# EUR-Lex - 52006PC0107 - EN

Important legal notice

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# 52006PC0107

**Proposal for a Council Regulation amending Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003 imposing a definitive countervailing duty and collecting definitely the provisional duty imposed on imports of certain electronic microcircuits known as DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories) originating in the Republic of Korea /* COM/2006/0107 final */ **

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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |

Brussels, 8.3.2006

COM(2006) 107 final

Proposal for a

COUNCIL REGULATION

amending Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003 imposing a definitive countervailing duty and collecting definitely the provisional duty imposed on imports of certain electronic microcircuits known as DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories) originating in the Republic of Korea

(presented by the Commission)

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL |

Grounds for and objectives of the proposal This proposal concerns the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1515/2001 of 23 July 2001 on the measures that may be taken by the Community following a report adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (‘DSB’) concerning anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures and Council Regulation (EC) No 2026/97 of 6 October 1997 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Community, as last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 461/2004 of 8 March 2004 (‘basic Regulation’) in the proceeding concerning imports of certain electronic integrated circuits known as Dynamic Random Access Memories (‘DRAMs’) originating in the Republic of Korea. |

General context This proposal is made in the context of the implementation of the above-mentioned Regulations following the recommendations of the DSB of the WTO on the case ‘European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea’ and is the result of a reassessment of the findings of the investigation that resulted in the adoption of the disputed measures, which was carried out in line with the substantive and procedural requirements laid out in the basic Regulation. This proposal should be adopted by the Council and the Regulation published in the Official Journal by 3 April 2006, the deadline agreed with the Republic of Korea to implement the above-mentioned DSB recommendations. |

Existing provisions in the area of the proposal There are no existing provisions in the area of the proposal. |

Consistency with other policies and objectives of the Union Not applicable. |

CONSULTATION OF INTERESTED PARTIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT |

Consultation of interested parties |

Interested parties concerned by the proceeding have already had the possibility to defend their interests, in line with the provisions of the basic Regulation. |

Collection and use of expertise |

There was no need for external expertise. |

Impact assessment This proposal is the result of the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 1515/2001 as well as the basic Regulation. These Regulations do not foresee a general impact assessment but contain an exhaustive list of conditions that have to be assessed. |

LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSAL |

Summary of the proposed action On 3 August 2005, the DSB of the WTO adopted a Panel report on the case ‘European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea’. In the light of the recommendations set out in the Panel report, the Commission reassessed the findings of the investigation that resulted in the adoption of the disputed measures (‘original investigation’). The reassessment of the findings led to a partial revision of the amounts of the different subsidies established in the original investigation and consequently the level of the countervailing duty. Furthermore, the impact of one injury factor “wages”, for which evidence of consideration in the original investigation was missing, was re-evaluated. The impact of factors other than the subsidised imports on the injury suffered by the Community industry was also evaluated further. The Member States were consulted regarding this reassessment of findings. 25 Member States supported and no Member State opposed the proposal. No Member State abstained. It is therefore proposed that the Council adopts the attached proposal for a Regulation which should be published in the Official Journal of the European Union as soon as possible. |

Legal basis Council Regulation (EC) No 1515/2001 of 23 July 2001 on the measures that may be taken by the Community following a report adopted by the WTO DSB concerning anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures and Council Regulation (EC) No 2026/97 of 6 October 1997 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Community, as last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 461/2004 of 8 March 2004. |

Subsidiarity principle The proposal falls under the exclusive competence of the Community. The subsidiarity principle therefore does not apply. |

Proportionality principle The proposal complies with the proportionality principle for the following reasons. |

The form of action is described in the above-mentioned Regulations and leaves no scope for national decision. |

Indication of how financial and administrative burden falling upon the Community, national governments, regional and local authorities, economic operators and citizens is minimized and proportionate to the objective of the proposal is not applicable. |

Choice of instruments |

Proposed instruments: regulation. |

Other means would not be adequate because Council Regulation (EC) No 1515/2001 and the basic Regulation do not foresee alternative options. |

BUDGETARY IMPLICATION |

The proposal has no implication for the Community budget. |

1. Proposal for a

COUNCIL REGULATION

amending Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003 imposing a definitive countervailing duty and collecting definitely the provisional duty imposed on imports of certain electronic microcircuits known as DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories) originating in the Republic of Korea

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1515/2001 of 23 July 2001 on the measures that may be taken by the Community following a report adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body concerning anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures[1],

Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 2026/97 of 6 October 1997 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Community[2] (‘basic Regulation’),

Having regard to the proposal submitted by the Commission after consulting the Advisory Committee,

Whereas:

A. PROCEDURE

1. Existing measures

(1) By Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003[3] (‘definitive Regulation’), the Council imposed a definitive countervailing duty of 34,8% on imports of certain electronic microcircuits known as Dynamic Random Access Memories (‘DRAMs’) originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd (‘Samsung’), for which a 0% duty rate was established. The definitive Regulation was preceded by Commission Regulation (EC) No 708/2003 imposing a provisional countervailing duty on imports of DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea[4] (‘provisional Regulation’).

(2) Two exporting producers located in the Republic of Korea co-operated in the investigation which led to the imposition of the existing measures (‘original investigation’): Samsung, which was not found receiving subsidies, and Hynix Semiconductor Inc. (‘Hynix’). The European Community (EC) industry in the original investigation consisted of two producers which accounted for the major proportion of the total Community production of DRAMs, Infineon Technologies AG, Munich, Germany, (‘Infineon’) and Micron Europe Ltd, Crowthorne, United Kingdom (‘Micron’).

(3) The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2001 (‘IP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 1998 to the end of the IP (‘period under consideration’).

2. Report adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO

(4) On 3 August 2005, the Dispute Settlement Body (‘DSB’) of the World Trading Organisation (‘WTO’) adopted a Panel report in ‘ European Communities – Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random Access Memory Chips from Korea’[5] .

(5) According to the Panel report, the EC acted in a manner inconsistent with its WTO obligations under:

2. Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement in determining that the May 2001 Restructuring Programme constituted a financial contribution by the government;

3. Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in its determination of the existence of a benefit in the case of the Syndicated Loan;

4. Articles 1.1(b) and 14 of the SCM Agreement in directly applying, for the purposes of the calculation of the amount of benefit, its grant methodology to all programmed found to constitute a subsidy;

5. Article 15.4 of the SCM Agreement by not evaluating the factor “wages” as a relevant factor affecting the state of the domestic industry; and

6. Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement by failing to make sure the that injury caused by certain other factors (in particular, decline in demand, overcapacity, and other (non-subsidised) imports) was not attributed to the subsidised imports.

(6) On the other hand, the EC was found to have acted consistently with its WTO obligations under:

7. Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement in determining that the Syndicated Loan, the KEIC Guarantee, the KDB Debenture Programme and the October 2001 Restructuring Programme constituted a financial contribution by the Government of Korea (‘GOK’);

8. Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement in determining that a benefit was conferred on Hynix by the KEIC Guarantee, the KDB Debenture Programme, the May 2001 Restructuring Programme and the October 2001 Restructuring Programme;

9. Articles 1.2 and 2 of the SCM Agreement in finding de facto specificity (2 Korean claims);

10. Article 15.2 of the SCM Agreement in assessing the significance of the volume and price effects of the subsidised imports (2 Korean claims);

11. Article 15.4 of the SCM Agreement in considering all factors relevant to the overall condition of the domestic industry, except for the factor “wages”;

12. Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement in demonstrating the requisite causal link between the subsidised imports and injury; and

13. Article 12.7 of the SCM Agreement in applying “facts available” with respect to the subsidy investigation.

3. Reassessment to implement the DSB’s recommendations

(7) In the light of the recommendations set out in the Panel report, the Commission conducted a thorough and objective reassessment of the relevant findings in the definitive Regulation on the basis of information on the record. The scope of the reassessment is appropriately limited to an examination of the five specific aspects of the existing measure, as described above, that were found to be inconsistent with the SCM Agreement . This examination is based on the re-evaluation of the existing evidence on the record of the original investigation in light of the relevant findings in the Panel report.

(8) The reassessment set out below shows that injurious subsidisation still exists, although at a slightly lower level.

B. PRODUCT UNDER CONSIDERATION AND LIKE PRODUCT

(9) The product under consideration and the like product are the same as that covered by the original investigation, i.e. certain electronic microcircuits known as Dynamic Random Access Memories ( ' DRAMs ' ), of all types, densities and variations, whether assembled, in processed wafer or chips (dies), manufactured using variations of Metal Oxide-Semiconductors ('MOS') process technology, including complementary MOS types (CMOS), of all densities (including future densities), irrespective of access speed, configuration, package or frame etc., originating in the Republic of Korea. The product concerned also includes DRAMs presented in (non-customized) memory modules or (non-customized) memory boards, or in some other kind of aggregate form, provided the main purpose of which is to provide memory[6].

(10) The product concerned is currently classifiable within CN codes 8542 21 11, 8542 21 13, 8542 21 15, 8542 21 17, ex 8542 21 01, ex 8542 21 05, ex 8548 90 10, ex 8473 30 10 and ex 8473 50 10.

(11) The Panel report did not cover any claims affecting the findings set out in the definitive Regulation concerning the product under consideration and the like product.

C. REVISED FINDINGS BASED ON THE PANEL REPORT

1. Subsidies

1.1. Introduction

(12) This part sets out the reassessed findings based on the conclusions and recommendations of the Panel report concerning:

(a) whether the May 2001 Restructuring Programme constituted a financial contribution by the GOK within the meaning of Article 2(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 2026/97[7] (‘basic Regulation’);

(b) whether there was a benefit in the case of the Syndicated Loan within the meaning of Article 2(2) of the basic Regulation;

(c) the calculation of the amount of the benefit with regard to all subsidy programmes within the meaning of Articles 2(2) and 6 of the basic Regulation.

(13) All other findings concerning subsidies remain as established in the original investigation and set out in the provisional Regulation and the definitive Regulation.

1.2. May 2001 Bond Purchase by Creditor Banks in the amount of KRW 1 trillion and First Roll-over of Debt (Restructuring Programme)

(14) The Panel found that the determination that the creditor banks were directed to participate in the May 2001 Restructuring Programme and that their purchase of KRW 1 trillion of convertible bonds (‘CBs’) as part of the Programme therefore constituted a financial contribution by the GOK was not consistent with Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement[8] . More specifically, the Panel found that “while the May 2001 Restructuring Programme is a close case, we consider that the evidence before the investigating authority was insufficient to reasonably conclude that the government entrusted or directed the private banks to purchase the Hynix CBs.”[9]

(15) In accordance with the Panel’s assessment, the funds provided to Hynix in the context of the May 2001 Restructuring Programme shall not be countervailed.[10]

1.3. Syndicated Loan of KRW 800 billion

(16) With respect to the Syndicated Loan of KRW 800 billion, the Panel found that the EC had properly established that the GOK directed the Korea Exchange Bank (‘KEB’) to participate in the loan and that this constituted a financial contribution via entrustment or direction of KEB in accordance with Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement . The Panel also found that the Korea Development Bank (‘KDB’) provided a direct financial contribution through its participation in the Syndicated Loan, and because the KDB was a public body, the EC was not required to make a finding of entrustment or direction.[11] However, the Panel found that the EC failed to establish the existence of a benefit from the financial contribution provided by the KDB and the KEB within the meaning of Article 1(b) of the SCM Agreement[12] . Specifically, the Panel stated that the EC had not examined whether there were comparable commercial loans that could actually have been obtained by Hynix on the market and stated that the EC had ignored the other participants in the Syndicated Loans as possible benchmarks.[13]

(17) In the view of the Commission, the participation by the other banks in the Syndicated Loan cannot serve as a proper benchmark for determining the existence of a benefit. As the Panel itself noted, in determining the existence of a commercial benchmark, authorities must examine whether such loans were so influenced by the alleged government intervention that they do not represent loans that could actually be obtained on the market.[14] The Commission has conducted a thorough re-examination of the extensive record in this case and has employed the type of analysis discussed by the Panel. On this basis, the Commission has determined that the loans from the other banks participating in the Syndicated Loan could not serve as a proper benchmark.

