PAGE 1 – OPINION AND ORDER

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

IN RE: PREMERA BLUE CROSS 

CUSTOMER DATA SECURITY BREACH 

LITIGATION

This Document Relates to All Actions.

Case No. 3:15-md-2633-SI

OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN 

PART AND DENYING IN PART

MOTION TO DISMISS

Kim D. Stephens, Christopher I. Brain, Chase C. Alvord, and Jason T. Dennett, TOUSLEY BRAIN 

STEPHENS PLLC, 1700 Seventh Avenue, Suite 2200, Seattle, WA 98101; Keith S. Dubanevich, 

Steve D. Larson, and Mark A. Friel, STOLL STOLL BERNE LOKTING & SHLACHTER PC, 209 SW 

Oak Street, Portland, OR 97204; Ari J. Scharg, EDELSON PC, 350 North LaSalle Street, 

Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60654; Tina Wolfson, AHDOOT AND WOLFSON PC, 1016 Palm Avenue, 

West Hollywood, CA 90069; and James Pizzirusso, HAUSFELD LLP, 1700 K Street NW, 

Suite 650, Washington, DC 20006. Of Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Daniel R. Warren, BAKERHOSTETLER LLP, 1900 East Ninth Street, Suite 3200, Cleveland, OH 

44114; Paul G. Karlsgodt, BAKERHOSTETLER LLP, 1801 California Street, Suite 4400, Denver, 

CO 80202; and Darin M. Sands, LANE POWELL PC, 601 SW Second Avenue, Suite 2100, 

Portland, OR 97204. Of Attorneys for Defendant Premera Blue Cross.

Michael H. Simon, District Judge.

Plaintiffs bring this putative class action against Defendant Premera Blue Cross 

(“Premera”), a healthcare benefits provider. On March 17, 2015, Premera publicly disclosed that 

its computer network had been breached. Plaintiffs allege that this breach compromised the 

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confidential information of approximately 11 million current and former members, affiliated 

members, and employees of Premera. The compromised confidential information includes 

names, dates of birth, Social Security Numbers, member identification numbers, mailing 

addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, medical claims information, financial 

information, and other protected health information (collectively, “Sensitive Information”). 

According to Plaintiffs, the breach began in May 2014, and went undetected for almost a year. 

Plaintiffs further allege that after discovering the breach, Premera waited several months before 

notifying all affected individuals. Based on these allegations, among others, Plaintiffs assert that 

they have been damaged in several ways and bring various common law claims and state 

statutory claims. Premera moves to dismiss several of Plaintiffs’ claims and several of Plaintiffs’ 

damage theories. For the reasons that follow, the Court grants Premera’s motion in part, denies 

Premera’s motion in part, and gives Plaintiffs leave to replead.

STANDARDS

A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim may be granted only when there is no 

cognizable legal theory to support the claim or when the complaint lacks sufficient factual 

allegations to state a facially plausible claim for relief. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., 

Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint’s factual 

allegations, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded material facts alleged in the complaint 

and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Wilson v. HewlettPackard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012); Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 

F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). To be entitled to a presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint 

“may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations 

of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself 

effectively.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). All reasonable inferences from 

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the factual allegations must be drawn in favor of the plaintiff. Newcal Indus. v. Ikon Office 

Solution, 513 F.3d 1038, 1043 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008). The court need not, however, credit the 

plaintiff’s legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009).

A complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations to “plausibly suggest an 

entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the 

expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. “A claim has facial 

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)).

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs allege the following facts, among others, in their Consolidated Class Action 

Allegation Complaint (“Compl.”) (ECF 44):

A. The Parties

Premera is one of the largest healthcare benefits companies in the Pacific Northwest and 

is also a participant in the national Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (which offers healthcare 

benefits to consumers throughout the United States and its territories, covering more than 105 

million Americans). Premera’s participation in the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association provides 

its members with access to healthcare providers throughout the country and provides nonPremera Blue Cross members (referred to as “Blue members”) with access to its network. 

Compl. ¶ 2. To become a Premera member (or, for Blue members, receive healthcare services 

from a provider within the Premera network), an individual must give Premera his or her 

Sensitive Information. Plaintiffs and the putative class took reasonable steps to preserve the 

confidentiality of their Sensitive Information in many ways, including protecting the Sensitive 

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Information with confidential passwords and relying upon physician-patient privilege and 

confidentiality. Premera maintains this Sensitive Information in a centralized database. 

Compl. ¶ 3. As a healthcare insurance provider, Premera is required to protect both its members’ 

and also Blue members’ Sensitive Information, including by adopting and implementing specific 

data security regulations and standards set forth under the Health Insurance Portability and 

Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”). Compl. ¶ 4.

Plaintiffs allege a Nationwide Data Breach Class, consisting of “[a]ll persons in the 

United States whose Sensitive Information was maintained on Premera’s database and 

compromised as a result of the breach announced by Premera on or around March 17, 2015.” 

Compl. ¶ 101. Plaintiffs also allege a Nationwide Premera Policyholder Subclass, consisting of 

“[a]ll Nationwide Data Breach Class members who paid money to Premera prior to March 17, 

2015 in exchange for health insurance” (“Policyholder Plaintiffs”) Compl. ¶ 102.1The 

individually-named Plaintiffs are identified and alleged to be members of one or more classes or 

subclasses. Compl. ¶¶ 12-34, 101-102, 105-109.

B. The Data Breach

On March 17, 2015, Premera revealed that its computer network had been breached and 

the Sensitive Information of approximately 11 million of its former and current members, Blue 

members, and employees was compromised. Compl. ¶ 6. According to Premera, the breach 

started in May 2014 and went undetected for nearly one year. In addition, after discovering the 

breach, Premera waited several months before notifying all affected individuals. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 59.

 

1

Plaintiffs also allege certain state-specific classes and subclasses. Compl. ¶¶ 104-108. 

These distinctions are not relevant to the pending motion. In addition, Plaintiffs excluded certain 

people and entities from the proposed classes and subclasses. Compl. ¶ 110. These exclusions are 

not relevant to the pending motion.

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On April 8, 2014, approximately one month before the Premera breach, the Cyber 

Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) issued a Private Industry Notification to 

companies within the healthcare sector, advising that “the health care industry is not technically 

prepared to combat against cyber criminals’ basic cyber intrusion tactics, techniques and 

procedures (TTPs), much less against more advanced persistent threats (APTs)” and pointed out 

that “[t]he biggest vulnerability was the perception of IT healthcare professionals’ beliefs that 

their current perimeter defenses and compliance strategies were working when clearly the data 

states otherwise.” Compl. ¶ 43 (footnoted citation omitted). 

In addition, several weeks before the Premera breach, the U.S. Office of Personnel 

Management directly notified Premera about its specific network security vulnerabilities. The 

U.S. Office of Personnel Management’s report dated April 18, 2014 revealed that Premera failed 

to implement adequate measures to secure its network. It found “several areas of concern related 

to Premera’s network security controls” and noted that “patches are not being implemented in a 

timely manner,” “a methodology is not in place to ensure that unsupported or out-of-date 

software is not utilized,” and a vulnerability scan identified “insecure server configurations.” 

Compl. ¶ 44 (citations omitted). In sum, the federal auditors notified Premera weeks before the 

breach that its network-security procedures were inadequate and informed Premera that some of 

the vulnerabilities could be exploited by hackers and expose sensitive information. Compl. ¶ 45 

(citation omitted).

On May 5, 2014, hackers began the initial attack on Premera’s servers. A “phishing” 

email was sent to a Premera employee, falsely purporting to be from a Premera Information 

Technology (IT) employee. The email included instructions to download a “security update.” 

