IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

LANA KAY HAHN, 

Plaintiff, 

V. 

CAROLYN W. COL VIN, 

Commissioner, Social Security 

Administration, 

Defendant. 

RUSSO, Magistrate Judge: 

Case No. 3: 15-cv-02034-JR 

OPINION AND ORDER 

Plaintiff Lana Hahn brings this action for judicial review of the final decision of the 

Commissioner of Social Security ("Commissioner") denying her applications for Title XVI 

Social Security Income ("SSI") and Title II Disability Insurance Benefits ("DIB") under the 

Social Security Act ("Act"). All parties have consented to allow a Magistrate Judge enter final 

orders and judgment in this case in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 73 and 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). 

For the reasons set forth below, the Commissioner's decision is affirmed and this case is 

dismissed. 

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Case 3:15-cv-02034-JR Document 22 Filed 08/10/16 Page 1 of 19
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

In January and June 2009, plaintiff filed her second applications for DIB and SSI, 

respectively, alleging disability as of September 4, 2007. Tr. 114-25, 133-34. Her applications 

were denied initially and upon reconsideration. Tr. 66-73. On September 24, 2010, a hearing was 

held before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"). Tr. 39-60. On January 11, 2012, the ALJ 

issued a decision finding plaintiff not disabled within the meaning of the Act. Tr. 22-37. After 

the Appeals Council denied her request for review, plaintiff filed a complaint in the U.S. District 

Court for the District of Oregon. Tr. 1-6. In addition, plaintiff filed new DIB and SSI 

applications, asserting an amended alleged onset date of January 13, 2011. Tr. 562-90. 

Thereafter, pursuant to the parties' stipulation, the Honorable Mark D. Clarke issued an 

order remanding the case for further proceedings. Tr. 593-99. Plaintiffs most recent DIB and 

SSI claims were denied initially and upon reconsideration, and eventually consolidated with the 

present action on remand. Tr. 562-90. 

On December 17, 2014, a second administrative hearing was held, wherein plaintiff was 

represented by counsel and testified, as did a vocational expert ("VE"). Tr. 503-39. On January 

15, 2015, the ALJ issued another decision finding plaintiff not disabled under the Act. Tr. 479-

502. Plaintiff subsequently commenced this lawsuit. 1 

STATEMENT OF FACTS 

Born on December 7, 1967, plaintiff was 39 years old on the alleged onset date and 47 

years old at the time of the second hearing. Tr. 114-25. Plaintiff left high school but later 

obtained her GED. Tr. 144, 917. She worked previously as a waitress, bartender, cashier, and 

1 The record before the Court constitutes more than 1450 pages, but with multiple incidences of 

duplication. Where evidence occurs in the record more than once, the Court will generally cite to 

the transcript pages on which that information first appears. 

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Case 3:15-cv-02034-JR Document 22 Filed 08/10/16 Page 2 of 19
motel housekeeper. Tr. 533. Plaintiff alleges disability due to degenerativ~ disc disease, arthritis, 

migraines, anxiety, hepatitis C, high cholesterol, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Tr. 116, 

138. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

The court must affirm the Commissioner's decision if it is based on proper legal 

standards and the findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record. Hammock v. 

Bowen, 879 F .2d 498, 501 (9th Cir. 1989). Substantial evidence is "more than a mere scintilla. It 

means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 

conclusion." Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (citation and internal quotations 

omitted). The court must weigh "both the evidence that supports and detracts from the 

[Commissioner's] conclusions." Martinez v. Heckler, 807 F.2d 771, 772 (9th Cir. 1986). 

Variable interpretations of the evidence are insignificant ifthe Commissioner's interpretation is 

rational. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). 

The initial burden of proofrests upon the claimant to establish disability. Howard v. 

Heckler, 782 F.2d 1484, 1486 (9th Cir. 1986). To meet this burden, the claimant must 

demonstrate an "inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 

determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected ... to last for a continuous 

period of not less than 12 months." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(l)(A). 

The Commissioner has established a five step sequential process for determining whether 

a person is disabled. Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 (1987); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 

416.920. First, the Commissioner determines whether a claimant is engaged in "substantial 

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gainful activity." Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 140; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b). If so, the 

claimant is not disabled. 

