IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

KIRK J. NYBERG, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

PORTFOLIO RECOVERY ASSOCIATES, 

LLC, 

Defendant. 

PAP AK, Magistrate Judge: 

3: 15-cv-01175-PK 

OPINION & ORDER 

Plaintiff Kirk J. Nyberg brings this action against Defendant Portfolio Recovery 

Associates, LLC ("PRA"), asserting claims under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 

U.S.C. § 1692, et seq. ("FDCPA"). Now before the court is Nyberg's Motion for Judgment on 

the Pleadings Against PRA's Affirmative Defenses (#30) ("Nyberg's Motion"). For the reasons 

provided below, Nyberg's Motion is granted in part and denied in part. 

BACKGROUND 

PRA filed suit against Nyberg in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon, County of 

Washington, on June 25, 2014, seeking to collect amounts allegedly due on Nyberg's Capital 

One Bank (USA), N.A. ("Capital One") credit card. That lawsuit will hereinafter be referred to 

as Nyberg I. PRA alleged in its complaint in Nyberg I that Nyberg failed to dispute monthly bills 

he received from Capital One, thereby establishing an account stated in the amount of $834.25, 

which Nyberg failed to pay. On November 25, 2014, Nyberg !was dismissed without prejudice 

for failure to prosecute. 

OPINION & ORDER~P AGE 1 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 1 of 20
Nyberg filed his initial Complaint (#1) in this action on June 25, 2015. He then filed a 

First Amended Complaint (#24) on January 15, 2016. The First Amended Complaint is now the 

operative pleading. Nyberg contends that PRA violated the FDCP A by filing Nyberg I. 

Ny berg's FDCP A claim consists of the following four counts: (1) PRA falsely alleged in its 

complaint in Nyberg I that it had an account stated, (2) PRA filed Nyberg I in an effort to 

sidestep the statute oflimitations and "other defenses" that arose out of the cardholder agreement 

between Nyberg and Capital One, (3) PRA's claims in Nyberg I were barred by the applicable 

statute of limitations, and (4) PRA overstated the debt owed by Nyberg. Am. Comp!. iii! 31-34 

(#24). 

PRA filed its Answer to Nyberg's First Amended Complaint (#26) [hereinafter Answer] 

on February 5, 2016. PRA's Answer contains fourteen affirmative defenses. Nyberg now moves 

for judgment on the pleadings as to each affirmative defense. See Answer 5-8 (#26). 

LEGAL STANDARD 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) governs motions for judgment on the pleadings. 

Rule 12(c) provides that "[a]fter the pleadings are closed-but early enough not to delay trial-a 

party may move for judgment on the pleadings." "Judgment on the pleadings is proper when the 

moving party clearly establishes on the face of the pleadings that no material issue of fact 

remains to be resolved and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter oflaw .... However, 

judgment on the pleadings is improper when the district comt goes beyond the pleadings to 

resolve an issue; such a proceeding must properly be treated as a motion for summary 

judgment." Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th 

Cir.1989) (citations omitted). "In evaluating a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the 

allegations of the non-moving party are credited as true, whereas those allegations of the moving 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 2 

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party which have been denied are deemed false for purposes of the motion." John Doe 310 v. 

Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon, No. 3: 13-CV-822-PK, 2014 WL 1668151, at *2 (D. Or. Apr. 

25, 2014) (citation omitted). 

An answer must "state in short and plain terms" the defenses to each claim asserted 

against the defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(l)(A). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c), 

an "affirmative defense is a defense that does not negate the elements of the plaintiffs claim, but 

instead precludes liability even if all of the elements of the plaintiffs claim are proven." Barnes 

v. AT & T Pension Benefit Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F.Supp.2d 1167, 1171-72 (N.D. 

Cal.2010) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). An affirmative defense is 

sufficiently pled if it gives the plaintiff "fair notice of the defense." Wyshak v. City Nat. Bank, 

607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir. 1979). 

DISCUSSION 

Below, I analyze Nyberg's Motion as to each of PRA's affirmative defenses, separately. 

