UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF OREGON

PORTLAND DIVISION

VOLTAGE PICTURES, LLC, a California Case No. 3:15-cv-002-AC 

Limited Liability Company, and 

DALLAS BUYERS CLUB, LLC, a Texas FINDINGS AND 

Limited Liability Company, RECOMMENDATION 

Plaintiffs,

v.

JOHNNY MARTINEZ, 

Defendant.

___________________________________

ACOSTA, Magistrate Judge:

Introduction

Plaintiffs Voltage Pictures, LLC, and Dallas Buyers Club, LLC (“Plaintiffs), filed this action

against a Doe defendant for copyright infringement under the Copyright Act and for a violation of

state trademark law. On August 20, 2015, the court entered a default judgment, awarding Plaintiffs

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damages in the amount of $750, as well as an injunction against the infringing party. Plaintiffs now

seek attorney fees in the amount of $3,962.40 and costs in the amount of $1,032.00.

The court finds the amount requested for attorneyfees is reasonable and Plaintiffs are entitled

to recover the requested costs with the exception of $450.00 for electronic records of infringing

activity. Accordingly, the court recommends granting Plaintiffs’ motion for attorney fees in the

amount of $3,962.40 and granting Plaintiffs’ cost bill in the amount of $582.00.

Background

Plaintiffs filed this action on January 1, 2015. From the date of filing through mid-March

2015, Plaintiffs engaged in discovery to determine the identity of the alleged infringer. In response

to his receipt of a subpoena for a Rule 45 deposition, Johnny Martinez (“Martinez”) admitted to 

engaging in the infringing activity. On March 30, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint

identifying Martinez as the Doe defendant and completed service on Martinez on April 3, 2015. 

Plaintiffs filed a notice of default on March 29, 2015, advising Martinez of their intent to move for

default if Martinez did not promptly appear in the action. On May 16, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a motion

for entry of default and this court entered an order of default on May 22, 2015. Plaintiffs then moved

for a default judgment on June 1, 2015. This court issued a Findings and Recommendation

recommending the entry of a default judgment in favor of Plaintiffs and against Martinez on July 2,

2015, which Judge Hernandez adopted on August 11, 2015. Plaintiffs filed their motion for attorney

fees and costs on September 8, 2015. Martinez has not filed objections. 

Legal Standard

The Copyright Act provides for an award of costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to a

prevailing party in an action for copyright infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 505 (2014). Awarding fees

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under this provision is a matter of the court’s discretion, but it is to be applied in an evenhanded

manner, i.e., “[p]revailing plaintiffs and prevailing defendants are to be treated alike. . . .” Fogerty

v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 534 (1994). 

In determining whether fees should be awarded, the court should consider the following

factors, which are non-exclusive: “frivolousness, motivation, objective unreasonableness (both in

the factual and in the legal components of the case), and the need in particular circumstances to

advance considerations of compensation and deterrence.” Id. at 535 n. 19 (quoting Lieb v. Topstone

Industries, Inc., 788 F.2d 151, 156 (1986)). See also Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102,

1120 (2007). The Ninth Circuit also considers the degree of success obtained in determining both

whether attorney fees are recoverable and, if so, the amount of such fees. Wall Data Inc. v. Los

Angeles County Sheriff’s Dept., 447 F.3d 769, 787 (9th Cir. 2007).

In determining what amount is “reasonable,” courts first “calculate the ‘lodestar figure’ by

taking the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation and multiplying it by a reasonable

hourly rate.” Fischer v. SJB-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1119 (9th Cir. 2000). The court must then

decide whether to enhance or reduce the figure by evaluation the factors discussed in Kerr v. Screen

Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67 (9th Cir. 1975), that were not already considered in calculation of

the lodestar figure. The Kerr factors include:

(1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions

involved, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly, (4) the

preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case, (5) the

customaryfee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations imposed

by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount involved and the results obtained,

(9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the ‘undesirability’

of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client,

and (12) awards in similar cases.

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Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir. 1975). Only those factors that are

applicable must be addressed. Sapper v. Lenco Blade, Inc., 704 F.2d 1069 (9th Cir. 1983).

“[T]here is a ‘strong presumption’ that the lodestar figure is reasonable, but that presumption

may be overcome in those rare circumstances in which the lodestar does not adequately take into

account a factor that may be properly considered in determining a reasonable fee.” Perdue v. Kenny

A., 559 U.S. 542, 554 (2010). The district court has “considerable discretion” in determining the

reasonableness of a fee award. Webb v. Ada County, 195 F.3d 524, 526-7 (9th Cir. 1999).