At step two, the Commissioner evaluates whether the claimant has a "medically severe 

impairment or combination of impairments." Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 140-41; 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1520(c), 416.920(c). If the claimant does not have a severe impairment, she is not disabled. 

At step three, the Commissioner determines whether the claimant's impairments, either 

singly or in combination, meet or equal "one of a number of listed impairments that the 

[Commissioner] acknowledges are so severe as to preclude substantial gainful activity." Yuckert, 

482 U.S. at 140-41; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d), 416.920(d). If so, the claimant is presumptively 

disabled; if not, the Commissioner proceeds to step four. Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 141. 

At step four, the Commissioner resolves whether the claimant can still perform "past 

relevant work." 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(±), 416.920(±). If the claimant can work, she is not 

disabled; if she cannot perform past relevant work, the burden shifts to the Commissioner. At 

step five, the Commissioner must establish that the claimant can perform other work existing in 

significant numbers in the national or local economy. Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 141-42; 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1520(g), 416.920(g). If the Commissioner meets this burden, the claimant is not disabled. 20 

C.F.R. §§ 404.1566, 416.966. 

THE ALJ'S FINDINGS 

At step one of the five step sequential evaluation process outlined above, the ALJ found 

plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since September 4, 2007, the alleged 

onset date. Tr. 485. At step two, the ALJ determined the following impairments were medically 

determinable and severe: "chronic pain syndrome due to overuse of opiates, degenerative disc 

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disease, and history of right shoulder degenerative joint disease." Id. At step three, the ALJ 

found plaintiffs impairments, either singly or in combination, did not meet or equal the 

requirements of a listed impairment. Tr. 486. 

Because she did not establish presumptive disability at step three, the ALJ continued to 

evaluate how plaintiffs impairments affected her ability to work. The ALJ resolved that plaintiff 

had the residual functional capacity ("RFC") to perform a limited range of light work: 

She can lift and/or carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently, can 

stand for four hours in an eight-hour workday, can walk for two hours in an eighthour workday, and can sit for six hours in an eight-hour workday. [Plaintiff] 

cannot perform overhead work with her right arm or shoulder. [Plaintiff] cannot 

climb other than ramps and stairs. She cannot perform work at heights or around 

dangerous machinery with moving parts. [Plaintiff] can occasionally crouch, 

kneel, crawl, stoop, and balance. [Plaintiff] can sustain concentration, persistence, 

and pace for unskilled work tasks but may have problems with more complex 

tasks. [Plaintiff] cannot have more than occasional contact with the public. 

Tr. 487. 

At step four, the ALJ determined plaintiff could not perform any past relevant work. Tr. 

493. At step five, the ALJ concluded, based on the VE's testimony, that there were a significant 

number of jobs in the national and local economy that plaintiff could perform despite her 

impairments, such as assembler and packager. Tr. 493-94. 

DISCUSSION 

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by: (1) discrediting her subjective symptom 

statements; (2) rejecting the lay testimony of her partner, James Scarborough, and daughter, 

Desiree Dixon; (3) affording less weight to opinion evidence from treating doctor Zahid Afridi, 

M.D., and examining doctor Paul Voeller, M.D.; ( 4) neglecting to include her migraines as a 

severe impairment at step two; and (5) failing to include all of her limitations in the RFC. 

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I. Plaintiff's Testimony 

Plaintiff asserts the ALJ wrongfully discredited her subjective symptom testimony 

concerning the severity of her impairments. When a claimant has medically documented 

impairments that could reasonably be expected to produce some degree of the symptoms 

complained of, and the record contains no affirmative evidence of malingering, "the ALJ can 

reject the claimant's testimony about the severity of ... symptoms only by offering specific; 

clear and convincing reasons for doing so." Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 

1996) (citation omitted). A general assertion that the claimant is not credible is insufficient; the 

ALJ must "state which ... testimony is not credible and what evidence suggests the complaints 

are not credible." Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 918 (9th Cir. 1993). The reasons proffered 

must be "sufficiently specific to permit the reviewing court to conclude that the ALJ did not 

arbitrarily discredit the claimant's testimony." Orteza v. Shalala, 50 F.3d 748, 750 (9th Cir. 

