IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

OREGON WILD, an Oregon 

non-profit corporation; FRIENDS 

OF LIVING OREGON WATERS, 

MEDFORD DIVISION 

an Oregon non-profit corporation; and 

WESTERN WATERSHEDS PROJECT, 

an Oregon non-profit corporation, 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

CONSTANCE CUMMINS, 

Forest Supervisor, Fremont-Winema 

National Forests; U.S. FOREST SERVICE, 

a federal agency; LAURIE R. SADA, 

Field Supervisor, Klamath Falls Office, U.S. 

Fish & Wildlife Service; and U.S. FISH & 

WILDLIFE SERVICE, a federal agency, 

Defendants, 

ED GARRETT RANCH, INC., an Oregon 

Corporation; PHILIP GROHS, dba Grohs 

Ranch; MA TT OWENS, an individual; 

ADAM OWENS, an individual; KNESS 

CATTLE, INC., an Oregon Corporation; 

STEVE SIMMONS, an individual; 

Page l - ORDER 

Case No. 1:15-cv-01360-CL 

ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 1 of 46
HOLIDAY RANCHES, INC., a 

California Corporation; and C&A 

VOGT COMMUNITY PROPERTY 

TRUST, a California Trust, 

Intervenor-Defendants. 

CLARKE, Magistrate Judge 

Plaintiffs Oregon Wild, Friends of Living Oregon Waters, and Western Watersheds 

Project (collectively, "Plaintiffs") bring this suit against Defendants Constance Cummins, the 

United States Forest Service, Laurie R. Sada, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 

(collectively, "Defendants"). Ed Garrett Ranch, Inc.; Philip Grohs; Matt Owens; Adam Owens; 

Kness Cattle, Inc.; Steve Simmons; Holiday Ranches, Inc.; and C & A Vogt Community 

Property Trust (collectively, "Intervenor-Defendants") timely intervened. Plaintiffs allege 

Defendants violated and are violating the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), the National Forest 

Management Act ("NFMA"), and the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"). This case 

comes before the Court on Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment (#23), Defendants' crossmotion for summary judgment (#32), and Intervenor-Defendants' cross-motion for summary 

judgment (#35). For the reasons below, Defendants' and Intervenor-Defendants' motions are 

GRANTED and Plaintiffs' motion is DENIED. 1 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

Livestock have grazed on the Lost River and Sprague Watersheds, part of the Upper 

Klamath Basin, since the late 1800s. Much of the area is now incorporated into the FremontWinema National Forests. Congress requires the Forest Service "to consider the use of National 

Forest lands for grazing of livestock." Forest Guardians v. US. Forest Serv., 329 F.3d 1089, 

1

The parties have consented to Magistrate Judge jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 

636(c)(l). 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 2 of 46
1097 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing 16 U.S.C. § 531 & 16 U.S.C. § 1604(e)(l)). "The Forest Service 

manages livestock grazing on an allotment by issuing a grazing permit; an allotment 

management plan (AMP); and an annual operating ... instruction (AOI)." Or. Nat. Desert Ass 'n 

v. Sabo, 854 F.Supp.2d 889, 902 (D. Or. 2012). Grazing permits authorize livestock use on 

federal lands and set limits on the allowable timing and amount of that use. Id. The Forest 

Service generally issues permits for ten-year periods. Id. AMPs are allotment-specific planning 

documents that: 

(i) Prescribe[] the manner in and extent to which livestock operations will 

be conducted in order to meet the multiple-use, sustained yield, economic, 

and other needs and objectives as determined for the lands, involved; and 

(ii) Describe[] the type, location, ownership, and general specifications for 

the range improvements in place or to be installed and maintained on the 

lands to meet the livestock grazing and other objectives of land 

management; and 

(iii) Contain[] such other provisions relating to livestock grazing and other 

objectives as may be prescribed by the Chief, Forest Service, consistent 

with applicable law. 

36 C.F.R. § 222.l(b)(2). As their name implies, AOis are agreements issued annually by 

the Forest Service to permittees. Sabo, 854 F.Supp.2d at 902. The Forest Service uses AOis to 

respond to changing grazing conditions such as drought, water quality, habitat restoration, or 

risks to threatened plants or animals. Id. 

In 1988, the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, fishes endemic to the Klamath Basin 

of south-central Oregon and north-central California, were classified as endangered species 

under the ESA by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ("FWS"). 53 Fed. Reg. 27130-01 (Jul. 18, 

1988). In issuing its final rule, FWS noted both species' numbers and range had been reduced by 

more than 95 percent due to "[ d]ams, draining of marshes, diversion of rivers and dredging of 

lakes .... " Id. at 27130. Moreover, "hybridization with more common closely related species, 

competition and predation by exotic species, and insularization of remaining habitats" eminently 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 3 of 46
threatened both species through continued loss of habitat. Id. "Further problems," the agency 

noted, "may have been caused by decreases in water quality that result from timber harvest, ... 

removal of riparian vegetation and livestock grazing." Id. at 27132. Accordingly, FWS labeled 

livestock grazing on Forest Service land located in the Upper Klamath Lake and Clear Lake 

Reservoir watersheds as "[fJederal actions that may affect the shortnose sucker and Lost River 

sucker. .. . "Id. at 27133. 

Both sucker species spend the majority of their time in "lake environments." FWS 6762. 

In late winter and early spring of each year, however, both species migrate to tributaries to 

spawn. After hatching, the larvae "drift" downstream from the tributaries to the lakes; larvae 

typically "spend little time in rivers" before drifting back into their open-water habitats. FWS 

6773. But because the larvae drift downstream after hatching, adequate water flow within 

tributaries is critical to survival, and insufficient flow can, among other things, prevent access to 

breeding habitat, cause the species' eggs to dry out, and strand adults suckers who have already 

spawned. Consistent, and sufficient, water flow is largely an uncertainty in the Upper Klamath 

Basin due to the area's environment, which experiences warm, dry summers and cold, wet 

winters; tributaries often dry out or retain little water come summer. 

To make matters more uncertain for suckers, the Upper Klamath Basin has experienced 

significant drought conditions over the last few years; the water levels of Gerber and Clear Lake 

Reservoirs, two bodies of water with high concentrations of both sucker species, were 

significantly below average prior to summer 2014. The water levels were lower still prior to 

summer 2015. In addition, summer 2014 streamflow in the Basin was estimated to be merely 6 to 

47 percent average flow. The federal government declared a severe drought in the Basin. The 

species are, however, "adapted to weather periodic droughts," FWS 6794, though the potential 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 4 of 46
for increased droughts in the Upper Klamath Basin resulting from climate change appears to be a 

significant variable going forward, having the potential to place a larger strain on both sucker 

species, with decreased water "flows during late spring, summer, and early fall .... " P 7210. 

Plaintiffs have challenged the Forest Service's decision to continue to approve livestock 

grazing on eight allotments they contend "contain designated critical habitat for shortnose 

suckers and/or are upstream of habitat for both species." Compl. if 2 [ECF No. l.]. The eight 

allotments are the Arkansas, Yocum Valley, Fort Springs, Horesfly, Pitchlog, Privy Springs, 

Y ainax Butte, and Wildhorse allotments. Plaintiffs argue the combination of grazing with manmade water diversions and impoundments found throughout the Fremont-Winema National 

Forests, as well as on private land, "has a significant effect on suckers, degrading their instream 

habitat and reducing water levels in the reservoirs." Compl. if 2. 

A. Endangered Species Act Consultation 

Because of their ESA protection, the Forest Service must insure their actions, including 

the granting of permits for grazing, are "not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of' 

suckers "or result in the destruction or adverse modification of [suckers'] habitat." 16 U.S.C. § 

1536(a)(2). The Forest Service fulfills this obligation by consulting with a designated wildlife 

agency prior to undertaking any action that may affect suckers or their critical habitat. The ESA 

and its implementing regulations provide a framework for this interagency consultation. First, the 

Forest Service, as the acting agency, prepares a biological assessment ("BA"), which evaluates 

potential effects of the proposed action on suckers or their critical habitat. If the Forest Service 

determines that the effects of the proposed action are unlikely to adversely affect suckers or their 

critical habitat, and the consulting agency agrees, the consultation process concludes without any 

additional action required. This is termed an informal consultation. By contrast, a "formal 

Page 5 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 5 of 46
consultation" is required where a proposed action is "likely to adversely affect" suckers or their 

critical habitat. 50 C.F .R. § 402.14( a)-( c ). Formal consultation requires a formal biological 

opinion ("BiOp") from the consulting agency to determine "whether the action, taken together 

with cumulative effects, is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of [suckers] in the 

destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat." 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(g)(4). 

On multiple occasions, the Forest Service consulted FWS regarding the effects of 

authorized grazing on suckers and their critical habitat. In 2007, the Forest Service determined 

that grazing was likely to adversely affect suckers on five allotments at issue here: Yocum 

Valley, Pitchlog, Wildhorse, Arkansas, and Yainax Butte. Accordingly, FWS prepared a BiOp 

assessing the matter. In its BiOp, FWS concluded that grazing on the five allotments was "likely 

to have some direct and indirect adverse effects" to shortnose suckers. FWS 2305. Potential 

adverse effects included: (1) water-quality reductions, "such as lower dissolved oxygen 

concentrations, higher water temperatures, and higher levels of suspended sediment"; (2) 

hydrogeomorphic changes, "such as reductions in summer base flows, increase in flood-lows, 

and alterations of stream morphology, including reduction/loss of critical fish habitats such as 

spawning and rearing areas"; and (3) ecological changes, "such as reductions in invertebrate 

prey, increases in exotic predators and competitors, and increases in pathogens and parasites." 

FWS 2288. 

As to the remaining allotments assessed in the 2007 consultation, the Forest Service 

concluded that grazing was not likely to adversely affect suckers or adversely modify or destroy 

their critical habitat. FWS concurred in part, agreeing that grazing would not adversely affect 

suckers; however, it found grazing would likely adversely modify or destroy their critical habitat 

"because it [would] likely incrementally reduce[] the amount of water of sufficient quantity and 

Page 6 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 6 of 46
suitable quality; degrade[] physical habitat for spawning, feeding, rearing, and travel corridors; 

and adversely impact the biological environment. . . . " FWS 2310-11. This finding, however, 

was non-binding and merely advisory because FWS had not finalized the contours of the 

suckers' critical habitat at the time the finding was made. 

By December 2012, FWS's critical-habitat designation was finalized. The designated 

habitat differed from that originally proposed by FWS. Thus, in 2014, the Forest Service reconsulted FWS in an effort to assess grazing's effects on the newly designated critical habitat. 

The 2014 BA analyzed grazing's effects on nine pastures found on six allotments at issue in this 

case: the Arkansas, Horesfly, Pitchlog, Wildhorse, Yanaix Butte, and Yocum Valley allotments. 

In the BA, the Forest Service acknowledged grazing's adverse impacts on water quality and 

quantity and that past grazing affected critical habitat on the allotments; as it stated: 

Past grazing has led to biomass removal and trampling, alterations in 

species composition, compaction of soils, changes in fuel loading and the 

fire regime, down cutting of riparian areas with subsequent drying of 

adjacent meadows, and noxious weed invasion. Within riparian areas and 

wet meadows, livestock grazing has led to churning of the soil and 

hummocks .... Livestock grazing indirectly leads to an increase in stream 

temperatures through lower summer flows, widening of the stream channel 

(thus exposing more water surface to solar radiation) increased solar 

exposure due to reduced shade from lack of streamside vegetation and to 

loss of undercut streambanks. 

P 7204, 7208. Nonetheless, the Forest Service determined grazing was not likely to adversely 

affect critical habitat on any of the pastures within the six allotments. First, the Forest Service 

concluded that natural conditions, not grazing, dictated water quality and quantity in criticalhabitat areas; the Forest Service stated, "grazing ... does not create the intermittent, seasonal 

nature" of the various tributaries relied upon by suckers; instead, the intermittent nature of the 

tributaries is caused by natural conditions that constrain suckers, and, therefore, "continued 

grazing ... would have minimal effect ... relative to the effect caused by the natural 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 7 of 46
conditions." P 7211. Finally, the Forest Service determined that adverse effects to critical habitat 

caused by grazing the pastures was being sufficiently minimized by fencing off critical habitat; 

by beavers, whose dam construction "increas[ es] riparian vegetation and vigor"; and/or through 

altered grazing practices, such as shortened or early-season grazing. P 7210-7222. 

FWS concurred with the Forest Service's analysis. In a letter of concurrence ("LOC"), 

FWS stated most grazing occurs in "late spring, summer, and fall" when there is inadequate 

water flow to support suckers and when most suckers have returned to their primary, open-water 

habitats. FWS 2772. Additionally, FWS agreed with the Forest Service's conclusion that any 

adverse effects in the remaining pastures would be and already were minimized due to changes 

in grazing practices, such as fenced-off enclosures to protect critical habitat and "beaver dams 

that have altered the habitat to the benefit of suckers." FWS 2772. 

The Forest Service's 2014 BA, which was a re-consultation of its 2007 ESA consultation, 

requested ESA coverage for the 2014 through the 2016 grazing season. The Forest Service's 

"request for re-consultation rather than re-initiation [was] due to the dramatic difference in the 

number of acres of proposed critical habitat from that that was actually designated critical habitat 

.... " P 7196. In merely re-consulting rather than re-initiating consultation, the Forest Service 

continued to follow the "ten-year cycle for re-initiation of consultation. . . ." P 7196. 

Accordingly, the Forest Service must complete a new ESA consultation prior to any livestock 

grazing in 2017. See 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2) (stating every federal agency has a duty to engage in 

consultation to "insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency ... is 

not likely to jeopardize the continued existence" of any species listed as endangered or 

threatened; 50 C.F.R. § 402.16 (stating the duty of consultation is an ongoing duty of 

consultation). 

Page 8 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 8 of 46
B. 2009 Environmental Assessment 

In 2009, the Forest Service completed an environmental assessment ("EA") under NEPA. 

The EA analyzed "the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts" of grazing on six 

allotments, five of which are at issue: the Arkansas, Pitchlog, Horsefly, Wildhorse, and Yocum 

Valley allotments. P 5527. The allotments are located in the Sprague and Lost River watersheds. 

To determine cumulative effects, "past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future activities were 

considered, along with proposed activities of the Lost River and Sprague Watersheds Grazing 

Allotment Project, to determine cumulative effects." P 5561.2 Cumulative environmental impacts 

that were assessed included the effects of climate change; the increased intensity of summer 

droughts due to climate change' s effects; as well as the effects of man-made impoundments such 

as roads, dams, and reservoirs. The EA's purpose was to use this information to assess grazing 

and non-grazing alternatives on each of the allotments. The EA concluded grazing would have 

no significant impact on the area assessed, a finding that cleared the way for continued grazing 

on the allotments. See P 5666-5691. Plaintiffs submitted comments during the EA's public 

comments period, raising concerns about the environmental impacts grazing posed on the area. 

They did not, however, appeal the Forest Service's finding that grazing would have no 

significant impact on the challenged allotments. 

LEGAL STANDARD 

The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 56. In this context, '"[s]ummary judgment'" is "simply a convenient label to trigger" 

judicial review. Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands Ctr. v. Gerritsma, 962 F.Supp.2d 1230, 1233 (D. 

2

Plaintiffs point out that the Forest Service "tiers" the 2007 FWS BiOp to the EA. The EA does make 

multiple references to the BiOP, a document which has not itself been subject to NEPA review. "[T]iering to a 

document that has not itself been subject to NEPA review is not permitted, for it circumvents the purpose ofNEPA." 

Kern v. US. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 284 F.3d 1062, 1073 (9th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, any assessment of the 

adequacy of the EA must be done without considering segments which are incorporated by reference from the BiOp. 

Page 9 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 9 of 46
Or. 2013), ajf'd sub nom. Klamath-Siskiyou Wild/ands Ctr. v. Gerritsma, No. 13-35811, 2016 

WL 775297 (9th Cir. Feb. 29, 2016). The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) governs. It 

allows a court to set aside a final agency action only if it is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of 

discretion, or not otherwise in accordance with the law[.]" 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). "A decision is 

arbitrary and capricious if the agency 'has relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to 

consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation 

for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it 

could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise."' 0 'Keeffe 's, 

Inc. v. US. Consumer Prod Safety Comm 'n, 92 F.3d 940, 942 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Motor 

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). An agency action 

is also arbitrary and capricious if the agency fails to "articulate a satisfactory explanation for its 

action including a 'rational connection between the facts found and the choice made."' Motor 

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n, 463 U.S. at 43 (quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 

156, 168 (1962)). 

Review under the AP A is "searching and careful." Ocean Advocates v. US Army Corps 

of Eng'rs, 402 F.3d 846, 858 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The 

court must ensure that the agency took a "hard look" at the environmental consequences of its 

proposed action. Or. Nat. Res. Council v. Lowe, 109 F.3d 521, 526 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal 

quotations and citations omitted). However, the court may not substitute its own judgment for 

that of the agency. Ocean Advocates, 402 F.3d at 858. It must presume the agency acted properly 

and affirm the agency when '"a reasonable basis exists for its decision."' Indep. Acceptance Co. 

v. Cal., 204 F.3d 1247, 1251 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Cal. Hosp. Ass'n v. Schweiker, 559 F. 

Supp. 110, 116 (C.D. Cal. 1982)). 

Page IO-ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 10 of 46
DISCUSSION 

I. Standing 

At the outset, Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants contest Plaintiffs' "standing to 

challenge management of the Forest Service allotments at issue" in this case. Defs.' Cross-Mot. 

for Summ. J, at 18 [ECF No. 32.]. Specifically, they contend Plaintiffs have failed to establish 

standing, as no plaintiff has shown use of any of "the vast public lands within the challenged 

allotments--or any lands adjacent to the allotments." Defs.' Reply in Supp. of Its Cross-Mot. for 

Summ. J., at 2 [ECF No. 41.]. Thus, they argue, the Court should grant their motions for 

summary judgment against all of Plaintiffs' claims. 

To establish standing, a plaintiff must demonstrate, "at an irreducible minimum," (1) that 

he personally suffered some actual or threatened injury (injury in fact); (2) that the injury can be 

traced to the challenged conduct of the defendant (causation); and (3) that the injury is likely to 

be redressed by a favorable judicial decision (redressability). Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. 

Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 472 (1982). An 

association has standing to bring suit on its members' behalf if: "[1] its members would have 

standing to sue in their own right, [2] the interests at stake are germane to the organization's 

purpose, and [3] neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires individual members' 

participation in the lawsuit." Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Services (J'OC), Inc., 

528 U.S. 167, 169 (2000). Critically, in a case brought under the ESA or another environmentalprotection statute, the injury is not to the environment but to the plaintiff. Id. 

In Laidlaw, the Supreme Court determined standing existed based on affidavits from 

association members stating "use [of] the affected area" and that the affiants were "persons 'for 

whom the aesthetic and recreational values of the area will be lessened' by the challenged 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 11 of 46
activity." Id. at 183 (quoting Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727, 735 (1972)). In that ca.se, 

multiple environmental organizations brought suit under the citizen suit provision of the Clean 

Water Act for injunctive relief and civil penalties. Id. at 176-77. The plaintiffs alleged the 

defendant was violating its NPDES permit at a hazardous waste incinerator located on the banks 

of a river. Id. Several members of the plaintiff organizations filed declarations, which detailed 

the injury they had or that they would suffer because of the suspected pollution of the river. Id. at 

181-83. Some members lived within two miles of the incinerator, one member lived 20 miles 

away, and others made no indication of where they lived but opined on their recreational use of 

the river. Id. In fact, one affiant claimed simply that he canoed 40-some miles downstream of the 

incinerator. Id. at 183. The Supreme Court held that these members had shown standing by 

demonstrating injuries to their aesthetic and recreational interests; indeed, they were people who 

"use the affected area and are persons 'for whom the aesthetic and recreational values of the area 

will be lessened' by the challenged activity." Id. at 183 (quoting Sierra Club, 405 U.S. at 735). 

Here, Plaintiffs, who are also associations, adequately establish standing through 

affidavits submitted by Plaintiffs' members asserting livestock grazing, approved by the Forest 

Service on the challenged allotments, adversely affects endangered suckers, thereby directly 

affecting the affiants' "aesthetic or recreational interest in a particular ... animal." Ecological 

Rights Found. Pac. Lumber Co., 230 F.3d 1141, 1147 (9th Cir. 2000). As in Laidlaw, several 

members of the plaintiff organizations have filed affidavits detailing the injury they have 

suffered as a result of the allegedly unlawful grazing activity at issue in this case. For instance, 

Joe Serres, a co-founder of Plaintiff Friends of Living Oregon Waters ("FLOW"), states he and 

FLOW's 223 southern Oregon members routinely visit grazing allotments and monitor "the 

environmental impact grazing has on public lands throughout Oregon, including the FremontPage 12 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 12 of 46
Winema National Forest." Serres Deel. ii 3 [ECF No. 26.]. They have been monitoring the lands 

and waters since 2002. Mr. Serres states that FLOW's interests in the particular area at issue in 

this case "serve [its] members' interest of protecting waterways from pollution," and that he, in 

his individual capacity, visits the affected areas for aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational reasons. 

Serres Deel. ii 5. 

Likewise, George Wuerthner, a board member of Plaintiff Western Watersheds Project 

("WWP"), states he "camp[s], fish[es], hunt[s], observe[s] wildlife, and hike[s] ... land on the 

Fremont-Winema National Forest," Am. Wuerthner Deel. ii 4 [ECF No 27.], specifically the Lost 

River watershed, where the allotments at issue in this case are located. He states he has visited 

the Fremont-Winema National Forests more than a dozen times-and will continue to do so--

witnessing firsthand the impacts grazing has had on "riparian and upland areas." Am. Wuerthner 

Deel. ii 4. 

Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants argue, however, that the affiants make broad 

declarations about visiting "'parts of the Lost River watershed"' that are '"impacted by the 

grazing allotments at issue,"' but have never visited specific allotments in question here. Defs.' 

Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., at 19 (citing Serres Deel. ii 11). Defendants point out that Plaintiffs 

cannot satisfy standing requirements through "averments which state only that one of [the 

organizations'] members uses unspecified portions of an immense tract of territory ... . "Lujan 

v. Nat'! Wildlife Fed'n, 497 U.S. 871, 889 (1990). 

In Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 494-95 (2009), The Supreme Court 

determined that conservation organizations lacked standing where the only viable affidavit 

submitted cited a past injury, unattached to any particular site in the national forests, and entirely 

unrelated to the regulations being challenged. By contrast, in Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 13 of 46
Kempthorne, 588 F.3d 701, 707-08 (9th Cir. 2009), the Ninth Circuit found standing where 

conservation organizations' members alleged they had viewed polar bears and walruses in the 

"Beaufort Sea region, enjoy[ed] doing so, and h[ad] plans to return." 

Plaintiffs' members' allegations, if true, are geographically specific enough to establish 

standing. First, unlike the conservation organizations in Summers, who provided a single 

affidavit unattached to any particular site in any national forest, Plaintiffs have provided multiple 

affidavits from individual members stating they have, on multiple occasions, traveled to the 

Fremont-Winema National Forests and specifically to the Lost River watershed, where the 

challenged allotments at issue are found. Moreover, much like the affiants in Kempthorne, who 

alleged they had viewed polar bears and walruses in the "Beaufort Sea region," the affiants in 

this case specifically allege they have viewed suckers in the Lost River watershed region, that 

they "enjoy doing so, and have plans to retum."3 Kempthorne, 588 F.3d at 708. If the affiants' 

declarations are true, their statements are not broad allegations; instead, they show their members 

are people who "use the affected area and are persons 'for whom the aesthetic and recreational 

values of the area will be lessened' by the challenged activity." Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 183 

(quoting Sierra Club, 405 U.S. at 735). Accordingly, Plaintiffs have established standing. 

II. Endangered Species Act 

In their first claim, Plaintiffs challenge the 2014 re-consultation's conclusion that grazing 

is not likely to adversely affect suckers' critical habitat. They argue FWS's LOC is arbitrary, 

3

Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants argue that at least some affiants state no intent to return to the Lost 

River watershed. In direct contravention of this argument, however, declarant Paul Ruprecht expressly states he will 

return to the region "to observe conditions and look for suckers ... [in April 2017], and again in late summer or fall 

of2017 .... "Sec. Ruprecht Deel.~ 28 [ECF No. 39.]. And, while declarant George Wuerthner states "the 

allotments in the Lost River watershed [have caused him to visit] less frequently than [he] otherwise [would] like to 

visit, he also states, "I would certainly want to visit the Lost River watershed and the allotments at issue here more 

frequently if the Forest Service did not authorize livestock grazing in these areas." Am. Wuerthner Deel.~ 12. 

Hence, based on these and other statements alluding to frequent visits to the Lost River watershed, the Court 

believes the declarants' statements are sufficient to establish an intent to return. 

Page 14-0RDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 14 of 46
capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with the ESA, thus violating the AP A. 

Specifically, in moving for summary judgment, Plaintiffs argue "[t]he 2014 LOC, which 

explicitly and exclusively relied on the 2014 BA, is arbitrary and capricious" because the "[re-

] consultation ignored significant data and other key factors when assessing the environmental 

baseline and the direct and indirect effects of grazing on critical habitat .... " Pls.' Mot. for 

Summ. J., at 13 [ECF No. 23.]. In short, Plaintiffs contend the agencies expressly ignored "the 

combined effects of grazing and water impoundments"; instead, the agencies "compared the 

effects of grazing to the degraded baseline caused by low water flows." Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J., 

at 13, 15 (emphasis in original). 

Plaintiffs point to the Forest Service's reliance on continued grazing's "minimal effect . . 

. relative to the effect caused by the natural conditions," P 7211 (emphasis added), to find no 

significant threat to the species. As Plaintiffs point out, 50 C.F.R. § 402.02 requires the Forest 

Service to consider "direct and indirect effects of an action on the species or critical habitat, 

together with the effects of other activities that are interrelated or interdependent with that 

action .... " (emphasis added). 

Moreover, along with an argument that the BA and LOC ignore conflicting monitoring 

data, Plaintiffs also take issue with the fact the Forest Service repeatedly justified their decision 

that grazing is not likely to adversely affect suckers or their critical habitat by citing to the 

presence of suckers in areas grazed by cattle. See, e.g., P 7218 ("The fact that suckers are present 

when the [Primary Constituent Elements] are present is evidence that livestock grazing is not 

substantially impacting [ shortnose sucker] critical habitat in these pastures"). Plaintiffs direct the 

Court to the Ninth Circuit's decision in Wild Fish Conservancy v. Salazar, 628 F.3d 513, 527 

(9th Cir. 2010), where the court stated that the mere fact that a local population of threatened or 

Page 15 -ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 15 of 46
endangered species has survived over time does not, alone, "provide any information about how 

much longer it can hold on." Thus, Plaintiffs argue, the LOC, which adopted these findings in the 

EA, is arbitrary and capricious. 

In their cross-motions for summary judgment, Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants 

make two arguments in response. First, they contend Plaintiffs' ESA claim is moot because the 

2014 LOC covered only the 2014, 2015, and 2016 grazing seasons, and the Forest Service must 

complete a new ESA consultation prior to any livestock grazing in 2017. As such, "[n]o grazing 

actions that may affect suckers or their critical habitat will occur in 2017 until a new ESA 

consultation is complete." Defs.' Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., at 20-21. Second, they argue FWS's 

LOC was rational and supported by the administrative record. 

A. Mootness 

A federal court lacks jurisdiction to decide a moot claim. Church of Scientology v. United 

States, 506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992). "A claim is moot if it has lost its character as a present, live 

controversy." Am. Rivers v. Nat'! Marine Fisheries Serv., 126 F.3d 1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 1997) 

(internal citation omitted). "A case or controversy must exist at all stages ofreview .... " Wolfson 

v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1053 (9th Cir. 2010). However, "the mere cessation of illegal 

activity in response to pending litigation does not moot a case, unless the party alleging mootness 

can show that the 'allegedly wrongful behavior could not be reasonably expected to recur."' 

Rosemere Neighborhood Ass 'n v. US Envtl. Prot. Agency, 581 F .3d 1169, 1173 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(quoting Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 189). Rather, "a case[] become[s] moot after it is filed, 'when ... 

the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome"' or the issue is no longer "live." 

Wolfson, 616 F.3d at 1053 (quoting Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 489 (9th Cir. 2003)). An issue 

is no longer live if "there is no longer a possibility that a[] [plaintiff] can obtain relief for his 

Page 16 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 16 of 46
claim ... . "Ruvalcaba v. City of Los Angeles, 167 F.3d 514, 521 (9th Cir. 1999). The party 

asserting mootness bears a heavy burden to show "that there is no effective relief that the court 

can provide." Guardians v. Johanns, 450 F.3d 455, 461 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing S. Or. Barter Fair 

v. Jackson Co., 372 F.3d 1128, 1134 (9th Cir. 2004)). 

Plaintiffs' ESA claim is moot because the 2014 LOC covered only the 2014, 2015, and 

2016 grazing seasons; thus, the Forest Service must complete a new ESA consultation prior to 

any livestock grazing in 2017. In fact, by law, the Forest Service must complete a new ESA 

consultation prior to issuing grazing permits. Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires every federal 

agency to "insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not 

likely to jeopardize the continued existence" of any species listed as endangered or threatened. 

16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). In addition, every agency must insure its actions do not result in the 

destruction of any species' critical habitat. Id. The term "action" includes "all activities or 

programs of any kind authorized, funded, or carried out, in whole or in part, by Federal 

agencies," which includes the granting of grazing permits. 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. 

As discussed, grazing permits authorize livestock use on federal lands and set limits on 

the allowable timing and amount of that use. Sabo, 854 F. Supp. 2d at 902. The Forest Service 

generally issues permits for ten-year periods, id., and, indeed, here, the Forest Service expressly 

states that it follows a "ten-year cycle for re-initiation of consultation .... " P 7196. Accordingly, 

the Forest Service must re-initiate ESA consultation every ten years, upon the issuing of new 

grazing permits. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.16 (stating that there is an ongoing duty of consultation and 

setting forth the circumstances under which consultation must be re-initiated). 

In 2007, the Forest Service initiated an ESA consultation with the Fish and Wildlife 

Service ("FWS") to assess the impacts of authorized grazing on suckers and their critical habitat, 

Page 17 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 17 of 46
and FWS found grazing would likely adversely modify or destroy suckers' critical habitat in 

certain areas "because it [would] likely incrementally reduce[] the amount of water of sufficient 

quantity and suitable quality; degrade[] physical habitat for spawning, feeding, rearing, and 

travel corridors; and adversely impact the biological environment. ... " FWS 2310-11. FWS's 

finding was nonbinding, however, due to the fact that FWS had not yet finalized its designation 

of sucker critical habitat; thus, the assessment was merely advisory. In December 2012, FWS 

finalized the boundaries of the suckers' critical habitat; the finalized habitat differed substantially 

from the habitat originally proposed by FWS. Consequently, in 2014, the Forest Service reconsulted FWS, and pursuant to the ESA's requirements, it prepared a BA, which evaluated 

grazing's potential effects on the newly designated critical habitat. FWS concurred with the 

Forest Service's analysis in a LOC. 

The Forest Service's 2014 BA and ensuing LOC were part of a re-consultation of the 

2007 ESA consultation and only provided ESA coverage for the 2014 through the 2016 grazing 

season. The Forest Service requested "re-consultation rather than re-initiation [] due to the 

dramatic difference in the number of acres of proposed critical habitat from that that was actually 

designated critical habitat .... " P 7196. In merely re-consulting rather than re-initiating 

consultation, however, the Forest Service continued to follow the "ten-year cycle for re-initiation 

of consultation .... " P 7196. The ten-year period has come and passed. Thus, as the Forest 

Service stated, the LOC has expired and it "w[ill] re-initiate consultation with the [FWS] for both 

[Lost River suckers] and [ shortnose suckers] and their critical habitat" before allowing for 

grazing in 2017, as is required by Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA. P 7196; see also Brillenz Deel 

(stating grazing will not occur on the challenged allotments "until there is a new ESA 

determination with regard to the two ESA-listed sucker species"). Hence, the FWS's LOC has 

Page 18 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 18 of 46
expired and cannot, by law, control future grazing.4 Because it will not control future grazing, no 

impacts to the suckers will occur based on the challenged LOC, and as such, no live controversy 

remains. 

Indeed, in Or. Nat. Desert Ass 'n et al. v. US. Forest Serv. et al., Civ. No. 04-3096-PA, 

2007 WL 1072112, at *1 (D. Or. April 3, 2007), this Court had occasion to address this very 

issue. There, the plaintiffs claimed the defendants' authorization of grazing in the FremontWinema National Forests violated the ESA. Id. at *3. The plaintiffs argued, among other things, 

that FWS's BiOps failed to properly incorporate Inland Native Fish Strategy standards, rendering 

the Bi Ops arbitrary and capricious and in violation of the AP A. Id. The two Bi Ops had already 

expired, however, and "no livestock grazing actions that may affect the listed suckers or bull 

trout w[ ould] occur ... until [a new] consultation [was] complete[ d]." Id. at * 1 (internal citations 

and quotations omitted). As such, the defendants argued, the plaintiffs' ESA claims were moot. 

Id. at *4. In holding the claims moot, this Court noted that the Forest Service could not allow for 

additional grazing until the new ESA consultation had been completed. Id. at *4-*5. Because a 

new consultation had to take place before grazing occurred, the challenged BiOps had expired 

and could not possibly affect future grazing, rendering the plaintiffs' ESA claims, which were 

based on the expired BiOps, moot. Id. at *4-*5. 

Here, much like Natural Desert, Plaintiffs challenge FWS's 2014 LOC's conclusion that 

grazing is not likely to adversely affect suckers' critical habitat. As in Natural Desert, however, 

where the challenged BiOps had already expired, the challenged LOC has already expired, and 

the Forest Service and FWS must complete a new ESA consultation prior to any livestock 

4

Plaintiffs state Defendants have not provided adequate assurance "they will actually complete a new 

consultation before the next grazing season .... " Pls.' Reply in Supp. oflts Mot. for Summ. J., at 13 [ECF No. 38.]. 

If the Forest Service authorizes grazing without first completing a new ESA consultation, it will be in direct 

violation of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2), and Plaintiffs would be entitled to come to court and seek declaratory 

and injunctive relief ensuring compliance. 

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grazing in 201 7. Because a new consultation has to take place before grazing can occur, the 

challenged LOC cannot possibly affect future grazing, rendering Plaintiffs' ESA claim, which is 

based on the expired LOC, moot. 

Plaintiffs argue, however, that the Court can issue declaratory relief stating that the 2014 

LOC violated the law. This, Plaintiffs contend, would ensure the Forest Service and FWS do not 

continue to fail to meet their obligations under the ESA. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs 

cite to Johanns, 450 F.3d 455. In that case, the plaintiff argued the Forest Service failed to reinitiate consultation on the impact of grazing on national forest land. Id. at 457. The plaintiff 

contended the Forest Service was obligated to re-consult due to its failure to comply with certain 

criteria it had agreed upon "governing the monitoring of grazing's impact on endangered and 

threatened species living in" the affected area. Id. Indeed, the Forest Service and FWS and 

previously entered into an agreement establishing criteria that would govern grazing in the 

affected area. Id. at 459. The agencies' agreement stated that, "for the life of each ten-year 

grazing permit, 'yearly conformation throughout the lifetime of the permit must take place to 

ensure the criteria ... continue to be met."' Id. 

The plaintiff commenced suit, alleging the Forest Service violated the ESA by failing to 

re-consult with FWS after failing to meet the required criteria for several years. Id. Specifically, 

the plaintiff argued the Forest Service failed to adequately monitor utilization levels on various 

allotments every year, as required by the agreed-upon criteria. Id. After the district court ruled in 

favor of the Forest Service and the plaintiff appealed the decision with respect to one allotment, 

the Forest Service re-initiated consultation on the challenged allotment. Id. at 460-61. 

Accordingly, the Forest Service contended the appeal was moot "because the agency re-initiated 

Page 20 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 20 of 46
consultation ... [and] as a result of this recent re-consultation, there is no effective relief that the 

district court can grant." Id. 

The Ninth Circuit made two critical observations in finding the case was not moot. Id. at 

462. First, it noted that the case involved a "continuing practice." Id. More precisely, the grazing 

permit was for a period of ten years and continued to obligate the Forest Service to "obtain from 

FWS annual concurrence that the guidance criteria governing the 'not likely to adversely affect' 

finding ha[d] been met." Id. Second, the court found, "the Forest Service's practice of not 

complying with the monitoring requirements [was] likely to persist despite the recent reconsultation" because the Forest Service had argued throughout litigation that it was not required 

to meet the monitoring requirements in the agreed-upon criteria and had asserted the 

requirements were '"unreasonable.'" Id. Hence, the court felt a declaratory judgment stating the 

Forest Service's actions violated the ESA would help ensure against similar violations because it 

would govern "the Forest Service's actions for the remainder of the allotment's permit term .... " 

Id. Thus, the Ninth Circuit held that the Forest Service failed to show the case was moot. Id. at 

463. 

Here, Plaintiffs argue the 2014 LOC is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and 

not in accordance with the ESA. ... " Compl. ~ 141. Plaintiffs thus ask the Court to declare the 

2014 LOC failed to adequately comply with the ESA, vacate the 2014 LOC, and order the Forest 

Service to re-initiate consultation with FWS. The 2014 LOC has expired, however, and the 2014 

LOC is no longer operative. Because of this, the Forest Service must re-initiate consultation with 

FWS before future grazing can take place on any of the challenged allotments, precisely the 

relief Plaintiffs seek. 

Page 21 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 21 of 46
As in Johanns, Plaintiffs do also seek a declaration that the 2014 LOC violated the 

ESA-but, here, such a declaration would be superfluous. In Johanns, the Forest Service had a 

continuing obligation to adhere to annual monitoring requirements and to obtain annual 

concurrence of compliance from FWS; thus, a declaratory judgment stating the Forest Service's 

failure to take such actions violated the ESA made sense. That is, because of the continuing 

obligation, a declaratory judgment stating the Forest Service had an obligation to adhere to 

annual monitoring requirements and to obtain annual concurrence of compliance from FWS 

would ensure "the Forest Service's actions for the remainder of the allotment's permit term" 

would be in compliance with its permit and, by extension, the law. Johanns, 450 F.3d at 462-63. 

By contrast, here, as discussed, the Forest Service is precluded from continuing to adhere 

to the 2014 LOC; the Forest Service and FWS must engage in an entirely new consultation 

process to determine if grazing would adversely affect suckers or their critical habitat. Thus, any 

statement as to the now-expired and unenforceable LOC's legality would be meaningless. And 

while it is certainly possible that the new consultation will fail to "'remedy the alleged failures"' 

in the prior consultation, Pls.' Reply in Supp. of Their Mot. for Summ. J., at 12 (quoting 

Conservation Congress v. Finley, 774 F.3d 611, 618-19 (9th Cir. 2014)), there is, as of now, no 

new consultation, and therefore no way of knowing whether the alleged failures will be 

remedied. The fact that the agencies might fail to remedy alleged failures in a future consultation 

"does not establish a basis for continuing jurisdiction." Nw. Envtl. Def Ctr. v. Allen, Civ. Nos. 

05-1279-AA, 06-1190-AA, 06-1584-AA, 2007 WL 1746333, at *2 (D. Or. Jun. 13, 2007). Once 

a new consultation is complete, the Plaintiffs are free to "file a new complaint if the need arises," 

id. at *3, but until such time, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Plaintiffs' ESA claim. Such was 

the ruling in Natural Desert, where the plaintiffs also argued for declaratory relief in order "to 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 22 of 46
'ensure that the new BiOp complie[d] with the law and d[id] so in a timely manner"' and to 

"'clarify and settle' defendants' legal obligations." Or. Nat. Desert Ass 'n, 2007 WL 1072112, at 

*5. The Court reaffirms its holding there that "such justifications are so vague as to make Article 

Ill's 'case or controversy' requirement meaningless."5 Id. Plaintiffs' ESA claim is therefore 

moot, and Summary judgment must be granted in Defendants' favor. 6 

III. National Forest Management Act 

Plaintiffs contend the Forest Service violated NFMA when it issued its 2013, 2014, and 

2015 AOis. They contend the Forest Service ignored its duty under NFMA to comply with the 

Inland Native Fish Strategy ("INFISH") "by ignoring widespread evidence of riparian problems . 

. . . " Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J., at 25. Plaintiffs point out that INFISH requires the Forest Service to 

"'modify grazing practices ... that retard or prevent the attainment of [Riparian Management 

Objectives ("RMOs")] or are likely to adversely affect inland fish' and to 'suspend grazing if 

adjusting practices is not effective in meeting RMOs."' Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J., at 26 (quoting P 

2850). They argue the Forest Service ignored data indicating riparian conditions on numerous 

streams throughout the challenged allotments were and are below RMO attainment, "with 

stagnant or worsening trends due to grazing." Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J., at 26. Thus, by failing to 

adjust grazing in order to attain RMOs, the Forest Service failed to comply with INFISH and, by 

extension, NFMA. 

Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants assert Plaintiffs' argument is based on supposed 

INFISH violations at individual streams within the challenged allotments, but "INFISH 

5

In addition, it should be noted that this case is distinguishable from Oregon Wild v. US. Forest Serv., 193 

F. Supp. 3d 1156 (D. Or. 2016). In that case, this Court found the plaintiffs' ESA claim was not moot because, 

unlike here, the "challenged consultation [was] currently operative and [would] remain so through the upcoming 

grazing season." Id. at 1165. Accordingly, Natural Desert is more similar, and the Court reaffrrms its holding in that 

case. 6

Because the Court finds the claim is moot, it declines to address the substance of the claim-i. e., that 

FWS's LOC is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with the ESA. 

Page 23 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 23 of 46
consistency is not required allotment-by-allotment or stream-by-stream"; rather, "conclusions 

related to consistency with INFISH are made at a watershed level," and Plaintiffs provide 

nothing to suggest the Forest Service violated INFISH at a watershed level. Defs.' Reply in 

Supp. of Their Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., at 36. In the alternative, Defendants and IntervenorDefendants argue "there is ample evidence in the administrative record that shows RMOs are 

being attained .... " Intervenor-Defs.' Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., at 14 [ECF No. 35.]. 

NFMA requires the Forest Service to develop and maintain a comprehensive Land and 

Resource Management Plan (forest plan) for each national forest. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(a). A forest 

plan is "a broad, long-term planning document ... [that] establishes goals and objectives for 

management of forest resources." Earth Island Inst. v. US. Forest Serv., 697 F.3d 1010, 1014 

(9th Cir. 2012) (citing 16 U.S. C. § 1604(g)(l)-(3)). Once a forest plan is adopted, all subsequent 

agency actions must comply with it. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i). The Forest Service's "interpretation 

and implementation of its own forest plan is entitled to substantial deference." Native Ecosystems 

Council v. Weldon, 697 F.3d 1043, 1056 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted). 

It is undisputed that the forest plans for the Fremont-Winema Forests include an INFISH 

aimed at achieving desired conditions for suckers, as well as all other inland native fish species. 

P 5553. In Oregon Wild v. US. Forest Serv. ("Oregon Wild !"), a similar case, the plaintiffs 

argued AOis violated NFMA by "contributing to violations of INFISH's water temperature 

RMO .... " 193 F. Supp. 3d. at 1171. In finding that the Forest Service reasonably evaluated 

INFISH-relevant data, this Court noted that the plaintiffs' claim failed for two overarching 

reasons. Id. First, the plaintiffs failed "to demonstrate that permitted grazing [was] responsible 

for noted exceedances"; and second, the plaintiffs' "narrow and rigid application of the RMOs 

depart[ed] from the strategy's text." Id. As this Court stated, "INFISH contemplates that its 

Page 24 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 24 of 46
objectives are 'targets' that will not be met instantaneously" and "[t]he attainment of RMOs is to 

be assessed on a watershed level." Id Thus, due to "INFISH's flexible approach," and absent 

any evidence tending to show the water temperatures the plaintiffs complained of constituted 

'"landscape-scale' problems," not mitigated by other long-term effects, this Court determined 

that the AOis did not violate INFISH's temperature RMO and, by extension, NFMA. Id 

Here, Plaintiffs' NFMA claim fails for the same two reasons. First, Plaintiffs fail to 

demonstrate that grazing on the challenged allotments is the culprit for any failure to attain 

INFISH RMOs. Plaintiffs state "streams within these geographically widespread allotments have 

not attained multiple RM Os and are not recovering at a near-natural rate," Pls.' Mot. for Summ. 

J., at 26, but even if this were to be considered true, they fail to provide evidence countering the 

Forest Service's 2002 assessment not only that "from the 1960s to present, conditions on some of 

these riparian areas have been dramatically improved even with the continued grazing," but also 

that "[i]t is important to note that trends in the sites with little or no grazing are not significantly 

different th[ an] those in grazed sites." FWS 7035. This would tend to indicate grazing is not the 

reason for any failure to attain RMOs in streams found on the challenged allotments. 

Plaintiffs do point to evidence that certain creeks, or portions of creeks or allotments, 

have experienced degraded conditions due to grazing, see Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J., at 27-28 

(quoting P 5398), but there is nothing to indicate that grazing is contributing to any failure to 

attain INFISH RMOs at a watershed level and thus nothing to challenge the Forest Service's 

assessment that overall trends on grazing and non-grazing sites are largely the same; indeed, the 

Forest Service's 2002 assessment was later reaffirmed by the Forest Service 2009 EA, which 

found that "grazing effectiveness monitoring shows that stream channel conditions are trending 

upward under the current grazing program []." P 5597. Given Plaintiffs lack of watershed-level 

Page 25 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 25 of 46
evidence challenging this assessment, and because "substantial deference" is given to the Forest 

Service in interpreting the requirements of its own forest plan, the Court does not believe its 

assessment and decision to issue the challenged AO Is was arbitrary and capricious. 

Furthermore, Plaintiffs fail to provide evidence tending to show any failure to attain 

RMOs is a "landscape-scale" problem. Plaintiffs argue that failure to attain 80 percent bank 

stability in multiple creeks, including Barnes Valley Creek, North Fork Willow Creek, Horse 

Canyon Creek, and Wildhorse Creek, demonstrates a landscape-scale problem. 7 Plaintiffs also 

point to water-temperature exceedances at multiple creeks as demonstrative of a landscape-scale 

problem. 

Plaintiffs correctly point out the Forest Service's failure to attain the specific, numerical 

goals set out in the RMOs, but like the plaintiffs in Oregon Wild I, this "narrow and rigid 

application of the RMOs" departs from INFISH's text. As stated in Oregon Wild I, INFISH's 

approach is a flexible one; its objectives are targets that will not be met instantaneously but over 

time. When viewed through this lens, then, it is clear that the Forest Service did not ignore its 

duty under NFMA to comply with INFISH. First, multiple creeks, including Barnes Valley 

Creek, North Fork Willow Creek, Horse Canyon Creek, and Wildhorse Creek, have indeed failed 

to attain 80 percent bank stability, but looking only at the 80 percent figure fails to ignore the 

Forest Service's 2009 assessment that: 

Stream channels in all of the allotments have proven to be stable and 

capable of withstanding high streamflow events. Large storm events [] and 

the resulting flood flows did not cause channel degradation or noticeable 

changes in channel morphology within the allotments. Stream channels 

within the allotments are in good condition and are trending upward. These 

conditions were achieved under the current management strategy, which in 

most cases has been in place for over 10 years. The trend toward all streams 

in the allotments maintaining and/or reaching desired future condition is 

7

INFISH's goal is to achieve bank stability of greater than 80 percent. P 2845. 

Page 26 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 26 of 46
expected to continue for the next 10 years with the proposed management 

strategy, as it is relatively unchanged from the recent past. 

P 5597. In addition, the Forest Service stated that while various factors influence a stream 

water's temperature, "stream channels and their associated riparian areas on the Forest are on an 

improving trend .... All of the sites are either stable or are improving"; therefore, "the current 

grazing strategies appear to be maintaining or improving channel morphology which result in 

stream temperatures that are appropriate for Lost River and shortnose suckers." P 5654. Hence, it 

appears the Forest Service is on a trajectory to reach INFISH's targets, and while Plaintiffs make 

much of the fact that this assessment was conducted in 2009, prior to the 2013-15 AOis that are 

being challenged, the 2009 assessment was intended to "provide guidance for the [] grazing 

allotments in the project area over the next 20 years." P 5536. Plaintiffs need more than creekspecific observations indicating this assessment has changed to successfully rebut the substantial 

deference given to the Forest Service's assessment of its own data. Finally, many of the creek 

assessments Plaintiffs point to as evidence of a failure to attain RMOs actually show improving 

or stable trends. For instance, Plaintiffs state that failure to attain 80 percent bank stability in 

Wildhorse Creek, Horse Canyon Creek, North Fork Willow Creek, and Barnes Valley Creek has 

been a chronic problem, but data show Wildhorse Creek's bank stability improved from 35 

percent to 73 percent between 2002 and 2008. See P 6891. Meanwhile, Horse Canyon Creek's 

bank stability was stable at 79 percent between 2002 and 2008, an improvement from 67 percent 

bank stability in 1997. See P 6899. North Fork Willow Creek's bank stability did decrease from a 

high of 78 percent in 1997 to 67 percent in 1998, though bank stability appears to have 

stabilized, remaining at 52 percent in both 2002 and 2008; as the Forest Service stated, "the 

stream was functioning at risk in an upward trend." P 6893. And while Barnes Valley Creek's 

bank stability decreased from 46 percent in 1997 to 25 percent in 2002, it improved to 39 percent 

Page 27 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 27 of 46
in 2008. See P 6897. In fact, all four of these creeks' overall geomorphology and vegetation 

trends were stable or functioning at risk but at an upward trend. See P 6891, 6893, 6897, 6899. 8 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs' evidence is insufficient to demonstrate the AOis violated INFISH and, 

by extension, NFMA. 

Plaintiffs next argue the 2009 EA, which stated the trend was toward all streams 

maintaining or reaching desired future conditions, is inapplicable because it fails to take into 

account subsequent problems with unauthorized grazing on challenged allotments and 

noncompliance with allotment standards, thus preventing anticipated RMO achievement. The 

evidence indicates, however, that such exceedances are not widespread and that the Forest 

Service has addressed isolated incidents of overgrazing. Indeed, the Forest Service's end-of-year 

monitoring of the challenged allotments following the 2012, 2013, and 2014 grazing seasons 

show either general compliance or a detailed description as to why permit holders were out of 

compliance and a concerted effort by the Forest Service to work with permit holders to achieve 

compliance. See, e.g., HF 301-02, 326-27, 334-35; PL 463-66, 1118-19, 1142-43; WH 634-36, 

672-73, 696-99; YV 1002-1003, 1037-38. On allotments where over-utilization was a persistent 

problem, the Forest Service either suspended grazing the following season or seasons, terminated 

the permit and granted a permit to a separate permittee, or developed monitoring schedules to 

achieve compliance. See, e.g., YB 279-280, 220-221, 222-237; PL 1164. 

Consequently, it seems INFISH's targets, while not being met instantaneously, will be 

achieved over time, as anticipated by the 2009 assessment. This is what is contemplated by 

INFISH's flexible approach; thus, the Court cannot say that the challenged AOis violated 

INFISH's RMOs and, by extension, NFMA. Instead, it appears the Forest Service reasonably 

8

Plaintiffs also fail to acknowledge data indicating other streams in the area have achieved, exceeded, or are 

near the desired bank stability percentages. See, e.g., P 6875, 6887, 6895, 6899, 6902, 6904, 6906. Likewise, many 

streams have stabilizing or improving temperatures. See, e.g., P 6875, 6877, 6879, 6881, 6887, 6893, 6895, 6897. 

Page 28 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 28 of 46
gathered and evaluated data relevant to INFISH, and issued the challenged AOis on that basis. 

Its decision to authorize grazing was therefore neither arbitrary nor capricious. 

IV. National Environmental Policy Act 

Plaintiffs argue the Forest Service violated NEPA in issuing its 2009 EA, an assessment 

that found grazing would have no significant impact on the area assessed, clearing the way for 

continued grazing on the challenged allotments. Plaintiffs contend the Forest Service's EA did 

not "assess the combined effects of grazing and water storage activities on shortnose suckers ... 

, in violation of NEPA." Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J ., at. 29. Plaintiffs contend that failure to consider 

the combined, or cumulative, effects of a proposed action renders an EA arbitrary and capricious. 

In response, Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants point out that Plaintiffs, who 

participated in the public NEPA process by providing comments on the Forest Service's analysis, 

failed to administratively appeal the Fore st Service's finding of no significant impact, and failed 

to raise their "cumulative effects" argument during the public NEPA process. By failing to use 

these available avenues to challenge the Forest Service's assessment prior to filing suit, 

Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants argue, Plaintiffs are precluded from challenging the 

Fore st Service's decision under NEPA. Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants argue in the 

alternative that the Forest Service did assess the combined effects of livestock grazing and water 

storage and diversion equipment on shortnose suckers, and, accordingly, their 2009 EA was not 

arbitrary and capricious under NEPA. 

A. Failure to exhaust administrative remedies 

"The NEPA process is intended to help public officials make decisions that are based on 

understanding of environmental. consequences, and take actions that protect, restore, and enhance 

the environment." 40 C.F.R. § 1500.l(c). Pursuant to these goals, NEPA requires federal 

Page 29 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 29 of 46
agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement ("EIS") for all "major Federal actions 

significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. ... " 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C). An 

agency may first prepare an EA, however, to determine whether it must prepare an EIS or 

whether it may issue a Finding of No Significant Impact ("FONSI"). 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9(a)(l). If 

the agency issues a FONSI, then it may proceed with the proposed action. Klamath-Siskiyou 

Wild/ands Ctr. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 387 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir. 2004). An agency's 

decision to forego preparing "an EIS can be set aside only upon a showing that it was 'arbitrary, 

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law."' Dep 't of Transp. v. 

Public Citizen, 541 U.S. 752, 763 (2004) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)). 

In order to retain the right to challenge an agency's compliance with NEPA, the APA 

requires the challenging party to exhaust administrative remedies prior to bringing suit in federal 

court. 5 U.S.C. § 704; Great Basin Watch v. Hankins, 456 F.3d 955, 965 (9th Cir. 2006) ("This 

requirement [of administrative exhaustion] applies to claims under NEPA"). Challengers "have 

exhausted their administrative appeals if the appeal, taken as a whole, provided sufficient notice 

to the agency to afford it the opportunity to rectify the violations the plaintiffs alleged."' Great 

Basin Watch, 456 F.3d at 965 (quoting Native Ecosystems Council v. Dombeck, 304 F.3d 886, 

899 (9th Cir. 2002)). Requiring administrative exhaustion guards against premature claims and 

helps ensure the agency is provided "'a chance to bring its expertise to bear to resolve a claim."' 

Id. (quoting Dombeck, 304 F.3d at 900). 

Plaintiffs do not dispute they failed to exhaust administrative remedies, but argue they 

were not required to do so because "an administrative appeal of the [Forest Service's] EA would 

not have stopped the challenged grazing, and therefore exhaustion is not required under [] Darby 

v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137 (1993) .... " Pls.' Reply in Supp. of Their Mot. for Summ. J., at 27. In 

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Darby, the Supreme Court assessed the question of when federal courts have the authority to 

mandate that a plaintiff exhaust administrative remedies prior to seeking judicial review under 

the APA. 509 U.S. at 138. The Court held that "an appeal to 'superior agency authority' is a 

prerequisite to judicial review only when expressly required by statute or when an agency rule 

requires appeal before review and the administrative action is made inoperative pending that 

review." Id. at 154 (emphasis in original). In other words, under the second part of the test, if the 

statute or agency rule requires appeal before judicial review, the statute or rule must also provide 

that the administrative action ceases upon filing of an appeal. Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. 

Perez, No. 03:13-cv-00810-HZ, 2014 WL 3019165, at *5 (D. Or. July 3, 2014). 

In Conservation Congress v. US. Forest Serv., the plaintiff brought suit alleging the 

Forest Service violated NEPA, NFMA, and the ESA by permitting a timber sale in northern 

spotted owl critical habitat. No. 13-cv-01922-TLN-CMK, 2014 WL 6610884, at *1-*2 (E.D. 

Cal. Nov. 19, 2014). The plaintiff did not appeal the project's approval. Id. at *l. Accordingly, 

the defendants argued the plaintiffs claim was barred by its failure to exhaust administrative 

remedies. Id. at *3. The court, however, determined that administrative exhaustion was not 

required because, in approving the project, the Forest Service had used an Emergency Situation 

Determination to set the project in motion, which modified the exhaustion requirement. Id. at *4. 

In fact, the invocation of the Emergency Situation Determination allowed logging to take place 

immediately, and any appeal would not have rendered the administrative action inoperative; thus, 

the plaintiff was deprived of the opportunity to appeal under the second part of the Darby test. 

Id. Consequently, the court found that the plaintiffs claims were not barred by its failure to 

exhaust administrative remedies. Id. at *5. 

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Here, by contrast, an administrative appeal would have stayed implementation of the 

Forest Service's decision. Absent an emergency situation like that that existed in Conservation 

Congress, the Forest Service Decisionmaking and Appeals Reform Act "provides for a right of 

appeal of a Forest Service decision, and for an automatic stay of Forest Service action during 

appeal." Id. at *4 (citing Pub. L. No. 102-381, Title III§ 322, 106 Stat. 1419 (1992)). 

Plaintiffs challenge the Fore st Service's NEPA decision. In doing so, Plaintiffs had the 

right to appeal under the Forest Service Decisionmaking and Appeals Reform Act, and no 

emergency situation existed; in fact, in this case, the Forest Service's "Decision Notice" 

expressly notified interested parties of their right to appeal and that an appeal would stay 

implantation of the decision: "This decision is subject to appeal pursuant to 36 CFR 215 .... If 

an appeal is filed, implementation will not occur prior to 15 days following the date of appeal 

disposition." P 5689. 

Plaintiffs argue, however, that the Forest Service's stay prov1s1on was entirely 

meaningless because grazing would still have continued under the terms and conditions that 

existed prior to the 2009 EA. They point to the Ninth Circuit' decision in Idaho Watersheds 

Project v. Hahn 307 F.3d 815, 826 (9th Cir. 2002) for the proposition that when grazing would 

continue under a stay provision, "an aggrieved party shall be allowed to proceed to federal court 

without being required to endure further administrative proceedings." In Hahn, significant 

changes were made to grazing regulations, including a requirement that all ranchers grazing in 

the affected area obtain a grazing permit and undergo annual reauthorization. Id. at 822. In an 

effort to comply with these new regulations, the United States Bureau of Land Management 

("BLM") issued grazing permits covering the disputed area. Id. The BLM also sought to comply 

with NEPA by stating on the permits that the permits complied with a sixteen-year-old EIS. Id. 

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The plaintiffs, environmental groups, sued, arguing the BLM violated NEPA because it failed to 

adequately prepare the required environmental documentation before issuing the grazing permits. 

Id. The BLM contended that referencing back to the sixteen-year-old EIS was adequate, but the 

district court disagreed, determining "new and significant environmental impacts of cattle 

grazing had arisen in [the disputed area] since the [] EIS [was] prepared," thus requiring 

supplementation. Id. 

On appeal, the BLM argued. the court lacked jurisdiction because the plaintiffs "failed to 

exhaust administrative remedies before filing suit. .. . "Id. at 824. In finding for the plaintiffs, the 

Ninth Circuit noted that, while it was undisputed that the plaintiffs did not exhaust administrative 

remedies, the BLM's administrative appeal regulations were ineffective to render the challenged 

decision inoperative pending appeal. Id. at 825-28. First, the court noted that under the 

regulations, the aggrieved party was required to file both an appeal and a petition for a stay of the 

decision, and if the petition were not granted, "then the aggrieved party may seek recourse in 

federal court without further pursuing available administrative remedies." Id. at 825. But even if 

the petition were granted, the court found, grazing would continue either under the previous 

year's grazing level, or if no grazing occurred the prior year, the challenged decision would 

remain in full force and grazing would continue "even while the stay is in effect[.]" Id. at 826. 

As to those cases where there was no authorized grazing the prior year, the court 

determined that the BLM's stay provision was "entirely meaningless" because the "grazing 

would still continue under the terms and conditions of the permit that was being appealed until 

the appeal was finally decided." Id. Because it was meaningless, if no grazing occurred the prior 

year, the court held that "an aggrieved party shall be allowed to proceed to federal court without 

being required to endure further administrative proceedings." Id. If grazing did occur the prior 

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year, however, the court found it to be a fact-based inquiry. Id. at 827. Because the record was 

unclear as to whether grazing legally occurred the prior year, the court analyzed it under both 

scenarios. Id. at 826-27. 

In finding that the plaintiffs were not required to exhaust administrative remedies even if 

grazing occurred the prior year, the Ninth Circuit focused on two key facts. Id. at 827. First, it 

noted that "[ e ]ven if a stay were to be granted, grazing could continue for many years according 

to the prior year's grazing practices, which harm riparian habitat because they are based on badly 

out of date management techniques." Id. Indeed, the prior grazing practices were found by the 

BLM to be "responsible for the continued destruction of riparian habitat." Id. Second, the court 

noted that the BLM's regulations established "no time frames or deadlines for grazing permit 

appeals to be concluded and administrative appeals can languish for years without decision." Id. 

Accordingly, a stay would have "the effect of a multi-year renewal of grazing permits without 

environmental review and without imposing any measures to protect the environment while 

appeals are pending." Id. As such, the Ninth Circuit held that, under the facts of the case, the 

plaintiffs did not have to exhaust administrative appeals because any appeal and subsequent stay 

would not render the administrative action inoperative, as required by Darby. Id. At 827-28. 

Here, the Forest Service's administrative appeal regulations were effective to render the 

challenged decision inoperative pending appeal; therefore, in contrast to Hahn, Plaintiffs were 

required to exhaust administrative remedies. Plaintiffs contend that even if they had appealed the 

Forest Service's EA, their appeal would not have stopped the challenged grazing; rather, the 

Forest Service would have been free, as the BLM was in Hahn, to authorize grazing under the 

previous year's grazing levels while the appeal process played out. Defendants do not appear to 

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dispute this; instead, they point out that Plaintiffs challenge the 2009 EA and the 2009 EA would 

have been stayed pending resolution of the appeal. 

Defendants are correct. Plaintiffs claim is that the Forest Service's 2009 EA violated 

NEPA by failing to adequately conduct a cumulative effects analysis. If Plaintiffs had 

administratively appealed the Forest Service's decision, implementation of the challenged 2009 

EA would have been stayed until fifteen days after disposition of the appeal. Pub. L. No. 102-

381, Title III § 322, 106 Stat. 1374 (1992). By contrast, in Hahn, prior grazing practices were 

found to be responsible for the continued destruction of riparian habitat that concerned the 

plaintiffs; thus, any stay granted during the appeals process would have contributed to the very 

problem the plaintiffs sought remedied by allowing grazing to continue pursuant to "badly out of 

date management techniques." Hahn, 307 F.3d at 827. 

Moreover, unlike the appeals process in Hahn, which established no time frames or 

deadlines for conclusion of the appeals process, the Forest Service's regulations expressly state 

that the disposition of appeals must "be completed not later than 30 days after the closing date 

for filing of an appeal, provided that the Forest Service may extend the closing date by an 

additional 15 days." Pub. L. No. 102-381, Title III§ 322, 106 Stat. 1374 (1992). Hence, there is 

no concern here, like there was in Hahn, that the granting of a stay will institute "a multi-year 

renewal of grazing permits without environmental review .... " Hahn, 307 F.3d at 827. 

Accordingly, the facts that prompted the Ninth Circuit to hold that the plaintiffs in Hahn 

were not required to exhaust administrative remedies do not exist in this case. To the contrary, 

had Plaintiffs appealed, the Forest Service's administrative appeal regulations would have 

rendered the challenged EA inoperative pending disposition of the appeal. Thus, because 

Plaintiffs had the right to appeal and their appeal would have stayed the Forest Service's action 

Page 35 - ORDER 

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pending the appeal's resolution, Plaintiffs were required to exhaust all administrative appeal 

procedures prior to filing this present claim. Plaintiffs' failure to do so deprives them of the right 

to challenge the Forest Service's NEPA decision in federal court. See Darby, 509 U.S. at 154 

(stating that the exhaustion requirement applies when a rule requires appeal and the 

administrative action is made inoperative pending review). Accordingly, Defendants' and 

Intervenor-Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted, and Plaintiffs' is denied.9 

V. Forest Service's duty to supplement 2009 Environmental Assessment 

Plaintiffs contend new information has come to light requiring the Forest Service to 

supplement its 2009 EA under NEPA. Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants argue Plaintiffs' 

claim fails for two separate reasons. First, they argue Plaintiffs never brought their supplemental 

NEPA concerns to the Forest Service, and thus their claim fails on threshold grounds, as they did 

not pursue administrative remedies prior to filing suit. Second, they contend that even if 

Plaintiffs' claim was procedurally correct, Plaintiffs' supplemental NEPA claim nonetheless fails 

on its merits because no significant new circumstances or information existed that would have 

required supplemental analysis. 

A. Failure to bring supplemental NEPA concerns to the Forest Service 

It is uncontested that Plaintiffs failed to notify the Forest Service of their concerns and to 

request the Forest Service conduct a supplemental NEPA analysis. Plaintiffs argue, however, that 

no such notice is necessary. 

After an agency has prepared an EA and issued a FONSI, an agency must supplement its 

analysis if there are "significant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental 

concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its impacts." 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c)(l)(ii); Idaho 

9

Because the Court finds Plaintiffs failed to exhaust administrative remedies, it declines to address the 

argument that Plaintiffs failed to raise their cumulative effects argument during the public NEPA process, as well as 

the argument that that the Forest Service's 2009 EA was neither arbitrary nor capricious. 

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Sporting Congress v. Thomas, 137 F.3d 1146, 1152 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding that an EA must be 

supplemented in the same manner as an EIS). "There is an obligation to supplement an EA if 

there remains major federal action to occur and the new information shows that the remaining 

action will affect the quality of the human environment in a significant manner or to a significant 

extent not already considered." Or. Nat. Res. Council Action v. US. Forest Serv., 445 F. Supp. 

2d. 1211, 1219 (D. Or. 2006) (citing Marsh v. Or. Nat. Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 374 (1989)). 

"Compliance with NEPA is a primary duty of every federal agency; fulfillment of this 

vital responsibility should not depend on the vigilance and limited resources of environmental 

plaintiffs." City of Davis v. Coleman, 521 F .2d 661, 671 (9th Cir. 197 5). The agency and not the 

plaintiff "has a continuing duty to gather and evaluate new information relevant to the 

environmental impact of its actions," and this is so even after it has released an EIS or EA. Warm 

Springs Dam Task Force v. Gribble, 621 F.2d 1017, 1023 (9th Cir. 1980). Thus, to the extent 

there are significant new circumstances or information that have developed since the Fore st 

Service released its EA that require supplementation of the EA, the Forest Service, not Plaintiffs, 

had a duty to gather and evaluate the relevant information. 

Moreover, "[a]n action to compel an agency to prepare a [supplemental] EIS ... is not a 

challenge to a final agency decision," requiring exhaustion of administration remedies, "but 

rather an action arising under 5 U.S.C. § 706(1), to 'compel agency action unlawfully withheld 

or unreasonably delayed."' Friends of the Clearwater v. Dombeck, 222 F.3d 552, 560 (9th Cir. 

2000) (quoting Or. Nat. Res. Council Action v. US. Forest Serv., 59 F. Supp. 2d 1085, 1095 

(W.D. Wash. 1999)). Hence, in seeking to compel the Forest Service to conduct supplemental 

analysis, Plaintiffs were not required to bring their concerns to the Forest Service prior to filing 

suit, or to first exhaust any sort of administrative remedies that may have been available to 

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them. 10 Because Plaintiffs had no duty to make the Forest Service aware of their concerns prior 

to filing suit, their claim is procedurally valid, and the Court must reach the merits. 

B. Merits of Plaintiffs' claim that the Forest Service must supplement its NEPA 

analysis 

Plaintiffs outline four main arguments in contending new information has come to light 

requiring the Forest Service to supplement its 2009 NEPA analysis. First, that in 2012, FWS 

designated critical habitat for suckers in Gerber and Clear Lake Reservoirs, as well as many of 

their tributaries. Because suckers' critical habitat was not designated at the time the Forest 

Service conducted its 2009 EA, supplementation is required. Second, a 2013 FWS reports 

concluded suckers face a high "threat of extinction and a low recovery potential," FWS 6931 see 

also FWS 6911 (discussing the threat of extinction faced by Lost River suckers), a new 

determination that requires supplemental analysis. Third, the same 2013 FWS reports, as well as 

a 2014 BA, noted the duel and interrelated threats of climate change and severe and prolonged 

drought on suckers species; thus, supplemental analysis is necessary to consider these important 

determinations, and this is especially true, Plaintiffs argue, because of the fact that the Upper 

Klamath Basin experienced severe drought from 2012-15. Finally, Plaintiffs allege new 

information has come to light indicating (1) riparian conditions are not improving as anticipated 

in the 2009 EA, (2) trespass grazing has been a recurring problem since 2009 in many 

allotments, and (3) data show many streams are not meeting RMOs. 

1. Designated habitat 

Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants acknowledge that suckers' critical habitat was 

designated in 2012, after completion of the Forest Service's 2009 EA; however, they point out 

10To the extent any district court decision suggests otherwise, as Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants 

contend, it clearly diverges with Ninth Circuit precedent 

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that the area designated is much less than was originally proposed and considered by the Forest 

Service in its 2009 EA. Plaintiffs argue, however, that while the designated critical habitat may 

be smaller in area, there is now designated critical habitat on challenged allotments not 

previously assessed as such by the Forest Service; they point to four streams located on three 

challenged allotments that were not designated critical habitat at the time of the 2009 EA. See 

Pls.' Reply in Supp. of Their Mot. for Summ. J., at 34 (citing P 5586; FWS 7201-02). Plaintiffs 

contend the Forest Service must supplement its 2009 analysis to include an assessment of 

whether grazing possess a risk to this newly designated critical habitat. 

As stated, NEPA requires an agency to supplement its analysis if there are "significant 

new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the 

proposed action or its impacts." 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c)(l)(ii). Here, FWS followed up its criticalhabitat designation with a five-year review of shortnose suckers, a five-year review of Lost River 

suckers, and a revised Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker recovery plan. See FWS 6928-

6929, 6883-6927, 6739-6882. 11 All three assessments concluded that "significant threats to [] 

sucker[s] remain," FWS 6956, 6911, but grazing was not one of the identified threats. And while 

the revised recovery plan provided numerous recovery actions that if taken might help the fishes 

recover, none of the proposed actions included grazing revisions in the Sprague and Clear Lake 

watersheds-an area that encompasses the allotments challenged in this case. See FWS 6809-23. 

Hence, the allegedly significant new information provided by FWS did not bear on grazing or its 

impacts, obviating any need by the Forest Service to supplement its NEPA analysis on the effects 

of grazing in the Clear Lake watershed. 

11 In arguing new information has come to light warranting a supplemented NEPA analysis, Plaintiffs only 

mention the five-year review of the shortnose sucker and the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker recovery plan. 

In examining whether a supplemental NEPA analysis was required, the Court also examined the five-year review of 

the Lost River sucker, which, like the five-year review of the shortnose sucker, was conducted in 2013. See FWS 

6883-6927. 

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Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 39 of 46
2. 2013 FWS report 

FWS's aforementioned shortnose sucker five-year recovery plan concludes that 

"significant threats to the shortnose sucker remain," and that shortnose suckers "face[] a high 

degree of threat of extinction and a low potential for recovery." FWS 6931. FWS's alarming 

assessment, Plaintiffs contend, rises to the level of significant new information. While FWS 

concluded that significant threats to shortnose suckers' viability remain and thus that their 

chance of extinction is high, it did not identify grazing as one of those threats; in fact, it made no 

mention of grazing at all. Accordingly, no "significant new circumstances or information 

relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action [grazing] or its impacts" 

were identified in the FWS's five-year plan. 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c)(l)(ii) (emphasis added). 

Moreover, the 2013 five-year plan follows the same recommendation as FWS's previous fiveyear plan, published in 2007, which recommended no change in the suckers' listing status. Supp. 

AR 43; FWS 6956-57. Thus, the species' legal status has not changed since the 2009 EA, and the 

Forest Service was under no obligation to provide a supplemental analysis to its 2009 EA. 

The same can be said for Lost River suckers. While FWS also concluded "significant 

threats to the Clear Lake sucker remain," and that "the extinction of [Clear Lake suckers] 

remains a credible possibility," grazing was not identified as one of those threats. FWS 6911. 

Likewise, no change was recommended to the species' listing status. See FWS 6912. Hence, the 

Forest Service had no duty to supplement its 2009 EA. 

3. Threat of climate change and severe drought 

In its 2013 five-year plans and its 2014 revised recovery plan, FWS stated that "climate 

change and drought [are] potential threat[ s] to shortnose [and Lost River] sucker throughout their 

range .... " FWS 6956; see also FWS 6907-08 (discussing climatic effects on Lost River sucker). 

Page 40 - ORDER 

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Plaintiffs assert that FWS' s determination constitutes significant new information that requires 

supplemental NEPA analysis. 

This information is not new. In fact, the Forest Service acknowledged climate change and 

prolonged droughts pose potential threats to suckers in its 2009 EA. See, e.g., P 5643-44. 

Plaintiffs argue, though, that the Forest Service's discussion was far too general and that FWS 's 

revelations necessitate a more detailed analysis of these twin impacts on suckers. The Court 

agrees that the Forest Service's discussion was quite general, but the FWS's five-year plans and 

its 2014 revised recovery plan, like the Forest Service's EA, states only that "[i]t is difficult to 

accurately predict how such climatic changes will affect the shortnose [and Lost River] sucker," 

and that the individual impact of prolonged droughts and of "climate change[] on the status of 

the species [is] poorly understood .... " FWS 6908, 6911, 6953, 6956. 

Accordingly, the Court fails to see what new information these assessments provided that 

required supplemental analysis; this is especially true given the Forest Service's "adaptive 

management approach that provides flexibility to address inherent uncertainty associated with 

local effects of climate change," an approach included in the 2009 EA. P 5644. This approach is 

intended to flexibly address the impact of severe droughts and climate change. See P 5644, 5653. 

Hence, it would seem the Forest Service is routinely re-assessing the impact of drought and 

climate change and altering grazing practices accordingly. Finally, the fact that a severe drought 

has occurred in the Klamath Basin from 2012-15 does not, as Plaintiffs suggest, constitute 

significant new information. NEPA's continuing duty to supplement previous environmental 

documents is not triggered "every time new information comes to light after the [EA] is 

finalized." Marsh, 490 U.S. at 373. Instead, supplementation is required only if "new 

information shows that the remaining action will affect the quality of the human environment in 

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a significant manner or to a significant extent not already considered." Or. Nat. Res. Council 

Action, 445 F. Supp. 2d. at 1219 (citing Marsh, 490 U.S. at 374). Here, as FWS states, "[h]istoric 

accounts ... point to cyclic patterns of drought. ... " FWS 5294. Moreover, the Forest Service 

acknowledged the "very likely" future where "average temperatures increase" and "snow pack 

will be reduced." P 5644. It therefore acknowledged the need for "[f]lexibility to address the 

inherent uncertainty about local effects of climate change" and the need to "focus on enhancing 

ecosystem resistance and resilience, as well as actions taken that help ecosystems and resources 

move in synchrony with the ongoing changes that result as climates and environments vary." P 

5643. Thus, because cyclical droughts, even severe droughts, are a recurring phenomenon 

already known to the Forest Service through historical accounts, and because the Forest Service 

analyzed the need to enhance ecosystem resilience in the face of a drier, warmer climate, the fact 

that a drought has occurred is not significant new information, and the Forest Service was under 

no obligation to supplement its 2009 EA. 

4. Potential new information on riparian conditions, livestock trespass, 

andRMOs 

Finally, Plaintiffs allege new information shows (1) riparian conditions are not improving 

as anticipated in the 2009 EA; (2) trespass grazing has been a recurring problem since 2009 in 

many allotments and data suggest cattle are responsible for streambank, stream channel, and 

riparian damage, contradicting assumptions made in 2009 that grazing was minimal and riparian 

areas were improving; and (3) data show many streams are not meeting RMOs. 

Plaintiffs' arguments that riparian conditions are improving at worsening rates or at rates 

slower than anticipated in the 2009 EA and their argument that trespass grazing has been a 

recurring problem are interrelated, so the Court will address them together. In support of both 

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arguments, Plaintiffs point to the Forest Service's end-of-year monitoring of challenged 

allotments. As Plaintiffs point out, the Forest Service's monitoring indicates areas of "little 

riparian vegetation, bank trampling, hoof damage, moderate to heavy use of the riparian areas, .. 

. high stream temperatures, [and] poor bank stability .... " Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J, at 22 (citing to 

P 6899; YB 78, 108-10, 118-19, 130-152, 165-75, 195, 244-245). All of this is true, but it does 

not suggest trespass in riparian areas are worsening or improving at slower-than-anticipated 

rates. The 2009 EA recognized unauthorized, or trespass, grazing would take place, but expected 

unauthorized use would be minimal. P 5570, 5683. Since 2009, unauthorized use and overuse 

has indeed occurred, but it does not appear to have increased, and, importantly, the Forest 

Service has taken corrective action when it has occurred. See, e.g., HF 301-02, 326-27, 334-35; 

PL 397-400, 411-412, 442-445, 463-66, 1084-85, 1118-19, 1142-43; WH 634-36, 672-73, 696-

99. 

As for riparian conditions, it appears conditions have not changed substantially since 

2009. In fact, the Forest Service's 2014 BA-a document Plaintiffs cite to indicating significant 

new information has come to light requiring supplementation-points out that "[m]any of the 

streams ... are degraded due to past land management actions, leading to headcuts that cause the 

stream channel to incise, which lowers the water table and results in the loss of riparian 

vegetation that would normally provide bank-stabilizing root mass to prevent erosion." P 7203 

(emphasis added). Moreover, "[r]iparian areas in the project areas are recovering from past 

activities, including but not limited to impacts from grazing." P 5565 (emphasis added). Hence, it 

appears degradation in riparian conditions was attributed to past land management actions. This 

is not significant new information. Furthermore, that cattle are responsible for streambank, 

Page 43 - ORDER 

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stream channel, and riparian damage is also not new information; indeed, the Forest Service 

touched on the issue in its 2009 EA: 

Livestock grazing may degrade riparian habitat by removing riparian 

vegetation, destabilizing stream banks, widening stream channels, and 

promoting incised channels. These effects reduce overall cover and 

structure of the riparian area, and can impact fish habitats. Livestock 

grazing may impact upland vegetation structure (diversity and abundance) 

by altering plant community composition. 

P 5541. Supplementation is required when significant new information becomes available 

showing remaining agency action could have a significant environmental effect not already 

considered by the agency. Or. Nat. Res. Council Action, 445 F. Supp. 2d. at 1219. Here, no new 

information has become available that was not already considered by the Forest Service. 

Accordingly, the Forest Service was under no obligation to supplement its 2009 EA. 

Finally, Plaintiffs argue data show many streams are not meeting RMOs, necessitating 

supplemental NEPA analysis. This argument is, in effect, the same as Plaintiffs' argument for 

why the Forest Service failed to comply with NFMA. As explained in that section, INFISH sets 

forth RMOs for the improvement of important habitat features. P 2843-44. INFISH contemplates 

a flexible approach; RMO targets are not intended to be met instantaneously, and RMO 

attainment is to be determined on a watershed level, not on a stream-by-stream basis. Oregon 

Wild I, 193 F. Supp. 3d. at 1171. 

That particular streams are not meeting RMOs is not significant new information; 

instead, it is a variable that the Forest Service already considered in its 2009 EA. As stated in the 

NFMA section of this opinion, Plaintiffs correctly point out that many streams have failed to 

attain the specific, numerical goals set out in the RMOs, but Plaintiffs' rigid application of the 

RMOs departs from INFISH's text and intent. Given INFISH's flexible approach, objectives are 

targets that will not be met instantaneously but over time, something the Forest Service 

Page 44 - ORDER 

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recognized in its 2009 EA, stating, "[t]he trend toward all streams in the allotments maintaining 

and/or reaching desired future condition is expected to continue for the next 10 years with the 

proposed management strategy, as it is relatively unchanged from the recent past." P 5597. The 

2009 EA was intended to "provide guidance for the [] grazing allotments in the project area over 

the next 20 years." P 5536. Consequently, it was recognized in 2009 that the RMOs in many 

streams would not be met instantaneously, but improvement was expected to occur over time. 

The fact that many streams are not currently attaining RMOs, then, is not significant new 

information requiring supplemental NEPA analysis. 12 Moreover, it is perfectly in line with 

INFISH's flexible approach. Accordingly, the Forest Service was under no obligation to 

supplement its 2009 EA. 

a. Summary 

For the above-mentioned reasons, the Forest Service was not required to supplement its 

2009 EA. Summary judgment on this issue must therefore be granted in Defendants' and 

Intervenor-Defendants' favor. 

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons discussed, Plaintiffs' ESA claim is moot, necessitating summary 

judgment in Defendants' and Intervenor-Defendants' favor. Additionally, Plaintiffs' NFMA 

claim fails because the Forest Service reasonably gathered and evaluated data relevant to 

INFISH and issued the challenged AOis on that basis. Thus, summary judgment must be granted 

for Defendants and Intervenor-Defendants on this claim as well. Third, Plaintiffs' NEPA claim 

fails because Plaintiffs failed to exhaust administrative remedies. Hence, Defendants and 

12 As discussed, Plaintiffs also fail to acknowledge data indicating other streams in the area have achieved, 

exceeded, or are near the desired bank stability percentages. See, e.g., P 6875, 6887, 6895, 6899, 6902, 6904, 6906. 

Likewise, many streams have stabilizing or improving temperatures. See, e.g., P 6875, 6877, 6879, 6881, 6887, 

6893, 6895, 6897. 

Page 45 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 45 of 46
Intervenor-Defendants are also entitled to summary judgment on this claim. Finally, Plaintiffs' 

claim that the Forest Service must supplement its analysis under NEPA fails because no 

significant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns exist. Summary 

judgment on this issue must therefore be granted in Defendants' and Intervenor-Defendants' 

favor as well. Thus, in sum, Defendants' and Intervenor-Defendants' cross-motions for summary 

judgment (#32 & #35) are granted, and Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment (#23) is denied. 

ORDER 

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' and Intervenor-Defendants' cross-motions for 

summary judgment (#32 & #35) are GRANTED. Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment (#23) 

is DENIED. 

8 It is so ORDERED and DATED this da.Y-: _.,,,,./'/ 

,/ 

// .... 

AARK D. CLARKE 

United States Magistrate Judge 

Page 46 - ORDER 

Case 1:15-cv-01360-CL Document 55 Filed 03/08/17 Page 46 of 46