Before doing so, however, I must resolve two preliminary matters: (1) whether I should construe 

Nyberg's Motion as a motion to strike, and (2) whether the pleading standard set forth in Bell 

Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) 

applies to affirmative defenses. 

PRA urges the court to construe Nyberg's Motion as a motion to strike and deny it as 

untimely under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(±)(2), which requires motions to strike to be 

filed within 21 days after service of the challenged pleading. Nyberg captions his Motion as a 

"MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS AGAINST PORTFOLIO RECOVERY 

ASSOCIATES LLC'S AFFIRMATfV:E DEFENSES." He also sets forth the legal standard for 

motions for judgment on the pleadings in his moving papers. In his Reply (#34), Nyberg 

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Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 3 of 20
reiterates that is Motion is one for judgment on the pleadings. I therefore construe Nyberg's 

Motion accordingly. 

The parties also dispute whether the pleading standard set forth in Twombly and Iqbal 

applies to affirmative defenses. Nyberg argues that the standard is applicable, and PRA argues 

that it is not. I agree with Nyberg. 

"Although the Ninth Circuit has yet to rule on the issue, the majority of district courts 

addressing the issue have required affirmative defenses to meet the heightened pleading standard 

dictated by the Supreme Comt in Twombly and Iqbal." Hayden v. United States, No. 3:14-CV1060-AC, 2015 WL 350665, at *5 (D. Or. Jan. 26, 2015) (collecting cases); see also Gessele v. 

Jack in the Box, Inc., No. 3:10-CV-960-ST, 2011WL3881039, at *1-2 (D. Or. Sept. 2, 2011) 

(discussing disagreement among judges within this comt and other district courts within the 

Ninth Circuit as to whether the Twombly and Iqbal pleading standard applies to affirmative 

defenses). Although the state of the law on the issue is cunently in flux, I agree with Judge 

Acosta's recent conclusion in Hayden v. United States that the Twombly and Iqbal pleading 

standard applies to affirmative defenses. See 2015 WL 350665, at *2-6. Judge Accosta's 

conclusion is supported by an extensive, well-reasoned analysis. See id. at *2-6. Rather than 

rehash that analysis here, I incorporate it by reference into this Opinion and Order. 

The pleading standard set forth in Twombly and Iqbal requires PRA's affirmative 

defenses to contain more than a mere "formulaic recitation of the elements" of a defense. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Rather, the affirmative defenses must be supported by factual 

allegations that make the defenses "plausible" on their face. See id. at 547. I now proceed to 

analyze each of PRA's affirmative defenses against that plausibility pleading standard. 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 4 

Case 3:15cv01175PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 4 of 20
I. First Affirmative Defense---Failure to State a Claim 

PRA's First Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

FIRST AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Failure to State a Claim) 

The allegations of the F AC fail to state a claim against PRA upon which relief can 

be granted. 

Answer 5 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's First 

Affomative Defense because, when read along with the general denial in PRA's Answer, the 

defense is redundant. Nyberg also contends that PRA was required to plead facts showing that 

Nyberg failed to state a claim for relief. In response, PRA notes that the Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b) and 12(h)(2) expressly permit paities to plead failure to state a claim for relief in 

a responsive pleading. 

Nyberg is not entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's First Affirmative 

Defense. This court has previously recognized that failure to state a claim for relief is a negative 

defense, not an affomative defense. See Gessele, 2011WL3881039, at *2 (citation omitted). 

Unlike affirmative defenses, negative defenses typically do not have to be pied to avoid waiver. 

See, e.g., John Doe 310 v. Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon, No. 3: l 3-CV-822-PK, 2014 WL 

1668151, at *3 (D. Or. Apr. 25, 2014). However, as PRA accurately notes, the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure expressly permit parties to plead failure to state a claim for relief in a responsive 

pleading. See Fed. R. Civ. P. l 2(b ), (h)(2). Indeed, Rule 12(h)(2) makes clear that a defendant 

waives the defense if it does not raise it through a motion, responsive pleading, or amended 

pleading. Here, PRA chose to raise the defense in its responsive pleading rather than by motion. 

