## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### F e b r u ary26,2007 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt PU BL I SH UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS

T E N T H C IR C U IT
UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA ,

Pl ai nt i ff - A ppel l ee, v. N o. 06- 7054 Y O L A N D A T R I A N A , al s o know n as Y ol anda J ean Rodri guez,

D e fe n d a n t - A p p e llan t. AP P EA L F ROM THE UNI TE D S TA TE S DI S TR I CT COURT F O R T H E E A S T E R N D I S T R I C T O F O K L A H O MA

( D . C . N O . 05 - C R - 74 - S) J. L a n c e H o p k in s, T a h leq u a h , O k lah o m a , fo r D e fe n d a n t - A p p e llan t. G r egoryD ean Burr i s , A s s i s t antU ni t ed St at es A t t or ney , ( Shel don J . Sper l i ng, U ni t ed St at es A t t or ney , w i t h hi m on t he br i ef) , M us kogee, O kl ahoma, forPl ai nt i ff

- A ppel l ee. B efo re B RI S CO E , BA LD OCK , and HA RTZ , C i rcui tJudg es. HA RTZ , C i r cui tJ udge. A j ur yfound Y ol anda Tr i ana gui l t yon one countof pos s es s i on w i t h i nt ent to d is tr ib u te m o re th a n 5 0 g ra m s o f m e th a m p h e ta m in e , s ee 21 U . S. C . § 841( a) ( 1) and ( b) ( 1) ( A ) ( vi i i ) , and one c ountof pos s es s i on of a f i r earm i n fur t her ance of a-2-

d ru g tr a ffic k in g c ri m e , s ee 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 4 (c )( 1 )( A )( I) a n d (c )( 2 ). She w as s ent ence d i n t he U ni t ed St at es D i s t r i ctC our tfort he East ern D i s t r i ctof O kl ahoma t o cons ecut i ve t er m s of 121 m ont hs ’ i m pr i s onm enton t he drug countand 60 m o n ths o n the fir ea rm co u n t. S h e a p p ea ls he r co n v ict ion , co n tend ing that there w as i ns uffi ci entevi dence t hats he pos s es s ed the drugs ora fi r earm , and thatt he di s t r i ctcour terr ed i n defi ni ng deli ver i n a j ur yi ns t ruct i on. W e have j ur i s di ct i on under28 U . S. C . § 1291; w e r ej ecthercont ent i ons and affi r m herconvi ct i on. I . BA CKGROUND O n J ul y25, 2005, O kl ahoma H i ghw ayPatr ol T r ooperScot tM i l l ernot i ced a PT C rui s erconvert i bl e goi ng 92 m i l es perhouron I nt er s t at e 40. H e s t opped t he vehi cl e and a s ked the dr i verforhi s l i cens e and pr oof of i ns ur ance . T he dr i ver ( l at eri dent i fi ed as R i car do C al l i r gos - N avett a) w as unabl e t o pr oduce the request ed d ocu m ents . B ecause itw as di ffi cultt o co nv ers e ov er the h i gh w ayno i se and dan gerous t o st and on t he si de o f t he road , M i l l er as ked M r. C al l i rgosN a v e tta to a c c o m p a n yh im to h is p a tr o l c a r. O n c e M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta e n ter e d th e p a tro l ca r, T ro o p e r M ill e r to ld h im to sitti g h t and h e re turn ed to the P T C ruiser. H e a sk ed the p asse n g er, M s. T ria n a , fo r h e r lice n se . S h e to ld h im th a t M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta had neve r had a l i cens e, and gave hi m her s . M i l l erw entback t o hi s patr ol carand as ked M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta w h o o w n ed the c ar tha t he w as d ri v ing , w h ere they w ere g o in g , an d w h e re th e yh a d b e e n . H e re sp o n d e d th a t th e yh a d b e e n in C a lifo rn ia to-3-

