No. 03-15-0043-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT

OF TEXAS

KODY BROXTON, Appellant

VS. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

From the 264th District Court of Bell County, Texas, the Honorable Judge Martha J. Trudo, presiding

APPELLANT’S BRIEF

Ken Mahaffey Counsel for Appellant P. O. Box 684585 Austin, Texas 78768 Phone & Fax (512) 444-6557 St. Bar No. 12830050 Ken Mahaffey@yahoo.com

ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED ONLY IF STATE REQUESTS ARGUMENT ACCEPTED 03-15-00043-CR 4802624 THIRD COURT OF APPEALS

AUSTIN, TEXAS 4/8/2015 10:17:15 AM JEFFREY D. KYLE

CLERKTABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF J UDGE, PARTIES AND COUNSEL.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i
STATEM ENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
STATEM ENT OF FACTS.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
SUM M ARY OF ARGUM ENT.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
STATEM ENT OF THE CASE.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 QUESTI ON FOR REVI EW

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Do es a t ri al co u rt ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n w h e n i t ord ers res t i t u ti o n wh en b o t h t h e vi ct i m an d t h e St at e’ s at t o rn ey wai v e t h at res t i t u ti on an d as k th e co u rt t o o nl y

i m po s e i n carcerat i o n ?
I. In t ro d u ct i o n
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Th e St at u te..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. St an d ard o f Rev i ew.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV. Is s u e i s On e o f Fi rs t Im p res s i o n..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 V. Pri n ci p al Pu rp o se o f Res t i t u t i o n i s t o Co m p en sat e Vi ct i m
.. . . . . . . . . . . 4 VI. Po s s i b l y

Co n t rary Au t h o ri t y

Di st i n g u i s h ed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 VII. Rem ed y

i s t o Del et e t h e Ord er..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 VIII. Co n cl us i on
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
PRAYER FOR RELIEF.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

iI DENTI TY OF J UDGE, PARTI ES AND COUNSEL

Th e fo l l owi n g is a l i s t o f al l p art i es t o t h e t ri al co u rt 's fi n al ju d g m en t an d t h ei r

co u ns el i n t h e t ri al co u rt :
1 . Tri al J u d g e: M art h a J

. Tru d o 2 6 4t h Di s t ri ct Co urt P.O. Bo x 3 2 4 Bel t o n, Tex as 7 6 5 1 3
2 . Ap p el l an t : Ko d y Bro x t o n Bart l et t St at e J ai l 0 1 97 2 7 1 0 1 0 18 Arn o l d Dri v e Bart l et t TX 7 6 5 1 1
3 . Defen s e Co u n s el : M ich ael W h i t e At t o rn ey at Law 1 0 0 Kas b er Dr Tem p l e TX 7 6 5 0 2
4 . Th e St at e o f Tex as : Fred Bu rn s Bel l Co . D. A.'s Offi ce P.O. Bo x 5 4 0 Bel t o n, Tex as 7 6 5 1 3

i iINDEX OF AUTHORI TI ES

STATE CASES:
Lemo s v. S t a te , 2 7 S.W .3 d 4 2 (Tex . Ap p . - San An t o n io 2 0 0 0 , n o p et .).

. . . 3
Al l en v. S ta t e , 7 2 0 S.W

. 2d 6 1 8 (Tex

. Ap p . - Ho u st o n [1 st Di st .] 1 9 8 6 , p et . ref’ d ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ba r t on v. S t a t e , 2 1 S.W .3 d 2 8 7 (Tex

. Cri m . Ap p . 2 0 0 0).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Ba yo n n e v. S t a t e , 1 2-1 0 -2 8 2 -CR (Tex . Ap p . - Ty l er 2 01 1, n o p et .).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Br o o ks v. S t a t e , 9 5 7 S.W .2 d 3 0 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 7 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Co mmi s s i o n f

o r La wyer Di s ci p l i n e , 3 1 0 SW 3 d 5 9 8 (Tex

. Ap p . - Dal l as 2 0 1 0, n o wri t ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Dr i l li n g v. S t a t e , 1 3 4 S.W .3 d 4 6 8 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 2 0 0 4).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ha n na v. S t a t e , 4 2 6 S.W .3 d 8 7 (Tex . Cri m
. Ap p. 2 0 14 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
In t h e ma t t er

o f M. H. , 6 6 2 S.W .2 d 7 64 (Tex . Ap p
. - Co rp u s Ch ri s t i, 1 98 3 , n o wri t .).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Jo h n s o n v. S t a te , 7 8 4 S.W .2 d 4 1 3 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 0).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ma r ti n v. S t a t e , 8 74 S.W .2 d 6 7 4 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 94 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Mo n t g o mer y v. S t a t e , 8 10 S.W .2 d 3 7 2 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p
. 1 9 9 0).

