PAGE 1 – OPINION AND ORDER 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON 

ANTHONY L.P. O’NEAL, JR., 

 Plaintiff, 

 v. 

OREGON DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 

DIVISION OF CHILD SUPPORT, 

 Defendant. 

Case No. 3:15-cv-00773-SI 

OPINION AND ORDER

Anthony L.P. O’Neal, Jr., 4605 NE Killingsworth #3, Portland, Oregon, 97218, pro se. 

Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Andrew D. Campbell, Senior Assistant Attorney 

General, and Allison Woitalla, Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, 1162 Court 

Street NE, Salem, Oregon 97301. Of Attorneys for Defendant. 

Michael H. Simon, District Judge.

Plaintiff Anthony L.P. O’Neal, Jr., (“O’Neal” or “Plaintiff”) filed a First Amended 

Complaint (“FAC”) against Defendant Oregon Department of Justice, Division of Child Support. 

Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss the FAC under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 

For the reasons discussed below, Defendant’s motion is granted. 

Case 3:15-cv-00773-SI Document 30 Filed 11/30/15 Page 1 of 10
PAGE 2 – OPINION AND ORDER 

STANDARDS 

A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim may be granted only when there is no 

cognizable legal theory to support the claim or when the complaint lacks sufficient factual 

allegations to state a facially plausible claim for relief. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., 

Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint’s factual 

allegations, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded material facts alleged in the complaint 

and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Wilson v. HewlettPackard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012); Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 

F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). To be entitled to a presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint 

“may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations 

of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself 

effectively.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). All reasonable inferences from 

the factual allegations must be drawn in favor of the plaintiff. Newcal Indus. v. Ikon Office 

Solution, 513 F.3d 1038, 1043 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008). The court need not, however, credit the 

plaintiff’s legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). 

A complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations to “plausibly suggest an 

entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the 

expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. “A claim has facial 

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). 

A court must liberally construe the filings of a pro se plaintiff and afford the plaintiff the 

benefit of any reasonable doubt. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). “A pro se 

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litigant must be given leave to amend his or her complaint unless it is ‘absolutely clear that the 

deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.’” Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles 

Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 623 (9th Cir. 1988) (quoting Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 

(9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 

F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2000)). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), however, every 

complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 

entitled to relief.” This standard “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” but does 

demand “more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 

U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “A pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ 

or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’” Id. (quoting 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 

BACKGROUND 

On September 10, 2015, the Court issued an Order and Opinion (Dkt. 21) granting 

Defendant’s motion to dismiss O’Neal’s complaint. The Court dismissed any claim 

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the Defendant with prejudice. The Court, however, granted 

O’Neal leave to file a FAC alleging a violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 19641

(“Title VI”) if O’Neal could allege facts plausibly suggesting that Defendant acted with an intent 

or purpose to discriminate against O’Neal based upon O’Neal’s race, color, or national origin 

and that Defendant’s actions had a discriminatory impact. The Court granted O’Neal leave to file 

a FAC asserting a Title VI claim against Defendant because Congress has abrogated states’

sovereign immunity for claims under Title VI. 42 U.S.C § 2000d-7(a). The Court directed 

O’Neal to file any FAC by October 1, 2015. Complying with the Court’s directive, O’Neal filed 

 1

 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. 

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a FAC on September 28, 2015. O’Neal alleges that Defendants violated Title VI by 

discriminating against men, including O’Neal, in the collection of child support and the 

enforcement of court orders to pay child support.2

 

DISCUSSION 

A. Whether Title VI Prohibits Sex or Gender Discrimination 

Title VI states: “No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or 

national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to 

discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” The text of 

Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin; the text of Title VI does 

not prohibit discrimination based on sex or gender. The Supreme Court has described Title VI in 

comparison to another civil rights statute as follows: “. . . Title VI of the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964 . . . is parallel to Title IX except that it prohibits race discrimination, not sex 

discrimination . . . .” Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 286 (1998) (emphasis 

added); see also Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 287 (1978) (“In view of the 

 2

 In the FAC, O’Neal also alleges violations of the Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth 

Amendments. As the Court discussed in its previous Order and Opinion, Defendant is an arm of 

the State of Oregon. O’Neal, therefore, may only bring suit against Defendant if Congress has 

abrogated Defendant’s sovereign immunity or if Defendant has waived its immunity. See Va. 