Premera’s employee downloaded this “update,” which actually was malware that allowed 

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hackers access to Premera’s servers. Compl. ¶ 46. The hackers used the domain name in their 

email of “premrera.com” (i.e., using an additional “r”). This wrong domain name was visible in 

the email message. Around this same time, another phishing domain of “prennera.com” also was 

registered. Compl. ¶ 48. After the Premera employee downloaded the malware, hackers had 

access to at least two of Premera’s servers for many months. This access went undetected by 

Premera. Compl. ¶ 49.

In October 2014, Premera engaged Mandiant, a cyber-security firm, to perform an 

assessment of the security of Premera’s network. Mandiant provided its agents with Mandiant 

Intelligent Response (“MIR”), a tool used to identify indicators of compromise and malware, to 

install on Premera’s workstations and laptops for the purposes of scanning for malware and other 

infections. The pilot phase of this project began in December 2014 and continued until early 

January 2015. During this time, Premera began installing MIR on workstations and laptops. 

Premera did not install network sensors until January 28, 2015. On January 29, 2015, Mandiant 

discovered a signature for “SOGU” malware traffic on the Premera network, confirmed infection 

of two servers, and confirmed that the malware was “beaconing” to attacker sites. By January 30, 

2015, Premera had uncovered that the SOGU malware had been in its system since May 2014. 

Compl. ¶¶ 50-52.

In February 2015, Mandiant continued to try to learn the full extent of the breach and 

whether—or how much—information had been removed from Premera’s system. At this time, 

Premera deployed Mandiant’s tools on all Premera servers, workstations, and laptops in order to 

assess the scope of the breach. This installation was completed in late February, nearly one

month after Premera first discovered that a breach had occurred. On February 20, 2015, Premera 

notified the FBI of the data breach.

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On February 25, 2015, the FBI met with Premera and Mandiant. The FBI then began its 

own investigation. Premera chose not to inform the public of the breach at this time, deciding 

instead to investigate further and attempt to remediate the breach before letting the public know 

that their Sensitive Information had been stolen (and was continuing to be stolen). Premera 

further waited until the weekend of March 6-8, 2015 to perform the complete remediation of its 

network, during which time information was still being accessed and stolen. Mandiant continued 

to monitor the network for the following week to ensure that Premera had completely cleansed 

its system. Compl. ¶¶ 53-56.

On March 17, 2015, Premera disclosed to the public that a massive data breach had 

occurred. In its notice, Premera revealed that its computer network was the target of “a 

sophisticated attack to gain unauthorized access to [Premera’s] Information Technology (IT) 

systems.” As a result, the Sensitive Information belonging to approximately 11 million 

consumers—including its current and former members, employees, and other Blue members—

was compromised. The breach affected Premera Blue Cross, Premera Blue Cross Blue Shield of 

Alaska, and affiliate brands Vivacity and Connexion Insurance Solutions, Inc. The breach also 

affected members of other Blue Cross Blue Shield plans who sought treatment in Washington, 

Oregon, or Alaska. Compl. ¶¶ 57-58 (citation omitted; typographical error regarding year 

corrected).

C. Plaintiffs’ Causes of Action

Plaintiffs allege that Premera’s data security failures demonstrate that, among other 

things, Premera failed to: maintain an adequate data security system; adequately protect 

Plaintiffs’ and the Classes’ Sensitive Information; ensure the confidentiality of the Sensitive 

Information that Premera created, received, maintained, and transmitted; implement appropriate 

technical policies and procedures; and effectively train all members of its workforce. 

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Compl. ¶ 64. Based on these allegations, Plaintiffs assert the following eleven causes of action: 

(1) violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”), RCW §§ 19.86.010, et seq.;

2

(2) violation of the Washington Data Breach Disclosure Law, RCW § 19.255.010;

3

(3) negligence;4(4) breach of express contract;5(5) breach of implied contract;6(6) restitution or 

unjust enrichment;7(7) violation of various state consumer protection laws;8(8) violation of 

various state data breach notification laws;9(9) violation of the California Confidentiality of

Medical Information Act (“CMIA”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56, et seq.;

10 (10) breach of fiduciary 

duty;11 and (11) misrepresentation by omission (through fraudulent, negligent, or reckless 

omission or concealment).

12

D. Plaintiffs’ Alleged Damages

Plaintiffs allege three categories of injury or damage. First, Plaintiffs allege “out of 

pocket” losses related to credit monitoring expenses, fraudulent accounts or tax returns, loss of 

use of money, and time and effort that Plaintiffs spent responding to the compromise of their 

 

2 Compl. ¶¶ 119-139.

3 Compl. ¶¶ 140-144.

4 Compl. ¶¶ 145-159.

5 Compl. ¶¶ 160-174.

6 Compl. ¶¶ 175-185.

7 Compl. ¶¶ 186-191.

8 Compl. ¶¶ 192-205.

9 Compl. ¶¶ 206-212.

10 Compl. ¶¶ 213-217.

11 Compl. ¶¶ 218-228.

12 Compl. ¶¶ 229-237.

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Sensitive Information. Some of these losses are monetary and others are only for the time and 

effort that had to be expended. Second, Plaintiffs allege damages inherent in the value of their 

personal information and the violation of their right to privacy. Third, the Policyholder 

Plaintiffs, who paid money to Premera as premiums for insurance coverage, including what the 

Policyholder Plaintiffs assert was for data security, allege “benefit of the bargain” damages. 

Related to this third category of damage, Plaintiffs allege that had Premera disclosed its “true” 

data security practices, the Policyholder Plaintiffs never would have purchased their health 

insurance from Premera in the first place. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 78-100, 127-137.

13 See also 

Plaintiffs’ Response in Opposition to Premera’s Motion to Dismiss (“Response”) (ECF 53) 

at 13.

14

DISCUSSION

Invoking Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in its Motion to Dismiss 

(“Motion”) (ECF 49), Premera challenges only certain causes of action and only certain damage 

theories alleged by Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ unchallenged claims and damage theories are not 

addressed by the Court at this time.

15

 

13 For purposes of resolving the pending motion, the Court does not consider it necessary 

to focus on which specifically-named Plaintiffs allege which claims or allegedly suffered which 

damages.

14 Page numbers are cited to the ECF pagination and not to the internal pagination within 

the filed document.

15 Many district courts have held that a motion to dismiss filed by a defendant that is 

directed against less than all of the claims alleged by a plaintiff suspends the time for that 

defendant to answer the unchallenged claims. See, e.g., ThermoLife Int’l, LLC v. Gaspari 

Nutrition, Inc., 2011 WL 6296833, at *5 (D. Ariz. Dec. 16, 2011). This Court follows that 

approach.

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A. Plaintiffs’ Fraud-Based Claims

In its Motion, Premera challenges the allegations of fraud contained in Plaintiffs’ First

Claim (Washington CPA), Seventh Claim (other state consumer protection laws), and Eleventh 

Claim (Misrepresentation by Omission). Premera argues that Plaintiffs’ allegations of fraud fail 

to comply with the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure. Plaintiffs respond that their claims do not “sound in fraud” and thus are not subject to 

Rule 9(b). Plaintiffs further respond that even if Rule 9(b) did apply to Plaintiffs’ allegations of 

fraud, Plaintiffs’ Complaint is sufficient to satisfy Rule 9(b).

1. All Allegations of Fraud Are Subject to Rule 9(b)

Rule 9(b) provides:

In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity 

the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, 

knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be 

alleged generally.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). This rule applies not only to federal causes of action, but also to state-law 

causes of action alleged in federal court. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1103 

(9th Cir. 2003); see also Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2009). “The 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply irrespective of the source of subject matter jurisdiction, 

and irrespective of whether the substantive law at issue is state or federal.” Vess, 317 F.3d 

at 1102, citing Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460 (1965).