. . . . . . . . . 3

i i iSTATUTES:

Art . 4 2 .0 3 7 , Tex . Co d e Cri m . Pro c. (2 0 1 3 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 6 , 7
Sec. 1 2 .3 5 (a) & (b ), Tex . Pen al Co d e An n . (2 0 1 3 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Sec. 3 1 .0 3 (e)(4 ), Tex . Pen al Co d e An n . (2 0 1 3).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

RULES:
Ru l e 1 .0 6 Y, Tex . R. Di s ci p l i n ary Co n d uct (2 0 1 0).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Rule 3.03, Texas Rules of Prof . Conduct, Vol 3A, Tex. Gov' t

Code Ann. (2015)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ru l e 4 3

. 2 (c), Tex . R. Ap p . Pro c. (W es t 2 0 1 5) .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 8

ivSTATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HI STORY

Ko d y Bro x t o n was i n d i ct ed fo r t h eft o f pro p ert y m ore t han $ 1 50 0 b u t l es s t h an $ 2 0 ,0 0 0

. (CR 4 ). Th e o ffen s e was al l eg ed t o h av e b een co m m i tt ed o n Sep t em

b er 8,
2 0 1 3 i n Bel l Co u n t y , Tex as
. (CR 4 ). Ap pel l an t wai v ed a ju ry an d en t ered a p l ea o f

g u i l t y . (RR2 7 ). Aft er a s en t en ci n g h eari n g b efo re a ju dg e, ap p el l an t was co n v i ct ed

an d s en t en ced t o t w o y ears s t at e jai l , co n cu rren t l y
. (RR3 6 5 ; CR 5 4 ). O n No v em b er
2 1 , 2 0 1 4 , ap p el l an t p erfect ed an ap p eal t o t hi s Co urt . (CR 2 9 ). Ap p el l an t was co n v i ct ed i n t h e s am e p r o ceed i n g o f fo u r to t al t heft s fro m t h e

s am e co m p an y ch arg ed i n s ep arat e i n d i ct m en ts

. Tri al co u n s el fi l ed n o ti ces o f ap p eal
i n al l fo ur cas es . Ap p el l at e co u n s el rev i ewed t h e rep o rt er’ s an d cl erk ’ s reco rd i n al l

cas es an d d et erm i ned t he on l y arg u ab l e i ss u e w as a ch al l en g e to t h e res t it u t i o n o rd er.
Th i s cau se, 0 3-1 5 -0 0 4 3 -CR, i s t h e o n l y co n v i ct i on wh ere a res t i t u t i o n o rd er was
p l aced i n t h e j u d gm en t

. In t h e o t h er cau s es , 0 3 -1 5 -0 0 4 0 -CR, 0 3 -1 5 -0 0 4 1 -CR an d 0 3

- 1 5 -0 04 2 -CR, co u n s el h as fi led m o t io n s t o wi th d raw an d a b ri ef p u rs u an t t o An d er s
v. Ca l i f o r n i a , 3 8 6 U.S. 7 3 8 , 7 4 4 , 8 7 S.Ct . 1 39 6 , 1 4 0 0, 1 8 L.Ed .2 d 4 9 3 (1 9 6 7 ).

vSTATEMENT OF FACTS

I . Ov erv i ew
. Ap p el l an t en t ered a p l ea o f g u i l t y t o fo u r i n d i ct m en t s fo r t heft

. (RR2 6 - 7 ). Th e

o n l y reco m

m en d at i on fro m t h e St at e i n ex ch an g e fo r t h at p l ea was th at al l s en t en ces

ru n co n cu rren t l y
. (RR2 7 ). Th e t ri al co u rt h eard ev i d en ce an d sen t en ced h i m t o t wo
y ears i n al l fo u r cas es ru nn i n g co n cu rren t l y
. (RR3 6 5 ). N o t i ces o f ap p eal were fi l ed
i n each cas e. Th e o n l y co g ni zab l e i ss u e i n an y o f th es e cas es co ncern s res t i t u t i o n

o rd ered i n cau se n u m

ber 7 1 83 8, n o w b eari n g ap p el l at e cau s e n u m b er 0 3 -1 5 -0 0 4 3

- CR, i n wh i ch t h i s b ri ef i s fi l ed

. As s t at ed i n t h e p ro ced u ral h is t ory , s e p arat e b ri efs
were fi l ed i n t h e o t h er t h ree cau s es p u rs u an t to A n d er s v. Ca l i f o r ni a , 3 8 6 U.S. 7 3 8,
7 4 4 , 8 7 S.Ct . 1 3 9 6 , 1 4 0 0 , 1 8 L.Ed .2 d 4 9 3 (1 9 6 7 ).

I I . Fa cts o f Offens e
. Fo r s ev eral m o n t h s, Del t a Cen t ri fu g al , a m et al an d m ach i n e s h o p i n B el l
Co u n t y , T ex as , h ad b een ex p eri en ci n g t h eft s o f b u l k m et al fro m i t s s t o rag e y ard

. (RR3 6 - 7 ). A h o l e h ad b een cu t i n t h e f e n c e s u rro u n d i n g t he y ard

