[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 163 (Thursday, August 26, 2021)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 47744-47838]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-17684]



[[Page 47743]]

Vol. 86

Thursday,

No. 163

August 26, 2021

Part II





Department of Energy





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10 CFR Part 460





Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 
Manufactured Housing; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 86 , No. 163 / Thursday, August 26, 2021 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 47744]]


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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

10 CFR Part 460

[EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021]
RIN 1904-AC11


Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 
Manufactured Housing

AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of 
Energy.

ACTION: Notice of supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking and 
request for comment.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'' or ``the Department'') 
is publishing a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (``SNOPR'') 
to establish energy conservation standards for manufactured housing 
pursuant to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. This 
document presents an updated proposal based on the 2021 version of the 
International Energy Conservation Code (``IECC'') and comments received 
during interagency consultation with the U.S. Department of Housing and 
Urban Development, as well as from stakeholders. This proposal presents 
two potential approaches--one would provide a set of ``tiered'' 
standards based on the manufacturer's retail list price for the 
manufactured home that would apply the 2021 IECC-based standards to 
manufactured homes, except that manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 and below would be subject 
to less stringent building thermal envelope requirements based on 
manufacturer's retail list price. The alternative approach would apply 
standards based on the 2021 IECC to all manufactured homes, with no 
exceptions for building thermal envelope requirements based on 
manufacturer's retail list price.

DATES: 
    Meeting: DOE will hold a public meeting via webinar on Tuesday, 
September 28, 2021, from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. See section VI, 
``Public Participation,'' for webinar registration information, 
participant instructions and information about the capabilities 
available to webinar participants.
    Comments: DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding 
this SNOPR not later than October 25, 2021.

ADDRESSES: Interested persons are encouraged to submit comments using 
the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov. Follow 
the instructions for submitting comments. Alternatively, interested 
persons may submit comments by email to: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3578545b4053545641404750516a7d5a40465c5b527550501b515a501b525a43"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="024f636c7764636176777067665d4a6d77716b6c654267672c666d672c656d74">[email protected]</span></a>. Include docket number EERE-2009-BT-
STD-0021 and/or RIN number 1904-AC11 in the subject line of the 
message. Submit electronic comments in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, 
PDF, or ASCII file format, and avoid the use of special characters or 
any form of encryption.
    Although DOE has routinely accepted public comment submissions 
through a variety of mechanisms, including postal mail and hand 
delivery/courier, the Department has found it necessary to make 
temporary modifications to the comment submission process in light of 
the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. DOE is currently suspending receipt of 
public comments via postal mail and hand delivery/courier. If a 
commenter finds that this change poses an undue hardship, please 
contact Appliance Standards Program staff at (202) 586-1445 to discuss 
the need for alternative arrangements. Once the Covid-19 pandemic 
health emergency is resolved, DOE anticipates resuming all of its 
regular options for public comment submission, including postal mail 
and hand delivery/courier.
    No telefacsimilies (faxes) will be accepted. For detailed 
instructions on submitting comments and additional information on the 
rulemaking process, see section VI of this document.
    Docket: The docket for this activity, which includes Federal 
Register notices, comments, and other supporting documents/materials, 
is available for review at https://www.regulations.gov. All documents 
in the docket are listed in the https://www.regulations.gov index. 
However, not all documents listed in the index may be publicly 
available, such as information that is exempt from public disclosure.
    The docket web page can be found at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021. The docket web page contains 
instructions on how to access all documents, including public comments, 
in the docket. See section VI for information on how to submit comments 
through https://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    Mr. John Cymbalsky, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy 
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program (EE-2J), 
1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585; 202-287-1692; 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5832373036763b21353a39342b3321183d3d763c373d763f372e"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="fe94919690d09d87939c9f928d9587be9b9bd09a919bd0999188">[email protected]</span></a>.
    Mr. Matthew Ring, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the General 
Counsel (GC-33), 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585; 
202-586-2555; <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ee838f9a9a868b99c09c878089ae869fc08a818bc0898198"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f29f9386869a9785dc809b9c95b29a83dc969d97dc959d84">[email protected]</span></a>.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 
    This SNOPR proposes to incorporate by reference into 10 CFR part 
460 the following industry standards:
    ANSI/ACCA 2 Manual J-2016 (``ACCA Manual J''), ``Manual J--
Residential Load Calculation (8th edition)'', Copyright 2016.
    ANSI/ACCA 3 Manual S-2014 (``ACCA Manual S''), ``Manual S--
Residential Equipment Selection (2nd edition)'', Copyright 2014.
    Copies of Manual J and Manual S may be purchased from Air 
Conditioning Contractors of America Inc., (ACCA), 2800 S Shirlington 
Road, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22206, Telephone: 703-575-4477. 
www.acca.org/.
    PNL-8006 (``Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes''), ``Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes'', C.C. Conner and Z.T. Taylor of Pacific Northwest 
Laboratory, prepared for the Department of Housing and Urban 
Development, published February 1992.
    A copy of Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured 
Homes may be purchased from: www.huduser.org/portal/publications/manufhsg/uvalue.html. Telephone: 800-245-2691.
    See section V.M of this document for further discussion of these 
standards.

Table of Contents

I. Summary of the SNOPR
    A. Benefits and Costs to Purchasers of Manufactured Housing
    B. Impact on Manufacturers
    C. Nationwide Impacts
    D. Nationwide Energy Savings and Emissions Benefits
    E. Total Benefits and Costs
    F. Conclusion
II. Introduction
    A. Authority
    B. Background
    1. Current Standards
    2. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
    3. Development of the Initial Proposal and Responses
    4. Development of the Current Proposal
III. Discussion of the Proposed Standards
    A. The Basis for the Proposed Standards
    1. Scope
    2. Proposed Standards
    B. Rulemaking Process
    C. Test Procedure
    D. Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement
    E. Energy Conservation Standards Requirements
    1. Subpart A: General
    2. Subpart B: Building Thermal Envelope
    3. Subpart C: HVAC, Service Water Heating, and Equipment Sizing

[[Page 47745]]

    4. Remaining Comments Regarding the Energy Conservation Standard 
Requirements
    F. Crosswalk of Standards With the HUD Code
IV. Discussion and Results of the Economic Impact and Energy Savings
    A. Economic Impacts on Individual Purchasers of Manufactured 
Homes
    1. Discussion of Comments and Analysis Updates
    2. Results
    B. Manufacturer Impacts
    1. Conversion Costs
    2. Manufacturer Production Costs and Markups
    3. Manufacturer Markup Scenarios
    4. Cash-Flow and INPV Results
    5. Impact of Any Lessening of Competition
    C. Nationwide Impacts
    1. Discussion of Comments and Analysis Updates
    2. Results
    D. Nationwide Energy Savings and Emissions Benefits
    1. Emissions Analysis
    2. Monetizing Emissions Impacts
    3. Discussion of Comments
    4. Results
    E. Total Benefits and Costs
V. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
    A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563
    B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
    1. Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    2. Significant Issues Raised in Response to the IRFA
    3. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities 
Affected
    4. Description and Estimate of Compliance Requirements
    5. Significant Alternatives Considered and Steps Taken To 
Minimize Significant Economic Impacts on Small Entities
    C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act
    D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
    E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
    F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
    G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1999
    I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
    J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 2001
    K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
    L. Information Quality
    M. Materials Incorporated by Reference
VI. Public Participation
    A. Participation in the Webinar
    B. Procedure for Submitting Prepared General Statements for 
Distribution
    C. Conduct of the Webinar
    D. Submission of Comments
    E. Issues on Which DOE Requests Comment
VII. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

I. Summary of the SNOPR

    The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (``EISA,'' Pub. L. 
110-140) directs the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'' or in context, 
``the Department'') to establish energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing.\1\ (42 U.S.C. 17071) Manufactured homes are 
constructed according to a code administered by the U.S. Department of 
Housing and Urban Development (``HUD Code''). 24 CFR part 3280. See 
also generally 42 U.S.C. 5401-5426. Structures, such as site-built and 
modular homes that are constructed to the state, local or regional 
building codes are excluded from the coverage of the HUD Code.\2\
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    \1\ The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety 
Standards Act of 1974, as amended, defines ``manufactured home'' as 
``a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which in the 
traveling mode is 8 body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or 
more in length or which when erected on-site is 320 or more square 
feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be 
used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when 
connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, 
heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein; 
except that such term shall include any structure that meets all the 
requirements of this paragraph except the size requirements and with 
respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification 
required by the Secretary [pursuant to 24 CFR 3282.13] and complies 
with the standards established under this title [24 CFR part 3280]; 
and except that such term shall not include any self-propelled 
recreational vehicle.'' 42 U.S.C. 5402(6).
    \2\ See 42 U.S.C. 5403(f). See also 24 CFR 3282.12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EISA directs DOE to base the standards on the most recent version 
of the International Energy Conservation Code (``IECC'') and any 
supplements to that document, except in cases where DOE finds that the 
IECC is not cost-effective or where a more stringent standard would be 
more cost-effective, based on the impact of the IECC on the purchase 
price of manufactured housing and on total lifecycle construction and 
operating costs. (See 42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) Standards shall be 
established after notice and an opportunity to comment by manufacturers 
of manufactured housing and other interested parties, and consultation 
with the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (``HUD''), who may 
seek further counsel from the Manufactured Housing Consensus Committee. 
(42 U.S.C. 17071(a)(2)) The energy conservation standards established 
by DOE may (1) take into consideration the design and factory 
construction techniques of manufactured homes, (2) be based on the 
climate zones established by HUD rather than the climate zones of the 
IECC, and (3) provide for alternative practices that result in net 
estimated energy consumption equal to or less than the specified 
standards. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2))
    On June 17, 2016, DOE published in the Federal Register a notice of 
proposed rulemaking (``NOPR''), including proposals recommended by the 
negotiated rulemaking working group for manufactured housing. 81 FR 
39756 (June 2016 NOPR). DOE also issued a comprehensive technical 
support document. See Document ID EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0136.\3\ The 
agency also issued for public review and comment a draft Environmental 
Assessment (``EA'') pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. 
In conjunction with the draft EA, DOE issued a request for information 
that would help it analyze potential impacts of the proposed standards 
on the indoor air quality of manufactured homes. See Draft 
Environmental Assessment for Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, ``Energy 
Conservation Standards for Manufactured Housing'' With Request for 
Information on Impacts to Indoor Air Quality, 81 FR 42576 (June 30, 
2016) (``2016 EA-RFI''). DOE received nearly 50 comments on the 
proposed rule during the comment period. In addition, DOE also received 
over 700 substantively similar form letters from individuals. DOE also 
received 7 comments to the 2016 EA-RFI during its comment period.
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    \3\ Available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0136.
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    During DOE's interagency consultation with HUD, HUD expressed 
concerns about the adverse impacts on manufactured housing 
affordability that would likely follow if DOE were to adopt the 
approach laid out in its June 2016 NOPR. A variety of commenters also 
expressed concerns over the potentially negative impacts on the 
affordability of manufactured housing flowing from increased consumer 
costs resulting from DOE's approach in the June 2016 NOPR. DOE 
published a Notice of Data Availability (NODA) on August 3, 2018. 83 FR 
38073 (August 2018 NODA). In the August 2018 NODA, DOE stated it was 
examining a number of possible alternatives to those proposed in the 
June 2016 NOPR on which it sought further input from the public, 
including the first-time costs related to the purchase of these homes.
    After evaluating the comments received in response to the June 2016 
NOPR and the August 2018 NODA, in this SNOPR, DOE proposes energy 
conservation standards for manufactured homes based on the 2021 IECC. 
These standards would be based on the current HUD zones.
    In this SNOPR, DOE's primary proposal is the ``tiered'' approach, 
based on the 2021 IECC, wherein a subset of

[[Page 47746]]

the energy conservation standards would be less stringent for certain 
manufactured homes in light of the cost-effectiveness considerations 
required by statute. DOE's alternate proposal is the ``untiered'' 
approach, wherein energy conservation standards for all manufactured 
homes would be based only on the 2021 IECC. Both proposals replace 
DOE's June 2016 proposal and the selected approach would be codified in 
a new part of the Code of Federal Regulations (``CFR'') under 10 CFR 
part 460 subparts A, B, and C.
    As proposed in this document, subpart A presents generally the 
scope of the rule and provides definitions of key terms. Proposed 
subpart B would establish new requirements for manufactured homes that 
relate to climate zones, the building thermal envelope, air sealing, 
and installation of insulation. Subpart C proposes new requirements 
related to duct sealing, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 
(``HVAC''); service hot water systems; mechanical ventilation fan 
efficacy; and heating and cooling equipment sizing.
    Under either approach, subparts A and C would remain the same; 
however, the stringency of the requirements under proposed subpart B 
would depend on the manufacturer's retail list price of the 
manufactured home for the tiered approach. Under the tiered proposal, 
two sets of standards would be established in proposed subpart B (i.e., 
Tier 1 and Tier 2). Tier 1 would apply to manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less, and also 
incorporate building thermal envelope measures based on certain thermal 
envelope components subject to the 2021 IECC but would limit the 
incremental purchase price increase to an average of approximately 
$750. Tier 2 would apply to manufactured homes with a manufacturer's 
retail list price above $55,000, and incorporate building thermal 
envelope measures based on certain thermal envelope components and 
specifications of the 2021 IECC (i.e., the Tier 2 requirements would be 
the same as those under the proposed single, ``untiered'' set of 
standards).
    As mentioned previously, in the tiered proposal, DOE proposes to 
base the applicability of the two tiers on the manufacturer's retail 
list price. This is more appropriate than basing the tiers on the 
purchase price as the purchase price may not be known until after a 
manufactured home leaves the manufacturer, and manufacturers may have 
limited control of the final purchase price of manufactured homes sold 
by third-party retailers. DOE also notes that the manufacturer's retail 
list price is specified in EISA for the purpose of determining 
penalties for non-compliance. (42 U.S.C. 17071(d)) However, DOE relies 
on purchase price in its analysis for assessing incremental price 
increases for manufactured homes as an appropriate approximation for 
manufacturer's retail list price because available data for 
manufactured homes are only in terms of purchase price.
    Under both approaches, DOE proposes to adopt a compliance date such 
that the standards would apply to manufactured homes starting one year 
after the publication date of the final rule in the Federal Register. 
While DOE has tentatively concluded that either approach could be 
considered cost-effective, DOE requests comment regarding the cost-
effectiveness of both options to inform its final decision.

A. Benefits and Costs to Purchasers of Manufactured Housing

    As explained in greater detail in section IV.A of this document and 
in chapter 9 of the SNOPR technical support document (``TSD''), DOE 
tentatively estimates that benefits to manufactured home homeowners--in 
terms of lifecycle cost (``LCC'') savings and energy cost savings of 
the requirements as proposed in both proposals--could outweigh the 
potential increase in purchase price for manufactured homes.
    Table I.1 and Table I.2 present the average purchase price increase 
of a manufactured home as a result of the energy conservation standards 
for the tiered standards, i.e., Tier 1 standard and Tier 2 standard, 
respectively. Table I.3 presents the average purchase price increase of 
a manufactured home as a result of the energy conservation standards 
for manufactured homes under the proposed single set of standards based 
on 2021 IECC (``untiered'' standard). The average purchase price 
increase for the Tier 2 standard and the untiered standard are the 
same.

Table I.1--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under Tier 1 Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................            $629             1.2            $900             0.9
Climate Zone 2..................................             629             1.2             900             0.9
Climate Zone 3..................................             721             1.4             702             0.7
National Average................................             663             1.2             839             0.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Table I.2--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under Tier 2 Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,574             4.8          $4,143             4.0
Climate Zone 2..................................           4,820             9.1           6,167             5.9
Climate Zone 3..................................           4,659             8.8           5,839             5.6
National Average................................           3,914             7.4           5,289             5.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47747]]


  Table I.3--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under the Untiered
                                                    Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,574             4.8          $4,143             4.0
Climate Zone 2..................................           4,820             9.1           6,167             5.9
Climate Zone 3..................................           4,659             8.8           5,839             5.6
National Average................................           3,914             7.4           5,289             5.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The analysis results for the annual energy cost savings and simple 
payback periods are projected to be the same for both the Tier 2 
standard and the untiered standard because they have the same energy 
efficiency measures and inputs (e.g., purchase price inputs). Because 
the loan parameters are different for both proposed standards, however, 
the lifecycle cost savings results are different. See section IV.A.2 
for further details.
    Table I.4 presents the estimated national average LCC savings and 
energy savings for the compliance year that a manufactured homeowner 
would experience under the proposals compared to a manufactured home 
constructed in accordance with the minimum requirements of existing HUD 
Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (``HUD Code'') at 
24 CFR part 3280 et. seq. Table I.4, Figure I.1, Figure I.2 and Figure 
I.3 present the nationwide average simple payback period (purchase 
price increase divided by first year energy cost savings) estimated 
under the proposals. The methods and information used for these 
analyses are discussed more in section IV.A.

   Table I.4--National Average Per-Home Cost Savings Under the SNOPR *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        Single-section    Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tier 1 Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lifecycle Cost Savings (30-Year                  $1,643           $2,235
 Lifetime)...........................
Lifecycle Cost Savings (10-Year                    $761           $1,050
 Lifetime)...........................
Annual Energy Cost Savings in 2020$..              $181             $242
Simple Payback Period................               3.7              3.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tier 2 Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lifecycle Cost Savings (30-Year                  $2,105           $3,033
 Lifetime)...........................
Lifecycle Cost Savings (10-Year                    $124             $264
 Lifetime)...........................
Annual Energy Cost Savings in 2020$..              $359             $499
Simple Payback Period................              10.9             10.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lifecycle Cost Savings (30-Year                  $1,727           $2,511
 Lifetime)...........................
Lifecycle Cost Savings (10-Year                   ($12)              $77
 Lifetime)...........................
Annual Energy Cost Savings in 2020$..              $359             $499
Simple Payback Period................              10.9             10.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Negative values in parenthesis.

BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.000


[[Page 47748]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.001

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.002

BILLING CODE 6450-01-C

B. Impact on Manufacturers

    As discussed in more detail in section IV.B of this document and 
chapter 12 of the SNOPR TSD, the industry net present value (``INPV'') 
is the sum of the discounted cash flows to the industry from the 
reference year (2021) through the end of the analysis period (2052). 
Using a real discount rate of 9.2 percent, DOE tentatively estimates 
the INPV under a no-regulatory-action alternative, which would maintain 
energy conservation requirements at the levels established in the 
existing HUD Code, to be $16.2 billion. Under the tiered approach, the 
change in INPV would range from -1.7 percent to 2.0 percent. Industry 
would incur total conversion costs of $1.8 million. Under the untiered 
standard, the change in INPV would range from -2.1 percent to 2.4 
percent. Industry would incur total conversion costs of $1.8 million.

C. Nationwide Impacts

    As described in more detail in section IV.C of this document and 
chapter 11 of the SNOPR TSD, DOE's national impact analysis (``NIA'') 
projects a net benefit to the nation as a whole under both the tiered 
and untiered proposals, in terms of national energy savings (``NES'') 
and the net present value (``NPV'') of expected total manufactured 
homeowner costs and savings compared with the baseline. In this case, 
the baseline is manufactured homes built to the minimum standards 
established in the HUD Code. As part of its NIA, DOE has projected the 
energy savings, operating cost savings, incremental costs, and NPV of 
manufactured homeowner benefits for manufactured homes sold in a 30-
year period from the compliance year of 2023 through 2052. The NIA 
builds off the LCC analysis by aggregating results for all affected 
shipments over a 30-year period. All NES and percentage energy savings 
calculations are relative to a no-regulatory-action alternative, which 
would maintain energy conservation requirements at the levels 
established in the existing HUD Code.
    Table I.5 illustrates the cumulative NES over the 30-year analysis 
period under both the tiered and untiered standards on a full-fuel-
cycle (``FFC'') energy savings basis. FFC energy savings apply a factor 
to account for losses associated with generation, transmission, and 
distribution of electricity, and the energy consumed in extracting, 
processing, and transporting or distributing primary fuels. NES differ 
among the different climate zones because of varying energy 
conservation requirements and varying shipment projections in each 
climate zone. All NES and percentage energy savings calculations are 
relative to a no-regulatory-action alternative, which as discussed 
would maintain energy conservation requirements at the levels 
established in the existing HUD Code. DOE tentatively estimates that, 
under the tiered standards, 2.32 quads of FFC energy would be saved 
relative to the baseline over the 30-year analysis period. DOE 
tentatively estimates that, under the proposed untiered standard, 2.58 
quads of FFC energy would be saved relative to the baseline over the 
30-year analysis period.

[[Page 47749]]



    Table I.5--Cumulative Full-Fuel-Cycle National Energy Savings of
     Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Single-section
                                        quadrillion Btu   Multi-section
                                            (quads)          (quads)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tiered Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................            0.222            0.616
Climate Zone 2........................            0.172            0.491
Climate Zone 3........................            0.324            0.499
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................            0.718            1.606
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................            0.316            0.616
Climate Zone 2........................            0.254            0.491
Climate Zone 3........................            0.405            0.499
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................            0.976            1.606
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table I.6 and Table I.7 illustrate the NPV of consumer benefits 
over the 30-year analysis period under both proposals for a discount 
rate of 7 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The NPV of consumer 
benefits differ among the three climate zones because of differing 
initial costs and corresponding operating cost savings, as well as 
differing shipment projections in each climate zone.

Table I.6--Net Present Value of Consumer Benefits for Manufactured Homes
    Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime at a 7% Discount Rate
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Single-section   Multi-section
                                        (billion 2020$)  (billion 2020$)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tiered Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................            $0.22            $0.47
Climate Zone 2........................             0.08             0.08
Climate Zone 3........................             0.42             0.36
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................             0.72             0.90
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................             0.24             0.46
Climate Zone 2........................             0.00             0.06
Climate Zone 3........................             0.26             0.35
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................             0.49             0.87
------------------------------------------------------------------------


Table I.7--Net Present Value of Consumer Benefits for Manufactured Homes
    Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime at a 3% Discount Rate
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Single-section   Multi-section
                                        (billion 2020$)  (billion 2020$)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tiered Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................            $0.70            $1.69
Climate Zone 2........................             0.38             0.79
Climate Zone 3........................             1.34             1.50
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................             2.42             3.98
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1........................             0.85             1.63
Climate Zone 2........................             0.29             0.73
Climate Zone 3........................             1.12             1.44
                                       ---------------------------------
    Total.............................             2.26             3.80
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47750]]

D. Nationwide Energy Savings and Emissions Benefits

    As discussed in section IV.C of this document and in the NIA 
included in chapter 11 of the SNOPR TSD, DOE's analyses indicate that 
both the tiered and untiered proposals would reduce overall demand for 
energy in manufactured homes. Both proposals also would produce 
environmental benefits in the form of reduced emissions of air 
pollutants and greenhouse gases associated with electricity production.
    Emissions avoided under the proposed rule as a result of the energy 
savings that would be achieved within manufactured homes. As discussed 
previously, DOE tentatively estimates that, under the proposed tiered 
standard, 2.32 quads of FFC energy would be saved over the 30-year 
analysis period relative to the baseline. DOE tentatively estimates 
that, under the untiered standards, 2.58 quads of FFC energy would be 
saved over the 30-year analysis period relative to the baseline. DOE 
estimates reductions in emissions of six pollutants associated with 
energy savings: Carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2</INF>), mercury (Hg), nitric 
oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NO<INF>X</INF>), sulfur dioxide 
(SO<INF>2</INF>), methane (CH<INF>4</INF>), and nitrous oxide 
(N<INF>2</INF>O). These emissions reductions are referred to as 
``site'' emissions reductions. Furthermore, DOE estimates reductions in 
emissions associated with the production of these fuels (including 
extracting, processing, and transporting these fuels to power plants or 
manufactured homes). These emissions reductions are referred to as 
``upstream'' emissions reductions. Together, site emissions reductions 
and upstream emissions reductions account for the FFC.
    Table I.8 lists the emissions reductions under the proposed rule 
for both single-section and multi-section manufactured homes.