The fact that PRA alleges both a general denial and failure to state a claim for relief does 

not entitle Nyberg to judgment on the pleadings. See John Doe 310, 2014 WL 1668151, at *3-4 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 5 

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(declining to grant plaintiff judgment on the pleadings as to the defendant's Seventh Affirmative 

Defense, even though the defense was a negative defense that was preserved by the defendant's 

general denial). Nor was PRA required to plead any facts showing that Nyberg failed to state a 

claim for relief. See Gessele, 2011WL3881039, at *3 ("In response to an initial complaint, an 

affirmative defense based on failure to state a claim may be alleged in a conclusory fashion."). 

Consequently, Nyberg is not entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's First Affomative 

Defense. 

II. Second Affirmative Defense-Statute of Limitations/Laches 

PRA's Second Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

SECOND AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Statute of Limitations/Laches) 

The purported claims set forth in the FAC are baned in whole or in pa:ti by the 

applicable statutes of limitation and/or the equitable doctrine of !aches. 

Answer 6 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Second 

Affirmative Defense because Laches is an equitable defense, and as such, fails as a matter of law 

against Nyberg's FDCP A claim. Nyberg fmther argues that PRA's Second Affirmative Defense 

fails as a matter of law because it does not allege the applicable statute of limitations or facts 

demonstrating that Nyberg failed to bring this action within the limitations period. Nyberg also 

contends that he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Second Affomative 

Defense because it alleges both the statute of limitations and !aches, and therefore, the pleading 

fails to give Nyberg fair notice of the defense. 

PRA's opposition to Nyberg's Motion does not contain any responsive argument 

regarding PRA's Second Affirmative Defense. Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment on 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 6 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 6 of 20
the pleadings as to that defense. See, e.g., Engle v. Liberty Nlut. Fire Ins. Co., 402 F. Supp. 2d 

1157, 1160 (D. Haw. 2005) (granting unopposed motion for partial judgment on the pleadings). 

III. Third'Affirmative Defense-Bona Fide Error 

PRA's Third Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

THIRD AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Bona Fide Error) 

To the extent that any violation oflaw occurred, which PRA expressly denies, 

said violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error 

notwithstanding the maintenance by PRA of procedures reasonably adapted to 

avoid any such error. 

Answer 6 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Third 

Affomative Defense because PRA failed to allege any facts to support the defense, and 

consequently, the pleading fails to give Nyberg fair notice of the defense. Nyberg further argues 

that because PRA's Third Affirmative Defense essentially alleges mistake, PRA was required to 

plead the defense according to the heightened particularity pleading standard provided by 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b ). In response, PRA argues that it is not required to plead 

any facts in support of its Third Affirmative Defense, let alone facts sufficient to satisfy the 

heightened pleading standard provided by Rule 9(b ). 

Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Third Affirmative Defense. 

The defense contains nothing more than a bare-bones recitation of the statutory defense. See 5 

U.S.C.A. § 1692k(c) ("A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought under this 

subchapter if the debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not 

intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures 

reasonably adapted to avoid any such error."). I reject PRA's contention that it is not required to 

plead any facts supporting its bona fide error affirmative defense. As explained above, PRA 

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must plead its defenses with enough factual detail to give Nyberg "fair notice" of the defenses. 

Fair notice demands something more than a bare-bones recitation of the elements of a defense. 

See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 ("Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported 

by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555)). 1 Indeed, at 

least two district courts within the Ninth Circuit have held that the FDCP A bona fide error 

affirmative defense is subject to Rule 9(b)'s heightened pleading standard. See Youssofi v. Allied 

Interstate LLC, No. 15CV2197-GPC(JLB), 2016 WL 29625, at *3-4 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 4, 2016) 

(collecting cases from other district courts); Nguyen v. HOVG, LLC, No. 14CV837 BTM RBB, 

2014 WL 5361935, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2014) (citations omitted). Consequently, Nyberg is 

entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Third Affirmative Defense. 