(18) First, we consider the terrible financial condition of Hynix at the time that the Syndicated Loan was arranged. As noted in recital (19) of the definitive Regulation, at the time the loan was agreed to, at the end of 2000, Hynix was in severe financial distress. It had over USD 9,46 billion in liabilities at the end of 2000, which was over twice its net worth and over four times the market capitalisation of the company. It suffered a loss in 2000, a year in which other large DRAM producers registered profits and which was generally considered to have been a very good year in the DRAM industry. The majority of Hynix liabilities were coming due in 2001 and the company was facing intense liquidity problems. Many independent analysts and brokerage houses were saying at that time that the company would not be able to generate sufficient cash flow or asset disposals to pay off its maturing liabilities. Under such circumstances, profit maximising banks operating under normal commercial conditions would not voluntarily participate in loans with such enormous risk of default.[15]

(19) Second, there is ample evidence on the record that other participants in the Syndicated Loan were pressured to participate in the overall restructuring of Hynix’s debt. For example, the record contains evidence that one of the participants, Kookmin Bank, was required to lend directly to “troubled corporate borrowers”, Specifically, in a statement to the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States, Kookmin stated:“The Korean government has promoted, and, as a matter of policy, may continue to promote lending to certain types of borrowers. It generally has done this by requesting banks to participate in remedial programs for troubled borrowers {such as Hynix} and by identifying sectors of the economy it wishes to promote and making low interest loans available to banks and financial institutions who lend to borrowers in these sectors. The government has in this manner promoted low-income mortgage lending and lending to technology companies. We expect that all loans made pursuant to government policies will be reviewed in accordance with our credit review policies. However, government policies may influence us to lend to certain sectors or in a manner in which we otherwise would not in the absence of government policy.” [16]It is clear that Kookmin refers to Hynix in mentioning ‘troubled borrowers’, because the bank’s 2001 annual report lists Hynix as the single largest financially troubled borrower.[17] Further, Kookmin, as a GOK-invested enterprise was subject to audit and inspection by the GOK Board of Audit and Inspection and as such was under pressure to comply with GOK policy.

(20) Other participants in the Syndicated Loan were also under pressure from the GOK to assist Hynix. In this respect, recital (55) of the definitive Regulation provides extensive information regarding the extent to which the GOK put pressure on Korea First Bank (‘KFB’) to provide ongoing financing to Hynix. In a high-level Economic Ministerial meeting in November 2000 the GOK took steps to “alleviate Hynix’s cash crunch” and waived statutory credit limits for KFB, KEB and KDB. The Panel did not examine the evidence in relation to KFB, because the Commission concluded its involvement to be negligible. However, given that the Panel found that the same GOK tactics employed in relation to KEB amounted to direction and that the GOK owns 49% of KFB, it is reasonable to conclude that the GOK was in a position to and did exert influence over KFB in relation to its decision to participate in the Syndicated Loan. KDB is a public body and KEB was found by the Panel to have been directed by the GOK. The participation of these banks in the Syndicated Loan is thus not a reliable commercial benchmark. Other banks that were part of the Syndicated Loan were also subject to similar pressure from the GOK. The GOK put very direct pressure on both Shinhan and KorAm banks regarding the extension of the export credit arrangements, which was made at the same time as the Syndicated Loan. These banks had concluded that they were already over-exposed to Hynix and reversed their earlier decision to increase the export credit ceiling available to Hynix. In response, an FSS official criticised their move as “unthinkable”[18]. The GOK held 18,3% of Shinhan and was its largest shareholder, thus able to exert considerable influence over the bank. It is clear that Shinhan was not acting commercially given that it increased its loan loss reserves for Hynix even as it continued to assist the company and that it offered no legitimate credit risk analysis for assisting it. KorAM Bank again faced GOK threats when the bank refused to purchase Hynix CBs, because it decided that doing so was not financially sound. In response to the bank’s decision not to purchase the bonds, an FSS official rebuked KorAm, using language uncharacteristic of a government apparently uninvolved in credit decisions. The official stated: “If KorAm does not honour the agreement, we will not forgive the bank.”[19] He further stated that the FSS would take stern measures against the bank, such as disapproving new financial instruments and subjecting the bank to a tighter audit.[20] As a result of these threats, KorAm Bank capitulated and reversed its decision[21], while at the same time increasing its loan loss reserves for Hynix and offering no legitimate credit analysis for providing such financial assistance. Of the remaining banks which participated in the Syndicated Loan, Chohung Bank, Woori Bank, the NACF, Seoul Bank, Kwangju Bank, Peace Bank, Kyongnam Bank and the Industrial Bank of Korea are all GOK-owned and thus their credit decisions are tainted by GOK policy. The Housing and Commercial Bank, of which the GOK has a 20% share, admitted government direction in its credit decisions in a sworn statement to the US SEC[22]. Finally, although Pusan Bank had no GOK ownership, it was nevertheless ordered by the FSS in 1999 to fire or replace its executives and to increase its paid-in capital by USD 86,2 million before the end of March 2000[23], to “slash their manpower, the number of branches and organisations, while disposing of ailing subsidiaries”[24] and, in 2000, the FSS sanctioned its former and current officials for mismanagement[25]. Given this degree of GOK control over Pusan Bank, the bank’s decision to participate in the Syndicated Loan cannot be considered to be a safe commercial benchmark.

(21) Third, it would clearly not be appropriate to use Citibank Seoul as a benchmark to determine the commercial reasonableness of participating in the Syndicated Loan, for the reasons set forth in recitals (130) to (133) of the definitive Regulation. First, Citibank Seoul failed to cooperate in this investigation, thus forcing the Commission to rely on facts available regarding the participation of Citibank Seoul. Second, the evidence on the record discussed in recital (133) of the definitive Regulation reflects an unusually close relationship between the GOK and Citibank that calls into question the impartiality of Citibank in lending to Hynix. Third, Citibank itself was a financial advisor to Hynix regarding its restructuring and thus had an inherent conflict with respect to participation in new lending to Hynix[26]. It had not given financing to Hynix prior to becoming Hynix’s financial advisor. Fourth, the Panel itself recognised that Citibank cannot serve as a basis for determining whether any of the loans to Hynix were made on the basis of commercial considerations.[27]

(22) Finally, it is important to note that Hynix defaulted on its interest payments on the Syndicated Loan almost as soon as the loan was given. As noted in recital (87) of the definitive Regulation, Hynix had not been servicing the Syndicated Loan that it received in January 2001.

(23) Based on the foregoing, we conclude that none of the other seven participants in the Syndicated Loan can serve as an appropriate benchmark for measuring the commercial reasonableness or the amount of benefit to Hynix from the portions of the loan provided by KEB and KDB.

(24) On this basis, we continue to find the participation of KEB and KDB in the Syndicated Loan to be a countervailable subsidy that provides a benefit to Hynix. However, as set out in recital (37) of the definitive Regulation, no subsidy amount has been countervailed under the Syndicated Loan in order to avoid double-counting, as the Syndicated Loan amount was subsequently rolled-over into the October 2001 measures. Thus, no amendment of the findings is necessary with regard to this measure.

1.4. Calculation of the amount of benefit

(25) The Panel found, at para 7.215 of its report, that the calculation of the amount of the benefit conferred by each of the financial contributions was inconsistent with Articles 1.1(b) and 14 of the SCM Agreement . The GOK did not raise any claims challenging “as such” provisions of the basic Regulation or the Guidelines[28] relating to the calculation of the amount of the benefit. Thus, the Panel report only addressed how the EC applied these provisions and calculated the amount of the benefit with respect to the measures at issue in this proceeding (the definitive Regulation).

(26) In particular, the Panel considered that the EC acted inconsistently with Article 1.1(b) and 14 of the SCM Agreement by taking as a starting point that the amount of the benefit conferred by each of the financial contributions, which were generally in the form of loans, guarantees or equity, was to be calculated as if those financial contributions had been grants, irrespective of their terms and conditions. The Panel reasoned that the calculation of the amount of the benefit should be based on the benefit to the recipient, not the cost to the provider. It further reasoned that the provision in this case of funds to Hynix in the form of loans, guarantees and equity may have been of less benefit to Hynix than if the funds had been provided in the form of grants. In particular, the Panel reasoned that the funds would appear as debt in Hynix’s balance sheet or would have given rise to the dilution of the ownership claims of existing shareholders in Hynix.[29]

(27) The Panel considered that, as a matter of WTO law, the correct starting point for the EC in this case must be the search for an alternative benchmark as a base for the calculation of the amount of benefit. The Panel particularly referred, at para 7.213 of its report, to “a comparable commercial loan which the firm could actually obtain on the market” (Article 14(b) SCM Agreement ) and “a comparable commercial loan absent the government guarantee” (Article 14(a) SCM Agreement ). The Panel also referred, by way of example, to so-called “junk bonds” or “vulture funds”.[30]

(28) The Panel observed that there may be circumstances in which there is an absence of any comparable benchmark, and that the investigating authority was and is entitled to considerable leeway in adopting a reasonable approach to calculating the amount of the benefit to Hynix.[31]

(29) In the light of the Panel’s findings, for each of the relevant financial contributions in the measure at issue, the Commission has re-examined all of the relevant facts and evidence on the record, taking into account all of the submissions of interested parties, specifically with respect to possible alternative benchmarks, including “junk bonds” and “vulture funds”, and, for each relevant financial contribution, re-determined the amount of the benefit to Hynix.

(30) The Commission has not re-examined or made any re-determinations with respect to any substantive or procedural matters confirmed by the Panel report or not found by the Panel to be inconsistent with the SCM Agreement , including, but not limited to: Hynix’s financial situation or worth, conditions in the DRAM market, conditions in the financial markets and the use of facts available. The Commission has limited itself to the specific issue that is the subject of the Panel’s findings: the availability of alternative benchmarks.

(31) In making this re-determination, the Commission has based its calculation of subsidy on a “benefit to the recipient” and not on a “cost to the government” standard, as is required by Article 6 of the basic Regulation, consistent with the Panel’s reasoning, with the determinations in the definitive Regulation and with the Commission’s established practice.[32] In this regard, the Commission notes that one of the key features of the SCM Agreement (Article 14) following the Uruguay Round was the confirmation that the “benefit to the recipient” standard would normally prevail over the “cost to the government” standard. The Commission further notes that the former will generally lead to a higher amount of subsidy than the latter, because it requires a comparison with commercial, rather than governmental, funding. Consequently, the Commission notes that the “cost to the government” approach would not generally be expected to lead to a higher amount of subsidy than the “benefit to the recipient” approach.

(32) Thus, consistent with the Panel’s reasoning, the Commission has examined the financial contributions “from the perspective of the recipient”. The Commission has done this by means of an objective examination of the information on the record of the case. The Commission has not enquired into what might have been the subjective state of mind of one or more Hynix executives at the time. Rather, it has enquired into what, objectively, the amount of the benefit would have been for a company in exactly Hynix’s situation at the time. Calculating the amount of the benefit from the perspective of the recipient does not entail switching from an objective to a subjective basis of enquiry.