  Table I.8--Emissions Reductions Associated With Electricity Production for Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-
                                          2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Tiered standard                 Untiered standards
                  Pollutant                  -------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Single-section   Multi-section    Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Site Emissions Reductions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...................             31.7             67.7             42.4             67.7
Hg (metric tons)............................            0.063            0.146            0.087            0.146
NOX (thousand metric tons)..................             18.3             37.3               24             37.3
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..................             12.8             27.7             17.2             27.7
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..................             1.86             4.14             2.51             4.14
N2O (thousand metric tons)..................             0.35             0.74             0.47             0.74
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Upstream Emissions Reductions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...................              3.1             6.32             4.09             6.32
Hg (metric tons)............................          3.42E-4         7.67E-04         4.65E-04         7.67E-04
NOX (thousand metric tons)..................             39.7             81.7             52.5             81.7
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..................             0.32             0.64             0.42             0.64
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..................              221              463              293              463
N2O (thousand metric tons)..................            0.016            0.033            0.021            0.033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total Emissions Reductions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...................             34.8             74.0             46.4               74
Hg (metric tons)............................            0.064            0.147            0.087            0.147
NOX (thousand metric tons)..................               58              119             76.5              119
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..................             13.1             28.3             17.6             28.3
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..................              223              467              296              467
N2O (thousand metric tons)..................             0.37             0.78             0.49             0.78
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE calculates the value of the CO<INF>2</INF>, CH<INF>4</INF>, and 
N<INF>2</INF>O (collectively, greenhouse gases or GHGs) using a range 
of values per metric ton of pollutant, consistent with the interim 
estimates issued in February 2021 under Executive Order 13990. The 
derivation of these Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide 
values is discussed in section IV.D of this document. DOE also 
estimated the monetary benefits of NO<INF>X</INF> and SO<INF>2</INF> 
emission reduction, also discussed in section IV.D of this document.
    Table I.9 provides the NPV of monetized emissions benefits from 
reduction in emissions of GHGs for which social cost is considered, and 
NO<INF>X</INF> and SO<INF>2</INF> under both proposals.

      Table I.9--Net Present Value of Monetized Benefits From GHG and Emissions Reductions Under the SNOPR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Net present value (million 2020$)
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
        Monetary benefits          Discount            Tiered standard                 Untiered standards
                                   rate (%)  -------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Single-section   Multi-section    Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GHG Reduction (using avg. social           5            344.4            731.0            459.5            731.0
 costs at 5% discount rate) *...
GHG Reduction (using avg. social           3          1,448.6          3,076.4          1,932.9          3,076.4
 costs at 3% discount rate) *...
GHG Reduction (using avg. social         2.5          2,372.9          5,039.4          3,166.2          5,039.4
 costs at 2.5% discount rate) *.

[[Page 47751]]

 
GHG Reduction (using 95th                  3          4,347.5          9,235.5          5,801.6          9,235.5
 percentile social costs at 3%
 discount rate) *...............
NOX Reduction **................           3            149.0            297.1            194.6            297.1
                                           7             52.4            104.8             68.6            104.8
SO2 Reduction **................           3            240.9            493.8            317.2            493.8
                                           7             84.8            174.5            111.8            174.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Estimates of SC-CO2 SC-CH4, and SC-N2O are calculated using a range of discount rates for use in regulatory
  analyses. Three sets of values are based on the average social costs from the integrated assessment models, at
  discount rates of 5 percent, 3 percent, and 2.5 percent. The fourth set, which represents the 95th percentile
  of the social cost distributions calculated using a 3-percent discount rate, is included to represent higher-
  than-expected impacts from climate change further out in the tails of the social cost distributions. The
  social cost values are emission year specific. See section IV.D for more details.
** The benefits from NOx and SO2 were based on the low estimate monetized value. See section IV.D.2 of this
  document for more details.

E. Total Benefits and Costs

    Table I.10 summarizes the economic benefits and costs expected to 
result from the proposed standards for manufactured homes.

 Table I.10--Summary of Economic Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the Proposed Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Net present value (billion 2020$)
                                --------------------------------------------------       Discount rate (%)
                                          Tiered                  Untiered
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits:
Consumer Operating Cost Savings  5.5....................  6.1....................  7.
                                 14.3...................  15.9...................  3.
GHG Reduction (using avg.        1.1....................  1.2....................  5.
 social costs at 5% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using avg.        4.5....................  5.0....................  3.
 social costs at 3% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using avg.        7.4....................  8.2....................  2.5.
 social costs at 2.5% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using 95th        13.6...................  15.0...................  3
 percentile social costs at 3%
 discount rate) *.
NOX Reduction..................  0.2....................  0.2....................  7.
                                 0.4....................  0.5....................  3.
SO2 Reduction..................  0.3....................  0.3....................  7.
                                 0.7....................  0.8....................  3.
                                --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total Benefits.........  7 to 19.5..............  7.8 to 21.6............  7 plus GHG range.
                                 10.5...................  11.6...................  7.
                                 20.0...................  22.2...................  3.
                                 16.6 to 29.1...........  18.4 to 32.2...........  3 plus GHG range.
Costs:
    Consumer Incremental         3.9....................  4.7....................  7.
     Product Costs [dagger].
                                 7.9....................  9.6....................  3.
Total Net Benefits:
    Including GHG and Emissions  3.1 to 15.6............  3 to 16.9..............  7 plus GHG range.
     Reduction Monetized Value.  6.6....................  6.9....................  7.
                                 12.1...................  12.6...................  3.
                                 8.7 to 21.2............  8.7 to 22.6............  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table presents the costs and benefits associated with manufactured homes shipped in 2023-2052.
* The benefits from GHG reduction were calculated using global benefit-per-ton values. See section IV.D.2 of
  this document for more details.
** Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent cases are presented using the average GHG social costs
  with 3-percent discount rate. In the rows labeled ``7% plus GHG range'' and ``3% plus GHG range,'' the
  consumer benefits and NOX and SO2 benefits are calculated using the labeled discount rate, and those values
  are added to the GHG reduction using each of the four GHG social cost cases.
[dagger] The incremental costs include incremental costs associated with principal and interest, mortgage and
  property tax for the analyzed loan types.

    The benefits and costs of the proposed standards for manufactured 
housing sold in 2023-2052 can also be expressed in terms of annualized 
values. The monetary values for the total annualized net benefits are 
(1) the savings in consumer operating costs, minus (2) the increases in 
product installed costs, plus (3) the value of the benefits of GHG and 
NO<INF>X</INF> and SO<INF>2</INF> emission reductions, all 
annualized.\4\ Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent 
cases are presented using the average social costs

[[Page 47752]]

with 3-percent discount rate. Estimates of social cost of greenhouse 
gases (``SC-GHG'') values are presented for all four discount rates in 
section IV.D.4.b of this document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ To convert the time-series of costs and benefits into 
annualized values, DOE calculated a present value in 2020, the year 
used for discounting the NPV of total consumer costs and savings. 
For the benefits, DOE calculated a present value associated with 
each year's shipments in the year in which the shipments occur 
(e.g., 2020 or 2030), and then discounted the present value from 
each year to 2020. The calculation uses discount rates of 3 and 7 
percent for all costs and benefits. Using the present value, DOE 
then calculated the fixed annual payment over a 30-year period, 
starting in the compliance year, which yields the same present 
value.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The national operating cost savings are domestic private U.S. 
consumer monetary savings that occur as a result of purchasing the 
covered housing and are measured for the lifetime of manufactured 
housing shipped in 2023-2052. The benefits associated with reduced GHG 
emissions achieved as a result of the proposed standards are also 
calculated based on the lifetime of manufactured housing shipped in 
2023-2052.
    Table I.11 and Table I.12 present the total estimated benefits and 
costs to manufactured housing homeowners associated with the proposed 
tiered standard and the untiered standards, expressed in terms of 
annualized values.

  Table I.11--Annualized Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the Proposed Tiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Low-net-  benefits      High-net-
           Category              Primary  estimate        estimate      benefits estimate   Discount  rate  (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   (Million 2020$/year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits:
    Consumer Operating Cost     509...............  471...............  554..............  7.
     Savings.                   774...............  701...............  858..............  3.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   70................  69................  74...............  5.
     social costs at 5%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   231...............  227...............  243..............  3.
     social costs at 3%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   354...............  348...............  374..............  2.5.
     social costs at 2.5%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using 95th   693...............  681...............  730..............  3.
     percentile social costs
     at 3% discount rate) **.
    NOX Reduction **..........  13................  12................  13...............  7.
                                23................  22................  24...............  3.
    SO2 Reduction **..........  21................  21................  22...............  7.
                                37................  37................  39...............  3.
                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total Benefits          613 to 1,236......  573 to 1,185......  663 to 1,319.....  7 plus GHG range.
         [dagger][dagger].
                                773...............  731...............  832..............  7.
                                1,065.............  987...............  1,165............  3.
                                904 to 1,527......  829 to 1,441......  995 to 1,651.....  3 plus GHG range.
Costs:
    Consumer Incremental        359...............  352...............  385..............  7.
     Product Costs [dagger].    427...............  407...............  464..............  3.
Total Net Benefits:
    Including GHG and           254 to 877........  221 to 833........  278 to 934.......  7 plus GHG range.
     Emissions Reduction        414...............  379...............  447..............  7.
     Monetized Value
     [dagger][dagger].
                                638...............  580...............  701..............  3.
                                477 to 1,100......  422 to 1,034......  531 to 1,187.....  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table presents the annualized costs and benefits associated with manufactured homes shipped in 2023--
  2052. These results include benefits to consumers which accrue after 2052 from the products purchased in 2023--
  2052. The Primary, Low Net Benefits, and High Net Benefits Estimates utilize projections of energy prices from
  the AEO2020 Reference case, Low Economic Growth case, and High Economic Growth case, respectively. In
  addition, incremental product costs reflect a medium decline rate in the Primary Estimate, a low decline rate
  in the Low Net Benefits Estimate, and a high decline rate in the High Net Benefits Estimate. The methods used
  to derive projected price trends are explained in section IV.A and IV.C of this document. Note that the
  Benefits and Costs may not sum to the Net Benefits due to rounding.
* The benefits from GHG reduction were calculated using global benefit-per-ton values. See section IV.D.2 of
  this document for more details.
** The benefits from NOX and SO2 were based on the low estimate monetized value. See section IV.D.2 of this
  document for more details.
[dagger] The incremental costs include incremental costs associated with principal and interest, mortgage and
  property tax for the analyzed loan types. Further discussion can be found in chapter 8 of the TSD.
[dagger][dagger] Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent cases are presented using the average
  social costs with 3-percent discount rate. In the rows labeled ``7% plus GHG range'' and ``3% plus GHG
  range,'' the consumer cost and benefits and NOX and SO2 benefits are calculated using the labeled discount
  rate, and those values are added to the GHG reduction calculation using each of the four social cost cases.


 Table I.12--Annualized Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the Proposed Untiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                            High-Net-
           Category              Primary estimate   Low-net-  benefits       benefits       Discount  rate  (%)
                                                          estimate           estimate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   (Million 2020$/year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits:
    Consumer Operating Cost     565...............  523...............  615..............  7.
     Savings.                   859...............  778...............  951..............  3.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   77................  76................  81...............  5.
     social costs at 5%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   256...............  251...............  269..............  3.
     social costs at 3%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using avg.   392...............  385...............  414..............  2.5.
     social costs at 2.5%
     discount rate) **.
    GHG Reduction (using 95th   767...............  754...............  808..............  3.
     percentile social costs
     at 3% discount rate) **.
    NOX Reduction **..........  14................  14................  15...............  7.
                                25................  25................  26...............  3.
    SO2 Reduction **..........  23................  23................  24...............  7.
                                41................  41................  43...............  3.
                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total Benefits          679 to 1,369......  636 to 1,314......  735 to 1,462.....  7 plus GHG range.
         [dagger][dagger].
                                858...............  811...............  923..............  7.
                                1,181.............  1,095.............  1,290............  3.
                                1,003 to 1,693....  920 to 1,597......  1,102 to 1,829...  3 plus GHG range.
Costs:
    Consumer Incremental        440...............  429...............  471..............  7.
     Product Costs [dagger].    530...............  503...............  576..............  3.

[[Page 47753]]

 
Total Net Benefits:
    Including GHG and           239 to 929........  207 to 885........  264 to 991.......  7 plus GHG range.
     Emissions Reduction        418...............  382...............  452..............  7.
     Monetized Value
     [dagger][dagger].
                                651...............  592...............  714..............  3.
                                473 to 1,163......  417 to 1,094......  526 to 1,253.....  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table presents the annualized costs and benefits associated with manufactured homes shipped in 2023--
  2052. These results include benefits to consumers which accrue after 2052 from the products purchased in 2023--
  2052. The Primary, Low Net Benefits, and High Net Benefits Estimates utilize projections of energy prices from
  the AEO2020 Reference case, Low Economic Growth case, and High Economic Growth case, respectively. In
  addition, incremental product costs reflect a medium decline rate in the Primary Estimate, a low decline rate
  in the Low Net Benefits Estimate, and a high decline rate in the High Net Benefits Estimate. The methods used
  to derive projected price trends are explained in section IV.A and IV.C of this document. Note that the
  Benefits and Costs may not sum to the Net Benefits due to rounding.
* The benefits from GHG reduction were calculated using global benefit-per-ton values. See section IV.D.2 of
  this document for more details.
** The benefits from NOX and SO2 were based on the low estimate monetized value. See section IV.D.2 of this
  document for more details.
[dagger] The incremental costs include incremental costs associated with principal and interest, mortgage and
  property tax for the analyzed loan types. Further discussion can be found in chapter 8 of the TSD.
[dagger][dagger] Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent cases are presented using the average
  social costs with 3-percent discount rate. In the rows labeled ``7% plus GHG range'' and ``3% plus GHG
  range,'' the consumer cost and benefits and NOX and SO2 benefits are calculated using the labeled discount
  rate, and those values are added to the GHG reduction calculation using each of the four social cost cases.

    DOE's analysis of the national impacts of the proposed standards is 
described in sections IV.C, IV.D, and IV.E of this document.

F. Conclusion

    DOE has tentatively determined that the energy conservation 
standards under either approach in this SNOPR (i.e., the tiered 
approach or the untiered approach) could be considered cost-effective 
when evaluating the impact of the standards on the purchase price of a 
manufactured home and on the total lifecycle construction and operating 
costs, but DOE requests comment regarding the cost-effectiveness of 
both options to inform its final decision. Additionally, DOE has 
tentatively determined that under either proposal the benefits to the 
Nation of the standards (energy savings, consumer LCC savings, positive 
NPV of consumer benefit, and emission reductions) outweigh the burdens 
(loss of INPV, LCC increases for some homeowners of manufactured 
housing, and price-sensitive consumers who do not purchase manufactured 
homes).

II. Introduction

    This section addresses the legal and factual background to date 
regarding DOE's efforts to establish energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing. By statute, DOE is obligated to set standards for 
manufactured housing in consultation with HUD and to consider certain 
specific factors when establishing these standards. DOE is also 
obligated to update these standards within a prescribed period of time.

A. Authority

    Section 413 of EISA directs DOE to:
    <bullet> Establish standards for energy conservation in 
manufactured housing;
    <bullet> Provide notice of, and an opportunity for comment on, the 
proposed standards by manufacturers of manufactured housing and other 
interested parties;
    <bullet> Consult with the Secretary of HUD, who may seek further 
counsel from the Manufactured Housing Consensus Committee (MHCC); and
    <bullet> Base the energy conservation standards on the most recent 
version of the IECC and any supplements to that document, except in 
cases where DOE finds that the IECC is not cost-effective or where a 
more stringent standard would be more cost-effective, based on the 
impact of the IECC on the purchase price of manufactured housing and on 
total lifecycle construction and operating costs.
(42 U.S.C. 17071(a) and (b)(1))
    Section 413 of EISA also provides that DOE may:
    <bullet> Consider the design and factory construction techniques of 
manufactured housing;
    <bullet> Base the climate zones on the climate zones established by 
HUD \5\ rather than the climate zones under the IECC; and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The statute uses the term ``climate zones'' in reference to 
the HUD requirements (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)(B). HUD has not 
established ``climate zones'' but has established ``insulation 
zones.'' See, U/O Value Zone Map for Manufactured Housing at 24 CFR 
3280.506. DOE understands the statutory reference to ``climate 
zones'' in this context to mean the established insulation zones at 
24 CFR 3280.506.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> Provide for alternative practices that, while not meeting 
the specific standards established by DOE, result in net estimated 
energy consumption equal to or less than the specific energy 
conservation standards.
(42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2))
    DOE is directed to update its standards not later than one year 
after any revision to the IECC. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(3)) Finally, under 
EISA, a manufacturer of manufactured housing that violates a provision 
of Part 460 ``is liable to the United States for a civil penalty not 
exceeding 1 percent of the manufacturer's retail list price of the 
manufactured housing.'' (42 U.S.C. 17071(c))

B. Background

1. Current Standards
    Section 413 of EISA provides DOE with the authority to regulate 
energy conservation in manufactured housing, an area of the building 
construction industry traditionally regulated by HUD. HUD has regulated 
the manufactured housing industry since 1976, when it first promulgated 
the HUD Code. (42 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.; 24 CFR part 3280) The purpose of 
the HUD Code includes protecting the quality, durability, safety, and 
affordability of manufactured homes; facilitating the availability of 
affordable manufactured homes and increasing homeownership for all 
Americans; protecting residents of manufactured homes with respect to 
personal injuries and the amount of insurance costs and property 
damages in manufactured housing; and ensuring that the public interest 
in, and need for, affordable manufactured housing is duly considered in 
all determinations relating to the Federal standards and their 
enforcement. (42 U.S.C. 5401(b))
    The HUD Code includes requirements related to the energy 
conservation of

[[Page 47754]]

manufactured homes. Specifically, Subpart F of the HUD Code, entitled 
``Thermal Protection,'' establishes requirements for U<INF>o</INF> of 
the building thermal envelope. U<INF>o</INF> is a measurement of the 
heat loss or gain rate through the building thermal envelope of a 
manufactured home; therefore, a lower U<INF>o</INF> corresponds with a 
more insulated building thermal envelope. The HUD Code contains maximum 
requirements for the combined U<INF>o</INF> value of walls, ceilings, 
floors, fenestration, and external ducts within the building thermal 
envelope for manufactured homes installed in different zones. 24 CFR 
3280.506(a).
    The HUD Code also provides an alternate pathway to compliance that 
allows manufacturers to construct manufactured homes that meet adjusted 
U<INF>o</INF> requirements based on the installation of high-efficiency 
heating and cooling equipment in the manufactured home. 24 CFR 
3280.508(d). Moreover, Subpart F of the HUD Code establishes 
requirements to reduce air leakage through the building thermal 
envelope. 24 CFR 3280.505.
    Subpart H of the HUD Code, entitled ``Heating, Cooling, and Fuel 
Burning Systems,'' establishes requirements for sealing air supply 
ducts and for insulating both air supply and return ducts. 24 CFR 
3280.715(a). R-value is the measure of a building component's ability 
to resist heat flow (thermal resistance). A higher R-value represents a 
greater ability to resist heat flow and generally corresponds with a 
thicker level of insulation. The HUD Code contains no requirements for 
fenestration solar heat gain coefficient (``SHGC''), mechanical system 
piping insulation, or installation of insulation.
    The statutory authority for DOE's rulemaking effort is different 
from the statutory authority underlying the HUD Code. EISA directs DOE 
to establish energy conservation standards for manufactured housing 
without reference to existing HUD Code requirements that also address 
energy conservation. However, EISA also requires DOE to consult with 
HUD. (42 U.S.C. 17071(a)(2)(B)) Such consultations have informed DOE in 
development of the regulations proposed in this document, and DOE 
remains cognizant of the HUD Code, as well as HUD's Congressional 
charge to protect the quality, durability, safety, affordability, and 
availability of manufactured homes. Compliance with the DOE 
requirements would not prevent a manufacturer from complying with the 
requirements set forth in the HUD Code. Section III.F provides a 
crosswalk of the energy conservation standards that are proposed in 
this rule with the standards in the HUD Code. Moreover, as discussed 
further in section III, DOE considered the potential impact on 
manufactured home purchasers resulting from costs associated with 
additional energy efficiency measures.
2. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
    The statutory authority for this rulemaking requires DOE to base 
its standards on the most recent version of the IECC and any 
supplements to that document, subject to certain exceptions and 
considerations. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) The IECC is a nationally 
recognized model code, developed under the auspices of and published by 
the International Code Council (``ICC''). Many state and local 
governments have adopted the IECC \6\ in establishing minimum design 
and construction requirements for the energy efficiency of residential 
and commercial buildings, including site-built residential and modular 
homes.\7\ The IECC is developed through a consensus process that seeks 
input from a number of relevant stakeholders and is updated on a 
rolling basis, with new editions of the IECC published approximately 
every three years. The IECC was first published in 1998, with the most 
recent version, the 2021 IECC, being published in January 2021.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The current status of the adoption of the IECC is provided 
at https://www.energycodes.gov/status-state-energy-code-adoption.
    \7\ Modular homes are generally excluded from the coverage of 
the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards 
Act and constructed to the same state, local or regional building 
codes as site-built homes. See 42 U.S.C. 5403(f); 24 CFR 3282.12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2021 IECC is divided into two major sections, with provisions 
for both residential and commercial buildings. The manufactured housing 
energy conservation standards and test procedure are based on the 
requirements for residential buildings. The residential building 
requirements of the 2021 IECC, however, are not specific to 
manufactured housing.
    Chapter 4 of the residential section of the 2021 IECC sets forth 
specifications for residential energy efficiency, including 
specifications for building thermal envelope energy conservation, 
thermostats, duct insulation and sealing, mechanical system piping 
insulation, heated water circulation system, and mechanical 
ventilation. To the extent that the HUD Code regulates similar aspects 
of energy conservation as the 2021 IECC, the 2021 IECC is generally 
considered more stringent than the corresponding requirements in the 
HUD Code, given that many areas of the HUD Code have not been updated 
as frequently as the IECC.
    DOE notes that the IECC is designed for building structures that 
have a permanent foundation. Manufactured housing structures, however, 
are not built on permanent foundations but are built on a steel chassis 
to enable them to be moved or towed when needed. As a result, because 
they present their own set of unique considerations that the IECC was 
not intended to address, some aspects of the IECC are unable, or highly 
impractical, to be applied to manufactured housing. Instead, as DOE 
proposed in its June 2016 NOPR and consistent with the considerations 
required by EISA, this supplemental proposal utilizes aspects of the 
IECC that are appropriate for manufactured housing as the basis for the 
standards proposed herein, thereby accounting for the unique physical 
characteristics of manufactured housing.
    Additionally, the ``tiered'' proposal provides an approach to 
mitigate the potential adverse impacts of increased costs on 
manufactured housing affordability that may arise from increasing the 
stringency of energy efficiency requirements applied to manufactured 
homes. In its tiered proposal, by dividing the market into designated 
manufacturer retail list price-based segments and assigning efficiency 
levels as appropriate for each segment, DOE suggests a way to address 
the affordability concerns presented in this housing segment, and 
relatedly the cost-effectiveness considerations set forth in EISA, 
while also promoting that the statutory objective of improving 
manufactured housing energy efficiency.
3. Development of the Initial Proposal and Responses
    Manufactured housing accounts for approximately six percent of all 
homes in the United States.\8\ Because the purchase price of 
manufactured homes often is lower than similarly sized site-built 
homes, manufactured homes serve as affordable housing options, 
particularly for low-income families. However, many manufactured homes 
often have higher utility bills than comparably sized site-built and 
modular homes in part due to different energy conservation standards 
and variability

