[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 16-10960

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-00260-LMM-LTW-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

TESSEMA LULSEGED, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(May 16, 2017)

Before JULIE CARNES, JILL PRYOR, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 1 of 15 
2

Tessema Lulseged appeals his 51-month sentence, restitution, and forfeiture 

following his guilty plea to one count of food-stamp trafficking. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Lulseged, a naturalized United States citizen born in Ethiopia, owned and 

operated Tess Market, Inc., d/b/a Big T Supermarket (“Big T”), in Decatur, 

Georgia. Lulseged was authorized to accept food stamps and knew it was illegal to 

exchange food stamps for cash at face value or at a discount. From 2009 until 

2014, Lulseged allowed customers to exchange their food-stamp benefits at the 

rate of $0.60 on the dollar. As part of the deal, Lulseged required the customers to 

purchase eligible-food products from his store equal to ten percent of the value of 

the transaction. Lulseged trafficked in food stamps of a value of $5,000 or more.1

 

In 2014, Lulseged was charged with one count of trafficking in food stamps, in 

violation of 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b)(l) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The indictment included a 

forfeiture provision stating Lulseged would forfeit all property derived from 

proceeds traceable to the crime.

 1 The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is administered by the United States 

Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) to help eligible families in need of food assistance. Food 

stamps are issued in Georgia through the use of the Electronic Benefit Transfer (“EBT”) system. 

Each recipient is given an EBT card credited with a specific monetary amount per month; the 

account balance is electronically reduced when a food purchase is made at a participating store. 

Stores must apply for and receive authorization from the USDA before accepting food stamps. 

Food stamps are non-transferable, cannot be used to buy certain items such as alcohol or 

tobacco, and cannot be exchanged for cash. Purchasing or selling food-stamp benefits in 

exchange for cash is referred to as “trafficking.”

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 2 of 15 
3

At his arraignment and detention hearing, a magistrate judge asked Lulseged 

if he needed an interpreter in order to understand the court proceedings. Lulseged 

replied he understood what was taking place without the use of an interpreter. The 

government then noted at an earlier meeting Lulseged had said he did not 

understand English, but his lawyer at the time confirmed she had had a number of 

conversations where she and Lulseged communicated clearly in English. The 

government had arranged for an interpreter at that time, who spoke Amharic,

Lulseged’s native language, but Lulseged stated he did not understand the

interpreter. Lulseged’s attorney at the arraignment hearing confirmed he had not

had any problems communicating with Lulseged over the course of his 

representation. The magistrate judge then informed Lulseged the court would 

provide him with an interpreter to assist him, if needed. Lulseged replied his 

English was at a “twelfth grade” level, and while he may not understand “really 

difficult” words, he could communicate. Arraignment Hr’g Tr. at 6 (Apr. 28, 

2015). The magistrate judge stressed Lulseged should ask if he did not understand

something during the proceedings, and Lulseged replied, “[y]es, I will let you 

know, and I will let [my] attorney [know], too.” Id. Lulseged entered a not-guilty

plea to the charge in the indictment. 

At a change-of-plea hearing in July 2015, Lulseged agreed to enter a nonnegotiated-guilty plea. He stated he had signed the proffered plea-with-counsel 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 3 of 15 
4

form. On examination by the district judge, Lulseged stated he was 49-years old, 

had been born in Ethiopia, had a twelfth-grade education, and could read and write. 

Lulseged then answered questions about his health, and his attorney stated he had 

no doubt as to Lulseged’s competency to enter a guilty plea. The judge reviewed 

Lulseged’s constitutional rights and confirmed Lulseged understood them. 

Lulseged did not state he had any difficulty understanding the judge’s description 

of his rights or otherwise object to the absence of an interpreter.

The judge reviewed the elements of the crime. The parties agreed the totalloss amount involved more than $5,000, but the exact amount was disputed. The 

parties agreed to resolve the issue of the total-loss amount at sentencing. Lulseged 

confirmed he understood his pleading guilty could subject him to forfeiture up to 

and including the amounts contained in the indictment.

After presenting a summary of what it would have proved beyond a 

reasonable doubt had the case gone to trial, the government had initiated civilforfeiture proceedings against the illegally obtained money as well as against 

Lulseged’s personal residence and his store property. Lulseged’s brothers had 

claimed an interest in funds seized from two bank accounts; the government had 

settled with them. Lulseged did not file a claim regarding any of the property or 

money implicated in the civil-forfeiture action. He stated he had no disagreement

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 4 of 15 
5

with the facts of the crime and understood his pleading guilty could subject him to 

a sentence up to the maximum allowed, 20 years of imprisonment.