v isit h is d a u g h ter , an d th a t th e c a r w a s a re n tal. M ill e r w e n t to th e P T C ru ise r to gett he r ent al agr eementfr om M s . T r i ana, buts he w as unabl e t o fi nd i t . W hen M il ler ask ed h er w h ere they w ere co m ing fro m , sh e re sp o n d ed that they w ere r etur ni ng fr om A l buquer que, N ew M exi co, w her e theyhad bee n t o vi s i ther d a u g h ter . H e a g a in w e n t to th e p a tro l ca r a n d q u e stio n e d M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta furt her i n an at t em pt t o recon ci l e t heircon fl i ct i ng accou nts . M r. C al l i rgosN avett a, how ever , onl yel abor at ed on hi s pr i oracc ount , contr adi ct i ng hi m s el f on o c c a s io n a s h e d id s o . Suspi ci ous t hatt he coupl e w as engage d i n i l l egal act i vi t y , T r ooperM i l l er ra d io e d fo r a K -9 d ru g -d e tec tio n u n it. H e th e n iss u e d M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta a ci t at i on fors peedi ng and a w arni ng fordr i vi ng w i t houta l i cens e. A ft ert el l i ng hi m t hathe w as fr ee t o go, how ever , M i l l eras ked M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a w het her he w oul d fi r s tans w era fe w ques t i ons . H e agr eed. M i l l eras ked hi m w hetherhe had anyt hi ng i l l egal i n t he ca rand w hetherhe w oul d cons entt o a s ear ch of the v e h icle . M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta r epl i ed thatM i l l erw oul d have t o getper m i s s i on f ro m M s . T ri a n a , a s it w a s n o t h is c a r. M s . T r i ana i ni t i al l ydecl i ned t o gi ve per m i s s i on, s o M i l l eri nfor m ed hert hathe had c al l ed fora drug dog t o s ni ff a ro u n d th e c a r b e c a u s e h e r s to ry a n d M r. C a llir g o s -N a v e tta ’s d id n o t m a tc h u p . She t hen s ai d t hathe coul d s ear ch the ca r , buthe r epl i ed thati tw as t oo l at e for th a t. H e a sk e d h e r to jo in M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta i n hi s patr ol carw hi l e they aw ai t ed the dog. M i l l erl eftt hem al one i n hi s car . T he patr ol carw as equi pped-4-

w i t h a vi deo camer a and an audi o r ecor di ng s y s t em. T he vi deo ca m er a w as m ount ed i ns i de on the w i nds hi el d and poi nt ed forw ar d; t he audi o r ecor di ng s y s te m h a d tw o m ic ro p h o n e s , o n e o n M ille r a n d o n e in s id e th e p a tr o l c a r. U naw ar e thatt heyw er e bei ng r ecor ded, M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a and M s . T r i ana di s cus s ed thei rs i tuat i on. A l t hough M s . T r i ana’ s couns el ar gues t hat m os tof t he r ecor ded audi o i s uni nt el l i gi bl e, ourr evi ew r evea l s t hata l ar ge partof w h a t M s. T ria n a a n d M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta s ayw hi l e i n t he patr ol carcan be under s t ood. Shor t l yaft erT r ooperM i l l erl eftt he patr ol car , M s . T r i ana r epr i m anded M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a fors peedi ng, and he s ai d he w as s or r y . She a s k e d , “ Y o u ’r e s o rr yw h a t, th a t I ’m g o in g to g o to ja il? ” R . A d d . a t 1 9 :4 8 :1 6 . T heyar gued aboutw hyhe had s ai d t hatt heyhad bee n t o C al i for ni a r athert han s ay i ng t hatt heyhad gone t o A l buquer que. M s . T r i ana t ol d hi m t hats he had “ t hat s hi ti n m ypant s , ” id . at19: 48: 48, t o w hi ch he r epl i ed, “D o y ou have i ton y ou?” Id . at19: 49: 02. T hei rconver s at i on tur ned t o t he upcomi ng dog s ear ch, and M s . T r i ana s ai d, “H e’ s goi ng t o s m el l t hati n t he bag. ” Id . at19 : 51 : 48 . S he als o t ol d hi m , “Y ou di dn’ thel p m e pac k t he ca r. . . i f t heyopen the trunk. ” Id . at 19: 51: 55- 52: 15. T r ooperD arr en K och and hi s par t ner , T r ooperT yO w ens , w ho had arr i ved w ith th e d ru g d o g sh o rtlya f ter M s. T ria n a e n ter e d th e p a tro l ca r, to o k th e d o g to th e c o n v e rtib le. M s. T ria n a a n d M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta con t i nu ed to con verse w hi l e theyw at ched K och and hi s dog ci r cl e thei rvehi cl e. W hen the dog-5-