[[Page 47755]]

among building codes and industry practices.\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ U.S Census Bureau, American Housing Survey 2019--National 
Summary Tables. Available at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data.html.
    \9\ American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy; Mobilizing 
Energy Efficiency in the Manufactured Housing Sector, July 2012; 
https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a124.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Establishing improved energy conservation requirements for 
manufactured homes results in the dual benefit of reducing manufactured 
home energy use and enabling owners of manufactured homes to experience 
lower utility expenses over the long-term. Improved energy conservation 
standards are also expected to provide nationwide benefits of reducing 
utility energy production levels that would in turn reduce greenhouse 
gas emissions and other air pollutants.
    DOE published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (``ANOPR'') 
to initiate the process of developing energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing and to solicit information and data from industry 
and stakeholders.\10\ See 75 FR 7556 (February 22, 2010). DOE also 
consulted with HUD in developing the requirements and in obtaining 
input and suggestions that would increase energy conservation in 
manufactured housing, while maintaining affordability. In addition to 
meeting with HUD on multiple occasions, DOE attended three MHCC 
meetings, where DOE gathered information from MHCC members. DOE also 
initiated discussions with members of the manufactured housing industry 
following the issuance of the ANOPR.\11\ A summary of each meeting is 
available at the regulations.gov web page at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021. The June 2016 NOPR 
provides more details on the comments received in response to the 
ANOPR. 81 FR 39755 (June 17, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The ANOPR comments can be accessed at: https://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021.
    \11\ These included discussions with the Manufactured Housing 
Institute (``MHI'') and several of its member manufacturers, the 
California Department of Housing and Community Development, the 
Georgia Manufactured Housing Division, three private-sector third-
party primary inspection agencies under the HUD manufactured housing 
program, and one private-sector stakeholder familiar with 
manufactured housing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On June 25, 2013, DOE published a request for information (``RFI'') 
seeking information on indoor air quality, financing and related 
incentives, model systems of enforcement, and other studies and 
research relevant to DOE's effort to establish energy conservation 
standards for manufactured housing. 78 FR 37995 (``June 2013 RFI''). 
The June 2016 NOPR provides more details on the comments received on 
the RFI. 81 FR 39765 (June 17, 2016).
    After reviewing the comments received in response to the ANOPR, the 
June 2013 RFI, and other stakeholder input, DOE ultimately determined 
that development of proposed manufactured housing energy conservation 
standards would benefit from a negotiated rulemaking process. On June 
13, 2014, DOE published a notice of intent to establish a negotiated 
rulemaking manufactured housing (``MH'') working group to discuss and, 
if possible, reach consensus on a proposed rule. 79 FR 33873. On July 
16, 2014, the MH working group was established under the Appliance 
Standards and Rulemaking Federal Advisory Committee (``ASRAC'') in 
accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act and the Negotiated 
Rulemaking Act. 79 FR 41456; 5 U.S.C. 561-570, App. 2. The MH working 
group consisted of representatives of interested stakeholders with a 
directive to consult, as appropriate, with a range of external experts 
on technical issues in developing a term sheet with recommendations on 
the proposed rule. The MH working group consisted of 22 members, 
including one member from ASRAC, and one DOE representative. 79 FR 
41456. The MH working group met in person during six sets of public 
meetings held in 2014 on August 4-5, August 21-22, September 9-10, 
September 22-23, October 1-2, and October 23-24. 79 FR 48097 (Aug. 15, 
2014); 79 FR 59154 (Oct. 1, 2014).
    On October 31, 2014, the MH working group reached consensus on 
energy conservation standards in manufactured housing and assembled its 
recommendations for DOE into a term sheet that was presented to ASRAC. 
Public docket EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0107 (``Term Sheet''). ASRAC 
approved the term sheet during an open meeting on December 1, 2014 and 
sent it to the Secretary of Energy to develop a proposed rule.
    On February 11, 2015, DOE published an RFI requesting information 
that would aid in determining proposed solar heat gain coefficient 
(``SHGC'') requirements for certain climate zones. 80 FR 7550 
(``February 2015 RFI''). Following preparation and submission of the 
term sheet by the MH working group, DOE also consulted further with HUD 
regarding DOE's proposed energy conservation standards. In addition to 
meeting with HUD, DOE prepared two presentations to discuss the 
proposed rule with MHCC members, which were designed to gather 
information on development of the proposed standards.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Available at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0069 and https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0058.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On June 17, 2016, DOE published a NOPR for the manufactured housing 
energy conservation standards rulemaking. 81 FR 39755. (``June 2016 
NOPR'') DOE posted the NOPR analysis as well as the complete NOPR TSD 
on its website.\13\ In response to comments on the 2013 RFI DOE also 
published the 2016 EA-RFI to accompany the 2016 NOPR. The draft EA drew 
no conclusions regarding the potential impacts on the indoor air 
quality of manufactured homes as a result of implementing any final 
energy conservation standard for these structures. DOE held a public 
meeting on July 13, 2016, to present the June 2016 NOPR, which included 
the proposed prescriptive and performance requirements, in addition to 
the LCC, NIA, manufacturer impact analysis (``MIA''), and emissions 
analyses. In response to the June 2016 NOPR, DOE received comments from 
a variety of stakeholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The NOPR analysis, NOPR TSD, and NOPR public meeting 
information are available at https://regulations.gov under docket 
number EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021.

                                   Table II.2--June 2016 NOPR Written Comments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Organization(s)                        Reference in this SNOPR         Organization type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advanced Energy......................................  Advanced Energy.............  Manufacturer.
Air Conditioning Contractors of America..............  ACCA........................  Trade association.
American Chemistry Council...........................  ACC FSSC....................  Trade association.
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.....  ACEEE.......................  Efficiency organization.
American Gas Association and American Public Gas       AGA and APGA................  Trade association.
 Association.
Arkansas Manufactured Housing Association............  AMHA........................  Trade association.
Better Homes AHEAD...................................  Better Homes................  Manufacturer.

[[Page 47756]]

 
Cato Institute.......................................  Cato Institute..............  ...........................
Cavco Industries.....................................  Cavco.......................  Manufacturer.
Clayton Home Building Group..........................  Clayton Homes...............  Manufacturer.
Commodore Corporation................................  Commodore Corporation.......  Manufacturer.
Community Owners (7 Part) Business Alliance..........  COBA........................  Trade association.
Earthjustice.........................................  Earthjustice................  Efficiency organization.
Environmental Defense Fund, Institute for Policy       Joint Advocates.............  Efficiency organizations.
 Integrity, Natural resources Defense Council, and
 Union of Concerned Scientists.
George Washington University Regulatory Studies        GWU.........................  Academia.
 Center.
International Code Council...........................  ICC.........................  Codes organization.
Lippert Components...................................  Lippert Components..........  Manufacturer.
Manufactured Housing Association for Regulatory        MHARR.......................  Trade association.
 Reform.
Manufactured Housing Consensus Committee.............  MHCC........................  Advisory committee.
Manufactured Housing Industry of Arizona.............  MHIAZ.......................  Trade association.
Manufactured Housing Institute.......................  MHI.........................  Trade association.
Manufactured Housing Institute of Maryland...........  MHIM........................  Trade association.
Manufactured Housing Institute of South Carolina.....  MHISC.......................  Trade Association.
Mississippi Manufactured Housing Association.........  MMHA........................  Trade association.
Modular Lifestyles, Inc..............................  Modular Lifestyles..........  Manufacturer.
National Propane Gas Association.....................  NPGA........................  Trade association.
New Mexico Manufactured Housing Association..........  NMMHA.......................  Trade association.
Next Step Network, Inc...............................  Next Step...................  Efficiency organization.
North Carolina Justice Center........................  NCJC........................  Consumer organization.
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance.................  NEEA........................  Efficiency organization.
Ohio Manufactured Homes Association..................  OMHA........................  Trade Association.
Palm Harbor Homes, Inc...............................  Palm Harbor Homes...........  Manufacturer.
Pennsylvania Manufactured Housing Association........  PMHA........................  Trade association.
Bob Pfeiffer.........................................  Pfeiffer....................  Individual.
Pleasant Valley Homes, Inc...........................  Pleasant Valley Homes.......  Manufacturer.
Responsible Energy Codes Alliance....................  RECA........................  Efficiency organization.
Skyline Corporation..................................  Skyline Corporation.........  Manufacturer.
South Mountain Co., Inc..............................  South Mountain..............  Manufacturer.
Systems Building Research Alliance...................  SBRA........................  Trade association.
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, American Chemistry Council,  U.S. Chamber of Commerce....  Trade association.
 American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute, American
 Forest & Paper Association, American Fuel &
 Petrochemical Manufacturers, American Petroleum
 Institute, Association of Home Appliance
 Manufacturers, Brick Industry Association, Council
 of Industrial Boiler Owners, National Association of
 Home Builders, National Association of
 Manufacturers, National Mining Association, National
 Oilseed Processors Association, Portland Cement
 Association.
U.S. Small Business Administration's Office of         Advocacy....................  Government agency.
 Advocacy.
Vermont Energy Investment Corporation................  VEIC........................  Efficiency organization.
West Virginia Housing Institute, Inc.................  WVHI........................  Trade association.
Window and Door Manufacturers Association............  WDMA........................  Trade association.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE also received over 700 substantively similar form letters from 
individuals. All of the comment submissions are available in the docket 
for this rulemaking. The comments and DOE's responses are discussed in 
sections III, IV, and V of this document.
4. Development of the Current Proposal
    DOE received a number of responses to its June 2016 NOPR. In 
response to concerns related to potential adverse impacts on price-
sensitive, low-income purchasers of manufactured homes from the 
imposition of energy conservation standards on manufactured housing, 
DOE sought additional information from the public regarding these 
impacts by publishing the August 2018 NODA. See 83 FR 38073 (August 3, 
2018). That NODA indicated that DOE had re-examined its available data 
and re-evaluated its approach in developing standards for manufactured 
housing. The August 2018 NODA also indicated that HUD had made DOE 
aware of the adverse impacts on manufactured housing affordability that 
would likely follow if DOE were to adopt the approach laid out in its 
June 2016 NOPR. See 83 FR 38073, 38075. These discussions with HUD, 
along with a concern over the initial first-cost impacts that DOE's 
earlier proposal would have on low-income buyers, led DOE to examine a 
potential tiered proposal that would require varying levels of energy 
efficiency performance with specified increases in incremental upfront-
costs that would still improve the overall energy efficiency of 
manufactured homes. See 83 FR 38077.
    DOE has not included test procedure or compliance and enforcement 
provisions in this SNOPR. DOE also has not included provisions related 
to waivers or exception relief that might be available to manufacturers 
regarding compliance with any standards that DOE may adopt. DOE does 
not intend to address test procedures or compliance and enforcement 
provisions in this rulemaking. DOE notes that HUD has an established 
design approval, monitoring and enforcement system, defined in 24 CFR 
part 3282, that is robust and provides compliance and enforcement of 
the manufactured housing industry standards. Moreover, manufacturers 
must comply with referenced standards incorporated by HUD in its 
regulations. While DOE would consider HUD's established compliance and 
enforcement mechanism appropriate to support any standards HUD 
incorporates by reference from any final

[[Page 47757]]

manufactured housing rule, DOE is seeking comment on such an approach. 
DOE intends to continue consulting with HUD on potential approaches and 
is seeking comment on other potential approaches to compliance with, 
and enforcement of, a final energy conservation standard for 
manufactured housing.

III. Discussion of the Proposed Standards

A. The Basis for the Proposed Standards

1. Scope
    DOE's authority under 42 U.S.C. 17071 to establish energy 
conservation standards for manufactured homes specifies that those 
standards ``shall be based on'' the most recent version of the IECC. 
Because the IECC is specific to site-built structures, DOE's 
supplemental proposal, while based on the 2021 IECC, has required 
modifications to IECC provisions for application to manufactured homes. 
In DOE's view, the language Congress used in instructing DOE to set 
standards for these structures is broad and does not require the 
imposition of requirements for manufactured homes that are identical to 
those that IECC provides for site-built structures. The use of the 
phrase ``based on'' readily indicates that Congress anticipated that 
DOE would need to use its discretion in adapting elements of the IECC's 
provisions for manufactured housing use, including whether those 
elements would be appropriate in light of the specific circumstances 
related to the structure. Further, Congress indicated that DOE has 
discretion to depart from the IECC to the extent it is not cost-
effective.
    Pursuant to this discretion afforded by Congress, as opposed to 
complete adoption of the 2021 IECC, DOE is proposing, first, a tiered 
standard whereby manufactured homes with manufactured retail list 
prices of $55,000 or less (``Tier 1'' manufactured homes) would be 
subject to different building thermal envelope requirements (subpart B 
of proposed 10 CFR part 460) than all other manufactured homes (``Tier 
2'' manufactured homes). Both tiers are based on the 2021 IECC in that 
both tiers have requirements for the building thermal envelope, duct 
and air sealing, installation of insulation, HVAC specifications, 
service hot water systems, mechanical ventilation fan efficacy, and 
heating and cooling equipment sizing provisions of the 2021 IECC. 
However, in light of cost-effectiveness concerns, Tier 1 provides 
tailored improvements in efficiency with regard to building thermal 
envelope, which are projected to result in an approximately $750 
incremental price increase. Tier 2 focuses on the building thermal 
envelope, duct and air sealing, insulation installation, HVAC 
specifications, service hot water systems, mechanical ventilation fan 
efficacy, and heating and cooling equipment sizing provisions, based on 
the 2021 IECC, and is estimated to result in an average incremental 
price increase of $3,900-$5,300 for single- and multi-section homes, 
respectively. As an alternative, DOE is also proposing a single, 
untiered standard for manufactured homes that is the same as the Tier 2 
standard.
    In establishing standards for manufactured housing, Congress 
directed DOE to: (1) Consult with the Secretary of HUD (42 U.S.C. 
17071(a)(2)(b)), and (2) base the standards on the most recent version 
of the IECC, except in cases in which the Secretary finds that the code 
is not cost-effective, or a more stringent standard would be more cost-
effective, based on the impact of the codeon the purchase price of 
manufactured housing and on total life-cycle construction and operating 
costs. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) Relatedly, the Secretary of HUD is 
mandated to establish standards for manufactured housing that, in part, 
``ensure that the public interest in, and need for, affordable 
manufactured housing is duly considered in all determinations relating 
to the Federal standards and their enforcement.'' (42 U.S.C. 5401(b))
    In this consultative role, HUD raised a concern with the potential 
adverse impacts on manufactured housing affordability that could result 
from additional energy efficiency standards being established for 
manufactured homes. More specifically, HUD noted concerns that 
increases in the purchase prices for manufactured homes resulting from 
the costs of requiring to meet standards based upon the IECC could 
result in prospective manufactured homeowners being unable to purchase 
a manufactured home. With this concern in mind, in the August 2018 
NODA, DOE requested comment on a report released in 2014 from the 
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (``CFPB'') indicating manufactured 
housing purchasers face substantial constraints compared to traditional 
home purchasers.\14\ 83 FR 38073, 38076. As discussed in the August 
2018 NODA, the report, ``Manufactured-Housing Consumer Finance in the 
United States,'' (hereinafter, ``CFPB Report'') presented the following 
key findings:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ See https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201409_cfpb_report_manufactured-housing.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> Manufactured home ownership varies widely by region, with 
the majority of manufactured homes located outside of metropolitan 
areas;
    <bullet> Manufactured home owners tend to have lower incomes and 
less net worth than their counterparts who own site-built homes;
    <bullet> There is an extremely constrained secondary market for 
manufactured homes, following the collapse of the manufactured home 
market in the late 1990s through the early 2000s;
    <bullet> Most manufactured-housing purchasers who finance their 
homes obtained a loan of between $10,000 and $80,000, with a median 
loan value of $55,000.
    These constraints may make purchasers of manufactured homes more 
price sensitive to potential changes that would impact the costs to 
construct (and purchase) a manufactured home. Moreover, the CFPB Report 
suggests that manufactured home consumers are particularly cost-
driven.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ In particular, the report noted: ``There is evidence that 
some households who move into manufactured housing are less 
satisfied with their homes than those who choose to move into site-
built housing. These results suggest that for at least some 
households, the choice to live in a manufactured home may be more 
cost-driven than quality-driven.'' CFPB Report at 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CFPB Report stated that the median annual income of families 
living in manufactured homes is slightly over $26,000, and the median 
net worth of these families is $26,000 (a quarter of the median net 
worth for families in site-built homes). See id. at 16-18.
    Additionally, owners of manufactured homes who finance their homes 
tend to pay higher interest rates than their site-built home 
counterparts. A key reason for this difference is that the vast 
majority of manufactured housing stock is titled as chattel (i.e. 
personal property), and as a result is eligible only for chattel 
financing. Chattel financing is typically offered to purchasers at a 
significantly higher interest rate than the rates offered to site-built 
home owners. While most manufactured home

[[Page 47758]]

owners who also own the land on which the manufactured home is sited 
may be eligible for mortgage financing, there is a tradeoff between 
lower origination costs with significantly higher interest rates 
(chattel loans) and higher origination costs with significantly lower 
interest rates and greater consumer protections (mortgage). See id. at 
pp. 23-25.
    Therefore, in response to the affordability concerns raised by HUD 
and commenters, DOE is contemplating whether there are cost-effective 
approaches that would also mitigate first-cost impacts for purchasers 
at the lower end of the manufactured home price range. Accordingly, DOE 
is presenting a tiered proposal that would provide in proposed subpart 
B tiered standards based on a manufacturer's retail list price. 
According to 2019 data, the average purchase price (i.e., sales price 
if the home is intended for sale) of a single section manufactured home 
is $53,200, the average purchase price of a multi-section manufactured 
home is $104,000, and the average purchase price of all manufactured 
homes is $81,900.\16\ To the extent that manufactured home purchasers 
are cost-driven, in conjunction with the lower median income and net 
worth of these purchasers, consumers at the lower end of the 
manufactured home purchase price range generally would be more 
sensitive to increases in purchase price. Accordingly, DOE created a 
tiered proposal to address affordability issues associated with the 
full implementation of the 2021 IECC in the untiered proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Manufactured Housing Survey 2019; U.S. Census Data; https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/econ/mhs/annual-data.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, under the tiered proposal, the stringency of the 
standards under proposed subpart B applicable to Tier 1 manufactured 
homes (i.e., manufactured homes with a manufacturer's retail list price 
of $55,000 or less) would require building thermal envelope measures 
that would result in an incremental purchase price increase of 
approximately $750. Section III.A.2 provides further discussion on how 
the manufacturer's retail list price tier threshold and $750 
incremental purchase price were developed.
    DOE estimates the SNOPR would result in a loss in demand and 
availability of about 53,329 homes (single section and multi-section 
combined) for the tiered standard and about 71,290 homes (single 
section and multi-section combined) for untiered standards based on a 
price elasticity of demand of -0.48 for the analysis period (2023-
2052). Out of the 53,329 homes in the tiered standard, the majority of 
the reduction is in Tier 2 (93 percent) vs. Tier 1 (7 percent). Within 
Tier 1, DOE estimates a 0.52 percent reduction (essentially no 
reduction) in availability due to Tier 1 standards for low income 
purchasers. Table III.1 provides a summary of the change in shipments 
for tiered standards. See section IV.c.1.b. for a discussion of price 
elasticity with respect to manufactured housing shipments and people 
who do not buy because they are price-sensitive.

                                                 Table III.1--Change in Shipments for Tiered Standards *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              No-standards shipments         Standards case shipments               Change in shipments, tiered
                                         ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Tier 1          Tier 2          Tier 1          Tier 2          Tier 1          Tier 2           Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30-year analysis........................         703,725       2,086,927         700,032       2,037,291         (3,693)        (49,636)        (53,329)
Annual..................................  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............           (123)         (1,655)         (1,778)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Values in parenthesis are negative.

    As a sensitivity, DOE also considered a price elasticity of demand 
of -2.4 instead of -0.48. Further discussion on this sensitivity is 
provided in section IV.C.2 of this document. Table III.2 provides a 
summary of the change in shipments for tiered standards for price 
elasticity of -2.4 instead of -0.48.

                                 Table III.2--Change in Shipments Compared to Baseline, -0.48 and -2.4 Price Elasticity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Change in shipments,-0.48 price elasticity       Change in shipments,-2.4 price elasticity
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Tier 1          Tier 2           Total          Tier 1          Tier 2           Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30-year analysis........................................         (3,693)        (49,636)        (53,329)        (18,375)       (247,692)       (266,067)
Annual..................................................           (123)         (1,655)         (1,778)           (613)         (8,256)         (8,869)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Values in parenthesis are negative.