1995) (internal citation omitted). If the "ALJ' s credibility finding is supported by substantial 

evidence in the record, [the court] may not engage in second-guessing." Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 

F.3d 947, 959 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). 

At the hearing, plaintiff testified that she was unable to work due to migraine headaches, 

as well as back, shoulder, neck, and knee pain. Tr. 515-18. As a result of these conditions, 

plaintiff stated she could stand for two to three minutes at a time; must recline and/or nap, often 

multiple times per day; and isolate herself in a dark room for four to five days straight, several 

times per month. Tr. 55, 516-17, 520-22, 527-38. As far as household chores, plaintiff endorsed 

only the ability to fold laundry while in a stationary position. Tr. 527. She remarked that she 

otherwise does not do much or go anywhere. Tr. 523-27, 530. 

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After summarizing her hearing testimony, the ALJ determined that plaintiffs medically 

determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to produce some degree of symptoms, 

but her statements regarding the extent of these symptoms were not fully credible2 due to her 

activities of daily living and non-compliance with prescribed treatments, as well as the lack of 

corroborating medical evidence. Tr. 487-93. 

Notably, the ALJ found that plaintiffs hearing statements were undermined by her daily 

activities, which "suggest greater functioning than alleged." Tr. 490. Activities may be used to 

discredit a claimant where they either "are transferable to a work setting" or "contradict claims 

of a totally debilitating impairment." Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1112-13 (9th Cir. 2012) 

(citations omitted). Substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusion in the case at bar. For 

instance, plaintiff frequently told her care providers that she was independent in her self-care and 

able to complete her activities of daily living. See, e.g., Tr. 149-52, 804, 918, 97 4, 982, 986, 

1003, 1026, 1030, 1163, 1170. These activities include cooking, limited cleaning, attending 

medical appointments (some of which required travel), taking public transportation, walking and 

feeding her dog, exercising, reading, watching television, "camping at least once during 

summer," socializing with friends and family, and grocery shopping. Tr. 149-52, 164-68, 721-24, 

804,873,918,986, 1219. 

2 The Court notes that, pursuant to SSR 16-3p, the ALJ is no longer tasked with making an 

overarching credibility determination and instead assesses whether the claimant's subjective 

symptom statements are consistent with the record as a whole. See SSR 16-3p, available at 2016 

WL 1119029 (superseding SSR 96-7p). The ALJ's January 2015 decision was issued more than 

one year before SSR 16-3p became effective and there is no binding precedent interpreting this 

new ruling or whether it applies retroactively. Compare Ashlock v. Colvin, 2016 WL 3438490, 

*5 n.l (W.D. Wash. June 22, 2016) (declining to apply SSR 16-3p to an ALJ decision issued 

prior to the effective date), with Lockwood v. Colvin, 2016 WL 2622325, *3 n. l (N.D. Ill. May 

9, 2016) (applying SSR 16-3p retroactively to a 2013 ALJ decision). Because the ALJ's findings 

in regard to this issue pass muster irrespective of which standard governs, the Court need not 

resolve this issue. 

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Furthermore, there is a plethora of evidence demonstrating plaintiff provided regular 

childcare for her numerous grandchildren. For instance, during 2008 and 2009, plaintiff 

described babysitting three of her grandchildren, three days per week, for pay, including 

providing "100%" supervision, working with "learning materials," and playing. Tr. 156-63, 185, 

442. In July 2010, she reported she "[h]ad three grandkids with her for the past 10 days and had 

to cook a lot and care for them constantly," such that her pain was "worse during those 10 days" 

but otherwise "stable." Tr. 873. In September 2011, plaintiff "was caring for [her] sister recently 

[and also] caring for g[rand]kids" because her daughter was "in the hosp[ital] on bedrest" after 

giving birth. Tr. 857-58. Between December 2012 and April 2013, plaintiff repeatedly informed 

her treating doctor that she was "raising [her 18 month old] grandchild." 3 Tr. 962, 979-86. Thus, 

while plaintiff proffers a more favorable interpretation of this evidence, because the ALJ' s 

interpretation was reasonable, it must be upheld. See Febach v. Colvin, 580 Fed.Appx. 530, 531 

(9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ is not required to accept a claimant's attempt to characterize activities as 

consistent with disability where those activities "could also reasonably suggest" greater 

functional abilities) (citing Batson v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1198 (9th 

Cir. 2004)). 

