing is conducted under EFPs or 
state authorizations to exempt fishermen from the fishery management 
regulations that require the use of buoy lines to notify mariners of 
the presence of fixed fishing gear. Conditions of authorization include 
notification of effort, monitoring and reporting. If a permittee does 
not abide by the terms of the permit, the permittee will be subject to 
enforcement action. As data is collected throughout the EFP process for 
ropeless gear, law enforcement has the opportunity to review that data. 
Lessons learned from ropeless testing will be incorporated into an 
enforcement strategy in the event that ropeless

[[Page 52000]]

technology is authorized for use in the fishery.
    Comment 10.7: For ropeless fishing to work, we will need a new trap 
allocation system. There are too many traps in the water for ropeless 
to work.
    Response: We recognize that feasibility in terms of both 
affordability and effective avoidance of gear conflicts will be most 
challenging in areas of dense fishing effort. A number of studies have 
demonstrated that effort reduction could be done without substantial 
economic impacts, see for example, Myers and Moore (2020) and Acheson 
(2013). Commenters including fishermen have suggested that a reduction 
in traps would provide fast and effective risk reduction. Less rope 
might ameliorate the need for further measures in some areas, and would 
reduce the cost of any future broadscale implementation of ropeless 
fishing.
    Comment 10.8: NMFS received several comments on space-sharing to 
address potential gear conflicts associated with ropeless gear. One 
commenter suggested that NMFS should not require trap fishermen and 
mobile gear fishermen to undertake space-sharing negotiations 
themselves. The other commenter suggested the use of seasonal areas for 
different gear types.
    Response: If broad adoption of ropeless fishing methods is 
considered and area management is deemed essential for success in 
preventing gear conflicts, NMFS anticipates that engagement and 
collaboration with the fishery management councils and commissions 
would be required to successfully design and implement any area-based 
management following fishery management public processes. This is well 
beyond the scope of what is being implemented by this rule.
    Comment 10.9: NMFS should fast-track and simplify permitting to 
make ropeless fishing an easier option for fishermen.
    Response: The provisions within this rule expand fishermen's 
options and provide incentives to fish with ropeless gear in an area 
otherwise restricted under the ALWTRP. The NMFS Greater Atlantic Region 
Fisheries Office is considering conducting an Environmental Assessment 
(EA) identifying and analyzing ropeless fishing under EFPs, including 
measures to minimize environmental impacts. The EA would facilitate 
development of EFP requests and reduce the need of the applicant for 
separate environmental analysis, expediting the EFP process 
substantially. The Northeast Fisheries Science Center has developed a 
``gear library'' for collaborating fishermen to access ropeless gear 
and virtual gear marking technology. We expect to continue to learn 
about the feasibility of ropeless gear on a broader scale as more 
fishermen take advantage of the opportunity to try ropeless. If 
operational challenges including surface markings are overcome, NMFS 
would work with the Council to determine if fishery management 
regulations could be modified to not require buoy lines, allowing 
ropeless fishing without an EFP.
    Comment 10.10: NMFS should develop a comprehensive roadmap for 
fishermen to permanently transition to ropeless gear so that they can 
continue to fish without endangering right whales. Relying on EFPs is 
not a long-term solution.
    Response: NMFS is currently developing a ``Roadmap to Ropeless 
Fishing'' comprehensive plan to document the agency's approach to 
researching and testing ropeless gear. This plan will also include 
economic analyses and potential policy pathways of ropeless fishing, 
along with identifying partners and establishing short and long-term 
goals for ropeless research and development
    Comment 10.11: For ropeless to work, there needs to be a single 
universal platform for all devices, so that all fishermen may see 
other's gear and locate their own.
    Response: Ropeless gear and the technologies enabling it have 
evolved rapidly in recent years. If ropeless fishing continues to 
develop, other technologies platforms such as those to view the 
location of set ropeless gear and to prevent gear conflicts and 
facilitate law enforcement, will need to develop concurrently.
    Comment 10.12: NMFS should establish additional ropeless restricted 
offshore areas, and require the offshore fishery to transition to 
ropeless gear within three years.
    Response: We will continue to evaluate the latest population 
abundance, mortality and serious injury, and PBR estimates calculated 
for large whales to inform the risk reduction targets that we provide 
to the ALWTRT. As we work to reduce lethal entanglement risk as 
required by the MMPA, we will continue to convene the Team to analyze 
the latest data and to make recommendations to us as to how best to 
fulfill these goals.
    Comment 10.13: Due to the high incidence of right whales in Cape 
Cod Bay from February to May, we recommend that NMFS not permit testing 
of ropeless fishing systems during these times.
    Response: We recognize that in some areas at some times, like Cape 
Cod Bay in late winter/early spring, any additional risk to right 
whales (increased vessel traffic, etc.) may be unacceptable. These 
risks may be evaluated and avoided or mitigated on an individual basis 
as applicants seek EFPs for ropeless experimentation within ALWTRP 
restricted areas.
    Comment 10.14: There is no way to implement ropeless in the gray 
zone, where Canadians are also setting their gear.
    Response: The rule does not require ropeless fishing in the gray 
zone or anywhere else.
    Comment 10.15: Ropeless fishing will still put thousands of end 
lines in the water column, but without tension on them, posing a 
greater risk for all marine mammals and boaters.
    Response: Ropeless fishing as it is currently being tested would 
only result in buoy lines in the water column when a fishing vessel is 
on site to retrieve the trawl. While we agree that operationalization 
of a ropeless fishery will require much more planning and evaluation in 
the future, ropeless vertical lines would spend a significantly lower 
proportion of time in the water column than a traditional fixed 
vertical line with a surface buoy. This would significantly lower 
exposure to marine mammals and therefore significantly lower 
entanglement risk.
    Comment 10.16: NMFS erred in asserting that ropeless gear should be 
considered ``neutral risk'' as sinking groundline may still pose a risk 
to large whales. While ropeless gear is not expected to be widely used 
in the immediate future, technology may advance to make it more 
feasible, and so NMFS should re-evaluate the risk posed by the gear.
    Response: To date, evidence of sinking groundline in large whale 
entanglements is limited, though we continue to investigate as the 
scarce data and opportunities allow. The discussion in the FEIS was 
modified per comments about possible addition of risk in areas where 
none currently occurs in existing closed areas. The qualitative 
discussion of risk including anticipated conditions while ropeless 
fishing is developed is summarized in the FEIS Section 5.3.1.1.2.1.2.

11. Stressors on Right Whales

    Dozens of commenters suggested a variety of factors that may be 
contributing to right whale decline, with many fishermen pointing to 
other known and possible causes of mortality. These commenters stated 
or suggested that this regulation will not contribute to the recovery 
of right whales due to issues beyond the scope of this

[[Page 52001]]

rulemaking. Among the issues raised are climate change, disease, 
pollution, inbreeding/small population size, previous entanglements, 
sonar, noise, oil spills, plastic pollution, shark predation on calves, 
vessel strikes, and offshore wind. The final rule and analyses in the 
FEIS are related to amendments to the Plan. The Plan and the take 
reduction process are restricted to monitoring and mitigating 
incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals incidental to 
particular U.S. commercial fisheries. The majority of these issues are 
outside the scope of this regulation, and many are beyond the authority 
of the NMFS but given the frequency with which these issues were 
introduced, we have provided some answers below.
    Comment 11.1: Climate change/global warming is primarily to blame 
for the decline of right whales, and it has nothing to do with 
fishermen.
    Response: The effects of climate change may have led to a shift in 
the distribution of right whales sometime between 2010 to 2013. This 
distribution shift increasingly brought right whales into areas of 
greater risk from human activities, including fishing. Entanglement in 
fishing gear is one of the primary causes of serious injury and 
mortality in right whales. See FEIS Section 1.1 for an overview.
    Comment 11.2: Since the right whales have found their food sources 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, they are thriving again and this 
rulemaking is unnecessary.
    Response: NMFS disagrees. Since the population started regularly 
using the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the population has declined by 23 
percent overall, and roughly 200 right whales have died, many of them 
outside the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Threats to right whales are spread 
across their range in U.S. and Canadian waters.
    The need to amend the ALWTRP is driven by the average reported 
mortality and serious injury to right whales due to fishery 
entanglement compared to PBR is 0.8 per year and, unfortunately, 
fishery entanglement-related mortality and serious injury is 5.55 
whales per year (Hayes et al. 2020). Since fishery entanglement-induced 
mortality and serious injury exceeds PBR, this rule is necessary.
    Comment 11.3: NMFS should consider the effects of disease and 
increased pollution on right whales.
    Response: NMFS agrees. In NMFS' Species in the Spotlight North 
Atlantic right whale five-year action plan, one of the five priorities 
identified for the next five years to halt the decline of this species 
is to ``Investigate North Atlantic Right Whale Population Abundance, 
Status, Distribution and Health.'' NMFS also convened a 2019 Health 
Assessment Workshop to help evaluate current health information data, 
including associated data gaps, and identified appropriate available 
and needed tools and techniques for collecting standardized health data 
that can be used to understand health effects of environmental and 
human impacts, and inform fecundity and survivorship models to 
ultimately guide right whale recovery (Fauquier et al. 2020). The 
Species in the Spotlight North Atlantic right whale five-year action 
plan is available online at www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/species-spotlight-priority-actions-2021-2025-north-atlantic-right-whale. Please see Chapter 8 of the FEIS, which has a summary of 
Cumulative Effects.
    Comment 11.4: Right whales are suffering from inbreeding, and will 
never be able to have a viable population again, so there is no point 
to these regulations.
    Response: Small population sizes may carry some greater risk of 
inbreeding as a potential limiting factor to recovery, however, there 
is evidence that natural populations have mechanisms to reduce the loss 
of genetic diversity (Frasier et al. 2013). Additionally, the North 
Atlantic right whale population has continued to produce healthy whales 
despite the relative low level of genetic variability when compared to 
other large whales, a condition that has apparently been sustained 
since the 16th century (McLeod et al. 2009). Numerous mammalian species 
have recovered from much smaller population sizes than the North 
Atlantic Right whale population, including Northern Elephant seals and 
gray seals in New England. Many of the great whale populations were 
decimated by the end of commercial whaling and most have recovered. 
Despite being reduced to about 260 right whales alive in 1990, North 
Atlantic right whales were genetically sound enough to recover, albeit 
slowly due to persistent human impacts, until peaking at 481 
individuals in 2010. After 2010, the change in habitat use that 
involved more regular excursion into areas where management protections 
were not in place. This resulted in increased human-caused mortality 
and additional stresses, including both environmental food limitations 
and increased non-lethal entanglement. Together these stressors are 
likely contributing to documented reduced caving rates. While 
inbreeding could play a negative role here, there is little evidence to 
support that theory. After accounting for human-caused mortality, the 
1990-2010 calving rates and population growth rates were well within 
normal cetacean population demographic rate. The changes in those rates 
since 2010 may be driven by increased anthropogenic mortality and 
climate change.
    Comment 11.5: After vessel strikes, industrial sonar and ocean 
noise are the greatest threats to right whales. Has there been any 
research on the effects of Naval use of sonar in training, and the 
effects of ocean noise generally, on the increase or decrease in 
entanglements?
    Response: We are not aware of any studies evaluating the 
correlation between ocean noise and rates of entanglement in fishing 
gear. However, given that right whales are not detecting fishing gear 
acoustically, it would seem highly unlikely that ocean noise levels 
would directly affect or have any relationship to entanglement rates. 
Furthermore, while increases in ocean noise is of concern for the 
communication ability for right whales and many other species, these 
effects are generally ``sub-lethal,'' whereas entanglement in fishing 
gear can lead directly to serious injury and mortality.
    Comment 11.6: Did the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the 
Gulf of Mexico or a change in food source affect right whale birth 
rates?
    Response: NMFS is not aware of any studies, data, or evidence that 
suggest right whales have been affected by the BP Deepwater Horizon oil 
spill. For information on factors that may affect birth rates, see 
Chapter 8 of the FEIS, which has a summary of Cumulative Effects.
    Comment 11.7: NMFS should consider the environmental impact of the 
consumption of additional plastic products this rule will require.
    Response: This rule is not likely to change the need for ropes or 
weak links made from plastic material. The final rule may temporarily 
increase the production of new inserts, which may have plastic 
components, but ultimately would decrease with the reduction of gear in 
the water. Please see Chapter 5 and for a description of indirect 
effects, the likelihood of ghost gear, and frequency of gear 
replacement, as well as Chapter 8 for our Cumulative Effects Analysis.
    Comment 11.8: NMFS should consider the role of seismic testing in 
right whale population declines.
    Response: Seismic survey operators for oil and gas exploration 
require permits from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). As 
part of issuing these permits, BOEM consults with NMFS under Section 7 
of the ESA

[[Page 52002]]

to ensure the proposed action (i.e., the seismic surveys) does not 
jeopardize the continued existence of any ESA listed species, including 
North Atlantic right whales. Through this process, NMFS fully evaluates 
the potential impacts of seismic testing on the right whales (e.g., 
Biological Opinion on the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management's Issuance 
of Five Oil and Gas Permits for Geological and Geophysical Seismic 
Surveys off the Atlantic Coast of the United States, and the NMFS' 
Issuance of Associated Incidental Harassment Authorizations at https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19552). Seismic surveys for other 
purposes such as those conducted by the National Science Foundation or 
the United States Geological Survey for research purposes also require 
the same type of consideration under Section 7 of the ESA (e.g., 
Biological Opinion on a National Science Foundation-funded seismic 
survey by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in the South Atlantic 
Ocean, and Issuance of an Incidental Harassment Authorization pursuant 
to section 101(a)(5)(D) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act by the 
Permits and Conservation Division, National Marine Fisheries Service at 
https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/22585). Finally, any take 
of marine mammals that is likely to occur as a result of these seismic 
surveys requires authorization under the MMPA (e.g., Incidental Take 
Authorization: Oil and Gas Industry Geophysical Survey Activity in the 
Atlantic Ocean at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-oil-and-gas-industry-geophysical-survey-activity-atlantic), and as part of this authorization, NMFS also analyzes 
impacts to marine mammal population stocks, including right whales.
    Under both the MMPA and ESA, in authorizing take of marine mammals 
including right whales, NMFS requires mitigation and monitoring as well 
as terms and conditions to monitor and reduce the impacts from such 
take. However, it is important to note that there is no concrete 
evidence that seismic surveys are likely to have any population level 
effects on large baleen whales such as right whales. Furthermore, the 
impacts of seismic surveys on the vital rates (e.g., survival, 
reproduction, growth) of individual baleen whales are not well 
understood, but current evidence does not support that they cause 
serious injury, mortality, or lower reproduction. Finally, at present, 
and in the recent past, there is very little seismic survey activity in 
the U.S. Atlantic Ocean other than infrequent surveys conducted for 
scientific research purposes that typically use lower source level 
(i.e., quieter) airguns as compared to the louder oil and gas 
exploration surveys such as those in the Gulf of Mexico.
    In summary, NMFS does evaluate impacts from seismic surveys on 
right whales and while there have been and currently are few surveys 
being conducted, through the MMPA and ESA ensures that such surveys are 
not furthering the decline of the population.
    Comment 11.9: Many commenters voiced their concern that recent 
right whale mortalities and serious injuries were due to vessel 
strikes, and suggested that vessels should be a higher priority for 
NMFS than reducing entanglements in fishing gear. Several commenters 
pointed out that more right whale calves were born this year, a year in 
which the cruise ship industry was largely shut down due to the global 
pandemic, than in any recent years. Others raised concerns about 
mortalities and serious injuries caused by Naval, whale watch and 
shipping industry vessels. Many commenters favored expediting updated 
regulations on vessel speeds, including in shipping lanes.
    Response: Right whales are particularly vulnerable to vessel 
strikes due to their use of coastal habitats and frequent occurrence at 
near surface depths. Furthermore, they are vulnerable to strikes by 
nearly all types and sizes of vessels operating within the whales' 
range. In 2008 (73 FR 60173, October 10, 2008), NMFS implemented 
regulations requiring most vessels equal to or greater than 65 feet in 
length to transit at speeds of 10 knots or less in designated Seasonal 
Management Areas (SMAs) along the U.S. East Coast. Concurrently, NMFS 
initiated a voluntary Dynamic Management Area (DMA) speed reduction 
program to provide additional protection for aggregations of right 
whales outside of active SMAs. To reduce the spatial/temporal overlap 
of whales and vessel traffic NMFS established recommended routes for 
vessels transiting Cape Cod Bay and into/out of ports in northern 
Florida and Georgia, and modified the shipping lane approaching the 
port of Boston.
    In January 2021, NMFS released an assessment evaluating the 
conservation value and economic and navigational safety impacts of the 
speed rule (50 CFR 224.105). While the assessment is considered final, 
we sought comments on the report findings through March 26, 2021, as we 
evaluate the need for future action and modifications to the existing 
speed regulations.
    The report evaluates four aspects of the right whale vessel speed 
rule: Biological efficacy, mariner compliance, impacts to navigational 
safety, and economic cost to mariners. It also assesses general trends 
in vessel traffic characteristics within SMAs over time, provides a 
detailed assessment of the speed rule's effectiveness and offers 
recommendations for strengthening the rule based on these findings. In 
addition to the assessment of the vessel speed rule, the report also 
evaluates mariner cooperation with the DMA program and investigates 
small vessel transit patterns through active SMAs.
    NMFS is evaluating whether further efforts are needed to minimize 
the spatial overlap of right whales and vessel traffic. Reducing the 
speed of vessels transiting through right whale habitat remains the 
most viable option to reduce vessel strikes in U.S. waters. The review 
and information collected during public comment will be used to 
consider whether current measures are appropriate given recent shifts 
in right whale distribution. For more information, please see Chapter 8 
of the FEIS, which has a summary of Cumulative Effects.
    Comment 11.10: Many fishermen commented that they feared offshore 
wind energy projects would displace them, and questioned NMFS' role in 
permitting offshore wind energy projects.
    Response: BOEM is the lead Federal agency and primary decision-
maker for offshore wind development projects. NOAA works with BOEM and 
offshore wind developers to provide information and consultation on how 
offshore wind projects may affect endangered or threatened species, 
marine mammals, fisheries, marine habitats, and fishing communities. 
Each proposed project is evaluated individually, with opportunities for 
public input, which can be found on the BOEM website. NOAA's engagement 
on offshore wind activities is limited to our authorities under the 
NEPA, the ESA, the MMPA, and the MSA. Further information on NOAA's 
role in offshore wind development can be found on our website at 
fisheries.noaa.gov/new-england-mid-atlantic/science-data/offshore-wind-energy-development-new-england-mid-atlantic-waters.