1.5. KEIC Guarantee for Export Credits (D/A extension) in the amount of USD 600 million

(33) The Panel summarised the facts concerning the KEIC Guarantee in the following terms:“7.85 The second action which was found to be a subsidy was the extension of a guarantee by the Korea Export Insurance Corporation (‘KEIC’) which is the official export credit agency of Korea. The KEIC provides export insurance and guarantees to manage the risk associated with overseas transactions. In January 2001, fourteen Hynix creditor banks increased the ceiling of the export credit facility for D/A’s (documents against acceptance) provided to Hynix from USD 800 million to USD 1,4 billion, an increase of USD 600 million, The KEIC granted the short-term export credit insurance for the extended D/A limit as regards the transaction between Hynix and its overseas subsidiaries. In other words, Hynix collects the foreseen payment for the export transaction from the banks concerned, which hold the D/A documents. The affiliated importer in the country of destination then makes the payments for the goods concerned directly to the banks against the D/A. Hynix pays KEIC a premium for the guarantee and pays interest to the banks concerned for the D/A amounts withdrawn until the importer makes the final payment. The KEIC insurance covers the amounts due to the banks which cannot be collected due to the bankruptcy of either the exporter or the importer.”[33]

(34) The Panel found that the EC reached a reasonable and reasoned conclusion on the basis of the record before it that the KEIC Guarantee conferred a benefit to Hynix.[34] In doing so, it recalled that the KEIC itself was hesitant to provide the guarantee on Hynix’s debt and needed its own guarantee from the GOK.[35] However, as regards the amount of the benefit, the Panel report indicates that the EC should, as a matter of WTO law, re-examine the question of the availability of alternative benchmarks for calculating the benefit to Hynix.[36]

(35) As the Panel observed, the question of benefit in the case of a government guarantee can be examined from more than one angle.[37]

(36) One reasonable method of enquiring into the amount of benefit from such a measure might be to compare the guarantee provided by the government with a comparable guarantee provided by the market.[38]

(37) A second reasonable method is indicated by Article 6(b) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(b) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to government loans; and Article 6(c) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(c) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to a loan guarantee by a government.[39] In this case, the “loan guaranteed by the government” is the revolving amount of debt outstanding at any time owed by the Hynix group, via its affiliated importers in various countries of export, to the banks, in respect of export transactions where payment has yet to be made, but funds have already been advanced by the banks to Hynix. The financial contribution under consideration related to the extension of the facility by USD 600 million. However, the facility itself had an overall ceiling of USD 1,4 billion.

(38) The Commission has re-examined the extensive record in this case and considered whether there is any relevant benchmark against which the amount of the benefit could be calculated. First, the Commission considered whether Hynix had received new loans at the time that the USD 600 million increase had been granted. The record demonstrates, however, that no new commercially comparable lending had been provided. Second, the Commission looked for verified evidence regarding the cost and terms of a comparable commercial guarantee or a “comparable commercial loan absent the government guarantee” that Hynix or another firm in a situation comparable to Hynix concluded at the relevant time. A comparable commercial loan would ideally be one of approximately the same size, would related to the same or a similar sector of economic activity, would involve a comparable type of activity, such as export credit insurance, and would have been concluded at approximately the same time. It could not involve any government guarantee, express or implied, and would need to involve a firm in a comparable financial situation to that of Hynix.

(39) Having conducted this re-examination, the Commission has determined that there is no reliable information on the record regarding these matters. The Commission has not found any such benchmark as regards Hynix itself. The loans provided to Hynix were generally either provided by the GOK or by banks that were entrusted and directed by the GOK, and the rate on the Syndicated Loan would also be an inappropriate benchmark for the reasons stated in recitals (17) to (20) above. Lending from Citibank Seoul is also not an appropriate benchmark for the reasons stated in recital (21) above. Citibank’s participation was insufficiently significant, was influenced by the participation of other lenders and the GOK and was distorted by both its interest, together with SSB, as Hynix’s financial advisor and its long-term relationship with the GOK. In any event, Citibank did not co-operate in the investigation.

(40) Given Hynix’s financial condition, there are no Hynix-specific benchmarks that can be used and there is no data on the record regarding loans to companies in a similar financial condition to Hynix. Moreover, the available information indicates that Hynix did not obtain, and would not have been able to obtain, the relevant funds in the market.[40] The KEIC export credit guarantee programme and the KDB Debenture Programme were in effect throughout 2001. During this period, Hynix was, by all measures, uncreditworthy, Hynix’s already dismal financial condition worsened markedly in 2000, when the company suffered a net loss of over KRW 2 trillion. At year-end 2000, Hynix’s total indebtedness was KRW 8 trillion, and Hynix’s current ratio, which measures the degree to which a firm’s current assets cover current liabilities, was 0,33.[41] Hynix’s net profit margin fell from 2.08% in 1999 to minus 24,03% in 2000 (when the DRAM industry as a whole performed well) and minus 93,83% in 2001.[42] Clearly, during 2000 and 2001, Hynix was unable to generate adequate cash flow to cover its existing debt, much less new debt.

(41) Market analysts agreed that Hynix was not creditworthy during this period. Hynix’s Standard & Poor’s rating was B- in March 2001, CCC+ in August 2001 and “selective default” in October 2001. In January 2001, UBS Warburg explained that Hynix’s “debt refinancing agreement with KDB...merely puts off the evil day but does not solve {Hynix’s} core problem, that it is not profitable and is not paying off debt at a sufficiently fast rate from internal cash flow or asset disposals.”[43] UBS Warburg subsequently stated that Hynix’s lack of product diversity was a concern and that Hynix’s excessive focus on commodity DRAMs would contribute to its “deteriorating fundamentals” throughout the first half of 2001.[44] Similarly, in February 2001, Deutsche Bank posited the cash flow problem bluntly: “We believe the most critical concern for {Hynix} is its ongoing cash flow concerns. In our view, it is unlikely that the Korean Government would be willing to give up on the company yet....We believe {Hynix’s} financial crisis will continue to carry a heavy burden on its ability to recover, as the DRAM sector is perhaps the most capital-intensive sector within semiconductors, with a constant requirement to upgrade technology processes.”[45]

(42) In February 2001, in an article in the Korea Herald[46], another market expert stated that: “Given the fact that credit risk is still pronounced and haunting investors, I don’t think fluent capital will flow into corporate bonds rated below BBB+”. This coincides with the early period of the KEIC Guarantee and KDB Debenture Programme. The article goes on to point out the yield difference between investment grade bonds and junk bonds, concluding that “this indicates that investors continue to shun low-grade corporate bonds, expanding the spread between high-credited bonds and the so-called junk bonds to their widest margin”. A press report in June 2001 stated that “Investors have started gazing down the Asian credit curve, but they still lack the nerve to eye corporates with ratings below the bottom rung of investment grade at BBB-minus. Only companies with strong cash flows, ability to service debt and growth prospects are likely to make them look.”[47] Another report stated that “Especially in the latter half of last year, it was nearly impossible for a company to issue junk bonds based on its own credit and the junk bonds market existed through primary collateralised bond obligations, collateral loan obligations and a government-initiated bond-refinancing plan.”[48]

(43) Thus, the Commission confirms its original finding that Hynix fell short of the investment grade required by investors for the junk bond market; and that, during the IP, the type of capital markets referred to by the Panel were inaccessible to companies with prospects as weak as those of Hynix. Accordingly, such information as is on the record does not permit the establishment of a reliable benchmark with respect to such markets.

(44) The Commission would therefore be in a position to reasonably and objectively conclude that no alternative commercial benchmark would actually be available in this case. Accordingly, in these circumstances, the Commission finds that the amount of the benefit to Hynix could not exceed the full amount of the loan, plus compound interest and the costs of recovery or attempted recovery in the event of default. Because there is also no reliable information on the record regarding these latter additional costs, the Commission has confined itself to the full amount of the loan. The Commission believes that this conclusion is fully supported by its (unchanged) determinations regarding the financial situation and worth of Hynix, and the situation in the DRAMs market and the financial markets, and that it is consistent with the basic Regulation and the Guidelines.

(45) However, mindful of the WTO Panel’s reasoning, the Commission has, exceptionally and for this reason only, also considered whether or not, even absent any relevant benchmarks, there is anything that might serve as the basis for a proxy benchmark, adjusted where necessary to take account of the particular circumstances of this case. Such a proxy could, for example, be based on a commercial interest rate, with the addition of a risk premium, reflecting the default rates of companies exhibiting comparable risk. Such a calculation would take into account the term of the loan, a benchmark interest rate that would be paid by a creditworthy company, the probability of default by an uncreditwothy company within a specified period of time and the probability of default by a creditworthy company within the same specified period of time. This approach is premised on the commonly understood notion that when a lender makes a loan to a company that is considered to be uncreditworthy, the lender faces higher probability that the borrower will default on repayment of the loan. As a consequence of this higher default probability, the lender will charge a higher rate of interest, and one that is in proportion to the increased probability of default. Essentially, this would entail taking an interest rate available in the market to creditworthy borrowers and adding a “risk premium” to it in order to account for the increased risk associated with lending to a company that is not creditworthy.

(46) For purposes of implementing the Panel’s report in this case, the Commission has used the following formula to calculate an appropriate uncreditworthy benchmark interest rate:

ib = [(1-qn)(1+if)n/(1-pn)]1/n -1

Where:

n = the term of the loan

ib = the benchmark interest rate for an uncreditworthy borrower

if = the long-term interest rate that would be paid by a creditworthy company

pn = the probability of default by an uncreditworthy company within n years

qn = the probability of default by a creditworthy company within n years.

(47) For the purposes of this implementation, the Commission has used as the creditworthy (or “commercial”) rate for USD loans the average USD lending interest rate for 2001, which, according to the IMF International Financial Statistics Service, was 6,922%. Although the credit received by Hynix by virtue of the guarantee was short term, the measure under consideration, i.e., the guarantee itself, was in fact a form of rolling credit. The Commission used data from Moody’s Investor Service to obtain default rates for creditworthy and uncreditworthy companies. For the uncreditworthy rate, the Commission used the likelihood of default for companies with a credit rating of Caa to C during the term of the relevant measure (i.e., one year for the KEIC Guarantee). Similarly, the Commission used the default rate for a creditworthy company during the term of the measure in question, calculated based on a cumulation of data for investment grade companies. The rate of default of an uncreditworthy company in 2001 within one year was, according to Moody’s, 34,34%. The rate of default of a creditworthy company in 2001 within one year was 0,13%. This led to total interest rate of 62,70%. In contrast, the interest rate payable by Hynix on the USD loans in question was 8,33%, i.e., a total interest differential of 54,37%.

(48) The Commission recalls that, normally, having determined that the benefit is equivalent to the full amount of the financial contribution (in this case, a loan or loan guarantee), the Commission treats it as a “non-recurring” subsidy and allocates it over a period of time corresponding to the normal depreciation of fixed assets in the industry concerned. The Commission uses a straight-line allocation and does not increase the total amount of benefit by using the “time value of money” method; it merely adds interest to each annual allocated portion. In this case, the allocation period was five years and no additional costs were added to the full amount of the loan as explained in recital (44) above, which means that 20% of the financial contribution was allocated to each year.

(49) Had the Commission used an interest rate comparison as described in recitals (45) to (47) above, the benefit (i.e., the difference between the benchmark and the actual interest rate) would have been considered as a recurring subsidy. The amount of subsidy allocated to each year would have been the interest rate differential multiplied by the fact amount of the loan. Therefore, depending on the size of the interest rate differential, the terms and conditions of the loan, and the length of the depreciation period, the annual benefit obtained by making an interest rate comparison may be bigger or smaller than that which results from the application of the Commission’s original approach.

(50) In this case, the Commission’s original approach would result in an allocated annual benefit of 20% of the financial contribution. Depending on the exact terms of the loan, i.e., whether the beneficiary repays interest and capital or interest only each year, this amount would be reached with an interest rate differential of no less than 20% and no more than about 35% per year. The actual interest differential in this case is 54,37%. This means that a strict application of this method would result in a much higher rate of countervailable subsidy allocated on turnover, in fact 12,8% instead of the 5,1% originally calculated by the Commission.

(51) Consequently, the Commission considers that its original approach was and is reasonable in this case. Indeed, it is only in extreme cases that the Commission will determine the amount of the benefit to be equivalent to the full amount of a loan (i.e., when there is no realistic possibility of repayment) and in such circumstances it is usual that the benchmark interest rate will be extremely high. Therefore, the interest rate differential will often give a higher amount of benefit than a simple allocation of the face amount of the loan over time. In these circumstances, the Commission has used the more conservative of the two options in order to be sure that it has not exaggerated the amount of the subsidy, and will treat the face amount of the loan as the basis for a cap on the maximum amount of the benefit.

