UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF OREGON

PORTLAND DIVISION

VOLTAGE PICTURES, LLC Case No.: 3:14-cv-1872-AC

a California Limited Liability Company; and 

DALLAS BUYERS CLUB, LLC, OPINION AND ORDER

a Texas Limited Liability Company,

Plaintiff,

v.

DOE-50.141.97.4, 

Defendant.

___________________________________

ACOSTA, Magistrate Judge:

Introduction

Plaintiffs Voltage Pictures, LLC, (“Voltage”) and Dallas Buyers Club, LLC

(“DBC”)(collectively “Plaintiffs”) bring this copyright action against an individual who allegedly

copied and published the motion picture Dallas Buyers Club (the “Movie”) through the BitTorrent

network. Voltage is a producer and DBC is the registered copyright holder of the Movie. Plaintiffs

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initiated this case against a doe defendant identified only by the internet protocol address of

50.141.94.4 (the “IP Address”). On November 24, 2014, the court granted an ex parte motion to

expedite discovery filed by Plaintiffs to determine the identity of the account holder assigned the 

IP Address used by the doe defendant. The discovery successfully identified the account holder as

a singular subscriber in an individual residence (the “Subscriber”). However, evidence currently

available to Plaintiffs makes it likely the Subscriber is not the actual infringer. 

Plaintiffs’ investigators observed activity for over 1,300 BitTorrent files associated with the

IP Address from August 2014 through January 2015. From this activity Plaintiffs concluded the

actual infringer is a “permissive user of the subscriber’s Internet service and likely a long-term

resident of the household.” (Pls.’ Mot. for Leave to Issue FRCP 45 Subpoena (“Pls.’ Rule 45 Mot.”)

at 2.) The activity included items from the rapper “2 Chains” and the Hip-Hop title “Kendrick

Lamar ft. Drake – Poetic Justice.” (Pls.’ Rule 45 Mot. at 3.) Additionally, after obtaining his

identity, Plaintiffs obtained additional information about the Subscriber and the stand-alone

residence: 

[T]he residence appears to be a 4-bedroom 3-bath residence occupied by what

appears to be the subscriber, a male in his 60’s, and the subscriber’s spouse, a female

in her 50’s. The subscriber’s address[] also appears to be affiliated with a second

couple which appears to be in their 30’s and have ties to the subscriber. Plaintiffs

have also identified what appears to be at least one adult son of the subscriber who

lives in the area, if not in the residence.

(Pls.’ Rule 45 Mot. at 3.)

Based on the content of the infringing activity, the age of the Subscriber, and the access

others likely had to the Subscriber’s internet access, Plaintiffs are not convinced the Subscriber is

the actual infringer. Consequently, Plaintiffs contacted the Subscriber to request his cooperation in

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determining the identity of the infringing party. 

In a letter dated January21, 2015, Plaintiffs advised the Subscriber of the filing of this action

and his identification as the individual responsible for the IP Address. (Pietz Decl. Ex. 2 at 1.) 

Plaintiffs then provided the Subscriber with information about the infringing activity, as well as the

downloading of numerous other titles, associated with the IP Address. Plaintiffs explained:

[w]ith the observed activity associated with your IP address, this type of material is

likely tied to a single person at the address who was a permissive user and not likely

material that would be viewed by young children. The enclosed list of some of the

observed content may be useful to assist us both in identifying the actual infringer. 

You are requested to review the list and contact me. 

If after review of the enclosed list of activity you are unable to identify the infringer,

I will request your further assistance in identifying the infringer and responsible

party, including possible forensic examination of any computers used at your

residence. Please contact me as soon as possible to discuss how we might proceed. 

Iwould like to avoid burdensome interference and your cooperation will facilitate the

identification of the party that exploited your Internet service to violate my clients’

rights. 

We strongly encourage you to consult with an attorney to review your rights in

connection with this matter. If you obtain an attorney, please have them contact us. 

(Pietz Decl. Ex. 2 at 1-2.) The attached list identified over 264 files downloaded on the IP Address

from December 1, 2014, to January 21, 2015, some of which were identified as pornographic

material. (Pietz Decl. Ex. 2 at 3-8.) 

The Subscriber did, in fact, retain counsel, who filed a notice of appearance in this action on 

January 22, 2015. On January 26, 2015, Plaintiffs asked the Subscriber’s counsel by email for

confirmation of their representation of the actual defendant, and not merely the Subscriber, in this

case. 