12. Trawls

    Many of the campaign commenters as well as 38 of the unique 
commenters supported trawling up as a way to reduce the number of 
vertical lines in the water, while 52 unique commenters disagreed, 
saying that trawling up is may instead result in more severe

[[Page 52003]]

entanglements and more danger to fishermen. Comments from NGOs and 
members of the public indicated concern about whether heavier trawl 
lines would increase the severity of entanglements. Fishermen voiced 
concerns about the specifics of trawling up requirements in particular 
areas. Several fishermen supported the option of splitting buoy lines, 
and having only one line on a trawl. Some fishermen were concerned that 
trawling up would have an impact on landings.
    Comment 12.1: A 50 percent vertical buoy line reduction mandate 
would harm smaller vessels and lead to consolidation of the fishery.
    Response: A 50 percent vertical line reduction is a measure in the 
non-preferred alternative, and is not be implemented under this final 
rule. See FEIS Chapter 2 for more details.
    Comment 12.2: Trawling up is expensive, and will put some fishermen 
out of business.
    Response: The final rule provides conservation equivalencies to 
provide more flexibility to fishermen. We expect these options to help 
fishermen choose the options that minimize their economic impacts. We 
understood from Maine DMR that the trawling up configurations developed 
through collaborations with Zone Councils were selected because 
fishermen could do them with minimal investment in time or new gear 
relative.
    Comment 12.3: What will the effects of trawling up be on landings?
    Response: The effects will depend on several factors, including the 
increase in the number of traps per trawl. For vessels trawling up 
fewer than 2 traps per set, we would expect to see a reduction rate of 
0-5 percent on landings. For vessels trawling up 2 or more traps per 
set, we expect the landing reduction rate to be 5-10 percent. See FEIS 
Chapter 6 for more details including a summary of the limited previous 
investigations into the impacts of trawling up on catch rates.
    Comment 12.4: NMFS should allow different trawls lengths depending 
on vessel sizes, vessel configurations (open/closed transom or 
equipment placement), distance from shore, and fishing depth. Several 
specific requests were submitted, such as four traps per trawl measure 
in New Hampshire waters, one buoy line along the northern edge of 
Georges Bank, and triples in the ``sliver'' area.
    Response: The final rule establishes varying trawl lengths (traps 
per trawl), primarily by distance from shore. These are based on 
measures proposed by the ALWTRT, states, conservation equivalencies 
requested, and comments received during scoping and rulemaking. 
Configurations by distance from shore were considered likely to 
parallel vessel sizes, with smaller vessels operating closer to shore. 
Trawling up requirements by vessel size or configuration would be 
difficult to implement, enforce, and evaluate.
    Comment 12.5: NMFS should exempt waters from 50 fathoms (91 m) and 
deeper along the continental slope from trawling up.
    Response: The final rule implements a less restrictive trawling up 
requirement for vessels fishing in waters deeper than the 50 fathom 
curve south of Georges Bank (35 traps per trawl) than was initially 
proposed (45 traps/trawl) in response to conservation equivalency 
requests from the Atlantic Offshore Lobster Fishermen's Association. 
There is no information to suggest that right whales and other large 
whales are not entangled in waters deeper than 50 fathoms therefore an 
exemption from trawling up requirements without a concurrent line or 
risk reduction alternative would not provide sufficient risk reduction.
    Comment 12.6: NMFS should consider the 3 mile zones around 
Matinicus and Ragged Islands to be the same as other Maine coastal 
areas, and regulate them as such.
    Response: As noted below in this rule, there is an island buffer 
for this fishing in waters within \1/4\ nautical miles of the following 
Maine islands are exempt from the minimum number of traps per trawl 
requirement in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section: Monhegan Island, 
Matinicus Island Group (Metinic Island, Small Green Island, Large Green 
Island, Seal Island, Wooden Ball Island, Matinicus Island, Ragged 
Island), and Isles of Shoals Island Group (Duck Island, Appledore 
Island, Cedar Island, Smuttynose Island).
    Comment 12.6: The problem with using only one buoy line is that 
other fishermen won't be able to tell where my gear is, more catch-
downs, and losing the ability to haul in a certain direction because of 
the wind.
    Response: Area-specific allowances of up to ten traps per trawl 
with one buoy line was requested by Maine DMR, after discussion with 
the Zone Councils, as a conservation equivalency that would allow 
fishermen to fish shorter trawls while still reducing the number of 
buoy lines. Because this change is restricted to Maine Zones at the 
request of Zone Councils, it may reflect vessel capacity and current 
fishing practices. However, as occurs whenever measures are modified, 
there will be a transition period as fishermen adjust to new measures 
that the fishing community will likely work out relative to issues of 
gear placement and safety.
    Comment 12.7: Trawling up increases chances of gear conflicts due 
to longer lines.
    Response: The impact of minimum trawl length requirements on gear 
loss in trap/pot fisheries is difficult to predict with confidence. The 
uncertainty is largely attributable to the array of underlying factors 
responsible for gear loss. On the one hand, longer trawls may increase 
the likelihood that groundline will foul on bottom structure, 
increasing the potential for line to part while hauling traps. Longer 
trawls may also increase the potential for gear conflicts, particularly 
situations in which one fisherman's gear is laid across another's. This 
could be exacerbated by the Maine conservation equivalencies which will 
allow fishermen in some Maine Lobster Zones to fish trawls of up to 10 
traps with only one buoy line. Overlain gear can cause one party to 
inadvertently sever another's lines, making it impossible to retrieve 
all or some of the gear. A longer trawl also increases the consequences 
of such incidents; i.e., the more gear on a single trawl, the more gear 
is lost when that trawl is rendered irretrievable.
    In other ways, trawling requirements may reduce the potential for 
gear loss. The fundamental objective of longer trawls is to limit the 
number of buoy lines in the water column and reduce encounters with 
large whales; such encounters are one possible source of gear loss. 
Likewise, a decrease in the number of buoy lines may reduce the 
frequency with which gear is entangled in vessel propellers or mobile 
fishing gear. Furthermore, in areas where trawling up requirements 
necessitate addition of a second buoy line (e.g., for configurations 
greater than 20 traps or a vessel going from triples to ten-trap 
trawls), the second buoy line may make it easier to locate and retrieve 
gear when one buoy line is lost. Longer trawls are also heavier and may 
be less likely to be swept away during extreme storm or tidal events. 
For more, see FEIS Section 6.2.6.1.
    Comment 12.8: NMFS should not leave it to fishermen to develop 
agreements between large and small boats to set trawl lengths that 
would meet an overall goal of line reduction, as this would be 
difficult to evaluate and enforce.
    Response: Agreed. The final rule does not implement any regulations 
based on boat length or size.
    Comment 12.9: Trawling up leads to longer, heavier lines that pose 
a greater risk to right whales, causing worse and heavier 
entanglements.

[[Page 52004]]

    Response: While we recognize that the trawls will be longer, for 
many of the configurations, the portion of the trawl hanging in the 
water column and putting force on the hauling rope is based on water 
depth and distance between traps rather than wholly on trawl length and 
the configuration changes may not substantially change that. Many of 
the configurations adapted were proposed by fishermen during scoping 
and were proposed because they can be fished using existing rope and do 
not require a turnover in buoy lines currently being fished. Finally, 
every buoy line will be fished with weak insertions or weak rope. In a 
2016 study, Knowlton et al. showed evidence that 1,700 lb weak links 
within buoy lines or 1,700 lb weak line will allow whales to part the 
gear and reduce the likelihood of serious injury. Trawling up reduces 
the chance of an entanglement as fewer buoy lines will be present in 
the water column. The combination of these two measures will reduce the 
threat of mortality and serious injury of entanglement for large 
whales.
    Comment 12.10: Many fishermen voiced safety concerns about trawling 
up, including not having enough room on their vessel for 45 traps, that 
the increased weight of the vessel could lead to greater danger of 
capsizing in bad weather, and that longer lines may injure and entangle 
the crew.
    Response: Throughout the development of the final rule, we have 
taken safety considerations into account in identifying alternatives. 
Several proposed measures were rejected in whole or in part due to 
safety concerns. See Table 3.4. Conservation equivalencies adopted in 
the final rule better accommodate small scale fishing operations and 
traditional practices, considers fishing safety concerns, and requires 
less costly gear modifications.
    Comment 12.11: NMFS should require all trap/pot vessels be rigged 
for trawl nets or aluminum beam trawl type equipment, and cease to 
allow trap/pot gear with buoy lines.
    Response: NMFS does not have the authority under either the ACA or 
MSA to unilaterally require trawl gear in all fisheries. The ACA 
directs the Federal government to support the management efforts of the 
Commission and, to the extent the Federal government seeks to regulate 
a Commission species, develop regulations that are compatible with the 
Commission's Interstate Fishery Management Plan and consistent with the 
MSA's National Standards. The Commission's Interstate Fishery 
Management Plans for lobster and Jonah crab specifically contemplate 
the use of trap/pot gear. NMFS would not have the authority to 
implement a requirement to prohibit trap/pot gear and require trawl 
gear without such a measure being incorporated into the Interstate 
Fishery Management Plan and recommended by the Commission. Similarly, 
the MSA charged regional fishery management councils with developing 
fishery management plans that meet the requirements of the Act. Under 
the MSA, the Secretary shall approve, disapprove, or partially approve 
a plan or management action developed by the Councils. Unless and until 
the Mid-Atlantic and New England fishery management councils modify 
gear requirements for their fishery management plans, NMFS is not 
authorized to take action under the MSA.
    Comment 12.12: NMFS should focus on keeping tension in buoy lines 
and reducing length between surface buoys to 3-4 feet (0.91-1.2 m) to 
reduce entanglements of all marine mammals.
    Response: Documentation from entanglements indicates that buoy 
lines and unknown lines represent the majority of interactions. Surface 
system direct interactions are rarely documented.
    Current industry practice and the ALWTRP already requires the use 
of sinking line on the top of buoy lines to reduce floating line at the 
surface. Under many conditions, fishermen also minimize scope in their 
buoy lines to prevent the lines from interacting with nearby set gear, 
although in areas of high tidal range and currents, more scope may be 
needed.
    The final rule reduces the possibility of entanglements by using a 
combination of closed areas, trawling up (less buoy lines in water 
column), weak line, weak insertions, and weak contrivances.

13. Weak Rope/Links/Inserts

    More than 71 of the unique commenters supported the use of some 
form of weak rope to reduce the severity of right whale entanglements 
in fishing gear, while thousands of campaign comments and 144 unique 
commenters noted that weak rope may not reduce entanglement events and 
may still have detrimental effects on juveniles and calves, as well as 
cause sublethal effects to adults. Many fishermen are concerned that 
weak rope will result in gear loss, which will result in economic 
losses to them and increase the amount of ghost gear, which poses an 
entanglement risk to right whales.
    Comment 13.1: Many commenters had questions or concerns about weak 
link locations, configurations, and surface systems.
    Response: We received dozens of comments questioning the reasons 
for locations of the weak links/inserts, suggestions for other 
configurations of weak points, and the effectiveness of weak links/
inserts, particularly the 600 lb (272 kg) weak link, in reducing right 
whale entanglements. We also received dozens of suggestions for 
different options for weak links/inserts, including but not limited to, 
knots, time tension line cutters, loops and tucks, eye splices with 
sheep bends, and Novabraids. We received several suggestions regarding 
surface systems, with some commenters suggesting that they be 
eliminated, others wanting to keep them, and some asking for evidence 
that they are effective at reducing entanglement.
    For reasons specified in FEIS Section 3.3.3, we removed the 
requirement for lobster and Jonah crab fishermen to connect their buoy 
to the buoy line using a weak link because the new measures require 
using weak rope or weak insertions in the buoy line. For our evaluation 
of surface system weak links, please see FEIS Section 3.3.3.1.
    Comment 13.2: Many commenters had questions or concerns about 
safety and economic loss related to weak inserts, link, or rope. 
Fishermen were particularly concerned that weak rope and weak inserts 
may result in injuries to fishermen and economic impacts due to lost 
gear.
    Response: Forces on lines hauling up lobster trawls were measured 
during commercial operations. Forces greater than 1,700 lb (771.1 kg) 
breaking strength were required to retrieve gear, particularly for 
trawls of 35 traps and more in waters greater than 50 fathoms (91.4 m) 
(Maine DMR 2020). Timed haul data indicated those higher forces were 
not detected on the line until well past halfway through hauling the 
buoy line (for example, Figure 7 in Maine proposal, Appendix 3.2). This 
suggests that under most operational conditions, weak rope or a weak 
insertion within the top half of a buoy line would not be subjected to 
forces approaching or greater than 1,700 lb (771.1 kg) during a haul. 
This is consistent with modeling work conducted by Knowlton et al. 
(2018) who demonstrated that operational changes in fishing practices 
to minimize speed and the amount of gear in the water column would 
further minimize rope tensions. In field work conducted by Knowlton et 
al. (2018), gear loss for buoy ropes using Novabraid sleeves inserted 
every 40 feet throughout the buoy lines fished in waters from 42 to 310 
feet (12.8 to 94.5 m) was not significantly different than

