# EUR-Lex - 52006DC0048 - EN

Important legal notice

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# 52006DC0048

**Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Report on the Functioning of the Transitional Arrangements set out in the 2003 Accession Treaty (period 1 May 2004–30 April 2006) /* COM/2006/0048 final */ **

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[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |

Brussels, 8.2.2006

COM(2006) 48 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EURPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Report on the Functioning of the Transitional Arrangements set out in the 2003 Accession Treaty (period 1 May 2004–30 April 2006)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Purpose of this Report 3

2. The Transitional Arrangements 3

3. Consultation of Member States and Social Partners 5

4. Statistical evidence on workers' mobility pre- and post-enlargement 6

4.1. Workers' mobility in the enlarged European Union 6

4.2. Labour market outcomes for country and EU nationals: employment rates 10

4.3. Sectoral and skill composition of the EU-10 workforce in EU-15 Member States: complementarities or substitution? 12

5. Conclusions and Recommendations 13

ANNEX I: STATISTICAL ANNEX 16

ANNEX II: BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EURPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Report on the Functioning of the Transitional Arrangements set out in the 2003 Accession Treaty (period 1 May 2004–30 April 2006) (Text with EEA relevance)

1. PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT

1. The Commission presents this report to the Council in accordance with paragraph 3(2) of the transitional arrangements on freedom of movement for persons[1] annexed to the Treaty of Accession of 2003[2]. Pursuant to these transitional arrangements the introduction of part of Community law on free movement of workers across the enlarged EU, may be deferred for a period of maximum 7 years [3].

2. The transitional period is divided in three distinct phases, according to the "2 plus 3 plus 2" formula. Different conditions apply during each of these phases. The first phase of the transitional arrangements (TA) started on 1 May 2004 and will end on 30 April 2006 .

3. The Accession Treaty states that before the end of this phase, the Council must review the functioning of the TA on the basis of a Commission report . On completion of this review, and no later than at the end of the two-year period following the date of accession, the EU-15 Member States must notify the Commission of their intentions with regard to the second phase of the TA[4]. In the absence of notification, Community law on free movement of workers will apply from the 1 st of May 2006 .

2. THE TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

4. Free movement of persons is one of the most fundamental freedoms guaranteed by Community law. It includes the right for EU nationals to move to another EU Member State to take up employment and to establish themselves in the host State with their family members. EU Member States are precluded from directly or indirectly discriminating against migrant workers and their families on the basis of their nationality. EU migrant workers and their families are entitled to equal treatment not only in employment related matters, but also as regards public housing, tax advantages and social advantages[5]. Removing barriers to mobility between and within Member States is also placed central in the Renewed Lisbon Agenda.

5. The transitional arrangements set out in the Accession Treaty of 2003 allow for limited derogations from the principles set out in the preceding paragraph, during a transitional period which will irrevocably come to an end on 30 April 2011. The restrictions can only be applied to migrant workers , and not to any other categories of EU citizens. Further, the restrictions can only apply to obtaining access to the labour market , and can only limit eligibility for employment in a particular Member State. Once a worker has obtained access to the labour market of a particular Member State Community law on equal treatment as regards remuneration , other employment related matters, and as regards access to social and tax advantages applies. In other words, no discrimination whatsoever is allowed on the ground of nationality between legally employed workers, regardless of whether they come from EU-15 Member States or EU-10 Member States. Further, there are no transitional arrangements for the application of Community law on the coordination of social security schemes[6].

6. The Commission has produced several documents explaining the legal framework of the TA[7]. The Accession Treaty provides that for the first two years of the TA, EU-15 Member States will apply national measures , or those resulting from bilateral agreements to regulate access to their labour markets by EU-8 nationals. The diverse national measures taken during this first phase of the TA resulted in legally different regimes for access to the labour markets of the EU-25. Sweden and Ireland decided not to apply restrictions on access to their labour markets by EU-8 nationals. The UK has no ex-ante restrictions either but has a Workers Registration Scheme[8]. All other EU-15 countries maintained a work permit regime, sometimes combined with quotas. No TA exist for Cyprus. Malta issues work permits for monitoring purposes. Poland, Slovenia and Hungary apply reciprocal restrictions to nationals from the EU-15 Member States applying restrictions. All EU-10 Member States have opened their labour markets to workers of EU-10 Member States[9].