The judge questioned Lulseged about whether he understood how sentencing 

and the Sentencing Guidelines functioned; Lulseged stated he was fully aware of 

the process. Lulseged said he had discussed the government’s offer of a plea 

agreement with his lawyer. Nonetheless, he did not want a plea agreement and 

wanted to proceed with entering a non-negotiated guilty plea. Lulseged asked the 

judge to repeat the question of whether “anyone made [him] any promises or

representations to get [him] to plead guilty.” Guilty Plea Proceedings Tr. at 27 

(July 7, 2015). The judge repeated the question and did so a third time when 

Lulseged again asked for it; Lulseged confirmed “no, nobody” had made any 

promises or representations to induce him to plead guilty. Id. at 28. He also

confirmed no one had made any promise concerning what his actual sentence 

would be. Lulseged pled guilty; the judge found he had done so freely and 

voluntarily.

The probation office prepared a Presentencing Investigation Report (“PSI”), 

assigning Lulseged a base-offense level of 7 under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1), based 

on his conviction for trafficking in food stamps. The PSI showed Big T redeemed 

a total of $8,085,926.29 in food-stamp benefits over the course of the crime. The 

PSI stated Big T purchased only $745,596.68 in food-stamp-eligible inventory 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 5 of 15 
6

during that time. Assuming Lulseged marked-up his food-stamp-eligible inventory 

by 35% (industry standard is 26.71%), Big T could have received a maximum of 

$1,006,555.52 from the sale of food-stamp-eligible products during his crime. The 

PSI showed the loss to the government was $7,079,370.77, the difference between 

Big T’s total food-stamp redemptions and the amount Big T could have received 

from food-stamp-eligible sales. The PSI showed an additional 20 levels under the 

2014 version of U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K) for a loss of more than $7,000,000, but 

less than $20,000,0002 and two additional levels under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abuse 

of trust. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3El.l(a) and (b), the probation officer

recommended Lulseged receive a three-level reduction for acceptance of 

responsibility. The PSI showed Lulseged had zero criminal-history points, which 

resulted in a criminal-history category of I, an offense level of 26, and a Guidelines 

imprisonment range of 63 to 78 months. Lulseged objected to the loss amounts 

and calculation processes in the PSI. 

Following several continuances, sentencing began on December 18, 2015. 

United States Department of Agriculture Special Agent Robert Harper testified in 

support of the government’s proposed total-loss amount. Lulseged called a 

 2 The PSI was drafted in anticipation the sentencing hearing would take place on September 22, 

2015. The sentencing hearing was postponed several times, however, and did not take place 

until after the 2015 version of the Sentencing Guidelines had gone into effect. Under the revised 

Guidelines, a loss of more than $3,500,000, but less than $9,500,000, results in an increase of 

only 18 levels, rather than 20. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J). The district judge used the Sentencing

Guidelines in effect on the date Lulseged was sentenced. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11.

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 6 of 15 
7

Certified Public Accountant, Michael W. Thompson, to testify in support of his 

proposed total-loss amount. The judge found the evidence presented supported the 

government’s total-loss calculations, and Lulseged had failed to rebut that 

evidence. The judge noted it was the government, and not Lulseged, that bore the 

burden of establishing a reasonable estimate of the total-loss amount. The judge 

applied the same 35% mark-up the government had used in its calculations, and 

subtracted $694,278.72 from the government’s proposed loss amount of 

$7,055,728.88, resulting in a final sum of $6,361,450.16. The judge overruled 

Lulseged’s objection to an 18-level enhancement, based on a loss amount between 

$3,500,000 and $9,500,000. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J) (2015). The government 

also agreed to concede restitution should be decreased by the amount Lulseged 

argued was barred by the statute of limitations, $431,000, if the judge wanted to 

make a restitution order final at the hearing. 

Based on the government’s concession, the judge determined the final 

restitution amount was $5,930,450.16. The judge found the offense level was 24, 

the criminal-history category was I, and the Guidelines imprisonment range was 51 

to 63 months. The judge found the forfeiture amount was $5,930,450.16, minus 

whatever proceeds Lulseged already had forfeited as a result of the civil-forfeiture 

action. After hearing arguments from both parties, and considering the sentencing 

factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district judge imposed a sentence of 51 months 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 7 of 15 
8

of imprisonment and restitution in the amount of $5,930,450.16. The judge 

overruled Lulseged’s objection to the restitution amount. Following sentencing, 

the judge entered a final forfeiture order for $4,948,795.11, reflecting the amount 

announced at sentencing, $5,930,450.16, reduced by the amount Lulseged already 

had forfeited in the civil forfeiture proceedings.