Discussion

I. Entitlement to Attorney’s Fees

Plaintiffs allege Martinez copied and published their motion picture, Dallas Buyers Club, via

a BitTorrent client. Accordingly, Plaintiffs allege Martinez willfully infringed on their exclusive

rights under the Copyright Act and, if not enjoined from future infringing activity, would continue

to cause them harm. The court entered a default judgment awardingPlaintiffs statutory damages and

injunctive relief. Plaintiffs were successful in obtaining the results sought. The action was not

frivolous, was motivated by Plaintiffs’ desire to protect their copyright interests, and reasonably

sought to recover compensation for, and deter future, copyright infringement. The relevant factors

justify an award of attorney’s fees in this case. 

II. Reasonable Hourly Rate

A reasonable hourly rate is determined by looking to the “prevailing market rates in the

relevant community” as well as the skill, experience, and reputation of the lawyer. Blum v. Stenson,

465 U.S. 886, 895 (1984) The party requesting the fees “has the burden of producing satisfactory

evidence, in addition to the affidavits of its counsel, that the requested rates are in line with those

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prevailing in the community for similar services of lawyers of reasonably comparable skill and

reputation.” Jordan v. Multnomah County, 815 F.2d 1258, 1263 (9th Cir. 1987). The best evidence

of the prevailing rate in Oregon is the periodic Economic Survey conducted by the Oregon State Bar. 

Roberts v. Interstate Distrib. Co., 242 F. Supp. 2d 850, 857 (D. Or. 2002).

Plaintiffs’ counsel, Carl C. Crowell (“Crowell”), seeks $312 per hour for time spent on

Plaintiffs’ claim. Crowell has been a practicing attorney since 1998, and is admitted to practice

before numerous courts, as well as the United States Patent and Trademark Office as a patent

attorney. The Oregon State Bar 2012 Economic Survey reveals the average hourly rate billed by

attorneys in private practice in Portland, Oregon, is $284, while the average for attorneys practicing

in the Upper Willamette Valley, which includes Salem, Oregon, is $218. A Portland attorney with

thirteen to fifteen years experience bills at an average of $312 per hour. An Upper Willamette Valley

attorney with similar experience bills at an average of $247 per hour. A Portland attorney

specializing in business or corporate litigation bills at an average of $311 per hour. There is no

statistical model for Upper Willamette Valley attorneys specializing in similar litigation. 

Crowell has unique expertise in the area of copyright infringement and litigated this action

in Portland, Oregon. Accordingly, the court finds the hourly billing rate of $312 requested for

Crowell’s services is reasonable in light of his experience and the billing rates of comparable

attorneys in the Portland area. This conclusion is consistent with those of Judge Aiken and Judge

Mosman, who also awarded Crowell attorney fees at an hourly rate of $312 per hour. See Voltage

Pictures, LLC v. Smith, No. 6:14-cv-1193-AA, Order dated February 18, 2015; Voltage Pictures,

LLC v. Lange, No. 6:14-cv-1244-AC, Default Judgment dated March 4, 2015.

/ / / / /

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III. Hours Reasonably Expended

The party seeking the award of fees must submit evidence to support the number of hours

worked. Van Gerwen v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2000). Fee

petitions which include inadequate detail or that fail to separate time for individual tasks may be

totallyor partiallydenied, or apportioned accordingly. Lyon v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 656 F.3d 877,

892 (9th Cir. 2011); Dry Creek Landfill, Inc. v. Waste Solutions Group, Inc., No. CV-04-3029-ST,

2007 WL 710214, at *5 (D. Or. Mar. 6, 2007). “A district court should exclude from the lodestar

amount hours that are not reasonably expended because they are ‘excessive, redundant, or otherwise

unnecessary.’” VanGerwen, 214 F.3d at 1045 (citation omitted). Reasonable time spent in preparing

a fee petition is generally recoverable. Guerrero v. Cummings, 70 F.3d 1111, 1112 (9th Cir. 1995).

Crowell represents he spent 12.7 hours on this matter. A major portion of Crowell’s time

was spent engaging in tasks required to identify the infringing party, including obtaining leave of

court to conduct a Rule 45 deposition of Martinez, which resulted in Martinez’s admission he

downloaded Plaintiffs’ motion picture. Crowell spent additional time preparing pleadings, including

the complaint, amended complaint, summons, notice of default, motion for entry of default, and

motion for default judgment. Finally, Crowell communicated, or attempted to communicate, with

his client and Martinez on numerous occasions. The court finds the time expended by Crowell in

litigation this action was reasonable.

