IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

MEDFORD DIVISION 

ERIC CONRAD, 

Plaintiff; 

v. 

JACKSON COUNTY, a political subdivision of 

the State of Oregon, and JACKSON COUNTY 

MASTER GARDENER ASSOCIATION, an 

unincorporated association; 

Defendants. 

CLARKE, Magistrate Judge. 

Case No. 1: 13-cv-00756-CL 

ORDER 

Plaintiff Eric Conrad ("Plaintiff') brings this negligence action against Jackson County 

(the "County") and the Jackson County Master Gardener Association (the "Association") 

(collectively, the "Defendants") for injuries he sustained after falling at an event hosted by the 

Association on County property. The parties executed written consent to entry ofjudgment by a 

United States Magistrate Judge (# 13). 

Currently before the Court is the Association's motion for summary judgment (#46) as to 

Plaintiffs claims against both Defendants. For the reasons stated below, the Association's 

motion (#46) is GRANTED. 

Page I -ORDER 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 1 of 12
PRELIMINARY MATTER 

On September 30, 2014, Plaintiffs counsel filed a memorandum (#51) in opposition to 

Defendants' motion for summary judgment along with a declaration (#52) of Plaintiff. The 

declaration was unsigned. Plaintiff's counsel stated (#50) he would update the record with a 

signed version by October 3. On October 3, Plaintiffs counsel filed a single page (#54) with the 

Court. It is entirely illegible. The Court contacted Plaintiff's counsel by e-mail and phone to 

request a full, signed, and legible copy of the declaration. Plaintiff's counsel responded that he 

would request a legible copy from his client. The Court has not yet received one. 

FED. R. C!v. P. 56(c)(4) 1:equires a declaration submitted in opposition to a motion for 

summary judgment to be made on personal knowledge, set forth facts that would be admissible 

in evidence, and show the declarant is competent to testify on the matters addressed therein. 

Additionally, 28 U.S.C. § 1746 requires a declarant to swear, under penalty of perjury, that the 

declaration's contents are "true and correct." A declaration is considered properly sworn when it 

is signed and dated. ~Plaintiff's declaration is defective and invalid under these requirements. 

Without any legible signature, date, or certification, the declaration lacks the necessary indicia of 

truthfulness. Accordingly, its contents are inadmissible and cannot be considered in opposition to 

Defendants' motion for summary judgment. See FED. R. Clv. P. 56(c)(4); Orr v. Bank of 

America. NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002) (evidence presented in opposition to a 

motion for summary judgment must be admissible); Elder-Keep v. Askamit, 460 F.3d 979, 984 

(8th Cir. 2006) (trial court was authorized to exclude unsigned affidavits from its consideration 

of a summary judgment motion). 

Moreover, even if the declaration was admissible, the sham affidavit rule prevents the 

Court from considering multiple assertions contained therein. Plaintiff's declaration conflicts 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 2 of 12
with excerpts of his deposition proffered by Defendants. "The general rule in the Ninth Circuit is 

that a party cannot create an issue of fact by an affidavit contradicting his prim~ deposition 

testimony." Van Asdale v. Int'l Game Tech., 577 F.3d 989, 998 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 

Kennedy v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266 (9th Cir. 1991)). This so-called sham 

affidavit rule upholds the integrity of FED. R. Civ. P. 56 and prevents a party fl·om evading 

summary judgment through false factual disputes. Kennedv, 952 F.2d at 266 (internal quotation 

marks omitted); see also Van Asdale, 577 F.3d at 998 (stating that some form of the sham 

affidavit rule is necessary to maintain the principle that summary judgment is an integral part of 

the federal rules). The Ninth Circuit has warned the rule should be applied with caution "because 

it is in tension with the ·principle that the court is not to make credibility determinations when 

granting or denying summary judgment." Yeager v. Bowlin, 693 F.3d 1076, 1080 (9th Cir. 

2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 2026 (2013), reh'g denied, 134 S. Ct. 33 (2013). Thus, in order to 

invoke the rule and strike an inconsistent affidavit, a trial court must make the factual 

determination that that the contradiction is, indeed, a sham. 1..9.: Any inconsistency in the party's 

testimony must be clear and unambiguous. Id. 

Statements in Plaintiff's declaration flatly contradict his earlier testimony. Specifically, in 

his declaration, Plaintiff states an unnamed Association member "told [Plaintiff] that [he] had 

tripped over a length of pipe that was embedded in the ground a few feet from where [Piaintiffj 

was then sitting." Conrad Dec!. ,! 2. He further describes two men "lifting that pipe out of the 

ground," removing it from the walkway, and telling Plaintiff he had tripped on it. Conrad Dec!.,! 