(52) On the above basis, the amount of benefit conferred by the KEIC Guarantee ad valorem of export turnover was 5,1%.

1.6. KDB Debenture Programme

(53) The Panel summarised the facts concerning the KDB Debenture Programme in the following terms:“7.88 A third programme found to constitute a subsidy by Korea was the KDB Debenture Programme to which Hynix was admitted on 4 January 2001. This was a programme which essentially lasted for one year (2001) and was set-up by the government in response to financial instability in Korea caused by the fact that a large amount of bonds issued by a few companies (including Hynix) were due to mature simultaneously. Under this Programme, maturing debt was rolled-over and re-packaged for investors. A participating company repaid on its own 20 per cent of its corporate bonds falling due and the KDB assumed the remaining 80 per cent. This constituted the first phase of the programme. Of the 80 per cent originally assumed by the KDB, 20 per cent of the bonds was then sold to the company ' s creditor banks in proportion to their debt exposure to the company; 70 per cent was re-packaged for sale to investors as collateralised bond obligations (‘CBOs’) and/or collateralised loan obligations (‘CLOs’), guaranteed by the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund (‘KCGF’);1 and the KDB retained the remaining 10 per cent. The participating company had to repurchase at least 3 per cent of any CBOs and 5 per cent of any CLOs.27.89 We note that companies were placed in the Programme upon nomination by the main creditor bank, and needed the approval by the Creditors Financial Institutions Council (‘CFIC’), based on an assessment of the company ' s financial future. The CFIC consisted of representatives of the KCGF, the KDB and seventeen other creditor banks.3 The CFIC ultimately decided on participation in the programme. If banks holding 75 per cent of the loans of the company agreed to the participation of the company in the Programme, the CFIC considered the decision unanimous. To be placed in the Programme, companies had to be able to repay 20 per cent of their maturing bonds; normalise business operations through a rescue plan; have credit ratings below A but higher than BB; and agree to any change in majority shareholdings requested by their creditor banks, or to the replacement of management in case of insolvency. Hynix was admitted to the programme on 4 January 2001 with a credit rating of BBB-. In total six companies were admitted; four of which, including Hynix, belonged to the Hyundai group.4 The EC found that the bond purchase by the KDB as part of this programme constituted a financial contribution by the government which conferred a benefit on Hynix.

1 The CBO's and CLO's are asset backed securities that are sold to investment trusts.

2 Preliminary Determination, paras. 47-48.

3 Id. , para. 49.

4 Id. , paras. 49-52. The EC states that the budget for the programme was KRW 6.2 trillion, of which KRW 2.9 trillion was ear-marked for Hynix; eventual expenditure being KRW 2.9 trillion of which KRW 1.2 trillion (41 per cent) for Hynix and 38 per cent was used for the other three Hyundai companies.”[49]

(54) The Panel found that the EC reached a reasonable and reasoned conclusion on the basis of the record before it that the KDB Debenture Programme conferred a benefit on Hynix. In doing so, it recalled that the KDB Debenture Programme was itself set up and effectively guaranteed by the GOK.[50] However, as regards the amount of the benefit, the Panel report indicates that the Commission should, as a matter of WTO law, re-examine the question of the availability of alternative benchmarks.

(55) As the Panel observed, the question of benefit, at least in the case of a government guarantee, can be examined from more than one angle,[51] and in applying the guidelines contained in Article 14 of the SCM Agreement , an investigating authority is entitled to considerable leeway.[52] The KDB Debenture Programme, for example, exhibits some of the characteristics of a guarantee, insofar as the entire measure was set-up, sponsored, and effectively guaranteed by the GOK or a GOK public body. Thus, one reasonable method of enquiring into the amount of benefit of such a measure might be to compare the guarantee provided by the government with a comparable guarantee provided by the market. The KDB Debenture Programme might also be considered in the light of Article 6(b) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(b) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to government loans; and Article 6(c) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(c) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to a loan guarantee by a government.

(56) The Commission has re-examined the record to consider whether there is any relevant benchmark against which the amount of the benefit could be calculated. It has looked for verified evidence about a comparable government guarantee or “a comparable commercial loan” or “a comparable commercial loan absent the government guarantee” that Hynix or another firm in a situation comparable to Hynix concluded at the relevant time. A comparable commercial loan would ideally be one of approximately the same size, would relate to the same or a similar sector of economic activity, would involve a comparable type of activity, and would have been concluded at approximately the same time. It could not involve any government guarantee, express or implied, and would need to involve a firm in a comparable financial situation to that of Hynix.

(57) Having conducted this re-examination, the Commission has determined that a commercial benchmark meeting these criteria was not available in this case. Hynix itself did not sell any corporate bonds into the commercial market at the time it participated in the KDB Debenture Programme. In fact, one of the threshold criteria for participation in the KDB Debenture Programme was that the company in question could not obtain loans or sell bonds on the normal commercial market. Moreover, as noted in recital (53) of the definitive Regulation, Hynix provided no evidence on the record that it tried to access foreign debt markets during this period. In addition, the fact that the international ratings agency Standard and Poor’s downgraded Hynix’s debt to a speculative rating of “B-” makes it unlikely that Hynix would have been able to access foreign bond or loan markets, even if it had tried to do so. Even the Korean government itself noted in January 2001 that Hynix was “in a state of technical insolvency.”[53]

(58) Moreover, other lending to Hynix during the period that the KDB rolled over Hynix’s maturing bonds cannot serve as a basis for measuring whether a benefit to Hynix exists. For the reasons noted in recitals (17) to (22) above, the loans provided as part of the Syndicated Loan cannot serve as an appropriate basis of comparison. The lending made pursuant to the Syndicated Loan was so distorted by the government’s intervention in that loan that it cannot serve as a reasonable commercial benchmark by which to measure whether a benefit has occurred or the amount of that benefit. In this regard, the Commission recalls that the Syndicated Loan itself was made possible by the GOK waiving the lending limits for three key participants in that loan. Absent the participation of these three banks in the syndicate, it is unclear whether the loan would have been able to go forward at all, given that it would have been significantly undersubscribed.[54]

(59) Further, the convertible bonds purchased by private bodies as part of the May 2001 Restructuring Programme cannot serve as a benchmark because, although the evidence on record did not rise to the level sufficient for a finding of entrustment or direction, it indicates a level of government involvement that makes the participation by private creditors an inappropriate measure of the commercial reasonableness of the CB purchases: the creditor banks themselves acknowledged in the 7 May 2001 Creditor Financial Institution resolution that Hynix was unable to service its debts in May 2001[55] and the GOK was clearly heavily involved in overseeing the completion of the May 2001 CB offering, going as far as having a high level FSS official attend the March 2001 meeting of the Creditor Council[56]. Further, a comparable commercial loan which could serve as a benchmark is one which is concluded at approximately the same period of time; the CB offering took place five months after the KDB Debenture Programme, when both Hynix’s financial situation and the state of the DRAMs market were markedly different.

(60) As already indicated above,[57] no other comparable commercial benchmark was actually available in the market. On the contrary, the available information indicates Hynix would not have obtained the relevant funds in the market.

(61) The Commission would therefore be in a position to reasonably and objectively conclude that no alternative commercial benchmark would actually be available in this case. Accordingly, under these circumstances, the Commission finds that the amount of the benefit to Hynix could not exceed the full amount of the funds obtained by Hynix as a result of the operation of the KDB Debenture Programme, plus compound interest and the costs of recovery or attempted recovery in the event of default. Because there is also no reliable information on the record regarding these latter additional costs, the Commission has confined itself to the full amount of the funds. The Commission believes that this conclusion is fully supported by its (unchanged) determinations regarding the financial situation and worth of Hynix, and the situation in the DRAMs market and the financial markets, and that it is consistent with the basic Regulation and the Guidelines.

(62) However, mindful of the WTO Panel’s reasoning, the Commission has also considered whether or not, even absent the availability of any appropriate commercial benchmarks, there is anything that might serve as the basis for a proxy benchmark, adjusted where necessary to take account of the particular circumstances of this case. Such a proxy could, for example, be calculated along the lines already indicated above in recitals (45) and (46) with respect to the KEIC Guarantee.

(63) For the purposes of this calculation, and as suggested by GOK, the Commission has used as the creditworthy rate for KRW loans the IMF International Financial Statistics rate on short-term KRW denominated-lending, which was 7,7%. The default rates for both creditworthy and uncreditworthy companies for the term of the measure in question were taken from Moody’s Investor Services (0,13% and 34,37% respectively). This led to a total interest rate of 63,89%. In contrast, the average interest rate payable by Hynix on the KDB debentures in question was 12,7%, i.e., a total interest rate differential of 51,19%.

(64) Viewing the financial contribution as a recurring subsidy, rather than as a non-recurring subsidy to be allocated over time, and applying this model to the calculation of the amount of the benefit in the financial contribution under consideration, would lead to an amount of benefit of 626,9 billion KRW, resulting in a countervailable subsidy allocated on turnover of 11,8%, instead of the 4,9% originally calculated by the Commission. Consequently, the Commission considers that its original approach was and is reasonable in this case, as the interest rate differential would give a much higher amount of benefit than a simple allocation of the face amount of the loan over time. In these circumstances, the Commission has used the more conservative of the two options in order to be sure that it has not exaggerated the amount of the subsidy and will treat the face amount of the loan as the basis for a cap on the maximum amount of the benefit.

(65) Taking the amount of the funds obtained by Hynix as a result of the operation of the KDB Debenture Programme as a cap on the maximum amount of the benefit, the Commission finds that the amount of benefit to Hynix in the financial contribution at issue ad valorem of turnover was 4,9%.

1.7. October 2001 Rescue Package, consisting of Dept to Equity Swap, Second Roll-over of Dept and Provision of New Loan of KRW 658 billion

(66) The Panel summarised the facts concerning the October 2001 Restructuring Programme in the following terms:“7.111 The fifth and final programme considered to constitute a subsidy was the October 2001 Restructuring Programme. On 4 October 2001, a second Hynix CFIC was set up in accordance with the provisions of the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act (‘CRPA’). The CRPA was enacted in August 2001 and its purpose was to facilitate corporate restructuring, which before was based on agreements between creditor banks and the companies concerned. The CFIC consisted of a hundred and ten financial institutions including seventeen banks and fifteen investment trust companies. The decisions of the CFIC were taken by a 75 per cent majority. The votes were allocated in proportion of each institution's exposure to the total loans to Hynix. Any financial institution exercising its dissenter's rights by disagreeing with a CFIC resolution would be excluded from the CFIC permanently. In its second meeting held on 31 October 2001, the CFIC decided on a "second restructuring package" for Hynix. The following measures were proposed:

14. provision of new loan of KRW 1 trillion to Hynix with an interest rate of 7 per cent;

15. debt to equity swap by provision of bonds convertible into shares;

16. extending the maturities of existing loans until 31 December 2004, converting the maturing corporate bonds into corporate bonds with a three year maturity and an interest rate of 6,5 per cent and adjusting the interest rate of the remaining loans in Korean currency to 6 per cent.

7.112 The financial institutions were given three options by the CFIC in the 31 October meeting. The first option was to agree with the proposals by extending new credit and participating in a debt-to-equity swap ("Option 1"). Secondly, the banks which did not want to participate in the new loan were obliged to swap 28.5 per cent of their loans into equity and waive the rest of the Hynix debt ("Option 2"). Thirdly, the CFIC also decided that those banks which objected to the measures and used their dissenter's rights would have their loans purchased back at the liquidation value as established by Arthur Andersen, the firm that was commissioned to conduct a study on the financial situation of Hynix at the time ("Option 3").

7.113 Nevertheless, only six banks agreed to extend new credit, which amounted to KRW 658 billion instead of the planned KRW 1 trillion. These banks swapped a considerable amount of their loans into equity. These so-called Option 1 banks were the KEB, Woori Bank, Chohung Bank, KDB, NACF and Citibank.111 Eight banks refused to extend new loans, so they swapped approximately one-third of their loans into equity and wrote-off the rest as a loss. The remaining banks objected to the restructuring and elected to receive the liquidation value of their loans, and had to write the remaining debt off as a loss. The loans remaining with the banks of the first category were subject to maturity extensions and interest rate cuts as explained above.112 The EC considered that the participation by the six Option 1 banks in the October 2001 Restructuring Programme constituted a financial contribution by the government which conferred a benefit on Hynix. The rate of subsidization for this October 2001 Restructuring Programme was calculated to be 19,4 per cent.