In addition, Rule 9(b) applies to all allegations, or averments, of fraud in all civil cases in 

federal court, even when fraud is not an essential element of the claim. As explained by the 

Ninth Circuit in Vess:

In cases where fraud is not a necessary element of a claim, a 

plaintiff may choose nonetheless to allege in the complaint that the 

defendant has engaged in fraudulent conduct. In some cases, the 

plaintiff may allege a unified course of fraudulent conduct and rely 

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PAGE 11 – OPINION AND ORDER

entirely on that course of conduct as the basis of a claim. In that 

event, the claim is said to be “grounded in fraud” or to “sound in 

fraud,” and the pleading of that claim as a whole must satisfy the 

particularity requirement of Rule 9(b). . . . 

In other cases, however, a plaintiff may choose not to allege a 

unified course of fraudulent conduct in support of a claim, but 

rather to allege some fraudulent and some non-fraudulent conduct. 

In such cases, only the allegations of fraud are subject to 

Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirements. The text of 

Rule 9(b) requires only that in “all averments of fraud . . ., the 

circumstances constituting fraud . . . shall be stated with 

particularity.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) (emphasis added).16 The rule does 

not require that allegations supporting a claim be stated with 

particularity when those allegations describe non-fraudulent 

conduct.

In such cases, application of Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading 

requirements only to “averments” of fraud supporting a claim 

rather than to the claim as a whole not only comports with the text 

of the rule; it also comports with the rule’s purpose of protecting a 

defendant from reputational harm. . . . Fraud allegations may 

damage a defendant’s reputation regardless of the cause of action 

in which they appear, and they are therefore properly subject to 

Rule 9(b) in every case. To require that non-fraud allegations be 

stated with particularity merely because they appear in a complaint 

alongside fraud averments, however, serves no similar reputationpreserving function, and would impose a burden on plaintiffs not 

contemplated by the notice pleading requirements of Rule 8(a).

* * * 

Thus, if particular averments of fraud are insufficiently pled under 

Rule 9(b), a district court should “disregard” those averments, or 

“strip” them from the claim. The court should then examine the 

allegations that remain to determine whether they state a claim.

Vess, 317 F.3d at 1103-05 (emphasis in original).

 

16 An “averment” is a positive declaration or affirmation of fact; an assertion or allegation 

in a pleading is an averment. Bryan A. Garner, ed., BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 156 (9th 

ed. 2009). In 2007, the text of Rule 9 was amended to make it “more easily understood. . . . 

These changes are intended to be stylistic only.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 advisory committee’s note 59 

2007 amendment. Thus, the change from “averments of fraud” to “alleging fraud” does not affect 

this analysis.

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2. Whether Plaintiffs’ Complaint Satisfies Rule 9(b)

Premera identifies four paragraphs in which it asserts that Plaintiffs allege fraud. In their 

First Claim (Washington CPA), Plaintiffs allege, among other things, that Premera “actively 

concealed its true security practices from Plaintiffs.” Compl. ¶ 126. Similarly, in their Seventh 

Claim (other state consumer protection laws), Plaintiffs allege, among other things, that Premera 

“actively concealed its true security practices from Plaintiffs.” Compl. ¶ 197. Further, in their 

Eleventh Claim (Misrepresentation by Omission), Plaintiffs allege that Premera acted 

“fraudulently, negligently, or recklessly concealed from, or failed to disclose to,” the alleged 

Class “the fact that the measures it employed to protect consumers’ confidential data from 

hackers were insufficient.” Compl. ¶ 231. Finally, also in their Eleventh Claim, Plaintiffs allege 

that Premera “intentionally, recklessly, or negligently concealed or failed to disclose the 

insufficient nature of its security measures for the purpose of inducing” the Class to act thereon 

and that the Class members “justifiably relied to their detriment upon the truth and completeness

of Premera’s representations.” Compl. ¶ 234.

a. Fraud through affirmative misrepresentation

It is unclear in the Complaint whether Plaintiffs intended to allege that Premera 

committed fraud through affirmative misrepresentations. In their First Claim (and by extension 

their Seventh Claim), Plaintiffs allege that Premera made certain promises in its Notice of 

Privacy Practices, Code of Conduct, public statements, and other (unspecified) “written 

understandings” to safeguard and protect Sensitive Information. Compl. ¶ 123. Plaintiffs further 

allege that Premera “knew (or should have known) that it was not adequately protecting 

Plaintiffs’ . . . Sensitive Information.” Compl. ¶ 126. Together, these allegations may be 

construed to allege fraud by making promises that a party knew it did not intend to keep. See 

also Compl. ¶¶ 40-42. In Plaintiffs’ Response, Plaintiffs argue that they have identified 

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PAGE 13 – OPINION AND ORDER

actionable misrepresentations with sufficient particularity, and they refer back to the allegations 

in ¶¶ 40-42. Response at 25-26.

Neither a court nor a defendant should be required to guess whether a plaintiff is alleging 

fraud through affirmative misrepresentation. Therefore, to the extent that Plaintiffs seek to allege 

fraud through affirmative misrepresentation, any such claims in the current Complaint are 

dismissed with leave to replead. If Plaintiffs want to allege that Premera committed fraud 

through affirmative misrepresentation, Plaintiffs must clearly and explicitly allege each specific 

misrepresentation that Plaintiffs contend Premera fraudulently made, along with all of the other 

matters required under Rule 9(b) for pleading an allegation of fraud through affirmative 

misrepresentation.

b. Active concealment

Plaintiffs allege in their First, Seventh, and Eleventh Claims theories of active 

concealment, among other theories. Active concealment is a species of fraud. It requires more 

than merely failing to own up to the truth. Grimmett v. Brown, 75 F.3d 506, 515 (9th Cir. 1996).

It also requires more than merely making an affirmative misrepresentation, because, if it were 

otherwise, then there would be no point in having a separate doctrine of active concealment. 

Were a plaintiff to allege that a defendant contacted the plaintiff and intentionally misled or gave

materially incorrect information to the plaintiff in order to send that party down the wrong path, 

this would suffice as an allegation of active concealment. See In re Toyota Motor Corp. 

Unintended Acceleration Marketing, Sales Practices, and Prods. Liab. Litig., 754 F. Supp. 2d 

1145, 1192 (C.D. Cal. 2010).

In their Complaint, however, Plaintiffs merely assert “active concealment” in a 

conclusory fashion. Although Plaintiffs allege that Premera “actively concealed its true security 

practices from Plaintiffs,” Compl. ¶¶ 126, 197, Plaintiffs do not allege how Premera engaged in 

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PAGE 14 – OPINION AND ORDER

such “active concealment.” Plaintiffs allegations are insufficient. Therefore, any claims of active 

concealment in the Complaint are dismissed with leave to replead. If Plaintiffs want to allege that 

Premera committed fraud through active concealment, Plaintiffs must clearly and explicitly 

allege what Premera did that constitutes active concealment, beyond merely making an 

affirmative misrepresentation or omitting to disclose material information.

c. Fraud by omission

To the extent that Plaintiffs’ Eleventh Claim alleges negligent omission or failure to 

disclose, such allegations are not subject to the heightened pleading standards of Rule 9(b) and 

are not the subject of Premera’s pending motion. To the extent that Plaintiffs’ Eleventh Claim 

alleges active concealment (whether done fraudulently, negligently, or recklessly), it is subject to 

the same ruling stated above for fraudulent active concealment. Finally, to the extent that 

Plaintiffs’ Eleventh Claim alleges fraud by material omission, it is subject to Rule 9(b), although 

in a less strict form. As Judge Lucy Koh recently explained in another data breach lawsuit 

involving another provider of healthcare benefits:

In most cases, “a plaintiff in a fraud by omission suit will not be 

able to specify the time, place, and specific content of an omission 

as precisely as would a plaintiff in a false representation claim.” 

Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp., 496 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1098–99 (N.D. 

Cal. 2007); see also Gold v. Lumber Liquidators, Inc., 2015 WL 

7888906, *10 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2015) (same). Accordingly, “a 

fraud by omission or fraud by concealment claim can succeed 

without the same level of specificity required by a normal fraud 

claim.” Baggett v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 582 F. Supp. 2d 1261, 

1267 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord 

MacDonald v. Ford Motor Co., 37 F. Supp. 3d 1087, 1096 (N.D. 