If your client is . . . simply a subscriber, I do not object to you maintaining a third

party status to permit you to monitor the docket via ECM notice, but I ask that you

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clarify the record with the court. As well, we request the cooperation of the

subscriber in identifying the infringer/defendant. Please let me know if this will be

voluntary or if I should file a motion for FRCP 45 discovery with the court. 

(Pietz Decl. Ex. 1 at 5.)

The Subscriber’s counsel responded with a three-page letter communicated through email,

confirmed he represented the Subscriber, but refused to clarify whether the Subscriber was also the

infringer and, therefore, the appropriate defendant in this case. He noted “the Rule 11(b)(3)

obligation to make sure you are naming appropriate people as defendants in lawsuits like this one

is your own, non-delegable obligation, not defense counsel’s obligation.” (Pietz Decl. Ex. 1 at 2-3.)

The Subscriber’s counsel further characterized the request for clarification as “an improper

interrogatory that my client, who you are asserting is a third party, is under no obligation to answer”

and request for cooperation as “premature and unauthorized discovery.” (Pietz Decl. Ex. 1 at 2-3.) 

He then agreed to cooperate with Plaintiffs’ request based on three conditions:

However, nonetheless, [the Subscriber]is willing to cooperate in informal third-party

discovery, provided that such discovery is a two-way street, and subject to certain

conditions detailed below. Still assuming that you are not yet ready to serve [the

Subscriber] as the defendant (in which case all this is unnecessary because we can

just take discovery in the ordinary course), we would agree to the following informal

discovery at this juncture:

(1) I will make [the Subscriber] available for a sworn deposition of up to

two hours (direct examination) at David Madden’s office in Tigard, Oregon. I note

you previously requested leave to conduct such a deposition, in connection with your

request for early discovery, but that the deposition part of your application was not

granted. Should you eventuallydecide to serve [the Subscriber] as the defendant, you

may depose him again after the regular discovery has commenced, but any time you

use in this preliminary deposition will count towards applicable limits. 

(2) In exchange, you will first designate at least one week in advance and

then make available for a sworn deposition of up to two hours (direct examination),

by video conference, whatever computer person plaintiffs plan to rely upon at trial

as the person who logged and can authenticate the data allegedly showing that an

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infringement occurred via [the Subscriber’s] IP address. This deposition must

actually take place before the deposition of [the Subscriber]. Should you decide to

serve [the Subscriber] as the defendant, we may depose this witness again, after

regular discovery has commenced, but any time we use in this preliminarydeposition

will count towards applicable limits. In making this request, I would normally

identify this person by name, with reference to the person who signed the declaration

in support of your request for early discovery. But I note that you curiously did not

identify such a person or provide any such declaration in support of your early

discovery motion here in this case, although we both know that used to be your

practice in the past.

(3) In addition, for any person on whose testimony plaintiffs intend or

ever intended to rely upon at trial in this matter, who does not reside in the United

States, specifically including any person you designate and produce as per point (2)

above, you agree to accept service of legal process on behalf of such person, and, if

he or she is working on behalf of a company that does not reside in the United States,

to accept service of legal process for such company(ies) as well. This commitment

of yours to accept service for your foreign witnesses may extend to subpoenas

establishing the District of Oregon’s jurisdiction over them, cross-claims or other

claims against them related to this dispute, as well as potential motions to compel

and/or for contempt, should theyrefuse to produce information related to this dispute.

(Pietz Decl. Ex. 1 at 3-4.)

Currently before the court are Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to issue a FRCP 45 subpoena to

a non-party and motion for order to show cause why the documents filed by Subscriber’s counsel

indicating he is representing the defendant should be struck. The Subscriber opposes both motions. 

Legal Standards

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(d) provides:

[a] party may not seek discovery from any source before the parties have conferred

as required by Rule 26(f), except in a proceeding exempted from initial disclosure

under Rule 26(a)(1)(B), or when authorized by these rules, by stipulation, or by court

order.

FED. R. CIV. P. 26(d)(1) (2015). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 authorizes the issuance of a

subpoena to command a nonparty to attend and testify at a deposition or produce designated

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documents, electronicallystored information, or tangible things in its possession, custodyor control. 

FED. R. CIV. P. 45(a)(1)(A)(iii). “A party or attorney responsible for issuing and serving a subpoena

must take reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on a person subject to the

subpoena.” FED. R. CIV. P. 45(d)(1).