IV. Bill of Costs

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) provides that “[u]nless a federal statute, these rules,

or a court order provides otherwise, costs – other than attorney’s fees – should be allowed to the

prevailing party.” FED. R. CIV. P 54(d) (2014). Under Local Rule 54, a party seeking costs in this

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district must provide a “detailed itemization of all claimed costs. The prevailing party must file an

affidavit and appropriate documentation.” LR 54-1(a)(1) (2014).

“Rule 54(d) creates a presumption for awarding costs to prevailing parties; the losing party

must show why costs should not be awarded.” Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 944-

945 (9th Cir. 2003). “By its terms, the rule creates a presumption in favor of awarding costs to a

prevailing party, but vests in the district court discretion to refuse to award costs.” Association of

Mexican-American Educators v. California, 231 F.3d 572, 591 (9th Cir. 2000) (citingNational Info.

Servs., Inc. v. TRW, Inc., 51 F.3d 1470, 1471 (9th Cir. 1995)). The district court must give specific

reasons for rejecting claimed costs. Id. at 591-592 (citing Subscription Television, Inc. v. Southern

Cal. Theater Owners Assoc., 576 F.2d 230, 234 (9th Cir. 1978)).

The United States Code identifies six categories of recoverable costs:

(1) Fees of the clerk and marshal;

(2) Fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use

in the case; 

(3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses;

(4) Fees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where

the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case;

(5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title; 

(6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and

salaries, fees, expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section

1828 of this title.

28 U.S.C. § 1920 (2014). A court may not award costs beyond the scope of those authorized by

section 1920. Kraft v. Arden, No. CV. 07-487-PK, 2009 WL 73869, at *3 (D. Or. Jan. 8, 2009)

(citations omitted). “Courts, however, are free to construe the meaning and scope of the items

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enumerated as taxable costs in § 1920.” Id. Ultimately, it is “incumbent upon the losing party to

demonstrate why the costs should not be awarded.” Stanley v. Univ. of S. California, 178 F.3d 1069,

1079 (9th Cir. 1999). However, “[t]he court is required to ensure an award’s reasonableness,

regardless of whether the opposing party objected.” Old West Fed. Credit Union v. Skillman, No.

2:11-cv-01170-SU, 2012 WL 4594256, at *2 (D. Or. Sept. 6, 2012)(quoting Gates v. Deukmejian,

987 F.2d 1392, 1400-02 (9th Cir. 1992)) .

Plaintiffs seek reimbursement for the initial filing fee in the amount of $400.00 and $70.00

paid to Comcast for subpoenaed records. These costs are reasonable and recoverable.

Plaintiffs also seek recovery of a $40.00 witness fee and $72.00 for mileage related to

Martinez’s Rule 45 deposition. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1920(3), a prevailing party may recover witness

fees. A witness is entitled to a fee of $40.00 for each day the witness is testifying. 28 U.S.C. §

1821(b) (“A witness shall be paid an attendance fee of $40 per day for each day’s attendance.”). See

also First Nat’l Mortg. Co. v. Federal Realty Inv. Trust, 631 F.3d 1058, 1071 (9th Cir.2011)(federal

law allows recovery of only “forty dollar per day per witness”). Mileage is permitted in addition to

this fee. 28 U.S.C. § 1821(c)(2) (providing for a “travel allowance equal to the mileage allowance”

paid to federal employees). See also Dimon v. Oregon, No. 08–6152–HO, 2009 WL 3401048 (D.

Or. Oct. 20, 2009)(awarding witness fee and mileage); Kyei v. Oregon Dept. of Trans., No.

07–1607–AC, 2010 WL 935489, at *4 (D. Or. March 11, 2010)(same).

It is unclear from the record whether the Rule 45 deposition, which was scheduled for March

25, 2015, actually occurred. Plaintiffs represent Martinez was served with the subpoena for his Rule

45 deposition and that he admitted to the infringing conduct after receiving the subpoena, which

implies the deposition was unnecessary and did not occur. This conclusion is supported by the

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itemization of Crowell’s services on March 25, 2015, which indicate he reviewed the file and emails

from Martinez and prepared settlement documents on that day, but not that he attended a deposition

or met with Martinez in person. However, based on Crowell’s representations he provided Martinez

with the witness fee and mileage costs, and that such costs were necessarily incurred in this action,

the court finds it reasonable to assume Martinez cashed the checks provided to him by Crowell and

should reimburse Plaintiffs for those amounts.