[[Page 52005]]

gear loss using standard buoy lines. The final rule does not require 
the configuration studied by Knowlton et al. (2018), and while that 
means that the final configurations do not get the level of risk 
reduction that would be achieved through their experimental 
configuration, the measures reduce the likelihood that weak insertions 
will occur where forces may exceed the breaking strength of the rope. 
That compromise is intended to minimize safety risks to fishermen and 
economic impacts of increased gear loss. For more, see FEIS Section 
3.3.3.2.
    Comment 13.3: Many commenters had questions or concerns about the 
effects of weak inserts and weak rope on right whales.
    Response: Conservationists voiced concerns that weak rope wouldn't 
reduce the risk of entanglement, and would still cause sublethal 
effects to adults, and could cause lethal effects to juveniles and 
calves. There were also suggestions that weak rope will hamper 
disentanglement teams and could result in more right whale mortalities 
and serious injuries. Some commenters questioned our analysis of the 
spacing, particularly concerning why we elected to use weak insertions 
every 40 feet as equivalent to weak rope.
    We evaluated weak line relative to the findings of Knowlton et al. 
(2016), which documented that no ropes retrieved from entangled right 
whales of all ages had breaking strengths that were below 7.56 kN 
(1,700 lb). Knowlton et al. (2016) suggest that right whales can break 
free from these weaker ropes before a serious injury occurs. This is 
consistent with estimates of the force that large whales are capable of 
applying, based on axial locomotor muscle morphology study conducted by 
Arthur et al. (2015). The authors suggested that the maximum force 
output for a large right whale is likely sufficient to break line at 
that breaking strength. That study and others recognized that a whale's 
ability to break free from an entanglement is also somewhat dependent 
on the complexity of the entanglement configuration (van der Hoop et 
al. 2017).
    The research available suggests that a full-length weak line 
provides the maximum precautionary benefit to whales (Knowlton et al. 
2016, DeCew et al. 2017). However, when full weak rope is not readily 
available or when replacement of an entire buoy line is not feasible, 
weak links are also effective at reducing breaking strength. To 
evaluate the risk reduction benefit of weak rope alternatives, we 
compared the relative risk reduction achieved from a rope with one or 
two weak inserts at particular buoy line depths to a rope with inserts 
at regular intervals of 40 feet. We selected 40 foot intervals based on 
the work of Knowlton et al. (2016 and 2018) which was selected because 
it was within the range of a right whale's girth and length, is within 
the range of rope length typically removed from entangled whales and 
was the configuration discussed most directly by the Team when 
considering weak rope. Spacing of every 40 feet provides the greatest 
benefit to whales, since entanglements can be very complex, and inserts 
every 40 feet provide the greatest likelihood that at least one weak 
point will be present on an entangled whale, allowing it to break the 
rope. Weak line models suggest that weak points will not necessarily 
benefit a whale that encounters the rope below the weak point, 
particularly with a heavy trawl. The lower the lowest weak insertions, 
the higher the potential for the rope to part (DeCew et al 2017). See 
Chapter 3 for a more detailed description of the calculations of the 
proportional risk reduction estimated for inserts that were not at 
regular intervals, and how we determined the measures included in the 
final rule.
    We agree that there may be added or reduced risk reduction to 
whales depending on how weak insertions are configured. The greater the 
number of weak points on a line, the greater the likelihood that a weak 
point will be located below where the whale encounters the line, and 
that there will be a weak insertion outside of the mouth where the 
whale may have a better chance of breaking free from the entanglement. 
Configurations that are knot-free may also pose less risk. Gear that is 
knot-free, and/or free of attachments may be less likely to get caught 
in baleen if a mouth entanglement occurs, more likely to slide through 
the whale's baleen without becoming lodged in the mouth or elsewhere, 
decreasing the risk of serious injury or mortality. However there is 
evidence that splices and knots introduce weaknesses into buoy lines. 
Lines undergoing breaking strength testing broke on the smaller or 
weaker side of a knot or splice (Maine DMR 2020).
    We evaluate risk reduction under the assumption that weak rope is 
not zero risk to whales and that few insertions do not provide the risk 
reduction benefits of fully weak rope or weak rope with insertions 
every 40 feet. However, in concert with the other measures in the final 
rule, NMFS believes that it will achieve the required levels of risk 
reduction and applies a precautionary measure across the Northeast 
Region. For more on our analysis, see FEIS Section 3.3.4 and Appendix 
3.1.
    Comment 13.4: Commenters indicated current buoy weak link 
requirements should be rescinded. Reasons included: To retain buoy to 
increase our ability to identify fishery and location of incidents, so 
buoy drag in concert with weak rope or weak inserts in buoy line can 
pull parted gear free from whales, to improve visibility to 
disentanglement teams.
    Response: The final rule rescinds buoy weak link requirements for 
Northeast Region lobster and Jonah crab buoy lines that require weak 
rope or weak inserts in the buoy line. See Chapter 3 of the FEIS for a 
discussion of this modification.
    Comment 13.5: The weak rope equipment suggested as an alternative 
in the Proposed Rule has not been proven to effectively reduce harm to 
right whales. In fact, many fishermen have stated that they will use 
more rope if the weak rope requirement is implemented, overall 
increasing the likelihood of entanglements.
    Response: For LMA 1 fishermen, the weak rope/weak insertion 
measures were proposed by Maine DMR after extensive outreach with Maine 
fishermen. The insertion locations are informed by research done by 
Maine DMR measuring at what point the forces on rope when trawls are 
hauled in exceed 1,700 lb (771.1 kg). Insertion locations were selected 
for placement in the buoy line above that point. Fishermen indicated a 
preference for a solution that would not require them to purchase 
additional rope, suggesting that most fishermen do not anticipate 
purchasing more rope other than the short lengths needed to create weak 
insertions, adding only a three to six feet to the amount of buoy line 
already fished.
    See FEIS Section 3.3.42, Knowlton et al. (2016) and Arthur et al. 
(2015) for evidence indicating large whales including right whales can 
break free of rope with breaking strengths below 1700 lb, reducing 
opportunity for serious injury and mortality.

14. Outside Scope

    As noted above, we received dozens of comments that were outside 
the scope of the current rulemaking. The final rule and analyses in the 
FEIS are related to amendments to the Plan. The Plan and the take 
reduction process are restricted to the monitoring and management of 
incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals in U.S. 
commercial fisheries. Because these comments were out of the scope of 
the final rule and the FEIS, we did

[[Page 52006]]

not provide responses in this document. A list of the out of scope 
comments appears below.
    1. NMFS or the states should institute a lobster and crab tax or 
other funding mechanism to make up for the economic deficit caused by 
the regulations.
    2. The Economic Impact Analysis produced by Nathan Associates 
incorrectly states that the Casco Bay Lines ferry to Long Island has 24 
daily runs year round, casting doubt on NMFS' entire economic analysis.
    3. We are concerned that the Agency's broad assumptions may 
unnecessarily alarm industry members and their families.
    4. NMFS should monitor the travel routes of whales and enforce all 
regulations that might impact whales, such as ocean dumping.
    5. NMFS and states should work with manufacturers to produce ropes 
in a single color to match state requirements, which would reduce the 
difficulty of maintaining marks at the designated increments for 
fishermen moving to different depths.
    6. NMFS should use emergency action to close all high seas 
transport to allow right whales to recover.
    7. NMFS should not issue incidental take permits for right whales 
under the ESA.
    8. Several commenters submitted recommendations on gillnet and 
other mobile gear configurations, which are not the subject of this 
rule, but may be considered by the ALWTRT in the future.
    9. Expand and strengthen response networks comprising researchers, 
environmental organizations, industry groups and stakeholders, and 
government decision-makers to help manage the crisis and start 
rebuilding the population.
    10. The percentage of vertical lines proposed to be reduced (60 
percent up to 98 percent) in the Biological Opinion was not derived 
based on any scientific findings.
    11. NMFS should study the effects of the rebounding white shark 
populations on the survival of right whale calves.

Classification

    NMFS issues this final rule to amend the regulations implementing 
the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan (Plan, ALWTRP). This rule 
revises the management measures for reducing the incidental mortality 
and serious injury to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena 
glacialis), as well as to humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and fin 
whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in commercial trap/pot fisheries in the 
Northeast Trap/Pot Management Area (Northeast Region). The NMFS 
Assistant Administrator has determined that this rule is consistent 
with the Plan and the provisions of the MMPA, as well as the goals of 
the ESA, the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act 
(ACFCMA), and other applicable law.
    NMFS prepared an FEIS for this rule. The Notice of Availability 
published in the Federal Register on July 2, 2021 (86 FR 35286). Three 
alternatives, consisting of a ``No Action'' or status quo alternative 
(Alternative 1), one Preferred Alternative (Alternative 2) that is 
implemented by this rule, and one additional alternative (Alternative 3 
or Non-preferred Alternative), were analyzed using the NMFS Decision 
Support Tool, described in detail in Chapter 5 of the FEIS. The 
biological impact analysis uses both quantitative (produced by the NMFS 
Decision Support Tool) and qualitative indicators to compare the 
regulatory alternatives against the 2017 conditions. Impacts on all 
large whales are analyzed, but the intention of this rulemaking is a 60 
to 80 percent risk reduction for right whales to reduce incidental 
entanglement mortality and serious injury to below the potential 
biological removal level of 0.8 mortalities and serious injuries a 
year. The analyses estimate percent reduction in the number of vertical 
buoy lines and reduction in co-occurrence between whales and buoy lines 
as proxies for reduced likelihood of encounter and entanglement. Mean 
line strength, and change in strength and associated gear threat of 
rope in buoy lines that are weakened, are estimated toward reduction of 
the likelihood of a serious injury or mortality in the event of an 
entanglement. The biological analysis estimates the risk reduction 
contributions of the measures that would require Plan modifications, as 
well as of ongoing risk reduction measures implemented by states and 
previous or imminent fishery management rules that reduce effort in the 
lobster fishery. Note that the economic analysis considers only the 
costs of the measures that would be implemented through the Federal 
rulemaking to amend the Plan.
    The ``No Action'' alternative (Alternative 1) would result in no 
changes to the current measures under the Plan. The rate of right whale 
mortality and serious injuries caused by incidental entanglement in 
U.S. commercial fisheries would continue to greatly exceed PBR. There 
would be no additional economic effects on the fishing industry.
    Alternative 2, the Preferred Alternative, is implemented in this 
final rule. It reduces the number of buoy lines fished in the Northeast 
Region lobster and Jonah trap/pot crab fisheries by increasing the 
minimum number of traps per trawl based on area fished and miles fished 
from shore in the Northeast Region. This alternative modifies existing 
restricted areas from seasonal fishing closures to seasonal closures to 
fishing with persistent buoy lines, expands the geographic extent of 
the Massachusetts Restricted Area (MRA) to include Massachusetts state 
waters north to the New Hampshire border, and establishes two new 
restricted areas that are seasonally closed to fishing for lobster or 
Jonah crab with persistent buoy lines. Alternative 2 requires buoy 
lines to be modified to incorporate rope engineered to break at no more 
than 1,700 lb (771.1 kg) or weak insertion configurations that break at 
no more than 1,700 lb (771.1 kg). Finally, the rule requires additional 
marks on buoy lines to differentiate vertical buoy lines by principal 
port state, includes unique marks for Federal waters, and expands into 
areas previously exempt from gear marking.
    The Decision Support Tool estimates that Alternative 2 and this 
rule achieves a 69- to 73-percent risk reduction when the value of the 
current MRA is included, and a 60-percent risk reduction without the 
value of the current MRA. This risk reduction is achieved by an 
estimated seven percent reduction in the number of buoy lines that 
would be fished in the Northeast Region American lobster and Jonah crab 
fisheries, a 65-percent reduction in right whale and buoy line co-
occurrence (54 percent without including the value of the current MRA), 
and a weakening of each buoy rope in these fisheries for a nine percent 
reduction in mean line strength and a 17-percent reduction in gear 
threat. The first-year costs under Alternative 2 range from $9.8 
million to $19.2 million, depending on implementation assumptions 
(e.g., buoy lines relocated versus buoy lines removed in seasonal 
restricted areas).
    Alternative 3, the Non-preferred Alternative, would reduce the 
number of buoy lines in Federal waters through the implementation of a 
buoy line cap allocated at 50 percent of the buoy lines fished in 2017. 
Like Alternative 2, this alternative would modify existing restricted 
areas (except the Outer Cape Cod LMA, which is closed for lobster 
management purposes) from seasonal fishing closures to seasonal 
closures to fishing with persistent buoy lines. Alternative Three would 
expand the geographic extent of the MRA to include Massachusetts state 
waters north to the New Hampshire border and extend the

[[Page 52007]]

MRA closure season to include May, with a soft opening if surveys show 
that whales have left the area. Three new seasonal restricted areas 
would be established, including an LMA 1 seasonal restricted area with 
the same boundaries as in the preferred alternative but with a one 
month extension, a seasonal restricted area in LMA 3 north of Georges 
Bank, and a South Island Restricted Area smaller than the one in the 
Preferred Alternative but extended through May. Finally, Alternative 3 
would require a large visible mark on the surface system of each buoy 
line that would incorporate a tape that identifies the permit holder's 
state and fishery.
    The Decision Support Tool estimates that Alternative 3 achieves a 
72-percent risk reduction. This risk reduction is achieved by an 
estimated seven percent reduction in the number of buoy lines that 
would be fished in the Northeast Region American lobster and Jonah crab 
trap/pot fisheries, a 60-percent reduction in right whale and buoy line 
co-occurrence, and a weakening of each buoy rope in these fisheries for 
a 19-percent reduction in mean line strength and a 29-percent reduction 
in gear threat. The first-year costs under Alternative 3 range from 
$32.8 million to $44.6 million, depending on implementation assumptions 
(buoy lines relocated vs. buoy lines removed).
    On August/September XX, 2021, NMFS issued a Record of Decision 
identifying the selected alternative. A copy of the Record of Decision 
is available from NMFS (see ADDRESSES).
    This rule has been determined significant for the purposes of 
Executive Order 12866.
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601-612, requires 
agencies to assess the economic impacts of their proposed regulations 
on small entities. The objective of the RFA is to consider the impacts 
of a rulemaking on small entities, and the capacity of those affected 
by regulations to bear the direct and indirect costs of regulation. We 
prepared a final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) in support of 
this action, as required by section 604 of the RFA. The FRFA consists 
of the initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA), a statement of 
the need for, and objectives of, the rule; a summary of the significant 
issues raised by the public comments in response to the IRFA, a 
statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a 
statement of any changes made to the rule as a result of such comments; 
the response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief Counsel 
for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in response to the 
proposed rule, if any (none were received), and a detailed statement of 
any change made to the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of 
the comments; a description of and an estimate of the number of small 
entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such 
estimate is available; a description of the projected reporting, 
recordkeeping and other compliance requirements of the rule, including 
an estimate of the classes of small entities which will be subject to 
the requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for 
preparation of the report or record; a description of the steps the 
agency has taken to minimize the significant economic impact on small 
entities consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, 
including a statement of the factual, policy, and legal reasons for 
selecting the alternative adopted in the final rule and why each one of 
the other significant alternatives to the rule considered by the agency 
which affect the impact on small entities was rejected; a description 
of the steps the agency has taken to minimize any additional cost of 
credit for small entities, and; the agency shall make copies of the 
final regulatory flexibility analysis available to members of the 
public and shall publish in the Federal Register such analysis or a 
summary thereof.
    All of the documents that constitute the FRFA and a copy of the 
EIS/RIR/FRFA are available upon request (see ADDRESSES) or via the 
internet at: Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP. Information in the sections 
above (Background, Comments and Responses, and Changes From the 
Proposed Rule) summarize information found in the FRFA and will not be 
repeated here. Additional summary information from the FRFA follows.