Office for Prot. & Advocacy v. Stewart, 563 U.S. 247, 1637-38 (“[Supreme Court] cases hold 

that the States have retained their traditional immunity from suit, ‘except as altered by the plan of 

the Convention or certain constitutional amendments.’ A State may waive its sovereign 

immunity at its pleasure . . . .”) (citation omitted). To the extent that O’Neal’s action can be 

interpreted as asserting a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, Congress has not abrogated state sovereign 

immunity in § 1983. See Braunstein v. Ariz. Dept. of Transp., 683 F.3d 1177, 1188 (9th 

Cir. 2012). Nor has the State of Oregon waived its immunity to suit in federal court for such 

claims. See Millard v. Or. Dep’t of Corrections, 2014 WL 2506470, at *14 (D. Or. June 3, 2014) 

(holding that the State of Oregon has waived sovereign immunity in the limited context of the 

Oregon Tort Claims Act but that this statute does not waive the State of Oregon’s Eleventh 

Amendment immunity to suit in federal court). Thus, O’Neal may not bring an action in federal 

court asserting a violation of § 1983 by the Defendant. Moreover, the Court did not grant O’Neal 

leave to replead a § 1983 claim against the Defendant. Accordingly, the Court does not consider 

O’Neal’s allegations under the Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. 

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clear legislative intent, Title VI must be held to proscribe only those racial classifications that 

would violate the Equal Protection Clause or the Fifth Amendment.”) (emphasis added). 

Courts in other jurisdictions have explicitly held that a plaintiff cannot bring a sex or 

gender discrimination claim under Title VI. E.g., Davis v. City of Vicksburg, Miss., 2015 

WL 4251034, at *2 (S.D. Miss. Apr. 27, 2015), reconsideration denied 2015 WL 5156770 (S.D. 

Miss. Sept. 2, 2015) (“Plaintiff’s claims of discrimination on the basis of sex may not be brought 

under Title VI.”); Loch v. Bd. of Educ. of Edwardsville Cmty. Sch. Dist. No. 7, 2007 

WL 1468675, at *4 (S.D. Ill. May 18, 2007), aff’d sub nom. Loch v. Edwardsville Sch. Dist. 

No. 7, 327 F. App’x 647 (7th Cir. 2009) (“[The plaintiff’s] claim of discrimination on the basis 

of sex or disability may not be brought under Title VI. The Court will dismiss that portion of [the 

plaintiff’s complaint] that makes a claim under Title VI.”). 

O’Neal does not allege that Defendant discriminated against him on the basis of race, 

color, or national origin. He alleges only sex or gender discrimination. Because Title VI does not 

prohibit sex or gender discrimination, O’Neal fails to state a claim under Title VI.3

 

B. Whether O’Neal Has Sufficiently Alleged Disparate Impact—Assuming Title VI Did 

Prohibit Sex or Gender Discrimination 

Even if O’Neal could bring a claim alleging sex or gender discrimination under Title VI, 

O’Neal has not pled sufficient facts to survive Defendant’s motion to dismiss. A plaintiff may 

plead a Title VI violation by alleging “that actions of the defendants had a discriminatory impact, 

and that defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate based upon plaintiffs’ 

membership in a protected class.” The Comm. Concerning Cmty. Improvement v. City of 

Modesto, 583 F.3d 690, 702-03 (9th Cir. 2009) [hereinafter “CCCI”]. A plaintiff may still 

 3

 Because the Court dismisses the FAC on the grounds discussed, the Court does not 

address Defendant’s assertion that O’Neal fails to allege that Defendant receives federal funds. 

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challenge a facially neutral governmental policy, i.e., a policy that is “neutral on its face and 

serving ends otherwise within the power of government to pursue.” Washington v. Davis, 426 

U.S. 229, 242 (1976). When a plaintiff challenges such a governmental policy, “proof of 

disproportionate impact on an identifiable group, such as evidence of ‘gross statistical 

disparities,’ can satisfy the intent requirement where it tends to show that some invidious or 

discriminatory purpose underlies the policy.” CCCI, 583 F.3d at 703. 

The statistical disparities that a plaintiff uses to show disparate impact must constitute 

“[a]n appropriate statistical measure.” Darensburg v. Metro. Transp. Comm’n, 636 F.3d 511, 520 

(9th Cir. 2011). Such a measure “involves a comparison between two groups—those affected 

and those unaffected by the facially neutral policy.” Id. (quoting Tsombanidis v. W. Haven Fire 

Dep’t, 352 F.3d 565, 575 (2d Cir. 2003)). A plaintiff’s disparate impact claim fails when the 

plaintiff relies on the wrong base population in a statistical sample. For example, the Ninth 

Circuit rejected a disparate impact claim based on a “show[ing] that the percentage of Blacks in 

Orange County and in surrounding counties is higher than the percentage of Blacks employed by 

Orange County.” Robinson v. Adams, 847 F.2d 1315, 1318 (9th Cir. 1987). The Ninth Circuit 

rejected this disparate impact claim because the “general population statistics” did not “represent 

a pool of prospective applicants qualified for the jobs for which [the plaintiff] applied.” Id. The 

plaintiff in Robinson would have had to show that the number of qualified black applicants that 

the county hired was significantly lower than the number of qualified non-black applicants that 

the county hired. Id. 

Even with a showing of relevant statistical disparities, a plaintiff’s Title VI claim may 

still fail absent other factual allegations. CCCI, 583 F.3d at 703. (“Plaintiffs contend that ‘gross 

statistical disparities’ alone may constitute proof of a practice of discrimination and relieve 

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plaintiffs from their burden of showing intent to discriminate. This is true, but it is the rare case 

where impact alone will be sufficient to invalidate a challenged government action.”) (citation 

omitted). According to the Ninth Circuit, “In addition to statistical evidence showing 

discriminatory impact, other factors to be considered in determining whether there is evidence of 

intent or purpose to discriminate include: the historical background of the decision, the sequence 

of events leading up to the decision, and any relevant legislative or administrative history.” Id.

The Supreme Court has also recently noted that a plaintiff must show a causal link between a 

statistical disparity and the defendant’s policy or policies: “A plaintiff who fails to allege facts at 

the pleading stage or produce statistical evidence demonstrating a causal connection cannot make 

out a prima facie case of disparate impact.” Tex. Dep’t of Hous. & Cmty. Affairs v. Inclusive 

Communities Project, Inc., 135 S. Ct. 2507, 2523 (2015). The causality requirement helps ensure 

that defendants will not be held responsible for “disparities they did not create.” Id. 

Here, O’Neal does not allege that the challenged governmental policies—collection of 

child support payments and enforcement of child support orders—are anything other than 

facially neutral. Defendant administers child support laws and seeks to ensure that those who 

owe child support pay child support. Therefore, O’Neal must plead facts alleging disparate 

impact to “create[] a sufficient inference of discriminatory intent.” CCCI, 583 F.3d at 705. 

O’Neal’s disparate impact allegations must include, at the minimum, some sort of statistical 

disparity between two relevant population groups and a causal connection between that disparity 

and Defendant’s policies. 

In his complaint, O’Neal’s allegation of disparate impact consists of one statement. He 

alleges: “The Department of Justice have violated my constitutional right, where men (NCP)4

 4

 “NCP” refers to non-custodial parents. 

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who make up the significant number of ‘arrestees,’5

 is ‘gender bias discrimination’ and a ‘gender 

bias hate crime’ when both parents are responsible for ‘Support and Maintenance.’” Dkt. 23 at 2. 

The allegation that men make up a majority of people against whom Defendant enforces child 

support laws does not suffice to plead disparate impact; such an allegation suggests only that 

men fail to pay child support more often than women and is not linked to any action by 

Defendant. O’Neal would have to make factual allegations that Defendant enforces the laws 

against men who fail to pay child support more often than Defendant enforces the laws against 

women who fail to pay child support. 

In O’Neal’s response to Defendant’s motion, O’Neal makes additional factual 

allegations, which the Court construes as part of O’Neal’s complaint in the interest of affording 

pro se plaintiffs the benefit of any reasonable doubt. See Hebbe, 627 F.3d at 342. In his response, 

O’Neal alleges that only 18.2% of fathers in the United States have custody of their children. 

O’Neal also cites a study conducted in Georgia showing that in disputed custody cases, Georgia 

courts awarded custody to mothers in a large majority of cases.6

 Finally, O’Neal alleges that in 

Oregon, more women than men have custody of their children and four times as many men than 

women were arrested for failure to pay child support between 2000 and 2014. 

None of the allegations in O’Neal’s response relate to population groups relevant to his 

claim. Statistics relating to the United States as a whole and Georgia do not support an inference 

that Defendant, an arm of the State of Oregon, acts with discriminatory intent or purpose in 

 5

 Like the Defendant, the Court presumes “arrestees” refers to people in contempt of 

court for failing to pay child support pursuant to a court order. 

6

 A Georgia trial court found, based on this study, that men paid child support more often 

than women and that Georgia’s child support guidelines unconstitutionally discriminated against 

men. A Georgia appellate court overturned the decision. Ga. Dep’t of Human Res. v. Sweat, 276 

Ga. 627, 630-31 (2003). 

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enforcing Oregon’s child support laws. Additionally, statistics showing that more Oregon 

women than Oregon men have custody of their children does not support a claim of a disparate 

impact. A disparity in custody awards to fathers, even if that disparity results in more fathers 

than mothers paying child support, does not suggest a disparate impact on non-custodial fathers. 

As a Georgia court noted, “The custodial parent is profoundly affected by the amount of support 

ordered to be paid . . . . If the level of financial support is to remain the same, every dollar 

deducted from a child support obligor’s payment results in an increase to the payee parent’s 

child-rearing costs.” Sweat, 276 Ga. at 630-31. O’Neal also does not trace any disparity in 

custody awards to actions taken by Defendant. 

Finally, statistics showing that four times as many men than women were arrested for 

failure to pay child support from 2000 to 2014 would only be relevant in one scenario: if the 

statistics compared arrest rates not just for men and women in the Oregon population overall, but 

for men and women in Oregon who all failed to make child support payments. O’Neal does not 

allege that the statistics make this comparison. O’Neal fails to plead disparate impact created by 

Defendant’s facially-neutral policies, and thus even if Title VI allowed for an action based on sex 

or gender discrimination, O’Neal fails to state a claim under the statute. 

The Court does not, however, find it absolutely clear that O’Neal cannot amend his 

complaint to assert (1) claims of racial discrimination by Defendant under Title VI or (2) § 1983 

claims against individual government officials employed by Defendant who may have violated 

O’Neal’s constitutional rights as O’Neal attempted to set forth in the original complaint and 

FAC. To assert violations of his constitutional rights in a § 1983 claim, O’Neal must name the 

individual officers (or, for those officers whom O’Neal cannot identify, name them as John or 

Jane Doe 1, John or Jane Doe 2, etc.) who engaged in the allegedly unlawful activity. 

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CONCLUSION 

Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Dkt. 25) is GRANTED. All claims against Defendant, 

other than the claims that the Court has previously dismissed with prejudice, are dismissed 

without prejudice. Plaintiff has until January 8, 2016, to file a second amended complaint. 

Plaintiff has until February 8, 2016, to effect service of the summons and second amended 

complaint on all defendants named in Plaintiff’s second amended complaint. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

DATED this 30th day of November, 2015. 

 /s/ Michael H. Simon 

Michael H. Simon 

 United States District Judge 

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