The ALJ also found that plaintiff's testimony was contradicted by the medical record, 

which revealed that her physical impairments were not as significant as alleged. Tr. 488-90. 

3 The ALJ expressly provided plaintiff an opportunity at the second hearing to reconcile these 

inconsistencies in the record. Tr. 523-25. Plaintiff initially denied providing childcare during the 

adjudication period, stating the last time she was "caring for any granddaughter [was] [y]ears 

ago"; when the ALJ confronted plaintiff with the fact that "the current records discuss ... 

parenting [an] 18-month old granddaughter," plaintiff admitted to more recently travelling to 

Portland to watch five of her grandchildren, including an 18 month old granddaughter, while her 

daughter was "very, very ill." Id. On appeal, beyond noting that the records indicating she took 

"in her grandchild to raise ... appear to have been a misunderstanding," plaintiff does not 

address this evidence. Pl.' s Reply Br. 1 O; Pl.' s Opening Br. 22. 

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Central to this determination was the fact that plaintiffs examination findings were 

umemarkable and her treatment consisted almost exclusively of various medication regimes, 

which provided periods of good control. Id. "[E]vidence of conservative treatment is sufficient to 

discount a claimant's testimony regarding severity of an impairment." Parra v. Astrue, 481 F .3d 

742, 751 (9th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1141 (2008) (citations and internal quotations 

omitted). Additionally, "whether the alleged symptoms are consistent with the medical evidence" 

is a relevant consideration in evaluating the claimant's credibility. Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 

F .3d 1028, 1040 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). 

The ALJ is correct; the few examination findings in the record are largely umemarkable. 

See, e.g., Tr. 463-65, 830-31, 840, 913, 1217; see also Tr. 862-83 (plaintiff was observed leaving 

the examination room "without her cane, walking normally; when she realized [she] had 

forgotten it, she went back and then walked more slowly [with] apparent pain"). Outside of 

prescription medications, plaintiff declined other modalities of treatment. For example, Harry 

Rinehart, M.D., repeatedly counseled plaintiff about surgery for her spinal issues; plaintiff 

responded that "she prefers to wait to proceed with surgery until her pain and mobility are 

drastically debilitating." Tr. 841; see also Tr. 862-83 (Christian Hill, M.D., commenting that 

plaintiff had "not apparently been to pain group or done much else for pain except meds"). 

On numerous occasions, plaintiff reported that these medications allowed her to function 

adequately. See, e.g., Tr. 824, 979, 982, 986, 993, 999; see also Tr. 834 (plaintiff remarking that 

her "pain is well controlled"), 861 (plaintiff stating her "current dosage is effective"); 1173 

(plaintiff describing her "average pain level [as] 311 O"), 11 78 (plaintiff reporting the "pain relief 

provided by the current regimen is estimated to be 95%"). Moreover, as the ALJ noted, the 

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record supports the inference that plaintiff over-used these medications to her detriment.4 See Tr. 

463 (Dr. Voeller noting plaintiffs "[h ]istory of inappropriately prescribed and taken narcotic 

analgesics and anxiolytics"), 1222 (Andrew Nye, M.D., opining plaintiff was on an "[e]xcessive 

dose of opiates without any organic cause" and that her "chronic pain syndrome is secondary to 

her over use of opiates"). Indeed, plaintiffs providers frequently described the dose of opiates 

she requested as "ultra high" or "massive." See, e.g., Tr. 1164, 1198, 1201, 1217, 1222, 1230, 

1375. They also repeatedly counseled against mixing Methadone, Valium, and Oxycodone 

and/or Dilaudid, but plaintiff was not interested in eliminating or otherwise significantly 

reducing any of these medications. Tr. 859-60, 1201, 1217, 1222, 1226, 1230, 1405; see also Tr. 