2. In his prior deposition, Plaintiff testified he was not sure where precisely the pipe was located 

or how it was situated when the bystanders picked it up. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 17 (Conrad Dep. 

132: 19-25). No one told him the pipe was buried; rather, he assumed it was because there was 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 3 of 12
dirt on one end. Mahady Dec!. Ex. I, at 18 (Conrad Dep. 133:16-23). Plaintiff further testified 

that no member of the Association talked to him about how or why he fell. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, 

at 24 (Conrad Dep. 148:16-21). 

Both sets of statements cannot simultaneously be true. Bystanders either told Plaintiff the 

pipe was buried in the path or they did not. Plaintiff either knows where the pipe was located 

before bystanders picked it up or he docs not. Plaintiffs declaration serves to contradict- not 

explain or clarify- his prior testimony. There is nothing to indicate that his declaration is based 

on some newly discovered evidence. Rather, like the deposition, the declaration recounts 

Plaintiffs existing memory of the incident. The Court could not consider these sham issues of 

fact even if the declaration was otherwise admissible. 

BACKGROUND 

Given the inadmissibility of Plaintiffs declaration, the following facts are not in dispute. 

In May 2011, Plaintiff was a vendor at the Jackson County Master Gardeners' Show. 

Compl. ,l 2. The Association organized and managed the event, which was held at the County's 

fairgrounds. Com pl. ,!1; Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 8 (Conrad Dep. 43: 18-20). At dusk on May 7th, 

the first day of the show, Plaintiff exited a fairground building and walked up a cement ramp 

toward his car. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 7, 13 (Conrad Dep. 42:13-21, 127:9-10). The next thing 

he knew, he was laying on the ground. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 7 (Conrad Dcp. 42:19-21 ). 

Plaintiff does not remember how, why, or where exactly he fell - whether he was still on the 

uphill ramp or whether he had begun to walk on the flat dirt path at the top of the ramp. Mahady 

Dec!. Ex. 1, at 7-9, 14-15 (Conrad Dcp. 42:22-43:6, 50:18-20, 128:16-129:2). He docs not 

remember if he was watching where he was walking. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 15 (Conrad Dep. 

129:3-5). He does not remember whether the relatively hard wind or the waning sunlight made it 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 4 of 12
difficult to walk. Mahady Decl. Ex. 1, at 16 (Conrad Dep. 130:4-13). No witnesses to Plaintiffs 

fall have come forward with any details. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 21-22 (Conrad Dep. 140:12-

141:8). 

Bystanders came to Plaintiffs assistance and pointed out a p1pe on the ground 

somewhere in the vicinity. Mahady Dec!. Ex. I, at 17 (Conrad Dep. 132:8-18). The pipe was 

about six to eight feet long and had dirt on the bottom. Mahady Dec!. Ex. I, at 18 (Conrad Dep. 

133:9-25). The first time Plaintiff saw the pipe, bystanders were holding it. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, 

at 18 (Conrad Dep. 133:5-13). Plaintitfis unsure where precisely the pipe was located or how it 

was situated when the bystanders picked it up. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 17 (Conrad Dep. 132:19-

25). He does not know how long it had been there, who it belonged to, or who put it there. 

Mahady Dec! Ex. I, at 19-20 (Conrad Dep. 137:24-138:15). 

A County groundskeeper arrived at the scene and saw the pipe. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 2, at 3 

(Smith Dec!. ~,1 6, 9). The groundskeeper had previously walked the path at least two times that 

day and had not noticed the pipe or any tripping hazards. Mahady Decl Ex. 2, at 2-3 (Smith Dec!. 

,1,14-6). An Association volunteer had walked through the scene of the accident that morning and 

on the two preceding days and had not noticed any hazards. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 3, at I (Riding 

Dec!. ,1 3). No one had alerted the County or the Association to any hazards or pipes in the area 

where Plaintiff fell. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 2, at 3 (Smith Dec!. ,1 I 0); Mahady Dec!. Ex. 3, at 3 

(Riding Dec!. ,1 4). Plaintiff had walked along the same path that morning to get from his parked 

car to the event building. Mahady Dec!. Ex. I, at 13-14 (Conrad Dep. 127:11-128:13). At that 

time, he did not notice any tripping hazards. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 1, at 13-14 (Conrad Dep. 127:25-

128:10). 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 5 of 12
The County groundskeeper has never seen a similar pipe used by the fairgrounds: the 

pipe was a metal irrigation pipe and the fairgrounds use PVC irrigation pipe. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 

2, at 3 (Smith Dec!. ,[,[ 6-7). The Association did not bring any metal irrigation pipes to the 

event. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 3, at 3 (Riding Dec!.,[ 5). 

