David F. Sugerman, OSB No: 86298 

David F. Sugerman Attorney, PC 

707 SW Washington Street, Suite 600 

Portland, Oregon 97205 

Phone: 503-228-6474 

Fax: 503-228-2556 

E-Mail: david@davidsugerman.com 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

CHRISTOPHER BRICKER, individually 

and on behalf of all others similarly 

situated, 

Case No. 

Plaintiff, 

COMPLAINT AND DEMAND 

FOR JURY TRIAL 

v. 

VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA, 

INC. a New Jersey corporation, 

Defendant. 

CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT 

CLASS ACTION 

Plaintiff Chris Bricker individually and on behalf of all others similarly 

situated, alleges the following against Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. ("Defendant" 

or "Volkswagen"). This Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to the Class 

Action Fairness Act ("CAFA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1332( d). 

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NATURE OF THE ACTION 

1. This class action concerns the intentional installation of "defeat devices" on 

over 482,000 diesel Volkswagen and Audi vehicles sold in the United States since 2009 

("Defeat Device Vehicles"). Defendant marketed those vehicles as environmentallyfriendly cars that possessed extremely high fuel efficiency and performance, with very 

low emission, but Defendant did not actually make cars with those desirable and 

advertised attributes. 

2. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), 

Volkswagen installed its "defeat device" in at least the following diesel models of its 

vehicles: Model Year ("MY") 2009-2015 VW Jetta; MY 2009-2015 VW Beetle; MY 

2009-2015 VW Golf; MY 2014-2015 VW Passat; and My 2009-2015 Audi A3. The 

California Air Resources Board is currently investigating whether the Defendant installed 

the device in other cars as well, so additional vehicle models and model hears may be 

added to this list when new facts are discovered. 

3. Instead of delivering on their promise of extremely high fuel mileage 

coupled with low emissions, Defendant devised a way to make it appear that their cars 

did what they said they would when, in fact, they did not. 

4. The defeat devices Defendant designed and installed work by switching on 

the full emissions control systems in Defendant's cars only when the car is undergoing 

periodic emissions testing. The technology needed to control emissions from 

Defendant's cars to meet state and federal emissions regulations reduces their 

performance, limiting acceleration, torque, and fuel efficiency. 

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5. To hide this, the defeat device simply shuts off most of the emissions 

control systems in the car once the car has completed its emissions test. While that might 

have made the car more fun to drive, it resulted in Defendant's cars sending up to 40 

times as much pollution into the environment as is allowed under the Clean Air Act and 

state regulations. 

6. Those violations are explained in a Notice of Violation the EPA issued to 

Defendant, as well as a letter from the California Air Resources Board ("CARB"), copies 

of which are attached to this Class Action Complaint as Exhibits A and B, respectively. 

PARTIES 

7. Plaintiff Christopher Bricker is a citizen of Indiana. 

8. Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. ("Volkswagen") is a corporation doing 

business in every U.S. state and the District of Columbia, and is organized under the laws 

of New Jersey, with its principal place of business at 2200 Ferdinand Porsche Dr., 

Herndon, Virginia 20171. Volkswagen is therefore a citizen of New Jersey and Virginia. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(lO). 

9. At all relevant times, Volkswagen manufactured, distributed, sold, leased, 

and warranted the Defeat Device Vehicles under the Volkswagen and Audi brand names 

throughout the nation. Volkswagen and/or its agents designed the CleanDiesel engines 

and engine control systems in the Defeat Device Vehicles, including the "defeat device." 

Volkswagen also developed and disseminated the owners' manuals and warranty 

booklets, advertisements, and other promotional materials relating to the Defeat Device 

Vehicles. 

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ANY OTHERWISE-APPLICABLE STATUTES OF 

LIMITATION ARE TOLLED 

A. Discovery Rule Tolling 

10. For the following reasons, any otherwise-applicable statutes of limitation 

have been tolled by the discovery rule with respect to all claims. 

11. Through the exercise of reasonable diligence, and within any applicable 

statutes of limitation, Plaintiff and members of the proposed Class could not have 

discovered that Volkswagen was concealing and misrepresenting the true emissions 

levels of its vehicles, including but not limited to its use of defeat devices. 

12. As reported in the New York Times on September 19,2015, the 

International Council on Clean Transportation, a research group, first noticed the 

difference between Volkswagen's emissions in testing laboratories and in normal use on 

the road. The International Council on Clean Transportation brought the defeat device 

issue to the attention of the EPA. The EPA, in tum, conducted further tests on the 

vehicles, and ultimately uncovered the unlawful use of the defeat device software. Thus, 

Volkswagen's deception with respect to its CleanDiesel engines, engine control systems, 

and "defeat devices" was painstakingly concealed from consumers and regulators alike. 

13. Plaintiff and the other Class members could not reasonably discover, and 

did not know of facts that would have caused a reasonable person to suspect, that 

Volkswagen intentionally failed to report information within its knowledge to federal and 

state authorities, its dealerships, or consumers. 

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14. Likewise, a reasonable and diligent investigation could not have disclosed 

that Volkswagen had information in its sole possession about the existence of its 

sophisticated emissions deception and that it concealed that information, which was 

discovered by Plaintiff immediately before this action was filed. Plaintiff and other Class 

members could not have previously learned that Volkswagen valued profits over 

compliance with applicable federal and state emissions and consumer law. 