. (RR3 8 ). J u s t
b efo re m i d n i g ht o n Sep t e m ber 7 , 3 0 1 3, a m an ag er fo r D el t a Cen t ri fu g al , Kev in
Can fi el d , d eci ded t o m ak e a s ecu ri t y ch eck o f t he y ard . (RR3 8 ).
Can fi el d ap p reh en d ed Ap p el l an t an d t wo co -d efen d an t s t ak in g m et al fro m t h e

viy ard

. (RR3 8 ). It ap p ears ap p e l l a n t h ad o n ce b ri efl y wo rk ed fo r t h e co m p an y s o m e

t wo y ears b efo re t h e off e n s e
. ( R R3 1 6 , 2 7 ). Del t a Cen t ri fu g al reco v ered s t o l en

m at eri al s fro m ap p el l an t ’ s t ru ck

. (RR3 1 0 - 11 ). Ap p el l an t t oo k res p o n s i bi l i t y fo r t h i s

t h eft an d al s o co n fes s ed t o t hree o t h er t heft s fro m Del t a Cen t ri fu g al o n d at es p ri or to

t h e d at e h e was arres t ed

. (RR3 2 8 ).

I I I . Res ti tuti o n Am ount

. Can fi el d t es t i fi ed D el ta Cen t ri fu g al h ad l o s t $ 6 4 ,0 00 d o ll ars w o rt h o f m at eri al s

o v er a s ev eral m on t h p eri o d

. (RR3 1 6 ). He was u n ab l e t o at t ri b u t e a s p eci fi c am o u nt

t o an y dat e o t h er t han t he d at e ap p el l an t was arres t ed

. (RR3 1 6 , 1 8). Th e co m p an y d id

reco v er $7 0 0 0 d o l lars wo rt h of m at eri al s fro m ap p e l l an t ’ s t ru ck

. (RR3 1 0 - 1 1 ).
Can fi e l d a g r eed h e co u l d no t s ay ap p el l an t was res p o n si b l e fo r th e o t h er l o s s es
i n cl u d ed i n th e $ 6 4,0 0 0 d o ll ars
. (RR3 1 7 ). H e al s o ag reed i t wo u l d be u n fai r to

req u i re ap p el l an t t o m ak e res t i tu t i o n fo r an y m at eri al s h e d id p ers o n al l y t ak e. (RR3
1 7 ).
Del t a Cen t ri fu g al ’ s p res i d en t Ro b ert Ro s e al s o t es t ifi ed

. (RR3 2 1 ). Ro s e d id

n o t g i ve an y fi g ure co n cern in g t h e l o s t m at eri al s
. He s t at ed in s u ran ce d i d n o t co v er

t h e l o s s . (RR3 2 5 - 2 6 ). Ap p el l an t t es ti fi ed th at h e b el i ev ed h e h ad t ak en m at eri al s wo rt h fro m $ 1 5 ,0 0 0

v i it o $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 d o l lars

. (RR3 3 0 - 3 1 ). He al s o st at ed t h at “ I'd s ay ab o ut 1 5 to 2 0 i s wh at

we g o t fro m s crap , s o p os s i b l y act u al v al u e m ay b e at t h e m o s t 4 0 , t o t al

. An d t h at 's
d o u b l i n g
. ” (RR3 3 1 ). Th e t ri al co u rt al s o as k ed h i m d irect l y , “ So y o u 're th i n k i n g at
l eas t th at y o u s t ol e at l eas t $ 4 0 ,0 0 0 fro m t h em , y o u wan t t o p ay i t b ack .” (RR3 4 3 ).
To wh i ch ap p el lan t r e s p o n d ed , “ Yes , m a'am .” (RR3 4 3 ). Th e t ri al co urt o rd ered

res t it u t i o n o f $ 3 0 ,0 0 0

. (RR3 6 5 ) ; ( CR 5 4 ). G iv en h i s ad m i s s io n o f th i s am o u n t ,
ap p el l an t d o es n ot h av e g ro u nd s t o ch al len g e t he am o u nt o f res ti tu t io n
.

I V. The Vi cti m a nd Sta te Ex pres s l y W a i v ed Any Cl ai m s fo r Res ti tuti on
. W h at i s s ig ni fi can t fo r t h i s ap p eal i s t h at n ei t her th e m an ag er K ev i n Can fi el d

n o r t h e o wn er Ro b ert Ro s e req u es t ed res t i t u t io n . Can fi el d t es t i fi ed as fo l l o ws : Q: [Defen s e Co u n s el ] : Yo u 're no t as k in g t h e Co u rt t o o rd er res t i t u t i o n fo r t h i n g s t h at Ko dy

Bro x t o n i s n o t res p on s ib l e fo r?
A: I do n 't b el i ev e w e're as k i n g t h e Co u rt fo r res t i t u t i o n
. W e're as k in g fo r p u n i s h m en t an d jai l t i m e. Q: So y ou 're n o t as k i n g t h e Co u rt t o o rd er K o d y Bro x t o n t o p ay b ack $ 6 4 ,0 00 , $ 6 5 ,0 0 0 wo rt h o f m at eri al s?
A: No

. (RR3 1 9). Ro b ert Ro s e al so tes t i fi ed h e wan t ed jai l t i m e t o s en d a m es s ag e t o o t h ers

an d d i d n o t req u es t res ti t u t i o n b ecau s e h e d i d n o t t h in k ap p el l an t co ul d p ay i t b ack

. (RR3 2 2 , 2 5 ).