On appeal, Lulseged argues the district judge had a duty at his guilty plea 

and sentencing hearings to inquire as to whether he required an interpreter in order 

to understand those proceedings; the judge’s failure to do so invalidated his 

sentence, because he could not comprehend his own sentencing hearing. He also 

contends the government failed sufficiently to meet its burden of proving a 

reasonable estimate of the total loss involved in the crime. He further argued the 

judge had erred in enhancing his Guidelines imprisonment range, based on that 

total-loss amount and in basing the restitution and forfeiture orders on the 

government’s inaccurate total-loss amount.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Interpreter

Objections or arguments not raised in the district court are reviewed for 

plain error. See United States v. Evans, 478 F.3d 1332, 1338 (11th Cir. 2007). 

“Plain error occurs where (1) there is an error; (2) that is plain or obvious; (3) 

affecting the defendant’s substantial rights in that it was prejudicial and not 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 8 of 15 
9

harmless; and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation 

of the judicial proceedings.” United States v. Horsfall, 552 F.3d 1275, 1284 (11th 

Cir. 2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “An error is not plain 

unless it is contrary to explicit statutory provisions or to on-point precedent in this 

Court or the Supreme Court.” United States v. Schultz, 565 F.3d 1353, 1357 (11th 

Cir. 2009). 

Both the Court Interpreters Act and the Constitution commit the 

appointment of an interpreter to the sound discretion of the trial judge. Valladares 

v. United States, 871 F.2d 1564, 1566 (11th Cir. 1989). The basic inquiry is 

whether the failure to provide an interpreter made a proceeding fundamentally 

unfair. United States v. Tapia, 631 F.2d 1207, 1210 (5th Cir. 1980). The Court 

Interpreters Act provides a district judge shall utilize an interpreter if

the presiding judicial officer determines on such officer’s own motion 

or on the motion of a party that such party (including a defendant in a 

criminal case), or a witness who may present testimony in such 

judicial proceedings-- (A) speaks only or primarily a language other 

than the English language . . . so as to inhibit such party’s 

comprehension of the proceedings or communication with counsel or 

the presiding judicial officer, or so as to inhibit such witness’

comprehension of questions and the presentation of such testimony.

28 U.S.C. § 1827(d)(1). “Any indication to the presiding judicial officer that a 

criminal defendant speaks only or primarily a language other than the English 

language should trigger the application of Sections (d) and (f)(1) [defendant’s

waiver of the right to an interpreter] of the Court Interpreters Act.” Tapia, 631 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 9 of 15 
10

F.2d at 1209. We have held the Act places “on the trial court a mandatory duty to 

inquire as to the need for an interpreter when a defendant has difficulty with 

English.” Valladares, 871 F.2d at 1565. The defendant, however, usually bears 

the burden of establishing an error prejudiced him. United States v. Olano, 507 

U.S. 725, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1778 (1993). As a constitutional matter, in 

determining whether an interpreter is needed, the district judge must balance the 

defendant’s rights to due process, confrontation of witnesses, effective assistance 

of counsel, and to be present at his trial “against the public’s interest in the 

economical administration of criminal law.” Valladares, 871 F.2d at 1566.

In view of the record from the arraignment and change of plea hearing, it is 

clear this case is quite different from Tapia, on which Lulseged heavily relies. In 

Tapia, the defendant was arraigned through an interpreter and the defendant 

testified on his own behalf using an interpreter. See Tapia, 631 F.2d at 1209. We

concluded the district judge should have inquired into whether an interpreter was 

necessary for him to understand the proceedings. Id. The judge in this case had no 

such obligation, because there were not sufficient indications Lulseged did not 

have a sufficient grasp of English to require an interpreter. Lulseged’s arraignment 

was held entirely in English; at that time, the judge did inquire as to whether an 

interpreter might be necessary going forward. Both Lulseged and his attorney 

stated an interpreter was not necessary, because he understood and could 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 10 of 15 
11

communicate in English competently. Lulseged addressed the judge, in English, at 

his change of plea and sentencing hearings. Because the district judge was not on 

notice Lulseged could not understand or communicate effectively in English, the 

judge did not err by failing to conduct further inquiry into whether his 

comprehension of the proceedings or communication with his counsel would be 

inhibited by difficulty with the English language. Valladares, 871 F.2d at 1565-

66.

Even if it was error for the judge not to ask at the guilty plea and sentencing

hearings if Lulseged needed an interpreter, such error was not plain. See Horsfall, 

552 F.3d at 1284. An error cannot be plain unless it is contrary to on-point 

precedent from the Supreme Court or this court. See Schultz, 565 F.3d at 1357. 

Because there is no on-point precedent, the judge properly determined no 

interpreter was required, based on the representations of Lulseged and his 

attorney.