    On May 27, 2021, the CFPB issued another report entitled 
``Manufactured Housing Finance: New Insights from the Home Mortgage 
Disclosure Act Data'' (the ``2021 CFPB Report'').\17\ DOE is aware of 
the 2021 CFPB report, but has not yet reviewed it in detail. 
Accordingly, DOE did not incorporate any new or additional data from 
the 2021 CFPB report into the analysis presented in this SNOPR. DOE is 
also aware that the U.S. Census has released the 2020 Manufactured 
Housing Survey,\18\ but similarly has not reviewed the results in 
detail or incorporated these new data into the analysis presented here. 
DOE welcomes comment on the use of the data in 2021 CFPB report and the 
2020 Manufactured Housing Survey in DOE's analyses for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The report may be found at: files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_manufactured-housing-finance-new-insights-hmda_report_2021-05.pdf.
    \18\ https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/econ/mhs/annual-data.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE invites comment on whether (1) the manufacturer's retail list 
price threshold for Tier 1 under the tiered proposal is appropriate, 
(2) the untiered proposal in this SNOPR is cost-effective, generally, 
and (3) the untiered proposal is cost-effective for low-income 
consumers.
    Finally, the scope proposed in this document provides additional 
clarification that the proposed energy conservation standards would 
apply to the design, construction and aspects of onsite completion of 
manufactured

[[Page 47759]]

homes--not to the installation of a home.
    On November 9, 2016, DOE published a NOPR for test procedures (2016 
Test Procedure NOPR), as a companion to the draft energy efficiency 
standards rule for manufactured housing. See 81 FR 78733 (November 9, 
2016). The 2016 Test Procedure NOPR proposed procedures for how those 
subject to energy conservation standards for manufactured housing would 
confirm products are in compliance with the standards. More 
specifically, the 2016 Test Procedure NOPR proposed procedures to 
determine compliance with the following metrices from the June 2016 
NOPR: The R-value of insulation; the U-factor of windows, skylights, 
and doors; the solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration; U-factor 
alternatives to R-value requirements; the air leakage rate of air 
distribution systems; and mechanical ventilation fan efficacy. 81 FR 
78733. A discussion of the 2016 Test Procedure NOPR may be found in 
section III.C of this document.
    DOE is not addressing a test procedure, or compliance and 
enforcement provisions for an energy conservation standard for 
manufactured housing in this document. DOE continues to consult with 
HUD about pathways to address testing, compliance and enforcement for 
this proposed standard in a manner consistent with the current HUD 
inspection and enforcement process so that such testing, compliance and 
enforcement procedures are not overly burdensome for manufacturers. 
While many of the requirements in the proposed standard and alternative 
proposal would require minimal compliance efforts and costs (e.g., 
documenting the use of materials subject to separate Federal or 
industry standards, such as the R-value of insulation or U-factor 
values for fenestration), DOE acknowledges that it has not fully 
enumerated testing and enforcement costs at this time. However, because 
testing and compliance and enforcement requirements may be dependent 
upon the final outcome of this rulemaking, DOE is not proposing any 
testing, compliance or enforcement provisions at this time. DOE has 
also not included any potential associated costs of testing, compliance 
or enforcement. DOE intends to continue working with HUD on potential 
approaches and is seeking comment on other potential approaches for 
testing, compliance and enforcement that will ensure manufacturer 
compliance with the standard in a manner that is not overly burdensome 
or costly to manufacturers.
    DOE welcomes comment on approaches for testing, compliance and 
enforcement provisions for the proposed standards and alternative 
proposal. DOE also welcomes comments and information related to 
potential testing, compliance and enforcement under the current HUD 
inspection and enforcement process, and potential costs of testing, 
compliance and enforcement of the proposed standards and alternative 
proposal in this document.
2. Proposed Standards
    EISA requires DOE to base standards for manufactured housing on the 
IECC. However, application of the IECC standards is also subject to a 
number of considerations set forth by the statute in order to ensure 
standards will be appropriately tailored for manufactured homes and the 
manufactured home market. Specifically, EISA requires that DOE 
establish energy conservation standards for manufactured housing that 
are ``based on the most recent version of the [IECC], except in cases 
in which [DOE] finds that the [IECC] is not cost-effective, or a more 
stringent standard would be more cost-effective, based on the impact of 
the [IECC] on the purchase price and on total life-cycle construction 
and operating costs.'' (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)).
    In addition to the required cost-effectiveness considerations, EISA 
explicitly allows DOE to consider the differences in design and factory 
construction techniques of manufactured homes, as compared to site-
built and modular homes. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)) As noted in section 
II.B.2, the 2021 IECC applies generally to residential buildings, 
including site-built and modular housing, and is not specific to 
manufactured housing. The energy conservation standards proposed in 
this SNOPR are generally based on certain specifications included in 
the 2021 IECC while also accounting for the unique aspects of 
manufactured housing. DOE carefully considered the following aspects of 
manufactured housing design and construction in developing the 
standards:
    <bullet> Manufactured housing structural requirements contained in 
the HUD Code;
    <bullet> External dimensional limitations associated with 
transportation restrictions;
    <bullet> The need to optimize interior space within manufactured 
homes; and
    <bullet> Factory construction techniques that facilitate sealing 
the building thermal envelope to limit air leakage.
    Upon consideration of these aspects of manufactured housing design 
and construction, DOE is not proposing to include several of the 2021 
IECC requirements such as more stringent ceiling R-value requirements 
(greater than R-38) in the northern climate zones and the requirement 
for the exterior ceiling insulation to be of uniform thickness or 
uniform density given the space constraints of manufactured homes 
(discussed in further detail in section III.E.2.b).
    EISA also allows DOE to base standards on the climate zones of the 
HUD Code instead of the IECC. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)(B)) There are 
differences in the number and boundaries of the HUD zones as compared 
to the IECC climate zones. For example, under the 2021 IECC climate 
zone map, California is divided into five climate zones (including zone 
variation based on moisture regimes), with four of the zones subject to 
SHGC maximums (0.40 applicable to climate zones 4 and 5, and 0.25 
applicable to climate zones 2 and 3). Under the HUD zone map, all of 
California is within a single zone. Developing energy conservation 
standards based on the HUD climate zones, as DOE is proposing to do in 
this SNOPR and as permitted under EISA, necessitates deviating from the 
IECC. The updated proposal would establish thermal envelope 
requirements, as does the 2021 IECC, but setting the values for those 
requirements necessitates that DOE develop standard levels different 
than those in the 2021 IECC to account for the difference in the number 
of climate zones.
    In addition, DOE has conducted a sensitivity analysis for an 
alternative exterior insulation requirement, R-21, for Tier 2 in zones 
2 and 3. This alternative insulation requirement is based on (but not 
identical to) the 2021 IECC, which includes a requirement for 
continuous insulation (R-20+5). DOE developed this sensitivity analysis 
to evaluate the effects on life-cycle costs and payback period for Tier 
2 consumers. This sensitivity analysis is further discussed in section 
IV.A.2 of this document.
    In modifying the IECC requirements, DOE relied, in part, on the 
statutorily required interagency consultation with HUD. As discussed, 
the HUD consultation ensures that DOE is informed by HUD's expertise 
and statutory duties as they pertain to the role of manufactured 
housing in the U.S. housing market, as recognized by Congress. As a 
result of concerns raised by HUD regarding the need to maintain 
affordability, which interrelate with the cost-effectiveness concerns 
specified in 42 U.S.C. 17071, DOE is presenting a primary proposal 
based on tiered standards that would prescribe a complement of cost-
effective energy

[[Page 47760]]

conservation requirements based on requirements in the 2021 IECC.
    The proposed Tier 1 standards would apply to manufactured homes 
with a manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less (in real 
2019$). The proposed Tier 1 requirements incorporate IECC-based 
building thermal envelope component measures that result in an 
incremental purchase price increase of approximately $750. The proposed 
Tier 2 standards would apply to manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price that is greater than $55,000 (in real 
2019$). The Tier 2 standards would be based on the most recent version 
of the IECC, with consideration of the design and factory construction 
techniques of manufactured homes. As an alternative, DOE also proposes 
an untiered standard in which all manufactured homes would be at the 
same stringencies as the standards based on the most recent version of 
the IECC, similar to the Tier 2 standard.
a. Manufacturer's Retail List Price Tier Threshold
    The proposed manufacturer's retail list price tier threshold for 
the tiered standard was developed using loan and manufactured home 
purchase price data. The loan data were derived from the CFPB 
report.\19\ The purchase price data were derived from the manufactured 
housing survey (``MHS'') 2019 public use file (``PUF'') data, which 
provide estimates of average sales prices for new manufactured homes 
sold or intended for sale by geographical region and size of home.\20\ 
The CFPB report states that high-priced manufactured housing loans 
(including chattel loans) account for roughly 68 percent of total 
manufactured housing loans.\21\ If people typically receive one primary 
loan, the percentage of high-priced loans used should roughly equal the 
percentage of people receiving high-priced loans and, thus, homes 
purchased with high-priced loans (i.e., 68 percent). Assuming that 
price-sensitive, low-income purchasers rely on high-priced loans, and 
pairing the CFPB figure with the MHS 2019 PUF data, the 68th percentile 
manufactured housing price gives a reasonable estimate for the upper 
bound for a manufactured home sales price that a price-sensitive low-
income purchaser would pay. DOE considered that low-income purchasers 
would mainly purchase single-section homes that are, on average, at a 
lower sales price than multi-section homes. Accordingly, applying the 
68th percentile for a single-section manufactured home using the MHS 
2019 PUF data, yields a sales price of approximately $55,000. This 
price serves as the proposed threshold for Tier 1. Using this 
threshold, Tier 1 consists of approximately 25 percent of the total 
sales (single-section and multi-section) of manufactured homes. Tier 2 
consists of approximately 75 percent of the sales total (single-section 
and multi-section) of manufactured homes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ CFPB report, 2014. https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201409_cfpb_report_manufactured-housing.pdf. At the time of this 
analysis, the 2014 CFPB report was the latest that was available.
    \20\ Manufactured Housing Survey, Public Use File (PUF) 2019. 
https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2019/econ/mhs/puf.html.
    \21\ The Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB) in general 
describes a higher-priced mortgage loan as a loan with an annual 
percentage rate, or APR, higher than a benchmark rate called the 
Average Prime Offer Rate. The requirements for this loan can be 
found in 12 CFR 1026.35.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE acknowledges that the boundary of the proposed tiers is being 
applied to manufacturers' retail list prices, while the underlying data 
from which the boundary is derived in the MHS 2019 PUF data are sales 
and/or purchase price data of manufactured homes. DOE understands the 
manufacturer's retail list price to be the price that the manufacturer 
provides in the sales contract to a distributor or retailer--i.e., the 
price that the manufactured home is originally listed at by the 
manufacturer. On the other hand, the purchase price is the final sales 
price of the home to the consumer. The manufacturer's retail list price 
and the purchase price are not the same. However, the MHS 2019 PUF 
purchase price data are the most robust and reliable data of the 
manufactured housing market that, to date, DOE has found in its own 
search, or that has been provided to DOE. DOE believes these data are 
still largely representative of the overall manufactured housing market 
and that the tiers are appropriately set based on this data.
    DOE believes the proposed threshold based on manufacturer's retail 
list price can sufficiently address the affordability concerns 
previously expressed by HUD and other stakeholders. DOE also notes 
that, based on its understanding of the MHS 2019 PUF data, the proposed 
$55,000 threshold would not vary significantly across regions. Although 
DOE is proposing a national retail price-based threshold, in 
consultations with HUD and the MHCC, DOE received comments and 
questions regarding the use of alternative metrics upon which to base 
the boundary between tiers, such as the size of the manufactured home. 
Accordingly, DOE also considered other threshold types that would be 
based on size (e.g., square footage or for single-section vs. multi-
section homes) or region (e.g., retail price thresholds tailored to 
specific regions rather than a single national value). For example, the 
MHS 2019 PUF data set provides data that relates home size (in terms of 
square feet) with purchase price. Table III.3 summarizes the average, 
minimum and maximum sales prices based on home size using square 
footage and section. In general, the data indicates that while price 
increases with home size, the minimum and maximum prices do not vary 
significantly with home size (with certain exceptions).

                                                Table III.3--MHS PUF 2019 Home Size and Sales Price Data
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Single-section sales price (2019$)                             Dual-section sales price (2019$)
      Home size (square feet)       ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Average         Minimum         Maximum         Average         Minimum         Maximum     Average  Minimum  Maximum
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------
440-539............................         $36,786         $28,400         $53,000  ..............  ..............  ..............
540-639............................          46,769          29,600         100,000  ..............  ..............  ..............
640-739............................          45,012          32,100         100,000  ..............  ..............  ..............
740-839............................          49,011          28,400         101,000  ..............  ..............  ..............
840-939............................          44,497          28,400         101,000         $90,274         $60,000        $226,000
940-1039...........................          49,943          32,100         101,000          87,596          55,000         156,000
1040-1139..........................          52,698          29,600         101,000          79,413          52,000         226,000
1140-1239..........................          57,330          29,600         101,000          94,153          54,000         256,000
1240-1339..........................          59,781          28,400         100,000          84,873          52,000         256,000
1340-1439..........................          63,848          39,000          74,000         105,697          54,000         256,000
1440-1539..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............          97,973          52,000         256,000
1540-1639..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............          94,109          52,000         256,000

[[Page 47761]]

 
1640-1739..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         101,684          52,000         256,000
1740-1839..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         109,921          52,000         256,000
1840-1939..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         103,365          60,000         226,000
1940-2039..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         105,981          52,000         256,000
2040-2139..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         117,584          52,000         226,000
2140-2239..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         118,631          52,000         226,000
2240-2339..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         122,939          79,000         164,000
2340-2439..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         136,305         103,000         162,000
2440-2539..........................  ..............  ..............  ..............         136,428          60,000         226,000
                                    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    All............................          53,246          28,400         101,000         104,006          52,000         256,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The MHS 2019 PUF data set also provides data that relates Census 
region (the U.S. Census Bureau divides the country into four census 
regions) with purchase price. Table III.4 summarizes the average, 
minimum and maximum sales prices based on census region and section. In 
general, the data indicates that average price (specifically for 
single-section homes) does not differ significantly based on census 
region.

                                              Table III.4--MHS PUF 2019 Census Region and Sales Price Data
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Single-section sales price (2019)                Dual-section sales price (2019)
                      Census region                      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Average         Minimum         Maximum         Average         Minimum         Maximum
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast...............................................         $54,430         $33,800        $101,000        $106,502         $55,000        $256,000
Midwest.................................................          54,025          32,100          75,000          98,512          54,000         162,000
South...................................................          52,879          29,600          74,000         102,222          52,000         164,000
West....................................................          53,318          28,400         100,000         113,312          60,000         226,000
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    All.................................................          53,246          28,400         101,000         104,006          52,000         256,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At this time, DOE has tentatively determined that a national retail 
price-based threshold will accomplish the purposes of EISA while taking 
into account the importance of affordable housing. However, DOE is 
considering conducting additional analyses on alternative thresholds 
prior to the final rule stage. DOE requests comment on this approach 
and whether other types of thresholds are worth considering for the 
final rule stage.
    DOE requests comment on the use of a tiered approach to address 
affordability and PBP concerns from HUD, other stakeholders, and the 
policies outlined in Executive Order 13985. DOE also requests comment 
regarding whether the price point boundary between the proposed tiers 
is appropriate, and if not, at what price point should it be set and 
the basis for any alternative price points. DOE also requests comment 
on its assumptions regarding the use of high-priced loans (e.g., 
chattel loans) by low-income purchasers, or other purchasers, of 
manufactured housing.
    DOE also requests comment on alternate thresholds (besides price 
point) to consider for the tiered approach, including a size-based 
threshold (e.g., square footage or whether a home is single- or multi-
section). DOE requests comment on the square footage and region versus 
sales price data provided in the notice (from MHS PUF 2019) and how 
that data (or more recent versions of that data) could be used to 
create either a size-based or region-based threshold instead. DOE 
further requests input on whether there should be single national 
threshold as proposed, or whether it should vary based on geography or 
other factors, and if so, what factors should be considered.
    As mentioned previously, the threshold proposed in this SNOPR is 
based in real 2019 dollars. Accordingly, DOE also proposes under the 
tiered proposal that the manufacturer's retail list price thresholds 
would be adjusted for inflation (for the applicable year of compliance) 
using the most recently available Annual Energy Outlook (``AEO'') GDP 
deflator time series. For AEO 2020, Table III.5 provides the values of 
the GDP deflator time series.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See Table 20. Macroeconomic Indicators; GDP Chain-type 
Price Index; Reference case.

                   Table III.5--AEO 2020 GDP Deflator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          GDP deflator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2019.................................................                  1
2020.................................................           1.024394
2025.................................................           1.152839
2030.................................................           1.296141
2035.................................................           1.445744
2040.................................................           1.614055
2045.................................................           1.809366
2050.................................................           2.041051
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on using the AEO GDP deflator series to adjust 
the manufacturer's retail list price threshold for inflation. DOE 
requests comment on whether other time series, including those that 
account for regional variability, should be used to adjust 
manufacturer's retail list price.
b. Tier Proposals
    The proposed lower incremental purchase price for manufactured 
homes covered by the Tier 1 standard was developed in response to 
concerns from HUD and other commenters regarding the incremental 
purchase price, and the ability of the first homeowner/purchaser for 
these homes to recoup the increase in purchase price and realize the 
savings offered by the greater energy

[[Page 47762]]

efficiency of a Tier 1 manufactured home. As discussed in section 
IV.A.1.a, several commenters expressed concern that first homeowners of 
manufactured homes would not live in the homes long enough to recoup 
the increases in purchase price or realize the energy savings of the 
energy efficiency measures proposed in the June 2016 NOPR.
    In determining the energy efficiency measure (EEM) combinations, 
DOE ensured that the performance-based overall thermal transmittance 
(Uo) for these combinations would be more stringent than the current 
HUD requirements. DOE's objective in defining the Tier 1 incremental 
purchase price threshold was based on which threshold a low-income 
buyer purchasing a single-section home (using typical loan terms 
available to these homebuyers, primarily chattel loans with higher 
interest rates) would, on average, realize a positive cash flow within 
Year 1 of the standard based on the down payment, incremental loan 
payment, and energy cost savings. As such, DOE preliminarily determined 
that an incremental purchase price of no more than $750 provided a 
beneficial financial outcome for these consumers given lifecycle cost 
savings and energy cost savings, while minimizing first cost impacts. 
Specifically, for single-section manufactured homes, DOE determined the 
set of energy efficiency measures with an average incremental purchase 
price of $663 (as presented in Table I.1) with a 10 percent down 
payment (using a chattel loan, as discussed in section IV.A.1.d) would, 
on average, result in a positive cash flow within the first year, as 
presented in Table III.6. Further discussion on the LCC inputs to this 
subgroup calculation are presented in section Chapter 9 of the TSD.

           Table III.6--Tier 1 LCC Sub-Group National Results
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Single-section only; 30-year analysis period; national
                         results                              Tier 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Incremental cost........................................         $662.64
Down-payment (10%)......................................           66.26
Yearly Incremental Loan Payment.........................           78.55
First Year Incremental Payment (Down-payment + Loan)....          144.81
Yearly Energy Cost Savings..............................          180.83
First Year Savings (Energy Cost Savings-Incremental                36.01
 Payment)...............................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, by focusing the Tier 1 standards on those measures 
that would result in an incremental purchase price increase of 
approximately $750, DOE proposes a way to take into account energy 
efficiency and cost-effectiveness in a manner consistent with the 
statute. Further discussion is provided in Chapter 6 of the TSD.
    The proposed Tier 2 standard would be at the same stringencies as 
the standards based on the most recent version of the IECC, with 
consideration of cost-effectiveness and design and factory construction 
techniques of manufactured homes. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1); 42 U.S.C. 
17071(b)(2)(A)) The proposed building thermal envelope requirements for 
both tiers are presented in section III.E.2.b of this document.
c. General Comments to the June 2016 NOPR on Energy Conservation 
Standards
    This SNOPR reflects general comments to the June 2016 NOPR 
regarding the need to update the energy conservation standards for 
manufactured homes and the basis for any standards established. MHARR 
stated that HUD-regulated manufactured homes are already energy 
efficient, with median monthly energy costs that are either lower or 
comparable to the median monthly costs for site-built homes, without 
high costs to the consumer. (MHARR, No. 143 at p. 4) Next Step cited a 
study done by the American Council for Energy Efficient Economy 
(``ACEEE'') that found that residents of manufactured homes spend 30 
percent more income on energy than the average American household and 
66 percent more than owners of site-built homes. (Next Step, No. 174 at 
p. 1)
    DOE also received several comments regarding the use of the IECC as 
a basis for this rulemaking. SBRA stated that the IECC is a weak 
regulatory basis for developing manufactured housing standards, as IECC 
is not developed with cost-effectiveness as a primary consideration. 
SBRA recommended that in the future, DOE base changes to energy 
conservation standards for manufactured housing primarily on methods 
and practices specific to the MH industry. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 1)
    As described in section II.A, EISA mandates that the manufactured 
housing energy conservation standards be based upon the most recent 
IECC, except in cases in which the Secretary finds that the IECC is not 
cost-effective, or a more stringent standard would be more cost-
effective, based on the impact of the IECC on the purchase price of 
manufactured housing and on total life-cycle construction and operating 
costs. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) As discussed, DOE evaluated the 
requirements of the IECC along with the other considerations enumerated 
by EISA. EISA also requires DOE to update the energy conservation 
standards no later than one year after any revisions to the IECC; 
therefore, future revisions to the standards will also be based on the 
IECC along with the other considerations identified by EISA. In this 
SNOPR, DOE proposes to include several IECC provisions with 
modification, incorporating some of the MH working group's 
recommendations that were based on cost-effectiveness. DOE also 
proposes to include modified IECC provisions to make the DOE standards 
better tailored to the manufactured housing industry, as discussed in 
further depth in the next paragraphs.
    Regarding the statutory requirement to base standards on the IECC, 
the ICC stated in its comments that its codes generally do not apply 
rules that distinguish among buildings based on their structure or how 
they were built. ICC went on to state that it understands there may be 
technical reasons that warrant modifying the IECC standards, but it 
asserted that those changes should be based on a showing of 
impossibility and incompatibility with the manufactured housing 
process. (ICC, No. 160 at p. 2)
    One of the considerations provided by EISA in establishing 
standards is ``the design and factory construction techniques of 
manufactured homes.'' (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)(A)) The design and 
construction of manufactured homes was a main focus of the MH working 
group while developing the recommendations that DOE has considered in 
this rulemaking. For example, section R402.2.4 of the 2015 IECC (which 
was considered by the MH working group) and the 2021 IECC (which is the 
latest version of the IECC and considered in this SNOPR) include

[[Page 47763]]

a specification for vertical doors that provide access from conditioned 
to unconditioned spaces to meet certain fenestration insulation 
requirements. However, doors that separate conditioned and 
unconditioned space rarely are relevant to manufactured homes. 
Therefore, the MH working group recommended that this provision be 
removed from the energy conservation standards as it was deemed not 
relevant to manufactured housing design and construction. Modifications 
to the IECC in this proposal were based on unique, technical aspects of 
the manufactured housing industry, as well as use of the HUD zones and 
to address cost-effectiveness concerns related to the potential impact 
cost increases would have on the affordability of the manufactured 
housing market.
    Additionally, as noted previously, the authority under 42 U.S.C. 
17071 to establish energy conservation standards for manufactured homes 
specifies that those standards ``shall be based on'' the most recent 
version of the IECC. In DOE's view, this does not require the energy 
conservation standards for manufactured homes to be an identical or 
verbatim equivalent of the IECC, especially in light of the other 
considerations DOE must make under the statute (i.e., the design and 
construction techniques of manufactured homes, cost-effectiveness, 
etc.). Because the IECC is specific to site-built structures, both 
approaches proposed in this document would establish requirements using 
modified versions of those related IECC provisions that can be adapted 
for manufactured homes.
    In another comment regarding the IECC, VEIC commented that DOE 
should include a provision to regularly update the standards with 
changes made to the IECC in the future. (VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2) In 
response, DOE notes that EISA already requires the agency to update its 
energy conservation standards for manufactured housing not later than 
``one year after any revision to the IECC.'' (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(3)(B)) 
DOE has considered the latest version of the IECC (the 2021 IECC) for 
this SNOPR, and is proposing energy conservation standards based on the 
latest version of the IECC. DOE will review subsequent IECC standards 
issued in the future and evaluate whether to update the energy 
conservation standards for manufactured housing based on the 
considerations required by EISA.
    Southern Company questioned whether the new regulations are subject 
to the seven-factor test for cost-effectiveness as found in 10 CFR part 
430. (Southern Company, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 143) 
DOE understands the question from Southern Company to refer to the 
seven statutory factors, as described in 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i)(I)-
(VII), that apply to energy conservation standards established under 
the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products Other than 
Automobiles (Title III, Part B of the Title III, Part B of the Energy 
Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA)). Manufactured housing is 
not a covered product under Title III, Part B of EPCA, and is subject 
to a separate statutory scheme (i.e., 42 U.S.C. 17071). Therefore, this 
rulemaking is not directly subject to the EPCA seven-factors test, 
although similar analyses have been conducted for this rulemaking 
(e.g., LCC, MIA).