B. Tolling Due to Fraudulent Concealment 

15. Throughout the relevant time period, all applicable statutes of limitation 

have been tolled by Volkswagen's knowing and active fraudulent concealment and denial 

of the facts alleged in this Complaint. 

16. Instead of disclosing its emissions deception, or that the emissions from the 

Defeat Device Vehicles were far worse than represented, Volkswagen falsely represented 

that its vehicles complied with federal and state emissions standards, and that it was a 

reputable manufacturer whose representations could be trusted. 

C. Estoppel 

17. Volkswagen was under a continuous duty to disclose to Plaintiff and the 

other Class members the facts that it knew about the emissions from Defeat Device 

Vehicles, and of those vehicles' failure to comply with federal and state laws. 

18. Although it had the duty throughout the relevant period to disclose to 

Plaintiffs and Class members that it had engaged in the deception described in this 

Complaint, Volkswagen chose to evade federal and state emissions and clean air 

standards with respect to the Defeat Device Vehicles, and it intentionally misrepresented 

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its blatant and deceptive lack of compliance with state law regulating vehicle emissions 

and clean air. 

19. Thus, Volkswagen is estopped from relying on any statutes of limitations in 

defense of this action. 

JURISDICTION AND VENUE 

20. This court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to the Class Action 

Fairness Act ("CAFA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d), because at least one Class member is of 

diverse citizenship from one defendant, there are more than 100 Class members, and the 

aggregate amount in controversy exceeds $5 million, exclusive of interest and costs. 

21. Venue is proper in this District under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) because 

Defendant has caused harm to Class members residing in this District. 

FACTS 

22. Defendant intentionally designed and sold cars that misled consumers and 

regulators about the amount of pollution those cars created and the fuel efficiency they 

produced. Despite touting themselves as an environmentally conscientious company that 

produced thoughtful cars for people who cared about the environment, Defendant sold 

expensive cars that produced pollution at orders of a magnitude above federal and state 

regulations, and then intentionally and knowingly hid the truth about those cars. 

A. Defendant Touts their Diesel Vehicles as Being Fuel Efficient and Good 

for the Environment 

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23. For years, Volkswagen has advertised its diesel vehicles as low-emission, 

fuel-efficient cars. Indeed, this marketing message is at the core of its image in the 

United States. It has been a successful advertising campaign; Volkswagen has become 

the largest seller of diesel passenger vehicles in the United States. 

24. Defendant's success is based in large part on promoting their diesel cars as 

"clean" and "green" vehicles. Indeed, being both highly efficient and "clean" are the 

centerpieces of Defendant's diesel engine marketing campaign. "CleanDiesel" is in the 

very name of the vehicles about which Defendant lied. 

25. Defendant's apparent concern for the environment is evidence beyond just 

the model names and purported attributes of their vehicles. For example, on the 

"Environment" page of its website, Volkswagen Group of America states that it takes 

"environmental responsibility very seriously. When it comes to making our cars as green 

as possible, Volkswagen has an integrated strategy focused on reducing fuel consumption 

and emissions, building the world's cleanest diesel engines and developing totally new 

power systems, which utilize new fuel alternatives." 

26. Defendant bolsters its apparent environmental bone fides by trumpeting the 

fact that the Audi A3 TDI and VW Jetta TDI were named in the 2010 Green Car of the 

Year and the 2009 Green Car of the Year, respectively. 

27. Defendant also launched a "Think Blue" program, which they explained is 

part of their policy of being "more responsible on the road and more environmentally 

conscious-not just in our cars." 

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28. Beyond merely advertising, Defendant supported and directed a website to 

promote its "clean" diesel technology, www.clearlybetterdiesel.org, which says the 

technology reduces smog and "meets the highest standards in all 50 states, thanks to 

ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel and innovative engine technology that bums cleaner." 

29. Defendant goes so far as to use the tag line "Trust in Engineering" to 

promote its Audi brand. 

30. Unfortunately for consumers who bought Defendant's cars and for people 

who breathe the air into which Defendant's cars emit extraordinary amounts of 

pollutants, Defendants engineering was far from "truthful." Defendant has designed and 

sold cars that emit pollutants at breath-taking levels, failing state and federal 

environmental regulations by incredible margins. 

B. Volkswagen Intentionally Hid the Excessive and Illegal Levels of 

Pollution Emitted from its Cars 

31. Contrary to Volkswagen's self-promotion as a "green" company, its diesel 

cars are unhealthy and unlawful. 

32. On September 18,2015, the DEPA issued a Notice of Violation ("NOV"). 

The NOV explains that Defendant has installed sophisticated software in the Volkswagen 

and Audi diesel vehicles sold by Defendant in the United States that detects when the 

vehicle is undergoing official emissions testing and turns full emissions controls on only 

during the test. At all other times that the vehicle is running, however, the emissions 

controls are deactivated, meaning that pollution is freely released into the environment at 

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levels that exceed those allowed by federal and state clean air regulators. This software 

produced and used by Volkswagen is a "defeat device" as defined by the Clean Air Act. 

