2022 IL App (2d) 220202-U 

No. 2-22-0202 

Order filed September 21, 2022

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent 

except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

In re A.K., a Minor, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

) of Kane County. 

) 

) No. 20-JA-139 

) 

(The People of the State of Illinois, ) Honorable 

Petitioner-Appellee v. Karlon H., ) Kathryn D. Karayannis, 

Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.

Presiding Justice Brennan and Justice Hudson concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: We grant appellate counsel’s motion to withdraw and affirm the trial court’s 

judgment terminating respondent’s parental rights, concluding there exist no issues 

of arguable merit to be raised on appeal.

¶ 2 Respondent, Karlon H., appeals from the trial court’s order finding him unfit to parent his 

son, A.K., and terminating his parental rights. His appellate counsel has moved to withdraw under 

Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), stating he has read the record and concluded there exist 

no issues of arguable merit to be raised on appeal. See In re S.M., 314 Ill. App. 3d 682, 685 (2000) 

(Anders applies to termination cases). Counsel has supported his motion with a memorandum of 

law providing a statement of facts, potential issues, and argument as to why those issues lack 
2022 IL App (2d) 220202-U 

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arguable merit. Counsel served respondent with a copy of the motion and memorandum. We 

advised respondent that he had 30 days to respond to counsel’s motion and explain why 

(1) counsel’s motion should not be granted and (2) this court should not affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. That time has passed, and respondent has not responded. For the reasons set forth in 

counsel’s memorandum, we agree this appeal lacks arguable merit. Therefore, we grant counsel’s 

motion and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 3 A.K. was born on August 28, 2015. In October 2017, the Department of Children and 

Family Services (DCFS) opened an investigation based on concerns that A.K.’s mother, Patsy K.1, 

was using heroin. Patsy was offered but refused intact family services and indicated she would 

seek substance-abuse treatment on her own. 

¶ 4 On August 29, 2020, Patsy gave birth to a daughter, L.H. Immediately after her birth, 

L.H.’s urine tested positive for opiates and cocaine, and Patsy admitted to using cocaine and heroin 

three hours before she arrived at the hospital to deliver L.H. Thus, on August 30, 2020, DCFS took 

protective custody of A.K., who had been living with his mother at the time. On September 1, 

2020, the State filed a neglect petition under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile Court Act) 

(705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq.) (West 2020)). The petition, as amended on September 3, 2020, alleged 

A.K.’s environment was injurious to his welfare, thereby creating a risk of harm, based on his 

mother’s drug use and the presence of opiates and cocaine metabolites in L.H.’s urine, and that 

respondent failed to protect A.K. (705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2020)).2

1

Patsy later consented to the termination of her parental rights and is not a party to this 

appeal.

2

The State filed a neglect petition concerning L.H. the same day, and the case was docketed 
2022 IL App (2d) 220202-U 

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¶ 5 On December 1, 2020, after a stipulated hearing, the trial court entered an adjudicatory 

order, finding A.K. had been neglected as alleged in the State’s petition. On January 5, 2021, the 

court entered a dispositional order, finding respondent unable, for reasons other than financial 

circumstances alone, to care for, protect, train, educate, supervise, or discipline A.K. and granting 

DCFS custody, guardianship, and the right to place A.K. The order required respondent to engage 

in all services required by DCFS, which included a substance-abuse evaluation and treatment, a 

mental-health assessment and recommendations, parenting classes and coaching, and to maintain 

stable employment, cooperate with the agency, and consistently participate in visits with A.K. 

¶ 6 The initial permanency goal was return home within 12 months. Before a May 4, 2021, 

status hearing, the trial court received reports from Kayla Milakis, a Youth Service Bureau 

(agency) caseworker, and Maddie B., a court appointed special advocate (CASA). Relative to 

respondent, the reports noted that the family service plan required respondent to participate in 

medication monitoring for health purposes, participate in both mental-health and substance-abuse 

assessments and follow through with any recommendations, participate in a parenting education 

program, and engage in visitation with A.K. and L.H. The reports indicated respondent had 

consistently attended his biweekly visitation with the children since January 2021, during which 

he engaged with the children and met their needs. However, the reports also indicated the agency 

provided respondent with two referrals for each service recommended in the service plan, but 

respondent had not scheduled any assessments or completed any services. Nor had respondent 

signed consents for the agency to obtain confirmation of any services that had been completed.

as 20-JA-140. The cases proceeded simultaneously, Respondent’s parental rights as to L.H. were 

ultimately terminated, and that judgment is the subject of appeal No. 2-22-0203. 
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Additionally, respondent failed to appear for a random drug test on March 17, 2021, tested positive 

for heroin on March 19, 2021, and failed to appear for a drug test on April 16, 2021. 