STANDARD 

Summary judgment is appropriate if "the movant shows there is no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of lmv." fED. R. C!V. P. 

56( a). Summary judgment is not proper if material factual issues exist for trial. Warren v. Citv of 

Carlsbad, 58 f.3d 439, 441 (9th Cir. 1995). 

The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue 

of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett. 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 

F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001 ). An issue of fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a 

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobbv. 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). If the moving party fulfills its burden, the burden shifts to the 

non-moving party who must go beyond the pleadings to identify genuine issues of fact. Celotex 

Corp., 477 U.S. at 324. Conclusory allegations, unsupported by factual material, are insufficient 

to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Tavlor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). 

Instead, the opposing party must, by affidavit or as otherwise provided by fED. R. C1v. P. 56, 

designate specific facts which show there is a genuine issue for trial. Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 

1076. 

The court must view the evidence in the light n1ost favorable to the nonmoving party. 

Szajer v. City of Los Angeles, 632 F.3d607, 610 (9th Cir. 2011). All reasonable doubt as to the 

existence of a genuine dispute of material fact should be resolved against the moving party. 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 6 of 12
Hector v. Wiens, 533 f.2d 429, 432 (9th Cir. 1976). Where different ultimate inferences may be 

drawn, summary judgment is inappropriate. Sankovich v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, 638 

F.2d 136, 140 (9th Cir. 1981 ). However, facts must be "viewed in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party only if there is a 'genuine' dispute as to those facts." Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 

372, 380 (2007). "Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find 

for the nonmoving party, there is no 'genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita Elec. Industrial Co. v. 

Zenith Radio Corp., 4 75 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). 

DISCUSSION 

Oregon law governs this diversity action. Maricopa County of State of Arizona v. 

Maberrv, 555 F.2d 207, 210 (9th Cir. 1977) ("It is hornbook law that a federal court in a 

diversity case must follow the substantive law of the state where the incident occurred."). Under 

Oregon premises liability law, the duty that a proprietor owes to an entrant depends on whether 

the entrant is an invitee, licensee, or trespasser. Walsh v. C & K Market. Inc., 171 Or. App. 536, 

539, 16 P.3d 1179 (2000). For the purposes of this motion, neither party disputes that Plaintiff 

was a business invitee of the annual Master Gardeners' show held at the Jackson County 

Fairgrounds. See Parker v. Hull Lumber & Plvwood Co., 260 Or. I, 8 (1971) (defining "invitee" 

as "one who comes upon the premises at the occupier's invitation, express or implied, upon 

business which concerns the occupier"). Accordingly, there is no dispute that Defendants had a 

duty to make the event grounds reasonably safe, exercise due diligence to discover unsafe 

conditions, and warn invitees of identified risks. Hughes v. Wilson, 345 Or. 491, 497 (2008) ) 

("The common law imposes a general, nondiscretionary duty on landowners to make their 

property reasonably safe for their invitees."); Woolston v. Wells, 297 Or. 548, 557-58 (1984) 

(the possessor of land must exercise care "to discover conditions of the premises that create an 

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Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 7 of 12
unreasonable risk of harm to the invitee" and either eliminate the condition creating the risk or 

warn invitees ofthe risk so they can avoid the harm). 

An occupant of a business property may be held liable for injuries an invitee sustains 

from dangers the occupant knew about or, in the exercise of due care, should have known about. 

Mickel v. Haines Enterprises. Inc., 240 Or. 369, 371-72 (1965). It is well-established under 

Oregon law that a plaintiff in a slip-in-f~dl case must set forth facts establishing one of three 

alternatives: 

An invitee who is injured by slipping on a foreign substance on the floor of 

a business property, in order to recover from the occupant having control of 

the property, must show: ( 1) that the substance was placed there by the 

occupant, or (2) that the occupant knew that the substance was there and 

failed to use reasonable diligence to remove it or (3) that the foreign 

substance had been there for so long that the occupant should, in the 

exercise of reasonable diligence, have discovered and removed it. 