33. Most modem engines, including Volkswagen's "CleanDiesel" engines, use 

computerized engine control systems to monitor sensors throughout a car's engine and 

exhaust systems and control operation of the car's systems to ensure optimal performance 

and efficiency. These functions can include controlling fuel injection, valve and ignition 

timing, and, as in Volkswagen's "CleanDiesel" engines, operating the engine's 

turbocharger. The engine control computer can, for example, ensure that the air-to-fuel 

mixture is correct based on sensor readings such as throttle position, amount of air 

flowing into the engine, and engine temperature. 

34. These engine control computers also receive data from sensors in the car's 

exhaust system that measure the amounts of chemical substances included in the car's 

exhaust. That data provides a measure of the engine's operation and efficiency, and is 

thus used by the engine control computer in operating the car's systems to ensure the 

desired performance and efficiency. 

35. Because modem cars include these sophisticated computers and sensors 

through the car's systems, emissions testing sometimes uses a car's existing sensors to 

measure the presence of pollutants and track compliance with EPA and state emissions 

standards. Emissions testing stations plug a diagnostic device into the car's on-board 

diagnostics ("OBD II") port and use the car's exhaust sensors during the testing 

procedure to measure the substances emitted. Some states, instead of or in addition to an 

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OBD II diagnostic device, use a measurement probe inserted into the car's exhaust pipe 

to measure the chemicals emitted. 

36. Volkswagen programmed the engine control computers in the Defeat 

Device Vehicles with software that detects when the cars are undergoing emissions 

testing, and then operates the car's engine and exhaust systems to ensure that emissions 

comply with EPA pollutant standards. When the car is not being emissions tested-that 

is, under the vast majority of operating conditions-the engine control systems operate 

the vehicle in a manner that does not comply with EPA emissions requirements. 

37. In short, this software allows Defendant's diesel vehicles to meet emissions 

standards in labs or state testing stations, while permitting the vehicles to emit nitrogen 

oxides (NOx) at up to 40 times the standard allowed under United States laws and 

regulations during the normal operation of the vehicles. 

38. NOx pollution contributes to nitrogen dioxide, ground-level ozone, and fine 

particulate matter. Exposure to these pollutants has been linked with serious health 

dangers, including asthma attacks and other respiratory illness serious enough to send 

people to the hospital. Ozone and particulate matter exposure have been associated with 

premature death due to respiratory-related or cardiovascular-related effects. Children, the 

elderly, and people with pre-existing respiratory illness are at an acute risk of health 

effects from these pollutants. 

39. The Clean Air Act has strict emissions standards for vehicles and it requires 

vehicle manufacturers to certify to the EPA that the vehicles sold in the United States 

meet applicable federal emissions standards to control air pollution. Every vehicle sold 

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in the United States must be covered by an EPA-issued certificate of conformity. Under 

federal law, cars equipped with defeat devices, which reduce the effectiveness of 

emissions control systems during normal driving conditions, cannot be certified. By 

manufacturing and selling cars with defeat devices that allowed for higher levels of 

emissions than were certified to the EPA, Volkswagen violated the Clean Air Act, 

defrauded its customers, and engaged in unfair competition under state and federal laws. 

C. Defendant Has Profited Handsomely From Their Diesel Vehicles 

40. Defendant charges substantial premiums for the Defeat Device Vehicles. 

For example, for the 2015 Volkswagen Jetta, the base S Model with a gasoline engine has 

a starting MSRP of$18,780. The base TDI S CleanDiesel, however, has a starting 

MSRP of$21,640 a price premium of$2,860. The Clean Diesel premium for the highest 

trim Jetta models with a comparable gasoline engine is substantially higher: The Jetta SE 

has a starting MSRP of $20,095, while the Clean Diesel TDI SEL MSRP is $26,410, a 

31 % premium. 

41. These premiums occur across all of the vehicles in which Defendant 

installed its "defeat device" for emissions testing. The table below sets forth the price 

premium for each comparable base, mid-level, and top-line trim for each affected model: 

CleanDiesel Price Premiums 

Model Base Mid-level Top-line 

VW Jetta $2,860 $4,300 $6,315 

VWBeetle $4,635 nla $2,640 

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VWGolf $2,950 $1,000 $1,000 

VWPassat $5,755 $4,750 $6,855 

Audi A3 $2,805 $3,095 $2,925 

D. Volkswagen's Illegal Actions Have Caused Class Members Significant Harm. 

42. Although the EPA has ordered Defendant to recall the Defeat Device 

Vehicles and repair them so that they comply with EPA emissions requirements at all 

times during normal operation, purchasers of the Defeat Device Vehicles have and will 

continue to suffer significant harm. First, Volkswagen will not be able to make the 

Defeat Device Vehicles comply with emissions standards without substantially degrading 

their performance characteristics, including their horsepower and their efficiency. As a 

result, even if Volkswagen is able to make Class members' Defeat Device Vehicles EPA 

compliant, Class members will nonetheless suffer actual harm and damages because their 

vehicles will no longer perform as they did when purchased and as advertised. 