Discussion

I. Motion for Rule 45 Subpoena

Plaintiffs seek information relevant to the discovery of the identity of the individual

responsible for the infringing conduct identified in their complaint. The Ninth Circuit allows a

plaintiff to engage in discovery to identify Doe defendants when the identity of such defendants is

not known prior the filing of a complaint. Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980). 

This applies equally to plaintiffs who have failed to identify any defendant and must, therefore,

engage in non-party discovery to determine the identity of the proper defendants. Cottrell v.

Unknown Correctional Officers, 1-10, 230 F.3d 1366, 1366 (9th Cir. 2000)(“The district court erred

when it concluded that discovery would not uncover the identities of the defendants because there

were no named defendants to serve in this case. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(d) allows the

district court to order discovery early in the case and Rule 45 allows service of a subpoena on a nonparty.”)

In Gillespie, the court created a two-part test to determine when discovery to identify

unknown defendants should be allowed. “Where the identity of alleged defendants will not be

known prior to the filing of a complaint[,] . . . the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through

discovery to identify the unknown defendants, unless it is clear that discoverywould not uncover the

identities, or that the complaint would be dismissed on other grounds.” Gillespie, 629 F.2d at 642. 

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Various district courts within the Ninth Circuit have identified two more elements necessary to

establish the “good cause” requirement for expedited discovery under Rule 26(d)(1). First, the doe

defendants must be identified with “sufficient specificity such that the Court can conclude that each

Defendant is a real person or entity that would be subject to the Court’s jurisdiction”, and second,

the plaintiff must “identify all previous steps taken to locate the elusive defendant.” Deluxe Mktg.

Inc. v. Deluxemarketinginc-scam.wordpress.com, No. CV-13-01244-PHX-SPL, 2014 WL4162270,

*1 (D. Ariz. Aug. 20, 2014); Hard Drive Prods., Inc. v. Does 1-90, No C 11-03825 HRL, 2012 WL

1094653, *4 (N.D. Cal. March 30, 2012). But see Rynoryder Prods. Inc. v. Does 1-23, No. 6:13-cv539-TC, 2013 WL 2146456, at *1-2 (D. Or. May 14, 2013)(applying a three-part test that did not

require proof that discovery was likely to reveal the identities of the unknown defendants).

The Subscriber argues Plaintiffs have failed to meet two of the four elements. First, the

Subscriber asserts Plaintiffs failed to provide sufficient facts regarding previous steps taken to locate

the defendant. Second, the Subscriber argues the complaint would not withstand a motion to

dismiss.

A. Steps to Locate Defendant

The Subscriber contends the absence of a declaration from the forensic expert providing

actual evidence supporting the existence of a claim and the technical evidentiary basis for believing

the claim can be linked to an unidentified defendant by an IP address, prevents the court from finding

Plaintiffs have offered sufficient evidence of their previous steps to locate the unknown defendant. 

However, a plaintiff maymeet this requirement by providing merely the date and time of the alleged

infringing activity. See Hard Drive, 2012 WL 1094653, at *5 (court acknowledged that in mass

copyright cases, “there is little plaintiff can do to ‘locate’ defendants, since IP addresses are the only

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identifying features plaintiffs can collect.”). See also Rynoryder, 2013 WL 2146456, at *2

(requirement met where a plaintiff has “already taken steps to identify the IP addresses and general

physical locations.”)

Here, Plaintiffs identified the IP Address and the general location, type and extent of the

infringing activity in the complaint. The initial subpoena to the internet provider further revealed

the identity of the Subscriber and actual address. Plaintiffs’ research of available information

established the address was a four-bedroom, three-bath residence occupied by the Subscriber, his

wife, and another younger couple, and that the Subscriber’s adult son lived nearby. Plaintiffs have

offered a sufficient description of the previous steps taken to identify the infringer.

B. Complaint Withstand Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiffs assert claims for copyright infringement under the federal Copyright Act and a

violation of Oregon’s trademark laws. The Subscriber argues the complaint will not withstand a

motion to dismiss based on a previous ruling from this district that the federal Copyright Act

preempts the Oregon trademark claim. In Voltage Pictures, LLC v. John Does, Civil Nos. 6:14-cv812-MC, 6:14-cv-816-MC, 2014 WL 2830845 (June 20, 2014), Judge McShane addressed the

question of whether the court had subject matter jurisdiction over a complaint alleging violations of

state trademark law in the context of a motion to remand. He held the trademark claims, which

alleged violations of OR. REV. STAT. 647.095 and sought remedies under OR. REV. STAT. 647.105,

“are preempted by the Copyright Act and must be recharacterized as copyright infringement and

copyright ownership claims.” Judge McShane found the court had subject matter jurisdiction over

the copyright infringement claims and denied the motion to remand on this ground. 