ap p roa ch ed the re ar o f th e c ar, M s. T ri an a sa id, “If h e g ets n ea r t h at co rne r, that’s w her e i ti s . ” Id . at 19 :53 :38 . A s the d o g rou n d ed the b ac k ri g h t corn er o f th e c ar, w her e the drugs w er e eve ntual l yfound, M s . T r i ana s ai d, “K eep goi ng doggy , keep goi ng. ” Id . at19: 53: 41. T he dog al er t ed t o t he pr es ence of drugs i n t he vehi cl e. O ne of the tr ooper s as ked M s . T r i ana a nd M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a w hether t heyhad a pe r s onal - us e quant i t yof drugs i n t he ca r . T heydeni ed havi ng drugs butM s . T r i ana t ol d t he tr oopert hatt her e w as a gun undert he dr i ver ’ s s eat . T he tro o p e rs th e n b e g a n a se a rc h o f th e v e h icle . D u rin g th e se a rc h M s. T ria n a sa id to M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a, “I f t heyfi nd anyt hi ng, t heypl ant ed i t . ” Id . a t 1 9 :5 7 :4 1 . T h e tr o o p e rs fo u n d a g u n a n d a s ilv e r b ri e fc a s e in th e p a s s e n g e r c o m p a rt m e n t. W hen M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a as ked M s . T r i ana w hatw as i n t he br i efc as e, s he r epl i ed thati tcont ai ned otherguns . U nabl e t o open the br i efc as e, a tr ooperas ked M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta fort he combi nat i on. H e r epl i ed thati tw as n’ thi s ; t he t r oopert hen as ked M s . T r i ana the s ame ques t i on. She gave hi m t he combi nat i on, s t at i ng, “I t ’ s 006, or007. ” Id . at20 : 03 : 06 -10. T he tr oo pers open ed the bri efcase and found tw o m or e guns i ns i de. T w o t r ooper s cont i nued t o exami ne the cont ent s of t he br i efc as e w hi l e t he t hi r d m oved t o t he trunk and opene d i t . H e bega n r emovi ng t hi ngs fr om t he cornerw her e the dog had a l er t ed. A s he di d s o, M s . T r i ana s ai d, “W e’ r e dea d. ” Id . a t2 0 : 0 3 : 5 6 . W h e n t h e t r o o p e rr e mo v e d a b l a c k b a c k p a c k , M s . Tr i a n a b e c a me audi bl yups etand exc l ai m ed, “O h, pl eas e no, t her e i ti s R i ck! ” Id . a t 2 0 :0 4 :0 8 .-6-

She t hen cr i ed, “W ho’ s gonna hel p m e, R i ck?” Id . at20: 04: 09. T he bac kpack cont ai ned 432. 39 gr ams of m ethamphet ami ne. T he trunk al s o cont ai ned drug par aphernal i a, i ncl udi ng zi pl ock baggi es , s cal es , and gl as s pi pes , and an ope n bag o f c o ffe e in te n d e d to m a s k th e s m e ll o f th e d ru g s . H a v in g fo u n d th e d ru g s in th e tru n k , T ro o p e r K o c h a sk e d M s. T ria n a to s t ep outof t he patr ol car . A s s he exi t ed, a gl as s pi pe fe l l fr om herpockett o t he gr ound. She t hen r emoved a bl ack pouc h fr om herpant s , s ay i ng, “W haty ou w ant i s r i ghther e, ” R . V ol . 3 at48, and hande d i tt o K och. A boutt hr ee gr ams of m ethamphet ami ne w er e found i n a l i p- gl os s cont ai neri ns i de the pouch thats he had rem ov ed from her pan t s. T r ooper s M i l l erand K och t es t i fi ed t o t he above event s att r i al . A l s o, t he vi deo of the s t op w as s how n t o t he j ur y . M s . T r i ana t es t i fi ed as fol l ow s : She liv e d in F a y e ttev ill e , A rk a n sa s, a n d sh e a n d M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta had bee n t ogetheri n a comm on- l aw m arr i age for17 y ear s . She had bee n pl anni ng t o t ake her15- y ear - ol d s on w i t h hert o A l buquer que, N ew M exi co, w her e herdaught er (w h o liv e d in C a lifo rn ia) w o u ld m e e t th e m fo r a v isit. M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta w as fi r ed fr om hi s j ob and dec i ded t o j oi n heratt he l as tm i nut e. ( I ti s evi dentfr om th e v id e o o f