A Summary of the Significant Issues Raised by the Public in Response to 
the IRFA, a Summary of the Agency's Assessment of Such Issues, and a 
Statement of Any Changes Made in the Final Rule as a Result of Such 
Comments

    After publication of the proposed rule and DEIS, we received over 
1,300 unique submissions and many submissions generated by non-
governmental organization campaigns including some submissions with 
multiple signatures representing over 200,000 people. Three hundred and 
thirty six unique commenters identified themselves as fishermen, either 
directly or through context, of which 312 voiced opposition to all or 
part of the rule, 19 commented on particular provisions, but did not 
expressly support or oppose, and 5 supported the general idea of the 
rule, though had specific comments on some measures. Of the ten fishing 
industry groups, eight opposed all or part of the rule, one gave 
specific recommendations, but did expressly support or oppose, and one 
supported the general idea of the rule. State and Federal legislators 
also commented, including some that opposed the rule or some provisions 
of the rule. Fifty four unique commenters that identified themselves as 
members of the public expressed opposition to the rule. A small number 
suggested that this rule should be withdrawn because it does not 
provide adequate levels of protection for right whales, and NMFS should 
start over. A little over 34 percent of commenters opposed the rule in 
whole or in part, and about 4 percent suggested that the rule should be 
withdrawn because it does not provide adequate levels of protection for 
right whales, and NMFS should start over.
    Many commenters were concerned that these regulations would have a 
negative impact on the personal economics of fishermen, as well as the 
economies of their communities, their counties, and their state. Many 
commenters from Maine opposed the LMA 1 Seasonal Restricted Area due to 
economic impacts on their fishing operations, and recommended that if 
we did implement a seasonal closure to buoy lines there, we should 
establish a trigger of some sort, such as sightings of right whales, to 
close the area. Commenters opposing the rule expressed concerns about 
the safety of using more traps per trawl for their fishing operations 
and the safety of using weak buoy lines, as well as the potential for 
increased gear conflict and gear loss. Fishermen also wanted clarity 
and certainty in the regulations, and many wanted assurances that these 
regulations should be easy to understand, monitor, and enforce.
    There was also strong opposition to any suggestion that fishermen 
would be required to use ropeless technology, although neither the 
proposed nor final rule would mandate ropeless fishing. Commenters 
expressed concerns about the lack of detailed economic analysis of the 
use of ropeless technology and economic impacts on both trap/pot 
fisheries and mobile gear fisheries that are not currently Category I 
and II fisheries managed under the Take Reduction Plan. Finally, Maine 
DMR, Rhode Island Division of Marine Fisheries, Connecticut and New 
York Marine Fisheries Programs, the Atlantic Offshore Lobstermen's 
Association, and other commenters requested

[[Page 52008]]

modifications for the final rule to accommodate conservation 
equivalencies that would achieve the same risk reduction, but better 
reflect more localized fishing conditions or practices.
    Given the vast amount of industry input into the development of 
weak insertions, which would not require fishermen to replace buoy 
lines, and trawling up measures, many gear modifications implemented in 
this final rule were created to control costs. Additionally, a number 
of modifications to the rule were made in response to these comments, 
including:
    Rather than increase traps fished between buoy lines (trawling up) 
in southern New England's Lobster Management Area (LMA) 2, the final 
rule requires additional weak insertions for vessels fishing throughout 
LMA 2. Analysis indicates this achieves improved risk reduction. This 
modification was requested in public comments submitted by Rhode Island 
fishermen and state managers as safer for Rhode Island vessels;
    The final rule implements conservation equivalency measures 
submitted by the Atlantic Offshore Lobstermen's Association, 
recommending three trawling-up restricted areas where 50, 45, or 35 
traps per trawl would be required rather than 45 across the Northeast 
LMA 3 as conservation equivalencies that accommodate smaller vessels 
that fish south of Georges Bank. Those requirements were adopted in the 
final rule after analysis confirmed that the measures achieved similar 
risk reduction;
    The Maine Department of Marine Resources requested extensive 
modifications by Maine Lobster Management Zones based on their outreach 
to Maine Zone Councils. The changes modified the trawling up and weak 
insertion requirements. Most of the requested conservation 
equivalencies out to 12 miles were adopted in this final rule;
    The final rule implements a buoy line closure offshore of Maine in 
LMA 1 from October through January. The proposed rule requested 
comments on not closing the area, or closing it after a trigger was 
reached, but no feasible trigger was offered and the closure is 
necessary to achieve sufficient risk reduction, and;
    The final rule removes a requirement for weak links at the buoy. 
This measure is not needed for buoy lines that now require weak rope or 
weak insertions.
    See chapter 1 section 1.6 of the FEIS for a full discussion of 
changes made to the final rule based on new information and comments 
received during the public comment period and see Comments and 
Responses or Chapter 1, Appendix 1.1, and Volume 3 of the FEIS for 
further details on comments on the DEIS and proposed rule. Those 
comments were aggregated across themes and our responses are not 
repeated here. All revisions and clarifications to the proposed rule, 
as well as the rationale for these revisions, are described in Chapter 
1 of the FEIS and are not repeated here.

Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the 
Rule Would Apply

    The RFA requires agencies to assure that decision makers consider 
disproportionate and/or significant adverse economic impacts of their 
proposed regulations on small entities. The Regulatory Flexibility Act 
Analysis determines whether the proposed action would have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
This section provides an assessment and discussion of the potential 
economic impacts of the proposed action, as required of the RFA.
    Section 3 of the Small Business Act defines affiliation as: 
Affiliation may arise among two or more persons with an identity of 
interest. Individuals or firms that have identical or substantially 
identical business or economic interests (such as family members, 
individuals or firms with common investments, or firms that are 
economically dependent through contractual or other relationships) may 
be treated as one party with such interests aggregated (13 CFR 
121.103(f)). These principles of affiliation allow for consideration of 
shared interest that does not necessarily require common ownership. 
However, data are not available to ascertain non-ownership interest so 
we use an affiliated \6\ vessel database created by the Social Sciences 
Branch (SSB) of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center. There are three 
major components of this dataset: Vessel affiliation information, 
landing values by species, and vessel permits. All Federal permitted 
vessels in the Northeast Region from 2017 to 2019 are included in this 
dataset where affiliation is determined by unique combinations of 
owners.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ We use terms affiliation, fishing business and entity 
interchangeably in this section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The total number of directly regulated entities is based on permits 
held. Since the final rule would apply only to the lobster and Jonah 
crab trap/pot businesses \7\ in LMA 1, LMA 2, LMA 3, and OCC, only 
entities that possess one or more of these permits are evaluated. Then 
for each affiliation, the revenues from all member vessels of the 
entity are summed into affiliation revenue in each year. On December 
29, 2015, the NMFS issued a final rule establishing a small business 
size standard of $11 million in annual gross receipts for all 
businesses primarily engaged in the commercial fishing industry (NAICS 
11411) for RFA compliance purposes only. The $11 million standard 
became effective on July 1, 2016. Thus, the RFA defines a small 
business in the lobster fishery as a firm that is independently owned 
and operated with receipts of less than $11 million annually. Based on 
this size standard, the three-year average (2017-2019) affiliation 
revenue is greater than $11 million, the fishing business is considered 
a large entity, otherwise it is a small entity. Then we determine the 
number of impacted entities by examining the landing values of lobster. 
If one or more members of the affiliation landed lobster in 2019, this 
business will be considered an impacted entity in our analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ During the time period of our analysis (2017-2019), no 
specific permit was needed to fish for Jonah crab. Beginning on 
December 12, 2019, only vessels that have a federal American lobster 
trap or non-trap permit may retain Jonah crabs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regulated entities in this rulemaking include both entities with 
Federal lobster permits and lobster vessels that only fish in state 
managed waters except for the exempted areas in Maine. Using vessel 
data from Vertical Line Model developed by the Industrial Economics 
(see Appendix 5.1 of FEIS for documentation), we identify 1,913 vessels 
that fished only in state waters outside Maine exempted areas. Due to 
the lack of owner and landing information of these vessels, we could 
not provide detailed analysis but have to assume all to be small 
entities. Using Federal permit data, there are 1,547 distinct entities 
identified as directly regulated entities in this action, those that 
held lobster permits in LMA 1, 2, 3, or OCC, or some combination. So 
all together, 3,460 entities are regulated under this action. Table 1 
displays the details of regulated entities holding Federal permits. Of 
all 1,547 entities, only two of them are large. Within the 1,545 small 
entities, 262 had no earned revenue from fishing activity even though 
they had a lobster permit. Because they had no revenue, they would be 
considered small by default. Among the 1,283 small entities with 
fishing revenue, 110 entities had no lobster landings. Therefore, 3,086 
small

[[Page 52009]]

entities would be considered as impacted small entities during this 
rulemaking. The average gross annual revenue for small entities with 
lobster landings was $287,000 in 2019, and 91.5 percent of that is from 
lobsters. For small entities without lobster landings, their annual 
gross revenue was $135,000. The average revenue for all small entities 
was about $252,000. The revenue of large entities are not reported here 
for data confidentiality reasons.

   Table 7--The Number of Regulated Entities With Federal Permitted Vessels and Their Lobster Landing Value Percentage of Annual Gross Revenue in 2019
                                                                    [In 2020 U.S. $]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                              Average                                         Average
                                           Large entity    Lob % revenue   revenue large   Small entity    Lob % revenue   revenue small  Total entities
                                                (E)           large E            E                            small E            E
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fishing with Lobster Landing............               2           83.9%             N/A           1,173           91.5%        $287,000           1,175
Fishing Without Lobster Landing.........               0               0             N/A             110               0         135,000             110
No revenue..............................               0               0             N/A             262               0               0             262
                                         ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Entities......................               2  ..............             N/A           1,545  ..............         252,000           1,547
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: 1. The determination of large or small entity is based on three-year average affiliation revenue from 2017 to 2019. Lobster landing percentage is
  calculated using only 2019 data.
2. Gross annual average revenue for large entities are not reported here due to confidentiality concern.
Source: Social Science Branch vessel affiliation data, 2017-2019.

    Section 212 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness 
Act of 1996 states that, for each rule or group of related rules for 
which an agency is required to prepare a FRFA, the agency shall publish 
one or more guides to assist small entities in complying with the rule, 
and shall designate such publications as ``small entity compliance 
guides.'' The agency shall explain the actions a small entity is 
required to take to comply with a rule or group of rules. As part of 
this rulemaking process, an outreach document that serves as a small 
entity compliance guide was prepared. Copies of this final rule are 
available from the Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), 
and the compliance guide will be sent to all holders of permits for the 
lobster fishery in the Northeast Region. The compliance guide and this 
final rule will be posted on the Plan web page at Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP.

Description of the Steps the Agency Has Taken To Minimize the 
Significant Economic Impact on Small Entities Consistent With the 
Stated Objectives of Applicable Statutes

    NMFS determined a 60- to 80-percent risk reduction was necessary to 
reduce mortality and serious injury in the American lobster and Jonah 
crab commercial fisheries to below PBR. Where risk reduction benefits 
were equal and where safety, capacity, economic, or operational 
constraints were better served, conservation equivalencies requested 
through public comments on the DEIS and proposed rule to mitigate those 
concerns were accepted and are included in this final rule. These 
include conservation equivalencies in Maine LMA 1 waters, LMA 2 and LMA 
3 waters. To enable the Maine LMA 1 conservation equivalencies, this 
rule also modifies regulations implementing the Atlantic Coastal 
Fisheries Cooperative Management Act at 50 CFR 697.21(b)2), increasing 
the maximum number of traps on a trawl with a single buoy line from 
three to ten in some Maine Zones. This would allow vessel operators to 
trawl up to a 20-trap trawls or to use two 10-trap trawls with one buoy 
line. Additional changes made to accommodate conservation equivalency 
measures offered by the Maine Department of Marine Resources and 
supported by commenters from the Maine fishing industry, including 
modifications to the number of traps on a trawl or the number of weak 
insertions based on Maine fishery zones and distance from shore out to 
12 nm (22.2 km). This rule also implements conservation equivalency 
recommendations submitted by Rhode Island and supported by Rhode Island 
fishermen, modifying the LMA 2 measures with more expansive weak insert 
requirements throughout the LMA rather than trawling up requirements 
that challenged the capacity of some Rhode Island vessels. 
Additionally, this rule implements some of the conservation equivalency 
recommendations submitted by the Atlantic Offshore Lobstermen's 
Association as public comments on the DEIS and Proposed Rule for LMA 3. 
This rule implements three management areas in LMA 3 with three 
different trawling up requirements, requiring more traps/trawl in the 
Georges Basin area where there is more risk to right whales. This 
increase in number of traps per trawl of Georges Basin was offset by a 
lower number of traps required within the Northeast Region south of the 
50 fathom (91.4 m) depth contour on the south end of Georges Bank.
    All these conservation equivalencies were created with input from 
fishermen from these areas, informed by their knowledge of measures 
that would best fit their economic, operational or safety needs. For 
LMA 2 vessels, the weak rope alternative implemented has less impact on 
catch and landings and therefore could have a lower economic impact 
compared to the LMA 2 measures analyzed in the IRFA.
    This rule also modifies existing seasonal restricted areas that 
were closed to lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot fishing to allow 
ropeless fishing with exempted fishing permits (EFP). Under a revised 
restricted area definition, trap/pot fishermen could fish with trap/pot 
gear using ``ropeless'' methods, although an EFP would be required to 
exempt fishermen from surface marking requirements under other laws. 
Since 2018, NOAA has invested a substantial amount of funding in the 
industry's development of ropeless gear, in specific geographic areas 
and in general. We anticipate that these efforts to facilitate and 
support the industry's development of ropeless gear would continue, 
pending appropriations, and would be essential to defray costs for 
early adopters.

[[Page 52010]]

Description of Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements

    This final rule contains a collection-of-information requirement 
subject to review and approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act 
(PRA), specifically the marking of fishing gear. This rule changes the 
existing requirements for the collection of information 0648-0364 by 
modifying gear marking for all buoy lines with the exemption of those 
fishing in Maine exempted waters in the Northeast Region Trap/Pot 
Management Area. As described in this preamble, mark colors will be 
changed for vessels identifying principal ports from Maine through 
Rhode Island to state-specific marks. Under the new marking scheme, a 
large 3-foot (91-cm) mark would be required within the top 2 fathoms 
(60.96 cm) of the buoy in state and Federal waters. Within state 
waters, at least two additional 12-inch (30.5-cm) marks would be 
required in the top and bottom of the main buoy line. In Federal 
waters, at least three 12-inch (30.5-cm) marks would be required at the 
top, middle, and bottom of the main buoy line. In Federal waters, an 
additional 12-inch (30.5 cm) green mark is required within 6 inches 
(15.25 cm) of each state specific mark (at least four in total, 
including the large mark in the surface system and at least three marks 
in the main buoy line). Each color mark must be permanently affixed on 
or along the line, and each color mark must be clearly visible when the 
gear is hauled or removed from the water. Paint and tape will be 
required for the surface system marks, and the commonly used colored 
ties and twine can be used within the main buoy lines. The changes from 
current gear marking include: The state color, the addition of a 
surface system mark, one less mark required in the main buoy line in 
state waters, and four additional marks required to distinguish Federal 
waters. While Maine fishermen in non-exempt state waters have already 
marked their gear under Maine regulations, we include the costs of that 
effort in our calculation in response to comments that noted that the 
Maine regulations were implemented in anticipation of this rule. 
Additionally, we had previously assumed that about 20 percent of the 
gear marks were reapplied each year, but new information suggests they 
are applied annually. Using these assumptions, the public reporting 
burden for the Northeast Region lobster and Jonah crab gear marking 
requirements are estimated to affect 3,970 vessels that need to remark 
an average of 389 marks each year. Each mark takes between 
approximately 6.7 and 8.6 minutes to apply, depending on the size of 
the mark and method used. Applying the annual hourly wage rate for 
fishermen of $26.5 results in a total estimated annual wage burden cost 
of $4.5 to 5.9 million dollars.
    We invite the general public and other Federal agencies to comment 
on proposed and continuing information collections, which helps us 
assess the impact of our information collection requirements and 
minimize the public's reporting burden. Written comments and 
recommendations for this information collection should be submitted at 
the following website www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAMain. Find this 
particular information collection by using the search function and 
entering either the title of the collection or the OMB Control Number 
0648-0364.
    Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, no person is 
required to respond to, nor shall any person be subject to a penalty 
for failure to comply with, a collection of information subject to the 
requirements of the PRA, unless that collection of information displays 
a currently valid OMB Control Number.

Consistency With Coastal Zone Management Act

    NMFS has determined that this action is consistent to the maximum 
extent practicable with the approved coastal management programs of the 
U.S. Atlantic coastal states affected by the action. This determination 
was submitted for review by the responsible state agencies under 
section 307 of the Coastal Zone Management Act. New Hampshire and Rhode 
Island agreed with NMFS' determination. Maine and Massachusetts did not 
respond; therefore, consistency is inferred.

References

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List of Subjects

50 CFR Part 229

    Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business 
information, Endangered Species, Fisheries, Marine mammals, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements.

50 CFR Part 697

    Fisheries, Fishing.