v i i iM o reo v er, t h e St at e o p p o s ed p ro b at i o n an d req ues t ed pu n i s h m en t b y jai l t i m e

i n s t ead o f res t i t u t i o n
. Sp eci fi cal l y , t h e p ro s ecu t o r s t at ed t o t h e co urt as fo ll o ws :
M r. Bu rn s : Yo u k no w, i f y o u n o t i ce wh i l e t hey ' v e b e en accu s ed o f h u ffi n g t h e n u m

b ers an d ex ag g erat i n g t he am o u n t o f d o ll ars l os t o f th e t h eft , n o o n e fro m Del t a Cen t ri fu g al i s as ki n g y o u t o h av e h i m p ay th em b ack

. W h at t h ey 'd rat h er d o i s h av e a s tro n g m es s ag e t o Ko d y Bro x t o n an d to t h e co m

m u n i t y t h at y o u s i m

p l y can 't st eal fro m an em p l o y er l ik e t h i s
. . . So Y o u r Ho n o r, in t h i s s i t u at i o n I t hi n k t h is i s a si t u at i o n t h at th e d efen d an t sh o u l d p ay fo r wh at h e d i d b u t n o t wi t h r es t i t u t i o n

. He co u l d p ay fo r i t wi t h h i s freed o m

fo r t h e t wo y ears i n t h e s t at e jai l

. . . (RR3 5 4 - 5 5 )((em

p h as is ad d ed ). Th e t ri al co u rt d u l y i m p o s ed t h e j ai l t i m e b u t al s o

o rd ered res t i t u t i o n an y way
. Th e i s s u e i n t h i s cas e i s w het h er wh en b o t h t h e v i ct i m an d

t h e St at e ex p res s l y

wai v e t he o p p o rt u n i t y

fo r res t i t u t i o n, d o es a t ri al co urt ab u s e i t s
d i s cret i o n wh en i t o rd ers res ti t u t i o n s u a s po n t e
.

ixSUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

Th e t ri al co u rt o rd ered res t i t u t i o n ev en t ho u g h b o t h t h e v i ct i m an d t h e St at e

s p eci fi cal l y s t at ed t h ey were n o t req u es t i ng i t

. Th e s t at ut e a uthor i zi n g res t i t u ti o n d o es
ad d res s wh et h er res t i t u t i on can b e o rd ered wh en ex p res s l y wai v ed

. W h at l i t t l e

a u t h o r i t y t h at do es ex i s t o n t h i s i s s u e m ak es i t cl ear t he St at e can w ai v e an y s u ch

req u es t

. Gen eral au t h o ri t y co n cern i n g t h e n at u re o f res t i tu t i o n as a p un i s hm en t o p t i o n

em ph as es t h e g o al o f co m

p en s at i n g t h e v i ct i m
. Ap p el l an t arg u es i t was an ab u s e o f
d i s cret i o n t o o rd er res t i t u t i on wh en b o t h i n teres t ed p art i es , t h e co m p l ai n an t an d t h e
pro s ecu t i o n, u n eq u i v o cal l y req ues t i n carcerat i o n in s t ead of res titution. A ppe lla nt w a s

s en t en ced t o t h e m ax i m

um t erm o f co n fi n em en t au t h o ri zed b y l aw.

xI N THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THI RD SUPREME J UDI CI A L DI STRI CT

OF TEXAS

KODY BROXTON, Ap pel l an t

VS. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Ap p el lee

APPELLANT’S BRI EF

TO THE HONORABLE J USTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS: COM ES NOW Ko d y Bro xton , A pp el l an t , th ro u gh co u n s el , Ken Mah affey , an d

res p ect fu l l y

s u b m i t s t h i s Bri ef.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Th i s i s an ap p eal f

r o m an u n -n eg o ti at ed gu i lt y pl ea wh ere t he o n l y i s s u e i s
wh et h er res t i t u t i o n s h o u l d h av e b een o rd ered wh en wai v ed b y th e v i ct i m an d t h e
St at e. Ap p el l an t n o w res p ect fu l l y t en d ers t h i s b ri ef o n ap peal

.

1QUESTI ON FOR REVI EW :

Do es a t ri al co urt ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n wh en i t ord ers res t i t u t i o n w h en b o t h t h e v i ct i m an d th e St at e’ s at to rn ey wai v e t h at res t i t u t i o n an d as k t h e co u rt t o o n l y i m p o s e i n carcerat i o n ?

ARGUMENT AND AUTHORI TI ES
I . I ntro ducti o n
. Bo t h t h e v i ct i m an d t h e St at e req u es t ed jai l ti m e rat her t h an res ti t ut i o n
. Th ere
i s li t t l e o r n o l aw co n cern i n g t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d i scret i o n t o i m p o s e res t i t u t i o n ab s en t

a req u es t

. Th e s t a t u t e g ran t i n g t h e p ower t o o rd er res t i t ut i o n d o es n o t ad d res s t h i s
i s su e. Ap p el l an t wi l l arg u e t h at t h i s Co u rt s h o u l d d el et e t h e res ti t u t i o n ord er p u rs u an t

t o t h e Co u rt ’ s p o w er t o m o d i fy ju d g m en t s u n d er Ru l e 4 3.2 (c), Tex

. R. Ap p
. Pro c. (W es t 2 01 5 ).