Rex v. Albertson's. Inc., 102 Or. App. 178, 181 (1990) (quoting Van Den Bron v. Fred Mever. 

Inc., 86 Or. App. 329, 331 (1987)). On the record currently before the Court, there is no evidence 

from which a jury could reasonably infer Defendants were negligent under any of these three 

theories of recovery. 

I. There Is No Evidence That Defendants Placed The Pipe In The Pathway. 

Under the first theory of liability, plaintiff must establish "the [pipe] was placed there by 

[Defendants.]" Case law interprets "there" to mean the scene of the incident. See Swisher v. 

Albertson's. Inc., 186 Or. App. 734, 738 (2003) (analyzing whether defendant grocer placed 

lettuce on the bagging area floor where plaintiff fell); Griftin v. K.E. McKav's Market of Coos 

Bay. Inc., 125 Or. App. 448, 451-52 (1993) (discussing whether jury could infer defendant 

placed water on the floor where plaintiff fell by leaving an unattended dolly of bagged ice there); 

Pavlik v. Albertson's. Inc., 253 Or. 370, 373-74 (1969) (considering whether grocery employees 

Page 8- ORDER 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 8 of 12
may have inadvertently deposited the leaf of lettuce on the floor where plaintiff fell). Here, 

Defendants submit evidence establishing not only that they did not place the pipe on the pathway 

where Plaintiff fell, but that they did not even introduce similar piping to the premises generally. 

A County groundskeeper testified he had not seen the specific pipe, or any similar pipe, on the 

fairgrounds before Plaintiff's fall. Mahady Dec.!. Ex. 2, at 3 (Smith Dec!. ,I 6). The 

groundskeeper explained that the fairgrounds use PVC irrigation pipes, not metal irrigation pipes 

like the one PlaintiiT allegedly tripped over. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 2, at 3 (Smith Dec!. ,I 7). A 

representative of the Association testified that the Association did not bring any similar pipes to 

the 20 II event. Mahady Dec!. Ex. 3, at 3 (Riding Dep. ,I 5). Plaintiff offers no evidence to 

dispute this testimony or to otherwise suggest Defendants \Vere in any way responsible for the 

pipe's placement on the walkway. Thus, there is no triable issue of fact on this first alternative 

for slip-and-fall liability. 

II. There Is No Evidence Defendants Knew The Pipe \Vas There. 

As for the second theory, Defendants submit declarations from representatives of the 

County and Association stating they were not aware that the pipe was on the path. Mahady Dec!. 

Ex. 2, at 3 (Smith Dec!. ,I 6); Mahady Dec!. Ex. 3, at 2-3 (Riding Dec!. ,1,1 3-4, 9). Plaintiff 

presents no contradictory evidence. Accordingly, there is no genuine dispute as to whether 

Defendants knew the pipe was on or near the walkway. 

Ill. There Is No Evidence Regarding How Long the Pipe \Vas On the Ground. 

"In order for there to be a triable issue as to whether defendant's conduct did or did not 

meet the appropriate standard of care there must be evidence of defendant's conduct." Dubrv v. 

Safeway Stores, Inc., 70 Or. App. 183, 186 (1984). The pipe's presence on the ground alone is 

not sufficient to impose liability. ~ at 188. While Defendants have a duty to invitees to keep 

Page 9- ORDER 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 9 of 12
grounds clean, they are not insurers of their condition . .!.do Thus, to establish liability under the 

third theory of recovery, "there must be some evidence of how long the offending material was 

on the floor" to indicate Defendants breached their duty to invitees by failing to discover and 

remove it. I d. Oregon case law holds that "in the absence of proof from which a jury can draw an 

inference of how long the substance was on the floor, there is no basis to find defendant 

negligent." Weiskopf v. Safewav Stores. Inc., 271 Or. 630, 632 (1975). 

Here, the only evidence before the Court that relates to duration of time is testimony that 

multiple people, including Plaintiff, walked on the path on the date of the incident and did not 

notice the pipe, paired with Plaintiffs testimony that the pipe was dirty on one encl. In some 

cases, a plaintiff can survive summary judgment if a jury could reasonably infer from the 

condition of the substance that it had been on the ground for some time. Laygui v. Wal-Mart 

Stores, No. 6:13-cv-00327-AA, 2014 \VL 3695536, at *3 (D. Or. 2014). For instance, in Audas 

v. Montgomery Ward. Inc., 79 Or. App. 718, 721 (1986), the Oregon Court of Appeals held a 

jury could reasonably infer a gooey puddle of liquid that had begun to dry and crust over had 

been on the floor for "more than a short time." Conversely, in Dubry, 70 Or. App. at 188-89, the 

