UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

DISTRICT OF OREGON 

PORTLAND DIVISION 

DALLAS BUYERS CLUB, LLC, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

DOE- 71-237-192-131, 

Defendant. 

A COST A, Magistrate Judge: 

Introduction 

Case No. 3:15-cv-731-AC 

OPINION AND ORDER 

Plaintiff Dallas Buyers Club, LLC ("Dallas"), moves for an order finding Charles Sager 

("Sager") in contempt of a court order directing Sager to participate in a non-party deposition 

pursuant to Rule of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 45"). Dallas seeks sanctions 

pursuant to Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 37"). Specifically, Dallas asks 

the court to order Sager to compensate it for the alleged claims. 

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The court finds Sager substantially violated a clear, specific court order requiring Sager to 

attend and participate in a non-party deposition pursuant to Rule 45. The court finds Sager in 

contempt under Rules 37 and 45, but under those rules the court is limited in the sanctions it may 

impose against a nonparty. Accordingly, the awards Dallas reasonable expenses, including attorney 

fees, incuned in seeking compliance with the court order. 

Background 

Dallas initiated this action on April 30, 2015, against a Doe defendant known only through 

an Internet Protocol Address ("IP A"). Dallas alleges an individual used the IP A to copy and publish 

their motion picture, Dallas Buyers Club (the "Movie"), on March 16, 2015, via a BitTorrent client. 

Accordingly, Dallas alleges the defendant willfully infringed its exclusive rights under the Copyright 

Act. Dallas also alleges the conduct of the defendant has and will continue to cause harm to Dallas 

unless the infringed activity is enjoined. 

On April 30, 2015, the court granted an ex parte motion to expedite discovery filed by Dallas 

to determine the identity of the account holder assigned the IP A used by the infringer. Comcast 

identified Sager as the subscriber associated with the IPA. In late June and early July of2015, Dallas 

mailed two letters to Sager at the address provided by Comcast - 3535 SW Marquam Hill Road, 

Portland Oregon, 9723 9 - informing Sager of the lawsuit and his identification as subscriber of the 

IP A and requesting his cooperation in identifying the infringer. (Taylor Deel. dated October 26, 2015 

(ECF No. 24) ("Taylor October Deel.") ~~ 3-4.) Dallas received no response. (Taylor October Deel. 

~ 4.) 

On July 8, 2015, the court granted Dallas's motion for leave to issue a Rule 45 subpoena 

allowing Dallas to depose Sager on matters related to access to, and use of, the IPA (the "July 

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Order"). On July 10, 2015, Dallas personally served the Rule 45 subpoena on Sager at his residence. 

(Taylor Deel. dated August 24, 2015 (ECF No. 15) ("Taylor August Deel.") Ex. 3.) The Rule 45 

subpoena directed Sager to appear for his deposition on August 19, 2015, at the offices of Dallas's 

counsel in Salem, Oregon. (Taylor August Deel. Ex. 1.) Sager did not appear for his deposition and 

did not otherwise respond to the Rule 45 subpoena. (Taylor August Deel. iii! 7-8.) 

Dallas immediately moved for an order compelling Sager to respond to the Rule 45 

subpoena. After providing Sager time to respond to Dallas's motion and not receiving any response, 

the court granted Dallas's motion by minute order on September 16, 2015, directing "Charles Sager 

or Portland, Oregon to to respond to plaintiffs subpoena for an FRCP 45 deposition ... " (the 

"September Order"). 

Dallas mailed a copy of the court order compelling his attendance at a Rule 45 deposition, 

and a new Rule 45 subpoena rescheduling Sager's deposition to October 14, 2015, to Sager at his 

residence on September 23, 2015. (Taylor October Deel. if 9.) Sager "failed to respond to any of 

the documents served on him, or comply with the Order of the Court, or appear pursuant to the 

subsequent subpoena for the October 14, 2015 date, or make any attempts to reschedule his FRCP 

45 deposition." (Taylor October Deel. ifl 0.) 1 

Dallas filed a motion for order to show cause seeking Rule 3 7 sanctions on October 26, 2015. 

After allowing Sager to file opposition to the motion and receiving none, on December 18, 2015, the 

court granted Dallas's motion, set a show cause hearing for January 7, 2016, and directed Dallas to 

serve a copy of the order on Sager. 

1

Dallas attempted, but was unable, to locate a phone number for Sager using a commercial 

research service. (Taylor October Deel. if 11.) 

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Legal Standard 

Both Rule 37 and Rule 45 provide that a party ordered by the court to appear and participate 

in a deposition may be held in contempt of court for failure to do so. Rule 37 provides: 

If the court where the discovery is taken orders a deponent to be sworn or to answer 

a question and the deponent fails to obey, the failure may be treated as contempt of 

court. If a deposition-related motion is transferred to the court where the action is 

pending, and that court orders a deponent to be sworn or to answer a question and the 

deponent fails to obey, the failure may be treated as contempt of either the court 

where the discovery is taken or the court where the action is pending. 

FED. R. CIV. P. 37(b)(l) (2015). Rule 45 similarly provides: 

The court for the district where compliance is required - and also, after a motion is 

transferred, the issuing court - may hold in contempt a person who, having been 

served, fails without adequate excuse to obey the subpoena or an order related to it. 

FED. R. CIV. P. 45(g) (2015). 

Contempt proceedings are initiated with an order to show cause why a contempt order should 

not be issued. Alcade v. NAC Real Estate Invs. &Assignments, Inc., 580 F. Supp. 2d 969, 971 (C.D. 

Cal. 2008). The order setting forth the date of the show cause hearing must be served on the parties 

to the action, as well as the offending nonparty. Id.; Fisher v. Marubeni Cotton Corp., 526 F.2d 

1338, 1342 (8th Cir. 1957) (civil contenmor is entitled to due process right of proper notice). 

The Ninth Circuit recognizes civil contempt proceedings as "a trial within the meaning of 

Fed.R.Civ.P. 43(a) rather than a hearing on a motion within the meaning ofFed.R.Civ.P 43(e)." 

Hoffman v. Beer Drivers and Salesman's Local Union No. 888, 536 F.2d 1268, 1277 (9th Cir. 1976). 

As such, the issues may not be tried solely on the basis of affidavits, but require oral testimony on 

controverted facts. Id. 

To prevail on a request for a finding of civil contempt, the moving party must show, by clear 

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and convincing evidence, the alleged contemnors violated a direct and specific court order. GoVideo, Inc. v. Motion Picture Ass 'n of Am., 10 F.3d 693, 695 (9th Cir. 1993). The burden then shifts 

to the contemnors to demonstrate why they were unable to comply with such order. Federal Trade 

Comm 'n v. Affordable Media, 179 F.3d 1228, 1299 (9th Cir. 1999). While the contempt need not 

be willful, a person should not be held in contempt if he acted in good faith and on a reasonable 

interpretation of the court order. Go-Video, 10 F.3d at 695. Substantial compliance with a comt 

order is a defense to a contempt action where the alleged contemnor took all reasonable steps within 

their power to comply. Id.; Stone v. City a/San Francisco, 968 F.2d 850, 856 (9th Cir. 1992). The 

inability of an individual to comply with a subpoena constitutes an "adequate excuse" under Rule 

45 and is a complete defense to a contempt charge. Fisher, 526 F.2d at 1342. 

In addition to a finding of contempt, the court may award the party seeking to compel a 

nonparty's attendance at a deposition reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, incurred with 

regard to the motion to compel. Pennwalt Corp. v. Durand-Wayland, Inc., 708 F.2d 492, 494 n.4 

(9th Cir. 1983); General Ins. Co. of Am. v. Eastern Consol. Utilities, Inc., 126 F.3d 215, 220 (3rd 

Cir. 1997)( district court did not abuse discretion in awarding expenses and attorney fees caused by 

failure to comply with court order). Rule 37(a), which authorizes a party to seek a court order 

compelling disclosure or discovery, provides that if such order is granted: 

the court must, after giving an opportunity to be heard, require the 

party or deponent whose conduct necessitated the motion, the party 

or attorney advising that conduct, or both to pay the movant' s 

reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion, including 

attorney's fees. But the court must not order this payment if: 

(i) the movant filed the motion before attempting in good faith to obtain the 

disclosure or discovery without court action; 

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(ii) the opposing party's nondisclosure, response, or objection was substantially 

justified; or 

(iii) other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust. 

FED. R. CIV. P. 37(a)(5)(A) (2015). Whether or not a violation justifies imposition of sanctions 

under Rule 37 is largely "left to the discretion of the trial court." Liew v. Breen, 640 F.2d 1046, 1050 

(9th Cir. 1981) (citing National Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, 427 U.S. 639, 642 (1976)). 

Discussion 

Dallas has established, by clear and convincing evidence, the existence of a clear and specific 

court order and Sager' s substantial violation of such order.2 The September Order compelled Sager 

to respond to Dallas's Rule 45 subpoena. Sager did not attend the deposition subsequently scheduled 

by Dallas on October 14, 2015, did not request the deposition be rescheduled, did not object to the 

deposition and, in fact, did not respond in any meaningful way to the September Order or the Rule 

45 subpoena. 

The court finds the July Order3 and the October Order (the "Orders") clearly and specifically 

directed Sager to attend and participate in the scheduled Rule 45 depositions. Dallas personally 

served Sager with the July Order and served Sager with the October Order by United States Mail. 

Sager substantially violated the Orders by refusing to appear and participate in the depositions or 

respond to the Rule 45 subpoenas in any meaningful way. 

2 Sager did not appear at the show cause hearing. As a result of Sager' s actions, the court was 

unable to consider live testimony. 

3

The July Order authorizing Dallas to issue the initial Rule 45 subpoena constitutes a court 

order which, in the event of noncompliance, may support a finding of contempt. See Pennwalt, 708 

F.2d at 495 n.5 (a Rule 45 subpoena is a court order which, unless objected to pursuant to Rule 

45( d), may warrant contempt sanctions in the event of noncompliance). 

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Sager has failed to meet his burden of establishing, by clear and convincing evidence, he was 

unable to comply with the Orders or that he acted in good faith on a reasonable interpretation of the 

Orders. Accordingly, Dallas is entitled to a finding Sager is in contempt of court based on his failure 

to comply with the directions contained in the Orders. 

As a sanction for Sager' s contempt, Dallas asks the court to issue sanctions under Rule 

37(b)(2), including the sanction of compensation for their claims. In other words, Dallas seeks a 

finding ofliability against Sager. The Rule applies only to "a party or a party's officer, director, or 

managing agent - or a witness designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 3l(a)(4)" and is, therefore, 

inapplicable to a nonparty. See Pennwalt, 708 F.2d at 495 n.5 ("Rule 37(b)(2) permits the main 

forum to impose sanctions on a party who violates a court order.") Dallas is not entitled to any of 

the sanctions identified in Rule 37(b )(2), including the requested finding ofliability. However, Rule 

3 7( a) authorizes a party to seek a motion to compel discovety when a deponent fails to meaningfully 

participate in a scheduled deposition and directs the court to award reasonable expenses incurred in 

making the motion to compel if such motion is granted; provided the movant attempted in good faith 

to obtain the requested discovery before filing the motion, the failure to provide the discovery was 

unjustified, and the circumstances justify an award of expenses. Rule 37(a) applies to Dallas's 

motion to compel Sager's attendance at a Rule 45 deposition and authorizes the court to award 

Dallas reasonable expenses incurred in making such motion, if otherwise appropriate under the 

statute. See Pennwalt, 708 F.2d at 495 n.5 (Rule 37(a), which authorizes an award of expenses for 

a successful motion to compel, applies to motions to compel nonparties to attend depositions). 

In the October Order, the couti granted Dallas's motion to compel Sager's attendance at a 

deposition. Dallas attempted to depose Sager in good faith prior filing the motion to compel, Sager' s 

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refusal to participate in the deposition on October 14, 2015, was not substantially justified, and the 

circumstances before the court justify an award of expenses under Rule 37(a). Accordingly, the 

court finds an award of reasonable expenses incurred by Dallas in seeking to compel Sager' s 

attendance at, and participation in, the October 14, 2015 deposition is appropriate. 

Conclusion 

The court finds Sager substantially violated the Orders and is in contempt of court. The court 

further finds Dallas is entitled to recover costs reasonably incurred with regard to its successful 

motion to compel Sager's deposition testimony. Dallas is directed to file an itemization of the 

expenses, including attorney fees, incurred with regard to the October Order within thirty days of the 

date of this Opinion. 

DATED this 7th day of January, 2016. 

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JOHN V. ACOSTA 

l!p'ited States Magistrate Judge 

{SIB} 

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