IV. Fourth Affirmative Defense-No Willful Conduct 

PRA's Fourth Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

FOURTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(No Willful Conduct) 

PRA acted in good faith at all times in its dealings with Plaintiff, and if any 

conduct by PRA is found to be unlawful, which PRA expressly denies, such 

conduct was not willful and should not give rise to liability. 

Answer 6 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Fourth Affirmative Defense because the FDCPA is a strict liability statute. In response, PRA 

argues that its Fourth Affirmative Defense is proper because state of mind is relevant to damages 

under the FDCP A. 

1 PRA cites Saeedi v. lvf.R.S. Associates, 2007 WL 1875975, at* 1 (N.D. Cal. June 28, 2007) for 

the proposition that it does not need to plead a factual basis for its bona fide error affirmative 

defense. However, Saeedi was decided just after Twombly and does not cite to it. Therefore, I 

find the case unpersuasive and decline to adopt its reasoning or holding. 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 8 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 8 of 20
I agree with PRA. As Nyberg concedes, state of mind is relevant to damages under the 

FDCP A. When determining the amount of statutory damages, the court must consider, among 

other things, "the extent to which the debt collector's noncompliance was intentional."2 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1962k(b )(1 ). Consequently, Nyberg is not entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Fourth Affirmative Defense. See also John Doe 310, 2014 WL 1668151, at *3 ("[T]here is no 

impropriety in pleading a negative defense, however superfluous it may be to do so."). 

V. Fifth Affirmative Defense-Failure to Mitigate 

PRA's Fifth Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

FIFTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Failure to Mitigate) 

Plaintiff, although under a legal obligation to do so, has failed to take reasonable 

steps to mitigate any alleged damages that he may have and is therefore barred 

from recovering damages, if any, from PRA. 

Answer 6 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Fifth 

Affirmative Defense because PRA failed to allege any facts in support of the defense. In 

response, PRA argues that pied a sufficient factual basis in support of its Fifth Affirmative 

Defense. 

I agree with Nyberg. PRA failed to plead a single fact supporting its Fifth Affirmative 

Defense. Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to that defense. See, 

e.g., Hayden, 2015 WL 350665, at *6 ("All defenses asserted by the [defendant] must be 

"factually plausible." Thus, in pleading its affirmative defenses, the [defendant] should identify 

the actors and, to the extent possible, the acts and omissions relied upon for its enumerated 

defenses."). 

2 Nyberg seeks to recover statutory damages on his FDCPA claim. See Am. Comp!. iJ 35 (#24). 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 9 

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VI. Sixth Affirmative Defense-Waiver 

PRA's Sixth Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

SIXTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Waiver) 

Plaintiff has waived his rights, if any, to recover the relief he seeks in the F AC 

based upon his own conduct and admissions with respect to the financial 

obligation at issue. 

Answer 6 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Sixth 

Affirmative Defense because, under the Ninth Circuit's holding in Clark v. Capital Credit & 

Collection Service 460 F.3d 1162, 1171 (9th Cir. 2006), Nyberg cannot waive the FDCPA 

protections that form the basis of his claim. In response, PRA argues that FDCP A protections 

can be waived. 

I agree with Nyberg. Nyberg alleges that PRA violated the FDCP A's prohibitions against 

debt collection through harassment or abuse, false or misleading statements, and unfair or 

unconscionable means. See Am. Comp!. ilil 31-34 (#24). The Clark court made clear that 

consumers cannot waive those FDCP A prohibitions. After explaining that "waiver is not 

appropriate when it is inconsistent with the provision creating the right sought to be secured," the 

court stated "what should be obvious: a consumer's consent carmot waive protection from the 

practices the FDCP A seeks to eliminate, such as false, misleading, harassing or abusive 

communications. Permitting such a waiver would violate the public policy goals pursued by the 

FDCPA." Clark, 460 F.3d t 1170-71 n.5 (citations omitted). Consequently, PRA's Sixth 

Affomative Defense fails as a matter oflaw, and Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings 

as to that defense. 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 10 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 10 of 20
VII. Seventh Affirmative Defense--Good Faith 

PRA's Seventh Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

SEVENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Good Faith) 

PRA has, at all material times with respect to Plaintiff, acted in good faith in an 

effort to comply fully with all relevant federal and state laws. 