    Dated: August 30, 2021.
Samuel D. Rauch, III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 50 CFR parts 229 and 697 
are amended as follows:

PART 229--AUTHORIZATION FOR COMMERCIAL FISHERIES UNDER THE MARINE 
MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT OF 1972

0
1. The authority citation for 50 CFR part 229 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.; Sec.  229.32(f) also issued 
under 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.

0
2. In Sec.  229.2, add definitions for ``Lobster Management Area,'' 
``Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator'' and ``Surface system'' in 
alphabetical order to read as follows:


Sec.  229.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Lobster Management Area as used in this part means the management 
areas defined in the American Lobster Fishery regulations found at 50 
CFR 697.18.
* * * * *
    Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator as used in this part, means 
the Regional Administrator for the regional fisheries office of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the large marine 
ecosystem from Maine to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina directed from the 
Regional Office in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
* * * * *
    Surface system, with reference to trap/pot and fixed gillnet gear, 
includes the components at the sea surface to identify the presence of 
stationary bottom fishing gear, and includes buoys, radar reflectors, 
and high flyers.
* * * * *

0
3. Revise Sec.  229.32 to read as follows:


Sec.  229.32  Atlantic large whale take reduction plan regulations.

    (a) Purpose and scope--(1) Whales and fixed gear fisheries. The 
purpose of this section is to implement the Atlantic Large Whale Take 
Reduction Plan to reduce incidental mortality and serious injury of 
fin, humpback, and right whales in specific Category I and Category II 
commercial fisheries from Maine through Florida. Specific Category I 
and II commercial fisheries within the scope of the Plan are identified 
and updated in the annual List of Fisheries. The measures identified in 
the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan are also intended to 
benefit minke whales, which are not designated as a strategic stock, 
but are known to be taken incidentally in gillnet and trap/pot 
fisheries. The gear types affected by this plan include gillnets (e.g., 
anchored, drift, and shark) and traps/pots. The Assistant Administrator 
may revise the

[[Page 52012]]

requirements set forth in this section in accordance with paragraph (i) 
of this section;
    (2) Regulated waters--(i) U.S. Atlantic waters. The regulations in 
this section apply to all U.S. waters in the Atlantic except for the 
areas exempted in paragraph (a)(3) of this section;
    (ii) Northeast Region. The Northeast Region referred to in 
paragraphs (b)(1) (b)(2)(i), (b)(3), and (c)(2)(iv) of this section 
applies to ocean waters within an area bounded on the west by land or 
by a rhumb line from 41[deg]18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch 
Hill Point, RI) and on the south by the 40[deg]00' N lat. line running 
east to the EEZ line, and bounded on the east by the EEZ north to the 
U.S./Canada border except for the areas and specific purposes exempted 
in paragraph (a)(3) of this section; and
    (iii) Six-mile line. The six-mile line referred to in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iv) of this section is a line connecting the following points 
(Machias Seal to Provincetown):

Table 1 to Paragraph (a)(2)(iii)

44[deg]31.98' N lat., 67[deg]9.72' W long. (Machias Seal)
44[deg]3.42' N lat., 68[deg]10.26' W long. (Mount Desert Island)
43[deg]40.98' N lat., 68[deg]48.84' W long. (Matinicus)
43[deg]39.24' N lat., 69[deg]18.54' W long. (Monhegan)
43[deg]29.4' N lat., 70[deg]5.88' W long. (Casco Bay)
42[deg]55.38' N lat., 70[deg]28.68' W long. (Isle of Shoals)
42[deg]49.53' N lat., 70[deg]32.84' W long.
42[deg]46.74' N lat., 70[deg]27.70' W long.
42[deg]44.18' N lat., 70[deg]24.91' W long.
42[deg]41.61' N lat., 70[deg]23.84' W long.
42[deg]38.18' N lat., 70[deg]24.06' W long.
42[deg]35.39' N lat., 70[deg]25.77' W long.
42[deg]32.61' N lat., 70[deg]27.91' W long.
42[deg]30.00' N lat., 70[deg]30.60' W long.
42[deg]17.19' N lat., 70[deg]34.80' W long.
42[deg]12.48' N lat., 70[deg]32.20' W long.
42[deg]12.27' N lat., 70[deg]25.98' W long.
42[deg]11.62' N lat., 70[deg]16.78' W long.
42[deg]12.27' N lat., 70[deg]10.14' W long.
42[deg]12.05' N lat., 70[deg]54.26' W long.
42[deg]11.20' N lat., 70[deg]17.86' W long.
42[deg]09.55' N lat., 69[deg]58.80' W long. (Provincetown)

    (iv) Maine pocket waters. The pocket waters referred to in 
paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section are defined as follows:

Table 2 to Paragraph (a)(2)(iv)

West of Monhegan Island in the area north of the line 43[deg]42.17' N 
lat., 69[deg]34.27' W long. and 43[deg]42.25' N lat., 69[deg]19.3' W 
long.
East of Monhegan Island in the area located north of the line 
43[deg]44' N lat., 69[deg]15.08' W long. and 43[deg]48.17' N lat., 
69[deg]8.02' W long.
South of Vinalhaven Island in the area located west of the line 
43[deg]52.31' N lat., 68[deg]40' W long. and 43[deg]58.12' N lat., 
68[deg]32.95' W long.
South of Bois Bubert Island in the area located northwest of the line 
44[deg]19.27' N lat., 67[deg]49.5' W long. and 44[deg]23.67' N lat., 
67[deg]40.5' W long.

    (v) Maine Lobster Management Zones: The Maine Zones referred to in 
paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section include waters seaward of the 
Maine Exempted Waters referred to in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this 
section as managed in eight Zones defined by Maine DMR. The Zones are 
bounded northeast by the U.S./Canada EEZ International Boundary line, 
offshore by the Lobster Management Area (LMA) boundary where LMA 1 
meets the border of LMA 3 (LMA 1/LMA 3 boundary), and to the west by a 
boundary proceeding offshore from the Maine/New Hampshire state line. 
Individual Zone boundaries are defined as follows:

                     Table 3 to Paragraph (a)(2)(v)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Maine lobster management zone                 Description
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A--East...........................  The eastern and offshore boundary of
                                     Zone A East follows the
                                     International Boundary line between
                                     Canada and the United States
                                     (Maine) extending to and following
                                     the Exclusive Economic Zone
                                     boundary to approximately 44[deg]8'
                                     N lat., 67[deg]18.00' W long.
                                    The western boundary runs from that
                                     point due north along the
                                     67[deg]18.00' W long. line to Cross
                                     Island, Maine.
A--West...........................  The eastern boundary of Zone A West
                                     is the western boundary of Zone A
                                     East.
                                    The western boundary of Zone A West
                                     follows: A line running from the
                                     Southern tip of Schoodic Point at
                                     44[deg]19.90' N lat., and
                                     68[deg]03.61' W long. and running
                                     south southeast to the LMA1/LMA3
                                     border at 43[deg]45.43' N lat. and
                                     67[deg]50.12' W long.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
B.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone B is
                                     the western boundary of Zone A
                                     West.
                                    The western boundary follows a line
                                     that starts at the southernmost end
                                     of Newbury Neck following a
                                     straight line connecting the points
                                     as follows:
                                    44[deg]13.7' N lat, 68[deg]27.8 W
                                     long. (a point \1/4\ mile due east
                                     of Pond Island), then to the
                                     easternmost point of Black Island
                                     then to the navigation buoy R ``8''
                                     at the western entrance of York
                                     Narrows then south to Swans Island
                                     Head then continuing along the
                                     southwestern shore of Swans Island
                                     to West Point then following the
                                     western boundary of the Swans
                                     Island Lobster Conservation Area
                                     southerly to a point at 44[deg]
                                     01.9' N lat, 68[deg]28.6' W long,
                                     then SSE to 43[deg]32.66' N lat.,
                                     68[deg]17.28' W long. where it
                                     intersects the LMA1/LMA3 boundary.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
C.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone C is
                                     the western boundary of Zone B.
                                    The western boundary runs along a
                                     line connecting the points as
                                     follows:
                                    44[deg]18.72' N lat., 68[deg]49.61'
                                     W long. (Head of the Cape, Cape
                                     Rosier), SSW to 44[deg]10.49' N
                                     lat., 68[deg]55.57' W long., SW to
                                     44[deg]06.14' N lat, 69[deg]00.00'
                                     W long., S to 44[deg]04.51' N lat.,
                                     69[deg]00.01' W long., SSE to
                                     44[deg] 00.79' N lat.,
                                     68[deg]59.48' W long., SSE to
                                     43[deg]58.01' N lat., 68[deg]58.02'
                                     W long., WSW to 43[deg]57.82' N
                                     lat., 68[deg] 58.69' W long., SSW
                                     to 43[deg]56.86' N lat.,
                                     68[deg]58.85' W long., SE to
                                     43[deg]55.30' N lat., 68[deg]55.00'
                                     W long., WSW to 43[deg]54.27' N
                                     lat., 68[deg]58.33' W long., S to
                                     43[deg]51.00' N lat., 68[deg]58.31'
                                     W long., W to 43[deg]51.00' N lat.,
                                     69[deg]00.11' W long., SSE to
                                     43[deg]46.57' N lat., 68[deg]59.30'
                                     W long., SW to 43[deg]44.88' N
                                     lat., 69[deg]01.97' W long., SE to
                                     43[deg]35.08' N lat., 68[deg]
                                     50.08' W long., S to 43[deg]19.63'
                                     N lat., 68[deg] 44.255' W long.
                                     where it intersects the LMA1/LMA3
                                     boundary.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
D.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone D runs
                                     along the points as follows:

[[Page 52013]]

 
                                    44[deg] 18.72' N, 068[deg] 49.61' W
                                     (Head of the Cape, Cape Rosier),
                                     SSW to 44[deg] 10.492' N, 068[deg]
                                     55.574' W, SW to 44[deg] 06.136' N,
                                     069[deg] 00.000' W, S to 44[deg]
                                     04.506' N, 069[deg] 00.014' W, SSE
                                     to 44[deg] 00.788' N, 068[deg]
                                     59.475' W, SSE to 43[deg] 58.011'
                                     N, 068[deg] 58.023' W, ENE to
                                     43[deg] 58.194' N, 068[deg] 57.381'
                                     W, SSE to 43[deg] 57.309' N,
                                     068[deg] 57.226' W, SE to 43[deg]
                                     55.688' N, 068[deg] 53.662' W, WSW
                                     to 43[deg] 55.285' N, 068[deg]
                                     55.000' W, WSW to 43[deg] 54.265'
                                     N, 068[deg] 58.330' W, S to 43[deg]
                                     50.997' N, 068[deg] 58.313' W, W to
                                     43[deg] 51.001' N, 069[deg] 00.107'
                                     W, SSE to 43[deg] 46.565' N,
                                     068[deg] 59.298' W, NE to 43[deg]
                                     47452' N, 068[deg] 57.853' W, SE to
                                     43[deg] 44.669' N, 068[deg] 54.350'
                                     W, S to 43[deg]19.63' N lat.,
                                     68[deg] 44.255' W long. where it
                                     intersects the LMA1/LMA3 boundary.
                                    The western boundary of Zone D
                                     starts at the southern tip of
                                     Pemaquid Point, SSW and follows a
                                     line connecting the points as
                                     follows:
                                    43[deg]48.1' N lat, 69[deg]30'W
                                     long., S to 43[deg]39.0' N lat,
                                     69[deg]30.0' W long., S to
                                     43[deg]02.57' N lat, 69[deg]16.43'
                                     W long., to where it intersects the
                                     LMA1/LMA3 boundary.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
E.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone E is
                                     the western boundary of Zone C.
                                    The western boundary of Zone E
                                     begins at Newbury Point in Small
                                     Point Harbor, Phippsburg and
                                     follows a line connecting the
                                     points as follows:
                                    SSW to N''2', SSE to ``2BH'', S to
                                     43[deg]38.73' N lat., 69[deg]49.95'
                                     W long., along the 3 mile line to
                                     43[deg]38.87' N lat., 69[deg]48.82'
                                     W long, S to 42[deg]53.51' N lat.,
                                     69[deg] 32.18' W long., where it
                                     intersects the LMA1/LMA3 boundary.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
F.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone F is
                                     the western boundary of Zone E.
                                    The western boundary of Zone F runs
                                     in a straight line from the active
                                     Lighthouse at Two Lights Cape
                                     Elizabeth and follows a line
                                     connecting the points as follows:
                                    43[deg]31.80' N lat. 70[deg]08.56' W
                                     long. near the C ``1'' East Hue &
                                     Cry buoy, WSW to 43[deg]29.28' N
                                     lat, 70[deg]11.77' W long., S to
                                     42[deg]36.22' N lat. 69[deg]52.66'
                                     W long, where it intersects the
                                     southeastern apex of Zone G. From
                                     this point, Zone F boundary follows
                                     a straight line southeast to
                                     42[deg]29.85' N-69[deg] 40.08' W
                                     where it meets the LMA1/LMA3
                                     boundary.
                                    The offshore boundary is the LMA1/
                                     LMA3 boundary.
G.................................  The eastern boundary of Zone G is as
                                     follows:
                                    43[deg] 41.550' N, 070[deg] 14.650'
                                     W, SSE 159[deg] Magnetic to 43[deg]
                                     32.875' N, 070[deg] 05.920' W, SSE
                                     to 42[deg] 31.50' N, -69[deg]
                                     43.34' W where it meets with the
                                     southwestern boundary of Zone F.
                                    The western boundary of Zone G is
                                     the seaward extension of the Maine--
                                     NH border and follows a line
                                     connecting the points as follows:
                                    43[deg]02.62' N lat. 70[deg]42.1' W
                                     long., to 42[deg]58.92' N lat.,
                                     70[deg]37.65' W long., to
                                     42[deg]58.75' N lat., 70[deg]36.72'
                                     W long., to where it intersects
                                     with the western Zone F boundary.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (3) Exempted waters--(i) COLREGS demarcation line. The regulations 
in this section do not apply to waters landward of the 72 COLREGS 
demarcation lines (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions 
at Sea, 1972), as depicted or noted on nautical charts published by the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Coast Charts 1:80,000 
scale), and as described in 33 CFR part 80 with the exception of the 
COLREGS lines for Casco Bay (Maine), Portsmouth Harbor (New Hampshire), 
Gardiners Bay and Long Island Sound (New York), and the state of 
Massachusetts;
    (ii) Other exempted waters--(A) Maine. The regulations in this 
section do not apply to waters landward of a line connecting the 
following points (Quoddy Narrows/U.S.-Canada border to Odiornes Pt., 
Portsmouth, New Hampshire):

Table 4 to Paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)

44[deg]49.67' N lat., 66[deg]57.77' W long. (R N ``2'', Quoddy Narrows)
44[deg]48.64' N lat., 66[deg]56.43' W long. (G ``1'' Whistle, West 
Quoddy Head)
44[deg]47.36' N lat., 66[deg]59.25' W long. (R N ``2'', Morton Ledge)
44[deg]45.51' N lat., 67[deg]02.87' W long. (R ``28M'' Whistle, Baileys 
Mistake)
44[deg]37.70' N lat., 67[deg]09.75' W long. (Obstruction, Southeast of 
Cutler)
44[deg]27.77' N lat., 67[deg]32.86' W long. (Freeman Rock, East of 
Great Wass Island)
44[deg]25.74' N lat., 67[deg]38.39' W long. (R ``2SR'' Bell, Seahorse 
Rock, West of Great Wass Island)
44[deg]21.66' N lat., 67[deg]51.78' W long. (R N ``2'', Petit Manan 
Island)
44[deg]19.08' N lat., 68[deg]02.05' W long. (R ``2S'' Bell, Schoodic 
Island)
44[deg]13.55' N lat., 68[deg]10.71' W long. (R ``8BI'' Whistle, Baker 
Island)
44[deg]08.36' N lat., 68[deg]14.75' W long. (Southern Point, Great Duck 
Island)
43[deg]59.36' N lat., 68[deg]37.95' W long. (R ``2'' Bell, Roaring Bull 
Ledge, Isle Au Haut)
43[deg]59.83' N lat., 68[deg]50.06' W long. (R ``2A'' Bell, Old Horse 
Ledge)
43[deg]56.72' N lat., 69[deg]04.89' W long. (G ``5TB'' Bell, Two Bush 
Channel)
43[deg]50.28' N lat., 69[deg]18.86' W long. (R ``2 OM'' Whistle, Old 
Man Ledge)
43[deg]48.96' N lat., 69[deg]31.15' W long. (GR C ``PL'', Pemaquid 
Ledge)
43[deg]43.64' N lat., 69[deg]37.58' W long. (R ``2BR'' Bell, Bantam 
Rock)
43[deg]41.44' N lat., 69[deg]45.27' W long. (R ``20ML'' Bell, Mile 
Ledge)
43[deg]36.04' N lat., 70[deg]03.98' W long. (RG N ``BS'', Bulwark 
Shoal)
43[deg]31.94' N lat., 70[deg]08.68' W long. (G ``1'', East Hue and Cry)
43[deg]27.63' N lat., 70[deg]17.48' W long. (RW ``WI'' Whistle, Wood 
Island)
43[deg]20.23' N lat., 70[deg]23.64' W long. (RW ``CP'' Whistle, Cape 
Porpoise)
43[deg]04.06' N lat., 70[deg]36.70' W long. (R N ``2MR'', Murray Rock)
43[deg]02.93' N lat., 70[deg]41.47' W long. (R ``2KR'' Whistle, Kittery 
Point)
43[deg]02.55' N lat., 70[deg]43.33' W long. (Odiornes Pt., Portsmouth, 
New Hampshire)