111 Preliminary Determination, para. 77. The KDB did not participate in the new loan of KRW 658 billion.

112 Id. , paras. 69-71.”

(67) The Panel found that the EC reached a reasonable and reasoned conclusion on the basis of the record before it that the October 2001 Restructuring Programme conferred a benefit on Hynix.[58] However, as regards the amount of the benefit, the Panel report indicates that the EC should, as a matter of WTO law, re-examine the question of the availability of alternative benchmarks.

i. Debt to Equity Swap

(68) As the Panel indicated, in approaching the question of benefit in the case of the government provision of equity capital and in applying the guidelines contained in Article 14 of the SCM Agreement , an investigating authority is entitled to considerable leeway.[59] The Commission considers that the debt to equity swap in the October 2001 Restructuring Programme may be considered in the light of Article 6(1) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(a) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to government provision of equity capital inconsistent with the usual investment practice, including for the provision of risk capital, or private investors in the territory of the relevant Member. The Commission notes that, unlike sub-paragraphs (b) and (c), sub-paragraph (a) contains no final sentence providing further guidance on how the amount of the benefit is to be calculated.

(69) The Commission has re-examined the record to consider whether there is any relevant benchmark against which the amount of the benefit could be calculated. It has looked for verified evidence about a comparable private provision of equity capital that Hynix or another firm in a situation comparable to Hynix concluded at the relevant time. A comparable provision of equity ideally would be one of approximately the same size, would related to the same or a similar sector of economic activity, would involve a comparable type of activity and would have been concluded at approximately the same time. It could not involve any government guarantee, express or implied, and would need to involve a firm in a comparable financial situation to that of Hynix.

(70) Having conducted this re-examination, the Commission has determined that there is no verified information on the record regarding these matters. The Commission has not found any such benchmark as regards Hynix itself. The equity provided to Hynix was generally either provided by the GOK or by banks that were entrusted or directed by the GOK.

(71) Moreover, no other comparable commercial benchmark was actually available in the market. On the contrary, the available information indicated Hynix would not have obtained the relevant funds in the market. As noted in recital (103) of the definitive Regulation, in October 2001, Hynix’s credit rating from Standard & Poor’s was “SD” (selective default). Hynix went into default of interest payments on the Syndicated Loan in May 2001 and several creditor banks raised their loan-loss provisions as regards Hynix already in May 2001 and again in October 2001, before the measures under consideration were put in place. The six banks concerned by the October 2001 measures rated Hynix internally from “precautionary” to “doubtful” and the Option 2 banks involved in the debt-to-equity swap were given very little choice: they either took the shares or they effectively wrote off Hynix’s debts completely. The GOK suggestion that the difference between the swap price paid and the market price should serve as the amount of benefit ignores the realities of Hynix’s abysmal financial situation; no-one would invest in a company with an SD rating. The conclusions set out in recitals (101) through (112) of the definitive Regulation supporting the finding that no comparable equity financing that might serve as a benchmark was available to Hynix on the commercial market are hereby confirmed.

(72) The Commission would therefore be in a position to reasonably and objectively conclude that no alternative commercial benchmark would actually be available in this case. Accordingly, under these circumstances, the Commission finds that the amount of the benefit to Hynix could not exceed the full amount of the funds obtained by Hynix as a result of the operation of the debt to equity swap in the October 2001 Restructuring Programme. The Commission believes that this conclusion is fully supported by its (unchanged) determinations regarding the financial situation and worth of Hynix, and the situation in the DRAMs market and the financial markets, and that it is consistent with the basic Regulation and the Guidelines.

(73) However, mindful of the WTO Panel’s reasoning, the Commission has also considered whether or not, even absent any relevant benchmarks, there is any other method by which the amount of the benefit might be adjusted to take into account the particular circumstances of this case. The Commission considers that the uncreditworthy analysis conducted with respect to debt cannot provide an appropriate basis for comparison, precisely because this particular financial contribution is concerned with equity, which is a fundamentally different type of measure from debt.

(74) The Commission has taken into consideration the possibility that, in the particular circumstances of the present reassessment, the cost to the recipient of receiving the financial contribution should be taken into account. The Commission notes that, in order to examine the cost, if any, of the swap from the point of view of the recipient, the obligations imposed on a company when issuing new equity would have to be considered. The Commission notes in this respect that injections of ordinary share capital do not generally impose particular obligations on a company, as there is neither a fixed rate of return which the company must achieve nor, in fact, do any payments need to be made. However, the company has at least a theoretical obligation to distribute its profits or part thereof to its shareholders; the return on equity ratio (‘ROE’) could provide some indication of the level of return the company is expected to provide to its shareholders and could be used in the calculation of the amount of the benefit to Hynix. However, the ROE of Hynix for 2001 was minus 96,75%, as calculated by reference to its financial statements for the year. Therefore, on the basis of an objective evaluation of Hynix’s financial standing at the time of the debt-to-equity swap, it is unreasonable to expect that Hynix would be in a position to distribute any sort of return to its shareholders for the relevant year. Hence, using the ROE as a benchmark, it would still be concluded that the entire amount of the debt-to-equity swap is a countervailable subsidy.

(75) The Commission has also examined whether there are costs to Hynix associated with having to surrender ownership shares as a result of the swap or the cost to Hynix from potential dilution of the share price resulting from the issuance of new shares.[60] Based on its review of the record evidence, the Commission does not believe that the net benefit to Hynix of the full debt-to-equity swap is diminished as a result of the issuance of new shares. In this regard, the Commission believes it is essential to recognize the impact that the debt-to-equity swap had on Hynix’s financial situation.

(76) As a threshold matter, it is key to recognize that this was not a straight equity infusion. The fundamental benefit to Hynix resulted from the massive amount of debt that was extinguished as a result of the swap, namely KRW 2,483 billion. This effectively absolved Hynix from having to repay any of this principal amount and from having to pay interest. Instead, this massive amount of debt was replaced with equity shares issued to the Option 1 creditor banks. However, there was no real quantifiable cost to Hynix of issuing the new shares. While the existing share values were diluted as a result of the issuance, this had absolutely no balance sheet impact on Hynix. It did not result in any cash outlays (apart from the expense associated with the issuance of the new shares) and did not obligate Hynix to any sort of cash payments in the future, as would have been the case with debt instruments.

(77) Consequently, in light of all these considerations and since Hynix did not report any costs associated with the issuance of equity, we believe the appropriate approach to measuring the benefit from the debt-to-equity swap is to take the full amount of the swap. This results in an overall benefit to Hynix of 358,2 billion KRW and a countervailable subsidy allocated on turnover of 9,6%.

ii. Debt Rollover and New Loan

(78) The Commission considers that the debt rollover and new loan in the October 2001 Restructuring Programme may be considered in the light of Article 6(b) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 14(b) of the SCM Agreement ), which refers to the amount which the firm would pay on a comparable commercial loan that the firm could actually obtain on the market.

(79) The Commission has re-examined the record to consider whether there is any relevant benchmark against which the amount of the benefit could be calculated. It has looked for verified evidence about a comparable commercial loan that Hynix or another firm in a situation comparable to Hynix concluded at the relevant time. A comparable commercial loan ideally would be one of approximately the same size, would relate to the same or a similar sector of economic activity, would involve a comparable type of activity, and would have been concluded at approximately the same time. It could not involve any government guarantee, express or implied, and would need to involve a firm in a comparable financial situation to that of Hynix.

(80) The bonds purchased as part of the May 2001 Restructuring Programme cannot serve as a basis for determining the commercial reasonableness of the new loan and the debt rollover, as Hynix’s financial situation deteriorated substantially between May and October 2001. Therefore, the two situations cannot be considered to be comparable.

(81) Having conducted this re-examination, the Commission has determined that there is no verified information on the record regarding these matters. The Commission has not found any such benchmark as regards Hynix itself. The loans provided to Hynix were generally either provided by the GOK or by banks that were entrusted or directed by the GOK.

(82) As already indicated above,[61] no other comparable commercial benchmark was actually available in the market. On the contrary, the available information indicates Hynix could not have obtained the relevant funds in the market.

(83) The Commission would therefore be in a position to reasonably and objectively conclude that no alternative commercial benchmark would actually be available in this case. Accordingly, under these circumstances, the Commission finds that the amount of the benefit to Hynix could not exceed the full amount of the funds obtained by Hynix as a result of the operation of the debt rollover and new loan in the October 2001 Restructuring Programme. The Commission believes that this conclusion is fully supported by its (unchanged) determinations regarding the financial situation and worth of Hynix, and the situation in the DRAMs market and the financial markets, and that it is consistent with the basic Regulation and the Guidelines.

(84) However, mindful of the WTO Panel’s reasoning, the Commission has also considered whether or not, even absent any relevant benchmarks, there is any other method by which the amount of the benefit might be adjusted to take into account the particular circumstances of this case. In this respect, the same methodology as the one outlined in recitals (45) and (46) was used to calculate the amount of the benefit received by Hynix from these two measures.

(85) For the purposes of this calculation, the Commission has used as the creditworthy rate for KRW loans the average Bank of Korea interest rate on investment grade corporate bonds in 2001, which was 11,38%. The default rates for both creditworthy and uncreditworthy companies for the term of the measures in question was taken from Moody’s Investor Services. The rate of default of an uncreditworthy company in 2001 within 3 years (the term of the new loan and of the roll-over) was 57,97%, whereas the rate of default of a creditworthy company within three years in 2001 was 0,94%. This led to a total interest rate of 48,22%. In contrast, the interest rate payable by Hynix on the new loan was 7% and on the roll-over 6,5%, i.e., an interest rate differential of 41,2% and 41,7% respectively.

(86) Viewing the financial contributions as recurring subsidies, rather than as non-recurring subsidies to be allocated over time, and applying this model to the calculation of the amount of the benefit in the financial contributions under consideration, would lead to an amount of benefit of KRW 271,5 billion for the new loan and KRW 761,4 billion for the roll-over. This would result in countervailable subsidies allocated on turnover of 6,8% for the new loan and 19,1% for the roll-over, compared to 3,5% and 9,8% respectively, as originally calculated by the Commission. Consequently, the Commission considers that its original approach was and is reasonable in this case, as the interest rate differential would give a much higher amount of benefit than a simple allocation of the face amount of the loans over time. In these circumstances, the Commission has used the more conservative of the two options in order to be sure that it has not exaggerated the amount of the subsidy and will treat the face amount of the loans as the basis for a cap on the maximum amount of the benefit. On the basis of these considerations, the Commission had determined that the amount of the benefit to Hynix ad valorem of turnover is, for both measures, 13,3%.

(87) It is noted that, in relation to the Debt Rollover, contrary to recital (166) of the definitive Regulation, the amount of CBs purchased by Option 1 banks has not been deducted, as the May 2001 measures are no longer countervailed.

iii. Total subsidy of October 2001 Rescue Package

(88) The subsidy amount thus calculated for the Debt to Equity Swap, the Debt Rollover and the New Loan was considered to confer a large non-recurring benefit and was spread across a five-year period corresponding to the normal depreciation period of assets in the DRAMs industry. The resulting amount was then allocated on Hynix’s turnover during the IP and interest based on the average commercial rate applicable in Korea during the IP was added. The revised amount expressed ad valorem is 22,9%.

1.8. Total Subsidy Amount

(89) In summary, the calculation of the total amount of the subsidy has thus been revised on the basis of the Panel’s recommendations and is now as follows:

Type of Subsidy | D/A Extension | KDB Debenture Programme | May 2001 CB Purchase, Dept Roll-over | October 2001 Rescue Package | TOTAL |

5,1% | 4,9% | 0% | 22,9% | 32,9% |

2. Injury

2.1. Introduction

(90) This part sets out the reassessed findings based on the recommendation of the Panel report concerning the evaluation of the factor “wages” as a relevant factor affecting the state of the Community industry within the meaning of Article 8(5) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 15.4 of the SCM Agreement ).