43. Second, this will necessarily result in a diminution in value of every Defeat 

Device Vehicle. Not only did Class members pay too much for cars now worth 

substantially less, but they will end up paying more to fuel their less efficient cars over 

the years they own their vehicles. 

44. As a result of Volkswagen's unfair, deceptive, and/or fraudulent business 

practices, and its failure to disclose that under normal operating conditions the Defeat 

Device Vehicles emit 40 times the allowed levels, owners and/or lessees of the Defeat 

Device Vehicles have suffered losses in money and/or property. 

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45. Had Plaintiff and Class members known of the "defeat device" at the time 

they purchased or leased their Defeat Device Vehicles, they would not have purchased or 

leased those vehicles, or would have paid substantially less for the vehicles than they did. 

Moreover, when and if Volkswagen recalls the Defeat Device Vehicles and degrades the 

CleanDiesel engine performance in order to make the Defeat Device Vehicles compliant 

with EPA standards, Plaintiffs and Class members will be required to spend more on fuel 

and will not benefit from the performance qualities of their vehicles as advertised. 

Moreover, Defeat Device Vehicles will necessarily be worth less in the used market place 

because of their decrease in performance and efficiency, which means that owners of 

Defeat Device Vehicles will not be able to recoup nearly as much value in the future. 

46. Volkswagen's deliberate strategy to value profit over the truth, human 

health, and the environment, has caused serious harm to consumers nationwide. 

47. According to media sources, Defendant's CEO, Martin Winterkom, said in 

a statement that he was "deeply sorry that we have broken the trust of our customers and 

the public," and that Defendant would be suspending sales of some 2015 and 2016 

vehicles with 2.0 liter diesel engines. 

PLAINTIFF'S FACTS 

48. Plaintiff Christopher Bricker, a citizen of Indiana, purchased a 2014 

Volkswagen Passat TDI S 275 in Indianapolis on September 12,2014, spending over 

$36,000. 

49. Plaintiff Christopher Bricker also purchased a 2014 Volkswagen Jetta TDI 

SE in Indianapolis on June 28, 2014, spending over $30,000. 

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50. Mr. Bricker drives over 50,000 miles a year so it was important to him to 

purchase high-performance, fuel efficient "clean diesel" cars. Indeed, Mr. Bricker 

prematurely terminated a lease on an SUV and lost money to purchase the Passat for 

these reasons. 

51. Both the Passat and the Jetta contained sales sticker window decals that 

promoted the "TDI clean diesel" feature of those vehicles and Mr. Bricker reviewed both 

of those decals and still possesses them. 

52. Given the importance of the cars' "clean" reputation, Mr. Bricker was 

disappointed to learn that Volkswagen installed a "defeat device" that artificially inflates 

the automobile's mileage while dramatically increasing its pollution. 

53. Mr. Bricker estimates that he paid more for the "clean" diesel than he 

would have paid for the similar gas model. Had he known that the vehicle included the 

defeat device, he would have paid less, and would probably not have purchased the 

Passat and J etta at all. 

54. Mr. Bricker is upset that he bought a car that Defendant represented to him 

pollutes far less than it actually does. He believes the recall will lead to decreased 

performance, decreased mileage, and increased fuel costs over the life of his cars. It will 

also cause a diminution of the resale value of his vehicles. 

CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS 

55. Plaintiff brings this action on behalf of themselves and as a class action, 

pursuant to the provisions of Rules 23(a), (b)(2), and (b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure on behalf of the following Class: 

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All persons or entities in the United States who are current or former 

owners and/or lessees of a "Defeat Device Vehicle." Defeat Device 

Vehicles include, without limitation: Model Year ("MY") 2009-2015 VW 

Jetta; MY 2009-2015 VW Beetle; MY 2009-2015 VW Golf; MY 2014-

2015 VW Passat; and MY 2009-2015 Audi A3. 

Excluded from the Class are individuals who have personal injury claims resulting from 

the "defeat device" in the CleanDiesel system. Also excluded from the Class are 

Volkswagen and its subsidiaries and affiliates; all persons who make a timely election to 

be excluded from the Class; governmental entities; and the judge to whom this case is 

assigned and his/her immediate family. Plaintiff reserves the right to revise the Class 

definition based upon information learned through discovery. 

56. Certification of Plaintiffs claims for class-wide treatment is appropriate 

because Plaintiff can prove the elements of his claims on a class-wide basis using the 

same evidence as would be used to prove those elements in individual actions alleging 

the same claim. 

57. This action has been brought and may be properly maintained on behalf of 

the Class proposed herein under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. 

58. Numerosity: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)(l).The members of the 

Class are so numerous and geographically dispersed that individual joinder of all Class 

members is impracticable. While Plaintiffs are informed and believe that there are not 

less than hundreds of thousands of members of the Class, the precise number of Class 

members is unknown to Plaintiffs, but may be ascertained from Volkswagen's records. 

Class members may be notified of the pendency of this action by recognized, CourtPage 15 - COMPLAINT AND DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL 

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approved notice dissemination methods, which may include U.S. mail, electronic mail, 

Internet postings, and/or published notice. 