B. Rulemaking Process

    As part of developing energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing, DOE is undertaking a multi-stage process 
providing numerous opportunities for public comment and engagement, as 
discussed in further detail in section II.B.3 of this document. For 
this rulemaking, EISA requires DOE to ``consult with the Secretary of 
HUD, who may seek further counsel from the Manufactured Housing 
Consensus Committee''. 42 U.S.C. 17071(a)(2)(B). Pursuant to the 
statutory requirement, DOE has consulted with HUD throughout the 
development of these standards, as discussed in section II.B.3. DOE met 
with HUD multiple times during the preliminary stages of the proposed 
rule, as well as throughout the rest of the rulemaking process, and 
consulted HUD in the development of the proposals in this SNOPR. As 
EISA expressly states that the Secretary of HUD may engage with the 
MHCC with regard to this rulemaking, DOE has attended three MHCC 
meetings, most recently in June of 2021, to gather further information 
and input on the rule. This proposed rule includes a number of the 
changes submitted by the MHCC (MHCC, No. 162), which mirrored comments 
from other individual stakeholders on the June 2016 NOPR. A number of 
other stakeholders, including industry stakeholders, have also provided 
information, data, and opinions regarding the rule. All interested 
stakeholders will have the opportunity to provide input and comments on 
this SNOPR.
    In response to the 2016 NOPR, DOE received several comments 
regarding the rulemaking process used by DOE for these energy 
conservation standards. MHARR had numerous comments regarding issues 
with the overall process used for this rulemaking. MHARR asserted that 
the DOE rulemaking process was not transparent, and that the proposed 
rule was a violation of the 1974 National Manufactured Housing 
Construction and Safety Standards Act; the ``arbitrary, capricious [or] 
abuse of discretion'' standard of the Administrative Procedure Act; the 
Negotiated Rulemaking Act; and EISA. (MHARR, No. 154 at pp. 2-15)
    MHARR was also concerned that a 2011 draft of the proposed rule was 
distributed to a select group of organizations. MHARR stated that 
following this distribution, a ``fresh start'' was required for the 
proposed rule, but there is no evidence that a ``fresh start'' actually 
occurred. (MHARR, No. 154 at pp. 2-15; MHARR, No. 143 at pp. 1, 3; 
MHARR, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 149)
    As stated earlier, DOE is conducting this rulemaking pursuant to 
the statutory provisions in EISA that direct DOE to establish energy 
conservation standards for manufactured housing. This statutory 
directive is separate from the 1974 National Manufacturing Housing 
Construction and Safety Standards Act that governs HUD's authority in 
promulgating regulations for manufactured housing. Additionally, DOE 
demonstrates in section III.F how the standards proposed in this SNOPR 
do not conflict with those established by HUD. Furthermore, this 
discussion and related supporting analyses together present the 
analytical approach used by DOE in evaluating the relevant information 
and on which DOE based its determinations regarding the proposed 
requirements in accordance with the directives in EISA, the 
Administrative Procedure Act and the Negotiated Rulemaking Act. 
Accordingly, as discussed previously, in preparation for the prior 
negotiated rulemaking that produced the June 2016 NOPR, DOE set up a 
negotiated rulemaking process in accordance with the Federal Advisory 
Committee Act and the Negotiated Rulemaking Act, which included a broad 
and balanced array of stakeholder interests and expertise, and included 
a representative from MHARR. 79 FR 41456 (July 16, 2014).
    DOE also received several comments regarding the consensus approach 
used in the June 2016 NOPR. SBRA and Clayton Homes supported the ASRAC 
decision to use a consensus approach for this rulemaking and 
recommended DOE should continue this method for future rulemakings 
regarding

[[Page 47764]]

manufactured housing. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 1; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at 
p. 5) DOE appreciates these comments supporting the use of a negotiated 
rulemaking process by DOE and will consider these and all other 
permissible options for future manufactured housing rulemakings.
    With regard to the rulemaking process, DOE received several 
comments regarding the inclusion of the MHCC during the rulemaking. 
Several commenters stated that the proposed rule should not be 
finalized until the views and comments of MHCC are incorporated, as 
they have done for past HUD rulemakings. (Pleasant Valley Homes, No. 
154 at p. 2; WVHI, No. 156 at p. 2; MHIM, No. 155 at p. 2; NMMHA, No. 
157 at p. 2; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 2; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 2; Skyline 
Corporation, No. 165 at p. 1; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at p. 
2; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 2; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 2; AMHA, No. 173 at p. 
2, Commodore Corporation, No. 195 at p. 2) AMHA also stated that the 
proposed rule should not be finalized without thoughtful consideration 
of the detailed comments of professionals involved with manufactured 
housing including the MHCC, as well as MHARR and MHI. (AMHA, No. 173 at 
p. 3)
    MHARR stated that DOE must consult with HUD and MHCC during the 
formulation of DOE standards, and that there is no evidence that these 
consultations ever occurred. (MHARR, No. 154 at p. 18) MHARR also 
commented that DOE never provided a chance for MHCC to provide 
substantive consensus input regarding the proposed rule and actively 
prevented any input from MHCC at any point when it would have mattered. 
(MHARR, No. 154 at p. 19) As stated previously, DOE has consulted both 
with HUD and engaged with the MHCC with regard to this rulemaking, and 
has incorporated information and considerations provided by HUD and the 
MHCC into this SNOPR.

C. Test Procedure

    DOE published a test procedure NOPR for manufactured housing on 
November 9, 2016. 81 FR 78733 (November 2016 test procedure NOPR). The 
November 2016 test procedure NOPR proposed applicable test methods to 
determine compliance with the following metrics that were included in a 
June 2016 NOPR: the R-value of insulation; the U-factor of windows, 
skylights, and doors; the SHGC of fenestration; U-factor alternatives 
to R-value requirements; the air leakage rate of air distribution 
systems; and mechanical ventilation fan efficacy. The November 2016 
test procedure NOPR proposed test methods that would dictate the basis 
on which a manufactured home's performance is represented and how 
compliance with the energy conservation standards would be determined. 
DOE notes that a number of the test methods that were proposed were 
consistent with test methods from the IECC, which includes test methods 
for R-value of insulation, U-factor and SHGC of fenestration, duct 
leakage and mechanical fan efficacy.
    The November 2016 test procedure NOPR provided stakeholders an 
opportunity to comment on the proposed test procedure for manufactured 
housing. As discussed above, DOE is not addressing a test procedure in 
this rulemaking. DOE will consider the comments related to test 
procedures in any future action on test procedures.

D. Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement

    In the November 2016 test procedure NOPR, DOE did not propose a 
system of certification, compliance, and enforcement (``CCE''), instead 
indicating those items would be addressed in a separate rulemaking. At 
this time, DOE is not addressing CCE issues in this rulemaking, but may 
do so in the future.
    DOE received several comments identifying compliance and 
enforcement as a major issue that needs to be addressed. Several 
commenters stated that they are concerned that establishing standards 
prior to the establishment of a compliance regime would risk 
manufacturers facing complicated, conflicting, and overlapping 
requirements from both HUD and DOE. (Pleasant Valley Homes, No. 153 at 
p. 2; WVHI, No. 156 at p. 2; MHIM, No. 155 at p. 2; NMMHA, No. 157 at 
p. 2; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 2; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 2; MHCC, No. 162 at 
p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at p. 2; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 1; Palm Harbor 
Homes, No. 193 at p. 3; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 2; AMHA, No. 173 at p. 2; 
Skyline Corporation, No. 165 at p. 2; NCJC, No. 184 at p. 2; Form 
Letters, No. 182 at p. 1; MHARR, No. 154 at p. 22) Commenters suggested 
that the proposed rule not be finalized until DOE and HUD can determine 
a single, efficient, and practical enforcement strategy, where HUD is 
the prime regulator. (MHI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 11; 
MHI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 142; Washington State 
University (WSU) Energy Program, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at 
p. 146; Pleasant Valley Homes, No. 153 at p. 2; WVHI, No. 156 at p. 2; 
MHIM, No. 155 at p. 2; NMMHA, No. 157 at p. 2; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 2; 
Better Homes, No. 168 at p. 1; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at 
p. 2; ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 3; Next Step, No. 174 at p. 2; MMHA, No. 170 
at p. 2; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 1; Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at 
p. 3; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 2; AMHA, No. 173 at p. 2; Skyline 
Corporation, No. 165 at p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at p. 8; Form Letters, No. 
182 at p. 1, Commodore Corporation, No. 195 at p. 2)
    NEEA suggested that DOE establish a collaborative method with HUD 
to provide compliance oversight with the DOE standards. As suggested by 
NEEA, HUD could continue to use the existing Design Approval Primary 
Inspection Agencies (DAPIA) and Inspection Primary Inspection Agencies 
(IPIA) system, with DOE serving as a third-party review and technical 
support through periodic energy code compliance studies. (NEEA, No. 190 
at p. 2)
    ACEEE and South Mountain stated that in order to have effective 
compliance, it is important that DOE provide training and tools to 
assist manufacturers in compliance and to monitor effectiveness of 
implementation, particularly during the initial implementation period. 
(ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 4; South Mountain, No. 151 at p. 1) One 
particular technical tool that was suggested by SBRA and Palm Harbor 
Homes was a single software package that provides a platform for 
overall compliance. This software could check for HUD and DOE Code 
compliance, conduct loads analysis (Manual J), equipment sizing (Manual 
S), generate an Energy Rating Index, and check for ENERGY STAR[supreg] 
compliance. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 2; Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 3) 
Lastly, ACEEE commented that the residential compliance software used 
by DOE, REScheck, also be adapted to verify these new requirements. 
(ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 4)
    DOE also received comments regarding specific aspects of compliance 
and enforcement. Earthjustice commented that DOE should move quickly to 
propose and finalize provisions related to compliance and enforcement, 
but that these specific provisions should not delay finalizing the 
overall rule. (Earthjustice, No. 169 at p. 2)
    WSU Energy Program commented that insulation installations and air 
leakage compliance must be clear for IPIA- and DAPIA-approved quality 
assurance, suggesting a compliance approach that relies on existing HUD 
mechanisms. (WSU Energy Program, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at 
pp. 42, 57)

[[Page 47765]]

    ACEEE commented that some degree of energy-related information 
should be provided to purchasers, renters, and owners. To make this 
possible, ACEEE urged DOE to require MH manufacturers to use effective 
labeling and sales information that would easily convey the effects of 
the energy conservation standards to consumers, but without undue 
burden on manufacturers. (ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 4)
    Modular Lifestyles commented that consumers do not usually buy 
homes directly from the manufacturer; normally, retailers will purchase 
the manufactured homes from the manufacturer to then sell to consumers. 
Modular Lifestyle commented that the manufacturer should be held 
accountable, upon the purchase of the manufactured home by the 
retailer, that the home meets the consumer's local energy conservation 
standards, as the manufacturer and consumer may be located in different 
DOE climate zones. (Modular Lifestyle, No. 141 at p. 2)
    NCJC suggested both that compliance and enforcement standards be 
included in the energy conservation standard, and that a provision be 
added that would allow homeowners to sue manufacturers for failure to 
construct homes in accordance with these energy conservation standards. 
(NCJC, No. 184 at p. 2) GWU suggested DOE consider retrospectively 
reviewing its rule after implementation to assess any potential overlap 
or conflicts with the existing HUD Code. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 11)
    DOE appreciates the comments received on potential options for a 
CCE system. DOE will consider the comments related to CCE received in 
this rulemaking and will consult with HUD in any future action on CCE.

E. Energy Conservation Standards Requirements

    This section discusses in detail the energy conservation standards 
proposed in this SNOPR, in particular as compared to the energy 
conservation standards as proposed in the June 2016 NOPR. In response 
to the 2021 IECC, additional analyses conducted by DOE, and comments 
received to the June 2016 NOPR, including those regarding potential 
adverse impacts on price-sensitive low-income purchasers of 
manufactured homes, DOE is updating the proposed energy conservation 
standards as presented in the June 2016 NOPR.
    The following paragraphs discuss the tiered and untiered standard 
proposed for manufactured homes based on the 2021 IECC. As discussed 
previously, the proposed Tier 1 standard would include manufactured 
homes with a manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less (in 
real 2019$) and would be subject to a less stringent set of standards, 
while providing cost-effective energy bill savings and positive cash 
flow within the first year of occupancy.
    DOE is continuing to propose that standards would be codified in a 
new part of the CFR under 10 CFR part 460 subparts A, B, and C. Subpart 
A, as proposed, provides the scope of the standards, definitions of key 
terms, and other commercial standards that are incorporated by 
reference into this part. The subpart also would establish a compliance 
date of one year following the publication of the final rule.
    As proposed, subpart B would include energy conservation standards 
requirements associated with the building thermal envelope of a 
manufactured home according to the climate zone in which the home is 
located. DOE bases its proposed building thermal envelope energy 
conservation standards on the three HUD zones. Under the proposal, 
manufacturers may choose between two pathways to comply, with each one 
ensuring an appropriate level of thermal transmittance through the 
building thermal envelope. The first pathway relies on prescriptive 
requirements for components of the building thermal envelope. The 
second pathway relies on performance requirements, under which a 
manufactured home is required to achieve a maximum Uo in addition to 
fenestration U-factor and SHGC requirements. Manufactured homes would 
be required to comply with one of these two pathways. Subpart B would 
also establish prescriptive requirements for insulation and sealing the 
building thermal envelope to limit air leakage.
    Proposed subpart C includes requirements related to duct leakage, 
HVAC thermostats and controls, service water heating, mechanical 
ventilation fan efficacy, and equipment sizing.
1. Subpart A: General
    DOE received several comments regarding the rulemaking in general, 
both in favor of and opposed. A number of commenters stated that they 
support the overall standards proposed by DOE in the June 2016 NOPR. 
(ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 17; NEEA, No. 190 at 
p. 1; South Mountain, No. 151 at p. 1; RECA, No. 188 at p. 1) ACEEE and 
RECA also commented on the many benefits of the requirements as 
proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, especially on the energy savings for 
the owners of manufactured homes. (ACEEE, Public Meeting Transcript, 
No. 148 at p. 17; RECA, No. 188 at p. 1) NEEA commented that it 
supports the improved overall building thermal envelope efficiency, 
citing both increased insulation and lower fenestration U-values. 
(NEEA, No. 190 at p. 1) Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) stated 
that DOE's standards as proposed in the June 2016 NOPR have 
opportunities for very high return on investments and are justified on 
an overall economic perspective. (NRDC, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 
148 at p. 16) NJCJ and WSU Energy Program commented that the improved 
standards will help address not only high energy bills, but also help 
reduce physical degradation to the house, which is an issue that 
plagues many manufactured home homeowners. (NCJC, No. 184 at p. 2; WSU 
Energy Program, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 106) While 
these commenters expressed general support for the rulemaking, some 
provided specific criticisms, which are discussed in more detail 
throughout this SNOPR.
    Earthjustice and NCJC urged DOE to implement the proposed rule as 
soon as possible, as it has gone through a prolonged development 
process and general consensus was reached in late 2014. These 
commenters stated that additional time taken to implement this rule 
deprives new manufactured home homeowners the benefits of greater 
energy conservation standards. (Earthjustice, No. 169 at p. 1; NCJC, 
No. 184 at p. 1) NEEA stated that DOE provided more than adequate time 
for stakeholders to participate and provide comment, and that the rule 
should be finalized. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 1)
    DOE appreciates the comments supporting the proposed energy 
conservation standards and the projected benefits. DOE notes that the 
currently proposed standards were developed with consideration of 
recommendations received through an in-depth consensus process, 
recommendations received from a working group, consultations with HUD, 
and comments received during rulemaking. As noted, EISA requires DOE to 
base the energy conservation standards on the most recent version of 
the IECC (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)), and that following the June 2016 
NOPR, the 2018 and 2021 editions of the IECC were published. In 
response, DOE considered the changes to the IECC from the version used 
in the June 2016 SNOPR (2015 IECC), as well as cost-effectiveness 
considerations, in developing the energy conservation standards 
proposed in this SNOPR.
    DOE also received comments urging caution in establishing a final 
rule. SBRA and NCJC stated that while they

[[Page 47766]]

believe that sections of the document can be improved, the overall rule 
should be adopted. (SBRA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 148; 
NCJC, No. 184 at p. 1) Cavco stated that this rulemaking should be 
thoroughly vetted and reviewed because any errors in the calculation of 
cost-effectiveness could have a significant negative impact on 
consumers and the manufactured housing industry. (Cavco, Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 148 at p. 151) MHI stated that given the magnitude of 
issues to be addressed (a general reference to all comments raised by 
MHI), DOE should consider publishing another draft rule for comment 
before moving to a final rule. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 8)
    Several commenters were specifically concerned with increased 
consumer cost, which is addressed in section IV.A.1.g, and issues 
regarding compliance, which is addressed in section III.D. (OMHA, No. 
166 at p. 1; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 1; WVHI, No. 156 at p. 1; MHIM, No. 
155 at p. 1; NMMHA, No. 157 at p. 1; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 1; PMHA, No. 
164 at p. 1; Skyline Corporation, No. 165 at p. 1; Commodore 
Corporation, No. 195 at p. 1)
    In response to comments received related to potential adverse 
impacts on price-sensitive, low-income purchasers, and in light of the 
consultation with HUD, DOE has updated its analyses specifically to 
evaluate the potential burden of incremental costs from energy 
conservation standards on low-income purchasers. To allow stakeholders 
to comment on the updated proposal contained in this SNOPR, DOE notes 
that it is proposing updated requirements based on further analyses and 
is requesting additional comments before establishing a final rule.
a. Proposed Sec.  460.1 Scope
    Section 431 of EISA directs DOE to establish energy conservation 
standards for manufactured housing. (42 U.S.C. 17071(a)(1)) In this 
SNOPR, DOE proposes that Sec.  460.1 (1) restate the statutory 
requirement and introduce the scope of the requirements, and (2) 
require manufactured homes that are manufactured on or after one year 
following publication of the final rule to comply with the requirements 
established, consistent with the June 2016 NOPR. 81 FR 39756, 39766 DOE 
stated that a 1-year notice period is a common industry practice for 
changes to building codes, and would allow manufacturers to transition 
their designs, materials, and factory processes to comply with the 
finalized DOE energy conservation standards. Id.
    In response to the June 2016 NOPR, ACEEE and South Mountain 
supported the 1-year period before the rule becomes effective, stating 
a 1-year period appropriately balances the urgency of implementing the 
energy conservation standards and the work required of manufacturers to 
implement changes. (ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 1; South Mountain, No. 151 at 
p. 1) RECA recommended an implementation timeline of no longer than one 
year, as outlined in the June 2016 SNOPR. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 2) RECA, 
Next Step Network, and Modular Lifestyles commented that many 
manufacturers produce higher efficiency homes that already meet the 
energy conservation standards, indicating that the path to compliance 
was known and well established. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 2; Next Step, No. 
174 at p. 1; Modular Lifestyles, No. 141 at p. 2) AGA and APGA 
suggested that the lead time for compliance instead be 5 years, as this 
would both allow more time for the market to adjust as well as give 
more time to educate consumers. (AGA and APGA, No. 172 at p. 1) In 
addition, Advocacy recommended that DOE adopt delayed compliance 
schedules for small manufacturers, as this would allow them to manage 
their limited resources. (Advocacy, No. 177 at p. 4)
    As noted in comments previously, the industry has experience with 
the means to comply with the proposed requirements. DOE notes that 
section 413 requires DOE to update the manufactured home standards 
within one year following an update to the IECC. (42 U.S.C. 
17071(b)(3)(B)) A one-year lead time for compliance would allow DOE to 
evaluate industry compliance with the proposed standards, if made 
final, prior to consideration of updates to the IECC in 2024, as 
required by the statute. The one-year lead time would also minimize the 
lag time between updates to the IECC and any potential updates to the 
DOE standards, ensuring that manufactured home purchasers are receiving 
energy savings based on the most recent model energy codes.
    DOE recognizes that compliance with the DOE energy conservation 
standards may require manufacturers to update designs and 
certifications required under the HUD Code. However, EISA requires DOE 
to base the energy conservation standards for manufactured homes on the 
latest edition of the IECC, with considerations made for cost-
effectiveness. As discussed in detail in section I.A, while 
manufacturers may incur costs to update designs to meet the proposed 
standards, if finalized, these costs appear outweighed by the benefits 
gained in energy savings by manufactured home purchasers as a result of 
the standards.
    DOE requests comment on whether a one-year lead time would be 
sufficient given potential constraints that compliance with the DOE 
standards may initially place on the HUD certification process, and 
whether a longer lead time (e.g., a three-year lead time) or some other 
alternative lead-time for this first set of standards (e.g., phased-in 
over three years, with one-year lead-times thereafter) should be 
provided.
b. Proposed Sec.  460.2 Definitions
    In this SNOPR, DOE proposes to maintain certain definitions 
proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, update other definitions from the June 
2016 NOPR based on comments received, and add/update certain 
definitions based on the later IECC version published since the June 
2016 NOPR (the 2018 IECC and the 2021 IECC). As such, DOE proposes the 
definitions for the following terms proposed in the June 2016 NOPR 
remain the same for Sec.  460.2: ``automatic,'' ``ceiling,'' ``climate 
zone,'' ``continuous air barrier,'' ``door,'' ``duct,'' ``duct 
system,'' ``fenestration,'' ``floor,'' ``glazed or glazing,'' 
``insulation,'' ``manufactured home,'' ``manufacturer,'' ``manual,'' 
``R-value (thermal resistance),'' ``rough opening,'' ``service hot 
water,'' ``solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC),'' ``state,'' 
``thermostat,'' ``U-factor (thermal transmittance),'' ``Uo (overall 
thermal transmittance),'' ``ventilation,'' ``vertical fenestration,'' 
``wall,'' ``whole-house mechanical ventilation system,'' ``window,'' 
and ``zone.''
    Furthermore, DOE proposes definitions in the SNOPR for the 
following terms that are either (1) updates from the June 2016 NOPR, 
(2) new proposals based on the 2018 and 2021 IECC, or (3) other 
clarifications needed, as discussed later in this section: ``access 
(to)''; ``air barrier''; ``building thermal envelope''; ``conditioned 
space''; ``dropped ceiling''; ``dropped soffit''; ``eave''; 
``equipment''; ``exterior ceiling''; ``exterior floor''; ``exterior 
wall''; ``heated water circulation system''; ``2021 IECC''; ``opaque 
door''; ``skylight''; ``skylight well'';
    The following paragraphs summarize the comments received to the 
June 2016 NOPR and DOE's analysis of the 2018 and 2021 IECC updates to 
the definitions.
    COBA requested that a definition of the term ``affordable housing'' 
be added. COBA suggested the following:

[[Page 47767]]