    (B) New Hampshire. New Hampshire state waters are exempt from the 
minimum number of traps per trawl requirement in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) 
of this section. Harbor waters landward of the following lines are 
exempt from all the regulations in this section;

Table 5 to Paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(B)

A line from 42[deg]53.691' N lat., 70[deg]48.516' W long. to 
42[deg]53.516' N lat., 70[deg]48.748' W long. (Hampton Harbor)

[[Page 52014]]

A line from 42[deg]59.986' N lat., 70[deg]44.654' W long. to 
42[deg]59.956' N, 70[deg]44.737' W long. (Rye Harbor)

    (C) Rhode Island. Rhode Island state waters are exempt from the 
minimum number of traps per trawl requirement in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) 
of this sectioN Harbor waters landward of the following lines are 
exempt from all the regulations in this section;

Table 6 to Paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(C)

A line from 41[deg]22.441' N lat., 71[deg]30.781' W long. to 
41[deg]22.447' N lat., 71[deg]30.893' W long. (Pt. Judith Pond Inlet)
A line from 41[deg]21.310' N lat., 71[deg]38.300' W long. to 
41[deg]21.300' N lat., 71[deg]38.330' W long. (Ninigret Pond Inlet)
A line from 41[deg]19.875' N lat., 71[deg]43.061' W long. to 
41[deg]19.879' N lat., 71[deg]43.115' W long. (Quonochontaug Pond 
Inlet)
A line from 41[deg]19.660' N lat., 71[deg]45.750' W long. to 
41[deg]19.660' N lat., 71[deg]45.780' W long. (Weekapaug Pond Inlet)
A line from 41[deg]26.550' N lat., 71[deg]26.400' W long. to 
41[deg]26.500' N lat., 71[deg]26.505' W long. (Pettaquamscutt Inlet)

    (D) New York. The regulations in this section do not apply to 
waters landward of a line that follows the territorial sea baseline 
through Block Island Sound (Watch Hill Point, RI, to Montauk Point, 
NY);
    (E) Massachusetts. The regulations in this section do not apply to 
waters landward of the first bridge over any embayment, harbor, or 
inlet in Massachusetts. The following Massachusetts state waters are 
exempt from the minimum number of traps per trawl requirement in 
paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section:
    (1) Exempt waters of Massachusetts Bay and Outer Cape. Heading From 
the New Hampshire border to 70[deg] W longitude south of Cape Cod, 
waters in EEZ Nearshore Management Area 1 and the Outer Cape Lobster 
Management Area (as defined in the American Lobster Fishery regulations 
under Sec.  697.18 of this title), from the shoreline to 3 nautical 
miles from shore, and including waters of Cape Cod Bay southeast of a 
straight line connecting 41[deg] 55.8' N lat., 70[deg]8.4' W long. and 
41[deg]47.2' N lat., 70[deg]19.5' W long.; and
    (2) Exempt waters of southern Massachusetts. Heading From 70[deg] W 
longitude south of Cape Cod to the Rhode Island border, all 
Massachusetts state waters in EEZ Nearshore Management Area 2 and the 
Outer Cape Lobster Management Area (as defined in the American Lobster 
Fishery regulations 50 CFR 697.18), including Federal waters of 
Nantucket Sound west of 70[deg] W long.;
    (F) South Carolina. The regulations in this section do not apply to 
waters landward of a line connecting the following points from 
32[deg]34.717' N lat., 80[deg]08.565' W long. to 32[deg]34.686' N lat., 
80[deg]08.642' W long. (Captain Sams Inlet);
    (4) Sinking groundline exemption. The fisheries regulated under 
this section are exempt from the requirement to have groundlines 
composed of sinking line if their groundline is at a depth equal to or 
greater than 280 fathoms (1,680 feet or 512.1 m);
    (5) Net panel weak link and anchoring exemption. The anchored 
gillnet fisheries regulated under this section are exempt from the 
requirement to install weak links in the net panel and anchor each end 
of the net string if the float-line is at a depth equal to or greater 
than 280 fathoms (1,680 feet or 512.1 m); and
    (6) Island buffer. Those fishing in waters within \1/4\ nautical 
miles of the following Maine islands are exempt from the minimum number 
of traps per trawl requirement in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section: 
Monhegan Island, Matinicus Island Group (Metinic Island, Small Green 
Island, Large Green Island, Seal Island, Wooden Ball Island, Matinicus 
Island, Ragged Island), and Isles of Shoals Island Group (Duck Island, 
Appledore Island, Cedar Island, Smuttynose Island).
    (b) Gear marking requirements--(1) Specified areas Fishermen 
permitted by Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
NMFS to fish for lobster and Jonah crab using trap/pot gear in the 
Northeast Region will follow the color marking requirements for Federal 
waters as indicated in paragraph (b)(2) of this section and, except for 
when fishing in LMA3, will follow the color code scheme assigned to 
their state, indicated in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. For all 
other trap/pot and gillnet gear, excluding shark gillnet, the following 
areas are specified for gear marking purposes: Northern Inshore State 
Trap/Pot Waters, Cape Cod Bay Restricted Area, Massachusetts Restricted 
Area, Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area, Northern 
Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area, Great South Channel Restricted Trap/Pot 
Area, Great South Channel Restricted Gillnet Area, Great South Channel 
Sliver Restricted Area, Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area, 
Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area, Other Northeast Gillnet Waters Area, 
Mid/South Atlantic Gillnet Waters Area, Other Southeast Gillnet Waters 
Area, Southeast U.S. Restricted Areas, and Southeast U.S. Monitoring 
Area;
    (i) Jordan Basin. The Jordan Basin Restricted Area is bounded by 
the following points connected by straight lines in the order listed:

                     Table 7 to Paragraph (b)(1)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N Lat.          W Long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
JBRA1...................................      43[deg]15'      68[deg]50'
JBRA2...................................      43[deg]35'      68[deg]20'
JBRA3...................................      43[deg]25'      68[deg]05'
JBRA4...................................      43[deg]05'      68[deg]20'
JBRA5...................................      43[deg]05'      68[deg]35'
JBRA1...................................      43[deg]15'      68[deg]50'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area. The Jeffreys Ledge Restricted 
Area is bounded by the following points connected by a straight line in 
the order listed:

                     Table 8 to Paragraph (b)(1)(ii)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N Lat.          W Long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
JLRA1...................................      43[deg]15'      70[deg]25'

[[Page 52015]]

 
JLRA2...................................      43[deg]15'      70[deg]00'
JLRA3...................................      42[deg]50'      70[deg]00'
JLRA4...................................      42[deg]50'      70[deg]25'
JLRA1...................................      43[deg]15'      70[deg]25'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2) Markings. All specified gear in specified areas must be marked 
with the color code shown in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. The 
color must be permanently marked on or along the rope or ropes 
specified under paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section. Each 
colored mark must be clearly visible when the gear is hauled or removed 
from the water, including if the color of the rope is the same as or 
similar to the respective color code;
    (i) Northeast Region lobster and Jonah crab buoy line markings. 
Beginning May 1, 2022, for all Federal and state Northeast Region 
lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot gear regulated under this section, the 
buoy lines must be marked with a solid mark at least 36 inches (91.4 
cm) in length within 2 fathoms (3.7 m) of the surface buoy. When 
fishing in Federal waters, all Northeast Region lobster and Jonah crab 
trap/pot buoy lines must have an additional green mark of at least 12 
inches (30.5 cm) in length no more than 6 inches (15.2 cm) from the 36-
inch (91.4 cm) mark. These long marks within 2 fathoms (3.7 m) of the 
buoy must be solid marks that may be applied with dyed, painted, or 
heat-shrink tubing, insertion of a colored rope or braided sleeve, or 
the line may be marked as approved in writing by the Greater Atlantic 
Regional Administrator. When fishing in state waters, the buoy line 
below the surface system must be marked by the principal port state 
color at least two additional times (top half, bottom half) and each 
mark must at least total 12 inches (30.5 cm) for a total of at least 
three marks in state waters. For dual permitted vessels, state 
regulations will determine whether green Federal markings in the 
surface system and buoy line below the surface system can remain on 
gear being fished in state waters. When in Federal waters, the buoy 
line below the surface system must be marked at least three additional 
times (top, middle, and bottom) with the state or LMA 3 specific color, 
and each mark must total at least 12 inches (30.5 cm) in length. An 
additional green mark of at least 12 inches (30.5 cm) in length 
denoting Northeast Region Federal waters must be placed within 6 inches 
(15.2 cm) of each area-specific colored mark for a total of at least 
eight marks in Federal waters. In marking or affixing the color code(s) 
for the 1-foot buoy line marks for gear regulated under this paragraph 
(b)(2)(i), the line may be: Dyed; painted, marked with thin colored 
whipping line, thin colored plastic, or heat-shrink tubing; spliced in 
insertion of a colored rope or braided sleeve or other material, or a 
thin line may be woven into or through the line; or the line may be 
marked as approved in writing by the Greater Atlantic Regional 
Administrator. An outreach guide illustrating the techniques for 
marking gear is available from the Greater Atlantic Regional 
Administrator upon request and posted on the Atlantic Large Whale Take 
Reduction Plan website at Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP;
    (ii) Other buoy line markings. For all other trap/pot and gillnet 
gear regulated under this section, the buoy line must be marked at 
least three times (top, middle, bottom) and each mark must total at 
least 12 inches (30.5 cm) in length. If the mark consists of two 
colors, then each color mark may be at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) for a 
total mark of 12 inches (30.5 cm). In marking or affixing the color 
code for gear regulated under this paragraph (b)(2)(ii), the line may 
be: Dyed, painted, marked with thin colored whipping line, thin colored 
plastic, or heat-shrink tubing, spliced in insertion of a colored rope 
or braided sleeve or other material, or a thin line may be woven into 
or through the line, or the line may be marked as approved in writing 
by the Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator. An outreach guide 
illustrating the techniques for marking gear is available from the 
Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator upon request and posted on the 
Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan website at Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP;
    (iii) Net panel markings. Shark gillnet gear net panels in the 
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area S, Southeast U.S. Monitoring Area and 
Other Southeast Gillnet Waters are required to be marked. The net panel 
must be marked along both the floatline and the leadline at least once 
every 100 yards (91.4 m);
    (iv) Surface buoy markings. Trap/pot and gillnet gear regulated 
under this section must mark all surface buoys to identify the vessel 
or fishery with one of the following: The owner's motorboat 
registration number, the owner's U.S. vessel documentation number, the 
Federal commercial fishing permit number, or whatever positive 
identification marking is required by the vessel's home-port state. 
When marking of surface buoys is not already required by state or 
Federal regulations, the letters and numbers used to mark the gear to 
identify the vessel or fishery must be at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) in 
height in block letters or Arabic numbers in a color that contrasts 
with the background color of the buoy. An outreach guide illustrating 
the techniques for marking gear is available from the Greater Atlantic 
Regional Administrator upon request and posted on the Atlantic Large 
Whale Take Reduction Plan website Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP;
    (3) Color code. Gear must be marked with the appropriate colors to 
designate gear types and areas as follows:

                       Table 9 to Paragraph (b)(3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Color code scheme
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Plan management area                        Color
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Northeast Region, Lobster and Jonah Crab Trap/Pot Gear, Applicable
                          beginning May 1, 2022
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Purple.
 state of Maine and with a principal port
 identified in Maine when fished in state
 waters.

[[Page 52016]]

 
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Purple, Green.
 state of Maine and NMFS, with a principal
 port identified in Maine when fished in
 Federal LMA 1 waters *.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Yellow.
 state of New Hampshire and with a
 principal port identified in New Hampshire
 when fished in state waters.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Yellow, Green.
 state of New Hampshire and NMFS, with a
 principal port identified in New Hampshire
 when fished in Federal LMA 1 waters *.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Red.
 state of Massachusetts and with a
 principal port identified in Massachusetts
 when fished in state waters.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Red, Green.
 state of Massachusetts and NMFS with a
 principal port identified in Massachusetts
 when fished in Federal waters of LMA 1,
 OC, LMA 2 (including 2/3 overlap) *.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Silver/Gray.
 state of Rhode Island and with a principal
 port identified in Rhode Island when
 fished in state waters.
Trawls fished by vessels permitted by the    Silver/Gray, Green.
 state of Rhode Island and NMFS, with a
 principal port identified in Rhode Island
 when in Federal waters of LMA 2 (including
 2/3 overlap) *.
Trawls fished in the Northeast EEZ Offshore  Black, Green.
 Management Area 3 (LMA3) excluding the 2/3
 overlap.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Northeast Region, Other Trap/Pot gear
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Massachusetts Restricted Area..............  Red.
Northern Nearshore.........................  Red.
Northern Inshore State.....................  Red.
Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted    Red.
 Area.
Great South Channel Restricted Area          Red.
 overlapping with LMA 2 and/or Outer Cape.
Exempt Rhode Island state waters (single     Red and Blue.
 traps).
Exempt Massachusetts state waters in LMA 1   Red and White.
 (single traps).
Exempt Massachusetts state waters in LMA 2   Red and Black.
 (single traps).
Exempt Massachusetts state waters in Outer   Red and Yellow.
 Cape (single traps).
Isles of Shoals, ME (single traps).........  Red and Orange.
Great South Channel Restricted Area          Black.
 overlapping with LMA 2/3 and/or LMA 3.
Jordan Basin...............................  Black and Purple (LMA 3),
                                              Red and Purple (LMA 1)
Jeffreys Ledge.............................  Red and Green.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              Trap/Pot Gear
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Southern Nearshore.........................  Orange.
Southeast Restricted Area North (state       Blue and Orange.
 Waters).
Southeast Restricted Area North (Federal     Green and Orange.
 Waters).
Offshore...................................  Black.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Gillnet excluding shark gillnet
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cape Cod Bay Restricted Area...............  Green.
Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted    Green.
 Area.
Great South Channel Restricted Area........  Green.
Great South Channel Restricted Sliver Area.  Green.
Other Northeast Gillnet Waters.............  Green.
Jordan Basin...............................  Green and Yellow.
Jeffreys Ledge.............................  Green and Black.
Mid/South Atlantic Gillnet Waters..........  Blue.
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area South.......  Yellow.
Other Southeast Gillnet Waters.............  Yellow.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Shark Gillnet (with webbing of 5'' or greater)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area South.......  Green and Blue.
Southeast Monitoring Area..................  Green and Blue.
Other Southeast Waters.....................  Green and Blue.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* For dual permitted vessels, state regulations will determine whether
  green marks can remain on gear being fished in state waters.