I I . The Sta tute.
Th e co n t ro l l i n g s t at u t e co n cern i n g res t i t u t io n i s Art

. 4 2.0 3 7 , Tex

. Co d e Cri m
. Pro c. (2 0 1 3 ). Th e s t at u t e p ro v id es , i n rel ev an t p art as fo l l o ws : (a) In ad d i t i o n t o an y fi n e au t h o ri zed by l aw, th e co u rt t h at s en t en ces a d efen d an t co n vi ct e d o f an offen s e m ay o rd er t he d efen d an t t o m ak e res t i tu t i o n t o an y vi ct i m of t h e o ffen s e o r to t h e co m p en s at i o n to vi ct i m s o f cri m e fu nd es t ab li s h ed u n d er Su b ch ap t er B, Ch ap t er 5 6 , to t h e ex t en t t h at fu n d h as p ai d co m

p en s at i o n to o r o n beh al f o f t h e v i c t i m
. If th e co u rt do es no t o rd er res t i t u ti o n o r o rd ers p art i al res t i t u t i o n u n d er t h i s s u b s ect i o n, t h e co u rt s h al l s t at e on t he reco rd t h e reas o n s fo r n o t m ak i n g

2t h e o rd er o r fo r t h e l i m i t ed o rd er.

Th i s s t a t u t e do es n o t ex p res s l y ad d res s wh et h er res t i t u t i on can b e o rd ered ab s en t a
req u es t fro m

t he v i ct i m

o r t h e St at e’ s at t orn ey
.

I I I . Sta nda rd o f Rev i ew . Th e s t an d ard o f rev i ew co n cern i n g res t it u t i o n o rd ers i s wh et h er t h e o rd er was

an ab us e o f d i s cret i o n. Lemo s v. S t a t e , 2 7 S.W .3 d 4 2 (Tex

. Ap p. - San An t o n i o 2 0 0 0,

n o p et .). A t ri al co urt ab u s es i ts d i s cret i o n w h en i t act s in an arb i t rary o r u n reas o n ab l e

m an n er. Mo n t

go mer y v. S ta t e , 8 1 0 S.W .2 d 3 7 2 , 3 8 0 ( T e x
. C r i m
. A p p
. 19 9 0 ). It i s
al s o i m p ort an t to n o t e t h at , b ecau s e p ro b at i o n was d e n i e d , t h i s m at t er m u s t b e

rev i ewed i n d ep en d en t l y o f an y res t i t u t i o n p ro v i s i o n s i n Art

. 4 2 .1 2 , Tex

. Co d e Cri m
. Pro c. (2 0 1 5 )(g o vern i n g g ran t s o f co m m u n i ty s u p erv i s i o n ).

I V. I s s ue i s One o f Fi rs t I m pres s i o n.
Th e i s su e o f wh et h er res t i t u t i o n can b e o rd ered wh ere b o t h t h e vi ct i m an d
St at e’ s at t o rn e y wai v ed i t b y s p eci fi cal ly req u es t i n g jai l t i m e i n s t ead o f s u ch

co m p en s at i o n d o es no t ap p ear t o h av e b een l it i gat ed u n d er t he co n t ro l l i n g s t at u t e.
M o s t res t i t u t i on o rd ers i n cri m i n al cas es h av e b een rev i ewed t o d et erm i n e wh et h er

t h e am o u n t was p ro p erl y p ro v ed o r wh et her o rd ered p ai d to an au t h o ri zed p art y
. See

e.g ., Dr i l l i n g v. S t a te , 1 3 4 S.W .3 d 4 6 8 , 47 0 (Tex

. Cri m
. Ap p
. 2 0 04 )(rem an d i n g

3b ecau s e n o ev i d en ce o f fai r m ark et v al ue); Ma r ti n v. S t at e , 8 74 S.W .2 d 6 7 4, 6 7 7 -7 8

(Tex

. Cri m
. Ap p
. 1 9 9 4 )(can n o t o rd er res t i t u t i on t o pers o n s o t her t h an t h e v i ct i m s o f

t h e o ffen s e fo r wh i ch t h e d efen d an t was co n v i ct ed ).
So m e d eci s i on s , h o w ev er, i m p l i ci t ly reco g n i z e d t h at res ti t u t io n co u l d b e
wai v ed b y t h e St at e. See Al l en v. S t a t e , 7 2 0 S.W .2 d 6 1 8 , 6 18 (Tex

. Ap p
. - Ho u s t o n [1 s t Di s t .] 1 9 8 6 , p et

. ref’ d )(St at e wi t h drew req u es t fo r res t i t u ti o n ); Ba yo n n e v. S t a t e , 1 2 -1 0-2 82 -CR (Tex

. Ap p
. - Ty l er 2 0 1 1 , no p et .) (res t i tu t i o n o rd er del et ed at req u es t

o f St at e); No r ma n v. S t a te , 0 4 -0 4 -0 0 2 9 2 -CR (Tex

. Ap p
. - San An to n i o 2 0 0 7, n o p et .) (i ni t i al l y rem an d ed fo r h eari n g on re s t i t u t i o n am ou n t bu t n o ti n g St at e wai v ed

res t it u t i o n at t h e h eari n g ). Th es e o pi n i o n s reco g n ize t h e St at e h as t h e p ower t o wai v e

an y cl ai m fo r res t it u t i o n
.