``Housing is affordable when individuals or households earning less 
than half the Area Median Income or AMI can afford to rent a 
conventional apartment or buy a home in their local housing market.'' 
\23\ (COBA, No. 158 at p. 3) Regarding affordability, WSU Energy 
Program stated that ``affordability'' should be defined as affordable 
to purchase at the upfront cost, as suggested by COBA, but also 
affordable to maintain and operate. (WSU Energy Program, No. 148 at pp. 
20, 85) Impact on purchase price is a particular consideration in the 
development of the energy conservation standards for manufactured 
housing, and DOE requested comments on the potential impact of 
standards on affordability/purchase price. 81 FR 39756, 39765, 39784. 
However, affordability is not an element of the proposed regulatory 
text in this SNOPR and ``affordability'' as a defined term is not 
needed to support the energy conservation standard regulatory text (at 
10 CFR part 460). As such DOE is not proposing a definition of 
``affordability''.
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    \23\ Allen, G. and Savage, B. The First 20 Years! 2013. PMN 
Publishing; Franklin, IN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ACC FSC requested that DOE define ``continuous insulation.'' (ACC 
FSC, No. 186 at p. 1) DOE determined in the June 2016 NOPR that a 
definition for ``continuous insulation'' was not necessary, as it was 
deemed not relevant to the proposed energy conservation requirements. 
Because the regulatory text proposed does not use the term ``continuous 
insulation,'' DOE is not proposing a definition for this term.
    NEEA commented that improved clarity on what is considered interior 
conditioned space is needed. NEEA stated that the space under the floor 
but above insulation should not be considered conditioned space. (NEEA, 
No. 190 at p. 2) DOE recognizes that there was some confusion regarding 
the definition of ``conditioned space'' proposed in the June 2016 NOPR. 
DOE intended to use the 2015 IECC definition for the term ``conditioned 
space,'' but an error led to an incorrect definition being listed in 
Sec.  460.2 of the proposed regulatory text. For this SNOPR, DOE 
proposes that the definition of conditioned space match the 2021 IECC 
definition, which is the same as the 2015 IECC definition for 
conditioned space. Using this proposed definition, the space under the 
floor but above the insulation is considered conditioned space. As DOE 
is proposing the term as defined in the IECC, the term is appropriately 
understood by industry. Therefore, DOE proposes to define ``conditioned 
space'' as an area, room, or space that is enclosed within the building 
thermal envelope and that is directly or indirectly heated or cooled. 
Spaces are indirectly heated or cooled where they communicate through 
openings with conditioned space, where they are separated from 
conditioned spaces by uninsulated walls, floors or ceilings, or where 
they contain uninsulated ducts, piping, or other sources of heating or 
cooling.
    NEEA recommended that ``skylight wells'' be defined as exterior 
walls, to clearly indicate that they require insulation to at least 
exterior wall insulation levels. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3) While 
``skylight'' is defined in the 2021 IECC, ``skylight well'' is not 
defined. As suggested by NEEA, a ``skylight well'' would extend from 
the interior finished surface of the exterior ceiling to the exterior 
surface of the roof. For some homes, the upper part of this well may 
exist above the exterior ceiling insulation. This upper part of the 
well would provide an uninsulated path from the interior to the 
exterior of the home if the skylight well were not insulated. Per the 
proposed definition of exterior wall, ``skylight wells'' would be 
considered exterior walls. DOE agrees with NEEA's suggestion to define 
the term ``skylight well,'' which DOE proposes to define as 
encompassing the walls underneath a skylight that extend from the 
interior finished surface of the exterior ceiling to the exterior 
surface of the location to which the skylight is attached.
    DOE also proposes to specify that skylight wells are exterior walls 
by updating the definition of ``exterior wall'' to include skylight 
wells. DOE proposes to define ``exterior wall'' as a wall, including a 
skylight well, that separates conditioned space from unconditioned 
space.
    HUD's allowance of ``alternative construction'' of manufactured 
homes permits manufacturers to utilize new designs or techniques. 24 
CFR 3282.14. One such home design can be a multistory manufactured 
home. In this SNOPR, DOE proposes that the ceiling, wall, and floor 
building thermal requirements for these energy conservation standards 
are only for the exterior ceiling, wall, and floor that separate 
conditioned space from unconditioned space, not for any internal 
ceilings that can be found in a multistory manufactured home, or for 
interior walls. Therefore, DOE proposes adding definitions for the term 
``exterior ceiling'' as a ceiling that separates conditioned space from 
unconditioned space and ``exterior floor'' as a floor that separates 
conditioned space from unconditioned space.
    DOE also proposes to update the following definitions proposed in 
the June 2016 NOPR that included ``ceiling'' and ``floor'' to include 
the use of ``exterior ceiling'' and ``exterior floor,'' as appropriate: 
``building thermal envelope,'' ``dropped ceiling,'' ``dropped soffit,'' 
``eave,'' and ``rough opening.''
    DOE also reviewed several relevant definitions updated since the 
publication of the 2015 IECC (in the 2018 IECC and the 2021 IECC). For 
the 2018 IECC, the updates included the following terms: ``air 
barrier'' and ``building thermal envelope.'' These same updates were 
carried over to the 2021 IECC. DOE reviewed these updates and finds 
them to be clarifications rather than substantive changes. 
Specifically, the 2018 (and 2021) IECC definition for ``air barrier'' 
clarified that the materials should be joined together in a continuous 
manner to restrict or prevent passage of air through the building 
thermal envelope; the ``continuous manner'' element was not part of the 
same definition in the 2015 IECC. The addition of this term means that 
the material should be joined together without any thermal bridges, 
other than fasteners and service openings, so that any passage of air 
through the building thermal envelope is prevented. DOE notes that the 
term ``continuous'' is one generally used by and understood within 
industry and is consistently used in the 2021 IECC (without being 
defined).
    The 2018 (and 2021) IECC definition for ``building thermal 
envelope'' specified that it should be building element assemblies as 
opposed to just building elements. DOE has tentatively determined this 
update to be non-substantive because it clarifies the original intent 
of the definition to include all components that separate conditioned 
from unconditioned space. In addition, the 2018 IECC also added a new 
definition for ``opaque door.'' The term opaque door is included in the 
definition for ``vertical fenestration'' but previously had not been 
defined. The 2018 IECC defines an opaque door as a door that is not 
less than 50 percent opaque in surface area.
    For the 2021 IECC, the relevant updates included the following 
terms: ``accessible,'' which was replaced by ``access (to),'' and 
``skylights.'' DOE had only previously proposed a definition for 
``accessible'' because the 2015 IECC defined the term and included the 
term in the residential provisions, which DOE had incorporated into the 
regulatory text. However, the 2021 IECC replaces ``accessible'' with 
``access (to)''

[[Page 47768]]

and no longer includes the term ``accessible'' in the residential 
provisions of the IECC. In response to the June 2016 NOPR, NEEA 
commented that a clearer definition of the word ``access'' was 
required.\24\ (NEEA, 190 at p. 2). As the definition of the word 
``access'' is now found in the 2021 IECC, DOE is proposing to include a 
definition for ``access''. Further, to prevent confusion, DOE proposes 
to revise the regulatory text to incorporate the use of the word 
``access'' instead of ``accessible,'' similar to the updates in the 
2021 IECC. Therefore, DOE proposes to define the term ``access (to)'' 
as ``that which enables a device, appliance or equipment to be reached 
by ready access or by a means that first requires the removal or 
movement of a panel or similar obstruction.''
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    \24\ In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed that access hatches, 
panels, and doors must provide access to all equipment that prevents 
damaging or compressing of the insulation.
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    In addition, the 2021 IECC clarifies that skylights include ``unit 
skylights, tubular daylighting devices, and glazing materials in 
solariums, sunrooms, roofs and sloped walls.'' DOE understand these 
updates to be clarifications rather than a substantive change and does 
not alter the meaning of the original definition. Therefore, DOE 
proposes to include this clarification in the proposed skylight 
definition. Accordingly, DOE proposes to include the updated 
definitions for ``air barrier,'' ``building thermal envelope'' and 
``skylight'' and the new definition for ``opaque door'' and ``access 
(to)'' in this SNOPR.
    In review of the proposed regulatory text from the June 2016 NOPR, 
DOE also recognized that the term ``Circulating hot water system'' is 
defined, but the term ``heated water circulation system'' is used in 
the substantive requirements of the June 2016 NOPR. In this SNOPR, DOE 
proposes to change this defined term to reflect what is used in the 
substantive provisions of the regulations. Additionally, DOE defined 
the term ``service hot water'' in the June 2016 SNOPR, but the proposed 
substantive requirements also used the term ``service water heating.'' 
The IECC uses both terms. For consistency DOE proposes to define and 
use the term ``service hot water'' throughout the regulations.
    DOE also recognized that the June 2016 NOPR definition for 
``equipment'' included the term ``appliances''. However, the MH working 
group generally did not recommend provisions addressing appliances. 
Furthermore, this SNOPR is not proposing requirements for appliances 
that are regulated pursuant to the statutory scheme in EPCA. Therefore, 
DOE proposes to remove ``appliances'' from the definition of 
``equipment.''
    DOE also recognized that the term ``infiltration'' was defined in 
the proposed regulations in the June 2016 NOPR but was not otherwise 
used. As the term is not used in the regulatory text, DOE proposes to 
not include a definition for ``infiltration'' in this SNOPR.
    DOE requests comment on its understanding of the definitional 
changes in the 2018 IECC and the 2021 IECC. DOE also requests comments 
on its changes to the proposed definitions as compared to those 
proposed in the June 2016 NOPR.
c. Proposed Sec.  460.3 Materials Incorporated by Reference
    In this SNOPR, DOE is not proposing to incorporate the 2021 IECC by 
reference. The 2021 IECC serves as the basis for the regulations 
proposed in this document, with the proposed requirements addressing 
technical issues specific to manufactured homes, relying on the HUD 
zones, and addressing issues related to health and safety, as well as 
the need to preserve the affordability of manufactured homes.
    Further, DOE continues to propose to incorporate by reference Air 
Conditioning Contractors of America (``ACCA'') Manual J; ACCA Manual S; 
and ``Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured Homes'' 
by Conner and Taylor (the Battelle Method). DOE proposes that ACCA 
Manuals J and S would be incorporated by reference in Sec.  460.205 of 
the regulatory text and would relate to the selection and sizing of 
heating and cooling equipment. In addition, the Battelle Method is an 
industry standard methodology for calculating the overall thermal 
transmittance (Uo) of a manufactured home and is also currently 
referenced in the HUD Code for calculation of overall thermal 
transmittance. DOE proposes to use the Battelle method to determine the 
same (Uo).
    In response to the June 2016 NOPR, ACCA commented in favor of the 
references to Manual J and Manual S. (ACCA, No. 159 at p. 2) DOE also 
received comments regarding the 2015 IECC (which was the basis of the 
June 2016 NOPR requirements). The ICC commented that it is concerned 
with the manner that DOE proposed to use and modify the IECC, which is 
copyrighted, specifically that DOE did not incorporate by reference the 
2015 IECC. Referencing Circular OMB Circular A-119, ``Federal 
Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus 
Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities, Revised,'' ICC 
stated that all ``Federal agencies must use voluntary consensus 
standards in lieu of government-unique standards in their procurement 
and regulatory activities,'' and that DOE must report the reasons for 
its use of government-unique standards in lieu of voluntary consensus 
standards. The ICC also commented that section 5.g of the OMB Circular 
A-119 directs agencies ``to observe and protect the rights of the 
copyright holder.'' (ICC, No. 160 at p. 3) ICC commented that in order 
to meet minimum requirements for OMB-A119, DOE must ``(a) expressly 
acknowledge that the IECC is a copyright protected document, published 
and owned by ICC; (b) explicitly state that any reproduction or copying 
of the standard (other than for personal, non-commercial purposes) 
requires express written permission or license from ICC; and (c) state 
that copies of the IECC are available for purchase from ICC at its 
website, www.iccsafe.org.'' (ICC, No. 160 at p. 4) ACCA also commented 
that the incorporation of the 2015 IECC language, either directly or 
with slight modification, should require DOE to properly acknowledge 
the ICC and its work, as the 2015 IECC is copyright protected. (ACCA, 
No. 159 at p. 2)
    Subject to copyright law, DOE acknowledges that the IECC is a 
copyright protected document, published and owned by the ICC, and that 
reproduction or copying of the IECC requires written permission or 
license from the ICC. As noted above, copies of the IECC are available 
for purchase at www.iccsafe.org. They may also be viewed for free on 
ICC's public access website at: https://codes.iccsafe.org/public/collections/I-Codes. As discussed previously, DOE and the MH working 
group evaluated the 2015 IECC, and DOE subsequently evaluated the 2018 
and the 2021 IECC. The MH working group recommendations and the June 
2016 NOPR were based on the 2015 IECC, but as explained throughout this 
document, modifications are necessary to address technical issues that 
are specific to manufactured housing, as opposed to site-built housing, 
which is the focus of the IECC. As such, the SNOPR's proposals (1) are 
based directly on certain IECC sections, (2) are based on other 
sections of the IECC with modification, and (3) do not include certain 
other sections as they were either not pertinent to manufactured

[[Page 47769]]

housing or not needed to establish energy conservation standards.
    DOE requests comment on incorporating by reference ACCA Manual J, 
ACCA Manual S, and ``Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes'' by Conner and Taylor.
d. Proposed Sec.  460.4 Energy Conservation Standards
    Proposed Sec.  460.4 would specify that manufactured homes would be 
required to comply with the proposed building thermal envelope in 
subpart B and the equipment and controls requirements in subpart C, as 
applicable. The proposed requirements of subparts B and C are discussed 
in the following paragraphs. As discussed, DOE is proposing a tiered 
proposal with two tiers of energy conservation standards based on the 
manufacturer's retail list price of a manufactured home. Under the 
tiered proposal proposed Sec.  460.4 would specify the requirements 
applicable to the two tiers.\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ In the proposed regulatory text provided at the end of this 
document, bracketed language is specific to the tiered proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Subpart B: Building Thermal Envelope
    The proposed requirements in subpart B relate to climate zones, the 
building thermal envelope, installation of insulation and building 
thermal envelope leakage for manufactured homes. The following sections 
provide further details, a discussion of comments on the June 2016 NOPR 
relevant to subpart B and responses to any such comments. As discussed 
above, the tiered standards approach is DOE's primary proposal in this 
document i.e. manufactured homes with manufactured retail list prices 
of $55,000 or less (Tier 1 manufactured homes) would be subject to 
different building thermal envelope requirements than all other 
manufactured homes (Tier 2 manufactured homes). The requirements are 
discussed in the following sections.
a. Proposed Sec.  460.101 Climate Zones
    Pursuant to EISA, DOE may base its energy conservation standards on 
the climate zones established by HUD rather than on the climate zones 
contained in the IECC. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)(B)) The potential for 
climactic differences to affect energy consumption supports an approach 
in which energy conservation standards account for geographic 
differences in climate. In this SNOPR, DOE proposes to align with the 
HUD climate zones.
    As indicated in Figure III.1, the HUD Code divides the United 
States into three distinct climate zones for the purpose of setting its 
building thermal envelope requirements, the boundaries of which are 
separated along state lines. By contrast, as indicated in Figure III.2, 
section R301 of the 2021 IECC divides the country into nine climate 
zones, the boundaries of which are separated along county lines. The 
2021 IECC also provides requirements for three possible variants (dry, 
moist, and marine) within certain climate zones, as indicated in Figure 
III.2. The HUD Code zones were developed to be sensitive to the manner 
in which the manufactured housing industry constructs and places 
manufactured homes into the market. The IECC climate zones are 
separated along county lines to reflect a more granular overview of 
climate distinctions within the United States, and to facilitate state 
and local enforcement of the IECC for residential and commercial 
buildings, including site-built and modular construction.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.003


[[Page 47770]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.004

    In the June 2016 NOPR, proposed Sec.  460.101 provided for four 
climate zones, as illustrated in Figure III.3. This was based on the MH 
working group recommendation that DOE establish four climate zones that 
placed cities with the same set of most-cost-effective building thermal 
envelope requirements in the same climate zone. DOE's proposed climate 
zones bifurcated Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and 
Arizona.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.005

BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
    DOE received several comments regarding climate zones. Modular 
Lifestyles recommended alternate climate zones. It stated that the 
local building ZIP code should be used to determine the building 
climate zone for the placement of a manufactured home. As an example, 
it referenced the California Energy Commission's climate zones for 
California, which has 16 building climate zones based on ZIP codes. 
(Modular Lifestyles, No. 141 at p. 1) In essence, Modular Lifestyles 
advocated for a finer resolution in climate zones, potentially with 
even more climate zones than listed in the IECC.
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed four climate zones based on the 
recommendation and analysis completed by the MH working group (using 
the 2015 IECC), which placed cities with the same set of most-cost-
effective building thermal envelope requirements in the same climate 
zone. As noted above, in this document DOE is proposing in this SNOPR a 
set of energy efficiency requirements applicable to Tier 1 manufactured

[[Page 47771]]

homes to provide energy savings at an incremental purchase price of 
approximately $750 and Tier 2 manufactured homes. The June 2016 NOPR 
climate zone analysis did not consider this tiered proposal.
    In this SNOPR, DOE proposes to incorporate the HUD zones instead of 
the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones, as explicitly permitted 
under EISA. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)(B)) As noted, the HUD zones were 
developed with specific consideration of the manner in which the 
manufactured housing industry constructs and places manufactured homes 
into the market. The HUD zone boundaries are separated along state 
lines, whereas the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones bifurcated 
certain states. Aligning the climate zones between the DOE requirements 
and the HUD Code would reduce the complexities faced by manufacturers 
in coordinating compliance between the two sets of requirements. 
Additionally, it would reduce the potential for confusion of 
manufactured home purchasers, by allowing them to rely on a single map 
to determine whether a manufactured home would be appropriate for a 
given location, as opposed to requiring them to consult one map under 
the HUD Code and a different map under the DOE requirements.
    Modular Lifestyle's suggestion to use local building zone ZIP codes 
to determine climate zones would extend the subdivision of states and 
be overly burdensome for manufacturers. Although its suggested climate 
zones could more accurately account for U.S. climatic conditions that 
affect energy use, the potential benefit of this accounting would be 
offset by the impracticality to the manufactured housing industry of 
developing homes per building ZIP code, with multiple zones existing 
within the same state, where the eventual destination of the home is 
not always known when the home is manufactured.
    DOE also received comments regarding the proposed climate zone map 
(Figure 460.101), Table 460.101-1, and Table 460.101-2 from the June 
2016 NOPR that provided a list of the U.S. states located in each 
climate zone. Several commenters stated that there was inconsistency 
between where Kentucky was located in Figure 460.101, and where it was 
located in Table 460.101-1. (Cavco, No. 167 at p. 1; Earthjustice, No. 
169 at p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at p. 1; Clayton Homes, No. 185, at p. 2; 
PMHA, No. 164 at p. 3) Cavco, Clayton Homes, and MHI recommended that 
Kentucky be moved to climate zone 3 in the map figure. Several 
commenters also stated that California was missing in Table 460.101-1 
and Table 460.101-2, and therefore the tables needed to be updated. 
(Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 2; MHCC, No. 162 at p. 1; Earthjustice, 
No. 169 at p. 2; Skyline, No. 165 at p. 2) As already discussed, for 
this SNOPR, DOE proposes to align with the HUD zones as opposed to the 
June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones. Accordingly, comments received 
regarding issues with the June 2016 proposed climate zone map are no 
longer applicable to this SNOPR.
    DOE requests comment on basing the climate zones on the three HUD 
zones instead of the June 2016 NOPR-proposed four climate zones, or 
other configuration of climate zones. DOE further requests input on 
whether energy efficiency requirements should be based on smaller 
geographic areas than provided with the 3 or 4 zone model.
b. Proposed Sec.  460.102 Building Thermal Envelope Requirements
    In this SNOPR, DOE's primary proposal is the tiered proposal and 
the alternate proposal is the untiered proposal. Both proposals are 
based on the HUD zones. For the tiered proposal, Tier 1 would 
incorporate building thermal envelope measures based on certain thermal 
envelope components subject to the 2021 IECC but would limit the 
incremental purchase price increase to an average of approximately 
$750. For Tier 2, DOE proposes building thermal envelope measures based 
on those proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, updated to reflect the HUD 
zones and the 2021 IECC requirements. The alternate untiered proposal 
requirements would be the same as the Tier 2 requirements.
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes to add Sec.  
460.102 in the regulatory text to establish requirements related to the 
building thermal envelope, including the materials within a 
manufactured home that separate the interior conditioned space from the 
exterior of the building or interior spaces that are not conditioned 
space. Further DOE also proposes that Sec.  460.102(a) would provide 
manufacturers the option of choosing one of two pathways for compliance 
to ensure that the building thermal envelope would meet more stringent 
energy conservation levels. These two pathways are known as the 
prescriptive approach and the performance approach. Consistent with the 
recommendation of the MH working group and the June 2016 NOPR, DOE 
proposes to allow manufacturers to choose between these two pathways 
for compliance, which would result in cost-effective energy savings for 
homeowners while providing for flexibility within the manufactured 
housing industry. Term Sheet, No. 107 at pp. 3-4. This approach is 
consistent with the 2021 IECC, which provides a climate zone-specific 
prescriptive building thermal envelope component pathway (R402.1.2) and 
an alternate pathway to compliance, which allows for a home to be 
constructed using a variety of materials as long as the entire building 
thermal envelope has a maximum, singular total UA value \26\ 
(R402.1.5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ UA is the U-factor multiplied by area.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE continues to 
propose that the prescriptive requirements would establish specific 
component minimum R-value, maximum U-factor, and SHGC requirements, 
providing a straightforward option for construction planning. The 
prescriptive requirements were proposed under Sec.  460.102(b), with 
the building thermal envelope requirements proposed under Sec.  
460.102(b)(1) The compliance option based on performance requirements, 
on the other hand, would allow a manufactured home to be constructed 
using a variety of materials with varying thermal properties so long as 
the building thermal envelope achieved a required level of overall 
thermal performance. The performance requirements thus would provide 
manufacturers with greater flexibility in identifying and implementing 
cost-effective approaches to building thermal envelope design. The Uo 
requirements would be determined by applying the proposed prescriptive 
building thermal envelope requirements to manufactured homes using 
typical dimensions and construction techniques and then calculating the 
resulting Uo.
    In developing the set of Tier 1 energy efficiency measures proposed 
in this document, DOE considered measures for building elements of 
manufactured homes based on building components subject to the 2021 
IECC (i.e., exterior floor, exterior walls, exterior ceiling, and 
fenestration). DOE evaluated different combinations of energy 
efficiency measures and stringencies for exterior floor, wall, ceiling, 
and windows (fenestration). DOE compared the potential energy savings 
for each of the different combinations analyzed and preliminarily 
determined the optimal set of energy efficiency measures that would 
yield an incremental cost increase of approximately $750. For this 
analysis, DOE evaluated the same range of energy efficiency measures 
and costs that were used for the June 2016 NOPR.