Cal. 2014) (“[C]laims based on an omission can succeed without 

the same level of specificity required by a normal fraud 

claim[,]. . . [b]ecause the plaintiffs are alleging a failure to act 

instead of an affirmative act.”) (internal quotation marks and 

alteration omitted); Montich v. Miele USA, Inc., 849 F. Supp. 2d 

439, 451 (D.N.J. 2012) (“[The] heightened [pleading] standard 

[under Rule 9(b)] is somewhat relaxed in a case based on a 

fraudulent omission.”).

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In re Anthem, Inc. Data Breach Litig., 2016 WL 3029783, at *35 (N.D. Cal. May 27, 2016)

(brackets in original).

In the present case, Plaintiffs allege that had Premera disclosed its “true” data security 

practices, the Policyholder Plaintiffs never would have purchased their health insurance from 

Premera in the first place. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 78-100, 127-137. This is a sufficient allegation of 

materiality and reliance. In addition, the duty to speak and to avoid making a material omission 

also is sufficiently alleged. Plaintiffs allege that Premera made certain promises in its Notice of 

Privacy Practices, Code of Conduct, and other public statements that it would safeguard and 

protect Sensitive Information. Compl. ¶ 123. At least at the pleading stage, these statements are 

sufficient to give rise to a duty to speak to avoid fraudulently making a half-truth.17

What is missing, however, from Plaintiffs’ allegations is a clear articulation of precisely 

what should have been disclosed to Plaintiffs in order to prevent making the statements that 

Premera did make from being misleading, i.e. a half-truth. Accordingly, any claims of fraud by 

omission (or by half-truth) in the Complaint are dismissed with leave to replead. If Plaintiffs 

want to allege that Premera committed fraud through omission, Plaintiffs must clearly and 

explicitly allege what Premera omitted, namely what Premera should have disclosed in order to 

avoid making a half-truth or otherwise being misleading.

B. Plaintiffs’ Contract-Based Claims

In its Motion, Premera challenges Plaintiffs’ Fourth Claim (Breach of Express Contract), 

Fifth Claim (Breach of Implied Contract), and Sixth Claim (Restitution/Unjust Enrichment).

Premera refers to these three claims as Plaintiffs’ “contract-based” claims.

 

17 See generally Benson Tower Condo. Ass’n v. Victaulic Co., 2014 WL 5285475, at *12-

14 (D. Or. Oct. 15, 2014) (discussing Oregon’s law of fraud by half-truths).

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1. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Claim (Breach of Express Contract)

Premera argues that the Policyholder Plaintiffs fail to allege sufficient facts plausibly to 

establish that their contracts with Premera contain any promise at all regarding data security. 

Plaintiffs allege that the Policyholder Plaintiffs “entered into valid and enforceable contracts with 

Defendant whereby it promised to provide healthcare and data protection services to them” and 

that the Policyholder Plaintiffs “agreed to, among other things, pay money for such services.” 

Compl. ¶ 161. Plaintiffs also allege that both the provision of healthcare and data protection 

services were “material.” Compl. ¶ 162. Premera then argues that Plaintiffs did not cite, attach, 

quote from, or even reference their particular health insurance “contracts” (or any exemplar 

contract) to support their claim of breach of express contract.

Instead, Plaintiffs refer to Premera’s “Notice of Privacy Practices, Code of Conduct, 

public statements, and other written understandings,” in which, Plaintiffs allege, Premera 

“expressly promised . . . to safeguard and protect the confidentiality of [Plaintiffs’] Sensitive 

Information in accordance with HIPAA regulations, federal, state and local laws, and industry 

standards.” Compl. ¶ 163. Plaintiffs further allege that Premera “did not comply with its 

promises to abide by HIPAA, federal, state and local laws, or industry standards,” and that the 

“failure to meet these promises and obligations constitutes a breach of express contract.” Compl. 

¶¶ 166-167.

Although Plaintiffs did not attach to its Complaint copies of Premera’s Notice of Privacy 

Practices and Code of Conduct, they did quote portions of these documents and provide web 

addresses showing where these documents could be found. Compl. ¶¶ 40-41. Premera attached to 

its Motion a copy of its Notice of Privacy Practices dated November 20, 2015 (ECF 49-1) and its 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 16 of 35
PAGE 17 – OPINION AND ORDER

Code of Conduct dated May 2015 (ECF 49-2). These documents may be considered by the Court 

in ruling on Premera’s Motion.18

Premera argues that a threshold question is whether either Prermera’s Notice of Privacy 

Practices or its Code of Conduct is part of the health benefits “contract” between the 

Policyholder Plaintiffs and Premera. Premera argues that Plaintiffs do not explain how 

documents that Plaintiffs “never saw or understood as an offer could form the basis of an express 

contractual relationship between the parties.” Motion at 19. In response, Plaintiffs assert that they 

have alleged the requisite contractual elements of offer, acceptance, and consideration, including 

that Premera promised to provide healthcare and data protection services and reduced those 

promises to writing in several documents, including its Notice of Privacy Practices and Code of 

Conduct. Plaintiffs argue that “[n]othing more is required at the pleading stage,” citing Resnick v. 

AvMed, Inc., 693 F.3d 1317, 1329 (11th Cir. 2012). Response at 29. In reply, Premera notes that 

in Resnick, the plaintiffs had attached a written “service contract” to their complaint, which the 

court relied upon in finding that an express contract existed between the parties. Premera’s Reply 

Brief (“Reply”) (ECF 54) at 16. 

In Resnick, current or former members of health care plans brought an action against the 

plan operator, relating to identity theft incidents that occurred after unencrypted laptops 

 

18 As a general rule, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings 

in ruling on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Lee v. City of 

Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). When matters outside the pleadings are 

presented to the court, a motion to dismiss generally must be converted to a motion for summary 

judgment under Rule 56, with the parties being given an opportunity to present all pertinent 

material. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). There are, however, two exceptions to this rule. First, a court may 

consider “material which is properly submitted as part of the complaint.” Lee, 250 F.3d at 688. 

This includes both documents physically attached to the complaint and those on which the 

complaint “necessarily relies” whose authenticity is not contested. Id. Second, the court may take 

judicial notice of “matters of public record” pursuant to Rule 201(b) of the Federal Rules of 

Evidence without being required to convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a motion for summary 

judgment under Rule 56. Lee, 250 F.3d at 688–89.

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 17 of 35
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containing members’ sensitive information were stolen from the plan operator’s corporate office. 

The plaintiffs asserted claims under Florida law for negligence, negligence per se, breach of 

contract, breach of implied contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 

breach of fiduciary duty, and restitution or unjust enrichment. The district court granted the 

defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and the Eleventh Circuit reversed in 

part and affirmed in part. Regarding the plaintiffs’ claim of breach of express contract, the 

Eleventh Circuit held that the complaint was sufficient. In affirming the district court’s dismissal 

of the plaintiffs’ claim of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the 

Eleventh Court stated:

Plaintiffs here allege that AvMed breached the express provision of 

the service contract, which required AvMed “to ensure the 

‘confidentiality of information about members’ medical health 

condition being maintained by the Plan and the right to approve or 

refuse the release of member specific information including 

medical records, by AvMed, except when the release is required by 

law.’”

Resnick, 693 F.3d at 1329 (emphasis added). Unlike in Resnick, Plaintiffs here do not allege that 

Premera violated any express provision of its health benefits contract with the Policyholder 

Plaintiffs. Instead, Plaintiffs allege that “they entered into valid and enforceable contracts with 

Defendant whereby it promised to provide healthcare and data protection services to them.” 