(91) All other findings concerning injury remain as established in the original investigation and set out in the provisional Regulation and the definitive Regulation.

2.2. Wages

(92) In the original investigation the EC had considered and evaluated the wages factor, but found wages to be irrelevant to its injury determination. However, the Panel found that:

“without a written record of the analytical process undertaken by the investigating authority to evaluate “wages”, we cannot examine whether an adequate and reasoned explanation has been provided of how the facts support the injury determination made by the EC and, consequently, whether that determination was consistent with Article 15.4. Without that written record, we would be forced to embark on post hoc speculation about the thought process by which the investigating authority arrived at its ultimate conclusions. We consider that the standard of review in Article 11 of the DSU prevents us from embarking upon this exercise.”[62]

Consequently, the Panel concluded that the EC acted inconsistently with Article 15.4 of the SCM Agreement in not evaluating the “wages” factor when examining the impact of the subsidized imports on the state of the domestic industry.[63]

(93) In the light of the Panel’s finding, the Commission, having again reviewed the information on the record concerning Community wages, both in isolation and together with the other injury factors set out in Article 8(5) of the basic Regulation, provides herein a written record of its evaluation of the wages factor.

(94) The Commission examined the average cost of wages per employee for the Community industry during the IP, and in the three prior years. The indexed results are shown in the following table.[64]

Average cost for wages per employee | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 (IP) |

Index | 100 | 99 | 115 | 109 |

(95) The table shows that the average cost of the Community industry for wages and salaries during the period under consideration varied, decreasing and increasing over time. In the year 2000, it increased by 15%. In 2001, compared to 1998, it had increased by 9%. Overall, the increase was lower than the increase of the total hourly labour costs in the euro area during this period.[65] Thus, there were no unusual developments in wages during the relevant period, and any developments only had very limited effects on the financial situation of the domestic industry as a whole.[66]

(96) Furthermore, the Commission recalls that DRAMs are capital intensive products and, thus, labour may only have a limited contribution to their cost of production (see also recital (41) above). Consequently, this relatively small increase in wages had hardly any effect on the overall financial situation of the Community industry.

(97) Given its negligible impact, consideration of the wages factor together with the other factors referred to in Article 8(5) of the basic Regulation ) is not such as to alter the conclusion that the Community industry suffered material injury.[67]

2.3. Conclusion

(98) Based on the foregoing, the conclusion set out in recital (188) of the definitive Regulation that the Community industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 8 of the basic Regulation is hereby confirmed.

3. Causation

3.1. Introduction

(99) This part sets out the reassessed findings based on the recommendations of the Panel report concerning the non-attribution to the subsidized imports of any injury caused by other factors (in particular, decline in demand, overcapacity and other, non-subsidized imports) within the meaning of Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation. The Panel’s determination in paragraph 7.437 of its report does not preclude a conclusion of a causal relationship between subsidized imports and the material injury suffered by the Community industry, but added that a satisfactory explanation of the nature and extent of the injurious effects of those other factors, preferably with quantitative analysis, as distinguished from the effects of the subsidized imports, is required.

3.2. Decline (contraction) in demand and economic downturn

(100) Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement ) requires examination of any known factors other than subsidized imports which at the same time are injuring the Community industry, and not to attribute injury caused by these other factors to subsidized imports. One of the factors referred to is “contraction in demand”.

(101) The Panel found at paragraph 8.1(e) of its report that the EC had failed to make sure that the injury caused by “decline in demand” was not attributed to the subsidized imports. This conclusion was reached in the light of the Panel’s findings at paras 7.411 to 7.414 of its report, which treat a “decline in demand” as synonymous with a “general economic downturn”.

EC Consumption | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 (IP) |

DRAMs in ‘000 Mbits Index | 16.593.400 100 | 28.961.100 175 | 45.873.600 276 | 68.967.600 416 |

(102) The Commission recalls that, all other things being equal, demand (i.e., the willingness and ability to obtain an amount of a particular good) may generally be considered to be equivalent to consumption (i.e., the actual physical process of using a good irrespective of the level of trade). The above table sets out EC consumption during the relevant period in terms of Mbits. The use of this unit of measurement was not disputed before the Panel. It appears from the above table that because the actual consumption in the Community for DRAMs increased constantly and significantly during the period under consideration, it is incorrect to allege that the level of demand for DRAMs in the Community declined during the same period. Thus, all of the relevant argumentation concerning the impact of the “decline in demand” on the injurious situation of the Community industry (in particular its prices) raised by the GOK and Hynix is irrelevant, because, as shown above, the level of demand increased. With respect to the claim by the GOK and Hynix that the alleged decline in demand affected the Community industry’s prices, this is unfounded in light of the fact that there was no decline in the level of demand. On the contrary, the subsidized imports had a significant impact on the prices of the Community industry and, thus, on its injurious condition (see recitals (191) and (192) of the definitive Regulation).

(103) Hynix and the GOK noted that worldwide demand for DRAMs grew in 2001 by only 59% compared to the average year on year growth rate of 75%, apparently contending that in 2000-2001 there was a huge slowdown in the growth rate of demand (see recital (193) of the definitive Regulation). The Commission does not agree. Hynix and the GOK correctly point out that the DRAMs market is cyclical (see recital (193) of the definitive Regulation). However, in cyclical markets, demand growth rates vary sharply from one year to another, and it would be unreasonable to expect the growth rate of demand in a particular year to reflect the average growth rate of demand for an entire business cycle. A reasonable way to assess whether demand growth slowed significantly in 2000-2001, taking into account the cyclical nature of the market, would be to compare the growth rate of demand in 2000-2001, which was a cyclical trough, with the average growth of demand during troughs in previous cycles. Neither Hynix nor the GOK made any arguments nor submitted any data in support of such a comparison. Accordingly, record evidence does not support the conclusion that in 2000-2001 the growth rate of demand slowed down significantly, considering the cyclical nature of the DRAMs market.

(104) It was also considered whether the growth rate of demand in the Community slowed down in 2000-2001 as compared to the actual growth rates observed in previous years. The demand for DRAMs in the Community, measured in terms of EC consumption, increased by 75% in 1998-1999, 58% in 1999-2000 and 51% in 2000-2001. Thus, while there was a constant increase in demand during the period under consideration, this increase followed a declining trend. Nevertheless, demand growth rate remained significant in the IP (51%).

(105) The declining trend in demand growth was more pronounced between 1999 and 2000 (where demand growth declined by 17 percentage points) than between 2000 and the IP (where demand growth declined by 8 percentage points). This evolution of demand growth has to be assessed by comparison with the evolution of the sales prices of the Community industry, the primary cause of injury to the Community industry during the period under consideration (see recital (188) of the definitive Regulation). In particular, in 1999-2000, demand growth declined by a sizable 23%, but the average sales price of the Community industry dropped by only 5%. Conversely, between 2000 and the IP demand growth declined moderately by 12%, but the average sales price of the Community industry plummeted by 77% (see recital (128) and the relevant table of the provisional Regulation). If slowing demand growth had been a cause of injury, one would have expected the sales prices of the Community industry to decline more sharply in the period when demand growth declined more steeply. Record evidence shows no such relationship between trends in demand growth and trends in the sales prices of the Community industry. It is therefore concluded that there is no apparent link between demand growth and the sales prices of the Community industry which could indicate that slowing demand growth contributed to the injury suffered by the Community industry.

(106) This approach is consistent with the findings of recent WTO panels reviewing determinations in respect of non-attribution. In particular, WTO panels have upheld non-attribution findings where record evidence showed that the factor concerned could not have caused injury because trends in such factor were independent from trends in key indicators of the domestic industry. Specifically, in US-Steel , the Panel noted that the facts appeared to support the investigating authority’s finding, in respect of hot-rolled bar, that cost increases had not caused injury because trends in operating margin (a key measure of profitability) were unrelated to trends in the Cost of Goods Sold (‘COGS’).[68] Similarly, while the Panel concluded that the investigating authority’s finding, in respect of stainless steel bar, concerning demand as a factor of injury, did not satisfy the non-attribution requirement, the Panel noted that the investigating authority could have met this requirement, through a “reasoned and adequate explanation”, simply by showing that trends in demand had no connection with trends in a key variable attesting to the condition of the domestic industry.[69]

(107) Accordingly, the Commission is of the view that its re-determination satisfies the non-attribution requirement under Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement ) in respect of demand growth by showing that, during the period under consideration, trends in demand growth were independent from trends in the sales prices of the Community industry. The Commission is also of the view that its re-determination satisfies the non-attribution requirement in respect of declines in the level of demand by showing that during the period under consideration no such demand declines took place.

3.3. Overcapacity

(108) The Panel noted in paragraph 7.421 of its report that the question of separating and distinguishing the effects of overcapacity in driving prices down should be addressed, irrespective of who is to blame for such overcapacity.

(109) The Commission notes that “overcapacity” is not expressly referred to in Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement ). The concept is discussed in the provisional and definitive Regulations insofar as it is invoked by certain of the interested parties. It is a relative concept, insofar as it depends on how much capacity is available and how much capacity is being used – that is, on the level of demand. “Overcapacity” may thus arise either because capacity is increased, or demand falls.

(110) “Overcapacity” as a possible factor of injury can be examined in the context of the world market or in the context of the Community market. The Commission considers both situations below.

(111) As set out in recital (153) of the provisional Regulation and recital (197) of the definitive Regulation, some overcapacity existed worldwide during a number of years including the period under consideration. No major change in this overcapacity situation has been observed during the period under consideration and in particular at the end of this period leading to the IP. This worldwide overcapacity may have asserted pressure on prices during the period under consideration, which may have contributed to the injury suffered by the Community industry. This finding has not been disputed by any party concerned.

(112) However, as set out in recital (147) of the provisional Regulation, the worldwide overcapacity was estimated to be approximately 20% of the market. Hynix accounted for around 17% of worldwide production during the IP. Given that Hynix was virtually bankrupt during the IP and remained afloat only through the subsidies provided by the GOK, it can be concluded that the worldwide overcapacity situation has been artificially maintained through the subsidization of Hynix. Thus, the effect of worldwide overcapacity on the injurious situation of the Community industry was channelled through Hynix’s subsidised imports. This effect has been analysed in recitals (144) to (149) of the provisional Regulation and recitals (191) and (192) of the definitive Regulation. In this respect, the effect of worldwide overcapacity created by Hynix cannot be considered as a factor separate from the effects of the subsidized imports.

(113) In any event, even if the effect of worldwide overcapacity could be considered separately from the effect of subsidized imports, the following can be observed. Information from the questionnaire responses of the four producers of DRAMs co-operating with the original investigation ( i.e. , Samsung, Hynix, Infineon and Micron, which together represented around 80% of the worldwide DRAMs market) shows that their total capacity in Mbits increased by 129% between 1999 and 2000 and by 85% between 2000 and the IP. Their total production in Mbits increased in line by 124% between 1999 and 2000 and by 81% between 2000 and the IP. In other words, the capacity and the production of the four major worldwide producers increased significantly more between 1999 and 2000, the good year during which the Community industry maintained some price stability and made profits, than between 2000 and the IP (2001), during which the Community industry suffered significant losses because of the collapse of prices (see recitals (128), (131) and relevant tables of the provisional Regulation). Consequently, the existing worldwide overcapacity throughout the period under consideration did not, in the Commission’s view, contribute significantly to the collapse of prices and the material injury suffered by the Community industry in the IP.

(114) In addition, record evidence shows that Community overcapacity was not a factor of injury. During 1999-2000, Community capacity more than tripled (increasing by 252%), and from 2000 to 2001 it nearly doubled (increasing by 92%). These additions to Community capacity were accompanied by increases in Community production. While capacity utilization in the Community did drop by 28% from 1999 to 2000, it recovered by 4% from 2000 to 2001 (see recital (125) and relevant table of the provisional Regulation).