[[Page 47772]]

    In developing the set of Tier 2 energy efficiency measures proposed 
in this document, DOE first mapped the June 2016 NOPR requirements 
(based on four climate zones) to HUD zones (based on three climate 
zones). DOE used the manufactured home national shipment percentages 
for each of the cities analyzed,\27\ and the corresponding HUD zone and 
the June 2016 NOPR climate zone identifiers for each of the cities. DOE 
then summed the shipment percentages of the cities with the same June 
2016 NOPR proposed climate zones within each of the HUD zones. 
According to which of the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones showed 
the maximum shipment weight per HUD zone, DOE incorporated those 
proposed June 2016 NOPR requirements for that HUD zone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ DOE used shipments for 2019 from the annual production and 
shipment data provided by MHI. See Manufactured Home Shipments by 
Product Mix, Manufactured Housing Institute (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For proposed climate zone 1, the cities identified were in either 
the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones 1 or 2; however, the summed 
shipment weights per the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zone did not 
provide an obvious indicator as to which of the energy efficiency 
measures to incorporate for proposed climate zone 1. The only 
difference between the June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zone 1 and 2 
energy efficiency measures was the glazed fenestration requirement. 
Therefore, in this SNOPR, DOE proposes to use the less stringent glazed 
fenestration requirement (0.33 vs. 0.25) to accommodate cost-effective 
measures that were proposed in the June 2016 NOPR for proposed climate 
zone 2.
    Next, DOE considered the updates to the 2021 IECC. In reviewing 
Section R402.1 of the 2021 IECC, DOE determined the following relevant 
updates are merited when compared to the 2015 IECC that the MH working 
group had considered:
    <bullet> The maximum fenestration U-factors were updated from 0.35 
to 0.30 for IECC climate zones 3 and 4 (except marine); and from 0.32 
to 0.30 for IECC climate zones marine 4, 5 through 8.
    <bullet> The maximum glazed fenestration SHGC was updated from NR 
to 0.40 for IECC climate zones 5 and marine 4.
    <bullet> The minimum ceiling R-value was updated from R-38 to R-49 
for IECC climate zones 2 and 3; and from R-49 to R-60 for IECC climate 
zones 4 through 8.
    <bullet> The minimum wall R-value was updated from R-13 to R-13 or 
R-0+10 for IECC climates zones 0 through 2; from R-20 or R-13+5 to R-20 
or R-13+5ci or R-0+15 for IECC climate zones 3; from R-20 or R-13+5 to 
R-20+5 or R-13+10ci or R-0+15 for IECC climate zones 4 and 5; and from 
R-20+5 or R-13+10ci to R-20+5ci or R-13+10ci or R-0+20 for IECC climate 
zones 6 through 8.
    With regards to the 2021 IECC updates, DOE did not incorporate the 
minimum ceiling R-value updates given the physical space constraints of 
manufactured homes and because EISA allows DOE to consider the design 
and factory construction techniques of manufactured homes as compared 
to site-built and modular homes. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(2)). Specifically, 
manufactured homes typically have a lower overall height compared to 
site-built homes, which leads to constrained space, and therefore there 
is less exterior ceiling insulation. DOE did consider all other updates 
consistent with EISA and the analysis done for the June 2016 NOPR. 
Accordingly, DOE similarly mapped the 2021 IECC updates to the 
corresponding proposed climate zone.
    Therefore, for the tiered proposal, the Tier 1 prescriptive 
building thermal envelope requirements are presented in Table III.7 and 
the Tier 2 prescriptive building thermal envelope requirements are 
presented in Table III.8. The untiered proposal's building thermal 
envelope requirements would be the same as the Tier 2 requirements 
presented in Table III.8.

                                         Table III.7--Tier 1 Building Thermal Envelope Prescriptive Requirements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Exterior        Exterior
                                          Exterior  wall      ceiling          floor        Window  U-     Skylight  U-                       Glazed
              Climate  zone                insulation  R- insulation  R-  insulation  R-      factor          factor      Door  U-factor   fenestration
                                               value           value           value                                                           SHGC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................              13              22              22            1.08            0.75            0.40             0.7
2.......................................              13              22              19             0.5            0.55            0.40             0.6
3.......................................              19              22              22            0.35            0.55            0.40  Not applicable
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                 Table III.8--Tier 2 (and Untiered) Building Thermal Envelope Prescriptive Requirements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Exterior        Exterior
                                          Exterior  wall      ceiling          floor        Window  U-     Skylight  U-                       Glazed
              Climate  zone                insulation  R- insulation  R-  insulation  R-      factor          factor      Door  U-factor   fenestration
                                               value           value           value                                                           SHGC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................              13              30              13            0.32            0.75            0.40            0.33
2.......................................            20+5              30              19            0.30            0.55            0.40            0.25
3.......................................            20+5              38              30            0.30            0.55            0.40  Not applicable
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the exterior wall insulation, the ``+5'' involves using 
``continuous insulation,'' which is insulation that runs continuously 
over structural members and is free of significant thermal bridging. As 
a sensitivity analysis, DOE considered the impacts on the LCC savings 
from requiring less stringent exterior wall insulation (at R-21 instead 
of R-20+5) to remove the continuous insulation requirement. At R-20+5, 
the incremental cost relative to the baseline is $2,500, versus $850 
for R-21. DOE considered this alternative insulation requirement for 
zones 2 and 3 to address potential equity impacts in the regional 
distribution of benefits and costs and to ensure that each metro area 
analyzed could experience a positive LCC at Tier 2. DOE is considering 
additional analysis to further explore the impacts of R-21 for Tier 2 
homes and the untiered proposal prior to the final rule stage. Further 
discussion on the sensitivity analysis results is provided in section 
IV.A.2.

[[Page 47773]]

    As discussed, use of the HUD zones (or the climate zones proposed 
in the June 2016 NOPR) instead of the IECC climate zones does not allow 
for use of the IECC requirements absent modification. In line with the 
building thermal envelope requirements and use of the HUD zones, 
proposed in this document, DOE proposes the following changes to the 
June 2016 NOPR-proposed regulatory text:
    <bullet> Update the requirement regarding the use of a combination 
of R-21 batt insulation and R-14 blanket insulation in lieu of R-30 for 
the purpose of compliance with the climate zone 3 exterior floor 
insulation R-value requirement. (Under the tiered proposal this would 
be applicable for Tier 2 only.)
    <bullet> Update the maximum U-factor values as alternatives to the 
minimum R-value requirements. DOE calculated the maximum U-factor 
values by using the Battelle method that was recommended by the MH 
working group.\28\ DOE performed these calculations based on typical 
wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies used by the manufactured home 
industry. Table III.9 provides the updated maximum U-factor values for 
Tier 1 manufactured homes under the tiered proposed rule. Table III.10 
provides the updated maximum U-factor values for Tier 2 manufactured 
homes (and the untiered manufactured homes) under the tiered proposed 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ ``Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured 
Homes'' by Conner and Taylor.

                      Table III.9--U-Factor Alternatives to the Tier 1 R-Value Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Exterior ceiling U-factor
                  Climate zone                   --------------------------------  Exterior wall  Exterior floor
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section     U-factor        U-factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.094           0.049
2...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.094           0.056
3...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.068           0.049
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


              Table III.10--U-Factor Alternatives to the Tier 2 (and Untiered) R-Value Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Exterior ceiling U-factor
                  Climate zone                   --------------------------------  Exterior wall  Exterior floor
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section     U-factor        U-factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1...............................................           0.045           0.043           0.094           0.078
2...............................................           0.045           0.043           0.047           0.056
3...............................................           0.038           0.037           0.047           0.032
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> Update the building thermal envelope performance 
requirements. DOE calculated the updated Uo values using the Battelle 
method for single- and multi-section manufactured homes. Table III.11 
provides the updated Uo values for Tier 1 manufactured homes under the 
tiered proposal. The proposed Tier 1 standards provide energy 
efficiency standards more stringent than the HUD thermal protection 
standards required in 24 CFR 3280.506(a). Table III.12 provides the 
updated Uo values for Tier 2 (and untiered) manufactured homes.

 Table III.11--Tier 1 Building Thermal Envelope Performance Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
              Climate zone                       U               U
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................           0.110           0.109
2.......................................           0.091           0.087
3.......................................           0.074           0.072
------------------------------------------------------------------------


      Table III.12--Tier 2 (and Untiered) Building Thermal Envelope
                        Performance Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
              Climate zone                       U               U
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................           0.086           0.082
2.......................................           0.062           0.063
3.......................................           0.053           0.052
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> Update the area-weighted average vertical fenestration U-
factor requirements to the HUD zones instead. DOE proposes that the 
area-weighted average vertical fenestration U-factor must not exceed 
0.48 in climate zone 2 or 0.40 in climate zone 3.
    <bullet> Update the area-weighted average skylight U-factor 
requirements to reflect use of the HUD zones instead. DOE proposes that 
the area-weighted average skylight U-factor must not exceed 0.75 in 
climate zone 2 and climate zone 3.
    DOE also notes that section R401.2.5 of the 2021 IECC requires that 
in addition to the prescriptive compliance option, additional energy 
efficiency requirements must be utilized to achieve further energy 
savings. Section 408.2 provides five additional efficiency package 
options to achieve these additional energy savings, which include: (1) 
Enhanced envelope performance; (2) more efficient HVAC equipment 
performance; (3) reduced energy use in service water heating; (4) more 
efficient duct thermal distribution; and (5) improved air sealing and 
efficient ventilation system.
    In developing recommendations the MH working group evaluated the 
2015 IECC, which does not include comparable provisions to section 
R401.2.5 and R408.2 of the 2021 IECC. However, the MH working group 
generally did not recommend provisions addressing minimum appliance 
efficiencies. For example, the MH working group reached consensus that 
R401.5 of 2015 IECC, which provided for tradeoffs between the building 
thermal envelope and HVAC equipment and other appliances, was not 
applicable to manufactured homes. (MH working group, No. 107 at p. 22) 
Consistent with the recommendations of the MH working group, the 
performance requirements in the proposed energy conservation standards 
are specific to the building thermal envelope only, and do not 
incorporate any specifications on HVAC energy efficiency. Accordingly,

[[Page 47774]]

DOE did not consider the more efficient HVAC equipment performance and 
reduced energy use in service water heating options in this SNOPR.
    Further, DOE also did not examine the more efficient duct thermal 
distribution option based on EISA's allowance to consider the design 
and factory construction techniques of manufactured housing. (42 U.S.C. 
17071(b)(2)) DOE understands that the requirements in R408.2 of the 
2021 IECC focus primarily on the location of the duct or ductless 
systems in a home (in terms of duct thermal distribution design) as 
opposed to improving efficiency of the ducts as already installed and 
designed. Therefore, the options remaining were those that DOE 
considered are relevant to manufactured homes and this rulemaking, 
which include the enhanced envelope performance option and the improved 
air sealing and efficient ventilation option.
    The enhanced envelope performance option in the 2021 IECC requires 
that the total building thermal envelope UA (the sum of U-factor times 
assembly area) shall be less than or equal to 95 percent of the total 
UA resulting from multiplying the U-factors in Table R402.1.2. (Section 
R408.2.1 of the 2021 IECC) For this SNOPR, DOE was unable to 
incorporate this requirement given the proposed building thermal 
envelope requirements in Table III.8 and the space constraints of 
manufactured homes.
    The improved air sealing and efficient ventilation system option 
requires that the measured air leakage rate is less than or equal to 
three air changes per hour (``ACH''), with either heat recovery 
ventilators (``HRV'') or energy recovery ventilators (``ERV''), 
installed (with specific requirements on airflow). An HRV recovers heat 
from the exhaust air and then adds it to the supply air drawn from 
outside the home. An ERV also recovers heat from the exhaust air, but 
also transfers some of the moisture from the exhaust air to keep the 
humidity in the home at a constant level. DOE notes that ERV and HRV 
fans can be applicable to manufactured housing. However, this option 
would require an HRV or ERV, which the MH working group or DOE had not 
considered previously.
    Analysis conducted in support of the DOE Building Energy Codes 
Program (``BECP'') suggests that a primary first cost for HRV could be 
as high as $1,500.\29\ ERVs were not considered in the analysis. 
Although the BECP analysis concluded that HRVs are cost effective for 
certain northern climate zones, DOE notes that the analysis conducted 
is based on a single-family home size conditioned floor area (1,200 to 
4,500 ft\2\ CFA), whereas manufactured homes are typically smaller in 
size (single section homes are analyzed with 924 ft\2\ CFA). For this 
SNOPR, DOE is not proposing either the HRV or ERV option because DOE 
has not yet determined whether this requirement would be cost-effective 
in manufactured homes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ Taylor, Zachary T. Residential Heat Recovery Ventilation. 
United States. https://doi.org/10.2172/1488935.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on the Tier 1 energy conservation standards, 
which would be applicable to manufactured homes with a manufacturer's 
retail list price of $55,000 or less. DOE also requests comment on the 
proposed energy conservation standards based on the most recent version 
of the IECC for the Tier 2 and untiered standards and the consideration 
of R-21 sensitivity for exterior wall insulation for climate zones 2 
and 3.
    DOE requests comment on the additional energy efficiency 
requirements from the 2021 IECC and whether they should apply to 
manufactured homes, including those that DOE has initially considered 
as not applicable to manufactured homes. If so, DOE requests comment on 
how these requirements would apply and the costs and savings associated 
with these requirements.
    The following sections discuss comments DOE received regarding the 
building thermal envelope requirements proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, 
and any other corresponding proposed changes to the June 2016 NOPR 
requirements.
General Comments on the Prescriptive Requirements
    DOE received several comments regarding the prescriptive 
requirements proposed in the June 2016 NOPR. NEEA commented that the 
prescriptive requirements for exterior walls, floor, ceiling, and 
fenestration should be based on U-factors, not current prescriptive 
requirements for R-value or U-factor alternative. NEEA stated that the 
proposed approach may result in two different thresholds depending on 
how the engineer chooses to calculate the U-factor alternative. (NEEA, 
No. 190 at p. 2) In response, DOE notes that allowing for both 
insulation R-value and fenestration U-factor requirements, in addition 
to equivalent U-factor alternatives to R-values, allows for more 
flexibility for manufacturers to comply with the energy conservation 
standards. Having both insulation R-value and fenestration U-factor 
requirements are also in line with the 2021 IECC requirements. Further, 
DOE is proposing that manufacturers use the Battelle method for 
calculating the overall thermal transmittance (Uo) of a manufactured 
home, which is the same as the HUD Code and provides a consistent way 
to calculate the component U-factors to determine Uo. Therefore, DOE 
continues to propose in this SNOPR both R-value and U-factor options 
for the prescriptive requirements, and a U-factor alternative 
requirement.
    DOE also received several comments regarding the U-factor 
alternatives to R-value requirements. NEEA recommended that the U-
factors used for the standard be recalculated based on framing factors 
used in the manufactured home industry. For example, in section 7.4.2 
of the June 2016 NOPR TSD, the assumed framing factor in walls is 25 
percent, which NEEA commented is reasonable for site-built homes, but 
not for manufactured homes. NEEA commented that typical framing factors 
in manufactured homes rarely exceed 18 percent because they are single-
story structures built in factories with glazing fractions (applicable 
to windows, skylights, and doors, for example) most commonly less than 
12 percent. NEEA also stated that updating the U-factors using 
manufactured home-specific factors would increase the cost-
effectiveness of the proposal. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 2) RECA and ACEEE 
commented that the proposed U-factor values for specified R-values were 
significantly less efficient that the equivalent U-factors set by the 
IECC. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 6 ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 2) WSU Energy Program 
commented that there might be some issues with the R-value and U-factor 
calculations and that the U-factor equivalent to R-21 that DOE used is 
much lower than the standard at R-21. WSU Energy Program provided the 
same comment with respect to the exterior floor. (WSU Energy Program, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 42)
    Based on the comments received, DOE revisited the calculations 
performed to determine the U-factor alternatives to R-value 
requirements. To perform the calculations, DOE used the Battelle method 
that was recommended by the MH working group.\30\ DOE performed these 
calculations based on typical wall, ceiling, and floor

[[Page 47775]]

assemblies used by the manufactured home industry.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ ``Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured 
Homes'' by Conner and Taylor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE used a different R-value to U-factor equivalency conversion 
than the IECC because the IECC equivalency conversion is primarily 
based on typical site-built home construction parameters (focus of the 
2015 IECC and the 2021 IECC) whereas DOE's focus is typical 
manufactured home construction parameters. EISA allows for DOE to take 
the design and factory construction techniques of manufactured homes 
into consideration for the energy conservation standards. (42 U.S.C. 
17071(b)(2)(A)) As such, the R-value to U-factor equivalency conversion 
used in this SNOPR is modified from the 2021 IECC conversion approach 
to reflect manufactured homes rather than site-built homes. When 
comparing the U-factors from the proposal and the U-factors from the 
2015 IECC and the 2021 IECC, the largest difference is with the 
exterior ceiling and exterior floor U-factors. The manufactured home 
dimensions that were used in the analysis were those recommended by the 
MH working group. Manufactured homes typically have a lower overall 
height compared to site-built homes, which leads to constrained space, 
and therefore there is less exterior ceiling and exterior floor 
insulation. See Chapter 7 of the TSD for further details on how the 
equivalent U-factors were determined.
    DOE based certain aspects of its rulemaking analysis (R-value to U-
factor conversion, energy use calculations, incremental costs, etc.) on 
a home built to the typical specifications recommended by the MH 
working group. These specifications included an assumption of a 25 
percent framing fraction, which the MH working group considered typical 
for manufactured homes. Absent sufficient justification to change the 
assumptions, which could result in significant changes to fundamental 
aspects of the recommendations of the MH working group, DOE maintains 
the assumptions from its analysis in the June 2016 NOPR. As discussed 
previously, DOE is proposing that manufacturers use the Battelle method 
for calculating the overall thermal transmittance (Uo) of a 
manufactured home, which allows for the option to use framing fractions 
based on the construction of the home, in addition to typical framing 
fractions. Therefore, in practice, if a manufacturer uses a framing 
fraction specific to the construction of the home, the manufacturer may 
use more or less insulation relative to the representative home in 
DOE's model, but the energy use will be the same when using the U-
factor alternative path to compliance. Therefore, in its analysis, DOE 
used the recommendations for typical assemblies and the calculation 
methodology from the MH working group. As previously discussed in this 
section, DOE has updated the U-factor alternatives to match the SNOPR-
proposed prescriptive R-value building thermal requirements, which 
reflect use of the HUD zones and the tiered proposal.
    DOE also received a comment regarding U-factor alternatives for 
single-section versus multi-section homes. ACEEE stated that basing the 
U-factor alternatives on single-section home construction means the 
values are less stringent (i.e., can be achieved with lower insulation 
R-values) for multi-section homes. ACEEE urged DOE to use the more 
stringent multi-section U-factors for all homes, or to provide separate 
values for the two types of homes as is done for the overall U-factors 
(Uo) in the performance building thermal envelope requirements. (ACEEE, 
No. 178 at p. 3)
    In response, DOE notes that the objective of the U-factor 
alternative is to create an equivalent U-factor requirement when 
compared to the corresponding R-value. Based on this objective, DOE 
agrees that the U-factor alternative should be different for single-
section compared to multi-section homes for the external ceiling 
assembly because the assumed typical construction of the external 
ceiling differs in the ratio of insulation to framing members. Other 
assemblies, such as the external wall and floor, are assumed to be the 
same for single- and multi-section homes, so the U-factor alternative 
for those assemblies would also be the same for both home sizes. For 
this SNOPR, DOE proposes separate U-factor alternatives for the 
external ceilings of single- and multi-section homes. DOE used the 
Battelle method to determine the external ceiling U-factor for both 
single- and multi-section homes. More details on the assumptions used 
for this calculation are provided in chapter 7 of the TSD. See Table 
III.9 and Table III.10 for the updated proposed external ceiling U-
factor alternatives.
    DOE also received specific comments regarding the prescriptive 
requirements. NEEA recommended that DOE should provide a list of 
typical constructions with nominal R-value batt insulation 
configurations that meet the U-value targets, as this allows designers 
to comply with standards without considering all possible framing, door 
and window configurations. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 2) The proposed 
prescriptive requirements already serve this purpose: The prescriptive 
requirements would allow a manufacturer or designer to simply install 
certain insulation and fenestration components in the house to achieve 
compliance with regulations. The U-factor alternative and the 
performance path would provide greater flexibility in selecting 
insulation and fenestration components if the manufacturer chooses to 
run the necessary calculations.
    ACC FSC stated that there should be a reference to a document that 
lists U-factor assumptions for non-insulation components when 
calculating U-factors. (ACC FSC, No. 186 at p. 1) DOE notes that the 
Battelle method provides details on typical framing factors, and any 
component specific rules for U-factor calculations. The Battelle method 
also provides references (including the ASHRAE HOF) and values for non-
insulation components. The Battelle method is referenced in proposed 
section 460.3.
    Palm Harbor Homes stated that Table 460.102-2 lists alternative U-
factors to the fourth decimal, which is inconsistent with the Battelle 
method incorporated by reference and in which U-values are to the third 
decimal. Palm Harbor Homes recommended rounding the listed U-values to 
three decimal points. (Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 2) DOE agrees 
that the U-values should be consistent with the Battelle method, and 
therefore has rounded the proposed U-factor alternatives to three 
decimal places.
General Comments on the Performance Requirements
    DOE received a comment regarding the performance requirements 
proposed in the June 2016 NOPR. ACC FSC stated that the performance 
requirements allow for unlimited tradeoffs to the building envelope, as 
long as the net thermal performance is achieved. It commented that this 
approach assumes that all components are working together 
simultaneously, and that the maintenance of HVAC components is 
sustained. ACC FSC stated, however, that the thermal envelope will last 
much longer than the service lives of tradeoff components such as HVAC, 
and the short-term components will be required to be replaced. It 
suggested that the performance path should have a back-stop to prevent 
excessive tradeoffs of the thermal envelope. (ACC FSC, No. 186 at p. 1)
    The performance requirements in the proposed energy conservation 
standards are specific to the building thermal envelope, and do not 
incorporate any specifications on HVAC energy efficiency or 
maintenance. Therefore, tradeoffs are only allowed within the