59. Commonality and Predominance: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)(2) 

and 23(b)(3).This action involves common questions of law and fact, which predominate 

over any questions affecting individual Class members, including, without limitation: 

(a) Whether Volkswagen engaged in the conduct alleged herein; 

(b) Whether Volkswagen designed, advertised, marketed, distributed, leased, sold, 

or otherwise placed Defeat Device Vehicles into the stream of commerce in the 

United States; 

(c) Whether the CleanDiesel engine system in the Defeat Device Vehicles contains 

a defect in that it does not comply with EPA requirements; 

(d) Whether the CleanDiesel engine systems in Defeat Device Vehicles can be 

made to comply with EPA standards without substantially degrading the 

perfonnance and/or efficiency of the Defeat Device Vehicles; 

(e) Whether Volkswagen knew about the "defeat device" and, if so, how long 

Volkswagen has known; 

(f) Whether Volkswagen designed, manufactured, marketed, and distributed 

Defeat Device Vehicles with a "defeat device"; 

(g) Whether Volkswagen's conduct violates consumer protection statutes, 

warranty laws, and other laws as asserted herein; 

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(h) Whether Plaintiffs and the other Class members overpaid for their Defeat 

Device Vehicles; 

(i) Whether Plaintiffs and the other Class members are entitled to equitable relief, 

including, but not limited to, restitution or injunctive relief; and 

U) Whether Plaintiffs and the other Class members are entitled to damages and 

other monetary relief and, if so, in what amount. 

60. Typicality: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)(3). Plaintiffs claims are 

typical of the other Class members' claims because, among other things, all Class 

members were comparably injured through Volkswagen's wrongful conduct as described 

above. 

6l. Adequacy: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)(4). Plaintiff is an 

adequate Class representative because his interests do not conflict with the interests of the 

other members of the Class he seeks to represent; Plaintiff has retained counsel 

competent and experienced in complex class action litigation; and Plaintiff intends to 

prosecute this action vigorously. The Class's interests will be fairly and adequately 

protected by Plaintiff and his counsel. 

62. Declaratory and Injunctive Relief: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

23(b )(2). Volkswagen has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to 

Plaintiff and the other members of the Class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive 

relief and declaratory relief, as described below, with respect to the Class as a whole. 

63. Superiority: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3). A class action is 

superior to any other available means for the fair and efficient adjudication of this 

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controversy, and no unusual difficulties are likely to be encountered in the management 

of this class action. The damages or other financial detriment suffered by Plaintiff and the 

other Class members are relatively small compared to the burden and expense that would 

be required to individually litigate their claims against Volkswagen, so it would be 

impracticable for members of the Class to individually seek redress for Volkswagen's 

wrongful conduct. 

64. Even if Class members could afford individual litigation, the court system 

could not. Individualized litigation creates a potential for inconsistent or contradictory 

judgments, and increases the delay and expense to all parties and the court system. By 

contrast, the class action device presents far fewer management difficulties, and provides 

the benefits of single adjudication, economy of scale, and comprehensive supervision by 

a single court. 

CAUSES OF ACTION 

CLAIMS ASSERTED ON BEHALF OF CLASS 

COUNT I 

Fraud by Concealment (Common Law) 

65. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

66. Plaintiff brings this claim on behalf of the Class. 

67. Volkswagen intentionally concealed and suppressed material facts 

concerning the quality and character of the Defeat Device Vehicles. As alleged in this 

Complaint, Volkswagen engaged in deception to evade federal and state vehicle 

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emissions standards by installing software designed to conceal its vehicles' emissions of 

the pollutants, which contributes to the creation of ozone and smog. 

68. The software installed on the vehicles at issue was designed nefariously to 

kick-in during emissions certification testing, such that the vehicles would show far lower 

emissions than when actually operating on the road. The result was what Defendant's 

intended: vehicles passed emissions certifications by way of deliberately induced false 

readings. Reportedly, Volkswagen's deliberate, secret deception resulted in noxious 

emissions from these vehicles at 40 times applicable standards. 

69. Plaintiff and Class members reasonably relied upon Volkswagen's false 

representations. They had no way of knowing that Volkswagen's representations were 

false and gravely misleading. As alleged herein, Volkswagen employed extremely 

sophisticated methods of deception. Plaintiff and Class members did not, and could not, 

unravel Volkswagen's deception on their own. 

70. Volkswagen concealed and suppressed material facts concerning what is 

evidently the true culture of Volkswagen-one characterized by an emphasis on profits 

and sales above compliance with federal and state clean air law, and emissions 

regulations that are meant to protect the public and consumers. It also emphasized profits 

and sales above the trust that Plaintiff and Class members placed in its representations. 

71. Necessarily, Volkswagen also took steps to ensure that its employees did 

not reveal the details of its deception to regulators or consumers, including Plaintiff and 

Class members. Volkswagen did so in order to boost the reputations of its vehicles and to 

falsely assure purchasers and lessors of its vehicles, including certified previously owned 

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vehicles, that Volkswagen is a reputable manufacturer that complies with applicable law, 

including federal and state clean air law and emissions regulations, and that its vehicles 

likewise comply with applicable laws and regulations. 