Answer 7 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Seventh 

Affirmative Defense because: "If the defense is maintained then PRA cannot object on the basis 

of privilege to plaintiffs inquiry as to what PRA believed the state of the law was and how it 

attempted to comply with the law." Plf.'s Mot. 9 (#30). As with PRA's Fourth Affirmative 

Defense, Nyberg argues once again that the FDCP A is a strict liability statute, and as a result, 

good faith is irrelevant. Although PRA opposes Nyberg's strict liability argument as set forth 

above, it does not respond to Nyberg's argument regarding privilege. 

Notwithstanding PRA's failure to respond to Nyberg's privilege argument, I cannot 

conclude that Nyberg is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on PRA's Seventh Affirmative 

Defense. As explained above, I am prohibited from going beyond the pleadings in ruling on 

Nyberg's Motion. See Hal Roach Studios, 896 F.2d at 1550 (citations omitted). The privilege 

issue Nyberg raises is beyond the pleadings and more appropriately addressed through a motion 

to compel. Additionally, I have already rejected Nyberg's strict liability argument for the reasons 

provided above. Consequently, Nyberg is not entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Seventh Affirmative Defense. See also John Doe 310, 2014 WL 1668151, at *3 ("[T]here is no 

impropriety in pleading a negative defense, however superfluous it may be to do so."). 

VIII. Eighth Affirmative Defense--Unclean Hands 

PRA's Eighth Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

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Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 11 of 20
EIGHTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Unclean Hands) 

The allegations in the F AC and relief requested are, on information and belief, 

barred in whole or in part by the doctrine of unclean hands. 

Answer 7 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Eighth 

Affirmative Defense because unclean hands is an equitable defense, and therefore, it is 

inapplicable to Nyberg's FDCP A claim. In response, PRA argues that unclean hands is a proper 

defense to an FDCP A action. In supp01i, PRA relies on cases holding that unclean hands is a 

proper defense to actions for Lanham Act violations, patent infringement, and violations of the 

Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"). 

Unclean hands is not a proper defense to an FDCP A claim. See JvlcCabe v. Crawford & 

Co., 272 F. Supp. 2d 736, 749 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (citing Keele v. Wexler, 149 F.3d 589, 591-96 

(7th Cir. 1998)). It is well-settled that unclean hands is an equitable defense. See, e.g., 

Ellenburg v. Brockway, Inc., 763 F.2d 1091, 1097 (9th Cir. 1985). Although the defense has 

been extended to statutory claims for patent infringement and violations of the Lanham Act and 

the ADA, the FDCP A is distinguishable from those statutes. The FDCP A focuses primarily (if 

not exclusively) on the conduct of the debt collector. Consequently, whether an FDCPA plaintiff 

has unclean hands is irrelevant to the defendant's liability for violating the statute. See i\fcCabe, 

272 F. Supp. 2d at 749 (citing Keele, 149 F.3d at 591-96). Nyberg is therefore entitled to 

judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Eighth Affirmative Defense. 

IX. Ninth Affirmative Defense-Equitable Indemnity 

PRA's Ninth Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

NINTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Equitable Indemnity) 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 12 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 12 of 20
To the extent that Plaintiff has suffered any damage as a result of any alleged act 

or omission of PRA, which PRA expressly denies, PRA is entitled to equitable 

indemnity according to comparative fault from other persons and/or entities 

causing or contributing to such damages, if any. 

Answer 7 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Ninth 

Affirmative Defense because equitable indemnity and comparative negligence are not proper 

defenses to an FDCP A claim. In response, PRA argues that the defense is applicable because it 

would negate or reduce the actual damages alleged by Nyberg. 

I agree with Nyberg. Equitable indemnity and comparative fault are not defenses to an 

FDCPA claim. See Perez v. Gordon & Wong Law Grp., P.C., No. l l-CV-03323-LHK, 2012 

WL 1029425, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 26, 2012); Scott v. Fed. Bond & Collection Serv., Inc., No. 