1214 (Dr. Nye commenting that plaintiff "has very little insight into her opiate dependency"). As 

a result, several providers refused to treat plaintiff and there is some indication that she may have 

engaged in doctor-shopping to maximize her access to these drugs. Tr. 852-54, 856, 859, 862-83, 

1137, 1168, 1228, 1230, 1236. 

In sum, the ALJ provided clear and convincing reasons, supported by substantial 

evidence, for rejecting plaintiffs subjective symptom statements. As such, this Court need not 

discuss all of the reasons provided by the ALJ because at least one legally sufficient reason 

exists. Carmickle v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162-63 (9th Cir. 2008). The 

ALJ's evaluation of plaintiffs testimony is affirmed. 

4 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ' s consideration of "the amount of medication [she] takes for her 

pain [is] improper because [she] takes her medication as prescribed." Pl.'s Opening Br. 22; Pl.'s 

Reply Br. 22. Aside from the fact that this is not an entirely accurate characterization of the 

record (see, e.g., Tr. 370, 379, 859-60, 989-90, 1137, 1217, 1228, 1405), the fact remains that 

"[d]rug seeking behavior is a well recognized reason to discount credibility." Koellman v. 

Astrue, 2010 WL 3269903, *7 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 16, 2010) (citing Edlund v. Massanari, 253 

F.3d 1152, 1157-58 (9th Cir.2001)). 

Page 10 - OPINION AND ORDER 

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II. Third-Party Testimony 

Plaintiff contends the ALJ neglected to provide a legally sufficient reason, supported by 

substantial evidence, to reject the statements of Mr. Scarborough and Ms. Dixon. Lay testimony 

concerning a claimant's symptoms or how an impairment affects the ability to work is competent 

evidence that an ALJ must take into account. Molina, 674 F.3d at 1114 (citation omitted). The 

ALJ must provide "reasons germane to each witness" in order to reject such testimony. Id. 

(citation and internal quotation omitted). 

Mr. Scarborough completed Third-Party Adult Function Reports in February 2009 and 

August 2012. Tr. 148-55, 728-35. In each instance, he indicated that plaintiff was relatively 

independent in her self-care and engaged in daily activities such as cooking, limited cleaning, 

babysitting, walking and feeding the dog, and grocery shopping. Tr. 149-52, 154-55, 729-31. 

Nevertheless, he stated that plaintiff was "in a lot of pain all the time" and unable to "stand or sit 

or walk for very long." Tr. 153, 728. He also remarked that plaintiff was unable to lift or bend. 

Id. 

In December 2014, Ms. Dixon wrote a letter in support of plaintiffs disability claim. Tr. 

788-90. She described how she lived with plaintiff for four months in 2007 and "would not leave 

[her] children alone with [plaintiff] for more than a few minutes" due to plaintiffs "shoulder and 

back pain, and also problems with balance." Tr. 788. After 2007, Ms. Dixon reported seeing 

plaintiff infrequently; however, they spoke on the phone almost daily. Tr. 789. Ms. Dixon 

denoted that plaintiffs anxiety, memory, and physical problems worsened as time progressed. 

Tr. 789-90. She further described how plaintiff needed to nap and/or isolate in a dark bedroom 

multiple times daily to relieve her fatigue and migraines. Id. 

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The ALJ afforded little weight to the lay testimony. Tr. 492. Specifically, the ALJ found 

the statements of Mr. Scarborough and Ms. Dixon were contravened by the level of activity 

plaintiff was reporting to her medical providers, as well as the objective medical evidence. Tr. 

492-93. Inconsistency with the record is a germane reason to discount third-party testimony. 

Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1218 (9th Cir. 2005). Lay witness testimony may also be 

disregarded on same basis as claimant's discredited subjective reports. Valentine v. Comm'r Soc. 

Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 694 (9th Cir. 2009). 

Mr. Scarborough's Third-Party Adult Function Reports were completed the same day as 

plaintiffs Adult Function Reports and are virtually identical. Compare Tr. 148-55, 728-35, with 

Tr. 164-72, 720-27. Further, Ms. Dixon's statements concerning the adjudication period echo 

plaintiffs claims at the hearing of totally debilitating impairment. Compare Tr. 788-90, with Tr. 