    (c) Restrictions applicable to trap/pot gear in regulated waters--
(1) Universal trap/pot gear requirements. In addition to the gear 
marking requirements listed in paragraph (b) of this section and the 
area-specific measures listed in paragraphs (c)(2) through (14) of this 
section, all trap/pot gear in regulated waters, including the Northern 
Inshore State Trap/Pot Waters Area, must comply with the universal gear 
requirements listed in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (iii) of this 
section; \1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Fishermen are also encouraged to maintain their buoy lines 
to be as knot-free as possible. Splices are considered to be less of 
an entanglement threat and are thus preferable to knots.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 52017]]

    (i) No buoy line floating at the surface. No person or vessel may 
fish with trap/pot gear that has any portion of the buoy line floating 
at the surface at any time when the buoy line is directly connected to 
the gear at the ocean bottom. If more than one buoy is attached to a 
single buoy line or if a high flyer and a buoy are used together on a 
single buoy line, floating line may be used between these objects;
    (ii) No wet storage of gear. Trap/pot gear must be hauled out of 
the water at least once every 30 days; and
    (iii) Groundlines. All groundlines must be composed entirely of 
sinking line. The attachment of buoys, toggles, or other floatation 
devices to groundlines is prohibited.
    (2) Area specific gear requirements. Trap/pot gear must be set 
according to the requirements outlined in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through 
(iii) of this section and in the table to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this 
section;
    (i) Single traps and multiple-trap trawls. All traps must be set 
according to the configuration outlined in the table to paragraph 
(c)(2)(iv) of this section. Trawls up to and including five traps must 
only have one buoy line unless specified otherwise in the table to 
paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section;
    (ii) Buoy line weak links. With the exception of Northeast Region 
lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot trawls, all buoys, flotation devices 
and/or weights (except traps/pots, anchors, and leadline woven into the 
buoy line), such as surface buoys, high flyers, radar reflectors, 
subsurface buoys, toggles, window weights, etc., must be attached to 
the buoy line with a weak link placed either as close to each 
individual buoy, flotation device and/or weight as operationally 
feasible, or at the base of the surface system where the surface system 
attaches to the single buoy line, and that meets the following 
specifications;
    (A) Weak link breaking strengths. The breaking strength of the weak 
links must not exceed the breaking strength listed in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iv) of this section for a specified management area;
    (B) Approved weak links. The weak link must be chosen from the 
following list approved by NMFS: Swivels, plastic weak links, rope of 
appropriate breaking strength, hog rings, rope stapled to a buoy stick, 
or other materials or devices approved in writing by the Greater 
Atlantic Regional Administrator. An outreach guide illustrating the 
techniques for making weak links is available from the Greater Atlantic 
Regional Administrator upon request and posted on the Atlantic Large 
Whale Take Reduction Plan website Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP; and
    (C) Clean breaks. Weak links must break cleanly leaving behind the 
bitter end of the line. The bitter end of the line must be free of any 
knots when the weak link breaks. Splices are not considered to be knots 
for the purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C);
    (iii) Weak buoy lines and weak insertion devices. Beginning May 1, 
2022, all lobster and Jonah crab trap/pot buoy lines in the management 
areas and configurations outlined in the table to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) 
of this section must use weak line or must insert weak devices along 
the buoy line as described in the table to paragraph (c)(2)(iv). The 
weak line and weak insert devices must meet the following 
specifications;
    (A) Breaking strength. The breaking strength of the weak buoy lines 
and weak insertion devices must not exceed 1,700 lb (771 kgs);
    (B) Approved devices and distance between weak insertions. Weak 
insertion devices must be inserted in the specified intervals from the 
surface system and must be devices chosen from the following list 
approved by NMFS, including any rope no thinner than 5/16 inch (8 mm) 
diameter that is engineered to break at 1,700 lb (771 kg) or less in a 
color contrasting with the primary buoy line and 3 feet (91.4 cm) or 
longer spliced on either end into the primary buoy line. Splices that 
achieve nearly the manufactured breaking strength include but are not 
limited to: Three or more tuck splices, an eye to loop with 3 or more 
tuck splices, or a butt splice. A 3-foot long hollow braided sleeve 
such as those known as the South Shore Sleeve installed over a parted 
buoy line is approved. A plastic weak link engineered to break at 1700 
lb (771 kg) or less in a color that contrasts with the buoy line and 
with the breaking strength imprinted on the weak link is approved. The 
Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator will approve other materials, 
devices, or configurations inserted according to specifications 
approved in writing by the Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator. An 
outreach guide illustrating the techniques for making weak insert 
devices is available from the Greater Atlantic Regional Administrator 
upon request and posted on the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan 
website Fisheries.NOAA.gov/ALWTRP; and
    (C) Clean breaks. Weak line and weak inserts must break cleanly 
leaving behind the bitter end of the line. The bitter end of the line 
must be free of any knots when the weak insert breaks. Splices are not 
considered to be knots for the purposes of this paragraph 
(c)(2)(iii)(D).
    (iv) Table of area specific trap/pot gear requirements.

                    Table 10 to Paragraph (c)(2)(iv)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Minimum number of
                                    Minimum number     weak rope or weak
       Mgmt area; location            traps/trawl          insertion
                                                         configuration
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Northeast Region Lobster and Jonah Crab Trap/Pot, Applicable beginning
                               May 1, 2022
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern Inshore State; Maine     3 (1 buoy line)...  Weak line for the
 Zones A, B, F, G exempt waters                        top 50 percent of
 to 3 miles.                                           the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Inshore State; Maine     2 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 Zones C, D, and E exempt waters   4 (2 buoy lines).   top 50 percent of
 to 3 miles.                                           the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone A  10 (1 buoy line)    Weak line for the
 East 3 to 12 miles.               or 20 (2 buoy       top 33 percent of
                                   lines).             the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone A  4 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 West 3 to 6 miles.                8 (2 buoy lines).   top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone A  8 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 West 6 to 12 miles.               15 (2 buoy lines).  top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.

[[Page 52018]]

 
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone B  5 (1 buoy line)...  Weak line for the
 3 to 6 miles.                                         top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone    5 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 C, D, E 3 to 6 miles.             10 (2 buoy lines).  top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone F  5 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 and G 3 to 6 miles.               10 (2 buoy lines).  top 33 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone    5 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 B, D, and E 6 to 12 miles.        10 (2 buoy lines).  top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone C  10 (1 buoy line)    Weak line for the
 6 to 12 miles.                    or 20 (2 buoy       top 50 percent of
                                   lines).             the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone F  5 (1 buoy line) or  Weak line for the
 6 to 12 miles.                    10 (2 buoy lines).  top 33 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore: Maine Zone G  10 (1 buoy line)    Weak line for the
 6 to 12 miles.                    or 20 (2 buoy       top 33 percent of
                                   lines).             the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Inshore State and        No minimum number   Weak inserts every
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;    of traps per        60 feet (18.3 m)
 Massachusetts State Waters \2\.   trawl. Trawls up    in top 75 percent
                                   to and including    of line or full
                                   3 or fewer traps    weak line through
                                   must only have      top 75 percent of
                                   one buoy line.      line.
Northern Inshore State and        2 (1 buoy line)     Weak inserts every
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;    Trawls up to and    60 feet (18.3 m)
 Other Massachusetts State         including 3 or      in top 75 percent
 Waters.                           fewer traps must    of line or full
                                   only have one       weak line through
                                   buoy line.          top 75 percent of
                                                       line.
Northern Inshore State; New       No minimum trap/    Weak line for the
 Hampshire State Waters.           trawl.              top 50 percent of
                                                       the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore; New           10................  Weak line for the
 Hampshire and Massachusetts (3-                       top 50 percent of
 6 miles).                                             the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore,               15................  Weak line for the
 Massachusetts Restricted Area,                        top 50 percent of
 and Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys                          the buoy line or
 Ledge Restricted Area; LMA 1 (6-                      two weak
 12 miles).                                            insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore and LMA1       25................  Weak line for the
 Restricted Area; LMA1 (12+                            top 33 percent of
 miles).                                               the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Inshore State,           No minimum number   Weak inserts every
 Massachusetts Restricted Area,    of traps per        60 ft (18.3 m) in
 and Massachusetts South Island    trawl.              top 75 percent of
 Restricted Area; OC and LMA1/OC                       line or full weak
 Overlap(0-3 miles).                                   line through top
                                                       75 percent of
                                                       line.
Northern Nearshore and            15................  Weak line for the
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;                        top 50 percent of
 OC (3-12 miles).                                      the buoy line or
                                                       two weak
                                                       insertion
                                                       devices, one at
                                                       25 percent and
                                                       one at 50 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Nearshore and Great      20................  Weak line for the
 South Channel Restricted Area;                        top 33 percent of
 OC (12+ miles).                                       the buoy line or
                                                       one weak
                                                       insertion device
                                                       at 33 percent
                                                       buoy line length
                                                       from top.
Northern Inshore State; RI State  No minimum number   Weak inserts every
 Waters.                           of traps per        60 feet (18.3 m)
                                   trawl.              in top 75 percent
                                                       of line or full
                                                       weak line through
                                                       top 75 percent of
                                                       line.
Northern Nearshore; LMA 2 (3-12   10................  Weak inserts every
 miles).                                               60 feet (18.3 m)
                                                       in top 75 percent
                                                       of line or full
                                                       weak line through
                                                       top 75 percent of
                                                       line.
Northern Nearshore, Great South   20................  Weak inserts every
 Channel Restricted Area, and                          60 feet (18.3 m)
 Massachusetts South of Island                         in top 75 percent
 Restricted Area; LMA 2 (12+                           of line or full
 miles).                                               weak line through
                                                       top 75 percent of
                                                       line.
Offshore, Great South Channel     20................  Weak inserts every
 Restricted Area, and                                  60 feet (18.3 m)
 Massachusetts South Island                            in top 75 percent
 Restricted Area; LMA 2/3                              of line or full
 Overlap (12+ miles).                                  weak line through
                                                       top 75 percent of
                                                       line.
Northeast Region Offshore waters  45................  Weak line for the
 including Great South Channel                         top 75 percent of
 Restricted Area, and                                  one buoy line.
 Massachusetts South Island
 Restricted Area, with the
 exception of the Georges Basin
 and South Georges 50 Fathom
 Restricted Areas; LMA 3
 including LMA3-only vessels
 fishing in 2/3 overlap.
Northeast Region Offshore waters  50................  Weak line for the
 Georges Basin Restricted Area.                        top 75 percent of
                                                       the buoy line.

[[Page 52019]]

 
Northeast Region Offshore waters  35................  Weak line for the
 South Georges 50 Fathom                               top 75 percent of
 Restricted Area.                                      the buoy line.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Other Trap/Pot
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern Inshore State; Maine     2 (1 buoy line)...  <=600 lb.
 State and Pocket Waters \1\.
Northern Nearshore; Maine Zones   3 (1 buoy line)...  <=600 lb.
 A-G (3-6 miles) \1\.
Northern Nearshore; Maine Zones   5 (1 buoy line)...  <=600 lb.
 A-C (6-12 miles) \1\.
Northern Nearshore; Maine Zones   10................  <=600 lb.
 D-G (6-12 miles) \1\.
Northern Nearshore, Offshore,     15................  <=600 lb (<=1500
 and LMA1 Restricted Area; Maine                       lb in offshore,
 Zones A-E (12+ miles).                                2,000 lb if red
                                                       crab trap/pot).
Northern Nearshore, Offshore,     15 (Mar 1-Oct 31)   <=600 ls (<=1500
 and LMA1 Restricted Area; Maine   20 (Nov 1-Feb 28/   lb in offshore,
 Zones F-G (12+ miles).            29).                2,000 ls if red
                                                       crab trap/pot).
Northern Inshore State and        No minimum number   <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;    of traps per
 Massachusetts State Waters \2\.   trawl. Trawls up
                                   to and including
                                   3 or fewer traps
                                   must only have
                                   one buoy line.
Northern Inshore State,           2 (1 buoy line)     <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area,    Trawls up to and
 and Massachusetts South Island    including 3 or
 Restricted Area; Other            fewer traps must
 Massachusetts State Waters.       only have one
                                   buoy line.
Northern Inshore State; New       No minimum number   <=600 lb.
 Hampshire State Waters.           of traps per
                                   trawl.
Northern Nearshore and            10................  <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area
 and Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys
 Ledge Restricted Area; LMA 1 (3-
 12 miles).
Northern Nearshore and LMA1       20................  <=600 lb.
 Restricted Area; LMA 1 (12+
 miles).
Northern Inshore State and        No minimum number   <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;    of traps per
 LMA1/OC Overlap (0-3 miles).      trawl.
Northern Inshore State and        No minimum number   <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;    of traps per
 OC (0-3 miles).                   trawl.
Northern Nearshore and            10................  <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts Restricted Area;
 OC (3-12 miles).
Northern Nearshore and Great      20................  <=600 lb.
 South Channel Restricted Area;
 OC (12+ miles).
Northern Inshore State; Rhode     No minimum number   <=600 lb.
 Island State Waters.              of traps per
                                   trawl.
Northern Nearshore, and           10................  <=600 lb.
 Massachusetts South Island
 Restricted Area; LMA 2 (3-12
 miles).
Northern Nearshore, Great South   20................  <=600 lb.
 Channel Restricted Area; LMA 2
 (12+ miles).
Northeast Offshore and Great      20................  <=1500 lb (2,000
 South Channel Restricted Area,                        lb if red crab
 and Massachusetts South Island                        trap/pot).
 Restricted Area; LMA 2/3
 Overlap (12+ miles).
Northeast Offshore waters, Great  20................  <=1500 lb (2,000
 South Channel Restricted Area,                        lb if red crab
 and Massachusetts South Island                        trap/pot).
 Restricted Area; LMA 3 (12+
 miles).
Southern Nearshore; LMA 4,5,6...  No minimum number   <=600 lb.
                                   of traps per
                                   trawl.
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area    1.................  <=200 lb.
 North \3\ Florida State Waters.
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area    1.................  <=600 lb.
 North; \3\ Georgia State Waters.
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area    1.................  <=600 lb.
 North; \3\ South Carolina State
 Waters.
Southeast U.S. Restricted Area    1.................  <=600 lb.
 North; \3\ Federal Waters off
 Florida, Georgia, South
 Carolina.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The 6-mile line, pocket waters, and Maine Zones are defined in
  paragraphs (a)(2)(iii) through (v) of this section.
\2\ Massachusetts State waters as defined as paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(E) of
  this section.
\3\ See paragraph (f)(1) of this section for description of area.

    (3) Massachusetts Restricted Area--(i) Area. The Massachusetts 
Restricted Area is bounded landward by the Massachusetts shoreline, 
from points MRA1 through MRA3 bounded seaward by the designated 
Massachusetts state waters boundary, and then bounded by a rhumb line 
connecting points MRA3 through MRA11 in order as detailed in table 11 
to paragraph (c)(3)(i);

[[Page 52020]]



                     Table 11 to Paragraph (c)(3)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MRA1....................................   42[deg]52.32'   70[deg]48.98'
MRA2....................................   42[deg]52.58'   70[deg]43.94'
MRA3....................................      42[deg]12'   70[deg]38.69'
MRA4....................................      42[deg]12'      70[deg]30'
MRA5....................................      42[deg]30'      70[deg]30'
MRA6....................................      42[deg]30'      69[deg]45'
MRA7....................................    41[deg]56.5'      69[deg]45'
MRA8....................................    41[deg]21.5'      69[deg]16'
MRA9....................................    41[deg]15.3'    69[deg]57.9'
MRA10...................................    41[deg]20.3'      70[deg]00'
MRA11...................................    41[deg]40.2'      70[deg]00'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Closure to fishing with buoy lines. From February 1 to April 
30, it is prohibited to fish with, set, or possess trap/pot gear in the 
area in this paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section unless it is fished 
without buoy lines or with buoy lines that are stored on the bottom 
until it can be remotely released for hauling, or it is stowed in 
accordance with Sec.  229.2 of this chapter. Authorizations for fishing 
without buoy lines must be obtained if such fishing would not be in 
accordance with surface marking requirements of Sec. Sec.  697.21 and 
648.84 of this title or other applicable fishery management 
regulations. The minimum number of trap/trawl gear configuration 
requirements specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section remain 
in effect unless an exemption to those requirements is authorized.
    (iii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From May 1 through 
January 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear 
in the Massachusetts Restricted Area unless that gear complies with the 
gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, 
the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section, and the area-specific requirements listed in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is stowed as specified in 
Sec.  229.2.
    (4) South Island Restricted Area--(i) Area. The South Island 
Restricted Area is bounded by the following points connected by rhumb 
lines in the order listed, and bounded on the north by the shoreline of 
Nantucket, Massachusetts.