(115) Trends in Community overcapacity (defined as the inverse of Community capacity utilization) show little or no correlation with trends in the sales prices of the Community industry. In particular, during 1999-2000, Community overcapacity rose by 28%, but the sales prices of the Community industry fell by only 5%. Further, from 2000 to 2001, Community overcapacity went down by 4% but the sales prices of the Community industry plummeted by 77% (see recitals (125), (128) and relevant tables of the provisional Regulation). It may be concluded that, if rising overcapacity were correlated to falling price levels, the significant increase in overcapacity over 1999-2000 would have resulted in severe price depression, whereas the contraction in overcapacity in 2000-2001 would have led to rising prices, or at least to some degree of price stability. Record evidence shows the opposite. Over 1999-2000, there was very mild price depression, despite the significant increase in overcapacity, while from 2000 to 2001, there was substantial price depression, despite the contraction in overcapacity. This stands in sharp contrast with the close correlation between trends in the prices of the subsidized imports and trends in the sales prices of the Community industry. In fact, during 2000-2001 the trend in the sales prices of the Community industry mirrored almost perfectly the trend in the prices of the subsidized imports: over this period, the former dropped by 74% and the latter did so by 77% (see recitals (119) and (128) of the provisional Regulation).

(116) Record evidence also shows that trends in Community overcapacity bear no correlation with trends in other key indicators of the condition of the Community industry. In particular, during 1999-2000, the profitability of the Community industry was rising, and returns on investment and cash flow were positive, in spite of the significant increase in Community overcapacity. In contrast, in 2001 the Community industry suffered heavy losses, and returns on investment and cash flow were negative, in spite of the contraction in Community overcapacity during 2000-2001. The performance of the Community industry over 2000-2001 in terms of profitability, returns on investment and cash flow is correlated instead with the trend in the prices of the subsidized imports over that period. As noted, in 2000-2001, as the Community industry suffered heavy losses and negative cash flow and return on investment, the prices of the subsidized imports decreased by 74%.

(117) Hynix claimed that Community overcapacity was another known factor contributing to material injury during the period under consideration. However, trends in Community overcapacity show no or only negligible correlation with trends in the condition of the Community industry. The Commission therefore concludes that Community overcapacity cannot be considered as a factor of material injury to the Community industry. Given that Community overcapacity did not adversely affect the condition of the Community industry, there is no need to distinguish any alleged injury caused by capacity from the injury caused by Hynix’s imports. The Commission believes this finding is consistent with the findings of recent WTO panels reviewing determinations in respect of non-attribution described in recital (106) above.

(118) As reviewed, there is no demonstrated causal relationship between overcapacity and either price declines or injury to the Community industry. In contrast, the Community industry suffered severe declines during 2001, which is the same period when subject import prices plummeted and when subject import volumes reached peak penetration in the Community market. This contrast establishes that subject import volumes and price effects are a separate and distinguishable cause of material injury to the Community industry as compared with overcapacity.

3.4. Other non-subsidized imports

(119) The Panel noted in paragraph 7.426 of its report that there is no requirement to consider non-subsidized imports on a country-per-country basis. The Panel also noted in paragraph 7.435 that a satisfactory explanation of the nature and extent of the injurious effects of non-subsidized imports, as distinguished from the injurious effects of the subsidized imports, should be provided. Accordingly, the effects of non-subsidized imports were examined by considering jointly imports from other countries than Korea (e.g. the United States, Japan, and Taiwan) and imports from Samsung. Recital (151) of the provisional Regulation and recitals (194) and (200) of the definitive Regulation provide the growth rates of import volume, market share, and average prices of non-subsidised imports during the period under consideration. These data are re-stated below in aggregated index form.[70] Given the very limited number of players in the DRAMs market, for reasons of confidentiality, indices are used to show the evolution of trends.

1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 (IP) |

Non-subsidized imports in ‘000 Mbits | 100 | 142 | 166 | 233 |

Market share of non-subsidized imports | 100 | 81 | 60 | 56 |

Average price of non-subsidized imports | 100 | 89 | 104 | 48 |

(120) During the period under consideration, non-subsidized imports increased significantly less than did subsidized imports, i.e. , by 133% as opposed to 361% (see recital (177) and relevant table of the definitive Regulation). It is noted that during the same period Community consumption increased by 316%. Hence, whereas the rate of growth in non-subsidized imports was only a fraction of the rate of growth of Community consumption, subsidized imports increased well in excess of Community consumption. Accordingly, during the period under consideration, the market share of non-subsidized imports contracted by 44% whilst the market share of subsidized imports expanded by 20% (see recital (185) and relevant table of the definitive Regulation). If the market share of non-subsidized imports heavily declined during the period under consideration, as shown by the above facts, it can be concluded that non-subject imports did not injure the Community industry by reason of their volume effects.

(121) Record evidence also indicates that non-subject imports did not injure the Community industry by reason of their price effects. During the IP, the prices of non-subsidized imports exceeded not only the prices of subsidized imports but also the sales prices of the Community industry. In particular, during the IP the average price of non-subsidized imports was 19% higher than the average price of subsidized imports and 24% higher than the average sales price of the Community industry. In addition, during the period under consideration, the prices of non-subsidized imports fell, but not anywhere as much as the prices of subsidized imports and the Community industry. In particular, during the period under consideration the average price of non-subsidized imports decreased by 52%. In contrast, over such period, the average price of subsidized imports decreased by 80% (see recital (178) and relevant table of definitive Regulation) and the average sales price of the Community industry by 79% (see recital (128) and relevant table of the provisional Regulation). On the basis of these facts, it can be concluded that the prices of non-subsidized imports did not affect adversely the sales prices of the Community industry.

(122) As is the case with overcapacity, there is no demonstrated causal relationship between non-subject imports and price declines or injury to the Community industry. There is, at the same time, a clear deterioration in Community industry performance while subject import volumes steadily increased and while subject import prices undercut the Community like product. This contrast establishes that subject import volumes and price effects are a separate and distinguishable cause of material injury to the Community industry as compared with non-subject imports.

(123) Therefore, the Commission is of the view that its re-determination satisfies the non-attribution requirement under Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation (which generally corresponds to Article 15.5 of the SCM Agreement ) in respect of non-subject imports by separating and distinguishing this other factor from subsidized imports and showing that, during the period under consideration, non-subject imports did not cause material injury to the Community industry, either in terms of their volume effects or in terms of their price effects.

3.5. Conclusion

(124) Having separated, where appropriate, and analysed further the effects, if any, of the decline in demand, overcapacity and other non-subsidized imports, it is considered that no injury caused by any of these factors has been attributed to the subsidised imports within the meaning of Article 8(7) of the basic Regulation. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the subsidized imports through the effects set out in recitals (144) to (149) of the provisional Regulation and recitals (191) and (192) of the definitive Regulation have caused material injury to the Community industry within the meaning of Article 8(6) of the basic Regulation.

4. Community interest

(125) The contents and conclusions reached in recitals (206) to (209) of the definitive Regulation remain unaffected by the Panel report.

D. REVISED MEASURES

(126) The Panel report and the reassessed findings do not concern Samsung which was not found to be subsidized and thus was attributed a 0% duty rate in the original investigation. The revised subsidy amount for Hynix was found to be lower than the injury elimination level established during the original investigation and, thus, the revised countervailing duty rate should be based on the revised subsidy amount expressed ad valorem , i.e. 32,9%.

(127) It is noted that the revised duty rate for Hynix should apply on the duty as specified by Council Regulation (EC) No 2116/2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003.

(128) The GOK, Hynix and the Community producers Infineon and Micron received disclosure of the reassessed findings and were given an opportunity to comment and to be heard. They each submitted comments.[71]

(129) The GOK generally submits that the revised findings do not reasonably address the Panel’s recommendations. The Commission does not agree, for the reasons set out in this Regulation. The Commission does not agree that the revised duty must necessarily be lower than the original duty; and notes that in any event it is. The GOK specifically submits that the Commission should have used seven banks in the Syndicated Loan as a benchmark. The Commission disagrees, particularly for the reasons set out in recitals (16) to (24) above. The GOK also submits that the Commission should have made its benchmark calculations differently. In the light of the GOK’s comments the Commission has made some adjustments to its calculations, as reflected in this Regulation. For the reasons set out in this Regulation, the other aspects of the calculations remain unchanged. Finally, the GOK submits that the Commission’s injury re-determination does not separate and distinguish the effects of other known factors, particularly with respect to economic downturn, overcapacity and other non-subsidized imports. The Commission disagrees, particularly for the reasons set out in recitals (100) to (123) above.

(130) Hynix aligns itself with the submissions of the GOK, discussed in the preceding recital. In addition, Hynix submits that the period of time during which duties should be imposed should have been terminated on 1 January 2006. This is not a matter that was the subject of dispute or recommendations by the WTO Panel; and is not therefore part of the “measure taken to comply” with the Panel’s recommendations which is encapsulated within this Regulation. This Regulation does not alter the impending expiry date of the definitive Regulation. The question of an early termination of the measure rather falls within the ambit of an eventual interim review, not within the ambit of implementation of the Panel report. Hynix also submits that the revised rate of duty must apply retroactively from the date on which measures were first imposed. The Commission similarly considers that this issue is not part of the “measure taken to comply” and in any event does not agree. Nothing in the relevant legal rules obliges the Commission to apply the revised duty retroactively, the Panel limiting itself to recommending that the measure be brought in conformity, which is achieved by the present Regulation.

(131) Infineon substantially agrees with the re-determination. However, it submits that the Commission should impose a higher duty based on a proxy benchmark and the original injury determination, rather than the lower duty set out in this Regulation. The Commission has carefully considered that request. However, for the reasons set out in this Regulation and due to the specific purpose of this Regulation, notably as an implementation of the Panel’s recommendations, the Commission has not altered its initial determination on this point.

(132) Micron also substantially agrees with the re-determination, referring in this respect to facts and evidence that tend to confirm and corroborate the Commission’s conclusions, including an Expert Report prepared by Professor J. Hausman. Therefore, Micron’s comments do not necessitate any modification of those conclusions as such. Micron further submits that the Commission should re-affirm, based on current WTO precedent, that the GOK entrusted or directed the banks in the May 2001 Restructuring Programme and should countervail the subsidies provided by the public bodies. The Commission has carefully considered this submission, which, in principle, has merit. However, as noted in this Regulation, the May 2001 Restructuring Programme would not in any event be countervailed, given that the largest proportion of the benefit would have been accounted for in the October 2001 measures. Mainly for this reason, the Commission has decided not to return to these issues in this implementing Regulation.

(133) Thus, all comments submitted by the interested parties were considered and taken into account where appropriate. However, certain comments were outside the scope of this Regulation which is only intended to implement the DSB recommendations. Thus, such comments have not resulted in any changes to this Regulation,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

Council Regulation (EC) No 1480/2003 is hereby amended as follows:

1. Article 1(2) shall be replaced by the following:

‘2. The rate of the definitive countervailing duty applicable to the net free-at-Community-frontier price, before duty, shall be as follows:

Korean Producers | Rate of Duty (%) | TARIC additional code |

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd (‘Samsung’) 24th Fl., Samsung Main Bldg 250, 2-Ga, Taepyeong-Ro Jung-Gu, Seoul | 0% | A437 |

Hynix Semiconductor Inc. 891, Daechidong Kangnamgu, Seoul | 32,9% | A693 |

All other companies | 32,9% | A999’ |

2. Article 1(3) shall be replaced by the following:

‘3. Upon presentation to the Member State’s customs authorities of the customs declaration for release into free circulation of multi-combinational forms of DRAMs, the declarant shall indicate in box 44 of the Single Administrative Document (‘SAD’) the reference number corresponding to the below product/origin descriptions indicated in the following table. The rate of the definitive countervailing duty applicable to the net-free-at-Community-frontier price, before duty, shall be as follows:

No | Product/origin description | Reference number | Rate of Duty (%) |

1 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea or originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by Samsung | D010 | 0% |

2 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing less than 10% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D011 | 0% |

3 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing 10% or more but less than 20% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D012 | 3,2% |

4 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing 20% or more but less than 30% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D013 | 6,5% |

5 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing 30% or more but less than 40% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D014 | 9,8% |

6 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing 40% or more but less than 50% of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D015 | 13,1% |

7 | Multi-combinational forms of DRAMs originating in countries other than the Republic of Korea, incorporating DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung and representing 50% or more of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational form of DRAM | D016 | 16,4%’ |

3. Article 1(5) shall be replaced by the following:

‘5. In case of no indication of any reference number in the SAD, as foreseen in paragraph 3, or if the customs declaration is not accompanied by any statement in the cases required in paragraph 4, the multi-combinational form of DRAM shall – unless the contrary is proved - be considered as originating in the Republic of Korea and manufactured by all companies other than Samsung, and the countervailing duty rate of 32,9% shall apply.