515-22. As addressed in section I, the ALJ provided clear and convincing reasons, supported by 

substantial evidence, to reject plaintiffs subjective symptom testimony and these reasons are 

. equally applicable to the lay testimony. See Molina, 674 F.3d at 1114-22 (affirming the ALJ's 

decision "where the same evidence that the ALJ referred to in discrediting the claimant's claims 

also discredits the lay witness's claims") (citation and internal quotations omitted). The ALJ' s 

decision is upheld as to the third-party testimony. 

III. Medical Evidence 

Plaintiff argues the ALJ improperly discredited the opinions of Dr. Afridi and Dr. 

Voeller. There are three types of acceptable medical opinions in Social Security cases: those 

from treating, examining, and non-examining doctors. Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th 

Cir. 1995). To reject the uncontroverted opinion of a treating or examining doctor, the ALJ must 

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present clear and convincing reasons. Bayliss, 427 F .3d at 1216 (citation omitted). If a treating or 

examining doctor's opinion is contradicted by another doctor's opinion, it may be reje<;ted by 

specific and legitimate reasons. Id. 

A. Dr. Afridi 

Dr. Afridi was plaintiff's treating doctor during the early part of the adjudication period. 

In October 2008, he wrote a letter stating that the combination of plaintiff's medication and 

arthritis "cause her to be unable to stand on one leg for more than a couple of seconds at a time." 

Tr. 423. In July 2010, Dr. Afridi completed a reasonable accommodation verification form from 

the Northwest Housing Authority. Tr. 420-21. He checked a box reflecting that plaintiff was "an 

individual with a disability," as that phrase was defined within the form, and needed an extra 

bedroom due to "migraines requiring isolation to be left alone in a quiet environment." Id. 

The ALJ afforded no weight to Dr. Afridi's October 2008 statement "because it is 

without any explanation or support in the record, and is not probative of (plaintiff's] overall 

functioning." Tr. 492. Dr. Afridi' s July 2010 statement was "also not given weight, because it is 

a conclusory statement regarding disability that is unsupported and inconsistent with the doctor's 

treatment notes and the record as a whole." Id. 

The ALJ may disregard "the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if 

that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings." Thomas, 278 

F.3d at 957. Similarly, inconsistency with the record is a proper basis to reject a doctor's opinion. 

Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008). Finally, an ALJ need not accept a 

medical opinion that a claimant is "disabled" or "unable to work" because the ultimate issue of 

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disability is reserved for the Commissioner. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527, 416.927; SSR 96-5p, 

available at 1996 WL 3 7 4183. 

After carefully reviewing the record, the Court finds the ALJ did not commit harmful 

legal error in evaluating Dr. Afridi's opinions. Significantly, Dr. Afridi described plaintiffs 

migraines as disabling exclusively within the context of the Northwest Housing Authority form, 

which provided three different qualifying definitions, only one of which inhered to the Act. Tr. 

420-21. As a result, it was reasonable for the ALJ to conclude that Dr. Afridi's use of the term 

"disability" did not necessarily correspond to the definition employed by the Commissioner. This 

is especially true given that, the same month Dr. Afridi completed this form, he refused to write a 

letter in support of plaintiffs claim for benefits "stat[ing] that she is 100% disabled." Tr. 872. In 

any event, because Dr. Afridi's check-the-box statement on plaintiffs Northwest Housing 

Authority form is conclusory, the ALJ was not required to give it deference. McLeod v. Astrue, 

640 F.3d 881, 884-85 (9th Cir. 2011) (as amended). 

The single concrete functional limitation articulated by Dr. Afridi in 2008 is wholly 

irrelevant to the ALJ' s finding of non-disability. In fact, plaintiff does not reference this aspect of 

the record in challenging the ALJ' s decision. 5 See generally PL' s Opening Br.; PL' s Reply Br.; 

5 To the extent plaintiff implies the ALJ was required to assign a specific weight to Dr. Afridi' s 

chart notes, her argument is unpersuasive. See PL' s Opening Br. 17-18 (asserting that if her 

subjective symptom statements, as documented in Dr. Afridi's records, are credited, a finding of 

disability is required because the VE "testified that absences of even 4 to 8 hours per week, due 

to migraine headaches or any other cause, would preclude competitive employment"); see also 

PL's Reply Br. 4-5 (discussing Dr. Afridi's treatment notes). Critically, the ALJ did not err in 

evaluating plaintiffs subjective symptom statements, and neither Dr. Afridi nor any other 

medical source opined that plaintiffs conditions would cause four to eight hours of absences per 

week. See Morgan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 601 (9th Cir. 1999) (ALJ may 

disregard a medical report that does "not show how [a claimant's] symptoms translate into 

specific functional deficits which preclude work activity"). 