7. From the 1st of May 2006, the second phase of the transitional period will start. In any event, the Accession Treaty provides that Member States that decide to lift restrictions on the 1st of May 2006 will have, throughout the remainder of the transitional period, the possibility to reintroduce restrictions using the safeguard procedure set out in the Accession Treaty, should they undergo or foresee disturbances on their labour markets.The Accession Treaty also lays down that, notwithstanding restrictions applied by Member States, they shall give preference to workers who are nationals of EU-8 Member States over workers who are nationals of third countries as regards access to their labour market[10].

3. CONSULTATION OF MEMBER STATES AND SOCIAL PARTNERS

8. The Commission has convened a meeting of a High Level Group on Free Movement of Persons . This group met on 16 September 2005 to discuss the functioning of the TA. In addition to representatives of Member States it invited representatives of European and national social partners. During the meeting many EU-15 Member States reported that they were commencing the process of internal consultations to determine their position for the second phase. All agreed on the need for solid data to underpin such decisions. Those that had decided not to apply any restrictions during the first phase were generally positive about the effects of this decision on their labour markets, emphasising the positive contribution made by workers from the EU-8 to their national economies.

9. As for those EU-15 Member States that apply restrictions, some reported that these allow them to manage migration from neighbouring EU-8 Member States. Two Member States continued to view the measures as necessary in the near future, taking into account national absorption capacity, the need to integrate all migrants, including those from non-EU countries, and to accompany internal structural reforms. Nevertheless, it was acknowledged that the restrictions may have encouraged EU-8 nationals to look for other ways to perform economic activity in EU-15 Member States, reflected in an exceptionally high influx of posted workers or workers claiming to be self-employed.

10. As for EU-8 Member States, virtually all called for lifting the restrictions . They stressed the fundamental nature of their citizens' right to freedom of movement as workers in the EU-25 and pointed to statistical evidence showing that their citizens had not, in fact, flooded EU-15 labour markets nor had they caused any surge in welfare expenditure by EU-15 Member States. They also underlined the role of their citizens in alleviating problems caused by the EU-15's ageing workforce.

11. The social partners called upon their national authorities to consult them regarding their positions for the second period. Many stressed that restrictions might have had the effect of postponing indispensable structural reforms both in the EU-15 and the EU-8 labour markets. Recognising that migration flows from EU-8 to EU-15 Member States had been modest, social partners strongly emphasised that erosion of labour standards and "social dumping" should be avoided. They also pointed out that restrictions on legal work actually lead to a proliferation of undocumented work, bogus "self-employed" work, and fictitious service provision and sub-contracting. Lacunae in enforcement of existing Community legislation and in particular of the posted workers directive were also reported. The overriding majority of the social partners, except for those representing SMEs and/or trade unions in a few countries, stated that they were in favour of a lifting of the restrictions , in order to create a level playing field.

4. STATISTICAL EVIDENCE ON WORKERS' MOBILITY PRE- AND POST-ENLARGEMENT

12. To enable the Commission to assess the functioning of the TA, Member States were asked to provide via Euurostat, national data on residence permits issued to other EU nationals for family reunification, employment, study and other, disaggregated by citizenship, gender and age. The national data received by the Commission in response to this request, relate to resident permits, work permits, and number of workers from other administrative data sources, such as social security registers, depending on national systems and institutional settings. Whilst the national data in this report have been harmonised as much as possible, it should be borne in mind that they are not completely harmonised nor strictly comparable across countries, and that the level of detail varies between countries. It should be noted too that according to some data circulating in the public domain, the migration flows for certain countries may differ from those presented in this report. This may be explained by the fact that not all data circulating in the public domain have gone through the same rigorous analysis as those presented in this report[11]. Further, the true migration flows across the enlarged EU may be larger than would appear from the data presented in this report as the phenomenon of undeclared work is not fully captured by official statistics.

13. In addition to the above national administrative data, evidence from the Labour Force Survey (LFS)[12] will also be presented in this report[13]. The assessment does not take into account the interaction between the functioning of TA and other changes in the economic and/or policy sphere. The assessment of the functioning of TA has also been the subject of reports by different Member States and by other interested parties and the evidence presented therein has been used where relevant.

4.1. Workers' mobility in the enlarged European Union

14. Since enlargement there has been an increase in the number of EU-10 workers in EU-15 Member States. However, despite this increase, the relative impact, as measured by the number of permits issued for reason of employment as a proportion of the host country's working age population, is rather limited (see table below). Furthermore, the number of resident and work permits issued at any point in time overestimates the actual number of EU-10 nationals that have settled in the host country, because it does not take into account people returning to their countries of origin, i.e. the outflows, and the length of the work permits. The same is true in view of the fact that the data may reflect temporary factors such as regularisation of illegal migrants who have moved to EU-15 Member States over several years.

15. In Austria the share of issued work permits in 2004, the majority of which are for short periods[14], correspond to 1.2% of the overall working age population, but the 2004 annual average stock of employed people corresponds to 0.7% of the working age population (see table below). Furthermore, it should be noted that after the first period of adjustment the number of EU-8 nationals in Austria, as measured by the average annual stock, stabilises in 2005 (see table A1 in the statistical annex). In the same way, although the work permits issued in Germany in 2004 correspond to 0.9% of the working age population, once the length of the work permit is taken into account, the stock of employees from EU-8 countries (namely those liable for social security contributions) drops to 0.2% of the working age population[15].

16. In Ireland, Personal Public Service Numbers (PPS) issued to EU-10 nationals between May and December 2004 correspond to 1.9% of the working age population; however, this figure is not strictly comparable to the other presented in the table below as PPS Numbers are issued by Irish authorities to individuals not only for employment reasons. PPS numbers are unique reference numbers issued for other purposes as well, including for example, access to information, to welfare, health and other public services, including therefore not only by migrant workers but also their relatives. The number of PPS numbers issued in 2005 has risen in the period January-November 2005 to 3.8%, but this does not appear to have led to a disruption of the Irish labour market (see tables A4 and A5 in the statistical annex).

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17. The evidence from the LFS is comparable to that presented from administrative sources once one accounts for definitional and time differences[16]. In fact, LFS figures represent the net effect of inflows and outflows and therefore give a better picture of the actual number of EU-10 nationals who have settled in EU-15 countries. In the first quarter of 2005 the proportion of the working age population from the EU-10 Member States within the EU-15 was rather small, ranging from 0.1% in France and in the Netherlands to 1.4% in Austria and 2% in Ireland[17].

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18. Furthermore, these figures have been stable in relation to the two years before enlargement , i.e. 2003 Q1 and 2004 Q1, with only a moderate increase of 0.1 percentage points each year in the UK and a marked increase in Austria, where figures doubled to 1.4%. It is also interesting to note that in the EU-15 Member States the percentage of non EU nationals is significantly higher than that for EU-10 nationals (see table A2 in the annex). This can also be explained for historical reasons and because immigration from EU-10 is fairly recent. This implies that immigration from non-EU countries is a much more important phenomenon than intra-EU mobility , both within the EU-15 and the EU-25.

19. Concerning TA, there is no evidence either from administrative sources or from the Labour Force Survey to show a direct link between the magnitude of mobility flows from EU-10 Member States and the TA in place . In particular, flows into the UK and Sweden, which are Member States without restrictions for EU-8 workers, are comparable if not lower to those into countries with TA[18]. The experience of the Nordic countries, which have comparable labour markets and economic performance, confirms this[19]. Ultimately, mobility flows are driven by factors related to supply and demand conditions. If anything, TA will only delay labour market adjustments, with the risk of creating "biased" destination patterns even on a more permanent basis.

20. On a more general level, restrictions on labour market access may exacerbate resort to undeclared work . When accompanied by lacunae in enforcement of Community legislation already in place, this phenomenon leads to undesirable social consequences both for undeclared workers and the regular labour force.

21. Concerning the duration of the permits, the data show that a significant percentage of residence/work permits is granted for short-term or seasonal workers . This is for example the case for the following countries:

- In Austria, of all permits granted to EU-8 nationals in 2004, 87% were issued for less than 6 months (85% in the first half of 2005), 12% (14% in 2005) for a duration of 6 months to one year, and 2% (0% in 2005) for a period longer than one year.

- In Germany, 95% of some 500 000 work permits have been issued with time and other restrictions. On 30 June 2004, the number of employed EU-10 nationals, who were in Germany for more than a very limited period and who were therefore liable for social security contributions, was only around 100 000, or 0.2% of the working age population.

- In the Netherlands, approximately 24 400 permits were issued in 2004. But because of the large number of seasonal workers this only corresponds to about 13 000 "labour years".

- In Italy, 76% of the authorisations for work in 2004 and 71% in 2005 were given to seasonal workers.

- In France, of the authorisations to work issued in 2004, 74% were for seasonal workers, 11% for temporary workers, 5% for permanent workers and 10% for other beneficiaries[20].

22. Since enlargement, labour market developments in the EU-8 have been positive , with unemployment rates dropping significantly in almost all of them (see tables A4 and A5 in the annex). This suggests that there is no reason to expect increased pressure to move outside EU-8 countries, also as the outlook for economic growth remains bright and as substantially increased Structural and Rural Development Funds start to bear fruit in promoting economic growth and employment creation.

4.2. Labour market outcomes for country and EU nationals: employment rates

23. Labour market outcomes for nationals from the EU-10 into the EU-15 Member States are a central issue to consider. For those EU-15 Member States for which there is statistically significant information available (see table below), the key labour market indicator, the employment rate, shows that EU-10 nationals tend to have employment rates in each country which are comparable to those of individuals who are nationals of that country and of other EU-15 countries. Moreover, these are generally higher than for non-EU nationals. In Ireland, Spain and the UK, EU-10 nationals have even higher employment rates than country nationals. This shows that EU-10 nationals positively contribute in each Member State to overall labour market performance , to sustained economic growth and to the state of public finances.

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24. An interesting fact is that since enlargement the employment rate of EU-10 nationals in several EU-15 Member States including Spain, France, the Netherlands, Austria and the United Kingdom has increased, in certain cases quite substantially. This could be connected with two facts.

- Firstly, enlargement may have contributed to bringing to the surface part of the underground economy constituted by previously undeclared workers from the EU-10, with well-known beneficial effects, such as a greater compliance with legally sanctioned labour standards, improved social cohesion thanks to a reduced risk of marginalisation of those concerned, and higher State income from tax and social security contributions. This also means that the increase in labour mobility from EU-10 Member States due to enlargement may actually be smaller than shown by the data[21].

- Secondly, a real improvement in the employment rate of EU-10 nationals may have occurred after enlargement due to a change in employers' attitudes, greater opportunities to set up private businesses, better information and regulation.

4.3. Sectoral and skill composition of the EU-10 workforce in EU-15 Member States: complementarities or substitution?

25. Given the small numbers involved, it is difficult to give a detailed and at the same time statistically robust picture of the workforce from the EU-10. Therefore, the analysis that follows will look at the EU-15 as a whole. A key issue in workers' mobility is not simply its scale, but whether EU-10 workers are substituting those already in the country and compete for similar jobs or have a complementary role to play.

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26. The sectoral composition of the workforce would suggest the latter: the sectoral composition of the national workforce has not showed significant change in 2003, 2004 and 2005 demonstrating that the limited inflow of workers from EU-10 Member States did not crowd out national workers , at least at this broad level of aggregation[22]. Country nationals are relatively more concentrated in the service sector and in particular public administration, education, health and other (32% of them in 2005 Q1), while workers from EU-10 Member States are relatively better represented in the construction sector (15% for EU-10 nationals as opposed to 8% for country nationals)[23].

27. The skill composition of the EU-10 workforce would also support the view that EU-10 nationals contribute to national economies in a complementary way . The proportion of EU-10 nationals in EU-15 Member States with low-level qualifications is lower than for nationals of those countries (21% as opposed to 31%), for other EU-15 nationals and for non-EU nationals. This is reflected in a higher percentage of medium-qualified people (57% as opposed to 46%), with comparable percentages of highly qualified people. Medium-level qualifications include upper secondary education and specialised vocational training, which is the level of qualifications which is typically under-represented in several EU-15 Member States creating skills bottlenecks in several sectors of the economy[24].

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28. The evidence therefore suggests that mobility from EU-10 Member States into the EU-15 may have positive effects on labour markets by relieving labour shortages in certain areas. New jobs can be created, for example in the construction and in the domestic and catering services sectors that would risk not being filled otherwise in some countries. Highly skilled workers from EU-10 Member States may contribute to business creation and long-term growth through human capital accumulation. Fostering human capital and lifelong learning is indeed one of the most important dimensions of the EU employment and cohesion policy. Therefore, EU programmes, such as the EES, ESF and the Life Long Learning Programme, support ongoing human capital development of this type. Labour market efficiency may also increase as foreign workers are typically more responsive to regional differences in economic opportunities.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

29. On the eve of the second phase of the TA, many different national legal regimes for access to the labour markets of the EU-25 apply. Countries that have opened their labour markets fully are upbeat about the outcome of this decision, whilst some of those that have kept restrictions tend to emphasise their utility, citing particular national circumstances.

30. Member States should increase their efforts to ensure proper enforcement of existing EC legislation, labour standards and in particular the provisions of the posted workers directive, with appropriate reinforcement of administrative cooperation where justified. Lacunae in enforcement by national authorities of existing Community and national legislation may indeed have created an adverse and wrong impression of enlargement and of the benefits of free movement of workers in some countries.

31. The statistical analysis of the national data received and used for this report permits the following conclusions:

- Mobility flows between the EU-10 and the EU-15 are very limited and are simply not large enough to affect the EU labour market in general. In addition, mobility flows from EU-15 to EU-10 Member States and between EU-10 Member States are generally negligible (see table A1).

- The percentage of EU-10 nationals in the resident population of each EU-15 Member State was relatively stable before and after enlargement , with increases in the UK and, more conspicuously, in Austria and in Ireland[25]. In Austria, however, there is evidence to suggest that the stock of EU-8 nationals stabilised in 2005.

- There is no evidence to show a direct link between the magnitude of mobility flows from EU-10 Member States and the TA in place . Ultimately, mobility flows are driven by factors related to supply and demand conditions. If anything, TA will only delay labour market adjustments, with the risk of creating "biased" destination patterns even on a more permanent basis.

- The employment rate of EU-10 nationals in EU-15 Member States is similar to that of country nationals, and it is even higher in Ireland, Spain and the UK.

- The migration flows following the enlargement have had positive effects on the economies of the EU-15 Member States: EU-10 nationals positively contribute to the overall labour market performance, to sustained economic growth and to better public finances.

- This employment rate has increased in several countries since enlargement. Enlargement has helped to formalise the underground economy constituted by previously undocumented workers from the EU-10, with well-known beneficial effects, such as greater compliance with legally sanctioned labour standards, improved social cohesion and higher State income from tax and social security contributions. This also improves the integration of EU-10 nationals due to a change in employers' attitudes, greater opportunities to set up private businesses, better information and regulation.

- The sectoral composition of the EU-15 national workforce has not shown significant changes since enlargement showing no evidence of crowding out of national workers by the limited inflow of workers from EU-10 Member States [26]. EU 10 nationals have a complementary role to play.

- EU-10 nationals alleviate skills bottlenecks in the EU-15 Member States and contribute to long-term growth through human capital accumulation.

32. The Commission trusts that this report provides Member States with the necessary information to review their positions for the second period of the TA. Nevertheless, in view of the difficulties experienced with obtaining national statistics on migration flows involving EU citizens, the Commission calls upon Member States to put the necessary administrative arrangements in place to collect the required data on a national level and to provide these in a timely manner to Eurostat. For the future, the Commission intends to request that Member States, in cooperation with Eurostat report annually on mobility flows relating to workers within the EU.

33. At the meeting of the high-level group of 16 September 2005 most social partners were in favour of lifting the restrictions on access to the labour markets. The Commission knows that most Member States intend to reflect seriously about whether to keep restrictions in place for the second period. Member States should also consult each other with a view to determining their position for the second phase of the transitional arrangements.

34. The Commission urges Member States, when preparing and issuing the notification of their intentions for the second phase, not only to take due account of the statistical evidence but also to address an overall positive message to their citizens as to the prospects of free movement across the European Union. It also recommends that the social partners be fully involved in the preparation of these decisions.

35. Member States unable to lift restrictions will probably continue to face the need to look for other ways to alleviate labour market shortages, such as for example through conclusion of bilateral agreements. Further, the Commission reiterates that negative collateral consequences of maintaining restrictions in place should be avoided. In addition, the problem of persons posing falsely as self-employed workers to circumvent national law should be dealt with by Member States.

36. The Commission recalls that freedom of movement of workers is one of the basic freedoms under the EC Treaty. Despite fears expressed on the occasion of the successive enlargements free movement of workers has not led to disruption of national labour markets. It is fitting therefore, that on the occasion of the signature of the Accession Treaty, EU-15 Member States solemnly declared that they would move as swiftly as possible to the full application of the acquis in this area. While recalling the right of the Member States set forth in the 2003 Treaty of Accession to maintain restrictions under the transitional arrangements, the Commission recommends that the Member States carefully consider whether the continuation of these restrictions is needed, in the light of the situation of their labour market and of the evidence of this report.

37. Whatever decision is taken by Member States at this stage, they need to prepare to open their labour markets in order to fulfil their obligations under the treaties. The aim of the transitional measures is to allow them to prepare themselves to achieve this ultimate and irrevocable goal as soon as possible. In this respect, the Commission welcomes the positive experiences of the Member States that have reaped major benefits from successfully opening their labour markets fully to EU-8 nationals already during the first phase of the transitional arrangements.

ANNEX I: STATISTICAL ANNEX

TABLE A1

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TABLE A2

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TABLE A3

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TABLE A4

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TABLE A5

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ANNEX II: BIBLIOGRAPHY

Free Movement of Workers to and from the new Member States- how will it work in practice? (Commission publication available in 20 Community languages)

http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/free_movement/docs_en.htm

Guide for National Administrations- The transitional arrangements for the free movement of workers from the new Member States following the enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 (Document available in 20 Community languages)

http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/free_movement/docs_en.htm

''Where can I go for work? Information on the transitional rules governing the free movement of workers from, to and between the new Member states.'' (Commission's Eures website)

http://europa.eu.int/eures/home.jsp?lang=en

UK, Accession Monitoring Reports , joint online reports by the Home Office, the Department for Work and Pensions, the HM Revenue and Customs and the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (UK)

The Netherlands, Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Evaluatie Werknemersverkeer MOE-landen , 20 May 2005 (Netherlands)

J. Portes and S. French, The Impact of Free Movement of Workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK labour market: early evidence , Working Paper No 18., for the UK Department for Work and Pensions (UK)

J. Le Guen, Etude comparé eau niveau européen de l'impact de la concurrence sur l'emploi dans le secteur agricole , Mission parlementaire de Jacques Le Guen, député du Finistère, Assemblée nationale française, auprès de Dominique Buisserau, ministre français de l'agriculture, de l'alimentation, de la pêche et de la ruralité, avril 2005 (France)

P. Weil, A Flexible Framework for a Plural Europe , Discussion paper prepared for the UK Presidency, October 2005, CRNS, Paris (France and EU)

J. E. Dǿlvik & L. Eldgring, Mobility of labour and Services after EU enlargement: Nordic differences and commonalities , Final Report from a Working Group under the Nordic Council of Ministers, August 2005 (Nordic countries)

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and Idea Consult, The Effects of the EU Enlargement on the Flemish Labour Market , January 2005, Research on behalf of the Flemish Minister of Employment, Education and Training (Flanders, Belgium)

Ramboll Management, Analyse af EU-udvidelsens betydning for det danske arbejdsmarked, November 2005 (Denmark)

ECAS, Report on the Free Movement of Workers in EU-25. Who's afraid of EU enlargement ?, August 2005

T. Boeri & H Brücker, Migration , Co-ordination Failures and EU Enlargement , May 2005

K. Ward, N. Coe & J. Johns, University of Manchester, The role of temporary staffing agencies in facilitating labour mobility in Central and Eastern Europe , study performed for Vedior, January 2005

Manpower, EU enlargement- one year on. A Manpower Update, May 2005

[1] Free movement of workers (Article 39 EC) must legally be distinguished from freedom of establishment (Article 43 EC) and freedom of services (Article 49 EC). The posted workers Directive, which relates to the latter freedom, is not subject to transitional arrangements although Germany and Austria are allowed to apply restrictions on the cross-border provision of services in certain sensitive sectors involving the temporary posting of workers as set out in paragraph 13 of the TA.

[2] This report deals with free movement of workers in the EU and not with economic immigration of non-EU nationals.

[3] It should be noted that nationals from Malta and Cyprus cannot be subject to restrictions.

[4] In this Report, "EU-15 Member States" refers to all Member States forming part of the EU before 1 May 2004; ''EU-10 Member States'' refers to all States that joined the EU on 1 May 2004, whereas ''EU-8 Member States'' refers to all EU-10 Member States except for Malta and Cyprus.

[5] Article 39 EC; Regulation 1612/68/EEC; Directive 68/360/EEC. From 30 April 2006, Directive 2004/38/EC will apply which will replace/modify previous legislation.

[6] There is, however, an indirect impact on Article 69 of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71.

[7] See Bibliography.

[8] This does not apply to Gibraltar, which has adopted a work permit regime.

[9] A detailed overview of the national measures which the Member States have put in place for the first phase of the TA is available via the Eures job mobility portal. A summary of these measures can be found on the Commission's DG EMPL website mentioned in the Bibliography.

[10] See relevant provisions of paragraph 14 of the transitional provisions regarding preferential treatment.

[11] The Commission has received administrative data from all Member States, except for Luxembourg and Cyprus, which have not been included in the analysis.

[12] The LFS is a harmonised EU quarterly survey covering the whole of the resident population in each Member State and based on a sample of approximately 1.7 million individuals in the EU-25.

[13] The information contained in administrative data is more limited than the one available in the LFS and is more sensitive to the legal framework affecting foreign nationals.

[14] See further below.

[15] For more detailed information on numbers of permits, see table A1 in the statistical annex.

[16] The LFS data refers to quarter 1 of each year, while administrative data refers to different periods as specified in the relevant tables. Furthermore, LFS figures refer to the "net" number of individuals by nationality at any point in time, while administrative data, both stock and flow data, to the number of permits issued or applied for, regardless of the actual length of residence, of returns to the countries of origin, or, in the case of flows, of previously granted permits.

[17] Since there are only small numbers of other EU-nationals in EU-10 Member States, the analysis will be restricted to the EU-15 for reasons of data reliability.

[18] Flows into Ireland are bigger, although as stated in paragraph 16 the figures are not strictly comparable.

[19] Migration from EU-8 Member States to Norway is significantly higher than for all other Nordic countries combined, with or without TA. Sweden has no restrictions, whereas Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland apply restrictions. Of the latter countries, Denmark and Norway have a more liberal regime.

[20] It should be noted though according to the French authorities, the administrative data provided by France do not include work permits issued for lengths of stay inferior to 3 months.

[21] Statistical data on mobility and migration do not represent simply the real flow of individuals from one country to the other, but also the fact that previously undocumented workers may be more easily picked up by statistical surveys, either due to their inclusion, for example, in population registers that often constitute the basis for the sampling framework or to the individuals' greater willingness to take part in statistical surveys.

[22] One cannot exclude however, that in some instances migration from the EU-10 can have some impact at regional or occupational level.

[23] Administrative data suggest that EU-10 nationals are also contributing substantially to the agricultural sector, but due to the very limited size of agriculture in labour market terms, its seasonal nature and the fact that the figures considered relate to the winter quarter, the percentages are not particularly high.

[24] Also, inflows of workers that are complementary to country nationals would, other things equal, increase the productivity of country nationals and push their wages upwards rather than the opposite.

[25] See paragraph 16 above.

[26] One cannot exclude however, that in some instances migration from the EU-10 can have some impact at regional or occupational level.