18-751-cv 

Hsin v. City of New York 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

13th 3 day of June, two thousand nineteen. 

4 

5 Present: 

6 DENNIS JACOBS, 

7 GERARD E. LYNCH, 

8 Circuit Judges, 

JANET C. HALL,

* 9 

10 District Judge. 

11 ___________________________________________ 

12 

13 HENRY HANG HSIN, CHENG WEI-HSIN, 43 162 ST.

14 MANAGEMENT, INC., 162 REALTY MANAGEMENT,

15 LLC, LALUDIA MANAGEMENT, INC., MACRUSO 

16 MANAGEMENT, INC., E & V CONTROL 

17 MANAGEMENT, INC., AND A & J CONSULTING 

18 MANAGEMENT, INC., 

19 

20 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

21 

22 v. 18-751 

23 

24 THE CITY OF NEW YORK, RICK D. CHANDLER,

25 DENNIS BURKART, PETER SUN, NORMAN HO, D.

26 ERIC HOYT, MUHAMMAD IMRAN, AND MASSIMO 

27 DABUSCO,

28 

29 Defendants-Appellees, 

30 

31 

32 

 

*

 Judge Janet C. Hall, United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, sitting by designation. 
2 

1 JOHN/JANE DOES, NOS. 1-10, 

2 

 Defendants.** 3 

4 ___________________________________________ 

5 

6 For Plaintiffs-Appellants: Daniel J. Schneider, Farber Schneider Ferrari LLP, 

7 New York, NY (Christopher M. Slowik, Klein 

8 Slowik PLLC, New York, NY, on the brief). 

9 

10 For Defendants-Appellees: Antonella Karlin, Assistant Corporation Counsel 

11 (Richard Dearing and Kathy Chang Park, on the 

12 brief) for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel 

13 of the City of New York, New York, NY. 

14 

15 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

16 York (Allyne Ross, Judge). 

17 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

18 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

19 

20 Plaintiffs Henry Hang Hsin, Cheng Wei-Hsin, 43 162 St. Management, Inc., 162 Realty 

21 Management, LLC, Laludia Management, Inc., Macruso Management, Inc., E & V Control 

22 Management, Inc., and A & J Consulting Management, Inc. (collectively, “the Hsin plaintiffs”) 

23 are Asian-American property developers and real estate companies. The Hsin plaintiffs brought 

24 this lawsuit against the City of New York (“the City”), Assistant Chief Inspector Dennis Burkart 

25 (“Burkart”), and several of Burkart’s colleagues at the Department of Buildings (“DOB”), 

26 alleging that the defendants selectively enforced the City’s building codes on the basis of race. 

27 The Hsin plaintiffs raised claims under the Equal Protection Clause, the Due Process Clause, 

28 section 1981 of title 42 of the United States Code, the Monell doctrine, and New York tax law. 

 

** The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as shown above. 
3 

1 The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Ross, J.) dismissed with 

2 prejudice the Hsin plaintiffs’ federal causes of action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

3 12(b)(6), and it declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state claim. 

4 The Hsin plaintiffs now appeal. 

5 Their appeal was heard in tandem with Hu v. City of New York, Case No. 18-737-cv, a 

6 related but not consolidated action brought by an Asian-American construction worker and 

7 Asian-American-owned construction companies (“the Hu plaintiffs”). The Hu plaintiffs and the 

8 Hsin plaintiffs filed nearly identical Amended Complaints, and they raise the same issues on 

9 appeal. We resolve the Hu appeal in a separate Opinion filed simultaneously with this Summary 

10 Order. We presume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this case, as 

11 well as with the issues on appeal. 

12 We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). 

13 Carpenters Pension Tr. Fund of St. Louis v. Barclays PLC, 750 F.3d 227, 232 (2d Cir. 2014). 

14 For the purposes of such a review, “this Court must accept as true all allegations in the complaint 

15 and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Matson v. Bd. of Educ. of 

16 City Sch. Dist. of New York, 631 F.3d 57, 63 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

17 Nevertheless, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 

18 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. “A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff 

19 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 

20 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York, 889 F.3d 40, 

21 48 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). 
4 

1 The Hsin plaintiffs’ Equal Protection claim proceeds under the theory of LeClair v. 

Saunders, 627 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1980).1 2 To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must prove that 

3 “(1) the person, compared with others similarly situated, was selectively treated, and (2) the 

4 selective treatment was motivated by an intention to discriminate on the basis of impermissible 

5 considerations, such as race or religion, to punish or inhibit the exercise of constitutional rights, 

6 or by a malicious or bad faith intent to injure the person.” Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 

7 674, 683 (2d Cir. 1995) (quoting FSK Drug Corp. v. Perales, 960 F.2d 6, 10 (2d Cir. 1992)). 

8 The District Court dismissed the Hsin plaintiffs’ LeClair claim for failure to plausibly allege a 

9 similarly situated comparator that was treated differently by the defendants. Our Opinion in the 

10 Hu action sets forth the similarity standard for a LeClair selective enforcement claim. To satisfy 

11 this standard, the Hsin plaintiffs must plausibly allege facts showing a “reasonably close 

12 resemblance” between themselves and a proffered comparator. Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 

13 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir. 2000). 

