[Cite as Springfield v. Palco Invest. Co., Inc., 2013-Ohio-2348.]

 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CLARK COUNTY, OHIO 

CITY OF SPRINGFIELD, OHIO : 

Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 2012 CA 52 

v. : T.C. NO. 10CV460 

PALCO INVESTMENT COMPANY, INC., : (Civil appeal from 

et al. Common Pleas Court) 

 : 

Defendants-Appellants 

 : 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 7th day of June , 2013. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

JEROME M. STROZDAS, Atty. Reg. No. 0003263, Law Director, City of Springfield, 76 

East High Street, Springfield, Ohio 45502 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

DOUGLAS W. GEYER, Atty. Reg. No. 0022738 and SAMANTHA L. BERKHOFER, 

Atty. Reg. No. 0087370, 451 Upper Valley Pike, Springfield, Ohio 45504 

Attorneys for Defendants-Appellants 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FROELICH, J. 

{¶ 1} Palco Investment Company and its sole shareholder, Harry C. 
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Denune, appeal from a judgment of the Clark County Court of Common Pleas, which, after a 

bench trial, granted judgment in favor of the City of Springfield and ordered Denune to 

transfer $894,346.86 to Palco, which the court determined had been fraudulently transferred 

from Palco to Denune. The trial court further determined that the City was entitled to 

“pierce the corporate veil” of Palco in order to reach Denune’s assets so that the City could 

collect a judgment rendered in favor of the City and against Palco in another case. 

{¶ 2} For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed. 

I. Factual Background

{¶ 3} The evidence presented at the trial before the magistrate revealed the 

following facts. 

{¶ 4} Prior to 1999, Denune personally owned three properties located in 

Springfield, Ohio: (1) the Leffel Company building on East Street, (2) the Speco building 

near Bell Avenue, and (3) the Greenwalt-Trenor property at the intersection of West Main 

and Center Streets. Denune also owned several additional properties, which are not relevant 

to this action, and he ran ten to fifteen business enterprises. One of those companies was 

Dixie Distributing, Inc., which is primarily a wholesaler of aftermarket and genuine 

motorcycle parts; Denune was Dixie Distributing, Inc.’s sole shareholder. 

{¶ 5} In 1999, Palco Investment Company was established in Florida as a 

Subchapter S corporation, with Denune as the sole shareholder. Soon thereafter, in July 

1999, Denune sold the three Springfield properties to Palco for $122,206. The agreement 

acknowledged that the properties were being sold “at Seller’s [Denune’s] original cost less 

accumulated depreciation,” with three conditions. First, Palco gave Denune a note for 
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$122,206, with interest of 6.5%. Second, the parties agreed that, if any of the properties 

were sold to a third party within ten years of the date of the contract, “all proceeds from the 

sale will be paid to the Seller [Denune] by first paying off the promissory note plus accrued 

interest and the balance distributed to Seller through Sub-S Distributions.” Third, the 

parties agreed that the consideration for the sale included “the confidentiality of the 

information contained therein” and that the terms of the contract would not be recorded with 

the Clark County Recorder. 

{¶ 6} In 2001, the City notified Palco that the company needed to abate a public 

nuisance in connection with the Leffel property by repairing or demolishing the buildings. 

Palco pursued several appeals from the order. Ultimately, since the nuisance was not 

abated, the buildings on the Leffel property were demolished by the City in 2001 and 2002. 

The City indicated that it would seek reimbursement from Palco for the demolition 

expenses. 

{¶ 7} In June 2002, Thomas Loftis agreed to purchase the Greenwalt-Trenor and 

Speco properties from Palco for $460,000 and $440,000, respectively. Loftis assigned the 

purchase agreements to his company, Midland Properties, Inc. Loftis explained that 

Midland and the City of Springfield agreed that Midland would take title of the property, but 

Midland’s interest in the property would be transferred to the City for purposes of cleaning 

up the property through the brown field cleanup program. After the property was 

remediated, the City would transfer the property back to Midland, which would sell it at cost 

to the National Trails Parks and Recreation District. 

{¶ 8} The closing for the Greenwalt-Trenor building was held in February 2003. 
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However, the money consummating the sale was not transferred to Palco at that time, 

because items were being stored in that building. 

{¶ 9} In February 2004, prior to the transfer of money for the Speco and 

Greenwalt-Trenor properties, the City filed a lawsuit seeking recovery of the demolition 

costs for the Leffel property from Palco. Springfield v. Palco Investment Co., Clark C.P. 

No. 2004 CV 272. 

{¶ 10} The purchase of the Speco building was completed in June 2004. After 

deductions for taxes and transfer fees, Palco received a check, made out to Palco, for 

$434,193.42. Palco also received a check of $153.44 for interest on the escrow account 

associated with the sale. The checks were deposited into a bank account for Dixie 

Distributing, Inc. Three days later, Dixie Distributing, Inc. wrote a check to Palco for 

$434,346.86, representing the proceeds from the Speco building sale. 

{¶ 11} In July 2004, in accordance with the 1999 agreement between Palco and 

Denune, the proceeds from the sale of the Speco property were first used by Palco to pay the 

principal and interest on the note to Denune, and the balance of the proceeds went to 

Denune’s personal account. At the time the money was distributed from Palco to Dixie 

Distributing, Inc., and ultimately to Denune, Denune knew that the City of Springfield had 

filed a lawsuit against Palco for approximately $300,000 arising out of the demolition of the 

Leffel building. 

{¶ 12} The purchase of the Greenwalt-Trenor property was completed in 

December 2004. At that time, Palco received, in a check made out to Palco, $460,218.79 as 

proceeds from the sale. The check was again deposited into Dixie Distributing, Inc.’s 
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account, and then Dixie Distributing, Inc., wrote a check to Palco for $460,218.79. 

Pursuant to the 1999 agreement, all of the proceeds of this sale then went to Denune in April 

2005 and May 2005. 

{¶ 13} In 2009, the City of Springfield received a judgment against Palco in Case 

No. 2004 CV 272 for the Leffel property demolition expenses, which amounted to 

approximately $378,000, plus interest. Approximately $117,000 of that judgment has been 

paid out of funds in an escrow account, which was established in connection with Palco’s 

sale of a portion of the Leffel property to third parties. 

{¶ 14} Following the sale of the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor properties, Palco had 

two remaining assets – a portion of the property on which the Leffel building had formerly 

sat and a lot on Lowry and Washington Streets in Springfield. Audrey Bullard, Denune’s 

wife and a certified public accountant who managed Denune’s and all of the companies’ 

finances, testified that, even if the two remaining properties were sold, Palco would not have 

enough assets to pay the balance of the City’s claim against it. 

II. Procedural History

{¶ 15} In March 2010, the City of Springfield brought suit against Palco, Denune, 

and Dixie Distributing Company (as opposed to Dixie Distributing, Inc.), another of 

Denune’s companies. The complaint contained three counts. In Count One, the City 

claimed that Palco sold real estate at Center & North Sts. (the Greenwalt-Trenor property) 

and “fraudulently transferred the proceeds of that sale to the defendant, Dixie Distributing 

Company.” The City further alleged that Palco “received no equivalent value in exchange 

for the transfer of sale proceeds to Dixie Distributing Company,” and that the transfer was 
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intended to “hinder, delay, or defraud the City in making the transfer of the sale proceeds.” 

Count Two made the same allegations with respect to the Speco property. 

{¶ 16} Count Three of the complaint alleged that Denune was a shareholder, 

director, and officer of Palco and Dixie Distributing Company. It further stated that Denune 

“authorized and directed the payment of the proceeds from the two real estate sales 

described in Counts One and Two in order to deprive the plaintiff of its right to payment of 

its lawful claim.” In doing so, Denune allegedly “disregarded the separate corporate 

identities of the three corporate defendants in contravention of his fiduciary duties as a 

director and officer of each of the corporate defendants.” 

{¶ 17} In its prayer for relief, the City asked the trial court for an order finding that 

the transfers in Counts 1 and 2 were fraudulent and voiding such transfers to the extent 

necessary to satisfy the judgment owed by Palco to the City for the demolition expenses. 

The City also asked for injunctive relief prohibiting (1) Palco and Dixie Distributing 

Company from transferring any assets between themselves or any other company in which 

Denune was a partner, member, director, shareholder, or officer, and (2) Denune from 

authorizing or directing Palco or Dixie Distributing Company to transfer assets among 

themselves or other companies of which he was a partner, member, director, shareholder, or 

officer “until such time as the Plaintiff’s judgment is fully satisfied.” The City sought 

attorney fees and costs. 

{¶ 18} In August 2010, Springfield amended its complaint, adding Dixie 

Distributing, Inc. as a defendant. (We will refer to Deneune and the three 

defendant-companies collectively as “Defendants.”) The complaint was identical to the 
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original complaint, except that the allegations regarding Dixie Distributing Company were 

changed to read “Dixie Distributing Company or Dixie Distributing, Inc.” 

{¶ 19} Neither the original nor the amended complaint explicitly alleged that Palco 

made a fraudulent conveyance when it distributed the sale proceeds from Dixie Distributing, 

Inc. to Palco or from Palco to Denune as Subchapter S distributions. And although Count 3 

included allegations that Denune “authorized and directed” the payment of the sale proceeds 

and that he “disregarded the separate corporate identities of the three corporate defendants” 

in doing so, the City’s prayer for relief did not specifically ask the court to satisfy its 

judgment from Denune’s personal assets by “piercing the corporate veil”; rather, its 

requested relief against Denune was limited to enjoining him from transferring his 

companies’ assets between themselves or him until such time as the judgment was satisfied. 

{¶ 20} In October 2010, Defendants moved for leave to file a motion for summary 

judgment on the City’s claims; the memorandum in support of the motion for leave stated 

that Denune “had not had sufficient time to prepare for a full hearing” and that he believed 

the matter “may be more effectively resolved by summary judgment.” The court did not file 

a written entry addressing the motion. 

{¶ 21} One week before trial, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. 

The proposed motion for summary judgment asserted that the transfer of the sale proceeds 

from Palco to Dixie Distributing, Inc. was not fraudulent, as those funds were promptly 

returned to Palco. Defendants stated, “The City’s entire argument is based on an alleged 

fraudulent transaction between Dixie and Palco as well as a nebulous allegation that Harry 

Denune’s involvement with the above stated transaction was fraudulent. No other 
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allegations were made in the complaint.” (Emphasis in original.) The trial court denied 

the motion for leave. The day before trial, Defendants filed a trial brief, which again argued 

that there was no fraud in the transfer between Palco and Dixie Distributing, Inc., which was 

the only allegation in the complaint. 

{¶ 22} On January 19, 2011, the matter proceeded to trial before a magistrate. 

Prior to and throughout the trial, Defendants argued that the complaint was limited to claims 

that the 2004 sale proceeds were fraudulently conveyed from Palco to either Dixie 

Distributing Company or Dixie Distributing, Inc., and that Defendants failed to adhere to 

corporate formalities in doing so. Near the beginning of trial, while Denune was testifying 

as on cross-examination, Defendants objected to the City’s questions about the early days of 

Dixie Distributing, Inc. Defendants argued that Counts 1 and 2 of the complaint “refer 

specifically to financial transactions which we, frankly, would stipulate occurred, that money 

was deposited into an account that was not the account of Palco following the sale of real 

estate.” They further asserted that “Count Three simply refers * * * to the fact that in those 

two transactions referred to in 1 and 2, Mr. Denune assisted and directed those things to 

happen. That’s the sum total of the allegations in the complaint.” They further argued that 

allegations of fraud need to be specifically alleged, and there was no “notice of any kind of 

fraudulent behavior that would allow * * * piercing the corporate veil.” 

{¶ 23} In response, the City acknowledged that Counts 1 and 2 dealt with 

fraudulent conveyances with regard to the proceeds of the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor 

properties, respectively. It characterized Count 3 as alleging “that with regard to those 

proceeds, [Denune] authorized and directed the payment in order to deprive us of our rights 
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to payment of our claim and disregarded the separate corporate identities of the three 

corporate Defendants.” The City argued that its allegations provided “sufficient notice that 

we are challenging the separate corporate identities of those three entities.” The City noted 

that it learned about the various financial transactions between the corporations and Denune 

during discovery. It emphasized that, prior to discovery, it had no way of knowing that the 

proceeds went back to Palco and then to Denune individually. The City asserted that it was 

not required to amend its complaint to add additional factual allegations once discovery 

revealed what happened to the sale proceeds. 

{¶ 24} The magistrate concluded that the allegations regarding the fraudulent 

conveyances were sufficiently pled, and it limited the discussion to whether there were 

sufficient factual allegations to support allowing evidence on piercing the corporate veil. 

After additional argument from the parties, the magistrate concluded that it could construe, 

from the facts alleged in the amended complaint, a cause of action for piercing the corporate 

veil. 

{¶ 25} Thereafter, Defendants continued to object at trial to evidence related to the 

relationships among the Defendants and whether they maintained their separate corporate 

identities. The court overruled the objections based on its prior ruling. 

{¶ 26} On July 6, 2011, the magistrate issued a decision granting judgment to the 

City. The magistrate concluded that the transfers from Palco to Dixie Distributing, Inc. and 

then back to Palco with regard to both the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor buildings were not 

fraudulent conveyances. However, the court concluded that “each transfer of the sale 

proceeds from Palco to Mr. Denune personally, through sub-chapter S distributions, was a 
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fraudulent conveyance pursuant to O.R.C. 1336.” 

{¶ 27} The magistrate further concluded that the City could pierce the corporate 

veil of Palco to reach Denune’s personal assets. It found that Denune exercised substantial 

control over Palco and that Denune “made all of the major decisions affecting the business, 

although he consulted with his wife in an informal manner just as anyone would discuss 

important decisions with their spouse” and that, “[i]n the end, it was Mr. Denune who 

directed the overall operations of Palco and generally made the major financial decisions for 

the company.” In addition, Denune “diverted substantially all of the assets of Palco in 

avoidance of the city’s claim and thereby gave rise to the city’s present suit for fraudulent 

conveyance – in this magistrate’s estimation this alone is sufficient to constitute a fraudulent 

or otherwise contrary to law/unlawful act under the framework of the piercing the corporate 

veil doctrine.” Finally, the magistrate found that the City established that it was damaged as 

a result of Denune’s actions. 

{¶ 28} The magistrate rejected the City’s assertion that it could pierce the corporate 

veil of Dixie Distributing, Inc. The magistrate found that the City failed to present 

sufficient evidence that Palco and Dixie Distributing Company were indistinguishable. 

{¶ 29} Defendants and the City objected to the magistrate’s decision. In July 2012, 

the trial court overruled the objections and entered judgment in favor of the City. The trial 

court ordered Denune to transfer back to Palco the $894,346.86 that had been fraudulently 

conveyed. It further ordered that the City was entitled to pierce Palco’s corporate veil to 

reach Denune’s assets in order to collect the judgment for demolition costs and interest from 

Case No. 2004 CV 272. 
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{¶ 30} Defendants appeal from the trial court’s judgment, raising three assignments 

of error. 

III. Scope of the Pleadings and Evidence at Trial

{¶ 31} Defendant’s first assignment of error states: 

ALL OF THE EVIDENCE ALLOWED AND THE CONCLUSION REACHED BY 

THE MAGISTRATE THAT THE TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM DEFENDANT PALCO 

TO DEFENDANT DENUNE FROM THE PROCEEDS OF THE SALE OF REAL 

ESTATE KNOWN AS THE SPECO-DELILLE PROPERTIES AND THE 

GREENWALT-TRENOR PROPERTIES WAS FRAUDULENT, IS BEYOND THE 

SCOPE OF THE PLEADINGS HEREIN AND IS ERRONEOUS. 

{¶ 32} In their first assignment of error, Defendants claim that the magistrate went 

beyond the scope of the complaint when it allowed evidence regarding the transfers of the 

2004 sale proceeds from Palco to Denune and concluded that these transfers were fraudulent 

conveyances. 

{¶ 33} Ohio is a notice pleading, not a fact pleading, state. Thomas v. 

Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., Inc., 2011-Ohio-6712, 969 N.E.2d 1284, ¶ 9 (2d 

Dist.). “ [A] plaintiff is not required to prove his or her case at the 

pleading stage. Very often, the evidence necessary for a plaintiff to prevail is 

not obtained until the plaintiff is able to discover materials in the defendant’s 

possession. If the plaintiff were required to prove his or her case in the 

complaint, many valid claims would be dismissed because of the plaintiff's 

lack of access to relevant evidence.” York v. Ohio State Highway Patrol, 60 
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Ohio St.3d 143, 145, 573 N.E.2d 1063 (1991), quoted by Sacksteder v. 

Senney, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24993, 2012-Ohio-4452, ¶ 50. 

{¶ 34} Civ.R. 8(A) requires pleadings to contain “(1) a short and plain statement of 

the claim showing that the party is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for the 

relief to which the party claims to be entitled.” Under Civ. R. 8(A)(1), a plaintiff is only 

required to plead “sufficient, operative facts to support recovery under his claims. To 

constitute fair notice to the opposing party, however, the complaint must still allege 

sufficient underlying facts that relate to and support the alleged claim, and may not simply 

state legal conclusions.” (Citations omitted.) State ex rel. Rogers v. Republic 

Environmental Sys., Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 23513, 23644 & 23723, 

2010-Ohio-5523, ¶ 27. Each averment of a pleading must be “simple, concise, and direct. 

No technical forms of pleading or motions are required.” Civ.R. 8(E)(1). Pleadings are to 

be construed as to do substantial justice. Civ.R. 8(F). 

{¶ 35} Civ.R. 9(B) creates an exception to the lenient notice pleading 

requirements in Civ.R. 8. It provides: “In all averments of fraud or mistake, the 

circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Malice, 

intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” 

{¶ 36} Ohio’s appellate courts have different views on whether claims of 

fraudulent conveyance must meet the heightened pleading requirements set forth in Civ.R. 

9(B). Compare, e.g., Carter-Jones Lumber Co. v. Denune, 132 Ohio App.3d 430, 725 

N.E.2d 330 (10th Dist.1999) (Civ.R. 9(B) does not apply to claims of fraudulent 

conveyance), with Messina v. Clawges, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93323, 2010-Ohio-3311 
13

(fraudulent conveyance claim was not pled with required particularity). 

{¶ 37} The Ohio Supreme Court, however, has recognized that claims of fraudulent 

conveyance and common law fraud are not the same. Wagner v. Galipo, 50 Ohio St.3d 194, 

553 N.E.2d 610 (1990). Wagner involved a foreclosure action where the defendant claimed 

to have no interest in the subject property because the property had been conveyed to 

someone else. Although not raised in the foreclosure complaint, the plaintiff challenged the 

conveyance as a fraudulent conveyance. The supreme court found that the trial court, by 

addressing fraudulent conveyance, did not make an “unauthorized amendment of the 

complaint.” The court reasoned: 

This argument confuses the issue of a fraudulent conveyance with a claim of 

common-law fraud. Complaints alleging fraud must be pleaded with 

particularity. Civ.R. 9(B). However, a conveyance may be “fraudulent as 

to creditors” under R.C. Chapter 1336 if it renders the debtor insolvent, 

“without regard to his actual intent[,]” and even if there is no evidence of 

misrepresentation by the debtor. R.C. 1336.04; see, also, Sease v. John 

Smith Grain Co. (1984), 17 Ohio App.3d 223, 17 OBR 489, 479 N.E.2d 284. 

The issue of whether a particular conveyance is fraudulent could be raised in 

the pleadings, but it could also arise while an action is pending, or even after 

judgment is rendered, depending on the actions of the debtor and the 

knowledge of the creditor. No purpose would be served by formally 

requiring the creditor to amend the pleadings or file a supplemental complaint 

whenever the debtor makes, or the creditor discovers, during foreclosure 
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proceedings, a transfer which appears to be a fraudulent conveyance. 

(Emphasis added.) Wagner at 197. 

{¶ 38} We agree with those Ohio appellate districts that, citing Wagner, have 

rejected the heightened pleading requirements of Civ.R. 9(B) for claims of fraudulent 

conveyance. E.g., Carter-Jones Lumber Co., 132 Ohio App.3d 430, 725 N.E.2d 330; 

Flagstar Bank FSB v. Sellers, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2009-11-287, 2010-Ohio-3951, ¶ 15; 

Stewart v. R.A. Eberts Co., Inc., 4th Dist. Jackson No. 08CA10, 2009-Ohio-4418, ¶ 26. 

{¶ 39} In the case before us, the City specifically raised two claims of fraudulent 

conveyance arising out of the transfer of the proceeds from the sale of two of Palco’s 

properties. However, Counts 1 and 2 of the amended complaint were directed solely at 

Palco, Dixie Distributing Co., and Dixie Distributing, Inc. Although Denune was a named 

defendant in the suit, there were no allegations in Counts 1 and 2 that the sale proceeds were 

subsequently transferred to Denune and that any such transfer was a fraudulent conveyance. 

In fact, Denune is not mentioned in Counts 1 and 2. Accordingly, while the allegations in 

Counts 1 and 2 were sufficient to raise a claim of fraudulent conveyance against Dixie 

Distributing Co. and Dixie Distributing, Inc., there is nothing in those counts that explicitly 

alleged that a subsequent transfer from Palco to Denune was fraudulent. 

{¶ 40} As stated above, Count 3 alleged that Denune authorized and directed the 

payment of the 2004 sale proceeds in order to deprive the City of its lawful claim, and that 

Denune disregarded the companies’ separate corporate identities in directing the transfer of 

those proceeds. Count 3 appears to be directed solely to the City’s request for injunctive 

relief, preventing further transfer of assets among the Defendants. The allegations in the 
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amended complaint do not unambiguously allege a fraudulent transfer to Denune or a 

request to pierce the corporate veil so that the City could recover the judgment from 

Denune’s personal assets. 

{¶ 41} During the City’s opening statement, counsel told the magistrate that the 

proceeds from the sales of the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor properties in 2004 were 

“funneled through a series of transactions to Mr. Denune personally. We believe that series 

of events constitutes a fraudulent conveyance.” Counsel further told the magistrate that it 

was “asking this Court to pierce the corporate veil with regard to Palco, Dixie Distributing 

Company, and Dixie Distributing, Inc.; and asking the Court to recognize the reality of the 

situation: Harry Denune is Palco; Palco is Harry Denune,” and that the same was true as to 

Denune and his other companies. 

{¶ 42} Defendants responded in their opening statement that “if this case had been 

pleaded in an appropriate way,” the City might be able to “move forward” as it suggests. 

Defendants argued (as they had in their proposed summary judgment motion and trial brief) 

that the City’s complaint did not encompass those claims. 

{¶ 43} The record reflects that the City was aware of the potential claims against 

Denune prior to beginning the trial. Palco’s transfer of the 2004 sale proceeds to Denune 

personally did not come to light for the first time at trial; the City learned of the various 

transfers between Palco, Dixie Distributing, Inc. and Denune during discovery, as was 

apparent by the City’s documentary evidence and its questioning of Denune and Audrey 

Bullard at trial. The City was also aware, based on Defendants’ pre-trial motions and their 

arguments at trial, of the Defendants’ argument that the fraudulent conveyance claim against 
16

Denune and the claim to pierce the corporate veil to reach Denune’s personal assets were not 

included in the City’s amended complaint. Defendants’ objections to the magistrate’s 

decision again argued that the City’s amended complaint failed to provide notice of the 

fraudulent conveyance and piercing the corporate veil claims. (See paragraphs six and ten 

of Defendants’ objections.) 

{¶ 44} Although the City was aware of its claims against Denune and of 

Defendants’ objections to the City’s pursing them, the City did not ask for leave to amend its 

complaint. Under Civ.R. 15(A), the City could have amended its complaint prior to trial with 

leave of court or by written consent of the Defendants. Leave of court should be freely 

given when justice so requires. Civ.R. 15(A). 

{¶ 45} Civ.R. 15(B) also allows pleadings to be constructively amended to 

conform to evidence. That rule provides: 

When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied 

consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been 

raised in the pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be 

necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues 

may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after judgment. 

Failure to amend as provided herein does not affect the result of the trial of 

these issues. If evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not 

within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to 

be amended and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the 

action will be subserved thereby and the objecting party fails to satisfy the 
17

court that the admission of such evidence would prejudice him in maintaining 

his action or defense upon the merits. The court may grant a continuance to 

enable the objecting party to meet such evidence.

(Emphasis added.) “Civ.R 15(B) is consistent with the general principle that cases should 

be decided on the issues actually litigated at trial.” Baxter v. ABS Const. Supply Co., 2d 

Dist. Darke No. 1344, 1994 WL 731475, * 5 (Dec. 28, 1994), citing State ex rel. Evans v. 

Bainbridge Twp. Trustees, 5 Ohio St.3d 41, 44, 448 N.E.2d 1159 (1983). 

{¶ 46} In order for an objecting party to prevent the amendment of a pleading 

under Civ.R. 15, the party must establish that he will be subject to “serious disadvantage” if 

the amendment were allowed. Baltes Commercial Realty v. Harrison, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 23177, 2009-Ohio-5868, ¶ 42, citing Hall v. Bunn, 11 Ohio St.3d 118, 122, 

464 N.E.2d 516 (1984). “Mere surprise” is generally an insufficient basis for precluding the 

evidence, and “[i]n determining whether surprise actually exists, the extent to which the 

objecting party had knowledge of the disputed evidence is often considered.” Id.

{¶ 47} A trial court’s decision on whether to allow the amendment of a pleading is 

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Baltes Commercial Realty at ¶ 43, citing State ex rel. 

Askew v. Goldhart, 75 Ohio St.3d 608, 610, 665 N.E.2d 200 (1996). An abuse of discretion 

implies an attitude on the part of the trial court that is arbitrary, capricious, or 

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 

{¶ 48} When Defendants objected to evidence regarding piercing the corporate veil 

and the transfers of the sale proceeds from Palco to Denune, the parties focused on whether 

the amended complaint included those claims. The City did not ask to amend its complaint 
18

and the magistrate did not expressly grant a motion to amend at trial. In fact, the City 

argued that amending the complaint again was not necessary, because the amended 

complaint met the notice pleading requirements of raising fraudulent conveyance and 

piercing the corporate veil.1 The magistrate agreed with the City as to what was to be tried. 

{¶ 49} On appeal, the City argues that Defendants have never claimed that they 

were prejudiced by the magistrate’s allowing those claims to proceed against Denune. The 

City emphasizes that the evidence regarding the transfer of the sale proceeds was in 

Denune’s possession, and Defendants never claimed that they were surprised by evidence 

that Denune was the ultimate transferee. The City contends that the magistrate’s 

construction of the pleadings constituted an implied amendment of the pleadings, and 

Defendants were not prejudiced by that amendment. 

{¶ 50} Civ.R. 15(B) allows an amendment to a pleading to be made at any time, 

even after judgment, and the rule is to be liberally construed in an effort to decide cases on 

their merits. Hall at 121; Hemphill v. Dayton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23782, 

2011-Ohio-1613. Moreover, Civ.R. 54(C) provides that “every final judgment shall grant 

the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not 

demanded the relief in the pleadings.” 

 1

 At oral argument, the City contended that it did not request an amendment out of fear of a continuance of the trial, 

as well. 

{¶ 51} An amendment under Civ.R. 15(B) must be made by motion. Vanderhorst 

v. 6105 N. Dixie Drive, L.L.C., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23491, 2009-Ohio-6687, ¶ 16. 

However, under certain circumstances, such a motion may be inferred from the arguments of 
19

the parties and the ruling of the trial court, even though Civ.R. 15(B) was not expressly 

identified. See Baltes Commercial Realty, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23177, 

2009-Ohio-5868, at ¶ 48. 

{¶ 52} The City did not expressly seek to amend its complaint, because it believed 

the claims against Denune were already adequately pled (and, perhaps, it was concerned 

about a possible continuance). It is apparent from the record that Defendants were aware of 

the City’s general belief that the transfer of funds from Palco was a fraudulent conveyance 

and that the City learned of the transfer to Denune during discovery. Defendants’ pre-trial 

motions and its objections at trial expressed an anticipation that the City’s claim included the 

transfer of funds to Denune. 

{¶ 53} Other than stressing the (admittedly inartful) wording of the amended 

complaint, Defendants did not – in their proposed motion for summary judgment, their trial 

brief, at trial, in their objections to the magistrate’s decision, in their appellate brief, or at 

oral argument – suggest that they were prejudiced by the trial’s proceeding as the magistrate 

decided. There was no argument, let alone proffer, of witnesses or evidence that would 

have been presented before the magistrate had the City amended its complaint and “pleaded 

in an appropriate way.” The record demonstrates that Defendants were not surprised that 

the City was attempting to raise the transfers of the sale proceeds from Palco to Defendants 

as a fraudulent conveyance, that Defendants were fully prepared to defend against that claim, 

and that there was no substantial prejudice. 

{¶ 54} We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the 

City to present evidence that Palco transferred the proceeds from the two sales to Denune 
20

and that such transfers constituted fraudulent conveyances. Although the City did not 

expressly seek to further amend its complaint and the magistrate did not expressly do so, the 

magistrate’s construction of the City’s amended complaint as including such claims of 

fraudulent conveyance and piercing the corporate veil against Denune may be reasonably 

interpreted, in these circumstances, as impliedly allowing another amendment to include 

those claims. The individuals with the most knowledge of these transactions – Denune and 

Bullard – both testified at trial, the evidence regarding the transactions was within their 

possession, and we find no evidence from the record that they were surprised by the City’s 

claims and/or were unprepared to defend against them. 

{¶ 55} Because the trial court reasonably allowed claims of fraudulent conveyance 

and piercing the corporate veil to be directed against Denune individually, we find no error 

in the admission of evidence in support of those claims. 

{¶ 56} The first assignment of error is overruled. 

IV. Fraudulent Conveyance of Sale Proceeds

{¶ 57} Defendant’s second assignment of error states: 

THE LONG AND TORTURED PATH OF CONCLUSIONS, ALL UNPLED OR 

UNSUPPORTED BY ANY FACTUAL EVIDENCE, WHICH ULTIMATELY ARRIVES 

AT A FINAL CONCLUSION THAT A TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM DEFENDANT 

PALCO TO DEFENDANT DENUNE WAS, IN FACT, A TRANSFER WHICH 

VIOLATED THE LAW BY BEING A FRAUDULENT TRANSFER UNDER O.R.C. 

§1336.04 AND §1336.05 IS TOTALLY WITHOUT ANY BASIS IN FACT AND IS 

COMPLETELY IN ERROR. 
[Cite as Springfield v. Palco Invest. Co., Inc., 2013-Ohio-2348.]

{¶ 58} In their second assignment of error, Defendants claim that the trial court’s 

conclusion that the two transfers of the 2004 sale proceeds from Palco to Denune were 

fraudulent conveyances was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 59} “Weight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of 

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other. It 

indicates clearly to the jury [or other fact finder] that the party having the burden of proof 

will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find 

the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before 

them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing 

belief.’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 12, 

citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). 

{¶ 60} In weighing the evidence in criminal or civil cases, a court of appeals “must 

always be mindful of the presumption in favor of the finder of fact.” Id. at ¶ 19, ¶ 21. 

“[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the 

evidence, every reasonable intendment and every reasonable presumption must be made in 

favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. * * * If the evidence is susceptible of more 

than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is 

consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and 

judgment.” (Internal citations omitted.) Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 

10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn. 3. See also Heffern v. Univ. of 

Cincinnati Hosp., 142 Ohio App.3d 44, 51, 753 N.E.2d 951 (10th Dist.2001); Estate of 

Barbieri v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 207, 211, 711 N.E.2d 1101, 1103 (9th Dist.1998). 

{¶ 61} The trial court focused on whether the transfers to Denune fell within R.C. 
22

1336.05, which addresses fraudulent transfers and obligations as to creditors with 

pre-existing claims. That statute provides: 

(A) A transfer made or an obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent 

as to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the 

obligation was incurred if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the 

obligation without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for 

the transfer or obligation and the debtor was insolvent at that time or the 

debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfer or obligation. 

(B) A transfer made or an obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent 

as to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the 

obligation was incurred if the transfer was made to or the obligation was 

incurred with respect to an insider for an antecedent debt, the debtor was 

insolvent at that time, and the insider had reasonable cause to believe that the 

debtor was insolvent. 

{¶ 62} A “claim” under the statute means “a right to payment, whether or not the 

right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, 

unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured.” R.C. 

1336.01(C). 

{¶ 63} In a detailed decision, the magistrate (and, by adopting that reasoning, the 

trial court) found that the transfer from Palco to Denune violated R.C. 1336.05. The 

decision stated, in part: 

* * * Here, there is no evidence that Palco received a reasonably 
23

equivalent value from Mr. Denune when it distributed the proceeds of the 

sales at issue to Mr. Denune. There was some indication from witnesses that 

Mr. Denune made loans to Palco, however, no evidence was presented to 

show that Mr. Denune received the money at issue for the repayment of a 

loan, except as to the $185,738.86 taken from the proceeds as repayment of 

the promissory note held by Mr. Denune on the property plus interest. The 

remaining $708,608 was distributed from Palco to Mr. Denune with no 

evidence that Palco received any value in return. Certainly, a shareholder is 

entitled to take distributions from a corporation when the financial health of 

the business is not jeopardized thereby, and, logically, such distributions are 

made without the expectation of repayment. However, that is not to say that 

a distribution cannot be fraudulent pursuant to the fraudulent conveyance 

statute. 

Defendants argue, not only was there “nothing wrong” with Mr. 

Denune taking distributions in these amounts, constituting the bulk of Palco’s 

assets, at this time, when a known claim was on the horizon, but also, any 

inference of fraudulent intent is defeated by the language of the 1999 contract 

whereby Palco first acquired the Greenwalt and Speco properties from Mr. 

Denune. Pursuant to the 1999 contract, Palco was bound to return the 

proceeds of any future sale of the properties it purchased in that 1999 contract 

to Mr. Denune by first paying off the note on the properties held by Mr. 

Denune (as the bank financing Palco’s purchase) and then distributing any 
24

profits from said sale to Mr. Denune through Sub-chapter S distributions. 

This evidence leads the magistrate to a conclusion completely opposite to the 

defendant’s arguments. The 1999 agreement makes the plaintiff’s argument 

that the sales of the Greenwalt-Trenor and Speco-Dellile properties were in 

response to the city’s impending claim even more persuasive. 

Timing is relevant to the question of whether Mr. Denune and/or 

Palco acted with an intent to defraud, hinder or delay the City. * * * Here, the 

facts reveal that these sales agreements were entered into in June and 

December 2002 on the heels of the demolition of the Leffel complex in 

mid-2002 and after appeals of the city’s demolition decision concluded in 

April of 2002. * * * Therefore, the magistrate concludes that Mr. Denune 

took assets from Palco without giving Palco something of reasonably 

equivalent value when he received approximately $900,000 dollars in 

distributions from the sale of Greenwalt-Trenor and Speco-Dellile, and that 

his failure to return something of reasonably equivalent value to Palco is an 

indicia of fraud, under the circumstances that were present at the time of the 

transfer, pursuant to the fraudulent transfer statute. 

Secondly, the Magistrate concludes that Palco was rendered insolvent 

by the transfer of approximately $900,000 dollars to Mr. Denune from the 

sales of these two properties. O.R.C. 1336.02 provides that a debtor is 

insolvent “if the sum of [its] debts ... is greater than all [its] assets at a fair 

valuation” and is presumed insolvent if it generally “is not paying [its] debts 
25

as they become due.” Here, the only assets remaining in Palco after the 

$900,000 dollar distribution to Mr. Denune, according to the evidence 

presented at trial, was the land on which the Leffel buildings had stood, some 

outlots containing residential property, and an industrial type property 

consisting mostly of vacant land at 214 S. Lowry, called the “sterling lot”, 

which is of unknown value. The city has received approximately $117,000 

dollars toward its approximately $378,000 dollar judgment pursuant to the 

previously mentioned escrow agreement entered into by Palco and the city on 

August 21, 2003, whereby the city received payment on a note and mortgage 

held by Palco for a residential outlot of the Leffel property. The evidence 

presented at trial showed that Palco’s remaining property holds only 

unknown/de minimus value. Therefore, Palco was rendered insolvent by the 

transfer because its debts, including the substantial debt owned to the City for 

the demolition of the Leffel buildings, was greater than all of its remaining 

assets. 

Having found that Palco transferred $900,000 to Mr. Denune without 

receiving something of reasonably equivalent value in return under 

circumstances which indicate a fraudulent intent, and that the transfer 

rendered Palco insolvent, the magistrate concludes that the transfer at issue 

was fraudulent pursuant to O.R.C. 1336.05(A). In addition, because Palco 

was insolvent and Mr. Denune had reasonable cause to believe that Palco was 

insolvent * * *, and because Mr. Denune was an “insider” of Palco (he was 
26

the company’s majority shareholder), the magistrate concludes the transfer of 

the $900,000 dollars in sales proceeds was fraudulent pursuant to O.R.C. 

1336.05(B) as well. 

(Emphasis in original.) The court further found, for sake of argument, that the transfers to 

Denune also violated R.C. 1336.04, which provides an avenue for proving that a transfer is 

fraudulent regardless of whether the claim arises after the transfer. 

{¶ 64} Upon review of the record, the trial court’s conclusions were not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. First, there is ample evidence to support the trial court’s 

finding that the City had a pre-existing claim against Palco when the sale proceeds were 

distributed from Palco to Denune. The record reflects that the demolition of the Leffel 

building was strongly contested by Palco, and Palco should have reasonably expected that 

the City would assert a claim for reimbursement of the demolition costs. The City 

ultimately filed suit for those costs in February 2004, prior to the payment of the purchase 

price of the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor properties. Audrey Bullard, the accountant for 

Palco’s business affairs and Denune’s wife, testified that she knew that the City had a claim 

of over $300,000 against Palco when Palco sold the properties. Accordingly, the trial court 

‘s conclusion that the City had a claim, within the meaning of R.C. 1336.01(C), for 

demolition costs against Palco when the proceeds were distributed to Denune was not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 65} Second, the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Palco did not 

receive equivalent value when the sale proceeds were transferred to Denune (with the 

exception of the portion that was used to pay off the note from Palco’s purchase of the 
27

property from Denune). On cross-examination, Audry Bullard testified that Palco did not 

receive any benefit from the transfer of the real estate sale proceeds to Denune, other than 

payment of note from Palco’s 1999 purchase of the properties. Denune received the 

proceeds as subchapter S distributions; there was no evidence that any of the proceeds (other 

than the portion used to pay the 1999 note) was used to repay a loan from Denune to Palco 

or to otherwise extinguish a debt to Denune. 

{¶ 66} Defendants argued that the transfer of the proceeds to Denune as a 

subchapter S distribution was required by the 1999 purchase agreement. As stated above, 

the 1999 Contract for Sale and Purchase provided, in part: “If any of the properties described 

in this Contract are sold to a third party within ten (10) years from the date of this Contract, 

all proceeds from the sale will be paid to the Seller [Denune] by first paying off the 

promissory note plus accrued interest and the balance distributed to Seller through Sub-S 

Distributions.” 

{¶ 67} Kent Pummel, a certified public accountant with Clark Schaefer Hackett, 

testified that he did not believe that Palco received anything of value in 1999, due to the 

“pay back” provision in the purchase contract. Pummel indicated that, while Palco would 

have the right to receive rents, ownership of the building also involved expenses, such as 

real estate taxes, upkeep, and maintenance of the building. (Palco received some rental 

income from Dixie Distributing, Inc., but there was no written lease.) Moreover, because 

Denune controlled Palco, Denune controlled whether Palco would receive any benefit from 

the sale of the buildings, due to the “pay back” provision in the 1999 agreement. Thus, 

even though the distribution of the proceeds was required by the 1999 contract, the record 
28

supports a conclusion that Palco did not receive any value from its ownership of the 

buildings and, in particular, did not receive value equivalent to the amount of the sale 

proceeds. 

{¶ 68} Finally, there is substantial evidence that the transfers of the sale proceeds 

from Palco to Denune rendered Palco insolvent. A debtor is insolvent under the Uniform 

Fraudulent Transfer Act if the sum of the debts of the debtor is greater than all of the assets 

of the debtor at a fair valuation. R.C. 1336.02(A)(1). “A debtor who generally is not 

paying his debts as they become due is presumed to be insolvent.” R.C. 1336.02(A)(2). 

{¶ 69} As the trial court discussed, the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor properties 

were Palco’s principal assets. Dixie Distributing, Inc. made monthly rent payments to 

Palco, however this rent was in connection with the usage of the buildings and the rent did 

not add substantially to Palco’s assets. Palco also received income (which was put into an 

escrow account) from the sale of portions of the Leffel property. Bullard testified, however, 

that she knew that the proceeds from those sales would not pay even half of the City’s total 

demolition claim. Bullard stated that Palco’s only remaining asset was the remaining part 

of Leffel property. She acknowledged that, even if this property were sold, the proceeds 

would not cover the City’s claim. Bullard and Pummel both testified that the distribution of 

the proceeds from Palco to Denune rendered Palco unable to pay the City’s claim against it, 

and thus Palco was insolvent as a result of the transfers.2

 Conversely, Bullard testified that 

if proceeds from the sales of the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor buildings were still in Palco’s 

 2

 On direct examination, during Defendants’ case-in-chief, Bullard testified that from “2002 to 2008, Palco was never 

insolvent.” Bullard also later testified that Palco was solvent, because it had a positive cash value. 
29

possession, Palco would have cash to pay the City’s claim. 

{¶ 70} Upon review of the record, the trial court’s conclusion that Palco’s transfers 

of the sale proceeds to Denune were fraudulent under R.C. 1336.05(A) was not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. In light of this conclusion, we need not discuss the trial 

court’s alternative findings that the transfers also violated R.C. 1336.05(B) and R.C. 

1336.04. 

{¶ 71} The second assignment of error is overruled. 

V. Piercing the Corporate Veil

{¶ 72} Defendants’ third assignment of error states: 

THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO FOLLOW PREVAILING LAW BY ORDERING 

THE CORPORATE VEIL TO BE PIERCED AND ALLOWING PLAINTIFF CITY TO 

RECOVER JUDGMENT FROM DEFENDANT DENUNE PERSONALLY. 

{¶ 73} Defendants’ third assignment of error challenges the trial court’s conclusion 

that the City could pierce Palco’s corporate veil to recover its judgment in Case No. 2004 

CV 272 directly from Denune. 

{¶ 74} “The corporate form is useful primarily because it creates a division 

between shareholders and their business concerns: ‘[The corporate form] has been 

introduced for the convenience of the company in making contracts, in acquiring property 

for corporate purposes, in suing and being sued, and to preserve the limited liability of the 

stockholders, by distinguishing between the corporate debts and property of the company, 

and of the stockholders in their capacity as individuals.’” Dombroski v. WellPoint, Inc., 119 

Ohio St.3d 506, 2008-Ohio-4827, 895 N.E.2d 538, ¶ 16, quoting State ex rel. Atty. Gen. v. 
30

Std. Oil Co., 49 Ohio St. 137, 177, 30 N.E. 279 (1892). A corporation is a separate legal 

entity from its shareholders, even where the corporation has only one shareholder. Rhodes 

v. Paragon Molding, Ltd., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24491, 2011-Ohio-4295, ¶ 42. 

Consequently, shareholders, officers, and directors generally will not be held personally 

liable for the acts of a corporation. Id. 

{¶ 75} “Piercing the corporate veil” is “[t]he judicial act of imposing personal 

liability on otherwise immune corporate officers, directors, or shareholders for the 

corporation’s wrongful acts.” Minno v. Pro-Fab, Inc., 121 Ohio St.3d 464, 

2009-Ohio-1247, 905 N.E.2d 613, ¶ 8, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (8th Ed.2004) 1184. 

 In certain circumstances, the corporate form may be disregarded and the corporate veil 

may be pierced, for the purpose of allowing creditors to reach the personal assets of the 

corporation’s individual shareholders. Id.; Belvedere Condominium Unit Owners’ Assn. v. 

R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio St.3d 274, 617 N.E.2d 1075 (1993). 

{¶ 76} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth a three-pronged test for determining 

whether the corporate veil of a company may be pierced. 

The corporate form may be disregarded and individual shareholders held 

liable for wrongs committed by the corporation when (1) control over the 

corporation by those to be held liable was so complete that the corporation 

has no separate mind, will, or existence of its own, (2) control over the 

corporation by those to be held liable was exercised in such a manner as to 

commit fraud or an illegal act [or a similarly unlawful act] against the person 

seeking to disregard the corporate entity, and (3) injury or unjust loss resulted 
31

to the plaintiff from such control and wrong. 

Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d 274, at paragraph three of the syllabus, as modified by Dombroski. 

 The party seeking to have the corporate form disregarded bears the burden of proving that 

the corporate veil should be pierced. Rhodes at ¶ 43. 

{¶ 77} The trial court concluded that each of the prongs was met in this case. It 

found that Denune “directed the overall operations of Palco and generally made the major 

financial decisions for the company,” that he “diverted substantially all of the assets of Palco 

in avoidance of the City’s claim and thereby gave rise to the city’s present suit for fraudulent 

conveyance,” and that “the City has been damaged in the amount of its unpaid judgment as a 

direct and proximate result of the transfer or diversion of Palco’s assets to Mr. Denune 

personally.” 

{¶ 78} We have no difficulty finding ample evidence to support the trial court’s 

conclusion that the second and third prongs of the Belvedere test were met. The record 

demonstrates that Palco distributed the proceeds from the sales of the Speco and 

Greenwalt-Trenor buildings to Denune, which substantially depleted Palco’s assets. As a 

result of those transfers, Palco could not pay the City’s claim (which was later reduced to 

judgment) for the demolition costs of the Leffel building, plus interest. The transfers of the 

proceeds to Denune were fraudulent and prevented the City from executing its judgment. 

{¶ 79} The first Belvedere factor is more troubling. “The first prong of the 

Belvedere test ‘is a concise statement of the alter ego doctrine; to succeed a plaintiff must 

show that the individual and the corporation are fundamentally indistinguishable.’” State ex 

rel. DeWine v. S & R Recycling, Inc., 195 Ohio App.3d 744, 2011-Ohio-3371, 961 N.E.2d 
32

1153, quoting Belvedere, 67 Ohio St.3d at 288, 617 N.E.2d 1075. 

{¶ 80} Bullard testified that Denune was the sole shareholder of Palco and that he 

controlled the company. Bullard stated that Denune consulted with her about the business, 

but he did not need anyone else’s approval to make decisions. In discussing the unusual 

“pay back” provision of the 1999 agreement selling the three properties to Palco, Bullard 

agreed that Denune would not have sold the properties to “anybody else” on those terms. 