72. Volkswagen's false representations were material to consumers, both 

because they concerned the quality of the Defeat Device Vehicles, including their 

compliance with applicable federal and state laws and regulations regarding clean air and 

emissions, and also because the representations played a significant role in the value of 

the vehicles. As Volkswagen well knew, its customers, including Plaintiff and Class 

members, highly valued that the vehicles they were purchasing or leasing were clean 

diesel cars, and they paid accordingly. 

73. Volkswagen had a duty to disclose the emissions deception it engaged in 

with respect to the vehicles at issue because knowledge of the deception and its details 

were known and/or accessible only to Volkswagen, because Volkswagen had exclusive 

knowledge as to implementation and maintenance of its deception, and because 

Volkswagen knew the facts were unknown to or reasonably discoverable by Plaintiff or 

Class members. 

74. Volkswagen also had a duty to disclose because it made general affirmative 

representations about the qualities of its vehicles with respect to emissions standards, 

starting with references to them as clean diesel cars, or cars with clean diesel engines, 

which were misleading, deceptive, and incomplete without the disclosure of the 

additional facts set forth above regarding its emissions deception, the actual emissions of 

its vehicles, its actual philosophy with respect to compliance with federal and state clean 

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air law and emissions regulations, and its actual practices with respect to the vehicles at 

Issue. 

75. Having volunteered to provide information to Plaintiff and the Class, 

Volkswagen had the duty to disclose the entire truth. These omitted and concealed facts 

were material because they directly affect the value of the Defeat Device Vehicles 

purchased or leased by Plaintiff and Class members. Whether a manufacturer's products 

comply with federal and state clean air law and emissions regulations, and whether that 

manufacturer tells the truth with respect to such compliance or non-compliance, are 

material concerns to a consumer, including with respect to the emissions certifications 

testing their vehicles must pass. Volkswagen represented to Plaintiff and Class members 

that they were purchasing clean diesel vehicles, and certification testing appeared to 

confirm this-except that, secretly, Volkswagen had thoroughly subverted the testing 

process. 

76. Volkswagen actively concealed and/or suppressed these material facts, in 

whole or in part, to pad and protect its profits and to avoid the perception that its vehicles 

did not or could not comply with federal and state laws governing clean air and 

emissions, which perception would hurt the brand's image and cost Volkswagen money, 

and it did so at the expense of Plaintiff and Class members. 

77. Volkswagen has still likely not made full and adequate disclosures, and 

continues to defraud Plaintiff and Class members by concealing material information 

regarding the emissions qualities of its referenced vehicles and its emissions deception. 

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78. Plaintiff and Class members were unaware of the omitted material facts 

referenced herein, and they would not have acted as they did if they had known of the 

concealed and/or suppressed facts, in that they would not have purchased purportedly 

"clean" diesel cars manufactured by Volkswagen, and/or would not have continued to 

drive their heavily polluting vehicles, or would have taken other affirmative steps in light 

of the information concealed from them. Plaintiffs and Class members' actions were 

justified. Volkswagen was in exclusive control of the material facts, and such facts were 

not known to the public, Plaintiff, or Class members. 

79. Because of the concealment and/or suppression of the facts, Plaintiff and 

Class members have sustained damages because they own vehicles that are diminished in 

value as a result of Volkswagen's concealment of the true quality and quantity of those 

vehicles' emissions and Volkswagen's failure to timely disclose the actual emissions 

qualities and quantities of hundreds ofthousands of Volkswagen- and Audi-branded 

vehicles and the serious issues engendered by Volkswagen's corporate policies. Had 

Plaintiff and Class members been aware of Volkswagen's emissions deceptions with 

regard to the vehicles at issue, and the company's callous disregard for compliance with 

applicable federal and state law and regulations, Plaintiff and Class members who 

purchased or leased new or certified previously owned vehicles would have paid less for 

their vehicles or would not have purchased or leased them at all. 

80. The value of Plaintiffs and Class members' vehicles has diminished as a 

result of Volkswagen's fraudulent concealment of its emissions deception, which has 

greatly tarnished the Volkswagen and Audi brand names attached to Plaintiff s and Class 

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members' vehicles and made any reasonable consumer reluctant to purchase any of the 

Defeat Device Vehicles, let alone pay what otherwise would have been fair market value 

for the vehicles. 

81. Accordingly, Volkswagen is liable to Plaintiff and Class members for 

damages in an amount to be proven at trial. 

82. Volkswagen's acts were done wantonly, maliciously, oppressively, 

deliberately, with intent to defraud, and in reckless disregard of Plaintiffs and Class 

members' rights and the representations that Volkswagen made to them, in order to 

enrich Volkswagen. Volkswagen's conduct warrants an assessment of punitive damages 

in an amount sufficient to deter such conduct in the future, which amount is to be 

determined according to proof. 

83. Plaintiff pleads this count pursuant to the law of Virginia, where 

Volkswagen has its American headquarters, on behalf of all members of the Class. As 

necessary, and in the alternative, Plaintiff may allege sub-classes, based on the residences 

at pertinent times of members of the Class, to allege fraudulent concealment under the 

laws of states other than Virginia. 