B. Loss Amount

We review a district judge’s findings of fact concerning the loss amount for 

clear error and the methodology for calculating loss de novo. United States v. 

Woodard, 459 F.3d 1078, 1087 (11th Cir. 2006). We will not overturn a loss 

calculation under the clear-error standard “unless we are left with a definite and 

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Crawford, 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 11 of 15 
12

407 F.3d 1174, 1177 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). We also review the legality of a restitution order for clear error. United 

States v. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2014). We review the legality 

of a forfeiture order de novo and the district judge’s factual findings for sufficiency 

of the evidence. United States v. Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1275 (11th Cir. 2003). 

Objections or arguments not raised before the district judge are reviewed for plain 

error. See Evans, 478 F.3d at 1338. 

In a case involving government benefits such as entitlement-program 

payments, “‘loss shall be considered to be not less than the value of the benefits 

obtained by unintended recipients or diverted to unintended uses, as the case may 

be.’” United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1306 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting 

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(F)(ii)). The Sentencing Guidelines provide if the judge

finds the total-loss amount exceeds $3,500,000, but is less than $9,500,000, the 

offense level must be increased by 18 levels. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J). The 

government bears the burden of proving the loss amount at sentencing by a 

preponderance of the evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e); United States v. Sepulveda, 

115 F.3d 882, 890 (11th Cir. 1997). A judge may base factual findings at 

sentencing on undisputed statements in a PSI or evidence presented at the 

sentencing hearing. United States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1300 (11th Cir. 

2006).

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 12 of 15 
13

“Given the nature of [economic] crimes, the financial damage done may 

often be difficult to calculate with precision; consequently, the Sentencing 

Guidelines only require district courts to make ‘a reasonable estimate of the loss.’” 

United States v. Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting U.S.S.G. 

§ 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C)). We have held the appropriate method for estimating loss is 

highly fact-dependent, and district judges are entitled to “considerable leeway” in 

approaching that task. Id. A district judge, however, is not completely unfettered 

in calculating the loss amount; the loss calculation must be supported with reliable 

and specific evidence. Id.

A restitution amount must be based on the amount of loss actually caused by 

the defendant’s conduct. United States v. Baldwin, 774 F.3d 711, 728 (11th Cir. 

2014). The government must prove the restitution amount by a preponderance of 

the evidence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e). Similar to calculation of the loss amount, 

we have noted “the determination of the restitution amount is by nature an inexact 

science.” United States v. Huff, 609 F.3d 1240, 1248 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). The government need provide only a 

reasonable estimate of the amount owed. United States v. Martin, 803 F.3d 581, 

595 (11th Cir. 2015). A restitution order may be awarded for loss caused by 

conduct outside the statute of limitations. United States v. Dickerson, 370 F.3d 

1330, 1338, 1341-42 (11th Cir. 2004). 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 13 of 15 
14

The district judge held two hearings focusing almost exclusively on how to 

calculate the total-loss amount. The judge reasonably relied on the government’s 

methodology, which calculated the loss amount as the difference between the total 

amount of food-stamp redemptions Lulseged had made over the relevant time 

period, minus the value of documented food-stamp-eligible inventory he had in his 

store over that same period, based on records from vendors and Lulseged’s 

convenience store. This vendor-based method of calculating the total-loss amount 

reasonably determined the amount of benefit Lulseged received, because it 

accounted for the amount of food-stamp redemptions he received from the 

government, “value of the benefits obtained by unintended recipients,” less the 

amount of revenue the sale of all the potential-food-stamp products he had at his 

store would have produced. See Maxwell, 579 F.3d at 1306. 

Second, Lulseged’s challenge to the restitution order fails, because the 

district judge did not clearly err in basing the restitution amount on the total-lossamount calculations. See Rodriguez, 751 F.3d at 1260. The district judge made a 

reasonable estimate of the amount of loss Lulseged’s crime caused and therefore

made a reasonable estimate of the amount he owed in restitution. See Martin, 803 

F.3d at 595; Baldwin, 774 F.3d at 728. On de novo review, the district judge 

applied a valid method of calculating the total-loss amount. See Woodard, 459 

F.3d at 1087. 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 14 of 15 
15

Finally, Lulseged did not object to the forfeiture amount at sentencing; 

consequently, we review that order for plain error. See Evans, 478 F.3d at 1338. 

Because the total-loss amount and restitution amounts were reasonable, and the 

judge did not clearly err in those calculations, the judge did not err in calculating 

the forfeiture amount, which was identical to the restitution amount.

AFFIRMED. 

Case: 16-10960 Date Filed: 05/16/2017 Page: 15 of 15