Filed 11/9/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MARK ANTHONY COLBERT,

Defendant and Appellant.

 H042499

 (Santa Clara County

 Super. Ct. No. 206805)

Defendant Mark Anthony Colbert appeals from an order denying his petition to 

redesignate certain felony convictions as misdemeanors under Proposition 47, the Safe 

Neighborhoods and Schools Act. On appeal, Colbert contends the trial court erred in 

ruling these convictions were eligible for redesignation.

1

 

We find no merit to Colbert‟s arguments and will affirm the order.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

Following his conviction on four felony counts of second degree burglary (Pen. 

Code, §§ 459, 460, subd. (b)), Colbert was sentenced to a total term of two years eight 

months in prison, consecutive to a six year prison term he incurred due to a robbery he 

committed in San Mateo County while out on bail on the burglary charges. 

 

1 Unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2 By order dated November 4, 2015, we denied Colbert‟s request to take judicial 

notice of the trial record in Santa Clara County Superior Court case No. 206805. On the 

court‟s own motion, we take judicial notice of this court‟s unpublished opinion on the 

direct appeal from that case, People v. Colbert (Feb. 29, 2000, H019315).
2

A. Facts relating to Count 1

“On December 26, 1996, while Susan Welter, the manager of a Shell service 

station in Campbell, California, saw one Black man talking to a clerk about lottery 

tickets, another Black man took money from the back office. Welter was shown a photo 

lineup almost a year after the incident and identified the man who was talking about 

lottery tickets. The clerk was unable to positively identify anyone.” (People v. Colbert, 

supra, H019135.)

“[A]bout $300 in cash was taken [in this burglary].”3

B. Facts relating to Count 2

“On December 30, 1996, Maria Ramirez, the manager of a 7-Eleven store in 

Sunnyvale, saw two men enter the store together and then separate. One stayed at the 

front register and purchased lottery tickets and the other went to a back room, came out 

of it, and left the store. The other then left the store. Both men were six feet tall and 

were between the ages of 20 to 30 years old. Appellant is under six feet tall and was 40 

years old.” (People v. Colbert, supra, H019135.)

The trial court‟s May 12, 2015 order noted that “approximately $318 dollars [sic] 

was taken [in this burglary].” 

C. Facts relating to Count 3

“On January 6, 1997, Chuong Doan was working at a 7-Eleven store in Los Gatos 

when two Black men entered the store. The taller man asked to use the rest room, which 

Doan would not allow. While the shorter man bought a lottery ticket, the taller man „just 

walked through.‟ They then left the store together. Thu Cates, the franchisee, saw a 

Black man closing the door to the office and later found a bank deposit bag missing. 

 

3 Our prior unpublished opinion did not specify the amounts taken in each 

burglary, with the exception of count 4 in which no money was taken. With respect to 

counts 1, 2 and 3 we derive the amounts taken from the trial court‟s May 12, 2015 order 

denying Colbert‟s petition for redesignation.
3

When the man saw Thu, he stated that he was looking for the bathroom. She was unable 

to identify anyone in a photo lineup. Another employee on her way to work saw two 

Black men, one with lotto tickets in his hand, get into a maroon car with a dent on the 

side. She was unable to identify anyone in a photo lineup.

“However, a month later, Doan identified appellant from the photo lineup, and at 

the preliminary hearing in May 1997, he identified appellant as a man who had been in 

the store. At trial he was unable to positively identify appellant.” (People v. Colbert, 

supra, H019135.)

According to the trial court‟s May 12, 2015 order, the bank deposit bag taken in 

this burglary contained “more than $3000.” 