Even assuming Voltage v. Does requires the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ state trademark claim,

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Plaintiffs’ claim under the federal Copyright Act would survive. Accordingly, the complaint would

not be dismissed on other grounds in its entirety.

1

Plaintiffs have satisfied all the elements required to allow them to engage in expedited

discovery to determine the identity of the infringer. Plaintiffs have initiated a number of actions to

protect the Movie from infringement. Of the nineteen cases filed in 2014 by the Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs

were able to identify the proper defendant through information provided by Comcast or through

additional non-party discovery in all but four cases. Two of those cases were voluntarily dismissed

byPlaintiffs and two resulted in settlement agreements with subscribers, identified byComcast, who

were a transitional group home and an organization that implemented measures to prevent infringing

activityin the future. Based on Plaintiffs’ successful identification of defendants in the vast majority

of the cases it has filed in 2014, the court finds it likely that the requested discovery will uncover the

identity of the defendant in this case as well. Further, the allegations of the complaint, the

identification of the IP Address, and the type of infringing activity alleged, make clear the defendant

is a real person subject to the court’s jurisdiction. These findings, combined with the findings on

the two elements set forth above – the steps to locate defendant and the likelihood the complaint will

withstand a motion to dismiss – establish Plaintiffs are entitled to the non-party discovery requested.

The court grants Plaintiffs’ motion for the issuance of a Rule 45 subpoena and allows them

to take the deposition of the Subscriber. The parties have agreed the deposition will be limited to

two hours (direct examination) and will occur at the office of Subscriber’s counsel in Tigard,

Oregon. This limited discovery will not impose undue burden or expense on the Subscriber. 

1Although both sides devote significant portions of their respective briefs to the validity of

Plaintiffs’ state trademark claim, the court need not decide that issue in the context of this procedural

motion.

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II. Motion for Order to Show Cause

Plaintiffs request an order to show cause why the notice of appearance and motion for leave

to appear pro hac vice filed by Subscriber’s counsel (the “Filed Documents”) should not be struck. 

Counsel indicates in the Filed Documents that he represents “Defendant DOE-50.141.97.4.” 

However, in subsequent communications with Plaintiffs, counsel states he represents the Subscriber

and that naming the Subscriber as the defendant in this matter may subject Plaintiffs to Rule 11

sanctions. Plaintiffs do not object to counsel’s representation of the Subscriber in a third-party

capacity or remaining as an observer on the ECM system to monitor the case, but contend the Filed

Documents in which counsel claims to represent the as yet unidentified defendant in this matter are

improper.

The Subscriber’s sole objection to the motion for order to show cause is that striking the

Filed Documents would deprive counsel of notice of electronic filings in this matter. The Subscriber

has “no objection to any alteration the Court might see fit to make as to the way Opposing Party or

counsel’s appearance is described in the CM/ECF system.” (Doe’s Opp’n to Pls’ Mot. for Leave to

Issue FRCP 45 Subpoena and Mot. for Order to Show Cause at 7.)

The court finds the identification of the Subscriber’s counsel as counsel for defendant in the

Filed Documents is improper as premature. The Filed Documents are stricken and Subscriber’s

counsel is ordered to file new documents indicating his representation of the Subscriber, identified

only as DOE-50.141.97.4, and not of the defendant. Should the Subscriber eventually be identified

as the defendant in this matter, the Subscriber’s counsel will then be properly recognized as counsel

for the defendant. In the meantime, the Subscriber’s counsel will be entitled to monitor the case on

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the ECF system as counsel for the Subscriber, an interested a third-party.

2

Conclusion

Plaintiffs’ motion (#13) for Rule 45 subpoena is GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ motion (#12) for

order to show cause is GRANTED, the Filed Documents are hereby stricken, and counsel for the

Subscriber is ordered to file new documents indicating his representation of the Subscriber,

identified only as DOE-50.141.97.4.

DATED this 9th day of April, 2014.

 /s/ John V. Acosta 

 JOHN V. ACOSTA

United States Magistrate Judge

2Counsel for the subscriber assigned the IP address 50.76.100.253 was similarly allowed to

appear on behalf of the subscriber and receive notifications through the ECF system in Voltage

Pictures, LLC. v. Doe-50.76.100.253, CV No. 3:14-cv-1242-AC.

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