th e sto p th a t h e r so n d id n o t jo in th e m o n th e trip .) U p o n a rriv a l in A l buquer que, M s . T r i ana, herdaught er , and hergr andchi l dr en w ents hoppi ng w ith o u t M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta. W h e n th e yre tu rn e d th a t ev e n in g to th e ir m o tel, he w as nott her e. H e di d notr etur n t hatni ght , and s he di d notknow w her e he-7-

wa s . Af t e rh e r e tu r n e d t h e n e x td a y , h e d i d n o td i s c l o s e wh e r e h e h a d b e e n . He and M s . T r i ana w entt o a s t or e thats ol d drug par aphernal i a, and pur chas ed b a g g ies , g las s p ip e s, a n d a sc a le. T h e yth e n lef t A lb u q u e rq u e . T h e ysto p p e d a t a m o tel in A m a rillo, T e x a s, w h e re M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta empt i ed on the ni ght s t and t h e c o n t e n t s o f

a b l a c k p o u c h i n wh i c h h e k e p tp e r s o n a l i t e ms a n d s o me m e th a m p h e tam in e , w h ich th e yb o th u se d . M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta had pr es s ur ed heri nt o us i ng drugs att i m es , buts he neve ras ked hi m abouthi s drug- deal i ng bus i nes s . A l t hough he coul d att i m es be veryni ce, he w as contr ol l i ng and on occa s i on had phy s i cal l yabus ed hert o t he poi ntt hats he fe ar ed forherl i fe. R egar di ng t he tr aff

i c s t op, s he t es t i fi ed thatw hen theyw er e bei ng pul l ed o v e r, M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta h a d sh o v e d th e b lac k p o u c h in to h e r sh o rts a n d to ld h e r t h a t in th e tr u n k h e h a d “ s h it,” w h ic h s h e u n d e rs to o d to b e m e th a m p h e ta m in e . R . V ol . 3 at146. She s ai d t hatt hi s w as t he fi r s ts he knew aboutt her e bei ng any drugs i n t he ca rot hert han thos e i n t he bl ack pouc h. A s fort he guns , s he t es t i fi ed th a t a lth o u g h s h e h a d p u rc h a s e d th e m , th e yb e lo n g e d to M r. C a llir g o s -N a v e tta . W h e n a sk e d o n c ro ss -e x a m in a tio n a b o u t h e r sta tem e n t to M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta on t he vi deo that“[y ] ou di dn’ thel p m e pac k t he ca r , ” s he s ai d t hats he w as re fe rrin g o n lyto th e c a r’s in ter io r a n d w a s try in g to tra n sfe r re sp o n sib ili tyto her s el f fr om M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a, a convi ct ed fe l on, forpos s es s i on of t he guns beca us e s he di d nott hi nk t hats he fa ced a nyl i abi l i t yforpos s es s i ng t hem. She-8-

al s o expl ai ned thatt he r eas on s he had be come agi t at ed w hen the tr ooper s began s ear chi ng t he trunk w as t hatt her e w er e i t ems i n i tt hats he di d notw ants een. M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta al s o t es t i fi ed att r i al . W hen as ked aboutt he tr i p, he gave a s t or ydi ffe r entfr om M s . T r i ana’ s . H e s ai d t hatM s . T r i ana ha d been naggi ng hi m t hats he w ant ed t o s ee he rgr andchi l dr en. B eca us e he w as al r eady g o in g in th a t d ire c tio n , h e d e c id e d to tak e h e r w ith h im . T h e p u rp o se o f h is trip w as t o pi ck up met hamphet ami ne i n C al i for ni a fordi s t r i but i on. O nce theyarr i ved i n A l buquer que, he t ook t he ca rand l eftM s . T r i ana w i t h t hei rdaught er . W i t hout t el l i ng M s . T r i ana w her e he w as goi ng, he dr ove t o C al i for ni a t o obt ai n a pac kage t hathe puti n a bac kpack. O n hi s r etur n t o A l buquer que, he pi cked up M s. T ria n a , w h o d id n o t as k w h e re h e h a d b e e n . M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta fur t her tes tifie d th a t o n th e trip h e h a d b e e n c a rry in g a b lac k p o u c h c o n tain in g h is per s onal drugs . W hen theyw er e bei ng pul l ed over , he gr abbed the pouch a nd s tuck i ti n herpant s . H e then t ol d hert hathe had “ s om e s tuff” i n t he trunk, R . V ol . 3 at210; t hi s w as t he fi r s the had t ol d heraboutt he drugs i n t he trunk. W ith resp ec t t o C o u n t O n e (the d rug -po sses sion ch arg e), th e d istri ct co u rt i ns t ruct ed the j ur yt hatt o convi ctM s . T r i ana i thad t o fi nd t hats he had pos s es s ed th e c o n tro lled su b sta n c e k n o w in g lya n d in ten tio n a llyw ith th e in ten t to d istrib u te i t . I tdefi ned dis tr i but e as “t o del i vera contr ol l ed s ubs t ance . ” R . V ol . 1 D oc. 47 at16. A bout90 m i nut es aft ert he j ur yr et i r ed t o del i ber at e, i ts enta not e t o t he c o u rt a s k in g , “ C o u ld w e p le a s e h a v e a d e fin itio n o f d e liv e ri n g ? ” R . V o l. 4 a t 3 0 2 .-9-