10-CV-02825-LHK, 2011WL176846, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2011). Consequently, Nyberg is 

entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Ninth Affirmative Defense. 

X. Tenth Affirmative Defense-Standing 

PRA's Tenth Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

TENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Standing) 

Plaintiff has not suffered any injury as a result of PRA's alleged conduct and 

therefore lacks standing to sue. 

Answer 7 (#26). Nyberg contends that he is "at a loss for how standing is an issue." Plf.'s Mot. 

11 (#30). In response, PRA argues that Nyberg will be unable to prove that he suffered actual 

damages, and his claim for statutory damages will fail as well. As a result, PRA argues, Nyberg 

will be unable to establish that he suffered an injury in fact sufficient to confer standing. 

PRA's Tenth Affirmative Defense fails as a matter of law. The Supreme Court recently 

reiterated the three elements that form the "irreducible constitutional minimum" of standing: 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 13 

g
"The plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the 

challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial 

decision." Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, No. 13-1339, 2016 WL 2842447, at *5 (U.S. May 16, 2016) 

(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). "To establish injury in fact, a plaintiff 

must show that he or she suffered 'an invasion of a legally protected interest' that is 'concrete and 

particularized' and 'actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical."' Id. at *6 (citation 

omitted). 

Nyberg's claim that PRA attempted to collect a debt in violation of the FDCPA by filing 

Nyberg 1 sufficiently alleges that he suffered a concrete, paiiicularized injury. See Tourgeman v. 

Collins Fin. Servs., Inc., 755 F.3d 1109, 1117 (9th Cir. 2014); see also Spokeo, 2016 WL 

284 244 7, at * 5 ("Where, as here, a case is at the pleading stage, the plaintiff must "clearly ... 

allege facts demonstrating" each element [of standing]." (alteration in original) (quoting Warth v. 

Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 518 (1975))). It is undisputed that PRA initiated Nyberg 1 against Nyberg. 

See Answer if 22 (#26). Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to 

PRA's Tenth Affirmative Defense. 

XI. Eleventh Affirmative Defense--First Amendment 

PRA's Eleventh Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

ELEVENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(First Amendment) 

PRA's conduct is protected under the First Amendment of the United States 

Constitution. Plaintiffs proposed interpretation of provisions of the Fair Debt 

Collection Practices Act must be rejected as it would place an umeasonable 

restraint upon PRA's First Amendment rights, thereby raising serious 

constitutional issues. 

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Answer 7 (#26). Nyberg argues that it is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Eleventh Affirmative Defense because PR.A failed to identify the protected speech it engaged in. 

In response, PRA argues that it has a First Amendment right to pursue litigation against 

consumers who do not fulfill their financial obligations. 

PRA's Eleventh Affirmative Defense fails as a matter of law. As explained above, the 

essence ofNyberg's FDCP A claim is that PRA violated the statute by filing its complaint in 

Nyberg I. PRA does not cite any authority in support of its argument that it has a First 

Amendment right to pursue litigation against consumers who do not fulfill their financial 

obligations. Although Nyberg likewise fails to cite any authority on point, I was able to find 

several cases addressing the issue. All of those decisions support the conclusion that the First 

Amendment does not confer a right upon debt collectors to petition courts in a manner that 

violates the FDCPA. See Hartman v. Great Seneca Fin. Corp., 569 F.3d 606, 616 (6th Cir. 

2009) ("[T]he First Amendment does not shield lawyers engaged in litigation from FDCPA 

liability."); Consumer Fin. Prat. Bureau v. Frederick J. Hanna & Associates, P. C., 114 F. Supp. 