V. Pri nci pa l Purpo s e o f Res ti tuti o n i s to Co m pens ate Vi cti m . In a recen t cas e ch al l en g i n g res t i t u t i on i n a DW I cas e wh ere n o v ict i m was
al l eg ed , t h e Co u rt of Cri m i n al Ap p eal s d i s cu s s ed th e n at u re of t h e rem ed y
. S ee Ha n n a

v

. S t a t e , 42 6 S.W

. 3 d 8 7 (Tex

. Cri m
. Ap p. 2 0 14 ). In H a n n a , t h e Co u rt o b s erv e d a s
fo l l o w s :
Res t it u t i o n i s n o t o n l y a fo rm o f p u n i sh m en t , i t i s al s o a cri m e v i ct i m 's s t at u t o ry ri g h t

. Res t i tu ti o n s erv es m u l t i p l e pu rp o s es , i n cl u d i n g res t o ri n g t h e v i ct i m to t h e s t at u s q u o an d fo rci n g an o f fen d er t o ad d res s an d
rem ed y t h e s peci fi c h arm

t h at h e h as cau s ed

.
4A b ro ad i n terp ret at i o n o f t h e res t i t u t i o n st at u t es p ro v i d es ju d g es w i t h

g reat e r d i s cret i o n i n effect u at in g o pp o rt u n i t i es fo r reh ab i l i t at i n g cri m i n al s, d et erri n g fu t u re h arm s , an d effi ci en t l y co m p en s at i n g v i ct i m s
.

Id

. at 9 1 (ci t at i o n s o m i t ted ). Th i s l an g u ag e s u g g es t s th at a t ri al co u rt h as d i s cret i o n

t o i m p o se res t i t u t io n as a t y p e o f p u n i s hm en t b u t p l aces g reat em p h as i s o n

co m p en s at i o n o f t h e v i ct im as i t s p ri n ci p al p u rp o s e. No t h i n g i n t h is b ro ad s t at em en t , h o wev er, ad d res s ed wh et her res t i t u t io n m ay b e i m po s ed wh en wai ved b y t h e v i ct i m

an d t h e St at e.
M o reo v er, ev en i f res t i t u t i o n i s a fo rm o f p u n i sh m en t , i t is n o t p art o f t h e

s t at u to ry ran g e o f pu n i s hm en t fo r t h e p en al o ffen se th at ap p el l an t w as co n v i c t ed

. Ap p el l an t was ch arg ed u n d er Sec. 3 1 .0 3 (e)(4 ), Tex . Pen al Co d e An n . (2 0 1 3 ). Th i s
p ro v is i o n m ak es t h eft o f $ 1 ,5 0 0 .0 0 t o $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 .0 0 a s t at e j ai l fel o n y
. Id

. U n d er Sec.
1 2 .3 5 (a) & (b ), Tex

. Pen al Co d e An n
. (2 01 3 ), t he ran ge o f p u n i sh m en t fo r s t at e jai l
fel o n i es i s fro m 1 8 0 d ay s to t wo y ears i n t h e st at e jai l an d a fi n e u p t o $1 0 , 0 0 0

. Si nce
i t i s n ot s t at ed as part o f t h e pu n i s h m en t , res t it u t i o n i s a q ual i t at i v el y di fferen t t y p e

rem ed y t h at l o g i cal l y s ho u l d b e req u es t ed i n s o m e fo rm b efo re it i s i m p o s e d

. A

p l ead i n g o r s o m e s ort o f req u es t h as b e e n r e q u i r ed fo r o t h er fo rm s o f p u n i s h m en t

o u t s i d e o f t h e n o rm al ran g e o f pu n i s h m en t

. See e.g ., Br o oks v. S ta t e , 9 57 S.W .2 d 3 0,
3 4 (Tex

. Cri m
. A p p
. 1 9 9 7 ) ( i m p ro p er t o en h an ce p u n i s h m en t wi t h p ri o r co n v i ct i o n

5wh ere no p l ead in g al l eg ed i t ); J o h n s o n v. St a t e , 7 8 4 S.W

. 2 d 4 1 3 , 4 1 5 (Tex

. Cri m
. Ap p
. 1 99 0 )(d ead l y weap o n fi n d i n g d el et ed b ecau s e n o al l eg at i o n m ad e i n t h e
i n d i ct m en t ).