Finally, Plaintiffs seek reimbursement of $450.00 for electronic records of infringing activity

which included a record of over 580 files. In the cost bill, Plaintiffs appear to contend they are

entitled to recovery of such costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2), which relates primarily to deposition

transcripts. The more appropriate authority for recovery of the cost of making copies of evidence

is found in 28 U.S.C. § 1920(4), which addresses recovery of costs incurred in making copies of

materials. However, the standard under both sections is substantially similar.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2), a prevailing party may recover “[f]ees for printed or

electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use in the case[.]” See also FED. R. CIV.

P. 54(d)(1) (“costs . . . should be allowed to the prevailing party”). “Depositions are ‘necessary’ if

introduced into evidence or used at trial for impeachment or cross-examination.” Arboireau v.

Adidas Salomon AG, No. CV 01-105-ST, 2002 WL31466564 at *5 (D. Or. June 14, 2002). The cost

of a deposition not used at trial still may be recovered “if taking the deposition was reasonable as

part of the pretrial preparation of the case rather than merely discovery for the convenience of

counsel, or if the deposition was required for a dispositive motion.” Id. Disallowance of expenses

for depositions not used at trial is within the district court’s discretion. Washington State Dep’t. of

Transp. v. Washington Natural Gas Co., 59 F.3d 793, 806 (9th Cir. 1995). However, in calculating

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award of costs, a court may, it its discretion, tax deposition and copying costs even if the items in

question were not used at trial. Sea Coast Foods, Inc. v. Lu-Mar Lobster and Shrimp, Inc., 260 F.3d

1054 (9th Cir. 2001). 

Similarly, a prevailing partymay recover “[f]ees for exemplification and the costs of making

copies of any materials where the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case.” 28 U.S.C. §

1920(4). Copying costs for documents used as exhibits at trial are recoverable. Arboireau, 2002 WL

31466564, at *6 (citing Fressell v. AT&T Tech., Inc., 103 F.R.D. 111, 115-16 (N.D. Ga. 1984)). 

However, recoverable copying costs “do ‘not include extra copies of filed papers, correspondence,

and copies of cases since these are prepared for the convenience of the attorneys.’” Id. (citation

omitted). See also Frederick v. City of Portland, 162 F.R.D. 139, 142 (D. Or.1995) (rejecting bulk

of defendants’ request for costs as “inappropriate” because it “represents costs associated with the

in-house photocopying of defense counsel”). A party’s conclusory assertion that all copies were

reasonably necessary to its case is, by itself, insufficient. Kraft, 2009 WL 73869, at *9. See also

Arboireau, 2002 WL 31466564, at *6 (same).

Plaintiffs’ represent they incurred the $450.00 in costs “for the electronic transcripts of the

infringing activity of the defendant which included a record of over 580 files associated with the

defendant’s IP address and other data related to the defendant’s internet activity to ensure plaintiffs

were naming the proper party.”1(Crowell Decl. dated Sept. 8, 2015, ¶ 15.) Plaintiffs fail to indicate

from whom they obtained the transcripts, the costs related to the different types of data, or how the

data was necessary to, or used in, this action. Without this information, either in the form of bills,

1Plaintiffs independently seek $70.00 “in fees paid to Comcast for subpoenaed data” which

the court has found reasonable and recoverable. (Crowell Decl. dated Sept. 8, 2015, ¶ 15.)

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receipts, or additional description of the charges in a declaration, the court is unable to determine

whether Plaintiffs obtained this evidence for counsel’s convenience or for use in the trial, the

extensive evidence obtained was necessarily obtained for use in this case, or the charges incurred

were reasonable. It does not appear any of this evidence was offered in support of the amended

complaint or any motion filed with the court, and the court questions how records of 580 files

associated with Martinez and other data related to Martinez’s internet activity were necessary to

establish Martinez downloaded Plaintiffs motion picture. Consequently, the court concludes the cost

of this evidence is not recoverable.

Conclusion

Plaintiffs’ motion (ECFNo. 39) for attorneyfees should be GRANTED and Plaintiffs should

be awarded attorney fees in the amount of $3,962.40. Plaintiffs’ cost bill (ECF No. 41) should be

GRANTED with the exception of the $450.00 requested for electronic records and Plaintiffs should

be awarded $582.00 in costs.

Scheduling Order

The Findings and Recommendation will be referred to a district judge for review. 

Objections, if any, are due January 21, 2016. If no objections are filed, then the Findings and

Recommendation will go under advisement on that date.

If objections are filed, then a response is due within 14 days after being served with a copy

of the objections. When the response is due or filed, whichever date is earlier, the Findings and

Recommendation will go under advisement. 

DATED this 4th day of January, 2016.

 /s/ John V. Acosta 

 JOHN V. ACOSTA

United States Magistrate Judge

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