Oregon Court of Appeals found the characteristics of a dry clump of unidentified leaves told 

little about how long it has been on the floor before a plaintiff slipped on it. Without some 

evidence regarding the leaves' previous character and location, why they had clumped together, 

or how they might have ended up on the floor, the Court found there was insufficient evidence to 

infer they had been on the floor for any length of time . .!.do at 189. "At best, there [was] an equal 

probability that the leaves were on the floor for two seconds or for two hours." .!.do 

Here, the condition of the pipe is of little to no assistance in determining how long it was 

on the ground. Evidence that one end of the pipe was covered in dirt is inconclusive. The pipe 

Page I 0- ORDER 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 10 of 12
could have collected the dirt from sitting on the ground for a short period of time, from being 

partially embedded in the ground for a long time, or from some prior use before it was left in the 

vicinity. On the current record, a jury would have to speculate to find one option more likely 

than the other. Oregon courts do not permit liability findings rooted in such conjecture: 

What is required is evidence from which reasonable men may conclude that, 

upon the whole, it is more likely that there was negligence than that there 

was not. Where the cone! us ion is a matter of mere speculation or conjecture, 

or where the probabilities are at best evenly balanced between negligence 

and its absence, it becomes the duty of the court to direct the jury that the 

burden of proof has not been sustained. 

Dubry, 70 Or. App. at 188 (quoting George v. Erickson's Supermarket. Inc., 236 Or. 64, 66 

(1963)). Like the clump of leaves in Dubry, without any evidence as to the pipe's prior 

condition, location, or use and with no evidence regarding how the pipe might have arrived on 

the fairgrounds, a jury would not have a suflicient basis to find Defendants liable. In the absence 

of any evidence supporting the third theory of recovery - beyond the dirty pipe's presence on 

the ground- summary judgment is appropriate. See id. 

IV. There Is No l~vidence Plaintiff Tripped Over The Pipe. 

This case is unique in that Plaintiff does not remember tripping over the pipe that he now 

alleges caused his fall. Plaintiffs lack of memory is not dispositive. In Whalen v. American 

Medical Response Northwest. Inc., 256 Or. App. 278, 289 (2013), the Oregon Court of Appeals 

explicitly rejected the contention that a "plaintiff's inability to recall having been injured is a per 

se bar to prevailing on an associated tort claim." Plaintiff's testimony is not the only viable 

source of proof l.d.o Circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to establish a causal connection so 

long as it affords a reasonable basis for the conclusion that Plaintiff more likely than not tripped 

over the pipe. See Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121, 137 ( 1954) ("Circumstantial evidence 

... is intrinsically no different from testimonial evidence."); Griffin, 125 Or. App. at 451-52 (in 

Page II -ORDER 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 11 of 12
order to establish causation, a plaintiff must give the jury a reasonable basis to conclude it is 

more likely than not that the conduct of the defendant was a substantial factor in the result). 

However, "[a] mere possibility of such causation is not enough; and when the matter remains one 

of pure speculation or conjecture, or the probabilities are at best evenly balanced, it becomes the 

duty ofthe court to direct a verdict for the defendant." Griffin, 125 Or. App. at 452 (quoting Eitel 

v. Times, Inc., 221 Or. 585, 594 ( 1960)). 

Here, there is no evidence regarding where Plaintiff tripped or where the p1pe was 

located. Accordingly, there is no reasonable basis to conclude the two locations are one and the 

same. At best, the possibility that Plaintiff tripped over the pipe is even with the possibility that 

he tripped over his own foot. In order to return a verdict for Plaintiff, a jury would have to 

speculate that the pipe was the more likely impetus for his fall. The law does not allow such 

guesswork. Simpson v. Hillman, 163 Or. 357,364 (1940). On this record, there is no triable issue 

of fact regarding the cause of Plai1i.tiff's fall. 

ORDER 

For the reasons stated above, the Association's motion for summary judgment (#46) on 

Plaintiff's claims against both Defendants is GRANTED. 

Page 12- ORDER 

c.2 

It is so ORDERED and DATED this ~e. .......... day of Gbob~4. ---::::::>----~ 

/:;;;;;~- ~ -- MARK D. CLARKE 

United States Magistrate Judge 

Case 1:13-cv-00756-CL Document 56 Filed 10/08/14 Page 12 of 12