Compl. ¶ 161. Premera argues that Plaintiffs do not identify any express provision in the parties’ 

health benefits contracts that contains any promise relating to data security and that Plaintiffs’ 

references to Premera’s Notice of Privacy Practices and Code of Conduct only gives rise to the 

question of whether those documents are part of the parties’ health benefits contract. Premera’s 

argument is well-taken.

Premera’s point can be seen most clearly in the recent decision by Judge Koh in the 

Anthem data breach litigation, which also involved claims by policyholders against their health 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 18 of 35
PAGE 19 – OPINION AND ORDER

benefits provider and others, related to a data breach and compromise of sensitive personal 

information. Regarding the claim for breach of contract under California law asserted by the 

plaintiffs in their Second Consolidated Amended Complaint (“SAC”) in Anthem, Judge Koh 

observed:

For California Plaintiffs covered by an individual or fully-insured 

group plan, the Anthem Defendants contend that, although “[t]he 

SAC asserts that various privacy notices and policies became 

enforceable provisions of Plaintiffs’ health plan contracts,” the 

SAC “fails to allege facts to support th[is] assertion.” Anthem 

Mot. at 6. California Plaintiffs, in response, assert that these 

privacy provisions were part of their underlying contracts via 

incorporation by reference or through express attachment.

a. Incorporation by Reference

As to incorporation by reference, California law provides that “[a] 

contract may validly include the provisions of a document not 

physically a part of the basic contract.” Shaw v. Regents of Univ. of 

Cal., 67 Cal. Rptr. 2d 850, 856 (Ct. App. 1997). “It is, of course, 

the law that the parties may incorporate by reference into their 

contract the terms of some other document.” Id. “For the terms of 

another document to be incorporated into the document executed 

by the parties (1) the reference must be clear and unequivocal, 

(2) the reference must be called to the attention of the other party 

and he must consent thereto, and (3) the terms of the incorporated 

document must be known or easily available to the contracting 

parties.” Id. “The contract need not recite that it incorporates 

another document, so long as it guides the reader to the 

incorporated document.” Id. (internal quotation marks and 

alteration omitted).

* * *

Under Shaw and Wolschlager, the contracts entered into by 

Michael Bronzo (“Bronzo”), Kenneth Solomon (“Solomon”), 

Mary Ella Carter (“Carter”), and Kenneth Coonce (“Coonce”) 

sufficiently incorporate by reference the Anthem Defendants’

promises to protect individual privacy.

Anthem, 2016 WL 3029783, at *8-9. The court in Anthem then found that the plaintiffs 

adequately alleged that the references in their health benefits contract to Anthem’s privacy 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 19 of 35
PAGE 20 – OPINION AND ORDER

notices and policies were clear and unequivocal, those references were called to the attention of 

the plaintiffs, and the terms of the incorporated documents were known or easily available to the 

contracting parties. Id. at *9-10.

In their lawsuit against Premera, the Policyholder Plaintiffs do not explicitly allege that 

Premera’s privacy notices or policies (from which Plaintiffs quote in paragraphs 40 and 41 of the 

Complaint) were part of the Policyholder Plaintiffs’ health benefits contracts with Premera,

either through “incorporation by reference” or through “express attachment.” In that respect, 

Plaintiffs’ allegations are deficient and their breach of express contract claim is dismissed with 

leave to renew. If Plaintiffs intend to allege that Premera’s privacy notices, policies, 

commitments, or provisions were incorporated by reference into Plaintiffs’ health benefits 

contracts, Plaintiffs must allege the specific provisions within those contracts showing that:

(1) the reference was clear and unequivocal; (2) the reference was called to the attention of the 

other party, and (3) the terms of the incorporated documents were easily available to the 

contracting parties.

As discussed more fully in the next subsection, it is unclear whether the Policyholder 

Plaintiffs also intended to allege breach of express contract where the referenced confidentiality 

provisions are an implied term in the parties’ express contracts. If that is Plaintiffs’ intention, 

they have leave to replead such a claim, including as an alternative theory of breach of express 

contract.

2. Plaintiffs’ Fifth Claim (Breach of Implied Contract)

As an alternative to their claim of breach of express contract, the Policyholder Plaintiffs 

allege breach of implied contract. Specifically, these Plaintiffs allege that they provided Sensitive 

Information to Premera and thereby “entered into implied contracts whereby Defendant was 

obligated to take reasonable steps to secure and safeguard that information.” Compl. ¶ 177. 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 20 of 35
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Plaintiffs add that without having such implied contracts, Plaintiffs “would not have provided 

their Sensitive Information to Defendant.” Compl. ¶ 179. Premera challenges Plaintiffs’ claim of 

breach of implied contract by arguing that even for an implied contract claim, the basic elements 

of offer, acceptance, and mutual assent still must be met. Motion at 21. Plaintiffs respond that the 

“specific facts and circumstances of the transaction between Premera and the Policyholder 

Plaintiffs culminated in a meeting of the minds, wherein the parties understood there to be an 

offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual asset with respect to data security.” Response at 32.

It may be helpful to begin the analysis of Premera’s Motion against Plaintiffs’ Fifth 

Claim with a clarification of terminology and some basic principles of contract law. When 

parties manifest their agreement by words, the contract is said to be “express.” When parties 

manifest their agreement by conduct, rather than by words, the contract is said to be “implied in 

fact.” A contract implied in fact is still a contract. An express contract and a contract implied in 

fact are both contracts formed by a mutual manifestation of assent; the only material difference is 

the form or proof of the mutual assent. A contract implied in law, however, is not a contract. 

Instead, when an obligation is imposed by law in order to do justice under the facts of a 

particular situation, even though no promise was ever made or intended, that is called a “contract 

implied in law.” A contract implied in law also may be called a “quasi-contract.” The confusing 

use of the word “contract” in the non-contractual obligation imposed by law in a “contract 

implied by law” (or a quasi-contract) is simply the result of an historical, procedural quirk. 

Because the early common law did not contain a writ for the obligation now known as a

“contract implied in law,” early common law courts permitted the use of the contractual writ of 

assumpsit and permitted the pleading of a “fictitious” promise. Thus, the non-contractual 

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PAGE 22 – OPINION AND ORDER

obligation of a contract implied in law was treated procedurally as if it were a contract. Further, 

the principal function of this quasi-contract is to prevent unjust enrichment.19

Finally, returning to the concept of a true contract, whether express or implied in fact, 

under certain circumstances, a court may add or supply an omitted essential term. As explained 

in the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS:

When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract 

have not agreed with respect to a term which is essential to a 

determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable 

in the circumstances is supplied by the court.

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 204; see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF 

CONTRACTS, § 204 cmt. d (discussing “supplying a term”); Eyal Zamir, The Inverted Hierarchy 

of Contract Interpretation and Supplementation, 97 COLUM. L. REV. 1710, 1718-19 (1997) 

(discussing the applicability of RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 204 to omitted terms).

When a court supplies an omitted essential term into a contract, the supplied term is 

sometimes referred to as an “implied” term. Today, one of the most common of such “implied” 

terms is the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which is recognized as an implied 

term in all (or almost all) common law contracts. In addition, the pedigree of the doctrine of 

implying an omitted essential term can be traced at least as far back as the opinion of then-Judge 

Benjamin Cardozo writing for the New York Court of Appeals in Wood v. Lucy, Lady DuffGordon, 222 N.Y. 88, 118 N.E. 214 (1917). In that case, the plaintiff had facilities for promoting 

the sale of women’s apparel and entered into an agreement with the defendant, a creator of 

fashions. An employment agreement was signed by both parties and had many recitals. The 

defendant, however, argued that it lacked the elements of a contract because it did not bind the 

 

19 See generally John D. Calamari and Joseph M. Perillo, THE LAW OF CONTRACTS at 

§ 1-12, 19-20 (1977); RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 4 cmt. a.