¶ 7 Thus, on May 4, 2021, the trial court warned respondent in open court that he was required 

to cooperate with the agency, engage in the recommended services, and that missed drug tests were 

considered positive drug tests, noting that the matter was set for a permanency review on August 

31, 2021.

¶ 8 On June 30, 2021, respondent was charged by complaint with three counts of possession 

of a controlled substance (one count for each of cocaine, heroin, and “opiates”) (720 ILCS 

570/402(c) (West 2020)) and one count of drug paraphernalia (720 ILCS 600/3.5(a) (West 2020)) 

in Kane County case No. 21-CF-1181. On August 17, 2021, he was charged by complaint with 

one count of possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) and one count of possession of drug 

paraphernalia in Kane County case No. 21-CF-1475. 

¶ 9 Before the August 31, 2021, permanency review, the trial court again received reports from 

CASA and the agency. Those reports indicated respondent had consistently visited with both 

minors, had provided the agency with a list of his medications, had engaged in family therapy, was 

scheduled for a substance-abuse assessment on August 26, 2021, and was on a waiting list for a 

parenting education program. The reports also indicated that respondent had a negative drug test 

on April 23, 2021, failed to appear for a drug test on May 14, 2021, tested positive for opiates on 

June 23, 2021, failed to appear for a drug test on July 23, 2021, and tested positive for cocaine and 

opiates on August 13, 2021. In all, respondent had seven positive drug-test results since the 

dispositional order (because missed tests counted as positives). At the hearing, the caseworker told 

the court that respondent had missed the most recent month of individual therapy and had 

previously scheduled substance-abuse assessments but failed to appear four times. The agency 
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recommended that the trial court find respondent had made efforts and progress to correct the 

conditions of case involvement and that the permanency goal remain unchanged. The trial court, 

however, found respondent made neither reasonable efforts nor substantial progress, noting he had 

engaged in individual therapy but had missed the most recent month of it, had not engaged in 

substance-abuse treatment, and continued to miss drug tests or test positive. Accordingly, the court 

changed the goal to return home pending a status hearing to again review respondent’s progress 

(705 ILCS 405/2-28(2)(B-1) (West 2020)). 

¶ 10 On September 9, 2021, respondent was charged by complaint with burglary (720 ILCS 

5/19-1(a) (West 2020)) in Kane County case No. 21-CF-1635 for conduct that occurred on July 

28, 2021. While his criminal cases were pending, in early October 20213

, respondent began 

inpatient substance-abuse treatment at Gateway in Chicago. 

¶ 11 On November 30, 2021, the trial court changed the permanency goal to substitute care 

pending termination of parental rights. The court found respondent had made neither reasonable 

efforts nor reasonable and substantial progress toward the return of A.K. The court noted that, 

while respondent had completed inpatient substance-abuse treatment and was engaged in intensive 

outpatient treatment, he did not commence treatment until “relatively recently.” Moreover, the 

court noted, respondent had not shown consistent sobriety (he tested positive for opiates and 

cocaine again in September 2021, just before he entered inpatient treatment); did not participate in 

individual therapy while in inpatient treatment, though it was available; inconsistently participated 

3

Gateway contacted respondent on Friday, October 1, 2021, to inform him that it had a bed 

available to him, and respondent began treatment over the weekend.
2022 IL App (2d) 220202-U 

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in individual therapy before he went into inpatient treatment; and had not participated in parenting 

classes.

¶ 12 On December 14, 2021, respondent pleaded guilty to burglary in case No. 21-CF-1635 and 

to one count of possession of a controlled substance in case Nos. 21-CF-1181 and 21-CF-1475. 

