Filed 1/29/21; Certified for publication 2/23/21 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

AREA 55, LLC, et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

NICHOLAS & TOMASEVIC, LLP,

et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D075648

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-

00007426-CU-NP-NC)

APPEAL from an order and a judgment of the Superior Court of San 

Diego County, Earl H. Maas, III, Judge. Reversed and remanded with 

directions.

The Office of Michael Tenenbaum, Michael Tenenbaum; Law Office of 

Aryeh Kaufman and Aryeh Kaufman for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Pettit Kohn Ingrassia Lutz & Dolin, Douglas A. Pettit and Jocelyn D. 

Hannah for Defendants and Respondents.

Area 55, LLC, and SAB Holdings, LLC (together, Appellants) appeal 

from an order of the trial court granting the special motion to strike their 

first amended complaint for malicious prosecution (complaint) and the 
2

related judgment of dismissal in favor of Nicholas & Tomasevic, LLP (N&T), 

Craig Nicholas, and Alex Tomasevic (together, Respondents). The trial court 

ruled that the complaint was a “SLAPP” and struck it pursuant to Code of 

Civil Procedure section 425.16 (section 425.16; at times, anti-SLAPP statute; 

further unidentified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure).1 

The prior action, in which Appellants were named as defendants, was 

dismissed for failure to prosecute. As we explain, the trial court erred in 

ruling that Appellants cannot establish that the prior action was not 

terminated on its merits. Thus, for purposes of the anti-SLAPP statute, the 

court erred in ruling that Appellants did not demonstrate a probability of 

prevailing on the merits of their malicious prosecution claim.

In addition, in our de novo review, we exercise our discretion to reach 

the additional issues raised by the parties in the motion and opposition, 

rather than to remand the matter for trial court consideration in the first 

instance. In doing so, as we explain, we will conclude that Appellants made a 

sufficient prima facie showing of the remaining elements of their claim and 

that Respondents, in their showing, did not defeat Appellants’ claim as a 

matter of law. 

Accordingly, we will vacate the order granting Respondents’ special 

motion to strike the complaint and reverse the judgment. On remand, we 

will direct the court to enter a new and different order denying Respondents’ 

special motion.

1 “ ‘ “SLAPP” is an acronym for “strategic lawsuit against public 

participation.” ’ ” (Sweetwater Union High School Dist. v. Gilbane Building 

Co. (2019) 6 Cal.5th 931, 939, fn. 5 (Sweetwater).) The anti-SLAPP statute, 

which sets forth the standards and the procedure for striking the complaint 

in a SLAPP, is found at section 425.16. (Id. at p. 940.)
3

I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

In the complaint in this action, Appellants named Respondents in one 

cause of action for malicious prosecution. Respondents include California 

attorneys Nicholas and Tomasevic and, as alleged in the complaint, the 

“purported California limited liability partnership” N&T, which is the 

successor to Nicholas & Butler, LLP (N&B), “also a purported California 

limited liability partnership.” Appellants include the successors to Vinturi, 

Inc. (Vinturi), which, according to the complaint, are responsible for the 

development and sales of the “ ‘Vinturi Essential Wine Aerator’ (the ‘Vinturi 

Aerator’) for wine-lovers who want to enhance their experience of drinking 

wine.” The United States Patent and Trademark Office issued four patents 

for the Vinturi Aerator. 

Underlying and forming the factual basis for the present malicious 

prosecution lawsuit is a class action lawsuit in San Diego County Superior 

Court, case No. 37-2010-00050074-CU-BT-NC, originally entitled Roehrig v. 

Exica, Inc. (Class Action). Beginning in January 2010 and continuing 

through the final judgment of dismissal of the Class Action in June 2015, 

Respondents and N&B were counsel of record for the plaintiff and plaintiff 

class, and Appellants were the defendants. 

A. The Prior Action (the Class Action)2

1. The Vinturi Aerator

Rio Sabadicci invented a red wine aerator. Vinturi, which was wholly 

owned by Area 55, Inc., produced the aerator for sale. Sabadicci was the chief 

executive officer of these corporations. 

2 On our own motion, we take judicial notice of our opinion in Roehrig v. 

Area 55, Inc. (Apr. 29, 2016, D066790) [nonpub. opn.] (Roehrig). (Evid. Code, 

§§ 459, 452, subd. (d).) Both sides also included a copy of Roehrig in the 
4

Vinturi started selling the Vinturi Aerator in 2006. Retail stores, 

wineries, restaurants, and bars carried the product. A company located in 

Pomona, California, manufactured the body of the Vinturi Aerator. As sold to 

the public, the box contained the Vinturi body with a decorative black silicone 

band, a rubber stand, and a filter screen. The silicone band, stand, and 

packaging were made in China, transported to the United States, and 

attached to the Vinturi body in the United States. Vinturi then placed the 

final aerator product into the stand and reclosed the box. 

From 2006 until 2010, Vinturi sold its aerator in the United States 

with the statement “ ‘VINTURI IS MANUFACTURED IN THE USA’ ” printed on the 

bottom panel of the box, which measured approximately 3.1 inches square. 

Prior to making this representation, Sabadicci reviewed the Federal Trade 

Commission Web site, from which he concluded that Vinturi could accurately 

represent that the Vinturi Aerator was made in the United States because 

the body, which is 95 percent of the product, was made in the United States. 

2. Roehrig Files the Class Action 

In November 2009, Tom Roehrig purchased a Vinturi Aerator for 

$39.99 at a retail store. Roehrig saw the product at a friend’s house, and 

after learning that it was made in the United States, he decided to buy the 

aerator even before going to the store. 

evidence they submitted in support of and in opposition to Respondents’ 

motion in the trial court. Roehrig is an appeal from a final prejudgment 

order in the Class Action. Appellants here are the successors in interest to 

the respondents in Roehrig, and Respondents here were counsel of record to 

the appellant in Roehrig. In addition to the record on appeal, our factual 

recitation of the Class Action in the text, post, is taken in significant part 

from Roehrig. 
5

A little over a month later, in January 2010, the firm of N&B, including 

attorney Nicholas, filed the Class Action against Appellants (as the 

defendants). Named plaintiff Roehrig alleged various consumer fraud claims 

in four causes of action based on alleged violations of: Civil Code 

section 1750 et seq. (Consumer Legal Remedies Act; CLRA); Business and 

Professions Code section 17200 et seq. (unfair competition); Business and 

Professions Code section 17500 et seq. (false advertising); and, specifically, 

Business and Professions Code former section 17533.7 (sale of goods produced 

outside the United States bearing words “Made in U.S.A.”). Under the 

various statutes, the Class Action complaint sought relief for the basic 

violation of Business and Professions Code former section 17533.7, which at 

the time of the filing of the Class Action provided: “It is unlawful for any 

person, firm, corporation or association to sell or offer for sale in this State 

any merchandise on which merchandise or on its container there appears the 

words ‘Made in U.S.A.,’ ‘Made in America,’ ‘U.S.A.,’ or similar words when 

the merchandise or any article, unit, or part thereof, has been entirely or 

substantially made, manufactured, or produced outside of the United 

States.”3 (Stats. 1961, ch. 676, § 1.)

3 By the time of the appeal in Roehrig, the Legislature had amended 

Business and Professions Code section 17533.7 to add subsections limiting 

the reach of the statute. (Stats. 2015, ch. 238, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2016.) For 

example, newly enacted subdivision (b) provided that the section did not 

apply “to merchandise made, manufactured, or produced in the United States 

that has one or more articles, units, or parts from outside of the United 

States, if all of the articles, units, or parts of the merchandise obtained from 

outside the United States constitute not more than 5 percent of the final 

wholesale value of the manufactured product.” (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17533.7, 

subd. (b).)
6

By May of 2010, N&B, including attorney Nicholas, had filed a first and 

second amended complaint on behalf of Roehrig, alleging the same four 

causes of action against the same defendants. 

Representing the named plaintiff, in September 2011 N&B, including 

attorneys Nicholas and Tomasevic, moved for class certification and for 

appointment as class counsel. In support of the motion, Roehrig submitted a 

declaration in which he testified that, when he purchased his Vinturi 

Aerator, he believed and relied on the representation that it was made or 

manufactured in the United States, and that, if he had known otherwise, he 

would have considered competing aerators, especially if any were 

manufactured in the United States. Following full briefing and oral 

argument, the court granted the motion, certifying the plaintiff class and 

appointing N&B as class counsel. 

In July 2013, Appellants (as the defendants) moved to dismiss the case. 

Appellants presented evidence that Roehrig had abandoned his claims 

against Appellants in 2010, nine months after filing the Class Action and 

almost a year before moving for class certification, when he filed bankruptcy 

and did not list his claims in the Class Action lawsuit on his bankruptcy 

schedules. Treating the motion as a motion for judgment on the pleadings, 

the court granted the motion with 20 days leave to amend to add a new class 

representative. 

Appellants (as the defendants) brought a motion for prevailing party 

attorney fees against Roehrig. Relying on Civil Code section 1780, 

subdivision (e),4 Appellants argued that they were the prevailing defendants 

4 Civil Code section 1780, subdivision (e) provides in part: “Reasonable 

attorney’s fees may be awarded to a prevailing defendant upon a finding by
7

in Roehrig’s claim under the CLRA and that Roehrig did not prosecute the 

Class Action in good faith. Finding that Roehrig acted in both subjective and 

objective bad faith in filing the Class Action, the trial court granted 

Appellants’ motion for attorney fees against Roehrig.5 Roehrig appealed, and 

in April 2016 this court affirmed the order granting the motion, concluding in 

relevant part: “The record supports the trial court’s finding ‘Roehrig was 

interested in buying a lawsuit to make money, or [to] help his friend [Sean 

Rones].’ ” (Roehrig, supra, D066790.)

the court that the plaintiff’s prosecution of the [CLRA] action was not in good 

faith.”

5 As will become relevant in our discussion of malice at part II.B.3., post, 

in support of its ruling—which this court affirmed in Roehrig, supra, 

D066790—the trial court in the Class Action made a number of factual 

findings. 