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plaintiff to anything specific. The Court, however, implied a promise that the plaintiff would use 

reasonable efforts to market the defendant’s designs. As explained by then-Judge Cardozo:

It is true that he does not promise in so many words that he will 

use reasonable efforts to place the defendant's indorsements and 

market her designs. We think, however, that such a promise is 

fairly to be implied. The law has outgrown its primitive stage of 

formalism when the precise word was the sovereign talisman, and 

every slip was fatal. It takes a broader view to-day. A promise may 

be lacking, and yet the whole writing may be ‘instinct with an 

obligation,’ imperfectly expressed (SCOTT, J., in McCall Co. v. 

Wright, 133 App. Div. 62; Moran v. Standard Oil Co., 211 N. Y. 

187, 198). If that is so, there is a contract.

Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, 222 N.Y. at 90-91.

Returning now to Premera’s challenge to Plaintiffs’ Fifth Claim, it is unclear to the Court 

whether Plaintiffs are alleging the existence of two distinct contracts, one express and the other 

implied in fact.20 It is also unclear to the Court whether Plaintiffs are alleging breach of a duty 

reasonably to protect Sensitive Information as an implied term in an express health benefits 

contract.

In the alternative, Plaintiffs may be attempting to allege that they have two contracts with 

Premera—one being an express contract for health benefits and a second being an implied in fact 

contract concerning the reasonable protection of Sensitive Information furnished as part of the 

relationship created under the first (and express) contract. Washington law recognizes contracts 

that are implied in fact. As the Supreme Court of Washington explained:

On at least four occasions, . . . this court has quoted with approval 

a definition of a contract implied in fact, . . . as follows: “A true 

implied contract is an agreement of the parties arrived at from their 

acts and conduct viewed in the light of surrounding circumstances, 

and not from their words either spoken or written. Like an express 

 

20 The Court does not read Plaintiffs’ Fifth Claim as alleging a quasi-contract, or implied 

in law contract, because that is what Plaintiffs allege in their Sixth Claim (Restitution/Unjust 

Enrichment).

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 23 of 35
PAGE 24 – OPINION AND ORDER

contract, it grows out of the intentions of the parties to the 

transaction, and there must be a meeting of minds. Such a contract 

differs from an express contract only in the mode of proof.” (Italics 

ours.)

Before a court can find the existence of an implied contract in fact, 

there must be an offer; there must be an acceptance; the acceptance 

must be in the terms of the offer; it must be communicated to the 

offeror; there must be a mutual intention to contract, . . . there must 

be a meeting of the minds of the parties.

Milone & Tucci, Inc. v. Bona Fide Builders, Inc., 49 Wash. 2d 363, 367-68 (1956) (citations 

omitted) (emphasis in original).

In response to Premera’s Motion, Plaintiffs explain that they 

allege that, in the alternative to the existence of an express 

contract, the specific facts and circumstances of the transaction 

between Premera and the Policyholder Plaintiffs culminated in a 

meeting of the minds, wherein the parties understood there to be an 

offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual assent with respect to 

data security.

Response at 32 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs also argue that they have adequately pleaded an 

implied in fact contract. They state:

Here, the Policyholder Plaintiffs allege that in order to receive 

health insurance coverage from Premera, they were required to 

(i) pay and (ii) hand over their Sensitive Information. (Compl. ¶ 

176.) Plaintiffs further allege that they would not have agreed to do 

either act without an understanding that upon providing Premera 

with their Sensitive Information, Premera was simultaneously 

agreeing to safeguard it (and Plaintiffs, in turn, understood they 

were paying for that agreement). (Id. ¶¶ 9, 129.) And finally, 

Plaintiffs point to Premera’s own privacy documents to support 

that a meeting of the minds occurred—i.e., Premera understood 

that, by accepting Plaintiffs’ payments and Sensitive Information, 

it was agreeing (and being paid) to protect it. (Id. ¶¶ 4-5.) These 

facts are more than sufficient to establish the existence of an 

implied contract, which Premera breached by failing to safeguard 

Plaintiffs’ Sensitive Information.

Id. at 32-33.

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When Plaintiffs argue that their alleged implied in fact contract is “in the alternative to 

the existence of an express contract,” it is unclear whether they are pleading the existence of only 

one contract (an implied in fact contract that includes both the purchase of health insurance and 

the provision of data security) or the existence of two distinct (but perhaps related) contracts, an

express contract for the provision of health benefits and a separate implied in fact contract for the 

provision of data security. Plaintiffs have leave to replead their Fifth Claim to clarify this issue. 

As previously stated, Plaintiffs also have leave to replead to clarify whether they are alleging, in 

the further alternative, breach of a duty reasonably to maintain the security of Sensitive 

Information as an implied term in an otherwise express contract for health benefits.

3. Plaintiffs’ Sixth Claim (Restitution/Unjust Enrichment)

In their Sixth Claim, the Policyholder Plaintiffs allege that “they conferred a monetary 

benefit on Defendant in the form of fees paid for healthcare insurance,” that a portion of these 

fees “were supposed to be used by Defendant, in part, to pay for the administrative costs of data 

management and security,” that “Defendant did not use such fees to pay for the administrative 

costs of data management and security,” and that “as a result of Defendant’s conduct, 

Plaintiffs . . . suffered actual damages in an amount equal to the difference in the free-market 

value of the secure healthcare insurance for which they paid and the insecure healthcare 

insurance they received.” Compl. ¶ 187-90.

Premera argues that Plaintiffs’ complaint does not allege any facts to explain how they 

bargained for data security or how some portion of their premium to Premera was supposed to be 

allocated to data security. Premera also argues that Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment theory also fails 

because it is tethered to their allegations of fraud without any allegations of reliance on the 

allegedly false statements. 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 25 of 35
PAGE 26 – OPINION AND ORDER

In response, Plaintiffs argue that under Washington law, “[a] party claiming unjust 

enrichment must prove three elements: (1) the defendant receive[d] a benefit, (2) the received 

benefit is at the plaintiff’s expense, and (3) the circumstances ma[d]e it unjust for the defendant 

to retain the benefit without payment.” Austin v. Ettl, 286 P.3d 85, 96 (Wash. 2012) (citation 

omitted). Plaintiffs add that Oregon and Alaska laws are similar, citing Wilson v. Gutierrez, 323 

P.3d 974, 978 (Or. App. 2014) (reciting similar elements under Oregon law); Darling v. 

Standard Alaska Prod. Co., 818 P.2d 677, 680 (Alaska 1991) (reciting similar elements under 

Alaska law). Plaintiffs also cite the data breach case of Resnick, in which the Eleventh Circuit 

reversed the district court’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim under Florida 

law. Resnick, 693 F.3d at 1328. Similarly, Judge Koh in Anthem found comparable allegations of 

unjust enrichment sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss under New York law. Anthem, 

2016 WL 3029783, at *27-29.

Plaintiffs allege that they made payments to Premera and that under the circumstances it 

is unjust for Premera to retain the benefits received without payment. This is sufficient to 

withstand a motion to dismiss.

C. Plaintiffs’ Ninth Claim (California CMIA)

In their Ninth Claim, Plaintiffs allege, on behalf of Plaintiff Hansen-Bosse and a 

statewide California statutory class, that Premera violated California’s CMIA. Plaintiffs allege 

that the CMIA prohibits entities from negligently disclosing or releasing any person’s 

confidential medical information, Cal. Civ. Code § 56.36 (2013), and requires that an entity such 

as Premera that “creates, maintains, preserves, stores, abandons, destroys, or disposes of medical 

information shall do so in a manner that preserves the confidentiality of the information 

contained therein.” Id. § 56.101(a).

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Premera argues that Plaintiff Hansen-Bosse, who is the only named Plaintiff to assert a 

claim under the CMIA, fails to state a claim under that statute. According to Premera, a plaintiff 

asserting a claim under the CMIA

must allege as a threshold matter that an “unauthorized person has 

actually viewed the [plaintiff’s] stolen records[.]” Sutter Health v. 