Within a few years of obtaining the properties, Palco sold the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor 

properties to a third party, even though it was obligated, under the terms of the 1999 

agreement, to return all of the proceeds to Denune personally through Subchapter S 

distributions if the properties were sold a third party within ten years. 

{¶ 81} Bullard further testified, however, that Palco had a separate federal 

identification number and a separate bank account. Bullard further stated that Denune did 

not use any of the corporate assets or property for his personal benefit, he had not used the 

corporation to make personal purchases, and he did not commingle personal and corporate 

assets. Bullard testified that Denune did not use the corporate offices for personal reasons, 

that Denune’s corporations have annual shareholder meetings and elect officers and 

directors, and that the companies have corporate minute books. Bullard stated that each of 

Denune’s companies filed corporate tax returns where required by law. The City presented 

affidavits by Annesa Lauer Denune, Denune’s adult daughter, to challenge the credibility of 

Bullard’s statements that Denune’s companies follow corporate formalities.3

 3

 The affidavits and supporting documents were presented as Plaintiff’s Ex. 24. Defendants objected both to the 

City’s questions to Bullard about that exhibit and to the exhibit’s admissibility. The trial court permitted the exhibit to be

admitted “only as to testing the credibility of Ms. Bullard’s testimony.” 
[Cite as Springfield v. Palco Invest. Co., Inc., 2013-Ohio-2348.]

{¶ 82} The trial court found that the first prong was met, with the following 

reasoning: 

* * * [I]t is clear that Mr. Denune’s control over Palco is substantial. In 

particular, with regard to the sale of the Greenwalt-Trenor and Speco-Delille 

buildings and the subsequent distribution of those proceeds to Mr. Denune, 

those decisions were made by Mr. Denune individually – he did not need 

anyone else’s permission to conduct the transactions at issue. Even more 

generally, the evidence presented at trial made clear that Mr. Denune made all 

of the major decisions affecting the business, although he consulted with his 

wife in an informal manner just as anyone would discuss important decisions 

with their spouse, whether or not they felt they needed their spouse’s 

permission to move forward. In the end, it was Mr. Denune who directed the 

overall operations of Palco and generally made the major financial decisions 

for the company. * * * Therefore, the magistrate concludes that the first 

prong of the three prong test was clearly established by the City at trial. 

{¶ 83} We disagree with the trial court that Denune’s sole control of Palco, by 

itself, was sufficient to establish that Denune was the “alter ego” of Palco. Palco was a real 

estate holding company with Denune as its sole shareholder. As stated by the Fifth District, 

“[t]o find that such a scheme creates an automatic right to pierce the corporate veil would 

virtually undo all small businesses functioning as LLCs or Sub-Chapter S Corporations. 

The true issue is not dominion and control, but whether [the sole shareholder] was the ‘alter 

ego’ of [the corporation].” State ex rel. Cordray v. U.S. Technology Corp., 5th Dist. 

Tuscarawas No. 11AP60025, 2012-Ohio-855, ¶ 26. 
34

{¶ 84} In determining whether a corporation is an individual’s alter ego, Ohio 

appellate courts consider various factors, such as (1) whether corporate formalities were 

observed, (2) whether corporate records were kept, (3) whether corporate funds were 

commingled with personal funds, (4) whether corporate property was used for a personal 

purpose, and (5) gross undercapitalization. My Father's House No. 1 v. McCardle, 

2013-Ohio-420, – N.E.2d. –, ¶ 28 (3d Dist.)(using factors 1-4); DeCaprio v. Gas & Oil, Inc., 

9th Dist. Summit No. 26140, 2012-Ohio-5866, ¶ 14 (using factors 1-5). These factors are 

non-exclusive. See State ex rel. DeWine v. S & R Recycling, Inc., 195 Ohio App.3d 744, 

2011-Ohio-3371, 961 N.E.2d 1153, ¶ 31 (7th Dist.) (also considering whether shareholders 

held themselves out as personally liable for certain corporate obligations and used the 

corporation as a facade for the majority shareholders); Wilson v. Superior Foundations, Inc., 

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2007-03-043, 2008-Ohio-1359, ¶ 14 (considering seven factors). 

{¶ 85} The trial court was presented with conflicting evidence as to whether 

Denune treated Palco as a separate entity from himself. As stated above, Defendants 

provided some evidence that Palco and Denune maintained separate identities. Palco paid 

Denune a property management fee. Bullard testified that Palco had a separate federal 

identification number and a separate bank account, kept corporate minute books, and had 

annual shareholder meetings. Bullard further testified that Denune did not use any of the 

corporate assets or property for his personal benefit and did not use the corporate offices for 

personal reasons. 

{¶ 86} There was other evidence, however, that raised questions about the 

credibility of Bullard’s testimony regarding the corporate formalities. For example, the City 
35

presented evidence that Denune’s daughter was named the president of another company 

without her knowledge and that she was not actually present for annual shareholder 

meetings, although the minutes for 2002 to 2009 (which she allegedly signed later en mass) 

reflected she was. In addition, there was evidence that Helen Coil was the president of 

Dixie Distributing, Inc., but her knowledge of the overall finances and capitalization of the 

business was minimal. 

{¶ 87} There was substantial evidence that Denune exercised full dominion and 

control over Palco. Denune was Palco’s sole shareholder and had sole responsibility for the 

decision-making for the company. Although this degree of control, by itself, does not 

establish that Denune was Palco’s alter ego, several of the decisions that Denune made for 

Palco reflect that Palco was not treated as a separate entity from Denune. The 1999 sale of 

Denune’s properties to Palco had an “unusual” pay back and confidentiality provision, which 

Bullard admitted would not have been included in an agreement with an unrelated third 

party. Denune initially deposited the proceeds from the sale of Palco’s real estate into a 

Dixie Distrubuting, Inc. account for Denune’s convenience; there was no business reason for 

Palco to have done so. Palco sold the Speco and Greenwalt-Trenor properties within the 

ten-year time period set forth in the 1999 agreement, an act which provided no benefit to 

Palco as a separate entity from Denune. Palco did not have a written lease with Dixie 

Distributing, Inc., another of Denune’s companies. 

{¶ 88} Although the issue is a close one, the trial court’s conclusion that the first 

Belvedere prong was met was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Defendant’s 

third assignment of error is overruled. 
36

VI. Conclusion

{¶ 89} We appreciate that this has been a lengthy and contentious dispute between 

the parties. However, this is no excuse for the ad hominem attacks and hyperbolic 

arguments that have come from counsel. The purpose of an appellate brief is to clearly and 

concisely present legal issues to the court and to fairly and professionally argue the law. 

Anything else is not helpful to the court or the parties and is not worthy of the experienced 

and extremely competent counsel involved in this case. 

{¶ 90} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

DONOVAN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Jerome M. Strozdas 

Douglas W. Geyer 

Samantha L. Berkhofer 

Hon. Richard J. O’Neill