VI . Po s s i bl y Co ntra ry Autho ri ty Di sti ng ui s hed.
Can d o r w i t h t he Co u rt i s al wa ys i m p o rt an t

. Co un s el o wes a du t y t o d i s cl o s e

co n trary au t h o ri t y
. Ru l e 3.0 3 , Tex as Ru l es of Pro f. Co n d u ct , V o l 3 A, Tex

. Go v 't Co d e
An n
. (2 0 1 5 ). Th e i s s ue h ere is wh et her t h e t ri al co u rt m ay i m p o s e res t i t u ti o n u n d er
Art

. 42 .0 3 7 , Tex

. Co d e Cri m
. Pro c. (2 01 3 ), ev e n w h en i t i s ex p res s l y w ai v ed

. Th i s
q u es ti o n h as b een ad d res s ed u n d er s o m ewh at si m i lar st at ut es
. Ap p el lan t wi l l d i s cu ss

t h o s e d eci s i o n s.
In o n e cas e, t h i s i ss u e was rai s ed in a ju v en i l e p ro s ecu ti o n
. S ee In t h e ma tt er

o f M

. H. , 6 62 S.W .2 d 76 4 (Tex

. Ap p
. - Co rp u s Ch ri s t i , 1 98 3 , n o wri t.). In t h at cas e,

t h e ap p el l an t ch al len g ed rev o cat i o n o f p r o b at io n fo r fai l i ng to co m p l y wi t h a

r e s t i t u t i on o rd er becau s e t h e St at e’ s p l ead i ng s fai l ed t o req u es t it

. Id

. at 7 6 6

. T h e
arg u m en t rel i ed o n th e Ru l e 3 0 1 , Tex

. R. Ci v. Pro c. (1 9 8 3 ), th at a ju d g m en t m ay n ot

o rd er rel ief u n s u p p o rt ed by a p ro p er p l ead i n g
. Id

. T h e rev i ewi n g co u rt u p h el d t h e

res t it u t i o n o rd er b as ed o n Sec. 5 4 .0 5(d )(1 )(D), Tex as Fam i l y Co d e (1 9 8 3 ). Un d er t h at

p ro v is i o n , res t i t u t i o n i s pro per i f a fi n d in g i s m ad e u n d er Sec. 5 4 .0 5 (c), s u p r a , “ t h at

6t h e p ro t ect i o n o f t he p ub l i c an d t h e ch i l d req u i res d i s p o s i t i o n .” M .H., s u pr a a t 7 6 6. Ap p el l an t s u b m i t s M

.H., s u p r a , is d i s t in g u i s h a b l e fo r t h ree reas o n s
. Fi rs t i t
i n v o l v ed a d i fferen t s t at ut e an d Art

. 4 2 .0 3 7 , Tex

. Co de Cri m
. Pro c. (2 0 1 3 ), d o es n ot

req u i re t h e t y

p e o f affi rm at i v e fi n d i n g t h at s u p p o rt ed t h e o rd er i n t h at cas e. Seco n d,

t h e fo cu s was o n t h e p l ead i n g fo r res t i t u t io n rat h er t h an t h e un eq u i v o cal wai v er o f

res t it u t i o n a s o c cu rred in t h i s cas e. M.H , s u p r a at 7 6 6

. Th ird , t h e cas e i n v o l v ed

res t it u t i o n as a co n d i t i o n of p ro b at i o n n o t as a ju d g m e n t i m p o s i n g i t as part o f an

ex ecu t ed s en t en ce o f i n carcerat i o n
. Id

. An o th er s i m il ar cas e wh i ch ch al l en ged res ti t ut i o n o n t h e s am e b as i s ; i .e., t h e
fai l u re t o req u es t i t b y p r o p e r p l e ad i n g
. In Ja mes v. Co m mi ss i o n fo r La wyer
Di s ci p l i ne , 3 1 0 SW 3 d 5 9 8 (Tex

. Ap p
. - Dal l as 2 0 1 0 , n o w ri t ). Li k e M.H., s u p r a , t h e
ap p el l an t ch al l en g ed a res t i t u t i on award b ecau se t h ere was n o p l ead i ng req ues t i n g i t

. Ja mes , su

p r a at 6 0 9

. Th e rev i ewi n g co u rt h el d t h e p lead i n g s al l eg i n g at t o rn ey

m i s co n du ct an d req u es t i ng “ san ct i o n s ” u n d er Ru l e 1 .0 6 Y , Tex

. R. Di s ci p l i n ary
Co n d u ct (2 0 1 0 ), au t h o ri zed t h e t ri al co urt o rd er b ecau s e t h e t erm san ct i o n i s d efi n ed

t o i n cl u d e res t it u t i o n
. Id

. at 6 1 0

. Ag ai n , t h e is cas e i s di s t i n gu i s hab l e b ecau s e t h ere

was a sp eci fi c req u es t fo r res t i t u t i o n i n t h e p l ead i n g s an d t h e co nt ro l l i n g s t at u t e
cl earl y au t h o ri zed i t

. M o reo v er, Ja mes , s up r a an d d i d n ot ad d res s t h e p ro p er co u rs e

o f act i on wh en b o t h t h e vi ct i m an d co u ns el fo r t h e p et i t i o n er ex p res s l y st at e t h ey are

7n o t req u es t i n g res t i tu t i o n
.

In t h e cas e at b ar, n o s t at u t e s p eci fi cal l y p erm i t s i m p o s i t i o n of res t i t u ti o n wh en

t h ere w as n o req u es t fo r i t , n o r al l ows i t wh en affi rm at iv el y wai v ed

. Th e res t i t u t i o n

was n o t i m

p o s ed as a co n d i t i on o f co m m un i t y s u p erv i s io n b u t rat h er o n t o p o f wh at

t h e St at e an d v i ct i m s p eci fi cal l y req u es ted b e i m p o s ed i n s t ead , i

. e.: i n carcerat i o n. Ap p el l a n t s are al way s s u bject t o s y s t em i c wai ver ru l es an d t h ere ap p ears t o b e n o

reas on wh y

t h is s h o u l d n o t ap p l y

t o o t h er i nt eres t ed p art i es
.

VI I
. Rem edy i s to Del ete the Order.
Th ere are t wo t y

p es of rem ed ies fo r tri al co u rt erro r s c o n cern i ng res t i t u t i o n.
Th e ap p el l at e co u rt m ay

ei t h er rem an d fo r a n ew h eari n g o r refo rm t h e ju dg m en t t o
d el et e t h e res t i t u t i o n o rd er. Ba r t o n v. S t a t e , 2 1 S.W .3 d 2 8 7 , 2 89 (Tex

. Cri m
. Ap p.
2 0 0 0 ). Here, t he erro r as s ert ed i s an ab us e o f d i s cret i o n i n o rd eri n g res t i t u t i o n t h at

was ex p res s l y wai v ed by b o t h th e v i ct i m an d t h e St at e’ s at t orn ey
. Th e reco rd cl earl y

es t ab l i s h es b o th fact s
. (RR3 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 5 , 5 4 - 5 5 ). In t h i s cas e, a rem an d fo r a n ew
h eari n g wo u l d n o t ad d an y t h i ng n ew t o t he reco rd

. T hi s Co u rt sh o ul d ex erci s e i t s ju ri s d i ct i o n u n d er Ru l e 43 .2 (c), Tex

. R. Ap p
. Pro c. (W es t 2 0 1 5 ) (co u rt o f ap p eal s

m ay “ rev ers e t he t ri al co u rt ’ s ju d g m en t i n wh o l e o r i n p art an d ren d er t h e ju d g m en t

t h e t ri al co u rt s h ou l d h av e ren d ered .”). Th e p ro p er rem ed y is t o refo rm t h e ju d g m en t

8d el et in g t h e o rd er co n cern i ng res t i t u t i o n
.

VI I I. Co ncl us i o n.
B o t h t h e v ict i m an d t h e St at e’ s at t o rn ey s p eci fi cal l y s t at ed t h ey were n o t

req u es t i ng res t i tu t i o n
. Res t i t u ti o n can b e an as pect o f p u n i s h m e n t bu t i t s p ri m ary
p u rp os e i s t o s erv e t h e v i ct im

. Th e s t at u t ory au t h o ri t y fo r o rd eri n g res ti t ut i o n d o es n ot

ex p res s l y g ran t a t r i a l co urt t h e p o wer t o ord er res t i t u t i o n wh en i t i s affi rm at i v el y
wai v ed

. W h il e t h i s is s u e h ad no t b e ad d res s ed d i rect l y , s u ch au t h o ri t y t h at do es ex i s t
cl earl y s h o ws t h e St at e m ay wai v e an y res t i tu t i o n
. T h e t ri al co u rt ab u s ed it s d i s cret i o n
b y i g n o ri n g t h at wai ver. Th i s Co u rt s h o u l d d el et e t h e res t i t u t i o n o rd er.

9PRAYER FOR RELI EF

W HEREFORE, PREM ISES CONSID E R E D , A ppe lla nt res p ect fu l l y p ray s t h at

t h e ju d g m en t o f co n v i ct i o n b e rev ers ed an d t h e m at t er b e rem an d ed t o t h e t ri al co u rt
fo r a n ew t ri al

.

Res p ect fu l ly Su b m i t t ed ,

Ken M ah affey Co u n sel fo r Ap p el lan t P.O. Bo x 6 8 4 5 8 5 Au s ti n, Tex as 7 8 7 6 8 Ph o n e & Fax (5 1 2 ) 4 44 -6 5 5 7 St . Bar. No . 1 28 3 0 0 5 0 Ken Ma h a

f f ey@ ya ho o .co m

CERTI FI CATE OF SERVI CE
Th e ab o ve si g nat u re cert i fi es t h at on Ap ri l 3 , 2 01 5 , t h is d ocu m en t was s en t to

t h e Bel l Co u n t y D .A.’ s Offi ce, P.O. Bo x 5 4 0 , Bel t o n , Tex as 7 6 5 13 an d t o Ko dy
Bro xt o n , 0 1 9 7 2 7 1 0 , 10 1 8 Arn o l d Dri v e, Bart l et t St at e J ai l , Bart l et t TX 7 6 5 1 1

. Th e
ab o ve si g n at u re al s o cert i fi es t hat t h i s d o cu m en t co n t ai n s 3 5 0 8 wo rd s i n co m p l i an ce
wi t h Ru l e 9 .4 , Tex . R. Ap p . Pro c. (2 0 1 5 )(n o t t o ex ceed 1 5 , 0 00 wo rd s ).

10