At his June 2011 deposition in the Class Action, Roehrig testified that, 

before he purchased the Vinturi Aerator, he had a conversation with Sean 

Rones, Roehrig’s high school friend who was in the business of selling a 

competing wine aerator. Rones told Roehrig that the Vinturi Aerator was 

made in China, not “ ‘Made in the USA’ ” as advertised. When Roehrig later

went to the store and bought it, he looked only at the Vinturi Aerator; but he 

never used it. Instead, Roehrig contacted N&B, by inference a 

recommendation from Rones, and decided to file the Class Action. Once 

Appellants (defendants in the Class Action) subpoenaed Rones for his 

deposition, N&B prepared (and Roehrig signed) an errata sheet to Roehrig’s 

deposition transcript that deleted all 35 references to Rones “in an attempt to 

eliminate information about Rones’s involvement in the purchase of the 

[Vinturi A]erator and the filing of this [Class Action].” (Roehrig, supra, 

D066790.)
8

3. Drew Ector Prosecutes the Class Action

In late November 2013, Respondents filed a third amended complaint 

against Appellants (as defendants).6 This iteration of the complaint alleged 

the same four causes of action against the same defendants, but with a 

different named plaintiff, Drew Ector. 

More than a year later, in early 2015, Appellants and N&T entered into 

an agreement to toll the statute of limitations for Appellants’ “desire to bring 

a claim against N&T for malicious prosecution of the [Class Action].” The 

parties (Appellants and N&T) entered into a number of amendments 

extending the expiration of the tolling period. 

A few months later, in April 2015, Appellants (as defendants) moved to 

dismiss the Class Action for delay in prosecution pursuant to section 583.410 

and California Rules of Court, rules 3.1340 and 3.1342.7 The court granted 

the motion and dismissed the Class Action, ruling in relevant part that the 

named plaintiff did not diligently prepare for trial, the defendants 

6 The record on appeal does not contain, and the register of actions does 

not reflect, either a substitution of attorneys (authorizing N&T, rather than 

N&B, as counsel of record) or an order appointing N&T (rather than N&B) as 

class counsel.

7 Section 583.410 provides in part: “(a) The court may in its discretion 

dismiss an action for delay in prosecution pursuant to this article on its own 

motion or on motion of the defendant if to do so appears to the court 

appropriate under the circumstances of the case.” 

California Rules of Court, rule 3.1340 provides in part that, upon 

motion, the trial court “may dismiss an action under Code of Civil Procedure 

sections 583.410-583.430 for delay in prosecution if the action has not been 

brought to trial or conditionally settled within two years after the action was 

commenced against the defendant.” California Rules of Court, rule 3.1342 

sets forth the procedure and the matters the court is to consider in 

proceedings under sections 583.410-583.430.
9

(Appellants here) were prejudiced by the delay, and the named plaintiff 

“w[ould] not be able to begin trial before the expiration of the 5[-]year statute 

(CCP 583.360[8]).” 

In June 2015, the court entered a judgment in favor of the defendants 

(Appellants here) and against Ector and dismissed the claims of the 

previously certified class. In post-judgment proceedings, as with Roehrig, 

Appellants brought a Civil Code section 1780, subdivision (e) motion to 

recover prevailing party attorney fees from Ector under the CLRA. (See fn. 4, 

ante.) In early 2016, the court denied the motion, explaining: “Defendant[s] 

persuasively establish[ ] that Plaintiff acted with complete disregard for the 

present litigation and caused his attorney to misrepresent facts to the Court. 

The Court [cannot], however, make the step to bad faith in continuing this 

action as the Court had previously certified the class finding technical 

violations of California Business and Professions [C]ode.” 

B. The Present Case (Malicious Prosecution)

On February 13, 2018, Appellants (Area 55, LLC, and SAB Holdings, 

LLC) filed the present action against Respondents (N&T, Nicholas, and 

Tomasevic). In the operative first amended complaint (previously identified 

as the complaint), Appellants alleged one cause of action for malicious 

prosecution against the three defendants. 

Respondents responded with an amended special motion to strike the 

complaint pursuant to the anti-SLAPP statute, section 425.16 (anti-SLAPP 

8 Section 583.360 provides: “(a) An action shall be dismissed by the court 

on its own motion or on motion of the defendant, after notice to the parties, if 

the action is not brought to trial within [‘five years after the action is 

commenced against the defendant’ (§ 583.310)]. [¶] (b) The requirements of 

this article are mandatory and are not subject to extension, excuse, or 

exception except as expressly provided by statute.”
10

motion). Appellants filed a lengthy written opposition. Respondents filed a 

reply to the opposition, and Appellants filed a surreply to the reply. We will 

discuss the details of the parties’ presentations as necessary at part II.,post. 

Following oral argument in January 2019, the court granted 

Respondents’ anti-SLAPP motion and struck the complaint. The court first 

ruled that Respondents met their initial burden of establishing that the 

complaint arises out their constitutional right to petition. The court then 

ruled that Appellants did not meet their responsive burden of establishing a 

prima facie case to support a favorable judgment for malicious prosecution. 

More specifically, one of the elements of a cause of action for malicious 

prosecution is that the prior action have been terminated in favor of the 

malicious prosecution plaintiff (Zamos v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 965 

(Zamos)); and the court ruled that the dismissal of the Class Action “did not 

constitute a termination on the merits of the underlying lawsuit,” because 

“the plaintiffs could not be ready for trial in the less than four months 

remaining before expiration of the five-year [mandatory dismissal] statute,” 

section 583.310 et seq. Notably, the court did not base its finding on the 

evidence presented, but rather on its recollection of the reason for its 

dismissal of the Class Action almost four years earlier. 

Based on the order granting the anti-SLAPP motion, the court entered 

a judgment of dismissal in favor of Respondents and against Appellants. 

Appellants timely appealed from the order and the judgment. 

II. DISCUSSION

Section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1) provides in full: “A cause of action 

against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the 

person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution 

or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be 
11

subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the 

plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will 

prevail on the claim.”

In applying this statute, a court generally is required to engage in a 

two-step process. “ ‘First, the defendant must establish that the challenged 

claim arises from activity protected by section 425.16.’ ” (Sweetwater, supra,

6 Cal.5th at p. 940.) “ ‘If the defendant makes the required showing, the 

burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate the merit of the claim by 

establishing a probability of success.’ ” (Ibid.) “ ‘Only a cause of action that 

satisfies both prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute—i.e., that arises from 

protected speech or petitioning and lacks even minimal merit—is a SLAPP, 

subject to being stricken under the statute.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. 

Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 (Oasis West).)

We review de novo the grant of an anti-SLAPP motion. (Sweetwater, 

supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.) 

A. Prong One—Whether Appellants’ Claim Arises From Protected Activity

For purposes of the threshold determination whether the challenged 

cause of action is one arising from “protected activity,” a person’s “protected 

activity” is “any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of 

petition or free speech under the United States Constitution or the California 

Constitution in connection with a public issue.” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) The 

anti-SLAPP statute defines subdivision (b)’s “act in furtherance of a person’s 

right of petition . . . ” to include “any written or oral statement or writing 

made before a . . . judicial proceeding,” or “any written or oral statement or 

writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a 

. . . judicial body.” (§ 425.16, subd. (e).)
12

Here, the challenged cause of action is malicious prosecution. “ ‘ “The 

plain language of the anti-SLAPP statute dictates that every claim of 

malicious prosecution is a cause of action arising from protected activity 

because every such claim necessarily depends upon written and oral 

statements in a prior judicial proceeding.” ’ ” (Medley Capital Corp. v. 

Security National Guaranty, Inc. (2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 33, 43 (Medley 

Capital).) The parties agree. Thus, Respondents, as the moving parties, met 

their initial burden of establishing that Appellants’ claims arose from 

“protected activity” for purposes of section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1). (See 

Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.)

Turning to the second prong, we now determine whether Appellants 

met their responsive burden of establishing a probability of prevailing on 

their malicious prosecution cause of action for purposes of section 425.16, 

subdivision (b)(1). (See Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.)

B. Prong Two—Probability of Appellants’ Success

In determining whether a plaintiff meets its responsive burden under 

the second prong, “the court shall consider the pleadings, and supporting and 

opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is 

based.” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(2); see Park v. Board of Trustees of California 

State University (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1057, 1067 [“In addition to the pleadings, 

we may consider affidavits concerning the facts upon which liability is 

based.”].) In doing so, “ ‘[t]he court does not weigh evidence or resolve 

conflicting factual claims. Its inquiry is limited to whether the plaintiff has 

stated a legally sufficient claim and made a prima facie factual showing 

sufficient to sustain a favorable judgment. It accepts the plaintiff’s evidence 

as true, and evaluates the defendant’s showing only to determine if it defeats 

the plaintiff’s claim as a matter of law.’ ” (Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at 
13

p. 940, quoting Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 384-385 (Baral); accord, 

Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 Cal.4th 260, 269, fn. 3 

(Soukup).) 

Courts have described this procedure as a “motion for summary 

judgment in ‘reverse.’ Rather than requiring the defendant to defeat the 

plaintiff’s pleading by showing it is legally or factually meritless, the motion 

requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that he possesses a legally sufficient 

claim which is ‘substantiated,’ that is, supported by competent, admissible 

evidence.” (College Hospital, Inc. v. Superior Court (1994) 8 Cal.4th 704, 719 

(College Hospital); accord, Baral, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 384 [“ ‘summaryjudgment-like-procedure’ ”]; Tichinin v. City of Morgan Hill (2009) 177 

Cal.App.4th 1049, 1062 [“a standard ‘similar to that employed in determining 

nonsuit, directed verdict or summary judgment motions’ ”]; Yu v. Signet 

Bank/Virginia (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 298, 317 [“plaintiff's burden as to the 

second prong of the anti-SLAPP test is akin to that of a party opposing a 

motion for summary judgment”], disapproved on other grounds in Newport 

Harbor Ventures, LLC v. Morris Cerullo World Evangelism (2018) 4 Cal.5th 

637, 645.) Consistent with this summary-judgment-like procedure, the court 

“must draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of [the party 

opposing the anti-SLAPP motion].” (Lee v. Kim (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 705, 

720 (Lee).)

Despite the authority that says the plaintiff’s evidence in opposition to 

the motion must be admissible at trial (e.g., College Hospital, supra, 8 

Cal.4th at p. 719; Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 946 [collecting cases]), 

“evidence may be considered at the anti-SLAPP motion stage if it is 

reasonably possible the evidence set out in supporting affidavits, declarations 

or their equivalent will be admissible at trial” (Sweetwater, at p. 947, italics 
14

added). “Conversely, if the evidence relied upon cannot be admitted at trial, 

because it is categorically barred or undisputed factual circumstances show 

inadmissibility, the court may not consider it in the face of an objection.”9 

(Id. at p. 949.)

On appeal, Appellants argue that, because they presented evidence of a 

prima facie case that the dismissal of the Class Action was on the merits, the 

trial court erred in ruling otherwise. As we explain, we agree and will vacate 

the order granting the anti-SLAPP motion. Rather than remand for 

consideration of the remaining issues raised by the parties in the anti-SLAPP 

motion proceedings, however, because the standard of review is de novo, we 

exercise our discretion to reach, in the first instance, these remaining issues. 

(Golden Eagle Land Investment, L.P. v. Rancho Santa Fe Assn. (2018) 19 

Cal.App.5th 399, 422 [deciding prong two issue despite trial court’s failure to 

reach it].) As we further explain, we conclude that, under the applicable 

standard for anti-SLAPP motions, Appellants met their burden of 

establishing the requisite probability of prevailing on their malicious 

prosecution claim against Respondents, and Respondents did not establish as 

a matter of law a defense to Appellants’ claim.

We begin our determination whether Appellants’ complaint “ ‘lacks 

even minimal merit’ ” (Oasis West, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 820) by first 

analyzing the evidence Appellants submitted in support of each of the 

elements of their cause of action for malicious prosecution. In this regard, to 

9 In the trial court, Respondents filed 36 written objections to evidence 

that Appellants submitted in support of their opposition to the anti-SLAPP 

motion. However, the record on appeal does not contain rulings on these 

objections, and Respondents do not argue on appeal that any specific evidence 

is (or would be at trial) inadmissible. We thus consider all of the evidence 

Appellants presented. (Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 949.)
15

establish a cause of action for the malicious prosecution of a prior civil 

proceeding, a plaintiff must plead and prove that the prior action: (1) “ ‘ “was 

commenced by or at the direction of the defendant and was pursued to a legal 

termination in his, plaintiff’s, favor” ’ ”; (2) “ ‘ “was brought without probable 

cause” ’ ”; and (3) “ ‘ “was initiated with malice.” ’ ” (Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th 

at p. 965, quoting Bertero v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 50 

(Bertero), italics omitted; accord, Roche v. Hyde (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 757, 

787 (Roche).10) We will then analyze whether Respondents established, as a 

matter of law, that the applicable statute of limitations bars Appellants’ 

claim.

The tort of malicious prosecution does not have to be directed to an 

entire lawsuit or even to an entire cause of action. (Bertero, supra, 13 Cal.3d 

at p. 57, fn. 5 [“an action for malicious prosecution lies when but one of 

alternate theories of recovery is maliciously asserted”]; Singleton v. Perry

(1955) 45 Cal.2d 489, 497 [“ ‘ “it is not necessary that the whole proceeding be 

utterly groundless” ’ ”]; Kreeger v. Wanland (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 826, 834 

[“[a] claim of malicious prosecution may be based on a single ground for 

liability alleged in the complaint that lacks probable cause”; “a single cause of 

action that states several theories of liability will force the defendant to 

negate each theory to escape liability”].) Very simply, “someone may be liable 

for malicious prosecution for his or her active role in the malicious 

prosecution of only a portion of a proceeding.” (Zucchet v. Galardi (2014) 229 

Cal.App.4th 1466, 1484.) Where only a portion of the claim or complaint is 

maliciously prosecuted, the issue becomes one of proof of damages, not of 

10 Both Zamos and Roche are appeals from anti-SLAPP proceedings in 

malicious prosecution actions. (Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 963-964; 

Roche, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 769.)
16

liability: “[I]n the case of the assertion of a maliciously prosecuted [claim] 

with one for which there was probable cause [citation], the burden of proving 

such an apportionment must rest with the party whose malicious conduct 

created the problem.” (Bertero, at p. 60.)

1. First Element: Favorable Termination

For purposes of meeting their prong two responsive burden as to the 

first element of the cause of action for malicious prosecution, Appellants must 

present evidence of a prima facie case that the Class Action was commenced 

by Respondents and pursued to a legal termination in Appellants’ favor. 

(Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 965.) There is no dispute both that the Class 

Action was filed by N&B (the predecessor to N&T) and Nicholas and that the 

Class Action was prosecuted to judgment by N&T, Nicholas, and Tomasevic 

(previously identified as Respondents). 

Here, in the Class Action, a judgment of dismissal was entered in favor 

of Appellants (i.e., the defendants in the prior action for purposes of 

Appellants’ malicious prosecution claim) and against the named plaintiff, by 

which “[t]he action of the class” was also dismissed. The judgment followed 

the trial court’s ruling on cross-motions: (1) The court denied a motion filed 

by Respondents (as counsel, on behalf of their clients, the named plaintiff and 

the certified class) to specially set the matter for trial before the expiration of 

the statutory deadline in which to bring the case to trial (§§ 583.360, 

583.310); and (2) the court granted a motion brought on behalf of Appellants 

(the defendants in the Class Action) to dismiss the action for delay in 

prosecution (§ 583.410). In its written order, the court reasoned:

“The Court is not persuaded that [the named plaintiffs] 

have diligently sought to prepare the matter for trial. [The 

current named plaintiff’]s deposition has not been taken 

and was apparently cancelled . . . by [N&T], despite 

[counsel’s] promises to the Court that it would proceed [the 
17

next week]. The Class has not been notified despite 

certification [and appointment of class counsel more than 

three and a half] years ago. Defendants [(i.e., Appellants)] 

have persuasively argued that they will be prejudiced by an 

expedited trial, and that [the named] Plaintiff’s delays have 

caused witnesses to become unavailable or difficult to 

locate. [¶] . . . [The current named] Plaintiff will not be 

able to begin trial before the expiration of the 5[-]year 

statute (CCP 583.360).” 

We must now determine whether, for purposes of the current claim for 

malicious prosecution, the foregoing dismissal was a legal termination which 

reflects on the merits of the claims against Appellants (as the defendants) in 

the Class Action.

In Jaffe v. Stone (1941) 18 Cal.2d 146 (Jaffe), our Supreme Court 

explained: “The theory underlying the requirement of favorable termination 

is that it tends to indicate the innocence of the accused . . . . If [the dismissal] 

is of such a nature as to indicate the innocence of the accused, it is a 

favorable termination sufficient to satisfy the requirement. If, however, the 

dismissal is on technical grounds, for procedural reasons, or for any other 

reason not inconsistent with his guilt, it does not constitute a favorable 

termination.”11 (Id. at p. 150.) 

“ ‘A “ ‘favorable’ termination does not occur merely because a party 

complained against has prevailed in an underlying action. While the fact he 

has prevailed is an ingredient of a favorable termination, such termination 

must further reflect on his innocence of the alleged wrongful conduct. If the 

termination does not relate to the merits—reflecting on neither innocence of 

11 “Although the original proceeding in Jaffe was criminal, the gist of the 

statement is equally applicable to cases . . . where the main action is civil.” 

(Babb v. Superior Court (1971) 3 Cal.3d 841, 846.) 
18

nor responsibility for the alleged misconduct—the termination is not 

favorable in the sense it would support a subsequent action for malicious 

prosecution.” ’ ” (Roche, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 788, quoting Lackner v. 

LaCroix (1979) 25 Cal.3d 747, 751 (Lackner).) Where, as here, the prior 

action is terminated other than on the merits, in determining whether the 

termination “ ‘ “ ‘relate[s] to the merits’ ” ’ ” (ibid., italics added), “ ‘the court 

must examine the reasons for termination to see if the disposition reflects the 

opinion of the court or the prosecuting party that the action would not 

succeed’ ” (Medley Capital, supra, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 47, italics added; 

accord, Roche, at p. 788). “And should there be a conflict as to the 

circumstances of the termination, ‘the determination of the reasons 

underlying the dismissal is a question of fact.’ ” (Medley Capital, at p. 47; 

accord, Roche, at p. 788; Sycamore Ridge Apartments, LLC v. Naumann

(2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1385, 1399 (Sycamore Ridge).) 

We begin our analysis with the following guidance from our Supreme 

Court: 

“ ‘A dismissal for failure to prosecute . . . does reflect on 

the merits of the action. . . . The reflection arises from 

the natural assumption that one does not simply abandon 

a meritorious action once instituted.’ ” 

(Lackner, supra, 25 Cal.3d at pp. 750-751 [termination of prior action by 

statute of limitations defense not related to merits], italics added, quoting 

Minasian v. Sapse (1978) 80 Cal.App.3d 823, 827 (Minasian) [termination of 

prior action by dismissal for failure to prosecute related to the merits] and 

quoted in this court’s recent opinion in Citizens of Humanity, LLC v. Hass

(2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 589, 609; Sycamore Ridge, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1400.) In Minasian, at page 827, the court explained that, when a 

discretionary dismissal for failure to prosecute reflects on the merits of the 

action, “that reflection is favorable to the defendant in the action.” 
19

Minasian was an appeal in a malicious prosecution action, where the 

sole issue was whether a discretionary dismissal of the prior action for failure 

to prosecute under the two-year statute was a favorable termination. 

(Minasian, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at pp. 824-825.) There, the court expressly 

ruled that “[a] dismissal for failure to prosecute under Code of Civil 

Procedure [former] section 583, subdivision (a) is not a dismissal on technical 

grounds within the meaning of” Jaffe, supra, 18 Cal.2d 146.12 (Minasian, at 

p. 827.) Relying on established Supreme Court authority almost a century 

and a half old, the Minasian court explained that “ ‘the failure of the plaintiff 

to prosecute his suit should be regarded as a concession of his inability to 

maintain it.’ ” (Id., at p. 828, quoting Dowling v. Polack (1861) 18 Cal. 625, 

628 [“dismissed for want of prosecution”].) 

We now consider the showing by Appellants in support of their position. 

Focusing on the order dismissing the Class Action for delay in prosecution, 

Appellants rely on the six findings expressed by the court. Examining the 

reasons for the termination of the Class Action as we must (Medley Capital, 

supra, 17 Cal.App.5th at p. 47), we examine those findings.

First, in dismissing the Class Action, the court found: “The Class has 

not been notified [of this class litigation] despite certification [and 

appointment of N&B as class counsel] years ago.” A reasonable inference 

from Respondents’ failure to notify the class of both the existence of the class 

12 The two-year discretionary dismissal statutes in the prior action in 

Minasian, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 823, and in the prior action in this case (i.e., 

the Class Action) are essentially the same. (Compare former § 583, subd. (a) 

[Stats. 1972, ch. 1014, § 1] with § 583.410.) “[Current] Section 583.410 

continues the substance of subdivision (a) of former Section 583.” (Cal. Law 

Revision Com. com., 15C West’s Ann. Code Civ. Proc. (2011 ed.) foll. 

§ 583.410, p. 494.)
20

and the appointment of class counsel for more than three and a half years is 

that their failure to proceed relates to and reflects on the merits, in that class 

counsel like Respondents do not abandon a meritorious action once a class 

has been certified. (See Lackner, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 751; Minasian, supra, 

80 Cal.App.3d at p. 827.)

Second, in dismissing the Class Action, the court found that the named 

plaintiffs (i.e., N&T’s clients) did not “diligently . . . prepare the matter for 

trial.” Similarly, in a sixth finding, the court ruled that Ector, the second 

named plaintiff, “will not be able to begin trial before the expiration of the 

five[-]year [mandatory dismissal] statute (CCP 583.360).” Although these 

findings refer to the trial preparation by the named plaintiffs in the Class 

Action, a represented litigant generally does not prepare a case for trial. A 

litigant’s attorney is tasked with preparation for trial, especially in a class 

action, where the unnamed class members do not participate directly with 

either the class representative or class counsel. (See Weil et al., Cal. Practice 

Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2020) ¶ 14:39, p. 14-

41; Pettway v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co. (5th Cir. 1978) 576 F.2d 1157, 

1216.) Here, in opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion, Appellants presented a 

declaration from Ector, in which he testified: 

• “The main lawyer I dealt with at N&T was Alex Tomasevic. I did not 

have more than two meetings with him, and did not meet with any 

other lawyers from N&T.” 

• “When I revealed to N&T that I had no receipts or other documents, 

not even a credit card charge, to show for my purchase [of a Vinturi 

Aerator], N&T did not do anything I’m aware of to confirm that I had 

actually bought a Vinturi.” 
21

• “In the Third Amended Complaint that N&T filed on my behalf, N&T 

wrote in paragraph 25 that I had been ‘damaged’ and ‘lost money’ in 

connection with my wine aerator purchase. But, before N&T added me 

to the lawsuit, I did not feel like I had lost money. I had no reason to 

believe that the wine aerator I bought was inferior. And I did not 

suffer any emotional stress as a result of my purchase.” 

• “Even after being N&T’s lead plaintiff in the underlying class action for 

more than two and a half years, I do not have any understanding of 

what components of the Vinturi . . . [A]erator are and are not made in 

the United States.” 

• “The wine aerator was never of any major significance in my life before 

I joined the underlying class action. N&T wrote in the Third Amended 

Complaint that I was ‘dismayed’ after my wine aerator purchase, but I 

don’t really know the definition of that word or whether I’d be using it 

correctly.” 

• “To my recollection, there were never any settlement figures shared 

with me. [¶] . . . Until November 10, 2017, [which is more than two and 

a half years after the order dismissing the Class Action,] I also never 

learned of the settlement proposal that [the defendants in the Class 

Action] had communicated to [Tomasevic] on April 8, 2015 [two weeks 

prior to the hearing on the motion to dismiss], that would have involved 

my getting a release from [those defendants, i.e., Appellants in this 

malicious prosecution action] for any costs or for any claim for 

malicious prosecution in exchange for my dismissal of the [Class 

Action] case, since N&T never communicated that to me. I also never 

saw the Joint Request for Dismissal that [the defendants in the Class 

Action] had sent on April 27, 2015, [a few days after the hearing on the 
22

motion to dismiss,] to N&T offering to waive costs and attorney’s fees 

against me, as well as release any claims arising out of my prosecution 

of the case. . . . I don’t recall ever hearing from N&T about any 

settlement offers made by [the Class Action defendants] to let me out of 

the case without any consequences.” 

• “I don’t recall anyone at N&T telling me [in or around April 2015] that 

[the defendants in the Class Action] had a pending motion to dismiss 

the case. . . . I don’t recall N&T ever telling me there was a 

requirement that the case be brought to trial within a certain amount 

of time. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . On May 11, 2015, [which was approximately 

three weeks after the dismissal of the Class Action,] N&T sent me an 

email saying that, back on April 30, 2015, the Court ‘issued orders on 

the motions’ that ‘all came down against us.’ . . . I don’t know what 

that means, and I don’t think I knew then that this was a dismissal. . . . 

[¶] . . . [N&T] wrote that ‘we will not be able to proceed without an 

appeal first.’ . . . [¶] . . . N&T never discussed with me the merits of an 

appeal. I don’t know if N&T ever filed an appeal of the dismissal of my 

case.” 

This evidence, and inferences from this evidence (including N&T’s lack of 

communication with Ector), sufficiently establish that N&T, irrespective of 

the named plaintiffs, did not diligently prepare the case for trial. The 

evidence further establishes that N&T, irrespective of the named plaintiffs, 

did not consider an appeal from the grant of judgment on the pleadings as to 

Roehrig. From this evidence, a jury could reasonably find that Respondents’

failure to proceed relates to and reflects on the merits, in that class counsel 

like Respondents do not abandon a meritorious action once a class has been 
23

certified. (See Lackner, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 751; Minasian, supra, 80 

Cal.App.3d at p. 827.)13

Third and fourth, in dismissing the Class Action, the court found both: 

(1) that Respondents failed to produce for deposition their client, Ector, the 

named plaintiff; and (2) that “despite promises to the Court that [Ector’s 

deposition] would proceed” on April 29, 2015, N&T cancelled the deposition. 

This all occurred after the following 16-month effort by Appellants to get 

N&T to produce Ector for a deposition: an informal request in January 2014; 

a formal deposition notice in March 2014; another formal deposition notice in 

April 2014; informal exchanges of proposed dates during May 2014; a June 

2014 email request for a date (with a response that N&T would check with its 

client); a July 2014 email request for a date (that went unanswered); an 

August 2014 email request for a date (that went unanswered); a September 

2014 email request for a date (that went unanswered); a December 2014 

email request for one of six specific dates in January 2015 (that went 

unanswered); a March 2015 email exchange in which Appellants’ counsel 

requested the deposition on one of two specified dates in April (to which N&T 

13 On appeal, Respondents argue that Appellants’ presentation is 

speculative, because Appellants failed to present “evidence or argument as to 

why they believe N&T did not prosecute [or appeal from the dismissal of] the 

case.” (Underscoring omitted.) Respondents then characterize as a 

“speculative inference” Appellants’ argument “that ‘one does not simply 

abandon a meritorious action once instituted.’ ” We disagree with 

Respondents’ statements. Appellants first presented evidence that 

Respondents neither prosecuted the certified Class Action nor appealed from 

its dismissal. Appellants then relied (in part) on this evidence in applying the 

legal standard that a dismissal for failure to prosecute “ ‘does reflect on the 

merits of the action,’ ” based on “ ‘the natural assumption that one does not 

simply abandon a meritorious action once instituted.’ ” (Lackner, supra, 25 

Cal.3d at pp. 750-751, quoting Minasian, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at p. 827.) 
24

replied it would respond later, but did not); and a court order that the 

deposition proceed on April 29, 2015.

We acknowledge that, as a general rule, counsel cannot later be liable 

for malicious prosecution “ ‘solely because that attorney’s client . . . 

unilaterally, and for reasons known only to herself, refuses to make 

discovery’ ” in the prior action. (Daniels v. Robbins (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 

204, 211, 221-222 (Daniels) [despite court order, the plaintiff in the prior 

action “refused to serve any written discovery responses or appear for a 

deposition”].) In contrast, here, Ector testified, N&T “did not inform me that 

the Court had ordered [my] deposition to proceed on . . . April 29, 2015.” To 

the contrary, on April 28, an N&T attorney wrote to Ector that she was going 

to try to find a mutually agreeable date for his deposition “in the ‘next two 

weeks,’ ” explaining, “ ‘[o]pposing counsel is a real treat and I’d like to shut 

him up by getting new dates’ ” after the court-ordered date. N&T then gave 

intentionally false, inconsistent explanations when it refused to produce him 

for deposition: To defense counsel, N&T cancelled Ector’s court-ordered 

deposition on the date of the deposition, stating that “ ‘[a]n unexpected work 

obligation arose’ ” for Ector; yet, in a declaration to the court, the N&T 

attorney testified that “ ‘Ector’s job requires that he travel for work, often on 

short notice.’ ” 

In these regards, Ector testified, “I had not been the one to cancel my 

deposition for April 29, 2015, and I did not cause anyone at N&T to 

misrepresent facts to the Court.” In fact, during the 14 hours between 

6:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on April 29, the date of the court-ordered deposition, 

Ector (who had told the N&T attorney that he would be returning to San 

Diego as of April 27) went to a restaurant for breakfast with his brother, 

returned home for a few hours, left and returned home a few hours later, 
25

rearranged the furniture on his sundeck, attended a class or presentation at 

the University of San Diego, and again returned home—never going farther 

than six miles from his residence in Pacific Beach. 

In at least some circumstances, the dismissal of a prior action as a 

result of a failure to provide discovery will satisfy the favorable termination 

element of a malicious prosecution claim. In Ross v. Kish (2006) 145 

Cal.App.4th 188, for example, the trial court dismissed the prior action 

because Kish refused to be deposed. (Id. at p. 191.) In Ross’s later action 

against Kish for malicious prosecution, the appellate court affirmed the trial 

court’s denial of Kish’s anti-SLAPP motion. (Ibid.) With regard to Ross’s 

prong two showing to establish the requisite favorable termination of the 

prior action, the appellate court ruled: “[T]he dismissal of Kish’s lawsuit for 

refusing to be deposed, like the dismissal for failure to prosecute in Minasian

. . . , supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 823, reflects adversely on the merits of the action 

based on the natural assumption that one does not simply abandon a 

meritorious action once instituted. Consequently, the dismissal must be seen 

as a termination favorable to Ross.” (Ross, at p. 200, italics added.) In Ross, 

because the dismissal of the prior action was based on the refusal by Kish 

(the plaintiff in the prior action) to attend his deposition, the court concluded 

that the dismissal of the prior action reflected on the merits. Here, for the 

same reason, a jury reasonably could find that N&T’s refusal to produce 

Ector for deposition, despite promises otherwise, “reflects adversely on the 

merits of the action based on the natural assumption that one does not 

simply abandon a meritorious action once instituted.”14 (Ibid.; see also 

14 For example, and without limitation, Respondents may not have 

wanted Appellants to learn—as Ector ultimately testified in his declaration 

that Appellants submitted in opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion—that 
26

Lackner, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 751; Minasian, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at 

p. 827.)

Finally, in dismissing the Class Action, the court found that the “delays 

[by N&T on behalf of the named plaintiff] have caused witnesses to become 

unavailable or difficult to locate.” This evidence supports an inference, if not 

an actual finding, that without the delays Respondents caused Appellants 

(the defendants in the Class Action) would have discovered facts that reflect 

adversely on the merits of the Class Action claims. That is because class 

counsel like Respondents do not abandon a meritorious action once a class 

has been certified. (See Lackner, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 751; Minasian, supra, 

80 Cal.App.3d at p. 827.)

Based on our de novo review and the findings and evidence discussed 

above, we have little difficulty concluding both that the dismissal of the Class 

Action for a delay in prosecution based on a lack of diligence in preparing for 

trial “ ‘does reflect on the merits of the [Class A]ction’ ” (Lackner, supra, 25 

Cal.3d at pp. 750-751), and “that reflection [on the merits] is favorable to 

[Appellants] in [this appeal].” (Minasian, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d at p. 827).

Ector had no receipts to show for the purchase of a Vinturi Aerator; that N&T 

did nothing to confirm or verify that Ector had purchased a Vinturi Aerator; 

that Ector never had any understanding of what, if any, components of the 

Vinturi Aerator were or were not made in the United States; that Ector met 

only twice with Tomasevic and with no other N&T attorney at any time; that 

Ector did not believe he suffered any injury; or that Ector had been recruited 

as a named plaintiff by a college friend, who was a friend of Nicholas’s and 

who had been a class plaintiff himself, to be the named plaintiff in the Class 

Action because “the prior lead plaintiff had left and that they — the 

‘Tomasevic law firm’ — needed a new plaintiff.” 
27

Respondents’ arguments do not persuade us otherwise.15

Respondents’ principal argument, and one we do not reject lightly, is 

that the judge who ruled on the anti-SLAPP motion is the same judge who 

dismissed the Class Action. With regard to the issue of whether the Class 

Action was terminated on its merits in 2015, in 2019 the judge ruled: 

“Here, the Court’s dismissal did not constitute a 

termination on the merits of the underlying lawsuit and 

rather, was based solely on a technical issue — the 

plaintiffs could not be ready for trial in the less than four 

months remaining before expiration of the five-year 

statute. Because this is the same Court that dismissed the 

underlying case, there is no question about the Court’s 

intentions in dismissing.”16 

Thus, Respondents argue, because the trial court’s written order in 2019 tells 

us why the court dismissed the Class Action in 2015, there is no dispute or 

conflicting evidence as to whether the dismissal reflects on the merits.17 

We disagree.

15 Initially, we note that, in their points and authorities in the trial court, 

Respondents did not rely on any evidence that they contended would support 

a ruling that the dismissal of the Class Action was not a favorable 

termination on the merits. Their entire argument as to favorable 

termination was 11 lines on the final page of a brief that contained 20 pages 

of substantive presentation. 

16 Respondents did not raise this argument, let alone brief the legal issues 

associated with such a ruling, in the trial court. 

17 In making this argument, Respondents first acknowledge the following 

standards: “Minasian[, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 823,] holds there is a

presumption that a dismissal for failure to prosecute reflects on the merits”; 

“to overcome that presumption, the court would need to resolve a factual 

dispute as to the reason for Respondents’ failure to prosecute [the Class 

Action]”; and the court may not “adjudicate a factual dispute” in its prong two 

consideration of the evidence. 
28

In relying on his memory rather than the evidence presented by the 

parties, the trial judge did not apply the proper standard. As we set forth 

ante and as Respondents acknowledge in their appellate brief, in the prong 

two analysis, the court must “consider[ ] whether [Appellants] produced 

sufficient admissible evidence to establish the probability of prevailing on the 

merits on every cause of action asserted.” (Citing Soukup, supra, 39 Cal.4th 

at p. 269.) Unfortunately, that is not what the trial court did here; instead, it 

considered matters outside of what the parties presented and ruled on a 

ground that neither party had considered or had a chance to dispute—i.e., the 

court’s memory. Very simply, however, the judge’s statement in 2019 of his 

recollection of the previously undisclosed reasons behind a written ruling in 

2015 is not evidence.18

While the well-meaning trial judge used his years of experience on the 

bench and memory of a prior case in an apparent attempt to jump to the 

ultimate finding in this case, the anti-SLAPP process does not allow for such 

a procedure.19 Instead, in prong two, the anti-SLAPP statute directs a 

18 We note that, in their trial court submissions, neither side asked the 

trial judge to rely on his memory from the Class Action. In fact, such a 

request would have been inappropriate, since a trial court judge is not 

competent to testify “as to any statement, conduct, decision, or ruling, 

occurring at or in conjunction with the prior proceeding” (i.e., the Class 

Action), except as to statements or conduct not applicable here. (Evid. Code, 

§ 703.5.)

19 The procedure employed by the court here is especially problematic, 

since the litigants were given no notice or opportunity to object or respond. 

In fact, despite a 42-minute oral argument hearing on Respondents’ 

anti-SLAPP motion, the court did not advise the parties it was considering 

relying on its recollection, rather than the record before it, in deciding 

whether the Class Action was terminated in Appellants’ favor. 
29

procedure whereby the court “ ‘accepts the plaintiff’s evidence as true’ ” and 

then determines whether such evidence establishes “ ‘a prima facie factual 

showing sufficient to sustain a favorable judgment.’ ”20 (Sweetwater, supra, 

6 Cal.5th at p. 940.) Moreover, the procedure employed here—by which the 

court relied on its memory from the Class Action four years earlier, rather 

than on the evidence presented—does not allow for meaningful review. 

In our de novo review in this appeal, we have applied, and will continue 

to apply, the standard set forth by our Supreme Court based on the record 

that was before the trial court at the time it made its ruling—which does not 

include the individual judge’s recollection of events almost four years earlier. 

As we explained prior to conducting our de novo review ante, we accepted 

Appellants’ evidence “as true” and concluded that such evidence established a 

prima facie factual showing sufficient to sustain a finding of a termination in 

Appellants’ favor. (Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.)

Respondents next argue that, even if we do not consider the trial 

judge’s recollection, “there was no favorable termination as to the initial class 

representative, Roehrig, who was dismissed for lack of standing . . . 

[and d]ismissal for lack of standing is not a favorable termination” for 

purposes of a later claim for malicious prosecution. (Citing Hudis v. 

Crawford (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1586 (Hudis).) We reject this argument.

20 If, as our Supreme Court has analogized, we consider the prong two 

procedure like a “motion for summary judgment in ‘reverse’ ” (College 

Hospital, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 719), then the trial court must determine, 

first, whether the moving party’s initial showing meets a minimum standard 

(namely, that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the 

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law). (§ 437c, subds. (c), 

(p).) During this process, the court may not rely on its recollection of 

events—regardless whether the court’s recollection is consistent or conflicts 

with the moving party’s evidence.
30

First, there was no termination of the Class Action, favorable or not, 

when, in January 2014, the court entered a judgment of dismissal as to 

Roehrig only, based on the November 2013 order granting Appellants’ motion 

for judgment on the pleadings—which expressly allowed “20 days leave to 

amend to add a new class representative.” By then, the class had been 

certified for more than two years, and N&T’s third amended complaint was 

pending on behalf of Ector as the named plaintiff. Regardless whether 

Roehrig’s claims were dismissed because he had abandoned them years 

earlier, the Class Action was not terminated until the court dismissed it in 

April 2015. (See, e.g., Department of Forestry & Fire Protection v. Howell

(2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 154, 196 [“Generally speaking, ‘ “there can be only one 

final judgment in a single action.” ’ ”].)

Furthermore, the sole authority on which Respondents rely, Hudis, 

supra, 125 Cal.App.4th 1586, is distinguishable. In Hudis, a malicious 

prosecution case, the appellate court held that the defendant attorney’s 

former clients (i.e., the plaintiffs in the prior action) lacked standing to 

prosecute the prior action for elder abuse against the malicious prosecution 

plaintiffs, because the former clients “had not been appointed as the personal 

representatives of [the decedent] and had not established that they were her 

successors in interest” for purposes of asserting a claim for elder abuse. (Id. 

at p. 1592.) In fact, their lack of standing in the prior action, which was not a 

favorable termination for malicious prosecution purposes, was based on a 

lack of “standing to state a cause of action,” not on a lack of “capacity to sue.” 

(Ibid.) In Hudis, the former clients never had the right to bring the claims 

that were dismissed. In contrast, the former client here (Roehrig) originally 

had standing to state the causes of action against Appellants (because he said 

that he had bought a Vinturi Aerator in reliance on the representation that it 
31

was “ ‘Manufactured in the USA’ ”), but affirmatively abandoned them in his 

bankruptcy case. 

More applicable is the case of Lanz v. Goldstone (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 

441 (Lanz), on which Appellants rely. There, like former plaintiff Roehrig 

here, the cross-complainant in the underlying action (i.e., the client of the 

attorney defendant in the later malicious prosecution action) had abandoned 

some of the claims in the prior action by failing to schedule them in her 

bankruptcy filings. (Id. at pp. 453, 462.) Contrary to the situation in Hudis, 

supra, 125 Cal.App.4th 1586, where the claimants in the underlying action 

never had the right to bring the claims that were dismissed, in Lanz the 

cross-complainant in the underlying action (like former plaintiff Roehrig 

here) originally had the right to bring the claims but then abandoned them. 

Under these circumstances, the Lanz court had no difficulty concluding that 

the dismissal of the cross-complaint in the underlying action was a favorable 

termination for purposes of a later malicious prosecution claim. (Id. at 

pp. 461-462.) As particularly apt is the Lanz court’s description of why the 

dismissal of the cross-complaint in the underlying action reflects on the 

merits of the cross-complaint:

“Appropriately analyzed, one could conclude that the 

failure to list the claims on the bankruptcy schedule 

reflected [the cross-complainant’s] opinion ‘that the 

[underlying cross-]action would not succeed.’ [Citations.] 

. . . [¶] Regardless, the claims were in essence abandoned, 

and such abandonment can be favorable termination, as is 

generally held . . . where an action has been dismissed for 

failure to bring it to trial within the statutory period for 

discretionary dismissal, as this reflects on the merits of the 

action, a reflection that ‘arises from the natural assumption 

that one does not simply abandon a meritorious action once 

instituted.’ (Minasian[, supra,] 80 Cal.App.3d [at p.] 827.)” 
32

(Lanz, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at pp. 461-462, italics added.)21 In short, the 

Lanz court ruled that the abandonment of a claim in a bankruptcy case 

results in the same favorable termination (for purposes of a later malicious 

prosecution claim) as a dismissal for failure to prosecute.

As their final argument, Respondents contend that “the law protects 

attorneys from malicious prosecution actions which ensue because of their 

client’s recalcitrance in discovery.” (Citing Daniels, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 221.) Daniels is unhelpful in this appeal, however, because in Daniels

the client “ ‘unilaterally, and for reasons known only to herself, refuse[d] to 

make discovery.’ ” (Id. at p. 222.) Here, in contrast, there is no claim that 

the client, Ector, made the decision not to participate in discovery. As we 

explained ante, the court did not base the dismissal on Ector’s failure to 

appear at his deposition. In its order dismissing the Class Action, the court 

expressly faulted Ector’s counsel—i.e., N&T—both for cancelling client Ector’s 

deposition and, in doing so, for reneging on its “promises to the Court that 

[the deposition] would proceed.” 

For the foregoing reasons, Appellants met their prong two responsive 

burden of presenting evidence, which if credited by a trier of fact, would 

establish a prima facie showing that the dismissal of the Class Action reflects 

favorably to Appellants on the merits of the claims asserted against them in 

the Class Action.

2. Second Element: Lack of Probable Cause

21 In their opening brief on appeal, Appellants cite Lanz, supra, 243 

Cal.App.4th 441 for the proposition that the Class Action court’s grant of 

judgment on the pleadings against Roehrig (based on his abandonment of his 

claims against Appellants in his bankruptcy case) “reflects on the merits as a 

matter of law.” Respondents did not mention, let alone discuss or attempt to 

distinguish, Lanz in their appellate brief. 
33

For purposes of meeting their prong two responsive burden as to the 

second element of the cause of action for malicious prosecution, Appellants 

must present evidence of a prima facie case that Respondents brought or 

maintained the Class Action without probable cause. (Zamos, supra, 32 

Cal.4th at pp. 966, 973.) 

“An action is deemed to have been pursued without probable cause if it 

was not legally tenable when viewed in an objective manner as of the time 

the action was initiated or while it was being prosecuted.” (Sycamore Ridge, 

supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 1402.) “Only those actions that any reasonable 

attorney would agree are totally and completely without merit may form the 

basis for a malicious prosecution suit.” (Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 970.) 

The tort of malicious prosecution “includes continuing to prosecute a 

lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause.” (Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th at 

p. 973.) Expressly relying on its reasoning in Zamos, in Soukup, supra, 39 

Cal.4th 260, our Supreme Court explained that “the maintenance of . . . an 

action discovered to lack probable cause may expose the plaintiff’s attorney to 

liability for malicious prosecution.” (Soukup, at p. 297.) “While an attorney 

is entitled to rely on information from his or her client for purposes of 

assessing a claim’s legal tenability, ‘[a]n exception to this rule exists where 

the attorney is on notice of specific factual mistakes in the client’s version of 

events.’ ” (Olivares v. Pineda (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 343, 355 (Olivares).)

In Olivares, for example, the trial court denied an anti-SLAPP motion 

directed to a number of claims, including one for malicious prosecution; and 

the appellate court affirmed. (Olivares, supra, 40 Cal.App.5th at p. 347.) 

As relevant to this appeal, the appellate court concluded that the plaintiffs 

had presented sufficient evidence of a prima facie case for establishing the 

lack of probable cause element of the cause of action for malicious 
34

prosecution. (Id. at pp. 355-356.) The court based its ruling on the showing 

by the plaintiff tenants that the defendant attorneys continued to prosecute 

an unlawful detainer action after they knew that the rent demand was based 

on “significant errors in [the landlord’s] rent ledger.” (Id. at p. 355.)

Here, N&B and Nicholas filed the class action on behalf of named 

plaintiff Roehrig in January 2010. Nine months later, in September 2010, 

Roehrig filed a Chapter 7 (liquidation) bankruptcy case; in December 2010, 

he received a discharge; and in the first week of January 2011, the 

bankruptcy court approved the trustee’s report and closed Roehrig’s 

bankruptcy case. Thus, as of the September 2010 bankruptcy filing, all of 

Roehrig’s property (which included his claims against Appellants) became 

property of the bankruptcy estate. (11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1); see M&M Foods, 

Inc. v. Pacific American Fish Co., Inc. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 554, 561-562.) 

However, because Roehrig never included on his bankruptcy schedules the 

claims he was asserting against Appellants, as a matter of law he abandoned 

them. That is because property not formally scheduled is abandoned to the 

estate and not returned to the debtor at the close of the bankruptcy case. (11 

U.S.C. § 554(d); see M&M Foods, at p. 563.) Even if we assume that 

Respondents initially had probable cause to file the Class Action in January 

2010, as of the date of Roehrig’s deposition in the Class Action in June 2011, 

Respondents were formally advised of Roehrig’s bankruptcy and given a copy 

of Roehrig’s bankruptcy filings. At the deposition, Tomasevic was present 

and representing Roehrig. 

Thus, Appellants argue, as of June 2011, Respondents knew (or should 

have known) that their client Roehrig had, as a matter of law, abandoned the 

claims Respondents were prosecuting on his behalf. With this knowledge, 

Appellants’ argument continues, Respondents continued prosecuting the 
35

claims for more than two years until the court granted judgment on the 

pleadings as to Roehrig in November 2013. Appellants conclude their 

argument with the contention that, at a minimum, Respondents’ prosecution 

of the Class Action during this period was the maintenance of the action at a 

time they knew their client (Roehrig) had abandoned the claims. Although 

the record does not contain direct evidence that N&T had actual knowledge 

Roehrig had abandoned his claims, the record contains direct evidence that 

N&T knew all of the facts that effected an abandonment of Roehrig’s claims 

as a matter of law. From this evidence, we have no difficulty inferring that 

N&T knew the legal effect of this uncontradicted evidence and, thus, no 

difficulty concluding that Appellants met their responsive burden of 

presenting a prima facie case that Respondents lacked probable cause to 

maintain the Class Action as of, at least, June 2011 when Appellants took 

Roehrig’s deposition.

Respondents suggest that “any reasonable attorney” would not have 

known that, by his bankruptcy filings, Roehrig had abandoned (to the 

Chapter 7 estate) his claims against Appellants as a matter of law. 

(Underscoring omitted.) As an example, Respondents rely on the fact that 

Appellants did not raise Roehrig’s bankruptcy and the resultant 

abandonment of his claims in opposition to Roehrig’s motion to certify the 

class and appoint N&B as class counsel. With the parties emphasizing 

different evidence to support a finding of objective reasonableness, we neither 

weigh it nor resolve the dispute in these anti-SLAPP proceedings. 

(Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.) In any event, because “the extent of 

a defendant attorney’s investigation and research” is not relevant to the 

determination of whether the underlying claims were “objectively tenable” 

(Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert & Oliker (1989) 47 Cal.3d 863, 883 (Sheldon 
36

Appel)), for purposes of determining the existence of lack of probable cause, 

we do not consider what any particular attorney (e.g., Appellants’ trial 

counsel) may have done to investigate or research the claims.

Respondents further contend that an application of the “interim 

adverse judgment rule” establishes the requisite probable cause for 

Respondents to have prosecuted the Class Action during the more than two 

years after they knew the facts that, as a matter of law, effected an 

abandonment of Roehrig’s claims against Appellants. Under the interim 

adverse judgment rule, a malicious prosecution defendant (here, 

Respondents) can establish probable cause for having brought the prior 

action (here, the Class Action), thereby defeating the later malicious 

prosecution claim (here, the present case), by showing an interim victory on 

the merits in the prior action, even where the prior action is ultimately 

terminated in favor of the defendant (here, Appellants). (Parrish v. Latham 

& Watkins (2017) 3 Cal.5th 767, 776-777 (Parrish); Kinsella v. Kinsella (2020) 

45 Cal.App.5th 442, 447 (Kinsella).) We are not convinced that the interim 

adverse judgment rule applies here.

California courts have long held that a victory on the merits in the trial 

court, even if reversed on appeal, conclusively establishes the requisite 

probable cause to have brought the prior action. (Holliday v. Holliday (1898) 

123 Cal. 26, 32 [“when a person is charged before a competent court having 

jurisdiction of the matter, and is tried and found guilty, the judgment 

rendered, unless it is shown to have been obtained by means of fraud, is 

conclusive evidence of probable cause for making the charge, even though it is 

afterward held to be unauthorized and reversed on appeal”; italics added]; 

Wilson v. Parker, Covert & Chidester (2002) 28 Cal.4th 811, 817.) “The 

rationale is that claims which succeed after an adversary hearing on the 
37

merits, even if later reversed, ‘ “are not so lacking in potential merit that a 

reasonable attorney or litigant would necessarily have recognized their 

frivolousness.” ’ (Parrish, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 776; [citations omitted].) 

That is because, unless the initial success was procured by certain improper 

means . . . , the claims ‘cannot be “totally and completely without merit.” ’ 

(Parrish, at p. 776; [citations omitted].)” (Kinsella, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 455.)

In proffering the defense of the interim adverse judgment rule,22

Respondents rely on the following rulings from the trial court in the Class 

Action: a March 11, 2011 order overruling Appellants’ demurrer to the 

second amended complaint;23 a September 30, 2011, order certifying the 

plaintiff class and appointing N&B as class counsel; and an April 29, 2014 

order denying Appellants’ motion to decertify the plaintiff class. However, 

Respondents have not established that any of the three interim rulings was, 

as required for an application of the interim adverse judgment, a victory on 

“the merits of the claim [in the Class Action], not those that rest ‘solely on 

technical or procedural grounds.’ ” (Parrish, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 778, italics 

added.) 

For example, with regard to the demurrer, the court’s order overruling 

the demurrer expressly indicates that it did not reach the merits: “[T]he 

22 As a defense, application of the interim adverse judgment will succeed 

at this stage only if Respondents establish that it defeats Appellants’ claim as 

a matter of law. (Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.)

23 On appeal, Respondents tell us that the court decided “multiple 

demurrers” in their favor in the Class Action. The record on appeal contains 

only one decided during the time Roehrig was the named plaintiff—i.e., the 

demurrer to the second amended complaint overruled by order filed 

March 11, 2011. 
38

allegations for each of the four causes of action are sufficient for this stage of 

the pleadings.” 

Likewise, during the proceedings in which the court certified the class 

and later denied decertification, the court had no occasion to consider the 

merits, as opposed to the procedural status, of the claims against Appellants. 

That is because “ ‘[t]he certification question is “essentially a procedural one 

that does not ask whether an action is legally or factually meritorious.” ’ ” 

(Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1023 

(Brinker), quoting Sav-On Drug Stores, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 34 

Cal.4th 319, 326, quoting Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 429, 439-

440 (Linder); accord, Ayala v. Antelope Valley Newspapers, Inc. (2014) 59 

Cal.4th 522, 530 [in determining whether case should proceed as a class 

action, “the focus ‘is on what type of questions—common or individual—are 

likely to arise in the action, rather than on the merits of the case’ ”; italics 

added], 531 [“the class certification inquiry must focus on ‘whether the theory 

of recovery advanced by the proponents of certification is . . . likely to prove 

amenable to class treatment’ ”]; Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Superior Court

(2003) 29 Cal.4th 1096, 1104.)24 

24 We acknowledge that, on occasion, “ ‘issues affecting the merits of a 

case may be enmeshed with class action requirements.’ ” (Brinker, supra, 53 

Cal.4th at p. 1023, quoting Linder, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 443; see Wal-Mart 

Stores, Inc. v. Dukes (2011) 564 U.S. 338, 351 [At times, determination of 

whether a case should proceed as a class action “will entail some overlap with 

the merits of the plaintiff’s underlying claim. That cannot be helped.”].) In 

the present case, however, Respondents have not directed us to anything in 

the record from which we can conclude that the Class Action court’s decision 

to certify the class or the later decision to deny decertification was meritsbased. 
39

We cannot avoid commenting on the anomaly Respondents present by 

relying on the motion to decertify the class in support of their argument that 

the denial of the motion in April 2014 is evidence that they had probable 

cause to maintain the Class Action. As of April 2014, the plaintiff class had 

been certified and N&B had been appointed class counsel for over two and a 

half years, yet neither N&B nor N&T had made any effort to give notice to 

the class. Just as that evidence supports the ruling that the dismissal of the 

action was a favorable termination reflecting on the merits (see pt. II.B.1., 

ante), that evidence also supports an inference that N&T lacked probable 

cause to maintain the Class Action; experienced class counsel like 

Respondents do not fail to give notice to a certified class for over two and a 

half years.

Thus, because Respondents have not established that the interim 

adverse judgment rule applies as a bar to the later malicious prosecution 

claim as a matter of law, Respondents have not defeated Appellants’ prima 

facie showing that, at least as of June 2011, Respondents maintained the 

Class Action without probable cause.25

3. Third Element: Malice

For purposes of meeting their prong two responsive burden as to the 

third element of the cause of action for malicious prosecution, Appellants 

25 Appellants presented additional evidence and numerous additional 

arguments in support of what they consider Respondents’ lack of probable 

cause in prosecuting the Class Action. By limiting our discussion to just one 

example of prosecuting the Class Action without probable cause, Appellants 

are not limited in the evidence or arguments they may present to the trial 

court in proving their claims on remand. We express no opinion as to 

whether this additional evidence or arguments support a finding of a lack of 

probable cause for purposes of proving malicious prosecution.
40

must present evidence of a prima facie case that Respondents brought or 

maintained the Class Action with malice. (Zamos, supra, 32 Cal.4th at 

p. 965.) 

The malice element goes to Respondents’ subjective intent in either 

initiating or continuing the Class Action. (Olivares, supra, 40 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 356; Soukup, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 292.) “As an element of malicious 

prosecution, malice ‘reflects the core function of the tort, which is to secure 

compensation for harm inflicted by misusing the judicial system, i.e., using it 

for something other than to enforce legitimate rights and secure remedies to 

which the claimant may tenably claim an entitlement.’ ” (Lanz, supra, 243 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 466-467.) In this context, malice “is not limited to actual 

hostility or ill will and may be present when proceedings are instituted or 

maintained primarily for an improper purpose.” (Olivares, at p. 356; accord, 

Lanz, at p. 466.)

“ ‘Since parties rarely admit an improper motive, malice is usually 

proven by circumstantial evidence and inferences drawn from the evidence.’ ” 

(Golden State Seafood, Inc. v. Schloss (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 21, 34 (Golden 

State) [anti-SLAPP appeal in malicious prosecution action].) Accordingly, 

“ ‘[m]alice may also be inferred from the facts establishing lack of probable 

cause.’ ” (Soukup, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 292, quoted in Golden State, at 

p. 34.) As specifically applicable here, given our discussion of probable cause, 

ante, “malice can be inferred when a party continues to prosecute an action 

after becoming aware that the action lacks probable cause.” (Daniels, supra, 

182 Cal.App.4th at p. 226, quoted in Golden State, at p. 38, in Lee, supra, 41 

Cal.App.5th at p. 727, and in Cuevas-Martinez v. Sun Salt Sand, Inc. (2019) 

35 Cal.App.5th 1109, 1122 (Cuevas-Martinez).)
41

Respondents contend that “lack of probable cause alone is insufficient 

to show malice.” (Citing Jay v. Mahaffey (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 1522, 1543 

[lack of probable cause is measured objectively, whereas existence of malice is 

measured subjectively].) We do not disagree. (See Golden State, supra, 53 

Cal.App.5th at p. 38; Daniels, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 225; Downey 

Venture v. LMI Ins. Co. (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 478, 498.) Here, however, in 

addition to the absence of probable cause (for maintaining the Class Action 

after becoming aware of the facts that resulted in an abandonment of 

Roehrig’s claims),26 we have findings by the trial court in the Class Action—

in an order affirmed by this court (Roehrig, supra, D066790)—that Roehrig 

initiated and maintained his claim in bad faith. Although the order 

determining bad faith was directed to Roehrig, not to his attorneys, certain of 

the findings implicate counsel’s bad faith as well. 

For example, at his deposition, Roehrig testified that, before 

purchasing the Vinturi Aerator, his friend, Rones (who was in the business of 

selling a competing wine aerator) told Roehrig not only that the Vinturi 

Aerator was made in China, but also “which law firm he should call”—i.e., 

N&T. Once Appellants (defendants in the Class Action) subpoenaed Rones 

for his deposition, N&B prepared (and Roehrig signed) an errata sheet that 

26 Consistent with our ruling that N&T lacked probable cause to maintain 

the Class Action after being advised of facts that effected an abandonment of 

Roehrig’s claims (see pt. II.B.2., ante, in Roehrig, supra, D066790, we ruled: 

Roehrig’s “ ‘fail[ure] to remedy the bankruptcy abandonment of the claim—

even though given ample opportunity to do so by th[e trial] court’ ” fully 

supported the further finding “ ‘that [Roehrig] acted in both subjective and 

objective bad faith’ ” in prosecuting the Class Action. Respondents’ continued 

prosecution of the Class Action for two years after knowing the facts that the 

court later found to demonstrate bad faith on Roehrig’s part creates an 

inference of malice on Respondents’ part as well. 
42

deleted all 35 references to Rones “in an attempt to eliminate information 

about Rones’s involvement in the purchase of the [Vinturi A]erator and the 

filing of this [Class Action].” (Roehrig, supra, D066790.) Significantly, as we 

noted in Roehrig, D066790, the trial court found the evidence of Roehrig’s 

revised testimony, effected by N&B, to be “incredible and unpersuasive.” As a 

result, the record fully supports the ruling that Roehrig bought the Vinturi 

Aerator and contacted Nicholas on the recommendation of Rones, who was in 

active litigation with Area 55 at the time and represented by N&B. 

In addition, we further rely on the following facts related to N&T’s 

investigation and research: Neither Tomasevic nor Nicholas did any 

investigation into whether Roehrig had abandoned his claims; Tomasevic did 

no bankruptcy research at any time prior to Appellants’ motion to dismiss 

based on the abandonment; and there is no evidence that Nicholas did any 

bankruptcy law research at any time. Unlike probable cause which is 

determined on an objective standard, because the determination of malice is 

subjective (based on what the individual malicious prosecution defendant 

believed at the time of maintaining the underlying action), “the extent of a 

defendant attorney’s investigation and research may be relevant to the . . . 

question of whether or not the attorney acted with malice.” (Sheldon Appel, 

supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 883.) For purposes of our prong two anti-SLAPP 

analysis, the evidence of the lack of N&T’s investigation and research related 

to Roehrig’s ability to prosecute his claims in the Class Action further 

supports an inference of malice—with no evidence or argument of an 

affirmative defense as a matter of law as to malice. 
43

Accordingly, Appellants met their responsive burden of establishing 

a prima facie showing that Respondents prosecuted the Class Action with 

malice.27

4. Defense: Statute of Limitations

Asserting a statute of limitations defense, Respondents argue that, 

regardless of Appellants’ prong two showing, Respondents’ showing defeats 

Appellants’ claims as a matter of law. (See Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at 

p. 940.) 

Appellants’ first argument in response (as it was in the trial court) is 

that Respondents waived their right to assert such a defense. More 

specifically, Appellants contend that the waiver results from Respondents not 

properly pleading the defense in their answer to the complaint. We agree.

Section 458, enacted in 1872 and never amended, provides in relevant 

part: “In pleading the Statute of Limitations it is not necessary to state the 

facts showing the defense, but it may be stated generally that the cause of 

action is barred by the provisions of Section ___ (giving the number of the 

section and subdivision thereof, if it is so divided, relied upon) of the Code of 

Civil Procedure.” (Italics added.) 

In the present case, Respondents filed both an answer and an amended 

answer to the first amended complaint (previously identified as “complaint”), 

27 As with their showing of probable cause, Appellants presented 

additional evidence and numerous additional arguments in support of what 

they consider Respondents’ malice in prosecuting the Class Action. By 

limiting our attention to the evidence related to Roehrig’s abandonment of his 

claims, we do not intend to limit Appellants in the presentation of evidence or 

arguments they may present to the trial court in proving their claims on 

remand. We express no opinion as to whether this additional evidence or 

arguments support a finding of malice for purposes of proving malicious 

prosecution.
44

and in both they failed to “giv[e] the number of the section . . . relied upon” 

(§ 458). In both answers, Respondents alleged the following statute of 

limitations defense, in full: “The Complaint, and each cause of action 

contained therein, is barred by the applicable statutes of limitations.”28 

However, an answer that fails to specify the applicable statute (and 

subdivision, if applicable) “ ‘raise[s] no issue and present[s] no defense.’ ” 

(Davenport v. Stratton (1944) 24 Cal.2d 232, 248 (Davenport), quoting 

Overton v. White (1937) 18 Cal.App.2d 567, 574 [waiver of statute of 

limitations defense where the answer merely failed to “refer to the proper 

subdivision”].) Stated differently, where the defendant fails to comply with 

section 458’s strict pleading requirements, the defendant “waives the 

defense” of the bar of the applicable statute of limitations. (Martin v. Van 

Bergen (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 84, 91 (Martin).)

In Davenport, supra, 24 Cal.2d at page 247, our Supreme Court “h[e]ld 

that the provisions of section 458 of the Code of Civil Procedure must be 

strictly applied.” Prior to reaching this holding, the court traced the history 

of the strict application to 1893 (id. at pp. 246-247), citing Wolters v. Thomas

(1893) 3 Cal.Unrep. 843, 846 [“That there must be a strict compliance [with 

section 458] . . . has often been held”], citing Manning v. Dallas (1887) 73 Cal. 

420, 421 [by not complying with § 458, “the attempt to plead [the statute of 

28 Respondents’ answer and amended answer to the complaint are not in 

the record on appeal. Appellants tell us that “N&T does not dispute that it 

failed to [include the section number(s) on which it relied]”; and, in fact, 

Respondents do not (and did not in the trial court) argue otherwise. (Nor 

have Respondents requested leave of court to amend their answer at any 

time.) Accordingly, on our own motion, we have augmented the record on 

appeal to include both Respondents’ answer to the complaint (filed May 25, 

2018) and Respondents’ amended answer to the complaint (filed July 9, 

2018). (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a)(1)(A).) 
45

limitations] must be treated as altogether a failure”]. Nothing has changed 

in 125 years: “This section ‘has been strictly construed as requiring that the 

relevant statute and subdivision, if applicable, be pleaded, otherwise the 

answer fails to raise the statute of limitations defense.’ ” (Southern California 

Edison Co. v. Severns (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 815, 827, italics added; accord, 

Choi v. Sagemark Consulting (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 308, 322, fn. 7 [“section 

458 has been strictly construed”].)

Based on the foregoing authorities and the record on appeal, we 

conclude that Respondents waived their potential defense based on a statute 

of limitations. (Davenport, supra, 24 Cal.2d at p. 248; Martin, supra, 209 

Cal.App.4th at p. 91.)

Respondents present two arguments in opposition to a finding they 

waived a statute of limitations defense. Neither argument is persuasive.

First, Respondents rely on the fact that, in their anti-SLAPP motion, 

they gave “notice” to Appellants “that Respondents relied upon the defense 

that the malicious prosecution claim is barred by the one-year limitations 

[period] in . . . § 340.6.”29 (Citing Tofte v. Tofte (1936) 12 Cal.App.2d 111, 113 

[“when a defendant relies for answer upon any provision of the statute of 

29 The general statute of limitations for malicious prosecution is two 

years. (Stavropoulos v. Superior Court (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 190, 196-197; 

see § 335.1.) However, where the malicious prosecution defendant is an 

attorney, there is a split of authority as to whether the specific one-year 

limitations period applicable to actions against attorneys (§ 340.6) prevails 

over the more general “catch-all” two-year limitations period. (Compare 

Connelly v. Bornstein (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 783, 799 [one year]; Yee v. 

Cheung (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 184, 195 [one year]; Vafi v. McCloskey (2011) 

193 Cal.App.4th 874, 877 [one year] with Roger Cleveland Golf Co., Inc. v. 

Krane & Smith, APC (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 660, 680, 689 [two years], 

disapproved on other grounds in Lee v. Hanley (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1225, 1239.) 
46

limitations applicable to cases of this nature he need not necessarily plead all 

of the statutes upon which he intends to rely in his separate defenses”].) 

However, an anti-SLAPP motion filed after an answer is not the proper 

procedural vehicle for “pleading the Statute of Limitations,” as required by 

section 458. In addition, for the following reasons, Tofte is not persuasive: It 

does not mention section 458 or any of the other binding authorities (some 

cited ante) to the contrary; it fails to follow a line of cases from the late 1800’s 

to the present, including early and consistent instruction from our Supreme 

Court, in which section 458 has been strictly applied; it was decided before 

Davenport, supra, 24 Cal.2d 232; and our research has not disclosed any case 

that has followed the language in Tofte on which Respondents presumably 

rely. 

Second, Respondents argue that Appellants forfeited their right to 

object to Respondents’ waiver, because Appellants failed to demur to the 

answer. (Citing Hydro-Mill Co., Inc. v. Hayward, Tilton & Rolapp Ins. 

Assocs., Inc. (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 1145.) We disagree. Contrary to 

Respondents’ statement, to preserve a waiver objection under section 458, a 

plaintiff is not required to demur to a statute of limitations defense that fails 

to comply with section 458’s specificity requirement. Here, Appellants 

objected at the first opportunity after Respondents raised the statute of 

limitations as a defense. Further, Hydro-Mill, on which Respondents rely, is 

inapplicable. It overlooks section 458’s specificity requirement in a case 

where the defendant identified the section, but not the subdivision; and only 

one of the three subdivisions “ ‘could by any possibility be applicable to this 

case.’ ” (Hydro-Mill, at p. 1165.) Here, Respondents did not identify any

statute in their answers; and although not a prerequisite to the strict 

enforcement of section 458, there is more than one potential statute of 
47

limitations applicable here, and the parties do not agree as to which applies. 

(See fn. 29, ante.)

For the foregoing reasons, Respondents’ showing in response to 

Appellants’ prong two showing did not defeat Appellants’ malicious 

prosecution claim as a matter of law.

5. Conclusion

Where, as here, the plaintiff opposing the anti-SLAPP motion “ ‘can 

show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim, the cause of action is 

not meritless’ and will not be stricken.” (Oasis West, supra, 51 Cal.4th at 

p. 820.) That is because a cause of action for malicious prosecution “ ‘lies 

when but one of alternate theories of recovery is maliciously asserted.’ ” 

(Soukup, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 292.)

Appellants here presented evidence of a probability of prevailing on 

their claim that Respondents maliciously prosecuted the Class Action from at 

least June 2011 (when they learned of the facts that resulted in Roehrig’s 

abandonment of his claims against Appellants) through at least November 

2013 (when the court granted judgment on the pleadings against Roehrig); 

and Respondents did not properly plead the statute of limitations defense 

they attempted to apply in response. Thus, for anti-SLAPP prong two 

purposes, Appellants’ showing “ ‘stated a legally sufficient claim and made a 

prima facie factual showing sufficient to sustain a favorable judgment,’ ” and 

Respondents’ showing failed to “ ‘defeat [Appellants’] claim as a matter of 

law.’ ” (Sweetwater, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 940.) 

III. DISPOSITION

The order granting Respondents’ anti-SLAPP motion is vacated, and 

the judgment is reversed. Upon issuance of the remittitur, the superior court 

is directed to enter an order denying Respondents’ special motion to strike 
48

Appellants’ first amended complaint. Appellants are entitled to their costs on 

appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(2).)

IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.
Filed 2/23/21

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

AREA 55, LLC, et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

NICHOLAS & TOMASEVIC, LLP,

et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D075648

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-

00007426-CU-NP-NC)

ORDER CERTIFYING 

OPINION FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:

The opinion in this case filed January 29, 2021, was not certified for 

publication. The court has received a request to publish the opinion. (Cal. 

Rules of Court, rule 8.1120(a).)

Acting Presiding Justice Huffman and Justice Irion believe that the 

opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of 

Court, rule 8.1105(c). Justice Dato believes that the opinion meets the 

standards for publication specified in rule 8.1105(c), except for parts II.B.2.-

II.B.4. of the opinion. Accordingly, the rule 8.1120(a) request for publication 

is GRANTED.
2

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for 

publication specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and

ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" 

appearing on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be 

published in the Official Reports.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All parties