Superior Court, 174 Cal. Rptr. 3d 653, 656 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014); 

see also Regents of Univ. of California v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. 

Rptr. 3d 205, 221 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013) (same). And under the 

CMIA, a viewing of non-medical personal information is not 

enough; the unauthorized person must have actually viewed the 

plaintiff’s confidential medical information, i.e., information 

“relating to medical history, mental or physical condition, or 

treatment of the individual.” Eisenhower Med. Ctr. v. Superior 

Court, 172 Cal. Rptr. 3d 165, 170 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014). The facts 

must also support the conclusion that an unauthorized viewing of 

confidential medical information occurred, without resorting to 

“layers of speculation.” See Regents, 163 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 221 n.15.

Motion at 24. According to Premera, Ms. Hansen-Bosse has not met these requirements.

In response, Plaintiffs argue that medical information within the meaning of the CMIA 

was disclosed in the data breach, “including clinical information.” Plaintiffs assert that they have 

alleged that the information that the hackers acquired in the data breach—including medical 

information—has not only been “viewed” by the hackers, but that it already has been misused in 

a variety of ways to harm class members including, to date, a number of fraudulently filed tax 

returns and fraudulent attempts to open lines of credit in victims’ names. Response at 39-40

(citing Compl. ¶¶ 78-100).

In its Reply, Premera notes that Plaintiff Hansen-Bosse does not dispute that she must 

plausibly allege some unauthorized party “actually viewed” her confidential medical information 

to state a claim under the California CMIA. Reply at 21. Premera adds that “there are no 

allegations that would support the conclusion that any information has been disclosed ‘to public 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 27 of 35
PAGE 28 – OPINION AND ORDER

view.’ In fact, as Premera disclosed in its notification, it is not clear that any information was 

actually accessed or removed from Premera’s systems.” Id.

Ms. Hansen-Bosse alleges that she received a letter from Premera notifying her that her

personal information may have been compromised. Compl. ¶ 81. She also alleges that in 

May 2015 she discovered on her credit report an inquiry for a car loan that she did not recognize 

and that her checking account was fraudulently accessed around the same time period. Id. 

Plaintiffs also allege that “[a]s a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s negligence, it 

disclosed and released Plaintiffs’ and the Statewide California Statutory Class members’ 

Sensitive Information to hackers.” Compl. ¶ 216. In addition, the Complaint defines “Sensitive 

Information” as including medical claims information and other protected health information as 

defined by HIPAA. Compl. ¶ 1. This is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.

D. Plaintiffs’ Tenth Claim (Breach of Fiduciary Duty)

In their Tenth Claim, Plaintiffs allege that “[i]n requiring Plaintiffs . . . to submit 

Sensitive non-public personal health and financial information in order to obtain coverage under 

a health insurance policy and/or receive treatment in the Blue Cross Blue Shield network, 

Premera placed itself in a position of trust with respect to such Sensitive non-public personal 

health and financial information.” Compl. ¶ 219. Plaintiffs also allege that “[t]his position of 

trust was enhanced by Premera’s necessary involvement in the fiduciary relationship between 

doctors and their patients, and by Premera’s own fiduciary or quasi-fiduciary relationship as an 

insurer to its insured.” Compl. ¶ 220. Plaintiffs further allege that Premera’s “position of trust” 

also arises or is enhanced by certain duties imposed by federal law, specifically HIPAA and 

Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45. Compl. ¶¶ 221-22. Plaintiffs 

then allege that Premera breached its fiduciary duties that it owed to Plaintiffs by failing to use 

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 28 of 35
PAGE 29 – OPINION AND ORDER

sufficient measures to protect Plaintiffs’ Sensitive Information from hacking and by failing to 

provide timely notice of the breach at issue in this case. Compl. ¶ 224.

Premera moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim, arguing that it owed 

no fiduciary duties to Plaintiffs as a matter of law. According to Premera, courts have routinely 

rejected a “guardian of personal information” theory as a basis for imposing a fiduciary duty. See 

Cooney v. Chicago Public Schools, 943 N.E.2d 23, 29 (Ill. App. Ct. 2010); Anderson v. 

Hannaford Bros., 659 F.3d 151, 157 (1st Cir. 2011); Sovereign Bank v. BJ’s Wholesale Club, 

Inc., 427 F. Supp. 2d 526, 534 (M.D. Pa. 2006), aff’d, 533 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2008).21

In response, Plaintiffs assert that Washington state law recognizes two categories of 

fiduciary duty. According to Plaintiffs, a fiduciary duty as a matter of law exists where “the 

nature of the relationship between the parties is historically considered fiduciary in character[.]” 

Alexander v. Sanford, 325 P.3d 341, 363 (Wash. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting McCutcheon v. 

Brownfield, 467 P.2d 868 (Wash. 1970)). Second, according to Plaintiffs, even where a fiduciary 

duty as a matter of law does not exist, “a fiduciary relationship arises in fact when there is 

something in the particular circumstances which approximates a business agency, a professional 

relationship, or a family tie, something which itself impels or induces the trusting party to relax 

the care and vigilance which he otherwise should, and ordinarily would, exercise.” Id. (quoting 

Hood v. Cline, 212 P.2d 110 (Wash. 1949)). Plaintiffs argue that this type of fiduciary 

 

21 In addition, as Premera also argues, although Plaintiffs also allege that under 

Washington law a fiduciary duty may arise from the “quasi-fiduciary” relationship between an 

insurer and insured (Compl. ¶ 220), “no Washington court has recognized a claim for breach of 

fiduciary duty by an insured.” Beasley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2014 WL 1494030, at 

*7 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 16, 2014); see also, e.g., Vail v. Country Mut. Ins. Co., 2015 WL 2207952, 

at *7 (D. Or. May 11, 2015) (Oregon law) (“Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion, an insurer is not in

a fiduciary relationship with its insured.”).

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 29 of 35
PAGE 30 – OPINION AND ORDER

relationship may exist where one party has superior knowledge and thereby induces reliance on 

that knowledge by the other party. Pope v. Univ. of Wash., 852 P.2d 1055, 1063 (Wash. 1993).

Plaintiffs’ arguments are not persuasive. First, the nature of the relationship between the 

parties is not the type of relationship that historically has been considered fiduciary in character. 

Second, Plaintiffs have not alleged that they have been induced to relax the care and vigilance 

that they otherwise should, and ordinarily would, exercise concerning their confidential 

information. Plaintiffs’ primary argument appears to be that had Plaintiffs known how Premera 

actually would be treating their Sensitive Information, they would not have entered into any 

relationship with Premera. That may or may not support a claim other than breach of fiduciary 

duty, but it is insufficient to establish a fiduciary relationship.

E. The Filed-Rate Doctrine

In its Motion, Premera argues that Plaintiffs’ claims for “overpayment damages” are 

barred as a matter of law by the filed-rate doctrine. Motion at 26-27. Premera primarily relies 

upon McCarthy Finance, Inc. v. Premera, 347 P.3d 872, 873 (Wash. 2015). According to 

Premera, the plaintiffs in McCarthy alleged that Premera and another defendant made false and 

misleading representations to the plaintiffs that induced the plaintiffs to purchase health 

insurance policies under false pretenses. These plaintiffs sought disgorgement damages based on 

the sum of the excess premiums paid to the defendants. The Washington Supreme Court held 

that the plaintiffs’ claim was barred because “the court would need to determine what health 

insurance premiums would have been reasonable for the Policyholders to pay as a baseline for 

calculating the amount of damages and the [Office of the Insurance Commissioner] has already 

determined that the health insurance premiums paid by the Policyholders were reasonable.” 

McCarthy, 347 P.3d at 876. Premera argues that the same analysis applies here.