D. Facts relating to Count 4

“On January 27, 1997, Mohammed Elissa, cashier at a 7-Eleven store in Los 

Gatos, observed two Black men enter the store together and then split up. The shorter 

one remained at the cash register and was involved with lottery tickets and the taller man 

proceeded to the wine cooler and „vanished.‟ Elissa went to the store office and saw the 

tall man with a cup of coffee. The man said he was looking for the manager and then he 

left the area. The tall man told the other to pay for the coffee, which he did. The two 

men left the store together. Elissa wrote down the license plate number of their car. The 

tall man asked Elissa if there was a problem. No money was missing from the store on 

January 27. About a week after the incident, Elissa identified appellant in a photo lineup 

as the shorter man.” (People v. Colbert, supra, H019135.)

E. Colbert‟s petition to redesignate under Proposition 47

On May 6, 2015, Colbert petitioned the trial court to redesignate certain of his 

felony convictions for second degree burglary as misdemeanors pursuant to 

section 1170.18, subdivision (f). By written order dated May 12, 2015, the trial court 

denied Colbert‟s petition, finding that he was not eligible for the relief requested. The 

trial court noted that, in each case, “[Colbert] and an accomplice entered an establishment 
4

and, while one of them distracted the cashier . . . , the other snuck into the non-public 

areas of the building to commit the intended thefts.” As a result, the offenses were based 

“upon entry into a private . . . office area and not a commercial establishment that was 

open during business hours” and could not qualify as “shoplifting” under section 459.5. 

As an additional basis for denying relief, the trial court noted that the amount stolen in 

count 2 was over $950. Because Colbert and his accomplice employed the same “modus 

operandi” in each theft, it “strongly suggests that the amount intended to be taken in each 

case exceeded $950.” 

Colbert timely appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

Colbert argues he was entitled to redesignation of the three counts at issue because 

they all involved theft of less than $950 from a commercial establishment during business 

hours. According to Colbert, the trial court erred by finding that the thefts were based on 

entry into “private . . . office area.” He further argues it erred by finding, without any 

supporting evidence, that Colbert and his companion “intended to take” more than $950 

from the stores they entered. 

A. Overview of Proposition 47

Under Proposition 47, an individual who has completed his or her sentence for a

felony conviction can file a petition with the trial court to have the conviction designated 

as a misdemeanor, so long as that conviction would have qualified as a misdemeanor 

under Proposition 47 had its provisions been in effect at the time of the offense. 

(§ 1170.18, subd. (f).) If a petitioner‟s application satisfies the requirements set forth 

under section 1170.18, subdivision (f), the court “shall designate the felony offense or 

offenses as a misdemeanor.” (Id., subd. (g).)4 No hearing is necessary in order to grant 

an application filed under section 1170.18, subdivision (f). (Id., subd. (h).) 

 

4 A petitioner is not eligible to have his felonies designated as misdemeanors if he 

or she has one or more prior convictions for an offense specified in section 667, 
5

Among the crimes reduced to misdemeanors by Proposition 47 “are certain second 

degree burglaries where the defendant enters a commercial establishment with the intent 

to steal. Such offense is now characterized as shoplifting as defined in new 

section 459.5.” (People v. Sherow (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 875, 879.) Section 459.5, 

subdivision (a), provides: “Notwithstanding Section 459, shoplifting is defined as 

entering a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny while that 

establishment is open during regular business hours, where the value of the property that 

is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). Any 

other entry into a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny is burglary.”

B. Analysis

It is undisputed that Colbert and his accomplice entered into commercial 

establishments during regular business hours with larcenous intent. The question is 

whether separate office areas—areas off-limits to the general public—within an 

establishment are to be considered an undivided part of that commercial establishment 

under section 459.5, or are those areas to be treated separately? In other words, by 

crossing the threshold into these office areas did Colbert and his accomplice exit the 

“commercial” part of the establishment and enter a discrete area where their thefts could 

not be considered shoplifting? We think they did.

“Giving the term its commonsense meaning, a commercial establishment is one 

that is primarily engaged in commerce, that is, the buying and selling of goods or 

services. That commonsense understanding accords with dictionary definitions and other 

legal sources. (Webster‟s 3d New Internat. Dict. (2002) p. 456 [„commercial‟ means 

„occupied with or engaged in commerce‟ and „commerce‟ means „the exchange or buying 

and selling of commodities esp. on a large scale‟]; The Oxford English Reference Dict. 