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see also Bray v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1226 n.7 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(arguments not raised in the claimant's opening brief are "deem[ ed] waived"). As such, plaintiff 

has not cited to, and the Court is not aware of, any evidence demonstrating that the ability to 

stand on one leg for extended periods is required to be competitively employable. The ALJ's 

evaluation of Dr. Afridi's opinions is affirmed. 

B. Dr. Voeller 

In October 2010, Dr. Voeller completed a one-time evaluation of plaintiff. Tr. 462-65. 

His assessment was based on an interview with plaintiff and a physical examination. Id. The 

examination findings were normal except in relation to plaintiffs use of her right arm above 

shoulder level. Tr. 463-65. On a corresponding functional capacity form, Dr. Voeller checked 

boxes reflecting that plaintiff could never reach overhead, occasionally reach in all other 

directions, and frequently handle, finger, feel, push, and pull with her right arm. 

6 Tr. 466-71. 

The ALJ gave Dr. Voeller' s opinion "some weight because it accounts for limitations 

related to [plaintiffs] spinal and shoulder impairments." Tr. 491. Nevertheless, the ALJ did "not 

give weight to his assessment regarding the occasional right handed manipulative activities" 

because plaintiff "reported pain with reaching overhead, which is consistent with a shoulder 

impairment, but she did not report manipulative difficulties and none were observed on physical 

examination, which revealed a full range of motion of the hand as well as normal strength and 

movement." Id. 

Contradiction between a doctor's opinion and his treatment notes constitutes a legally 

sufficient reason to reject that opinion. Valentine, 574 F.3d at 692-93; see also Downing v. 

6 Dr. Voeller assessed a number of concrete functional limitations, the majority of which the ALJ 

adopted. Plaintiff does not now challenge the ALJ's decision except in regard to Dr. Voeller's 

right-sided restrictions. Pl.'s Opening Br. 18-20; Bray, 554 F.3d at 1226 n.7. 

Page 15 - OPINION AND ORDER 

Case 3:15-cv-02034-JR Document 22 Filed 08/10/16 Page 15 of 19
Barnhart, 167 Fed.Appx. 652, 653 (9th Cir. 2006) ("an ALJ may reject all or part of an 

examining physician's report if it contains inconsistencies") (citation omitted). 

An independent review of Dr. Voeller' s examination notes confirms the absence of any 

self-reported limitations concerning reaching below shoulder level. See Tr. 462 (plaintiff's sole 

remark regarding reaching to Dr. Voeller: "[ s ]he alleges she has a right AC joint rotator cuff 

injury [and reports that it] hurts her significantly when she reaches above shoulder level"); see 

also Tr. 613 (plaintiff testifying at her first hearing that she "can't stretch or reach above"). In 

addition, Dr. Voeller's objective examination findings do not support the need for any 

restrictions below shoulder level. See Tr. 463, 465 (Dr. Voeller recording clicking and limited 

range of motion only when plaintiff used her right arm above shoulder level). Finally, state 

agency consulting source Michael Spackman, M.D., opined that Dr. Voeller's right-sided 

reaching limitations were "not fully supported by objective findings." Tr. 571-72. Accordingly, 

Dr. Spackman determined that, based on his December 2012 review of the record, reaching 

restrictions below shoulder level were not warranted. Id. 

In light of this evidence, the Court finds that the ALJ reasonably weighed Dr. Voeller' s 

report in formulating the RFC and therefore upholds the ALJ's decision. See Morgan, 169 F.3d 

at 602-03 (affirming the ALJ' s rejection of medical opinion evidence under analogous 

circumstances). 

IV. Step Two Finding 

Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by failing to include migraines as a severe impairment at 

step two. At step two, the ALJ determines whether the claimant has an impairment, or 

combination of impairments, that is both medically determinable and severe. 20 C.F.R. §§ 

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404.1520( c ), 416.920( c ). An impairment is severe if it has "more than a minimal effect on the 

ability to do basic work activities." Webb v. Barnhart, 433 F.3d 683, 686 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation 

and internal quotations omitted). An impairment is medically determinable if it is diagnosed by 

an acceptable medical source and based upon acceptable medical evidence; "under no 

circumstances may the existence of an impairment be established on the basis of symptoms 

alone." SSR 96-4p, available at 1996 WL 374187; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(a), 416.913(a). The 

step two threshold is low; the Ninth Circuit describes it as a "de minimus screening device to 

dispose of groundless claims." Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation 

omitted). 

The record contains multiple references to plaintiff's headaches or migraines. See, e.g., 

Tr. 249, 334, 379, 382, 386, 802, 811, 824, 834, 869, 1174, 1338. Yet there is only one medical 

report, dated August 2009, from a headache specialist; this doctor's notes merely reflect 

plaintiff's subjective symptom statements, and the previous and subsequent imagining studies of 

plaintiff's brain yielded normal results. Tr. 265-66, 334-37. At step two, the ALJ found that 

plaintiff's migraines were medically determinable, but not severe, because she experienced 

"improvement ... with treatment" and "did not consistently report persistent headaches." Tr. 

485-86. 

Initially, "[a]ny alleged error at step two was harmless because step two was decided in 

[plaintiff's] favor with regard to other ailments." Mondragon v. Astrue, 364 Fed. Appx. 346, 348 

(9th Cir. 201 O); Tr. 485. Regardless, in formulating plaintiff's RFC, the ALJ "considered all 

symptoms and the extent to which these symptoms can reasonably be accepted as consistent with 

the objective medical evidence and other evidence," and cited to the pertinent regulations. Tr. 

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487. This analysis entailed evaluation of the relevant and probative medical evidence, as well as 

plaintiffs, Mr. Scarborough's, and Ms. Dixon's allegations. Tr. 485-93. 

As discussed above, the ALJ properly found the statements of plaintiff and the third-party 

witnesses not fully credible, and there is no medical opinion evidence reflecting that plaintiff 

suffers from any concrete functional restrictions related to her migraines. The Court therefore 

finds that the ALJ's subsequent evaluation, including the RFC assessment, adequately 

considered the effects of all of plaintiffs alleged symptoms. In other words, even assuming the 

ALJ erred in failing to find plaintiffs migraines severe at step two, such an error was harmless. 

Burch, 400 F.3d at 682-83. 

V. RFC and Step Five Finding 

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ's RFC and step five finding are erroneous because they do 

not adequately account for the limitations described in her testimony and the lay statements, as 

well as the medical opinions of Drs. Afridi and Voeller. 

The RFC is the most a claimant can do despite her limitations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545, 

416.945. In determining the RFC, the ALJ must consider limitations imposed by all of a 

claimant's impairments, even those that are not severe, and evaluate "all of the relevant medical 

and other evidence," including the claimant's testimony. SSR 96-8p, available at 1996 WL 

374184. Only limitations supported by substantial evidence must be incorporated into the RFC 

and, by extension, the dispositive hypothetical question posed to the VE. Osenbrock v. Apfel, 

240 F.3d 1157, 1163-65 (9th Cir. 2001). 

As discussed herein, the ALJ appropriately weighed the evidence from plaintiff, Mr. 

Scarborough, Ms. Dixon, Dr. Afridi, and Dr. Voeller. Accordingly, plaintiffs argument, which is 

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contingent upon a finding of harmful error in regard to the aforementioned issues, is without 

merit. Bayliss, 427 F .3d at 1217-18. The ALJ' s RFC and step five finding are upheld. 

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, the Commissioner's decision is AFFIRMED and this case is 

DISMISSED. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

DATED this tD~day of August 2016 . 

.A.~v 

United States Magistrate Judge 

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