UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 91-2891

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

KAMORUDEEN ADEKUNLE,

Defendant-Appellant.

___________________

No. 91-2979

___________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

SAHEED MASHA,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

OPINION ON REHEARING

(Opinion December 23, 5th Cir., 1992 F.2d )

September 9, 1993

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, WISDOM and WIENER, Circuit Judges.
2

POLITZ, Chief Judge:

Treating the Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc as a petition

for panel hearing, it is ordered that the petition for panel

rehearing is GRANTED. Our prior opinion, reported at 980 F.2d 985

(5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S.Ct. 2380 and 2455 (1993), is

revised and as revised is reinstated. Section B, 980 F.2d at 989,

and the final paragraph, 980 F.2d at 990, of the prior opinion are

vacated and replaced. 

Again we consider the issues posed by the detention in excess

of 100 hours of suspected alimentary canal drug smugglers. The

issue addressed in this opinion was raised only by appellant

Kamorudeen Adekunle. The facts underlying this appeal are set out

more fully in the prior panel opinion. Adekunle and a companion,

Saheed Masha, were detained by customs officials in Brownsville,

Texas as suspected alimentary canal drug smugglers. They were

taken to a hospital for observation and, pursuant to a magistrate

judge's order, Adekunle was subjected to an x-ray. After attending

physicians administered laxatives, both Adekunle and Masha excreted

numerous balloons containing heroin and were then arrested.

Following expulsion of all the balloons, they were removed to the

local jail and finally presented before the magistrate judge, over

100 hours after the initial detention and more than two days after

their arrest.

A detention at the border satisfies the fourth amendment if

supported by a customs official's reasonable suspicion based upon
 

1 United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531,

541-42, 105 S.Ct. 3304, 3310-11, 87 L.Ed.2d 381 (1985) (quoting

United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)).

 

2 See Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449, 453 (1957).

 

3 Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed.2d 54

(1975).

 

4 County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 111 S.Ct. 1661, 114

L.Ed.2d 49 (1991).

 

5 Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. at 541.

3

a "'particularized and objective basis for suspecting the

particular person' of alimentary canal smuggling."1 Adekunle does

not dispute that customs officials had reasonable suspicion to

detain him as a suspected alimentary canal drug smuggler. Rather,

he maintains that once reasonable suspicion ripened into probable

cause, he no longer was a subject in investigatory detention but

was under arrest. He therefore contends that the customs officials

failed timely to provide him with the procedural protections

required for warrantless arrests, and that such failure requires

suppression of any statements made during the period of detention.2

The fourth amendment requires a prompt determination of probable

cause following a warrantless arrest.3 Failure to provide such a

determination within 48 hours shifts the burden to the government

to demonstrate a bona fide emergency or extraordinary circumstance

justifying the lengthier delay.4

Because it was based on reasonable suspicion, Adekunle's

detention was justified at its inception.5 He argues, however,

that as the customs officers discovered more information, their

reasonable suspicion ripened into probable cause requiring that he
 

6 United States v. Hoffa, 385 U.S. 293 (1966).

 

7 385 U.S. at 310. An encounter which begins as a

permissible Terry stop, however, may ripen into an arrest requiring

probable cause if the officer uses means of detention which are

more intrusive than necessary SQ thus, the officer's conduct

determines the level of suspicion required. See, e.g., United

States v. Martinez-Perez, 941 F.2d 295 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

112 S.Ct. 1295 (1991). Adekunle's argument, on the other hand, is

circular SQ the officer's actual level of suspicion determines the

level of suspicion required. This fails to persuade.

4

be put under arrest rather than kept in investigative detention.

A defendant has no constitutional right to be arrested at the point

when either he or the court deems that there is sufficient probable

cause for arrest.6 Law enforcement officials are "not required to

guess at their peril the precise moment at which they have probable

cause to arrest a suspect."7 Such a requirement would punish the

cautious officer who errs on the side of protecting a defendant's

rights by requiring a stronger showing of probable cause than the

court might deem necessary. 