T he courtadvi s ed couns el t hati ti nt ended t o compl yw i t h t he r eques t . A l t hough b o t h t h e p r o s e c u t o ra n d d e fe n s e c o u n s e l o bj e c t e d , th e c o u r tg a v e t h e j u r y a s uppl ement al i ns t ruct i on s t at i ng, “The t er m ‘ del i ver ’ m eans t o y i el d pos s es s i on or co n tr o l of

so m ethin g to an o ther.” R . V o l. 1 D o c. 47 at 17 . Italso told the jury t hati ts houl d “be gui ded byal l of t he i ns truct i ons ” al r eadygi ven as w el l as t he s uppl ement al i ns t ruct i on. R . V ol . 4 at309. T he j ur yr eac hed i t s ver di ctabout tw o an d a h alf h o u rs l ater. II. A N A L Y S IS A . Suffi ci ency of t he E vi dence M s . T r i ana c ont ends t hatt he evi dence w as i ns uffi ci entfort he j ur yt o fi nd hergui l t yof ei t hert he met hamphet ami ne ort he fi r earm offe ns e. W e r evi ew t he s u ffic ie n c yo f

th e e v id e n c e d e n o v o . S e e Un itedS ta tes v . P la tte , 401 F. 3d 1176, 1180 ( 10t h C i r . 2005) . W e “a s k onl yw hether , t aki ng t he evi dence

— bot h di r ect a n d c i r c u ms t a n t i a l , t o g e t h e rwi t h t h e r e a s o n a b l e i n fe r e n c e s t o b e d r a wn th e re f ro m — in th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e g o v e rn m e n t, a re a so n a b le ju ryc o u ld fi nd t he defendant [] gui l t ybey ond a r eas onabl e doubt . ” Id. ( i nt ernal quot at i on m ark s o m itted).

1. P os s es s i on of

D rugs T o s us t ai n M s . T r i ana’ s convi ct i on forpos s es s i on w i t h i nt entt o di s t r i but e, t he evi dence m us tpr ove thats he ( 1) know i ngl ypos s es s ed the i l l egal drug, and ( 2) d id s o w ith th e in te n t to d is tr ib u te it. See Uni t ed Stat es v. R eec e , 86 F. 3d 994,-10-

996 ( 10t h C i r . 1996) . “Pos s es s i on m aybe ei t heractual orcons t ruct i ve; cons t ruct i ve pos s es s i on m aybe found i f a pe r s on know i ngl yhas ow ner s hi p, d o m inion , o r co n tr o l ov er the n arc o ti cs a n d the p rem ises w h ere [th ey ] are fo u n d . . . . [ W ]h e n th e c o n tra b a n d m a yb e a ttribu ted to m o re th a n o n e in d iv id u a l, cons t ruct i ve pos s es s i on r equi r es s om e nexus , l i nk, orot herconnec t i on betw een t he defendantand the contr aband. T he j urym aydr aw r eas onabl e i nfer ence s fr om di r ectorci r cumst ant i al evi dence , y etan i nfer ence m us tamount t o m or e than s pecul at i on. ” Id . ( ci t at i ons and i nt ernal quot at i on m ar ks om i t t ed) . “[A ] j ur ym ay i nferi nt entt o di s t r i but e fr om t he pos s es s i on of l ar ge quant i t i es of drugs . ” Uni t ed St at es v. P ul i do- Jacobo , 3 7 7 F .3 d 1 1 2 4 , 1 1 3 1 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ). M s. T ri ana argu es t hat s he co uld not be con vict ed o f t he d rug offense beca us e ( 1) M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a, nots he, exer ci s ed domi ni on and contr ol over t h e d ru g s fo u n d i n t h e t ru n k a n d h e wa s th e o n e wh o wa s g o i n g t o d i s t r i b u t e t h e m; and ( 2) t he drugs i n t he pouch found on herper s on bel onged t o hi m and w er e for hi s per s onal us e, notdi s t r i but i on. W e ar e notper s uaded. M s . T r i ana r el i es on R eec e , in w h ich w e re v erse d the d efen d an t’ s convi ct i on forpos s es s i on w i t h i nt entt o di s t r i but e bec aus e the “e vi dence fai l [ed] t o l i nk [hi m ] t o t he nar cot i cs i n anyw ayot hert han pr es ence and pr oxi m i t y , l et a lo n e sh o w h is in ten t to se ll. ” 8 6 F .3 d a t 9 9 6 . M r. R e e c e w a s d riv in g th e c a r in w h ic h h is c o d e fe n d a n t w a s ri d in g w h e n th e yw e re s to p p e d b ya p o lic e o ffic e r. D rugs w er e found on the code fenda nt , butnoton M r . R eec e, norel s ew her e i n t he-11-

c a r. S e e id . W e s t at ed thatt he onl yevi dence t hatcoul d pos s i bl yl i nk M r . R eec e t o t he drugs w as a s t at ement r ecor ded w hi l e he a nd hi s codefendantw ai t ed i n a p a tr o l c a r. S e e id . T he s t at ement i ndi cat ed hi s know l edge of t he drugs , butby th e tim e it w a s m a d e , th e c o d e fe n d a n t h a d to ld M r. R e e c e a b o u t th e d ru g s . S e e id . I tw as t her efor e i ns uffi ci entt o es t abl i s h t he r equi r ed nexus betw een M r . R eec e a n d th e d ru g s . S e e id . W e fi nd R eec e r eadi l ydi s t i ngui s habl e. U nl i ke the defendanti n R eec e , w ho had no drugs on hi s per s on, M s . T r i ana w as carr y i ng t he drugs i n t he bl ack pouc h att he t i m e of the s t op. H erknow l edge of t hei rpr es ence w as demonst r at ed byher stat em en t “I ha v e tha t shitin m yp an ts, ” R . A d d . 1 9 :48 :48 , an d h er later vo lun tary su rren d er o f th e p o u ch to the tr o o p er. T h e juryw as n o t r eq u ir ed to cre d ith er ar gum entt hatt he drugs i n t he pouch be l onged t o M r . C al l i r gos - N avett a and that s h e d i d n o th a v e d o mi n i o n o rc o n t r o l o v e rt h e m. M or e i m por t anti s t he evi dence of herconnec t i on t o t he drugs i n t he trunk: A ft erM r . C al l i r gos - N avett a apol ogi zed t o herw hi l e theys ati n t he patr ol car , s he as ked hi m , “Sor r yw hat , t hatI ’ m goi ng t o go t o j ai l ?” Id . at 1 9 :4 8 :1 6 . W h ile w ai t i ng fort he dog, s he fe ar ed thati tw as “goi ng t o s m el l t hati n t he bag. ” Id. at 19: 51: 48. W hen the dog appr oache d t he trunk, s he s ai d, “I f he ge t s neart hat corner , t hat ’ s w her e i ti s , ” i d. a t 1 9 :5 3 :3 8 , a n d “ K e e p g o in g d o g g y , k e e p g o in g ,” id . at19: 53: 41. A s t he off i ceropened the trunk, s he s ai d, “W e’ r e dea d, ” id . at 20: 03: 56; and as he r emoved t he bac kpack c ont ai ni ng t he drugs , s he s ai d, “O h,-12-

pl eas e no, t her e i ti s R i ck, ” id . at20: 04: 08, and “W ho’ s gonna hel p m e R i ck?” Id . at 2 0 :0 4 :0 9 . A lth o u g h M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta te stified th a t th e d ru g s w e re h is a n d th a t s h e d id n o t k n o w a b o u t th e m , th e ju ry w a s n o t r e q u ir e d to b e lie v e h im . W e not e thatt he j ur ycoul d r eas onabl yhave de t er m i ned fr om t he t one and s ubs t ance of t he audi o r ecor di ng t hatM s . T r i ana, notM r . C al l i r gos - N avett a, w as t he domi nantper s on i n t hei rr el at i ons hi p. W e “a cce ptt he j ur y ’ s r es ol ut i on of t he evi dence as l ong as i ti s w i t hi n t he bounds of r eas on. ” See Uni t ed Stat es v. C ui Q i n Zhang , 458 F. 3d 1126, 1128 ( 10t h C i r . 2006) ( emphasi s and i nt ernal quot at i on m ar k om i t t ed) . I tw as emi nent l yr eas onabl e t o fi nd t hatM s . T r i ana know i ngl ypos s es s ed al l t he drugs found i n t he conve r t i bl e. H avi ng det er m i ned thatt he evi dence w as s uffi ci entt o s how t hats he pos s es s ed the drugs , w e have l i t t l e di ffi cul tyi n fur t herdet er m i ni ng t hatt he evi dence w as s uffi ci entt o s how t hatM s . T r i ana i nt ended t o di s t r i but e them. N ot o n lyw a s th e q u a n tityo f d ru g s fo u n d in th e b a c k p a c k lar g e e n o u g h fo r th e ju ryto in fe r i n te n t to d is tr ib u te , s ee P ul i do- Jacobo , 37 7 F . 3d at11 31 , bu tt he scal es, g lass p ipes , an d ziplo ck b ag g ies— so ca ll ed “too ls of the d rug tr ad e”

— w ere f u rt h e r e v id e n c e f

ro m w h ic h th e ju ry c o u ld in fe r a n in te n t to d is tr ib u te . Uni t ed St at es v. Mi l l er , 8 4 F .3 d 1 2 4 4 , 1 2 5 5 (1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 6 ), over r ul ed on othergr ounds by Uni t ed Stat es v. Hol l and , 116 F. 3d 1353 ( 10t h C i r . 1997) . W hoeverpos s es s ed t he drugs had more i n m i nd t han j us tper s onal us e.

2 . P o s s e s s i o n o f

F i r e a r ms-13-

M s . T r i ana w as convi ct ed of vi ol at i ng 18 U . S. C . § 924( c) ( 1) ( A ) , w hi ch pr ohi bi t s us i ng orcarr y i ng a fi r earm “dur i ng and i n r el at i on t o any. . . drug t r aff i cki ng cr i m e” orpos s es s i ng a fi r earm “i n fur t her ance of anys uch cr i m e. ” H ers peci fi c cha l l enge t o t he convi ct i on i s t hatt her e w as i ns uffi ci entevi dence t hats he pos s es s ed the guns found i n t he PT C rui s er . W e di s agr ee. She admi t t ed t hat s he h ad p urchased the gu ns (because i tw as unlaw ful for M r. C al l i rgosN avett a t o do s o) , and thats he had r ent ed the ca ri n w hi ch theyw er e found. She to ld th e o ffice rs th a t th e re w a s a g u n u n d e r th e se a t. W h e n M r. C a lli rg o s-N a v e tta a s k e d h e r w h a t w a s in th e b ri e fc a s e , s h e to ld h im th a t it c o n ta in e d o th e r g u n s . She, notM r . C al l i r gos - N avett a, gave the tr ooper s t he combi nat i on t o open the br i efc as e. T he j ur ycoul d r at i onal l yi nfert hatM s . T r i ana pos s es s ed the guns fo u n d in the ca r. B . Jury I nst ruct i on M s . T r i ana c ont ends t hatt he di s t r i ctcour tcomm i t t ed r ever s i bl e err orw hen i tg a v e th e j u r ya n i n s t ru c t i o n d e fi n i n g t h e t e r m deli ver as “t o y i el d pos s es s i on. ” She ar gues t hatt he courtei t hers houl d nothave gi ven a de fi ni t i onal i ns t ruct i on or shou l d h ave u sed i n the defini t i on a w ord such as gi ve , r athert han y ield , to i n d i c a t e “ a n a ffi r m a t i v e a c t ” o f t r a n s fe r r i n g p o s s e s s i o n . A p l t . B r . a t2 3 . “ We revi ew a dis t ri ctcou rt ’s decis i on t o g i ve a p art i cularj uryi nst ruct i on for an ab use of di s cr et i on and cons i dert he i ns t ruct i ons as a w hol e de novo t o det er m i ne-14-