COUNTH 

Breach of Contract 

84. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

85. Plaintiff brings this Count on behalf of the Class. 

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86. Volkswagen's misrepresentations and omissions alleged herein, including 

Volkswagen's failure to disclose the existence of the "defeat device" and/or defective 

design as alleged herein, caused Plaintiff and the other Class members to make their 

purchases or leases of their Defeat Device Vehicles. Absent those misrepresentations and 

omissions, Plaintiff and the other Class members would not have purchased or leased 

these Defeat Device Vehicles, would not have purchased or leased these Defeat Device 

Vehicles at the prices they paid, and/or would have purchased or leased less expensive 

alternative vehicles that did not contain the CleanDiesel engine system and the "defeat 

device." Accordingly, Plaintiff and the other Class members overpaid for their Defeat 

Device Vehicles and did not receive the benefit of their bargain. 

87. Each and every sale or lease of a Defeat Device Vehicle constitutes a 

contract between Volkswagen and the purchaser or lessee. Volkswagen breached these 

contracts by selling or leasing Plaintiff and the other Class members defective Defeat 

Device Vehicles and by misrepresenting or failing to disclose the existence of the "defeat 

device" and/or defective design, including infonnation known to Volkswagen rendering 

each Defeat Device Vehicle less safe and emissions compliant, and thus less valuable, 

than vehicles not equipped with CleanDiesel engine systems and "defeat devices." 

88. As a direct and proximate result of Volkswagen's breach of contract, 

Plaintiff and the Class have been damaged in an amount to be proven at trial, which shall 

include, but is not limited to, all compensatory damages, incidental and consequential 

damages, and other damages allowed by law. 

COUNT HI 

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Breach of Express Warranty 

89. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

90. Plaintiffs bring a cause of action against Defendant for breach of express 

warranty on behalf of themselves and the Class. 

91. Defendant made numerous representations, descriptions, and promises to 

Plaintiff and Class members regarding the performance and emission controls of its diesel 

vehicles. 

92. Defendant, however, knew or should have known that its representations, 

descriptions, and promises were false. Defendant was aware that it had installed defeat 

devices in the vehicles it sold to Plaintiff and Class members. 

93. Plaintiff and Class members reasonably relied on Volkswagen's 

representations in purchasing "clean" diesel vehicles. Those vehicles, however, did not 

perform as was warranted. Unbeknownst to Plaintiff, those vehicles included devices that 

caused their emission reduction systems to perform at levels worse than advertised. 

Those devices are defects. Accordingly, Volkswagen breached its express warranty by 

providing a product containing defects that were never disclosed to the Plaintiff and Class 

members. 

94. As a direct and proximate result of Volkswagen's false and misleading 

representations and warranties, Plaintiff and Class members suffered significant damages 

and seek the relief described below. 

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COUNT IV 

Breach of Implied Warranty 

95. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

96. Plaintiff brings this cause of action against Volkswagen for breach of 

implied warranty on behalf of themselves and the Class. 

97. Volkswagen made numerous representations, descriptions, and promises to 

Plaintiffs and Class members regarding the functionality of Volkswagen's "clean" diesel 

technology. 

98. Plaintiffs and Class members reasonably relied on Volkswagen's 

representations in purchasing the Defeat Device vehicles. 

99. As set forth throughout this Complaint, Volkswagen knew that its 

representations, descriptions and promises regarding its diesel engines were false. 

100. When Plaintiff and Class members purchased Volkswagen's diesel 

vehicles, they did not conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made in 

Volkswagen's promotional materials, including that the vehicles were designed to meet 

the most demanding environmental standards. Instead, as alleged above, those vehicles 

were designed to cheat those standards, and the vehicles emitted far higher levels of 

pollution than promised. 

101. Accordingly, the Defeat Device Vehicles failed to conform to 

Volkswagen's implied warranty regarding their functionality. 

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102. As a direct and proximate result of Volkswagen's false and misleading 

representations and warranties, Plaintiff and Class members suffered significant injury 

when Volkswagen sold them cars that, it is now clear, are worth far less than the price 

Plaintiff and Class members paid for them. Accordingly, Plaintiff and the Class seek the 

relief described below. 

COUNT V 

Magnuson-Moss Act (15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq.) - Implied Warranty 

103. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

104. Plaintiff asserts this cause of action on behalf of himself and the other 

members of the Class. 

105. This Court has jurisdiction to decide claims brought under 15 U.S.C. § 

2301 by virtue of28 U.S.C. § 2301(3). 

106. Volkswagen's Defeat Device Vehicles are a "consumer product," as that 

term is defined in 15 U.S.C. § 2301(1). 

107. Plaintiff and Class members are "consumers," as that term is defined in 15 

U.S.C. § 2301(3). 

108. Volkswagen is a "warrantor" and "supplier" as those terms are defined in 

15 U.S.C. § 2301(4) and (5). 

109. 15 U.S.C. § 2310(d)(1) provides a cause of action for any consumer who is 

damaged by the failure of a warrantor to comply with an implied warranty. 

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110. Volkswagen provided Plaintiff and Class members with "implied 

warranties," as that term is defined in 15 U.S.C. § 2301(7). 

Ill. Volkswagen has breached these implied warranties as described in more 

detail above. Without limitation, Volkswagen's Defeat Device vehicles are defective, as 

described above, which resulted in the problems and failures also described above. 