We cannot, however, countenance the absurdity that one may

have his liberty restrained for a longer period based on a mere

suspicion than he lawfully could be detained based on probable

cause. The same evils which the fourth amendment protects against

by requiring a probable cause hearing within 48 hours of a

warrantless arrest exist for a suspect in investigative detention

for an extended period. Prolonged detention may have serious

consequences to a defendant, whether the defendant is arrested or

is merely in investigative detention. Such "confinement may

imperil the suspect's job, interrupt his source of income, and
 

8 Gerstein, 420 U.S. at 114. "When the stakes are this high,

the detached judgment of a neutral magistrate is essential if the

Fourth Amendment is to furnish meaningful protection from unfounded

interference with liberty." Id.

 

9 Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. at 541 (emphasis added).

 

10 Hallstrom v. City of Garden City, 991 F.2d 1473, 1481 (9th

Cir. 1993) (citing Gerstein).

 

11 Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948).

5

impair his family relationships."8

While the same grave consequences are at stake in prolonged

detentions following arrest or for investigation, the justification

for permitting detentions based only on a law enforcement

official's reasonable suspicion diminishes with the length of the

detention. The reasonable suspicion standard "effects a needed

balance between private and public interests when law enforcement

officials must make a limited intrusion on less than probable

cause."9 When an investigative detention extends beyond 48 hours,

it no longer is a limited intrusion. As the detention becomes more

prolonged, the "calculus of interests" shifts from the government

to the person in custody.10 If the fourth amendment is to have any

meaning, it must require a judicial determination that there is a

basis SQ under the applicable standard SQ for any extended restraint

of liberty. As the Supreme Court has observed: 

The point of the Fourth Amendment . . . is not that it denies

law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which

reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in

requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and

detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer

engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out

crime.11

We hold that under basic fourth amendment principles, the
 

12 Gerstein, 420 U.S. at 120-21.

 

13 See County of Riverside.

 

14 473 U.S. at 544.

 

15 We note that Montoya de Hernandez has been cited as

authority to justify far longer detentions. See United States v.

Odofin, 929 F.2d 56 (2d Cir.) (24 days before bowel movement),

cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 154 (1991); United States v. Onumonu, 967

F.2d 782 (2d Cir. 1992) (four days before bowel movement; six days

total); United States v. Esieke, 940 F.2d 29 (2d Cir.) (one and

one-half days before bowel movement; three days total), cert.

denied, 112 S.Ct. 610 (1991); United States v. Onyema, 766 F.Supp.

76 (E.D.N.Y. 1991) (19 hours before bowel movement; 78 hours

total); United States v. Yakubu, 936 F.2d 936 (7th Cir. 1991) (18

hours before bowel movement). 

6

government, after detaining a suspected alimentary canal drug

smuggler, must seek a judicial determination, within a reasonable

period, that reasonable suspicion exists to support the detention.

The fourth amendment does not require a formal adversary hearing

for such a determination; informal presentation of the evidence

supporting the customs agent's suspicion before a neutral and

detached judicial officer satisfies the concerns underlying the

fourth amendment.12 Failure to obtain such a judicial determination

within 48 hours shifts the burden to the government to demonstrate

a bona fide emergency or extraordinary circumstance justifying the

lengthier delay.13 

Today's holding is consistent with Montoya de Hernandez's

teachings that "detention for the period necessary to either verify

or dispel the suspicion [is] not unreasonable."14 In Montoya de

Hernandez the Supreme Court viewed the 16-hour detention at issue

therein as one which exceeded any detention it previously had

approved.15 The Court left open the possibility that the balance
7

of fourth amendment interests may shift with the increase in the

duration of the detention.

Adekunle's detention passes constitutional muster under the

standard announced herein because within 48 hours customs officials

brought the matter before a magistrate judge who ordered an x-ray.

This order demonstrated an implicit determination that there was

reasonable suspicion to warrant the continued detention.

Accordingly, his conviction must be AFFIRMED. For the reasons

cited in the prior panel opinion, the conviction of Saheed Masha is

also AFFIRMED.