3d 1342, 1359-61 (N.D. Ga. 2015) (collecting cases holding that the First Amendment does not 

provide a defense against FDCPA claims); lvfarie v. Legal Express, Ltd., No. C-15-3977 MMC, 

2015 WL 7454147, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 24, 2015) ("[U]nder federal law, the 'Noerr-Pennington 

doctrine,' which requires federal statutes be construed to 'avoid burdening conduct that implicates 

the protections afforded by the [First Amendment's] Petition Clause,' is not a defense to an 

FDCP A claim ... based on the defendant's having made false statements in connection with a 

court proceeding." (alteration in original) (citations omitted)); Reyes v. Kenosian & Miele, LLP, 

619 F. Supp. 2d 796, 804 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (rejecting "Defendants' assertion that the First 

Amendment, as a matter of law, protects the filing of a state court complaint from the reach of 

OPINION & ORDER-PAGE 15 

Case 3:15-cv-01175-PK Document 36 Filed 06/02/16 Page 15 of 20
the FDCPA"); see also Donohue v. Quick Collect, Inc., 592 F.3d 1027, 1031-32 (9th Cir. 2010) 

("[A] complaint served directly on a consumer to facilitate debt-collection efforts is a 

communication subject to the requirements of [15 U.S.C.] §§ 1692e and 1692f."). 

Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Eleventh 

Affirmative Defense. 

XII. Twelfth Affirmative Defense-Apportionment 

PRA's Twelfth Affirmative Defense is pled in its entirety as follows: 

TWELFTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Apportionment) 

Without admitting that any damages exist, if damages were suffered by Plaintiff 

as alleged in the F AC, those damages were proximately caused by and 

contributed by persons other than PRA. The liability, if any exists, of PRA and/or 

any responsible parties, named or unnamed, should be apportioned according to 

their relative degrees of fault, and the liability of PRA should be reduced 

accordingly. 

Answer 8 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Twelfth 

Affirmative Defense because it is not a proper defense to an FDCP A claim. In response, PRA 

argues that apportionment is a proper defense to an FDCP A claim. 

I agree with Nyberg. Apportionment is not a proper defense to an FDCP A claim. See 

Perez, 2012 WL 1029425, at *11. Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the 

pleadings as to PRA's Twelfth Affirmative Defense. 

XIII. Thirteenth Affirmative Defense-Supervening Cause 

PRA's Thirteenth Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

THIRTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Supervening Cause) 

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The causes of action in the F AC are barred, in whole or in part, to the extent that 

any injury or loss sustained was caused by intervening or supervening events over 

which PRA had or has no control. 

Answer 8 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Thi1teenth Affirmative Defense because PRA failed to allege any facts in support of the defense. 

Nyberg fiuther argues that the supervening cause defense is inapplicable to the FDCP A. In 

response, PRA argues that its supervening cause defense is applicable to Ny berg's FDCP A claim 

because it will bar or limit the amount of actual damages Nyberg seeks to recover under that 

claim. 

PRA's Thiiteenth Affirmative Defense is deficient because it fails to give Nyberg fair 

notice of the defense. In Perez v. Gordon & Wong Law Group, the United States District Comt 

for the Northern District of California struck an identical affirmative defense.3 As the comt 

explained: 

The Court agrees with Plaintiff that none of the affirmative defenses are pied with 

sufficient particularity to give Plaintiff fair notice of the grounds for the asserted 

defense. [An] illustrative example is the tenth affirmative defense, "supervening 

cause," which reads in its entirety: "The causes of action in the Complaint are 

barred, in whole or in part, to the extent that any injury or loss sustained was 

caused by intervening or supervening events over which Defendants have or have 

no control." Answer at l 0. Defendants fail to allege any actual intervening or 

supervening events on which they base their affirmative defense. All of the 

affirmative defenses are similarly deficient. Without these basic factual 

allegations, Plaintiff cannot ascertain the grounds for Defendants' various 

affirmative defenses and is thus deprived of fair notice. 

2012 WL 1029425, at* 10. I am persuaded by the reasoning of the Perez court. Consequently, 

Nyberg is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's Thirteenth Affirmative Defense. 

XIV. Fourteenth Affirmative Defense-Setoff 

PRA's Fourteenth Affirmative Defense is pied in its entirety as follows: 

3 Notably, the defendant in Perez was represented by the same firm that represents PRA in this 

action. 