                     Table 12 to Paragraph (c)(4)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIRA1...................................   41[deg]20.00'   71[deg]19.00'
                                                       N               W
SIRA2...................................   41[deg]20.00'   69[deg]30.00'
                                                       N               W
SIRA3...................................   40[deg]30.00'   69[deg]30.00'
                                                       N               W
SIRA4...................................   40[deg]30.00'   71[deg]19.00'
                                                       N               W
SIRA....................................   41[deg]20.00'   71[deg]19.00'
                                                       N               W
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Closure to fishing with buoy lines. From February 1 to April 
30, it is prohibited to fish with, set, or possess trap/pot gear in the 
area in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section unless it is fished without 
buoy lines or with buoy lines that are stored on the bottom until they 
can be remotely released for hauling, or the trap/pot gear is stowed in 
accordance with Sec.  229.2. Authorizations for fishing without buoy 
lines must be obtained if such fishing would not be in accordance with 
surface marking requirements of 50 CFR 697.21 and 648.84. The minimum 
number of trap/trawl gear configuration requirements specified in 
paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section remain in effect unless an 
exemption to those requirements is authorized.
    (iii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From May 1 through 
January 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear 
in the Massachusetts South Island Restricted Area unless that gear 
complies with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) 
of this section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the area-specific requirements 
listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is 
stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (5) Great South Channel Restricted Trap/Pot Area--(i) Area. The 
Great South Channel Restricted Trap/Pot Area consists of the area 
bounded by the following points.

                     Table 13 to Paragraph (c)(5)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
GSC1....................................      41[deg]40'      69[deg]45'
GSC2....................................       41[deg]0'      69[deg]05'
GSC3....................................      41[deg]38'      68[deg]13'
GSC4....................................      42[deg]10'      68[deg]31'
GSC1....................................      41[deg]40'      69[deg]45'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Closure to fishing with buoy lines. From April 1 through June 
30, it is prohibited to fish with, set, or possess trap/pot gear in the 
area in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section unless it is fished without 
buoy lines or with buoy lines that are stored on the bottom until they 
can be remotely released for hauling, or the trap/pot gear is stowed in 
accordance with Sec.  229.2. Authorizations for fishing without buoy 
lines must be obtained if such fishing would not be in accordance with 
surface marking requirements of 50 CFR 697.21 and 648.84.
    (iii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From July 1 
through March 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot 
gear in the Great South Channel Restricted Trap/Pot Area unless that 
gear complies with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph 
(b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified 
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the area-specific requirements 
listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is 
stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (6) Lobster Management Area One Restricted Area--(i) Area. The 
Lobster Management Area One Restricted Area (LMRA1) is bounded by the 
following points connected by rhumblines in the order listed.

[[Page 52021]]



                     Table 14 to Paragraph (c)(6)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
LMA1RA 1................................      43[deg]06'   69[deg]36.77'
LMA1RA 2................................      43[deg]44'    68[deg]21.6'
LMA1RA 3................................   43[deg]32.68'   68[deg]17.27'
LMA1RA 4................................   42[deg]53.52'   69[deg]32.16'
LMA1RA 1................................      43[deg]06'   69[deg]36.77'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Restrictions to fishing with buoy lines. From October 1 to 
January 31, it is prohibited to fish with, set, or possess trap/pot 
gear in the area in paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section unless it is 
fished without buoy lines or with buoy lines that are stored on the 
bottom until they can be remotely released for hauling, or the trap/pot 
gear is stowed in accordance with Sec.  229.2. Authorizations for 
fishing without buoy lines must be obtained if such fishing would not 
be in accordance with surface marking requirements of 50 CFR 697.21 and 
648.84. The minimum number of trap/trawl gear configuration 
requirements specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section remain 
in effect unless an exemption to those requirements is authorized.
    (iii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From February 1 
through September 30, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the LMA 1 Restricted Area unless that gear complies 
with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this 
section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the area-specific requirements 
listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is 
stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (7) Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area--(i) Area. The 
Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area includes all Federal 
waters of the Gulf of Maine, except those designated as the 
Massachusetts Restricted Area in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, that 
lie south of 43[deg]15' N lat. and west of 70[deg]00' W long.
    (ii) Year round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the 
Stellwagen Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area unless that gear 
complies with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) 
of this section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the area-specific requirements 
listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is 
stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (8) Georges Basin Restricted Area (i) Area. The Georges Basin 
Restricted Area (GBRA) referred to in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this 
section is bounded by rhumb lines connecting the following points in 
the order listed in table 15 to paragraph (c)(8)(i).

                     Table 15 to Paragraph (c)(8)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
GBRA 1..................................   42[deg]03.00'   67[deg]40.02'
GBRA 2..................................   42[deg]30.00'   67[deg]40.02'
GBRA 3..................................   42[deg]30.00'   67[deg]27.00'
GBRA 4..................................   42[deg]09.30'   67[deg]08.70'
GBRA 1..................................   42[deg]03.00'   67[deg]40.02'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (iii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. Beginning May 1 
2022, no person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the 
Georges Basin Restricted Area unless that gear complies with the gear 
marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, and the area-specific requirements listed in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is stowed as specified in 
Sec.  229.2.
    (9) South Georges 50 Fathom Restricted Area--(i) Area. The South 
Georges 50 Fathom Restricted Area curve line referred to in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iv) of this section is an area bounded in the south by the 40 
degree southern border of the Northeast Region, bounded seaward by the 
EEZ, and bounded in the north by rhumb lines connecting the following 
points in the order listed in table 16 to paragraph (c)(9)(i).

                     Table 16 to Paragraph (c)(9)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Point                       N lat.          W long.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
SGRA 1..................................   40[deg]00.00'   71[deg]49.86'
SGRA 2..................................   40[deg]06.47'   71[deg]24.69'
SGRA 3..................................   40[deg]06.49'   71[deg]24.62'
SGRA 4..................................   40[deg]20.82'   71[deg]03.52'
SGRA 5..................................   40[deg]20.89'   71[deg]03.42'
SGRA 6..................................   40[deg]21.16'   70[deg]35.17'
SGRA 7..................................   40[deg]21.16'   70[deg]35.02'
SGRA 8..................................   40[deg]16.84'   70[deg]07.34'
SGRA 9..................................   40[deg]16.81'   70[deg]07.17'
SGRA 10.................................   40[deg]09.92'   69[deg]40.43'
SGRA 11.................................   40[deg]09.87'   69[deg]40.25'
SGRA 12.................................   40[deg]14.72'   69[deg]12.77'

[[Page 52022]]

 
SGRA 13.................................   40[deg]14.74'   69[deg]12.63'
SGRA 14.................................   40[deg]19.83'   68[deg]45.19'
SGRA 15.................................   40[deg]19.86'   68[deg]45.05'
SGRA 16.................................   40[deg]31.55'   68[deg]21.25'
SGRA 17.................................   40[deg]31.63'   68[deg]21.10'
SGRA 18.................................   40[deg]34.09'   67[deg]52.94'
SGRA 19.................................   40[deg]34.11'   67[deg]52.76'
SGRA 20.................................   40[deg]38.45'   67[deg]24.98'
SGRA 21.................................   40[deg]38.46'   67[deg]24.90'
SGRA 22.................................   40[deg]50.05'   67[deg]00.91'
SGRA 23.................................   40[deg]50.14'   67[deg]00.73'
SGRA 24.................................   41[deg]00.10'   66[deg]35.45'
SGRA 25.................................   41[deg]00.21'   66[deg]35.18'
SGRA 26.................................   41[deg]14.84'   66[deg]21.82'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Area-specific gear or vessel requirements. Beginning May 1, 
2022, no person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the 
South Georges 50 Fathom Restricted Area unless that gear complies with 
the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this 
section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the area-specific requirements 
listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or unless the gear is 
stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (10) Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area--(i) Area. The Offshore Trap/Pot 
Waters Area includes all Federal waters of the EEZ Offshore Management 
Area known as Lobster Management Area 3, including the area known as 
the Area 2/3 Overlap and Area 3/5 Overlap as defined in the American 
Lobster Fishery regulations at 50 CFR 697.18, with the exception of the 
Great South Channel Restricted Trap/Pot Area, Southeast Restricted 
Area, Georges Basin Restricted Area, South Georges 50 Fathom Restricted 
Area, and extending south along the 100-fathom (600-ft or 182.9-m) 
depth contour from 35[deg]14' N lat. South to 27[deg]51' N lat., and 
east to the eastern edge of the EEZ.
    (ii) Year-round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the 
Northeast Region portion of Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that overlaps 
an area from the U.S./Canada border south to a straight line from 
41[deg]18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, RI) south 
to 40[deg]00' N lat., and then east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, 
unless that gear complies with the gear marking requirements specified 
in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear 
requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and the 
area-specific requirements listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, 
or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iii) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
September 1 to May 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that overlaps an 
area bounded on the north by a straight line from 41[deg]18.2' N lat., 
71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, RI) south to 40[deg]00' N lat. 
and then east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, and bounded on the south 
by a line at 32[deg]00' N lat., and east to the eastern edge of the 
EEZ, unless that gear complies with the gear marking requirements 
specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear 
requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and area-
specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of this section or unless the 
gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iv) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
November 15 to April 15, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that overlaps an 
area from 32[deg]00' N lat. south to 29[deg]00' N lat. and east to the 
eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the gear 
marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (v) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
December 1 to March 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Offshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that overlaps an 
area from 29[deg]00' N lat. south to 27[deg]51' N lat. and east to the 
eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the gear 
marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) in 
this section, or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (11) Northern Inshore State Trap/Pot Waters Area--(i) Area. The 
Northern Inshore State Trap/Pot Waters Area includes the state waters 
of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, with the 
exception of Massachusetts Restricted Area and those waters exempted 
under paragraph (a)(3) of this section. Federal waters west of 
70[deg]00' N lat. in Nantucket Sound are also included in the Northern 
Inshore State Trap/Pot Waters Area.
    (ii) Year-round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the Northern 
Inshore State Trap/Pot Waters Area unless that gear complies with the 
gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, 
the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (12) Northern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area--(i) Area. The 
Northern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area includes all Federal waters of 
EEZ Nearshore Management Area 1, Area 2, and the Outer Cape Lobster 
Management Area (as defined in the American Lobster Fishery regulations 
at 50 CFR 697.18), with the exception of the Great South Channel 
Restricted Trap/Pot Area, Massachusetts Restricted Area, Stellwagen 
Bank/Jeffreys Ledge Restricted Area, and Federal waters west of 
70[deg]00' N lat. in Nantucket Sound (included in the Northern Inshore 
State Trap/Pot Waters Area) and those waters exempted under paragraph 
(a)(3) of this section.
    (ii) Year-round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel

[[Page 52023]]

may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the Northern Nearshore Trap/
Pot Waters Area unless that gear complies with the gear marking 
requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal 
trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (13) Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area--(i) Area. The 
Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area includes all state and Federal 
waters that fall within EEZ Nearshore Management Area 4, EEZ Nearshore 
Management Area 5, and EEZ Nearshore Management Area 6 (as defined in 
the American Lobster Fishery regulations in Sec.  697.18 of this title, 
and excluding the Area 3/5 Overlap), and inside the 100-fathom (600-ft 
or 182.9-m) depth contour line from 35[deg]30' N lat. south to 
27[deg]51' N lat. and extending inshore to the shoreline or exemption 
line, with the exception of those waters exempted under paragraph 
(a)(3) of this section and those waters in the Southeast Restricted 
Area defined in paragraph (f)(1) of this section.
    (ii) Year-round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel may fish with or possess trap/pot gear in the Southern 
Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that is east of a straight line from 
41[deg]18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, RI) south 
to 40[deg]00' N lat., unless that gear complies with the gear marking 
requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal 
trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iii) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
September 1 to May 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that 
overlaps an area bounded on the north by a straight line from 
41[deg]18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, RI) south 
to 40[deg]00' N lat. and then east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, and 
bounded on the south by 32[deg]00' N lat., and east to the eastern edge 
of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the gear marking 
requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal 
trap/pot gear requirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the 
area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of this section or 
unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iv) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
November 15 to April 15, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that 
overlaps an area from 32[deg]00' N lat. south to 29[deg]00' N lat. and 
east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the 
gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, 
the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (v) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
December 1 to March 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
trap/pot gear in the Southern Nearshore Trap/Pot Waters Area that 
overlaps an area from 29[deg]00' N lat. south to 27[deg]51' N lat. and 
east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the 
gear marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, 
the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (14) Restrictions applicable to the red crab trap/pot fishery--(i) 
Area. The red crab trap/pot fishery is regulated in the waters 
identified in paragraphs (c)(10)(i) and (c)(14)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Year-round area-specific gear or vessel requirements. No 
person or vessel may fish with or possess red crab trap/pot gear in the 
area identified in paragraph (c)(14)(i) of this section that overlaps 
an area from the U.S./Canada border south to a straight line from 
41[deg] 18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, RI) south 
to 40[deg]00' N lat., and then east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, 
unless that gear complies with the gear marking requirements specified 
in paragraph (b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear 
requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the area-
specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of this section or unless the 
gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iii) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
September 1 to May 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess red 
crab trap/pot gear in the area identified in paragraph (c)(14)(i) of 
this section that overlaps an area bounded on the north by a straight 
line from 41[deg]18.2' N lat., 71[deg]51.5' W long. (Watch Hill Point, 
RI) south to 40[deg]00' N lat. and then east to the eastern edge of the 
EEZ, and bounded on the south by a line at 32[deg]00' N lat., and east 
to the eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that gear complies with the gear 
marking requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
universal trap/pot gear requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, the area-specific requirements in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section or unless the gear is stowed as specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (iv) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
November 15 to April 15, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
red crab trap/pot gear in the area identified in paragraph (c)(14)(i) 
of this section that overlaps an area from 32[deg]00' N lat. south to 
29[deg]00' N lat. and east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that 
gear complies with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph 
(b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified 
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the area-specific requirements in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section or unless the gear is stowed as 
specified in Sec.  229.2.
    (v) Seasonal area-specific gear or vessel requirements. From 
December 1 to March 31, no person or vessel may fish with or possess 
red crab trap/pot gear in the area identified in paragraph (c)(14)(i) 
of this section that overlaps an area from 29[deg]00' N lat. south to 
27[deg]51' N lat. and east to the eastern edge of the EEZ, unless that 
gear complies with the gear marking requirements specified in paragraph 
(b) of this section, the universal trap/pot gear requirements specified 
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the area-specific requirements in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section or unless the gear is stowed as 
specified in Sec.  229.2.

PART 697--ATLANTIC COASTAL FISHERIES COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

0
4. The authority citation for 50 CFR part 697 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority:  16 U.S.C. 5101 et seq.

0
5. In Sec.  697.21, revise paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  697.21  Gear identification and marking, escape vent, maximum 
trap size, and ghost panel requirements.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) With the exception of Maine permitted vessels fishing in Maine 
Lobster Management Zones that can fish up to ten lobster traps on a 
trawl with one buoy line, lobster trap trawls consisting of more than 
three traps must have a radar reflector and a single flag or pennant on 
the westernmost end (marking the half compass circle from magnetic 
south through west, to and including north), while the easternmost end 
(meaning the half compass circle

[[Page 52024]]

from magnetic north through east, to and including south) of an 
American lobster trap trawl must be configured with a radar reflector 
only. Standard tetrahedral corner radar reflectors of at least 8 inches 
(20.32 cm) (both in height and width, and made from metal) must be 
employed. (A copy of a diagram showing a standard tetrahedral corner 
radar reflector is available upon request to the Office of the Greater 
Atlantic Regional Administrator.)
    (3) No American lobster trap trawl shall exceed 1.5 nautical miles 
(2.78 km) in length, as measured from radar reflector to radar 
reflector, except in the EEZ Offshore Management Area 3 where the 
maximum length of a lobster trap trawl shall not exceed 1.75 nautical 
miles (3.24 km).
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2021-19040 Filed 9-16-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P


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