112. By Volkswagen's conduct as described herein, including Volkswagen's 

knowledge of the defects inherent in the vehicles and its action, and inaction, in the face 

of the knowledge, Volkswagen has failed to comply with its obligations under its written 

and implied promises, warranties, and representations. 

1l3. In its capacity as a warrantor, and by the conduct described herein, any 

attempts by Volkswagen to limit the implied warranties in a manner that would exclude 

coverage of the defective software and systems is unconscionable and any such effort to 

disclaim, or otherwise limit, liability for the defective the software and supporting 

systems is null and void. 

114. All jurisdictional prerequisites have been satisfied. 

115. Plaintiff and members of the Class are in privity with Volkswagen in that 

they purchased the software from Volkswagen or its agents. 

116. As a result of Volkswagen's breach of implied warranties, Plaintiff and the 

Nationwide Class members are entitled to revoke their acceptance of the vehicles, obtain 

damages and equitable relief, and obtain costs pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §231 O. 

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COUNT VI 

Unjust Enrichment 

117. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

118. Plaintiff brings this count on behalf of himself and, where applicable, the 

Class. 

119. Plaintiff and members of the Class conferred a benefit on Defendant by, 

inter alia, using (and paying for) its vehicles. 

120. Defendant has retained this benefit, and know of and appreciate this benefit. 

121. Defendant was and continues to be unjustly enriched at the expense of 

Plaintiffs and Class members. 

122. Defendant should be required to disgorge this unjust enrichment. 

STATE SPECIFIC CLAIMS 

COUNT VII 

Violation of the Indiana Deceptive Consumer Sales Act 

123. Plaintiff incorporates by reference all preceding allegations as though fully 

set forth herein. 

124. Plaintiff asserts this Count on behalf of the Indiana State members of the 

Class. 

125. This claims arises under the Indiana Deceptive Consumer Sales Act, 

Indiana Code § 24-5-0.5 et seq. 

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126. Defendant made uniform representations that its diesel vehicles were of a 

particular standard, quality, performance, or grade when they were and are not, and that 

they would perform as represented when they did not, and, as set forth above, made false 

and/or misleading statements regarding the capacity and characteristics of Defeat Device 

vehicles that, as set forth above, were unfair or deceptive, had and continue to have the 

capacity to deceive the public, cause injury to Mr. Bricker and the Indiana Class and were 

made in violation of the Indiana Deceptive Consumer Sales Act, § 24-5-0.5-3(b)(l), (2),. 

127. Plaintiffs and Class members relied on Defendant's misrepresentations. 

128. Defendant's deceptive acts were done as part of a scheme, artifice, or 

device with intent to defraud or mislead and constitute incurable deceptive acts under Ind. 

Code § 24-5-0.5-1 et seq. 

129. Plaintiff and Indiana Class members are entitled to $1,000 or treble 

damages, reasonable attorneys' fees, costs of suit, an ordering enjoining Defendant's 

unlawful practices, and any other relief which the Court deems proper. 

REQUEST FOR RELIEF 

WHEREFORE, Plaintiff, individually and on behalf of members of the Class 

respectfully requests that the Court enter judgment in his favor and against Volkswagen, 

as follows: 

A. Certification of the proposed Class, including appointment of Plaintiffs 

counsel as Class Counsel; 

B. An order temporarily and permanently enjoining Volkswagen from continuing 

the unlawful, deceptive, fraudulent, and unfair business practices alleged in this 

Complaint; 

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C. Injunctive relief in the form of a recall or free replacement program; 

D. Costs, restitution, damages, and disgorgement in an amount to be determined at 

trial; 

E. Revocation of acceptance; 

F. Damages under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act; 

G. For treble andlor punitive damages as permitted by applicable laws; 

H. An order requiring Volkswagen to pay both pre- and post-judgment interest on 

any amounts awarded; 

I. An award of costs and attorneys' fees; and 

J. Such other or further relief as may be appropriate. 

DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL 

Plaintiff demands a jury trial. 

Respectfully submitted this 21 st day of September, 2015. 

lsi 

David F. Sugerman, OSB No: 86298 

David F. Sugerman Attorney, PC 

707 SW Washington Street, Suite 600 

Portland, Oregon 97205 

Phone: 503-228-6474 

Fax: 503-228-2556 

E-Mail: david@davidsugerman.com 

Tim Alan Quenelle, OSB No. 93400 

TIM QUENELLE, PC 

4248 Galewood St 

Lake Oswego, OR 97035 

Telephone (503) 675-4330 

Email: tim.quenelle@gmail.com 

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Irwin B. Levin 

Richard E. Shevitz 

Gabe A. Hawkins 

Lynn A. Toops 

COHEN & MALAD, LLP 

One Indiana Square, Suite 1400 

Indianapolis, IN 46204 

Telephone: (317) 636-6481 

Fax: (317) 636-2593 

ilevin@cohenandmalad.com 

rshevitz@cohenandmalad.com 

ghawkins@cohenandmalad.com 

ltoops@cohenandmalad.com 

Counsel for Plaintiff and the Proposed Plaintiff Class 

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