w hethert heyacc ur at el yi nfor m ed the j ur yof the governi ng l aw . ” Uni t ed Stat es v. G w athney , 4 6 5 F . 3 d 1 1 3 3 , 1 1 4 2 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ). T he def i ni t i onal i ns t ruct i on di d notm i s s t at e the l aw , atl eas ti n t he cont ext of t hi s cas e. W e fa i l t o s ee how om i s s i on of t he i ns t ruct i on, orpr ovi di ng a defi ni t i on us i ng gi ve r athert han y ield , co u ld h a v e a ffe c ted th e ju ry ’s u lti m a te fi n d i n g o f

M s . T r i a n a ’ s g u i l to n t h e p o s s e s s i o n - wi t h - i n t e n t - t o - d i s t r i b u t e c o u n t . At or al ar gum enton appea l hercouns el ur ged thatbeca us e the def i ni t i on gi ven by t he courtw as pas s i ve ( “y i el d”) , i tw as eas i erfort he j ur yt o fi nd t hatM s . T r i ana w as gui l t yof pos s es s i on w i t h i nt entt o di s t r i but e than i tw oul d have be en had the d e fin iti o n in c lu d e d th e m o re a c tiv e w o rd “ g iv e .” “ G iv e ,” in h is v iew , w o u ld have r equi r ed the j ur yt o fi nd t hatM s . T r i ana ha d t aken a n act i ve r ol e i n t he drugd istri b u ti o n ac ti v ity , rathe r t h an m ere lyh av ing b ee n a p asse n g er in the ca r w h ere t he drugs w er e found. B uti f t he j ur yhad found thatM s . T r i ana w as a mer e pas s enger , w i t h no r es pons i bi l i t yfort he drugs , i tw oul d have a cqui t t ed herbeca us e s he di d not po sses s t he drugs . A nd i f s he i s ar gui ng t hats he w oul d notbe gui l t yof po sses si on w i t h int ent t o d i stri bu t e j ustbecau se som eon e el se ( M r. C al l i rgosN a v e tta? ) w o u ld b e th e o n e w h o p e rso n a llyd istrib u ted h e r d ru g s (i.e ., sh e w o u ld “y i el d” t hem t o hi m for di s t r i but i on) , s he i s s i m pl y w r ong. O ne w ho has j oi nt pos s es s i on of drugs w i t h t he i nt entt hats om eone e l s e ac tual l yhandl e the di s t r i but i on i s gui l t yof pos s es s i on w i t h i nt entt o di s t r i but e. T he l aw does not-15-

per m i ta w i l l i ng par t i ci panti n cr i m e t o es cape l i abi l i t ybykeepi ng herhands cl ean. A s t he j ur yw as i ns t ruct ed, one i s gui l t yas an ai derorabett ori f s he

“ w illf u lly a s s o c ia te [ s ] h e rs e lf in s o m e w a yw ith th e c ri m in a l v e n tu re , a n d . . . w illf u lly p a rt ic ip a te [ s ] i n it a s in s o m e th in g s h e w is h e s to b ri n g a b o u t, a n d . . . w i l l ful l ys eeks bys om e ac t i on of her s t o m ake i ts ucce ed. ” R . V ol . 1 D oc. 47 at 2 3

– 2 4 ; s ee Uni t ed Stat es v. A nders on , 1 8 9 F . 3 d 1 2 0 1 , 1 2 0 7 ( 1 0 t h C i r . 1 9 9 9 ) . We can s ee no ba s i s foracqui t t i ng M s . T r i ana thatcoul d have tur ned on the us e of gi ve r athert han y ieldi n t he di s t r i ctcour t ’ s i ns t ruct i on. T her efor e, w e nee d not s pecul at e w hetheri n s om e othercas e the us e of the w or d y ieldcoul d m i s l ead a ju ryin to re a c h in g a n im p ro p e r v e rd ict. I I I . CO NC L US I ON M s . T r i a n a ’ s c o n v i c t i o n i s AF F I RMED .