Case 3:15-cv-00516-SI Document 75 Filed 08/01/16 Page 30 of 35
PAGE 31 – OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiffs respond that, unlike in McCarthy, the Policyholder Plaintiffs here do not allege 

that Premera made any excessive overcharges for premiums. “Rather, Plaintiffs allege that 

Premera wrongfully charged them for a service (cyber security) that was not provided.” 

Response at 23. 

In their Sixth Claim, however, which alleges Restitution/Unjust Enrichment, Plaintiffs 

assert that the class “suffered actual damages in an amount equal to the difference in the freemarket value of the secure healthcare insurance for which they paid and the insecure healthcare 

insurance they received.” Compl. ¶ 190. The Court is skeptical that these damages can be 

measured in a way that does not violate the filed-rate doctrine. Notwithstanding this skepticism, 

the Court believes that the better practice is to address this issue at summary judgment or trial, 

rather than at the pleading stage. 

F. Premera’s Challenges to Plaintiffs’ Causation Allegations

In its Motion, Premera argues that Plaintiffs’ alleged “overpayment damages” are not 

recoverable on their contract, tort, and statutory unfairness claims because they are not causally 

connected to the alleged breach of duty that Plaintiffs assert in support of their claims. Motion 

at 27-28. Premera also argues that many of the named Plaintiffs failed adequately to plead that 

their alleged economic damages were caused by the cyberattack on Premera. Id. at 32.

Plaintiffs respond that the Policyholder Plaintiffs allege more “traditional” data breach 

damages, e.g. out-of-pocket expenses relating to fraudulent accounts and efforts to mitigate 

further injury, and that Policyholder Plaintiffs would not have purchased insurance policies from 

Premera had they known about Premera’s actual data security practices (i.e., “benefit of the 

bargain” damages for the Policyholder Plaintiffs). Response at 20-21.

Plaintiffs’ several theories of damages are becoming generally accepted in the emerging 

area of data breach litigation. See, e.g., Anthem, 2016 WL 3029783, at *12-16 (discussing benefit 

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of the bargain losses, loss of value of personal information, and consequential out of pocket 

damages); In re Target, 2014 WL 7192478, at *22-23 (accepting damages theory alleging that 

plaintiffs “would not have shopped” had they known about the Target’s data security issues); 

Resnick, 693 F.3d at 1328 (endorsing benefit of the bargain damages in data breach case on 

unjust enrichment claim, on allegations that health insurer failed to use money for data security 

in accordance with privacy notices); Weinberg v. Advanced Data Processing, Inc., 2015 

WL 8098555, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 17, 2015) (following Resnick in data breach case against 

medical payment processor); Doe 1 v. AOL LLC, 719 F. Supp. 2d 1102, 1105 (N.D. Cal. 2010) 

(allowing benefit of the bargain damages in case involving public disclosure of sensitive 

information from AOL); In re Adobe Sys., Inc. Privacy Litig., 66 F. Supp. 3d 1197, 1224 (N.D. 

Cal. 2014) (denying motion to dismiss where plaintiffs alleged they paid more for Adobe 

products than they would have paid had they known that Adobe was not providing the 

reasonable security it represented).

In addition, in Remijas v. Neiman Marcus Grp., LLC, 794 F.3d 688, 690-91 (7th Cir. 

2015), the data security breach plaintiffs alleged: (1) a temporal element (i.e., that they “incurred 

fraudulent charges on [their credit or debit accounts] after [they] used [them] at Neiman 

Marcus”); (2) that Neiman Marcus notified them that their data had been compromised; and 

(3) that Neiman Marcus offered them “one year of free credit monitoring and identity-theft 

protection.” Remijas, 794 F.3d at 690-91. In addressing whether the plaintiffs had alleged a 

plausible connection between the data breach and their alleged damages, the Seventh Circuit 

explained:

The fact that Target or some other store might have caused the 

plaintiffs’ private information to be exposed does nothing to negate 

the plaintiffs’ standing to sue. . . . It is enough at this stage of the 

litigation that Neiman Marcus admitted that 350,000 cards might 

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have been exposed and that it contacted members of the class to 

tell them they were at risk. Those admissions and actions by the 

store adequately raise the plaintiffs’ right to relief above the 

speculative level.

Id. at 696 (citations omitted); see also Anthem, 2016 WL 3029783, at *15-16.

At this stage of the litigation, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged causation.

G. Plaintiffs Who Claim Delayed Notification, But Fail to Allege Intervening Misuse

In their Second and Eighth Claims, Plaintiffs allege that Premera violated various state

data breach notification laws by unreasonably delaying notification of the breach. Compl. 

¶¶ 143, 209-210. Premera argues that the only potential damages that could result from this delay 

would be damages flowing from an actual misuse of the information in the interim, which only 

three plaintiffs even attempt to allege, according to Premera. Compl. ¶¶ 92, 96, 98. According to 

Premera, the remaining twenty-five named Plaintiffs have not alleged any injury causally 

connected to this alleged delayed notification, and their delayed notification claims should be 

dismissed. Motion at 28.

In response, Plaintiffs identify several named Plaintiffs among the twenty-five identified 

by Premera who allegedly have suffered damages relating to their taxes. Response at 41. In 

addition, Plaintiffs argue that even if they cannot recover money damages under the relevant 

state data breach laws for certain Plaintiffs, those Plaintiffs still would be entitled to seek 

injunctive relief under the relevant statutes. Id. at 42. Plaintiffs are correct. See, e.g., In re Sony 

Gaming Networks & Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 996 F. Supp. 2d 942, 1010 (S.D. Cal. 

2014) (denying motion to dismiss, reasoning that “Plaintiffs may pursue their injunctive relief 

claims under [Cal. Civ. Code] Section 1798.84(e), which affords relief when a ‘business violates, 

proposes to violate, or has violated’ the [CRA].’”). Accordingly, it would be inappropriate to 

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dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second and Eighth Claims, even for those Plaintiffs who suffered no 

intervening misuse.

H. Plaintiffs Who Claim Only Time and Expense Mitigating Possible Future Harm

Premera argues that seven of the named Plaintiffs do not allege that their own personal 

information has been misused, and instead seek damages based solely on their alleged time and 

effort “addressing issues arising from the Premera Breach” and, in one instance, from the alleged 

purchase of credit monitoring services. Compl. ¶¶ 79, 84, 86-88. Premera asserts that these 

damages are not cognizable. Motion at 29.

Plaintiffs respond that no Plaintiff seeks damages solely based on his or her alleged time 

and effort addressing issues arising from the Premera breach. Instead, all Plaintiffs seek damages 

based on a “benefit of the bargain” theory and a theory of the lost economic value of their 

Sensitive Information. Many Plaintiffs also seek damages based on actual out of pocket 

expenditures. Premera may be correct that some Plaintiffs seek damages based on the value of 

their time expended in mitigating possible future harm. At least one court appears to have 

accepted that damage theory. See Kuhn v. Capital One Fin. Corp., 2006 WL 3007931, at *3 

(Mass. App. Ct. 2006) (holding that time spent attempting to undo actual identity theft is 

compensable). Whether that particular damage theory is sound or whether that particular 

damages theory is state-specific are not issues that need to be resolved at this stage of the 

litigation.

CONCLUSION

Premera’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF 49) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN 

PART. Plaintiffs have insufficiently alleged fraud by affirmative misrepresentation, active 

concealment, or omission. Plaintiffs also have insufficiently alleged breach of express contract 

and breach of implied contract. Plaintiffs further have insufficiently alleged breach of fiduciary 

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duty by failing adequately to allege the existence of a fiduciary relationship. Plaintiffs have 

sufficiently alleged unjust enrichment, violation of the California Confidentiality of Medical 

Information Act, causation, and damages. Plaintiffs have leave to file a Second Consolidated 

Class Action Complaint consistent with this Opinion and Order.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED this 1st day of August, 2016.

/s/ Michael H. Simon

Michael H. Simon

United States District Judge

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