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FOURTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE 

(Set-off) 

To the extent that Plaintiff is entitled to recover any damages, which PRA denies, 

PRA is entitled to a setoff in the amount of Plaintiffs unpaid financial obligation. 

Answer 8 (#26). Nyberg argues he is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to PRA's 

Fourteenth Affirmative Defense because set off is an equitable doctrine that cannot be asserted as 

an affirmative defense to an FDCP A claim. In support, Nyberg cites Reed v. Global Acceptance 

Credit No. C-08-01826-RMW, 2008 WL 3330165, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2008), wherein the 

United States District Comi for the N01ihem District of California suggested that setoff could not 

be asserted as a defense or counterclaim to an FDCP A claim because it would be "contrary to the 

established policies of [the J FDCP A." 

PRA's opposition to Nyberg's Motion does not contain any responsive argument 

regarding PRA's Fomteenth Affirmative Defense. Consequently, Nyberg is entitled to judgment 

on the pleadings as to that defense. See, e.g., Engle, 402 F. Supp. 2d at 1160 (granting 

unopposed motion for partial judgment on the pleadings). 

XV. Leave to Amend 

PRA moves the court for leave to amend its Answer in the event any of its affirmative 

defenses are found to not be properly pied. As explained above, with the exception of the First 

Affirmative Defense (failure to state a claim), Fomih Affirmative Defense (no willful conduct), 

and Seventh Affirmative Defense (good faith), all of PRA's affirmative defenses are improperly 

pl ed. 

Although Rule 12(c) is silent as to leave to amend, courts have discretion to grant a Rule 

12(c) motion with leave to amend. See Lonberg v. City of Riverside, 300 F. Supp. 2d 942, 945 

(C.D. Cal. 2004). Additionally, courts "should freely give leave when justice so requires." Fed. 

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R. Civ. P. l 5(a)(2). Courts consider the following factors in adjudicating motions to amend: (1) 

undue prejudice to the opposing party, (2) undue delay, (3) repeated failure to cure deficiencies 

by previous amendments, (4) bad faith, (5) dilatory motive, and (6) futility of the proposed 

amendment. See lvfoore v. Kayport Package Krp., Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 538 (9th Cir. 1989) 

(citations omitted). 

Because PRA's opposition to Nyberg's Motion does not contain any responsive argument 

regarding the Second and Fourteenth Affirmative Defenses, I find that an amendment of those 

defenses would be futile. Consequently, those defenses will be dismissed with prejudice. 

Additionally, for the reasons provided above, PRA's Sixth Affirmative Defense (waiver), Eighth 

Affirmative Defense (unclean hands), Ninth Affirmative Defense (equitable indemnity), Tenth 

Affirmative Defense (standing), Eleventh Affirmative Defense (First Amendment), and Twelfth 

Affirmative Defense (apportionment) are also futile. Those defenses will therefore be dismissed 

with prejudice as well. 

That leaves the Third Affirmative Defense (bona fide error), Fifth Affirmative Defense 

(failure to mitigate) and Thirteenth Affirmative Defense (supervening cause). Nyberg initially 

argued that PRA should not be granted leave to amend those defenses because he would be 

prejudiced by his inability to conduct additional discovery on the amended defenses prior to June 

2, 2016 discovery deadline that is currently in place in this matter. However, I have since 

extended the discovery deadline. Consequently, PRA will be granted leave to amend its Third, 

Fifth, and Thirteenth Affirmative Defense. 

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons provided above, Nyberg's Motion (#30) is granted and denied as follows: 

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1. The Motion is denied with respect to the First, Fourth, and Seventh Affinnative 

Defenses. 

2. The Motion is granted with respect to the Third, Fifth, and Thirteenth Affirmative 

Defenses, and those defenses are dismissed without prejudice. 

3. The Motion is granted with respect to the Second, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, 

Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Affirmative Defenses, and those defenses are 

dismissed with prejudice. 

Additionally, PRA is ordered to file an amended answer within 10 days of the date of this 

Opinion and Order. 

Dated this 2nd day of June, 2016. 

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