He was sentenced to probation and placed in the Kane County Drug Rehabilitation Court (drug 

court) program. See 730 ILCS 166/1 et seq. (West 2020).

¶ 13 On March 8, 2022, the State petitioned to terminate respondent’s parental rights. In its 

petition, as amended on March 31, 2022, the State alleged, under the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 

50/0.01 et seq. (West 2020)), respondent was unfit based on his (1) failure to make reasonable 

efforts to correct the conditions which were the basis for the child’s removal or make reasonable 

progress toward the return of A.K. during a nine-month period following the adjudication of 

neglect, specifically, from December 2, 2020, through September 2, 2021 (id. § 1(D)(m)(ii)) (count 

I); (2) failure to protect A.K. from conditions within A.K.’s environment that were injurious to his 

welfare (id. § 1(D)(g)) (count II); (3) failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, 

or responsibility as to A.K.’s welfare (id. § 1(D)(b)) (count III); and (4) abandonment of A.K. (id.

§ 1(D)(a)) (count IV). 

¶ 14 On May 4, 2022, after a hearing, the trial court found respondent was unfit, determining

the State proved counts I, II, and III of its amended petition. (During closing summation, the State 

conceded it had not proved count IV (abandonment) but never formally withdrew the allegation.) 

Preliminarily, the court expressed its support for respondent’s involvement in drug court and its 

hope that he would be successful in that program. Nevertheless, as to count I, the court found 

respondent made neither reasonable efforts nor reasonable progress during the nine-month period 

identified in the State’s petition (December 2, 2020, through September 2, 2021). The court noted
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that, other than consistently engaging with visits and inconsistently engaging in individual therapy, 

respondent had not completed or made progress in any services in the initial nine-month period. It 

also noted respondent tested positive for drugs on several occasions, did not sit for a substanceabuse assessment until August 2021, and did not complete individual therapy or engage in 

parenting classes. As to count II, the court found respondent failed to protect A.K. from an 

injurious environment, based on the fact that L.H. was born drug exposed and A.K. resided in a 

home where both parents used drugs. As to count III, the court noted that respondent had more 

recently begun to address his substance-abuse issues and had consistently engaged in visitation. 

However, over the entire period A.K. was in care, respondent had not maintained a reasonable 

degree of interest, concern, or responsibility, given the evidence that he failed to start or engage in 

services and maintain sobriety over many months and was convicted of felony offenses while the 

case was pending. 

¶ 15 That same day, after a separate best-interests hearing, the court found it was in A.K.’s best 

interests to terminate respondent’s parental rights. Respondent appealed, and counsel was 

appointed to represent him.

¶ 16 As noted, counsel has moved to withdraw under Anders. In his supporting memorandum, 

counsel identified a single potential issue for review: whether respondent was afforded adequate 

time to complete the services required of him, before his rights were terminated, and, relatedly, 

whether the trial court’s fitness findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence. The 

record shows that, at the time of trial, respondent had completed inpatient substance-abuse 

treatment, had engaged in intensive outpatient treatment while living at a halfway house and was 

actively engaged with his treatment, was in compliance with all terms of his drug-court sentence, 

was maintaining sobriety, had obtained employment, had reengaged in individual therapy, and was 
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on a waiting list for parenting classes. Additionally, the record shows respondent, other than the 

time that he was in inpatient treatment, had consistently visited with A.K. since A.K. was taken 

into protective custody.

¶ 17 Preliminarily, we emphasize that respondent’s engagement with substance-abuse 

treatment, his continued sobriety, and his more recent efforts to comply with the service plan is 

laudable. And we, like the trial court, support respondent’s placement in drug court and hope that 

he will continue to be successful in that program.

¶ 18 Nevertheless, we agree with counsel that an argument that respondent was not afforded

adequate time to complete his services lacks arguable merit. The trial court entered the 

adjudicatory order on December 1, 2020, and the State filed its termination petition on March 8, 

2022, more than 14 months later. And during some of that time, respondent was either incarcerated 

or was in an inpatient substance-abuse facility. However, it is well-settled that the time a parent is 

incarcerated may be properly considered in determining whether the parent has made reasonable 

efforts or progress in a given nine-month period under section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption Act, and 

we see no reason why that logic would not extend to the time in which a parent is engaged in 

inpatient substance-abuse treatment when, as here, other required services (individual therapy) was 

available to, but refused by, respondent while he was in the inpatient facility. See In re J.L., 236 

Ill. 2d 329, 338-43 (2010) (rejecting the mother’s argument that her incarceration should toll the 

nine-month period where her incarceration resulted in her having only three months to demonstrate 

reasonable progress). Indeed, there is no exception contained in section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption 

Act for a parents’ time spent in an inpatient substance-abuse facility. 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 

2020); J.L., 236 Ill. 2d at 340. We emphasize that respondent’s effort to engage in inpatient 

substance-abuse treatment is not what weighed against him; rather, what weighed against him was
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his refusal to engage in other, available treatment, i.e., individual therapy, while in substance-abuse 

treatment.

¶ 19 Moreover, respondent did not begin to meaningfully address his substance-abuse issues 

until October 2021, after the nine-month period at issue. And though he previously engaged with 

individual therapy, he did not attend that therapy in the month preceding the first permanency goal 

change, which was entered on August 31, 2021, just before the expiration of the nine-month period 

at issue. Simply put, respondent’s efforts after the nine-month period at issue were not relevant to 

the trial court’s determination that respondent was unfit on count I. See In re D.L., 191 Ill. 2d 1, 

10-11 (2000) (analyzing a prior version of section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption Act); accord In re 

Haley D., 2011 IL 110886, ¶ 88. 

¶ 20 As counsel points out, respondent’s efforts after the expiration of the nine-month period 

could be considered as they relate to count III, which alleged respondent failed to maintain a 

reasonable degree of interest, concern, or responsibility as to A.K. In re Alexander R., 377 Ill. App. 

3d 553, 556 (2007). Thus, counsel asserts, he could (but it would be frivolous to) argue that the 

trial court’s finding on count III was against the manifest weight of the evidence, given the 

evidence showing he had completed inpatient substance-abuse treatment, was engaged in intensive 

outpatient treatment, had reengaged in individual therapy, and had maintained sobriety and 

obtained employment while living at a halfway house. 

¶ 21 We agree with counsel’s conclusion that it would be frivolous to argue the trial court’s 

fitness determination was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Proceedings to terminate 

parental rights are principally governed by the Juvenile Court Act and the Adoption Act. The 

Juvenile Court Act sets forth a two-step process for involuntarily terminating parental rights. In re 

Deandre D., 405 Ill. App. 3d 945, 952 (2010). First, the State must prove by clear and convincing 
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evidence that the parent is unfit on one of the grounds listed in section 1(D) of the Adoption Act 

(750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2020)). Deandre D., 405 Ill. App. 3d at 952. Second, if the court finds 

the parent is unfit, the State must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that termination of the 

parent’s rights is in the minor’s best interests. Id. at 953.

¶ 22 We will not disturb the trial court’s fitness finding unless it is against the manifest weight

of the evidence. In re Gwynne P., 215 Ill. 2d 340, 354 (2005). A finding of fitness is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence when the finding is unreasonable. In re D.W., 386 Ill. App. 3d 

124, 139 (2008). The grounds for finding unfitness under the Adoption Act are independent. See 

750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 2020); see also In re B’Yata I., 2014 IL App (2d) 130558-B, ¶ 30. 

Thus, we may affirm the trial court’s judgment if the evidence supports any one of the grounds 

alleged. Id.

¶ 23 Because we may affirm if any one ground is supported, counsel concludes it would be 

frivolous to assert the fitness finding on count III should be reversed, because the evidence 

overwhelmingly established respondent did not make reasonable efforts or progress in the ninemonth period from December 2, 2020, to September 2, 2021. We agree. At a minimum, the court’s 

finding that respondent failed to make reasonable efforts or progress toward the return of A.K. 

during a nine-month period following the adjudication of neglect was not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence.