In cases where some of the DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs incorporated in multi-combinational forms of DRAMs are not clearly marked and their manufacturers are not clearly identifiable from the statement required in paragraph 4, it should be assumed - unless the contrary is proved – that such DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs are originating in the Republic of Korea and have been manufactured by companies subject to the countervailing duty. In such cases, the countervailing duty rate applicable to multi-combinational forms of DRAMs shall be calculated on the basis of the percentage represented by the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs originating in the Republic of Korea out of the net free-at-Community-frontier price of the multi-combinational forms of DRAM, as established in the table contained in paragraph 3, numbers 2 to 7. Should, however, the value of the aforementioned DRAM chips and/or mounted DRAMs be such to determine that the multi-combinational forms of DRAMs in which they are incorporated becomes of Korean origin, the countervailing duty rate of 32,9% shall apply to the multi-combinational forms of DRAMs.’

Article 2

This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels,

For the Council

The President

[1] OJ L 201, 26.7.2001, p. 10.

[2] OJ L 288, 21.10.1997, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 461/2004 (OJ L 77, 13.3.2004, p. 12).

[3] OJ L 212, 22.8.2003, p. 1. Regulation as amended by Regulation (EC) No 2116/2005 (OJ L 340, 23.12.2005, p.7).

[4] OJ L 102, 24.4.2003, p. 7.

[5] WT/DS299/R

[6] Regulation (EC) No 2116/2005 (OJ L 340, 23.12.2005, p. 7) amended the definitive Regulation for the purpose of adopting special provisions in order to ensure that the countervailing duty is properly levied on the product concerned.

[7] OJ L 288, 21.10.1997, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 461/2004 (OJ L 77, 13.3.2004, p. 12).

[8] Panel report, para. 7.110.

[9] Panel report, para. 7.109.

[10] Based on the Panel’s findings, the purchase of CBs by the public bodies involved in the May 2001 Restructuring Programme remains a countervailable subsidy. However, no further action is required on this point, as any benefit has already been accounted for in the subsidy found to be conferred by the October 2001 Restructuring Programme (See recital (65) et seq ).

[11] Panel report, para. 7.69

[12] Panel report, para. 7.186

[13] Panel report, para. 7.184

[14] Panel report para. 7.184 See also footnote 171, where the Panel states that the examination of other participants is important, but that “we emphasize that we do not wish to imply that it is necessarily the end-point of such an analysis, as it will need to be determined whether the behaviour of these market players is so distorted by the government’s intervention that they can no longer serve as the benchmark against which to measure the alleged government distortion.”

[15] Definitive Regulation, recital (19).

[16] Kookmin Bank Prospectus, Offering of American Depositary Shares (18 June 2002) (attachment 67 to Micron Technology Italia’s 14 May 2003 submission on the provisional Regulation) (emphasis added).

[17] Kookmin Bank, Annual Report (2001) at page 58.

[18] “Banks Under Fire for Reducing Export Credit Ceilings for HEI”, Korea Herald, January 27 2001.

[19] “KorAm Reluctantly Continues Financial Support for Hynix”, Korea Times, June 21 2001

[20] Ibid.

[21] See “Koran Bks Complete Purchase of KRW1T Hynix Conn Bond,” Dow Jones International News, June 20 2001 (“KorAm Bank’s reversal of its board’s decision comes after the Financial Supervisory Service warned of a possible sanction for KorAm for threatening to break the earlier rescue pact for Hynix.”)

[22] Kookmin/H&CB Prospectus, 10 September 2001 (Micron Italia post hearing submission, 14 February 2003 at Exhibit 9).

[23] “Pusan, Kyongnam Banks Receive Conditional Approval from FSS”, Korea Herald 18 January 1999

[24] Ibid.

[25] “Officials of NFLC, Pusan Bank Punished for Mismanagement”, Korea Herald, 29 April 2000

[26] Provisional Regulation, recital (87).

[27] Panel report at footnote 185:

“While it is certainly true that Citibank, and its subsidiary SSB, are not government owned at all, we consider that the EC sufficiently demonstrated that the close relationship with the government and the specific role as financial advisor to Hynix throughout the restructuring make Citibank particularly inapt to serve as an appropriate market benchmark for assessing whether the government’s financial contribution was in line with the normal market conditions, or whether it, on the contrary, conferred a benefit to Hynix. This is especially so given the very small participation in Hynix by Citibank, whose share of the total Hynix loans in October 2001 was 1,3 per cent. (Preliminary Deterimantion, para. 93).”

[28] Guidelines for the Calculation of the Amount of Subsidy in Countervailing Duty Investigations ( Official Journal of the European Communities C 396/6 of 17.12.1998) (the ‘Guidelines’)

[29] Panel report, paras. 7.211 and 7.212.

[30] Panel report, footnote 186.

[31] Panel report, para 7.213

[32] The panel refers to the cost to the “provider of the financial contribution”, that is, the Government of Korea and the private banks which it directs.

[33] Panel report, para.7.85.

[34] Panel report, paras 7.189 to 7.192.

[35] Panel report, para 7.189.

[36] Panel report, para 7.213.

[37] Panel report, para 7.189.

[38] Panel report, para 7.189.

[39] Panel report, para 7.189.

[40] Definitive Regulation, Recitals (87), (101) to (112).

[41] The “target ratio” for healthy firms is 2,0 or better, and a ratio below 1,0 “signals a firm in extreme financial distress.” Expert Report of Anthony Saunders, at p.12. The Commission notes that although Hynix’s current ratio improved somewhat to 0,65 in 2001, this improvement was solely attributable to the October 2001 restructuring, which enabled Hynix to drastically reduce the current portion of its long-term debt and, thus, its current liabilities. Ibid.

[42] Saunders Report at p. 18.

[43] “Korea Daily Comment: Hyundai Electronics,” UBS Warburg, January 4 2001, at p. 2 (Micron Italia, 14 February 2003, post-hearing submission at Exhibit 64).

[44] “Hyundai Electronics,” UBS Warburg, January 8 2001, at p. 7 (Micron Italia, 14 February 2003, post-hearing submission at Exhibit 19).

[45] “Hyundai Electronics Inc. Digging a Deeper Hole,” Deutsche Bank, February 23 2001, at p. 8 (Micron Italia, 14 February 2003, post-hearing submission at Exhibit 66).

[46] The Korea Herald, 15 February 2001

[47] Reuters News, 21 June 2001

[48] The Korea Herald, 13 June 2001

[49] Panel report, paras 7.88 and 7.89.

[50] Panel report, paras. 7.194 to 7.199.

[51] Panel report, para. 7.189.

[52] Panel report, para. 7.213.

[53] See “Direct Intervention by the Government in Supporting Hynix,” Korea Economic Daily, 28 August 2001 (reporting on the discovery by the Korean National Assembly of correspondence between the Korean Economic Ministers and the KEIC directing the KEIC to provide assistance to Hynix)(Attachment 1 to Micron Italia’s 14 May 2003 submission on the provisional Regulation).

[54] As stated in Recital (53) of the definitive Regulation, Hynix had originally requested a Syndicated Loan of 1 trillion won, but was only able to raise 800 billion won. If the three banks which accounted for 300 billion of the 800 billion total were unable to participate without the GOK’s specific permission, it is highly speculative that the remaining banks would have gone forward with the loan.

[55] Panel Report, para. 7.104.

[56] Panel Report, para. 7.97.

[57] Recitals (17) to (22), (56) and (57).

[58] Panel report, paras. 7.204 to 7.210.

[59] Panel report, para 7.213.

[60] See Panel report at paras. 7.212 and 7.213 which discuss the Panel’s opinion that the full amount of the debt-to-equity swap may not reflect the full amount swapped because of the obligation placed on Hynix, in the form of surrendering ownership shares or in dilution of the shares to existing shareholders.

[61] Recitals (17) to (22), (57) to (59).

[62] Panel report, para. 7.360.

[63] Panel report, para. 7.362.

[64] Data obtained from the confidential version of the questionnaire responses and the financial statements of the Community producers.

[65] The total hourly labour costs in the euro area for the whole economy (excluding agriculture, public administration, education, health and other services) increased between 1998 and 2001 by 10,5% (see ECB Monthly Bulletin for December 2001 and May 2002).

[66] However, there were adverse wage and benefit effects suffered by at least one Community DRAM manufacturer, Micron, due to financial losses caused by substantial volumes of subsidised Hynix imports sold at prices that caused substantial DRAM price depression. In October 2001, Micron suspended all wage and cost-of-living increases. In addition, Micron executives took a 20 percent reduction in pay. Micron’s employee profit sharing program, whereby 10 percent of each quarterly profit is shared with Micron employees, was suspended, and senior staff took a 10 percent reduction in pay. In addition, in December 2001 all employees were placed on mandatory leave for two to three weeks which, for employees who had already exhausted their annual vacation allowance, was unpaid. Micron post-hearing submission, 18 February 2003, at p. 62. In addition to these wage and benefit reductions, in February 2003 Micron was compelled to lay off ten percent (more than 1850) of its company-wide workforce (id.), and Infineon “was obliged to reduce the number of employees in the fourth quarter of 2001 as a result of the losses related to subsidized imports from Korea.” Infineon post-hearing submission, 14 March 2003, at p. 36.

[67] Article 8(5) of the basic Regulation states that “[t]his list [of relevant economic factors having a bearing on the state of the industry] is not exhaustive, nor can one or several of these factors necessarily give decisive guidance.”

[68] “[T]he Panel does consider that the USITC was probably correct in concluding that changes in input costs were not a cause of serious injury. If, indeed, COGS played a significant role in [the] situation of the domestic industry, one would have expected operating profits to increase while COGS was decreasing ... However, as can be seen from the graph below, which has been generated using USITC data, the trends in operating margin appear to be independent of trends in COGS.” Report of the Panel, United States - Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products , WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R, WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R, WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R, WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R, adopted December 10, 2003, as modified by the Appellate Body report (on other grounds), paras. 10.440 and 10.443.

[69] In particular, the Panel stated: “While...reluctant to prescribe what may amount to a reasoned and adequate explanation, the Panel considers that the USITC could have, for example, demonstrated that there was no linkage between demand declines during the period of investigation and injury suffered in this particular case. More particularly, the USITC could have explained that operating margin, perhaps the most relevant injury factor in this regard, declined irrespective of demand trends. This analysis could have been bolstered by an explanation that declines in operating margin coincided with increases in imports rather than declines in demand” (emphasis added). Report of the Panel, United States - Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products, WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R, WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R, WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R, WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R, adopted December 10, 2003, as modified by the Appellate Body report (on other grounds), para.10.558.

[70] They derived from the confidential questionnaire responses of companies co-operating with the original investigation, as verified, and publicly available external sources like Gartner Dataquest and In-Stat MDR.

[71] GOK letter dated 13 February 2006; Hynix letter dated 14 February 2006; Infineon letter dated 13 February 2006; Micron letter dated 13 February 2006, with exhibits 1 to 27, including an Expert Report from Professor J. Hausman dated 13 February 2006.