 

subdivision (e)(2)(C)(iv) or for an offense that requires registration under section 290, 

subdivision (c). (§ 1170.18, subd. (i).) It is undisputed that these provisions do not apply 

to Colbert.
6

(2d ed. 1996) p. 290 [defining „commerce‟ as „financial transactions, esp. the buying and 

selling of merchandise, on a large scale‟]; Black‟s Law Dict. (10th ed. 2014) p. 325 

[„commercial‟ means „[o]f, relating to, or involving the buying and selling of goods; 

mercantile‟]; see 37 C.F.R. § 258.2 (2015) [copyright regulation defining the term 

„commercial establishment‟ as „an establishment used for commercial purposes, such as 

bars, restaurants, private offices, fitness clubs, oil rigs, retail stores, banks and financial 

institutions, supermarkets, auto and boat dealerships, and other establishments with 

common business areas‟]; Gov. Code, § 65589.5, subd. (h)(2)(B) [defining 

„neighborhood commercial‟ land use as „small-scale general or specialty stores that 

furnish goods and services primarily to residents of the neighborhood‟]; People v.

Cochran (2002) 28 Cal.4th 396, 404-405 [quoting dictionary definition of commerce, 

„ “[t]he buying and selling of goods, especially on a large scale,” ‟ in interpreting 

statutory phrase „commercial purpose‟].)” (In re J.L. (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1108, 

1114.)

The office areas from which Colbert and his accomplice stole money were not 

areas in which goods were bought and sold. There was no merchandise offered for sale 

in those offices, or at least there is no evidence in the record suggesting there was. 

Colbert was not interested in stealing the goods on offer in these establishments, 

otherwise he and his accomplice would have remained in the area where those goods 

were displayed rather than intruding into the private areas where the employees were 

likely to keep their personal belongings, such as purses and wallets, and where the 

business was likely to store larger amounts of cash. 

Based on this finding, we need not address the alternative basis for the trial court‟s 

denial of Colbert‟s petition, i.e., that Colbert intended to take property valued in excess of 

$950. Assuming we needed to reach the issue, however, we think the trial court‟s finding

on this question is not supported by the limited evidence available. It is true that the 
7

actual amount Colbert was able to take was less than $950 in three of the four counts.5 

The most that can said about Colbert‟s intent is that he and his accomplice intended to 

take whatever they could, of whatever value, from the offices they entered. There is no 

evidence that property valued in excess of $950 was customarily present in those back 

rooms, let alone that Colbert or his accomplice believed that to be the case. It was

therefore a matter of circumstance, not intent, which dictated the value of the property 

taken.

III. DISPOSITION

The order denying the petition for resentencing is affirmed.

 

5

To recap, in count 1, $300 was taken. In count 2, Colbert and his accomplice 

made off with approximately $318. In count 4, they took nothing, but only because the 

cashier walked into the back office and interrupted Colbert‟s accomplice.
Premo, J.

I CONCUR:

Grover, J.

People v. Colbert

H042499
RUSHING, P.J., Dissenting

I respectfully dissent. In my view, Colbert‟s conduct constituted shoplifting under 

the plain language of Penal Code section 459.5. Because Colbert has established his 

eligibility for resentencing under Proposition 47, I would reverse the trial court‟s order 

denying the petition.

In each of the four offenses, Colbert and his companion entered a commercial 

establishment during business hours. They employed the same modus operandi in each 

instance: While Colbert distracted the store clerk, Colbert‟s companion snuck into a back 

office to steal cash. In count 1, the companion stole about $300 in cash at a gas station. 

In count 2, he stole about $316 in cash at a 7-Eleven convenience store. In count 3, he 

stole more than $3,000 in cash at another 7-Eleven.1 In count 4, also at a 7-Eleven, he 

was interrupted before he could take anything.

Shoplifting is defined as “entering a commercial establishment with intent to 

commit larceny while that establishment is open during regular business hours, where the 

value of the property that is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred 

fifty dollars ($950).” (Pen. Code, § 459.5, subd. (a).) There is no dispute that each of the 

four offenses occurred at a “commercial establishment”—e.g., a gas station and three 

convenience stores. There is also no dispute that Colbert and his companion entered the 

establishments during business hours.

The majority nonetheless reasons that Colbert and his companion did not commit 

shoplifting because in each instance the companion entered a private back office area to 

take the property. The majority concludes that, by entering a private office, Colbert and 

his companion exited the commercial part of the establishment and entered a discrete 

area.

 

1

 Because the value of the cash stolen in count 3 exceeded $950, Colbert does not 

contend this count constituted shoplifting.
2

I respectfully disagree. Under the plain language of the statute, a defendant 

commits shoplifting as soon as he or she enters a commercial establishment with the 

requisite intent. As evidenced by their modus operandi, it is obvious both Colbert and his 

companion had the intent to commit larceny as soon as they set foot in each 

establishment. At that point, the offense of shoplifting was complete. Whatever they did 

after entering the establishment was relevant only insofar as it revealed their preexisting 

intent to commit larceny. Nothing in the statute or any other authority cited by the 

majority defines a “commercial establishment” to exclude nonpublic areas of the 

structure in question. And I do not think a defendant can “exit” an establishment by 

entering an office inside it.

The Second District Court of Appeal recently considered this issue in People v. 

Hallam (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 905. Hallam stole an air compressor from an employee rest 

room at a computer store. After pleading no contest to commercial burglary, he 

petitioned under Proposition 47 to designate the conviction as misdemeanor shoplifting. 

The trial court denied the petition for resentencing on the ground that Hallam did not 

enter into an area of a commercial establishment to which the public has access and 

where merchandise is sold. The court of appeal reversed, holding that “we find no 

indication that shoplifting can occur only in specific areas of a commercial establishment. 

Nor does there appear any requirement that the business‟s commercial activity must be 

taking place in the area from which the theft occurs in order to qualify the offense as 

shoplifting. The trial court thus added an element to the offense that is absent from the 

plain language of the statute itself when it determined that appellant's theft would qualify 

as shoplifting only if it occurred in an area of the commercial establishment open to the 

public where merchandise is sold.” (Id. at p. 912.) I find this reasoning persuasive and 

squarely on point with the facts of this case.

The trial court here also ruled that the offenses did not constitute shoplifting based 

on a finding that Colbert intended to take more than $950 from each establishment. But 
3

the statute sets the threshold at “the value of the property that is taken or intended to be 

taken . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 459.5, subd. (a).) This language sets the threshold at the 

objective value of the targeted property, not some subjective dollar amount in the 

defendant‟s mind. This makes sense because the defendant may have no specific 

monetary value in mind. Here, for example, Colbert and his companion apparently 

intended to take whatever cash they could find, regardless of whether it was $300 or 

$3,000. With the exception of count 3, I see no evidence that the property they intended 

to take was valued at more than $950. Because the value of the stolen property in 

counts 1 and 2 fell within the $950 limit, I conclude those offenses constituted 

shoplifting.

Accordingly, I would reverse the order denying the petition and remand for further 

proceedings to determine Colbert‟s eligibility on count 4 and his risk of danger to public 

safety.

_______________________________

RUSHING, P.J.

People v. Colbert

H042499
Trial Court: Santa Clara County Superior Court

Superior Court No. 206805

Trial Judge: Hon. Linda R. Clark

Counsel for Plaintiff/Respondent:

The People

Kamala D. Harris

Attorney General

Gerald A. Engler

Chief Assistant Attorney General

Jeffrey M. Laurence

Senior Assistant Attorney General

René A. Chacon

Supervising Deputy Attorney General

Victoria Ratnikova

Deputy Attorney General

Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:

Mark Anthony Colbert

Under appointment by the Court of Appeal

Kimberly Taylor

People v. Colbert

H042499