¶ 24 Reasonable efforts and reasonable progress are separate grounds on which the trial court 

may determine a parent is unfit under section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption Act. In re Daphnie E., 368 

Ill. App. 3d 1053, 1066 (2006). “Reasonable efforts relate to the goal of correcting the conditions 

that caused the removal of the child from the parent [citation], and are judged by a subjective 

standard based upon the amount of effort that is reasonable for a particular person.” Id. at 1066-
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67. Reasonable progress is an objective standard that requires, at a minimum, “measurable or 

demonstrable movement” toward reunification. Id. at 1067. “Reasonable progress exists when the 

trial court can conclude that it will be able to order the child returned to parental custody in the 

near future.” Id. 

¶ 25 The State alleged respondent failed to make reasonable efforts or progress during the ninemonth period from December 2, 2020, to September 2, 2021. Here, at a minimum, the record 

amply supports the trial court’s determination that respondent failed to make reasonable efforts 

during this time period. To be sure, the record shows respondent made some efforts to comply 

with the initial service plan. He consistently visited with A.K. throughout the proceedings and, 

before the August 31, 2021, goal change, engaged in individual therapy and sat for a substanceabuse assessment on August 26, 2021. He also maintained “very good” communication with the 

agency caseworker throughout the case, keeping her updated “about any of the services he was 

going into and[,] while he was in treatment[,] he also made sure [the caseworker] had his 

information.” 

¶ 26 However, the record also shows that, during the first five months of the nine-month period, 

i.e., from December 2, 2020, to May 4, 2021, respondent made no efforts (other than consistent 

visitation) to comply with the service plan and correct the conditions that brought A.K. into 

custody. The agency and CASA reports encompassing that period indicated the agency provided 

respondent with two referrals for each service recommended in the service plan, but respondent 

had not scheduled any assessments or completed any services. Nor had respondent signed consents 

for the agency to obtain confirmation of any services that had been completed. Additionally, 

respondent failed to appear for a random drug test on March 17, 2021, tested positive for heroin 

on March 19, 2021, and failed to appear for a drug test on April 16, 2021. Thus, on May 4, 2021, 
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the trial court warned respondent in open court that he was required to cooperate with the agency, 

engage in the recommended services, and that missed drug tests were considered positive drug 

tests. The court also warned respondent that he should promptly begin to make efforts to comply 

with the service plan.

¶ 27 Despite the court’s warning, over the next four months, respondent continued to use drugs, 

engaged in criminal behavior, and did not make any efforts (other than inconsistently attending 

individual therapy) to correct the condition that brought A.K. into care. Respondent tested positive 

or failed to appear for drug tests on May 14 (failed to appear), June 23 (positive for opiates), July 

23 (failed to appear), and August 13, 2021 (positive for cocaine and opiates). On June 30, 2021, 

he was charged with possessing cocaine, heroin, opiates, and drug paraphernalia, and, on August 

17, 2021, he was charged with possessing cocaine and drug paraphernalia. It was not until August 

26, 2021, i.e., one week short of the initial nine-month period following adjudication, that 

respondent sat for a substance-abuse assessment, which was geared to address the primary basis 

for A.K.’s wardship, i.e., the parents’ drug use.

¶ 28 Moreover, the record shows respondent was inconsistent with his individual therapy during 

the nine-month period and altogether stopped attending in August 2021, immediately before the 

end of the nine-month period at issue. And by that time, respondent had only been placed on a 

waiting list for parenting classes. 

¶ 29 Based on the foregoing, we cannot conclude the trial court’s fitness finding was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. In short, respondent’s minimal efforts, in the nine-month period 

at issue, to correct the conditions which brought A.K. into care were not reasonable under the 

circumstances. Despite being unemployed and, therefore, having plenty of time to engage and 

make progress in the required services, respondent perpetuated the conditions that brought A.K. 
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into care by continuing his drug use. Thus, we agree with counsel that no viable argument 

challenging the court’s fitness finding could be raised.

¶ 30 Accordingly, after examining the record, the motion to withdraw, and the memorandum of 

law in support thereof, we agree with counsel that the appeal presents no issues of arguable merit. 

We therefore grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and affirm the judgment of the circuit court of 

Kane County. 

¶ 31 Motion granted; affirmed.