14 The Hsin plaintiffs and the Hu plaintiffs rely on the same four comparisons, namely: 

15 (1) comparisons between white workers and Asian workers at the 34th Avenue Jobsite; 

16 (2) comparisons between a non-Asian construction company at the West 22nd Jobsite and Asian 

17 construction professionals at the College Point Jobsite; (3) comparisons between a non-Asian 

18 subcontractor and an Asian general contractor at the 43-05 162nd Street Jobsite; and (4) a 

19 statistical comparison between Burkart and other DOB inspectors that suggests that Burkart 

20 sanctioned Asians at higher rates than his colleagues did. We discuss these comparators in detail 

21 in the Hu Opinion, concluding that the 34th Avenue Jobsite raises a plausible inference that the 

 

1

 While the Hsin plaintiffs only alleged a LeClair claim for race-based discrimination, the Hu plaintiffs 

brought their Equal Protection claims under both the theory of LeClair and the class of one theory set forth in 

Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562 (2000). 
5 

1 defendants treated the Hu plaintiffs less favorably than another similarly situated. In contrast, we 

2 conclude in this Summary Order that none of the comparators plausibly support the Hsin

3 plaintiffs’ LeClair claim for race-based selective enforcement. 

4 With respect to the first two proffered comparators, the Hsin plaintiffs do not allege that 

5 they worked at or were otherwise involved with the 34th Avenue Jobsite or the College Point 

6 Jobsite. To prevail on their Equal Protection claim, however, the Hsin plaintiffs must allege 

7 specific instances in which they themselves were treated differently than another similarly 

8 situated. See Albert v. Carovano, 851 F.2d 561, 573 (2d Cir. 1988) (“To support a claim of 

9 selective enforcement, appellants must allege purposeful and systematic discrimination by 

10 specifying instances in which they were singled out for unlawful oppression in contrast to others 

11 similarly situated.” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted, emphasis omitted)). Thus, 

12 because the first two proffered comparators do not implicate the Hsin plaintiffs in any way, they 

13 cannot satisfy the similarity requirements for the Hsin plaintiffs’ Equal Protection claim. 

14 The third proffered comparator fails because the Hsin plaintiffs make no attempt to draw 

15 comparisons between themselves and this comparator. Specifically, the Amended Complaint 

16 alleges that 43 162 Management, a plaintiff in the Hsin action, was the owner of the 43-05 162nd 

17 Street Jobsite. The Hsin plaintiffs further allege that Burkart permitted work at this location to 

18 continue when Vera Construction, a non-Asian company, was responsible for the construction 

19 site, but that Burkart stopped all work on the jobsite once Vera Construction completed its work 

20 and 43 162 Management took over responsibility for the site as its general contractor. However, 

21 the Hsin plaintiffs do not allege facts suggesting that 43 162 Management, as the general 

22 contractor and owner of the property, was similarly situated to Vera Construction, a company 
6 

1 contracted to do foundation work at the jobsite. Instead, the Amended Complaint oddly draws 

2 comparisons between Vera Construction and the Hu plaintiffs. 

3 Finally, the Hsin plaintiffs cannot rest their LeClair claim on statistics comparing 

4 Burkart’s enforcement practices to those of his colleagues. As we explained in the Hu Opinion, 

5 statistics alone cannot satisfy the similarly situated requirement for an Equal Protection claim for 

6 selective enforcement. See Albert, 851 F.2d at 573 (holding that a plaintiff’s selective 

7 enforcement claim must “specify[ ] instances” in which they have been treated differently from 

8 “others similarly situated”); see also Ruston v. Town Bd. for Town of Skaneateles, 610 F.3d 55, 

9 59 (2d Cir. 2010) (dismissing a class of one Equal Protection claim for failure to “allege specific 

10 examples” of similarly situated comparators). 

11 We therefore affirm the District Court’s dismissal of the Hsin plaintiffs’ Equal Protection 

12 claim, concluding that none of the Hsin plaintiffs’ proffered comparators satisfy the similarity 

13 standard for a LeClair cause of action. The Hsin plaintiffs’ failure to plausibly allege a similarly 

14 situated comparator is also fatal to their section 1981 claim because “plaintiffs must meet the 

15 same pleading standard for their § 1981 claims as for their § 1983 claims under the Equal 

Protection Clause.”2 16 Brown v. City of Oneonta, New York, 221 F.3d 329, 339 (2d Cir. 2000). 

17 Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s dismissal of the Hsin plaintiffs’ section 1981 claim 

18 for race-based interference with their right to make and enforce contracts. 

19 For the reasons set forth in the Hu Opinion, we also affirm the District Court’s dismissal 

20 of the Hsin plaintiffs’ Due Process claim and Monell claim. We further conclude that the court 

21 below did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the Hsin plaintiffs’ federal claims with prejudice, 

 

2

 As we explain in our Opinion in the Hu action, the similarity standard for a LeClair claim is identical to 

the similarity standard for a section 1981 claim. 
7 

1 as the Hsin plaintiffs never sought leave from the District Court to amend their Amended 

2 Complaint. See Horoshko v. Citibank, N.A., 373 F.3d 248, 249–50 (2d Cir. 2004) (“[The] 

3 contention that the District Court abused its discretion in not permitting an amendment that was 

4 never requested is frivolous.”). As for the Hsin plaintiffs’ argument that the District Court 

5 abused its discretion by declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over their state law claim, 

6 we find that this argument is without merit. The District Court dismissed the Amended 

7 Complaint well before trial, and we see no reason to depart from the general rule that, “where the 

8 federal claims are dismissed before trial, the state claims should be dismissed as well.” New 

9 York Mercantile Exch., Inc. v. IntercontinentalExchange, Inc., 497 F.3d 109, 119 (2d Cir. 2007). 

10 For the reasons set forth in the Hu Opinion, we conclude that the Hsin plaintiffs’ remaining 

11 arguments are also meritless. Accordingly, the judgment of the District Court is hereby 

12 AFFIRMED. 

13 FOR THE COURT: 

14 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk