UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA LANNY J. DAVIS & ASSOCIATES LLC, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 11-1787 (RC) : v. : Re Document Nos.: 12, 14 : REPUBLIC OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA, : : Defendant. : MEMORANDUM OPINION G RANTING IN P ART AND D ENYING IN P ART P LAINTIFF ’ S M OTION FOR D EFAULT J UDGMENT ; AND F INDING AS M OOT P LAINTIFF ’ S M OTION FOR A H EARING

I. INTRODUCTION This action arises out of an alleged breach of contract for legal services between a law firm and a foreign sovereign nation. The foreig n sovereign defendant was served with process but has not appeared in this litig ation. Now before the Court are the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and motion for a status conference to conduct a hearing on damages. For the reasons described below, because the plaintiff has shown its entitlement to relief, the Court will grant the plaintiff’s motion for default judgment and make a determination of damages. Because this opinion and accompanying order dispose of the case , the Court finds as moot the plaintiff’s motion for a hearing.

II. FACTUAL ALLEGA TIONS AND BACKGROUND On February 15, 2010, McDermott, Will & Em ery LLP (“MWE”) and the defendant, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (“Equatorial Guinea”) , entered into a contract for legal services (the “Engagement Agreement” or the “Agreement”). See Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 1-1. H.E. Don2 Alejandro Evuna Owono Asangano (“Don Alejandro”), the Minister of Stat e and a senior advisor to President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, si gned the Agreement on Equatorial Guinea’s behalf. See id. at 6; Davis Decl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 12-2. Lanny J. Davis and Eileen M. O’Connor were the principal MWE attorneys responsible for performing the legal services under the Agreement. See Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 1-1. The Engagement Agreement stipulated that between February 15, 2010, and January 31, 2011, MWE would perform “services” for the defenda nt, the details of which were defined by the “integrated” Memorandu m of Understanding. See id. § I. In the December 24, 2009, Memorandum of Understanding, which “sets forth th e understanding of the scope of services . . . that will govern the relationship between Davi s–O’Connor/MWE and His Excellency President Obiang[,]” the services included advice and assist ance in instituting a “comprehensive program of political, legal, and economi c reform [the “Reform Program ”], including, without limitation, the rule of law, democracy, an independent judi ciary, and a free press.” Compl. Ex. B at 2, ECF No. 1-2. MWE also agreed to “establish and implement an effective U.S. media and political communications plan” to advertise Equatorial Guinea in the United States and to “provide scheduling assistance and support” for the President and senior officials when they visited the United States. Id. at 2–3. In exchange for the services, Equatorial Guinea agreed to pay MWE $2,055,000 in four equal semi-annual installments of $513,750.00. Co mpl. Ex. A § IV, ECF No. 1-1. Payments were to be due on March 15, 2010; September 15, 2010; March 15, 2011; and September 15,
2011. See id. ; see also Davis Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 12-2. Additionally, in a December 24, 2009, letter attached to the Memo randum of Understanding, MWE comm unicated its expectation that Equatorial Guinea would reimburse MWE for “ord inary and necessary out-of-pocket expenses,”3 including transportation, lodging, an d other incidental expenses, “without [Equatorial Guinea’s] prior approval.” Compl. Ex. A at 9, ECF No. 1-1; see also Davis Decl. ¶¶ 5–6, ECF No. 12-2. The same provision is also included in the Engagement Agreement itself. See Pl.’s Notice Filing Resp. Min. Order Ex. 1 § III, ECF No. 18-1 (“[T]h e Presidency of the Republic will reimburse MWE for the ordinary expenses incurred by virtue of this Engagement Agreement without its prior approval . . . .”); see also Davis Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 12-2. In April 2010, Mr. Davis left MWE and established Lanny J. Davis & Associates LLC (“LJDA”), the plaintiff in this action. See id. ¶ 7. After Mr. Davis left MWE, the firm verbally agreed to assign the Engagement Agreement and its payments to LJDA. See id. Additionally, Equatorial Guinea remitted its June 2011 paym ent to LJDA, an action that LJDA claims represents Equatorial Guinea’s awarene ss of and consent to the assignment. See id. ; Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. D, ECF No. 12-4. Beginning in March 2010, LJDA claims to ha ve undertaken a “multiple-pronged effort” to implement and support the Reform Program. See Compl. ¶ 16, ECF No. 1. In particular, LJDA claims that it took steps to procure E quatorial Guinea’s membership in the Energy Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and assisted in draf ting a public address delivered by President Obiang at the Global Media Forum in Cape Town, South Africa, on June 22, 2010.
See id. Mr. Davis travelled to Africa on fouroccasions in May 2010, June 2010, July 2010, and November 2010, each trip allegedly undertaken “w ith the direction, knowledge, approval, and direct participation of senior representatives of the Governme nt of Equatorial Guinea.” Id. ¶ 12; see also Compl. Ex. E, ECF No. 1-5; Davis Decl . ¶ 8, ECF No. 12-2. On these trips, LJDA claims to have “worked closely” with the U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea and senior officials of the West Africa Bureau of the U. S. State Department to report on efforts to4 implement the Reform Program. See Compl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 1. Additionally, in Washington, D.C., Mr. Davis met with President Obiang, the Equatoguinean Ambassador to the United States, the World Bank, oil company trade associations, and construction co ntractors that did business in Equatorial Guinea. See Davis Decl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 12-2. Following difficulties in security payment, on February 3, 2011, the parties agreed to terminate the Engagement Agreement. See id. ¶ 12. Equatorial Guin ea had paid the March 15, 2010, installment of the Agreement to MWE in June 2010, see Compl. ¶ 13, ECF No. 1, and the September 15, 2010 installment to LJDA in March 2011, see id. ¶ 18. In mid-March 2011, LJDA sent a table of the out-of-pocket expenses to Equatorial Guinea by mail and, on July 21, 2011, sent the table again by email. See Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. G, ECF No. 12-7. On three occasions, LJDA sent a notebook of the expenses , including receipts, to Don Alejandro. See id. Equatorial Guinea has paid for neither MWE’ s nor LJDA’s out-of-pocke t expenses, which LJDA claims total $141,911.11. 1 See Compl

. ¶ 21 & Ex. E, ECF Nos. 1, 1-5. LJDA has reimbursed MWE for all Agreement-related costs and now claims to be the sole party entitled to enforce the Agreement against Equatorial Guinea. See Compl. ¶ 24. On September 8, 2011, LJDA made its “final written demand” to Equatorial Guinea. See Davis Decl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 12-2. LJDA filed this action on October 7, 2011. On October 14, 2011, pursuant to the service requirements of the Foreign Sovereign Immunitie s Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3) (2006),

1 The out-of-pocket expenses include $55,569.94 for trip charges; $6,799.10 for airfare for Ambassador Ondo; $474.33 for business meals; $13,405.56 for the National Day Party; $1,840.12 for translations; $2,101.70 for video, DVD, and cable; $162.05 for computer assisted research; $5,333.59 for telephone calls; $564.54 for local transportation; $8,438.04 for wireless roaming charges; $290.12 for business offi ce telephone; $721.23 for wireless cellphones; $610.00 for filing and registration fees; $524.05 for photocopies; $18.00 for faxes; $268.35 for messengers and couriers; $33.96 for express mail; $38,757.06 for professional services and consultants; $3,722.15 for miscellaneous expenses, which include travel -related expenses such as parking and vaccinations; $2,177.50 for administrative support; and $129.72 for travel and business meals. See Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. G, ECF No. 12-7.5 the Deputy Clerk of the Court mailed Equatorial Guinea one copy of the summons, complaint, and notice of suit with a Span ish translation of each. See Certif. Mailing, ECF No. 4. On January 6, 2012, LJDA received a signed return rece ipt for international mail, which was dated November 7, 2011. See Notice Proof Serv., ECF No. 5. Eq uatorial Guinea failed to file a response within sixty days of service, the statutory period under the FSIA. See 28 U.S.C. § 1608(d) (2006). On February 27, 2012, the Clerk entered default against Equatorial Guinea.
See Default, ECF No. 8. LJDA later filed a mo tion for default judgment and a motion for a status conference. See Mot. Default J., ECF No. 12; Mot. Status Conf., EC F No. 14. Although those motions have been pending for more th an seven months, Equatorial Guinea has not responded to either motion, has not entered an app earance, and has otherwise failed to participate in this litigation.

III. ANALYSIS A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction (Sovereign Immunity) 1. Legal Standard Under the FSIA, “[s]ubject to existing inte rnational agreements to which the United States is a party at the time of enactment of this Act a foreig n state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States a nd of the States except as provided in sections 1605 to 1607 . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1604 (2006); see also Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 573 F.3d 835, 839 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (“[F]oreign states ge nerally are entitled to immunity unless the case falls within one of a list of statutory ex ceptions.”). Because C ongress has “undisputed power to decide . . . whether and under what ci rcumstances foreign natio ns should be amenable to suit in the United States[,]” Verlinden B.V. v. Cent. Bank of Nigeria , 461 U.S. 480, 493 (1983), the exceptions in sections 1605 to 1607 are “the sole basis” for obtaining subject matter6 jurisdiction over a foreign state a nd “must be applied by the district courts in every action against a foreign sovereign,” Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. , 488 U.S. 428, 434– 35 (1989) (quoting Verlinden B.V. , 461 U.S. at 493) (internal quotation marks omitted). 2. Commercial Activity LJDA contends that Equatorial Guinea is no t immune from suit because of the FSIA’s “commercial activity” exception. See Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Default J. 9, ECF No. 12. LJDA makes three arguments to support its position: (1) that Equatorial Guinea itself carried on commercial activities in the United States through the actions of Don Alejandro, who participated in meetings, telephone conversat ions, and email discussions regarding the Engagement Agreement; (2) that Mr. Davis conducte d “virtually all of hi s work” in Washington, D.C., in connection with commercial activities; and (3) that Equato rial Guinea carried on commercial activities outside the United States that caused a direct effect in the United States. See id. at 11–15. Equatorial Guinea has not addre ssed the Court’s jurisdiction, having failed to participate in this case. Courts have subject matter jurisdiction over su its arising from “comme rcial activity” that is either (1) “based upon a co mmercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state;” (2) “performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere;” or (3) carried on “out side the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the forei gn state elsewhere and that . . . causes a direct effect in the United States . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2) (2006). “Commercial activity” is defined as “either a regular course of commercia l conduct or a particularcommercial transaction
or act.” Id. § 1603(d). “The commercial character of an activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transacti on or act, rather than by7 reference to its purpose.” Id. A contract for the provision of legal services constitutes “commercial activity” u nder section 1605(a)(2). Embassy of the Fed. Republic of Nigeria v. Ugwuonye , 901 F. Supp. 2d 136, 141 (D.D.C. 2012) (“Cont racts for legal services have been found to constitute commercial activity when the cl aim against the foreign state arose from the state’s failure to pay legal fees. . . . In re taining Defendants’ services for various legal transactions and services in the United States , the Embassy engaged in commercial activity. As a result, the commercial activ ity exception to immunity under FSIA applies . . . .”); Reichler, Milton & Medel v. Republic of Liberia , 484 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2007) (concluding that Liberia’s contracts for legal services constituted “commercial activity” under the FSIA). LJDA argues that the Engagement Agreement can be considered a commercial activity that was “carried on in the United States.” To sustain jurisdiction on this basis, “something more than a mere connection with, or relation to, commercial activity” must be shown. Saudi Arabia v. Nelson , 507 U.S. 349, 358 (1993); see also NYSA–ILA Pension Trust Fund v. Garuda Indonesia , 7 F.3d 35, 38 (2d Cir. 1993) (requiring a “s ignificant nexus” between the commercial activity in this country and a plaintiff’s cause of action). The “action must be ‘based upon’ some ‘commercial activity’ by [the defendant] that had ‘substantial contact’ with the United States within the meaning of the Act.” Nelson , 507 U.S. at 356. The Court concludes that this standard is easily met. Mr. Davis has testified that “[o]ther than the four trips [he] undertook to Africa, the majority of [his ] work was performed here in Washington, D.C.” Davis Decl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 12- 2. Mr. Davis testified that he met with the Equatoguinean ambassador more than a dozen times in Washington D.C.; he also claims to have conducted several meetings with other Equatoguin ean officials, U.S. business leaders, NGOs, the World Bank, and State Department staff in the United States. See id. The Court sees no reason8 to doubt that these events and most of Mr. Davi s’s work did take place within Washington, D.C., especially in light of his office location here (both at MWE and later at LJDA). Because LJDA’s action arises from commercial activity that was carried on in the United States, sovereign immunity does not apply. Even if Equatorial Guinea’s participation in the Engagement Agreement were not a commercial activity “carried on in the United States ,” subject matter jurisdiction would still exist because this action arises from commercial ac tivity committed outside the U.S., but causing a “direct effect” here. See 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2) (2006). “I f the sovereign’s activity is commercial in nature and has a direct effect in the United States, then the jurisdictional nexus is met, no immunity attaches, and a district court ha s the authority to adjudi cate disputes based on that activity.” Commercial Bank of Kuwait v. Rafidain Bank , 15 F.3d 238, 241 (2d Cir. 1994). Moreover, “a foreign sovereign’s failure to make a contractually required deposit in a bank in the United States meets the statute’s definition of a ‘direct effect,’ without regard to whether the parties considered the place of payment ‘im portant,’ ‘critical,’ or ‘integral.’” I.T. Consultants, Inc. v. Republic of Pakistan , 351 F.3d 1184, 1186 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see also Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc. , 504 U.S. 607, 619 (1992) (“Because New York was . . . the place of performance for Argentina’s ultimate contractual obligations, the re scheduling of those obligations necessarily had a ‘dir ect effect’ in the United States: Money that was supposed to have been delivered to a New York bank for deposit was not forthcoming.”). Equatorial Guinea’s payments under the Engagement Agreement were made in U.S. currency to banks in the United States. See Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. D, ECF No. 12-4. Thus, even if it could be said that the relevant acts were committed outside the United States, Equatorial Guinea’s failure to pay caused a “direct effect” here. Reichler, Milton & Medel , 4849 F. Supp. 2d at 2 (noting that juri sdiction existed “because payment for the legal services was to be made to a banking institution in the United Stat es” and “Liberia’s failure to meet its payment obligation under this contract qualifi es as an act that ‘causes a dire ct effect in the United States’ under the FSIA.”). Thus, the Court concludes thatthe “commercial activity” exception applies, and that sovereign immunity poses no bar to LJDA’s claim. B. Personal Jurisdiction Once subject matter jurisdiction exists unde r the FSIA, personal jurisdiction over a foreign state defendant is established, provided that the defe ndant was properly served. See 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b) (2006) (“Personal jurisdiction over a foreign state shall exist as to every claim for relief over which the district courts have ju risdiction . . . where serv ice has been made under section 1608 of this title.”); I.T. Consultants , 351 F.3d at 1188; see also Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia , 811 F.2d 1543, 1548 n.11 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[U]nder the FSIA, subject matter jurisdiction plus service of process equals personal jurisd iction.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 2 Here, service was initiated pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3) on October 14, 2011,

see Certif. Mailing, ECF No. 4, and a signed return receipt indicates that service was effected upon Equatorial Guinea on November 7, 2011, see Notice Proof Serv., ECF No. 5. Accordingly, the Court is satisfied that it has personal juri sdiction over Equatorial Guinea in this matter.

2 The court need not determine whether the de fendant had “minimum contacts” with this forum. That analysis is normally undertaken to ascertain whether a court’ s assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with the Due Process Clause. I.T. Consultants v. Pakistan , 351 F.3d 1184, 1191 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Valore v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 70–71 (D.D.C. 2010). But “foreign st ates are not ‘persons’ protected by the Fifth Amendment.” Price v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , 294 F.3d 82, 96 (D.C. Cir. 2002). Thus, “as a constitutional matter, there is no constitutional matter.” I.T. Consultants , 351 F.3d at 1191.10 C. Default Judgment Having determined that it has subject matte r jurisdiction over this case and personal jurisdiction over Equatorial Guinea, the Court now turns to the merits of LJDA’s motion for default judgment. Because the Court is able to resolve the motion based on the documentary evidence submitted with LJDA’s briefing, LJDA’s motion for a status conference to determine damages is moot. 1. Legal Standard To obtain a default judgment under Federal Ru le of Civil Procedure 55, a plaintiff must undertake two steps. First, the plaintiff should re quest that the Clerk of the Court enter a default against the party who has “failed to plead or othe rwise defend” against an action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). LJDA complied with this step on Februa ry 27, 2012, and the Clerk entered default on that same day. See Aff. Default, ECF No. 7; Default, ECF No. 8. Once default has been entered, the plaintiff may move fo r default judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b). A court may not enter default judgment agains t a foreign state under the FSIA “unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e) (2006). “This requirement ‘imposes a duty on FSIA courts to not simply accept a complaint’s unsupported allegations as true, and obligates courts to i nquire further before entering judgment against parties in default.’” Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 864 F. Supp. 2d 24, 28 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Rimkus v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 750 F. Supp. 2d 163, 171 (D.D.C. 2010)). In evaluating wh ether a plaintiff has sufficiently established its claim, courts may accept the plaintiff’s uncontroverted factual allegations if they are supported by documentary and affidavit evidence. See Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 879 F. Supp. 2d 44, 49 (D.D.C. 2012); see also Belkin v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 667 F. Supp. 2d 8, 20 (D.D.C.11 2009) (“In default judgment cases, plaintiffs may pr esent such evidence in th e form of affidavits or declarations rather than through liv e witnesses testifyi ng in open court.”). 2. Breach of Contract “The FSIA is purely jurisdictional in na ture, and creates no cause of action.” McKesson Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 672 F.3d 1066, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 2012), cert. denied , 133 S. Ct. 1582 (2013). So, once the Court determines that ju risdiction exists, it must determine whether a cause of action is available—fo r example, under state law. Oveissi , 573 F.3d at 840. Here, LJDA brings a suit for breach of contract and quantum meruit and, for purposes of its default judgment motion, elects breach of contra ct as the basis for damages. See Pl.’s Resp. Ct. Order 3–4, ECF No. 17. 3 a. Choice of Law Before reaching the substance of LJDA’s breach of contract claim, the Court must first determine whether D.C. or Equatoguinean law applies. 4 Neither the Engagement Agreement nor the FSIA contains an express choi ce-of-law provision. In FSIA cases, the forum state’s choiceof-law rules apply. See Oveissi , 573 F.3d at 841. District of Columbia courts apply “a constructive blending” of a “governmental in terest analysis” with a “most significant relationship” test. Hercules & Co. v. Shama Rest. Corp. , 566 A.2d 31, 41 n.18 (D.C. 1989). In

3 LJDA requests that the Court not dismiss th e quantum meruit claim, however, asserting that “[i]t is conceivable this cl aim may yet become an issue were the defendant to challenge . . . the contractual debt itself.” Pl.’s Resp. Ct. Order 3–4, ECF No. 17. Therefore, the Court will apply a breach of contract anal ysis without prejudice to LJDA’s right to raise an alternative quantum meruit claim should Equatorial Guinea challenge the contractual debt. See also N. Am. Graphite Corp. v. Allan , 184 F.2d 387, 389–90 (D.C. Cir. 1950). 4 Because neither LJDA nor the Court is well -versed in the nuances of Equatoguinean contract law, the Court w ill, at LJDA’s recommendation, see Pl.’s Resp. Ct. Order 4–5, ECF No. 17, assume that there is a conflict between D.C. and Equatoguinean contract law triggering a choice-of-law analysis. See also Eli Lilly & Co. v. Home Ins. Co. , 764 F.2d 876, 882 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (“Under District of Columbia principles, we must first determine whether there is a conflict between the laws of th e relevant jurisdictions.”).12 applying this blended analysis to breach of contract disputes in which the contract lacks an effective choice-of-law provision, D.C. courts appl y the five factors outlined in the Restatement: “(1) the place of contracting, (2) the place of negotiation of the contract, (3) the place of performance of the contract, (4) the location of the subject matter of the contract[,] and (5) the place of incorporation and the pla ce of business of the parties.” Kroger v. Legalbill.com , 436 F. Supp. 2d 97, 104 (D.D.C. 2006) (collecting cases); see also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188(2) (1971). Although MWE and Equatorial Guinea each signed the Engagement Agreement in their own locations (Washington, D.C., and Equatorial Guinea, respectively), the contract was both drafted and translated into Spanish in D.C. See 2d Davis Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 17-1. Following an initial meeting between Mr. Davi s and President Obiang in New Yo rk, the contract negotiations took place via email from the parties’ respective locati ons in Washington, D. C., and Equatorial Guinea. See id. The vast majority of LJDA’s performance under the Agreement occurred in Washington, D.C., including Mr. Davis’s work devising media and poli tical communication strategies and his meetings with Equatorial Gu inea’s ambassador, U.S. State Department staff, the World Bank, and various NGOs. See id. ¶ 7. Mr. Davis’s place of business, both at MWE and at LJDA, was in Washington, D.C., while Equatorial Guinea worked from both its home territory and its embassy in Washington, D.C. See id. On balance, each factor favors the application of D.C. contract law, though the “place of negotiation” fa ctor is, at worst, neutral. Therefore, the Court will apply D.C. contract law to this dispute. b. Prima Facie Case and Determination of Damages “For a plaintiff to prevail in a FSIA defa ult proceeding, the plai ntiff must present a legally sufficient prima facie case, i.e., ‘a legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury13 to find for plaintiff.’” Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic , 580 F. Supp. 2d 53, 63 (D.D.C. 2008) (italics omitted) (quoting Ungar v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 211 F. Supp. 2d 91, 98 (D.D.C. 2002)), aff’d , 646 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Here, LJDA br ings suit for breach of contract under D.C. law. Such a claim includes four elements: “(1) a valid contract betw een the parties; (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the contract; (3) a breach of th at duty; and (4) damages caused by breach.” Tsintolas Realty Co. v. Mendez , 984 A.2d 181, 187 (D.C. 2009). LJDA has submitted to the Court a copy of the signed Engagement Agreement as originally executed in Spanish, and has also provided a certified E nglish translation. See Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 1-1 (Spanish); Pl.’s Notice Filing Resp. Min. Order Ex. 1, ECF No. 18-1 (English). The face of the document—containing signatures and terms specifying performance of services in exchange for cash payment—indi cates that the necessary contract formation elements of offer, acceptance, and consideration are met. See Bullard v. Curry-Cloonan , 367 A.2d 127, 131 (D.C. 1976). The Court further finds that the Agreement constitutes a valid contract as between LJDA and Equatorial Gu inea based on Mr. Davis’s testimony that MWE verbally assigned the Agreement to LJDA, see Davis Decl. ¶ 7, ECF No. 12-2, and Equatorial Guinea’s acquiescence to that assignment as evidenced by its direct payments to LJDA, see Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. D, ECF No. 12-4. See also Flack v. Laster , 417 A.2d 393, 399 (D.C. 1980) (“The effectiveness of an assignment does not normally depend upon the consent of the obligor unless the rights to be assi gned involve the performance of unique services.”). Under the plain language of the Agreement, E quatorial Guinea had a duty to “reimburse MWE for the ordinary expenses incurred by virtue of th[e] Engagement Agreement” and “pay, in advance, for transportation, hotel, and other inci dental expenses relate d to MWE’s visits to Equatorial Guinea” in its perfor mance of the Agreement. Pl.’s Notice Filing Resp. Min. Order14 Ex. 1 § III, ECF No. 18-1; see also Dyer v. Bilaal , 983 A.2d 349, 355 (D.C. 2009) (“When interpreting a contract . . . we examine the doc ument on its face, giving the language used its plain meaning.” (internal quotation marks omitted )). LJDA provided the Court with a copy of the invoice Mr. Davis sent to Equatorial Guinea, accounting for $141,941.11 in travel and other ordinary expenses. See Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. G, ECF No. 12-7. Mr. Davis provided sworn testimony that LJDA never received reimbursement for the outstanding expenses, showing that Equatorial Guinea breached its duty and damaged LJDA as a result. See Davis Decl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 12-2. Having reviewed the Engagement Agr eement, the invoice, and Mr. Davis’s testimony, the Court is satisfied that LJDA has put forth a pr ima facie case establishing its right to relief.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e) (2006); Gates , 580 F. Supp. 2d at 63. Courts are not required to hold an evidenti ary hearing before determining the amount of damages. See Ben-Rafael v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 540 F. Supp. 2d 39, 43 (D.D.C. 2008). In FSIA default judgment proceedings, the plain tiff may establish proof by affidavit. See Oveissi , 879 F. Supp. 2d at 49. “Upon evaluation, the co urt may accept plaintiffs’ uncontroverted evidence as true.” Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 466 F. Supp. 2d 229, 255 (D.D.C. 2006). Here, LJDA has provided both affidavit and documentary evidence of its unreimbursed out-of-pocket expenses. The 35- page invoice, dated March 15, 2011, provides a line-by-line itemization of LJDA’s expenses, totaling $141,941.11, a signific ant share of which was incurred during Mr. Davis’s four trips to Africa. See generally Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. G, ECF No. 12-7. The Court has reviewed the invoice and verified that the total is mathematically accurate. The invoice is attachedto a cover letter to Presiden t Obiang, which states that LJDA provided “fully-receipted evidence of the[] expe nditures” to Don Alejandro on three previous occasions. See id. The Court has also reviewed the in dividual line items on the invoice and15 finds that they constitute “ordinary expenses incu rred” in a typical engage ment for legal services, as required by the Agreement—expenses such as travel, translations, co mmunications services, and the like. See Pl.’s Notice Filing Resp. Min. Or der Ex. 1 § III, ECF No. 18-1; see generally Pl.’s Mot. Default J. Ex. G, ECF No. 12-7; supra note 1 (detailing expens e category subtotals). The Court will therefore grant default judgment on LJDA’s breach of contract claim and award LJDA the requested $141,941.11 in damages for Equa torial Guinea’s breach of the Engagement Agreement. D. Interest, Attorneys’ Fees, and Costs LJDA’s motion for default judgment also seeks pre- and post-judgment interest, attorneys’ fees, and costs. See Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Default J. 17, ECF No. 12. A foreign sovereign is not immune from an aw ard of pre-judgment interest if an FSIA exception applies to the underlying claim. See, e.g. , Ben-Rafael , 540 F. Supp. 2d at 59; Pugh v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , 530 F. Supp. 2d 216, 264–65 (D.D.C. 2008). Because pre-judgment interest is a component of a plaintiff’s compensation for a breach of contract claim, D.C. law applies. See D.C. Code § 15-109 (2001); Oveissi , 573 F.3d at 841 (choice of law); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1606 (2006) (“[T]he foreign state shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private indi vidual under like circumstances . . . .”). Under D.C. law, “[i]n an action to recover damages fo r breach of contract the judgment shall allow interest on the amount for which it is rendered fr om the date of the judgment only.” D.C. Code § 15-109 (2001). 5 However, the statute “does not precl ude . . . the court . . . from including

5 D.C. law also states that interest on “a liq uidated debt on which interest is payable by contract or by law or usage [sha ll be awarded] from the time when it was due and payable . . . .” D.C. Code § 15-108 (2001). However, that provis ion is inapplicable to Equatorial Guinea’s breach of the Engagement Agreement because the Agreement does not provide a contractual16 interest as an element in the damages awarded [i.e ., pre-judgment interest], if necessary to fully compensate the plaintiff.” Id. A trial court has wide discretion in awarding pre-judgment interest. See Edmund J. Flynn Co. v. LaVay , 431 A.2d 543, 550 n.6 (D.C. 1981); Noel v.
O’Brien , 270 A.2d 350, 351 (D.C. 1970). “Relevant consid erations include wh ether the plaintiff has been deprived of the use of the money wit hheld, whether he timely commenced suit, and the certainty of the amount due.” See Winder v. District of Columbia , 555 F. Supp. 2d 103, 111 (D.D.C. 2008), aff’d sub nom. Winder v. Erste , 566 F.3d 209 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Because LJDA seeks reimbursement for expenses already incurre d, it has been deprived of the money withheld by Equatorial Guinea. The Court also finds that LJDA timely commenced suit, having filed its complaint one month after it sent its final paym ent demand to Equatorial Guinea. Finally, the Court is satisfied that LJDA’s detailed, 35-page invoice describe d the amount due with sufficient certainty. Because the Engagement Agreement sets deadlines only for the scheduled fee payments and not expense reimbursements, the C ourt finds it equitable to award pre-judgment interest on the award of $141,941.11 as of Septem ber 8, 2011, the date of LJDA’s final demand for payment. See Davis Decl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 12- 2. In the absence of an express interest rate set by contract, the D.C. Code specifies a rate of 6 percent per annum. See D.C. Code § 28-3302(a) (2001); District of Columbia v. Pierce Assocs., Inc. , 527 A.2d 306, 310 (D.C. 1987). This amounts to $16,750.94 in simple interest. 6 Post-judgment interest is governed by federal la w, even in a case in which a federal court hears only state-law claims. See Cappiello v. ICD Publ’ns, Inc. , 720 F.3d 109, 115 (2d Cir. 2013). Post-judgment interest may be awarded ag ainst a foreign sovereign where the court has
entitlement to interest. See Steuart Inv. Co. v. Meyer Grp., Ltd. , 61 A.3d 1227, 1240–41 (D.C. 2013). 6 On a principal of $141,941.11 at 6 percent annu ally, the daily interest is $23.33. It has been 718 days since LJDA made its final demand for payment.17 jurisdiction under the FSIA. See, e.g. , Dammarell v. Islamic Republic of Iran , 404 F. Supp. 2d, 261, 324 (D.D.C. 2005). Federal statute provides th at “[i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court[,]” and th at “[s]uch interest shall be calculated from the date of the en try of judgment . . . .” 28 U. S.C. § 1961(a) (2006). Application of section 1961(a) is manda tory, not discretionary. See Cont’l Transfert Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria , 850 F. Supp. 2d 277, 287 (D.D.C. 2012). The Court will therefore award postjudgment interest at the statutory rate. LJDA also seeks attorneys’ fees and costs, butdoes not brief these issues or provide any estimate of the fees and costs sought. See Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Default J. 17, ECF No. 12. Because the Court cannot make a ruling on attorneys’ fees where LJDA has not provided an estimate or set fort h legal grounds for an award of fees, the Court will deny the request without prejudice. LJ DA may file a post-judgment motion for attorneys’ fees in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Proce dure 54(d)(2)(B). Similarly, although costs are awarded to a prevailing party as a matter of course, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1), LJDA has not submitted an estimate of costs. LJDA may seek costs in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and Local Civil Rule 54.1, but th e Court will not make an award of costs at this time.

IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the Court will gr ant LJDA’s motion for default judgment and award to LJDA $141,941.11 for unreimbursed out-of- pocket expenses under the Engagement Agreement, plus pre-judgment interest in the amount of $16,750.94, for a total judgment of $158,692.05. The Court will also grant LJDA’s request for post-judgment interest, deny without prejudice LJDA’s request for attorneys’ fees, de ny without prejudice LJ DA’s request for costs,18 and deny as moot LJDA’s motion for a hearing. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: August 26, 2013 /s/ Rudolph Contreras RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge