# Patent

## Title
Tiering with pluggable storage system for parallel query engines

## Abstract

A method, article of manufacture, and apparatus for managing data. In some embodiments, this includes determining a usage level of a file, wherein the file is stored in a first storage system, moving the file to a second storage system based on the determined usage level of the file updating location information in a catalog based on the movement of the file, and performing at least a portion of a query on the file after updating location information in the catalog.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/769,043 for INTEGRATION OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSING WITH A DATA INTENSIVE SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK filed on Feb. 25, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/842,816 for PLUGGABLE STORAGE SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL QUERY ENGINES and filed concurrently herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to databases, and more particularly to systems and methods for managing datasets in databases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With the large amounts of data generated in recent years, data mining and machine learning are playing an increasingly important role in today's computing environment. For example, businesses may utilize either data mining or machine learning to predict the behavior of users. This predicted behavior may then be used by businesses to determine which plan to proceed with, or how to grow the business.
The data used in data mining and analytics is typically not stored in a uniform data storage system. Many data storage systems utilize different file systems, and those different file systems are typically not compatible with each other. Further, the data may reside in geographically diverse locations.
One conventional method to performing data analytics across different databases includes copying data from one databatase to a central database, and performing the data analytics on the central database. However, this results in an inefficient use of storage space, and creates issues with data consistency between the two databases.
There is a need, therefore, for an improved method, article of manufacture, and apparatus for managing data.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a database system in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method to manage data in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method to manage data in accordance with some embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the invention. While the invention is described in conjunction with such embodiment(s), it should be understood that the invention is not limited to any one embodiment. On the contrary, the scope of the invention is limited only by the claims and the invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. For the purpose of example, numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. These details are provided for the purpose of example, and the present invention may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention has not been described in detail so that the present invention is not unnecessarily obscured.
It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device, a method, or a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storage medium or a computer network wherein computer program instructions are sent over optical or electronic communication links. Applications may take the form of software executing on a general purpose computer or be hardwired or hard coded in hardware. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention.
An embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to a data storage system in the form of a storage system configured to store files, but it should be understood that the principles of the invention are not limited to this configuration. Rather, they are applicable to any system capable of storing and handling various types of objects, in analog, digital, or other form. Although terms such as document, file, object, etc. may be used by way of example, the principles of the invention are not limited to any particular form of representing and storing data or other information; rather, they are equally applicable to any object capable of representing information.
FIG. 1 illustrates a database system in accordance with some embodiments. Client 100 connects to Universal Namenode 102 when attempting to access data. Universal Namenode 102 access Catalog Service 104 to determine where the data is, and what type of file system the data resides in. Universal Namenode 102 may natively understand the hadoop file system (HDFS), and may readily communicate to HDFS Namenode 106. HDFS Namenode 106 is connected to Datanodes 108. Universal Namenode 102 may have several Universal Protocols 110, which allow Universal Namenode 102 to access storage systems utilizing different File Systems 112. File Systems 112 may be a diverse set of storage systems, which may utilize different file systems, such as the HDFS and NFS, among others.
Catalog 104, in some embodiments, may be a table that includes a file name and file location. For example, a simple table may include:
















File A
nfs://a/b/File A



File B
hdfs://xyz/File B










This may be stored as a text file, a spreadsheet file, or any other data object capable of storing data in tabular form.

In some embodiments, each datanode, Hadoop datanode or otherwise, also includes a data node job tracker (not shown in FIG. 1). Data node job trackers track the jobs that are run as part of a query on their specific data node. These data node job trackers report back to a universal job tracker in the Universal Namenode 102 (not shown in FIG. 1). The universal job tracker tracks the status of all jobs for a given query received from Client 100. For example, suppose a client wants to sort all word files by creation date. To the client, all the word files may look as if they were stored in one location. However, unbeknownst to the client, the word files are scattered across different storage systems. Some word files which are accessed frequently may be stored in a high speed storage system. Some word files which are rarely accessed may be stored on a slower storage system. Suppose there are three storage systems: A, B, and C. The word files reside in storage systems A and B. The universal namenode would receive the client's sort query, and then ask the catalog to determine the location of the word files. Having determined that the word files are in A and B, the universal namenode would send out the jobs to the appropriate storage systems. Storage systems A and B would each run a sort job, and each would have a job tracker to keep track of the progress of the job.
By utilizing a Universal Node 102, Client 100 has a unified view across all data sources from a single namespace. In some embodiments, this namespace may be uss://. This is also helpful if Client 100 wants to perform Hadoop jobs on data that is not stored in HDFS. Instead of copying data from a non-HDFS to a HDFS storage system and running the Hadoop job, the data can remain on their respective storage systems, and the jobs will run on the storage system. The universal protocols allow the universal namenode to connect with different file systems. In some embodiments, the universal protocol may be stored in universal namenode. Following the above example, suppose storage system A runs file system A, and storage system B runs file system B. In order to interact with both file systems, universal namenode may have a protocol plugin A for file system A, and a protocol plugin B for file system B. These two plugins allow the universal namenode to communicate with the two different file systems.
As long as the universal namenode has the correct universal protocol plugin, any type of file system may be added to the system. Following the above example, suppose a storage system D with file system D was added. As long as the universal namenode has a universal protocol plugin for file system D, the storage system D can be added and used.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method to manage data in accordance with some embodiments. In step 200, a query is received from a client. In step 202, a catalog is analyzed for location information based on the received query. In step 204, a first storage system, an associated first filing system, and an associated first protocol are determined based on the analysis. In step 206, the first protocol is used to communicate with the first storage system. In step 208, at least a portion of the query is performed on the first storage system.
Having a diverse array of storage systems allows for a system with multiple tiers of file storage. Although the client only sees one namespace (the universal namenode), many namespaces may reside under the universal namenode. These different namespaces may correspond to different types of storage systems—some with very high performance file systems, and some with low performance file systems. In some embodiments, it may be preferable to have multiple tiers of storage systems. For example, frequently accessed files may be stored on high performance file systems. Less frequently accessed files may be stored on file systems that are more optimized for storage and less for performance.
The level of activity may change for files. Frequently accessed files may be less frequently accessed, and vice versa. For example, a Q2 end report might be accessed very frequently during Q2 and Q3, but the report might not be accessed at all in Q4. In such cases, it may be preferable to move the file from one higher tier to a lower tier. With the universal namenode and catalog, moving the file from one tier to another is transparent to the client. Once the file has been moved, the catalog changes the location of the file. Previously, the location for the file may have been high_file_system://FileA. After the move, the location for the file may be low_file_system://FileA. The catalog only changes the location entry for the file. No other changes are necessary. The next time the client wants to access the file, the client will still use uss://FileA (the universal namespace), but the universal namenode will look at the catalog and determine that FileA is in the low_file_system namespace. The client does not need to keep track of which namespace the file is in.
In some embodiments, it may be preferable to copy some of the data from one storage system to another, even though the copy is not necessary to perform the query. For example, suppose storage system A and storage system B have some data that is required to run a query. Storage system A is connected via a high speed network connection and is also a high speed storage device. Storage system B is connected via a slower network connection, and is also a slower storage device. If the client wanted to perform the query as fast as possible, in may be preferable to temporarily copy some of the data on storage system B to storage system A. After the query has finished, the copied data may be removed from storage system A.
The usage of files may also be used to determine when and where to move data. For example, suppose File 1 is always accessed at 1 pm every Tuesday. Otherwise, it is never used. In some embodiments, this may constitute an inactive file, so File 1 is stored in a low performance storage system. However, File 1 may also be very large. When it is accessed at 1 pm every Tuesday, it takes a significant amount of time for the query to finish. With this statistic, it may be preferable to move File 1 to a high performance storage system at 12:30 pm every Tuesday, and move the file back to the low performance storage system after the query is complete. After the move, the catalog updates the location with the new location, and the universal namenode will now point to the new location. Similarly, after the query is complete, the catalog updates the location with the original location, and the universal namenode will now point to the original location. Since the client doesn't have to keep track of where the file is (e.g. what namespace to use), it makes no difference to the client running the query whether or not the file is moved.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method to manage data in accordance with some embodiments. In step 300, the usage level of a file is determined, wherein the file is stored in a first storage system. In step 302, the file is moved to a second storage system based on the determined usage level of the file. In step 304, location information in a catalog is updated based on the movement of the file. In step 306, at least a portion of the query is performed after updating location information in the catalog.
For the sake of clarity, the processes and methods herein have been illustrated with a specific flow, but it should be understood that other sequences may be possible and that some may be performed in parallel, without departing from the spirit of the invention. Further, though the techniques herein teach creating one SwR sample in parallel, those with ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the techniques are easily extendable to generate many SwR samples. Additionally, steps may be subdivided or combined. As disclosed herein, software written in accordance with the present invention may be stored in some form of computer-readable medium, such as memory or CD-ROM, or transmitted over a network, and executed by a processor.
All references cited herein are intended to be incorporated by reference. Although the present invention has been described above in terms of specific embodiments, it is anticipated that alterations and modifications to this invention will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art and may be practiced within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. More than one computer may be used, such as by using multiple computers in a parallel or load-sharing arrangement or distributing tasks across multiple computers such that, as a whole, they perform the functions of the components identified herein; i.e. they take the place of a single computer. Various functions described above may be performed by a single process or groups of processes, on a single computer or distributed over several computers. Processes may invoke other processes to handle certain tasks. A single storage device may be used, or several may be used to take the place of a single storage device. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein. There are many alternative ways of implementing the invention. It is therefore intended that the disclosure and following claims be interpreted as covering all such alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A computer implemented method for managing data, comprising:
determining, by a processor circuitry, a usage level of a file, wherein the file is stored in a first storage system;
moving, by the processor circuitry, the file to a second storage system based on the determined usage level of the file;
updating, by a catalog service, location information in a catalog based on the movement of the file, wherein the catalog stores location information indicating a location for a plurality of files located at a plurality storage systems corresponding to a plurality of namespaces, wherein the catalog is accessed by a universal node that is configured to interface with the first storage system and the second storage system, and wherein the universal node provides, to a client, a universal namespace across the first storage system and the second storage system so as to collectively present the plurality of namespaces as the universal namespace, wherein the file is accessible via the universal namespace such that the client accesses the file at a same address of the universal namespace regardless of whether the file is moved from the first storage system to the second storage system; and
performing at least a portion of a query on the file after updating location information in the catalog, wherein the universal node comprises a universal job tracker that tracks a status of a one or more jobs corresponding to the query.

2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein moving the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes moving the file to a high performance storage system based on high usage level.

3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the second storage system is a higher performance storage system than the first storage system.

4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the usage level includes a usage frequency.

5. The method as recited in claim 4, further comprising determining a predicted usage time based on the usage frequency.

6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein moving the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes moving the file to the second storage system before the predicted usage time.

7. The method as recited in claim 6, further comprising moving the file to the first storage system after the predicted usage time.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first storage system and the second storage system use different file systems.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein in the event that the file is moved from the first storage system to the second storage system, the file is accessible via the universal namespace and the move of the file from the first storage system to the second storage system is transparent to the client.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the universal node comprises a plurality of protocols for a plurality of file systems, and wherein the universal node uses corresponding ones of the plurality of protocols in connection with accessing the first storage system and the second storage system.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the universal job tracker obtains a corresponding status of at least a portion of the query from one or more data node job trackers.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, by the universal node, the query from the client;
in response to receiving the query, determining a location of one or more files in the universal namespace using the catalog service; and
in the event that the one or more files are located at the first storage system, sending a job corresponding to at least a portion of the query to the first storage system.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein in event that the client is to access the file, the client accesses the file via the universal namespace using the corresponding address of the file in relation to the universal namespace.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the client does not directly use an address of the file in relation to the particular storage system of the plurality of storage system on which the file is located.

15. A system for managing data, comprising a processor circuitry configured to:
determine a usage level of a file, wherein the file is stored in a first storage system;
move the file to a second storage system based on the determined usage level of the file;
update, by a catalog service, location information in a catalog based on the movement of the file, wherein the catalog stores location information indicating a location for a plurality of files located at a plurality storage systems corresponding to a plurality of namespaces, wherein the catalog is accessed by a universal node that is configured to interface with the first storage system and the second storage system and wherein the universal node provides, to a client, a universal namespace across the first storage system and the second storage system so as to collectively present the plurality of namespaces as the universal namespace, wherein the file is accessible via the universal namespace such that the client accesses the file at a same address of the universal namespace regardless of whether the file is moved from the first storage system to the second storage system; and
perform at least a portion of a query on the file after updating location information in the catalog, wherein the universal node comprises a universal job tracker that tracks a status of a one or more jobs corresponding to the query.

16. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein move the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes move the file to a high performance storage system based on high usage level.

17. The system as recited in claim 16, wherein the second storage system is a higher performance storage system than the first storage system.

18. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein the usage level includes a usage frequency.

19. The system as recited in claim 18, the processor further configured to determine a predicted usage time based on the usage frequency.

20. The system as recited in claim 19, wherein move the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes move the file to the second storage system before the predicted usage time.

21. The system as recited in claim 20, the processor further configured to move the file to the first storage system after the predicted usage time.

22. A computer program product for processing data, comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium having program instructions implemented by a processor circuitry when executed, the program instructions comprising instructions for:
determining a usage level of a file, wherein the file is stored in a first storage system;
moving the file to a second storage system based on the determined usage level of the file;
updating, by a catalog service, location information in a catalog based on the movement of the file, wherein the catalog stores location information indicating a location for a plurality of files located at a plurality storage systems corresponding to a plurality of namespaces, wherein the catalog is accessed by a universal node that is configured to interface with the first storage system and the second storage system and wherein the universal node provides, to a client, a universal namespace across the first storage system and the second storage system so as to collectively present the plurality of namespaces as the universal namespace, wherein the file is accessible via the universal namespace such that the client accesses the file at a same address of the universal namespace regardless of whether the file is moved from the first storage system to the second storage system; and
performing at least a portion of a query on the file after updating location information in the catalog, wherein the universal node comprises a universal job tracker that tracks a status of a one or more jobs corresponding to the query.

23. The computer program product as recited in claim 22, wherein moving the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes moving the file to a high performance storage system based on high usage level.

24. The computer program product as recited in claim 23, wherein the second storage system is a higher performance storage system than the first storage system.

25. The computer program product as recited in claim 22, wherein the usage level includes a usage frequency.

26. The computer program product as recited in claim 25, further comprising instructions for determining a predicted usage time based on the usage frequency.

27. The computer program product as recited in claim 26, wherein moving the file to the second storage system based on the determined usage level includes moving the file to the second storage system before the predicted usage time.