[[Page 47776]]

building thermal envelope, and not HVAC equipment or other appliances. 
For the thermal envelope, DOE proposes to limit tradeoffs between 
insulation and fenestration products via the following constraints, 
consistent with the MH working group recommendations and the 2021 IECC:
    <bullet> A maximum area-weighted average vertical fenestration U-
factor of 0.48 in climate zone 2, or 0.40 for climate zone 3,
    <bullet> A maximum area-weighted average skylight U-factor of 0.75 
in climate zones 2 and 3,
    <bullet> Windows, skylights, and doors containing more than 50 
percent glazing by area to satisfy the SHGC requirements under Sec.  
460.102(a) on the basis of an area-weighted average.
Prescriptive SHGC Requirements
    DOE received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR that suggested 
that climate zones 1 and 2 should be combined into one climate zone, 
such that there would be three climate zones in total. Commenters 
stated that a SHGC requirement of 0.33 would then apply to all homes in 
the new combined climate zone. (Lippert Components, No. 152 at p. 1; 
MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 3; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 3; Cavco, No. 167 at p. 1; 
SBRA, No. 163 at p. 3; Skyline, No. 165 at p. 2; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 2; 
MHI, No. 182 at p. 1; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 3; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at 
p. 2; Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 1; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 2; MHIM, 
No. 155 at p. 3; Commodore Corporation, No. 195 at p. 3) During the 
June 2016 NOPR public meeting and in its written comments, ACEEE and 
South Mountain supported the four proposed climate zones. (ACEEE, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 35; ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 2; 
South Mountain, No. 151 at p. 1)
    As part of its written comment, SBRA also performed its own 
analysis on SHGC for climate zones 1 and 2 and found that 0.33 for both 
climate zones 1 and 2 was most cost-effective for both zones. SBRA 
stated that it believes that DOE's analysis in the February 2015 RFI 
was based on an atypical set of assumptions (e.g., all windows due 
west, no window shading, no landscaping), which it stated would be at 
odds with the MH working group's approach of using industry average or 
market representative assumptions when evaluating the economic benefits 
of measures that improve energy performance. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 5) 
SBRA acknowledged that its analysis applied markedly different 
assumptions than DOE's analysis. The differences included the 
following: Window shading, window orientation, window area, and window 
cost. In addition, SBRA used the REMRate computer model, which is 
different than the Energy Plus 5.0 model used by DOE. (SBRA, No. 163 at 
p. 5)
    Regarding the SHGC requirements proposed by DOE in the June 2016 
NOPR, Lippert Components stated that the increased stringency on solar 
heat gain only really benefits those in the glazing industry, and the 
increased cost associated with increased stringency will reduce the 
sales of manufactured homes. Lippert Components suggested that the more 
stringent value of SHGC only be considered after real energy usage in 
homes has been evaluated and shows that it is a cost-viable option. 
(Lippert Components, No. 152 at p. 1)
    For climate zone 2, RECA commented that SHGC should be 0.25, 
consistent with the 2015 IECC, but did not comment in the context of 
the number of climate zones. It stated that DOE should not diverge from 
the IECC value, as the statute only allows deviations from the IECC 
value when the code is either not cost-effective, or when ``a more 
stringent standard would be more cost-effective.'' RECA asserted that 
the IECC value of 0.25 is cost-effective, and the statute does not 
allow for a less stringent standard that would be more cost-effective. 
(RECA, No. 188 at p. 3) RECA also commented that DOE's analysis of cost 
effectiveness for SHGC values did not use worst-case orientation of all 
windows facing west. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 3) (In response to comments 
received on the February 2015 RFI, DOE changed the assumption from all 
windows oriented west to assuming an even distribution of the windows.) 
RECA also stated that low-SHGC fenestration is both widely available 
and widely used in the proposed climate zone 2. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 4) 
ACEEE stated that it has no objection to climate zones 1 and 2 having 
the same required SHGC level considering that all other aspects of the 
standard are the same for the two zones; however, ACEEE did not 
recommend any specific SHGC. (ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 2)
    As already discussed in III.E.2.a of this document, DOE proposes to 
align the climate zones to the HUD zones (three zones) instead of the 
June 2016 NOPR-proposed climate zones (four zones). In addition, as 
detailed previously in this document, DOE is proposing energy 
conservation standards based on the 2021 IECC, with a tiered and 
untiered proposal. For Tier 1 of the tiered proposal, DOE proposes to 
base the standards on an incremental cost increase maximum because of 
concerns from HUD and stakeholders regarding the high upfront cost from 
the June 2016 NOPR standards. For the Tier 2 and untiered proposal, 
however, because of the proposed updates of the energy efficiency 
measures to HUD zones, DOE is proposing a glazed fenestration 
requirement of 0.33 for proposed climate zone 1. The proposed building 
thermal envelope measures are discussed in section III.E.2.b of this 
document.
    For the energy modeling in Energy Plus 5.0, DOE used the same 
assumptions as the June 2016 NOPR analysis for window-to-floor area, 
window shading, and window cost, which were recommendations from the MH 
working group and formed the basis of the MH working group's 
deliberations and recommendations. DOE continues to find the 
assumptions of the MH working group appropriate and is continuing to 
apply them in this SNOPR rather than those assumptions from the SBRA 
analysis. As explained in the June 2016 NOPR, DOE did not find reason 
to use assumptions different from those recommended by the MH working 
group based on the considerations of the MH working group arriving at 
them. 81 FR 39756, 39772.
    In addition, while DOE had originally modeled all windows facing 
west, based on comments received in response to the February 2015 RFI, 
DOE changed the assumption from all windows oriented west to assuming 
an even distribution of the windows. DOE maintains the assumption of 
uniform window distribution in the SNOPR, rather than RECA's assumption 
of all windows due west. As explained in the June 2016 NOPR, although 
the assumption of all windows facing west represents the highest energy 
use window orientation, consumers of manufactured homes with other 
window orientations would not experience as large an economic benefit. 
81 FR 39756, 39772.
    Regarding the window costs specifically, SBRA stated that DOE's 
estimate for the incremental cost to the consumer to improve the SHGC 
from 0.33 to 0.25 for a single-section home was too low. While DOE used 
an incremental cost of $91, SBRA stated that it determined that the 
incremental cost for the SHGC improvement would be $144. SBRA stated 
that it gathered pricing data from the industry's major window 
suppliers but did not provide the sources for this information or the 
calculations used to arrive at this estimate. Additionally, it did not 
provide its estimate for the incremental cost for multi-section homes.
    In response to SBRA's comment on window costs, DOE conducted 
further

[[Page 47777]]

research on the costs of windows with comparable U-factor and SHGC 
values. DOE's research found that both DOE's and SBRA's window cost 
estimates are within the range of common industry costs per square foot 
of fenestration. Because DOE has seen no evidence that the assumptions 
agreed to by the MH working group are no longer representative of 
typical manufactured home construction, DOE continues to use the same 
assumptions from the MH working group for the SHGC analysis. Term 
Sheet, No. 107 at p. 3.
    RECA commented that reduced SHGC fenestration can result in 
benefits like smaller air conditioning systems (which have a lower 
purchase price) and the reduction of peak-load electricity demand due 
to smaller cooling loads (and the smaller cooling equipment). (RECA, 
No. 188 at p. 3) In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE did not include air 
conditioner downsizing and associated cost savings opportunities in its 
SHGC analysis (or any of its cost-effectiveness analysis).
    DOE recognizes that decreases in air conditioning equipment size 
and peak electric load may result from the proposed requirements. 
However, these outcomes may not happen in practice for all consumers. 
Further, while reduction in peak demand is a benefit to the nation, not 
all consumers have an energy bill pricing structure (time of use based) 
that would afford them direct benefits. Therefore, DOE did not 
introduce the uncertainty associated with these potential benefits into 
the LCC analysis, and instead continues to focus on the direct impacts 
of improvements to the building thermal envelope insulation and other 
energy efficiency measures.
Window/Fenestration U-Factors
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed window U-factors of 0.35 for 
climate zones 1, 2, and 3; and 0.32 for climate zone 4. Skyline 
Corporation commented that the 2015 IECC allows for window U-factor of 
0.40 for climate zones 1 and 2, which is higher than the window U-
factor allowed in the proposed rule. It recommended that a U-factor of 
0.40 be used for climate zone 1. (Skyline, No. 165 at p. 2)
    As already discussed, DOE is proposing to rely on the HUD zones. 
Further, for the Tier 2 and untiered proposals, DOE has updated the 
proposed requirements based on the latest version of the IECC (the 2021 
IECC), in accordance with the EISA mandate. See 42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1) 
Accordingly, DOE proposes updated window U-factor requirements based on 
a review of the 2021 IECC, which are summarized in Table III.8.
    In the tiered proposed approach DOE is proposing as Tier 1 
requirements a set of energy conservation requirements with a first-
cost impact of approximately $750. The Tier 1 energy efficiency 
measures proposed in this document would provide energy savings 
exceeding that amount and are presented in section III.E.2.b. DOE has 
tentatively determined that a window U-factor of 1.08, 0.5 and 0.35 for 
climate zones 1, 2 and 3 respectively, in addition to the combination 
of the other thermal envelope measures, would provide savings above the 
first-cost impact in each of the proposed climate zones.
Sections R405 and R406 From the IECC
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE did not propose including sections R405 
and R406 from the IECC. Section R405 of the 2015 IECC establishes 
criteria for compliance using a simulated energy performance analysis, 
which involves calculating expected building energy use and comparing 
that value to the energy use of a standard reference building that 
complies with the minimum specifications of the 2015 IECC. Section R405 
compliance is based on the total estimated annual energy usage across 
the whole building: Envelope, mechanical, and service water heating. 
Section R406 of the 2015 IECC establishes criteria for compliance using 
an energy rating index that contemplates the use of software to 
calculate the energy use of a building. DOE stated that while both 
sections are valid and technically feasible options, the options do not 
appear to offer additional flexibility in the design of a manufactured 
home relative to the performance requirements for the building thermal 
envelope.
    Several commenters, however, stated that the proposed rule lacks a 
performance path that enables tradeoff among a wider range of energy 
features than the envelope alone, and recommended that DOE consider 
compliance options tailored for the manufactured housing industry, 
using section R405, Simulated Performance Alternative, and section 
R406, Energy Rating Index Compliance Alternative, from the 2015 IECC as 
models. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 2; MHI, No. 182 at p. 8; Palm Harbor 
Homes, No. 193 at p. 2; NPGA, No. 171 at p. 2; AGA & APGA, No. 172 at 
p. 1)
    Sections R405 and R406 incorporate the energy use of the whole 
building, including mechanical equipment such as appliances. The 
performance requirements in the proposed energy conservation standards 
are specific to the building thermal envelope only. As discussed, the 
MH working group generally did not recommend provisions addressing 
minimum appliance efficiencies and specifically identified R405 and 
R406 as inapplicable to manufactured homes. (MH working group, No. 107 
at p. 22) Consistent with the recommendations of the MH working group, 
the performance requirements in the proposed energy conservation 
standards are specific to the building thermal envelope only, and do 
not provide for tradeoffs with mechanical equipment such as appliances. 
DOE does capture a key element of sections R405 and R406 in its 
performance path to compliance. The IECC does not have a Uo-based 
performance path; it instead has the options described in sections R405 
and R406. Similar to those sections, a Uo calculation gives the 
manufactured home manufacturer the flexibility to design the 
manufactured home, as long as the overall Uo is met.
    DOE also received comments regarding the use of sections R405 and 
R406 of the IECC, citing the use of a full-fuel-cycle (FFC) calculation 
in those provisions as an advantage in terms of fully accounting for 
the impact of homes heated with different fuel types. (NPGA, No. 171 at 
p. 2; AGA & APGA, No. 172 at p. 1) An FFC measure of energy includes 
point-of-use (site) energy; the energy losses associated with 
generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity; and the 
energy consumed in extracting, processing, and transporting or 
distributing primary fuels.
    NPGA commented that R405 includes an exception for the performance-
based compliance approach, which allows the energy use to be based on 
source energy by using a source energy multiplier (one for electricity 
and another for fuels other than electricity). NPGA stated that this 
exception would be consistent with DOE's approach of incorporating 
energy consumption and emissions beyond the site in DOE's national 
impact analysis. In addition, NPGA commented that the adoption of R405 
would provide a means for manufacturers of HUD homes to choose 
appliances based on their FFC efficiency ratings, and in turn, benefit 
from any reductions in FFC energy consumption and carbon emissions. 
(NPGA, No. 171 at p. 2) AGA and APGA encouraged DOE to reconsider 
incorporating sections R405 or R406 of the IECC, which utilizes the FFC 
analysis, for the national impact analysis. (AGA & APGA, No. 172 at p. 
1)

[[Page 47778]]

    As discussed previously, sections R405 and R406 would incorporate 
the energy use of the whole building, including mechanical equipment. 
Therefore, any FFC energy use resulting from sections R405 and R406 
would also include energy use of the whole building. However, for the 
reasons discussed, this rulemaking only proposes provisions specific to 
the building thermal envelope. Therefore, DOE continues to not propose 
requirements associated with alternative performance from the 2015 and 
the 2021 IECC sections R405 and R406 in this SNOPR.
Ceiling Insulation Requirement
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed that exterior ceiling 
insulation must have uniform thickness or a uniform density. Several 
commenters stated that uniform thickness will generally not be 
possible, and uniform density would not allow high-density insulation 
in the truss heel area. (SBRA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 
52; NEEA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 53; MHIM, No. 155 at 
p. 3; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 3; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 3; Cavco, No. 167 at 
p. 2; SBRA, No. 163 at p. 3; Skyline, No. 165 at p. 3; OMHA, No. 166 at 
p. 3; MHCC, No. 162 at p. 1; MHI, No. 182 at p. 3; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 
3; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 3; Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 2; 
MHISC, No. 191 at p. 3; Commodore Corporation, No. 195 at p. 3)
    DOE tentatively agrees with commenters that the exterior ceiling 
insulation proposal of uniform thickness or a uniform density would 
prohibit effective insulation techniques. While uniform thickness and 
density is sound insulation installation practice in most situations, 
given that the space between the roof and exterior ceiling is limited, 
particularly at the eaves, this uniformity may not be possible at the 
insulation levels proposed in the NOPR. In addition, there is no 
requirement in the 2015 or the 2021 IECC for uniform thickness or 
density. Therefore, DOE is not proposing in this SNOPR to require that 
exterior ceiling insulation must have uniform thickness or a uniform 
density.
    DOE requests comment on the proposal to not require that exterior 
ceiling insulation must have uniform thickness or a uniform density.
Total Area of Glazed Fenestration Requirement
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed a maximum ratio of 12 percent 
for glazed fenestration area to floor area for energy modeling 
purposes, consistent with the recommendation from the MH working group. 
DOE used this ratio as a typical housing characteristic in its analyses 
for determining the prescriptive requirements. DOE also required the 
same ratio in the proposed prescriptive requirements. DOE received 
several comments regarding the proposed prescriptive requirement for 
the maximum total area of glazed fenestration. Several commenters 
stated that there is no such total area of glazed fenestration 
requirement in the 2015 IECC, and therefore the requirement must be 
removed from DOE's prescriptive requirements. (Skyline, No. 165 at p. 
3; MHCC, No. 162 at p. 1; MHI, No. 182 at p. 4; Clayton Homes, No. 185 
at p. 3; RECA, No. 188 at p. 5; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 4; WDMA, No. 183 at 
p. 2)
    DOE agrees that there are no similar glazing requirements in the 
2015 or the 2021 IECC. DOE proposed a fenestration area to floor area 
limit in the June 2016 NOPR to preserve energy savings associated with 
the prescriptive requirements. While the performance requirements 
improved building thermal envelope insulation to offset larger 
fenestration to floor area percentages (fenestration typically has a 
much higher U-factor than an exterior wall), the prescriptive 
requirements would prohibit a home to be constructed primarily from 
fenestration. DOE now tentatively finds that a 12-percent ratio was too 
restrictive given current manufacturing practices for manufactured 
homes. Therefore, in this SNOPR, DOE is not proposing a limit on the 
total area of glazed fenestration. DOE still maintains that a 12-
percent ratio is typical in practice and does not expect the absence of 
such a requirement to result in an increase in the construction of 
homes with larger fenestration to floor area ratios. Such design would 
likely be much more expensive (windows are costly relative to opaque 
wall), and thereby limit the increase in use of fenestration.
    DOE requests comment on the proposal not to limit the total area of 
glazed fenestration.
Using NFRC for U-Factor and SHGC Values
    DOE received several comments regarding the use of the National 
Fenestration Rating Council (``NFRC'') labels for the fenestration U-
factor and SHGC values. RECA commented that the IECC has always had a 
requirement that fenestration be labeled and certified to certain NFRC 
standards, and that a set of default U-factors and SHGCs are given for 
fenestration that are not labeled to these standards. RECA recommended 
using NFRC standards to maintain consistency with the 2015 IECC, and 
that DOE clarify that products lacking the NFRC labels shall be 
assigned the default U-factor or SHGC values. (RECA, Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 148 at p. 45; RECA, No. 188 at p. 7). Lippert 
Components commented that the June 2016 NOPR proposal was unclear as to 
when to use the default U-factor and SHGC values. Lippert Components 
stated that the MH working group intended the default U-factor and SHGC 
tables to apply to fenestration that did not have third-party certified 
thermal performance ratings developed in accordance with NFRC 
methodology. Therefore, Lippert Components suggested updating the 
language, and clarifying what constitutes certified ratings by using 
similar wording to that found in C303.1.1 in the 2015 IECC. (Lippert 
Components, No. 152 at p. 2)
    WDMA commented that fenestration U-factor and SHGC should be 
determined with NFRC 100 and 200, respectively. WDMA also commented 
that the lack of a proposed test procedure leaves the proposed 
standards incomplete. (WDMA, No. 183 at p. 2) Additionally, ACEEE 
stated that the 2015 IECC (section R303.1.3) directs that fenestration 
generally be rated by the NFRC. It recommended incorporating this 
standard, stating that it will ensure consistency with site-built homes 
and allow for more window options. (ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 2)
    NFRC standards are widely used by industry in a variety of 
capacities. Many component manufacturers affix an NFRC label to their 
fenestration products, which includes the U-factor, SHGC, visible 
transmittance, and air leakage values. The NFRC program has a large 
number of participants (more than 500 component manufacturers), and 
NFRC-certified products frequently are used to comply with local energy 
code requirements. In addition, a fenestration product must be NFRC-
certified to meet the criteria for becoming an ENERGY STAR product. 
Also, the 2021 IECC reference NFRC in section R303.1.3 for fenestration 
product rating.
    Since DOE published the June 2016 NOPR, DOE has also published the 
November 2016 test procedure NOPR for manufactured housing, which 
proposed NFRC standards to determine fenestration U-factor and SHGC. 
See 81 FR 78733, 78738-78739. Specifically, in the November 2016 test 
procedure NOPR, DOE proposed that the fenestration U-factors and SHGC 
be tested based on ANSI/NFRC 100 and

[[Page 47779]]

200 respectively. In addition, DOE proposed that for the prescriptive 
requirements, manufacturers be allowed to use either the NFRC-rated 
fenestration U-factor and SHGC values, or the default U-factor and SHGC 
values provided by DOE. Because the use of the NFRC standards applies 
directly to the manufactured housing test procedure, DOE will address 
these comments in any future action addressing testing, compliance and 
enforcement provisions related to these standards.
    In addition, regarding NFRC labels, NEEA recommended that the final 
rule be explicit that the NFRC labels should remain on the windows 
until the house arrives at the site. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3) DOE's 
authority for this rulemaking is to establish energy conservation 
standards for manufactured housing as manufactured. (42 U.S.C. 
17071(c)) The proposed energy conservation standards are specific only 
to the building thermal requirements for a manufactured home. However, 
DOE notes that the energy conservation standards, if finalized as 
proposed, would not prevent industry from pursuing this labeling 
practice suggested by NEEA.
Other Remaining Comments Regarding Sec.  460.102
    DOE also received individual comments regarding the proposed 
building thermal envelope requirements in Sec.  460.102. ACC FSC stated 
that exterior foam sheathing should be listed as an alternative to 
cavity-only insulation. (ACC FSC, No. 186 at p. 1) For this rule as 
proposed, DOE is not precluding the use of foam sheathing. As long as 
the installed insulation would meet the building thermal envelope 
requirements, as finalized, then it would be an acceptable option for 
use in a manufactured home.
    ACC FSC also specifically requested that DOE add an ``R13+5ci'' 
\31\ option to climate zones 3 and 4 for the wall R-value under the 
prescriptive path. (ACC FSC, No. 186 at p. 1) As long as the installed 
insulation would meet the adopted building thermal envelope 
requirements, the proposed requirements would not prohibit certain 
insulation options from being used in the manufactured home.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ The first value is cavity insulation and the second value 
is continuous insulation. Therefore, ``13+5'' would mean R-13 cavity 
insulation plus R-5 continuous insulation. In general, the cavity 
insulation is interrupted by framing members, which lets heat 
through more readily, whereas continuous insulation is 
uninterrupted. Therefore, a layer of cavity insulation is less 
effective than a layer of continuous insulation for the same R-
value. To calculate the wall assembly's overall R-value, as would be 
required under the proposed rule, one would need to use the Battelle 
method, which references the ASHRAE HOF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Proposed Sec.  460.103 Installation of Insulation
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes in Sec.  460.103 
of the regulatory text to require manufacturers to install insulation 
according to both the insulation manufacturer's installation 
instructions and the instructions set forth in proposed Table 460.103. 
DOE also proposes to require manufacturers to comply with the 
insulation manufacturer's installation instructions to ensure that the 
intended performance of the insulation is achieved. Further, consistent 
with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes to add as part of a new Table 
460.103 several component installation requirements, including general 
requirements, and requirements for access hatches, panels and doors, 
baffles, ceiling or attic, eave vents, narrow cavities, rim joists, 
shower or tub adjacent to exterior wall, and walls.
    The following paragraphs discuss comments DOE received regarding 
the installation of insulations requirements proposed in the June 2016 
NOPR, and any other corresponding proposed changes to the June 2016 
NOPR requirements based on comments received, or updates to the 2021 
IECC.
    DOE received a comment on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the quality 
of insulation installation. Wisconsin Energy Conservation Corporation 
(WECC) commented that the overall quality of the insulation 
installation is important to avoid any degradation in insulation 
performance. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 3) Consistent with the 2015 and the 
2021 IECC, DOE has maintained that insulation is to be installed 
according to the manufacturer's instructions to ensure the insulation 
achieves its rated R-value.
    DOE received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the 
exterior floor insulation requirements. In general, commenters stated 
that the provision requiring exterior floor insulation be placed in 
contact with the subflooring material be removed because the 
requirement is not supported by building scientists; DOE has not 
demonstrated its value for manufactured home energy efficiency; 
assuming the bottom board acts as the air barrier (as seen in Table 
460.104) obviates the need for the insulation to be in contact with the 
decking; the overall efficiency of the home decreases as exterior floor 
insulation between I-beams is usually placed beneath ducts (effectively 
moving the ducts inside the thermal envelope minimizing thermal 
losses); and it is difficult to do in a factory setting. (MHIM, No. 155 
at p. 3; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 3; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 3; Cavco, No. 167 
at p. 1; SBRA, No. 163 at p. 3; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 3; MHI, No. 182 at 
p. 3; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 3; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 3; Palm 
Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 2; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 3; Commodore 
Corporation, No. 195 at p. 3; Skyline, No. 165 at p. 3; MHCC, No. 162 
at p. 1).
    During the public meeting, NEEA also stated that the permanent 
contact with the underside of the subfloor is virtually impossible in 
the center of a manufactured home. (NEEA, Public Meeting Transcript, 
No. 148 at p. 55) WECC commented that it is impractical to require 
insulation to completely contact the subfloor; completely filling the 
floor with insulation results in cooler floor temperatures leading to 
consumer complaints. WECC also questioned how the insulation under the 
ductwork will be supported and maintained, and to what extent the 
cross-braces have an effect on compaction of increased fiberglass. 
Overall, WECC stated that it sees many logistical problems with the 
extra levels of insulation. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 2)
    The requirement that exterior floor insulation installed must 
maintain permanent contact with the underside of the subfloor is found 
in the 2015 IECC, which was the basis of the June 2016 NOPR 
requirement. However, a study provided by MHI and other stakeholders 
shows that this requirement is not necessary and can actually be 
harmful to homes.\32\ The study finds that installing insulation on the 
underside of the floor decking results in the wood floor joists from 
the floor framing to get cold enough that the temperature falls below 
the dewpoint temperature of the air in the crawlspace. The low 
temperatures would therefore form condensation on the surface of the 
wood, which could affect the integrity of the flooring. Based on the 
comments received, including the cited study, DOE tentatively agrees 
that it is inappropriate for MH manufacturers to give insulation 
permanent contact under the whole subfloor. In addition, in 
manufactured homes, the common practice is to lay blanket insulation 
over the duct work below the floor, placing the ducts between the 
insulation and the rough floor decking, which creates a pocket of air 
between the blanket insulation and the rough floor decking in the space 
near the ducts. Therefore, by taking into account common manufactured 
home

[[Page 47780]]

building practice, in this SNOPR, DOE is deviating from the 2015 and 
the 2021 IECC and proposes to remove the requirement that exterior 
floor insulation installed must maintain permanent contact with the 
underside of the rough floor decking over which the finished floor, 
flooring material, or carpet is laid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ Lstiburek, Joseph, BSI-009: New Light in Crawlspaces, 
Building Science Corporation (2010), et al.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on removing the proposed requirement that 
exterior floor insulation installed must maintain permanent contact 
with the underside of the rough floor decking.
    DOE also received several comments specifically on duct material 
and insulation. Cavco and Pfeffer stated that high-density duct board 
and flex duct is subject to severe rodent degradation over time, and so 
ductwork material should be considered in the rulemaking. (Cavco, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 67; Pfeiffer, No. 150 at p. 1) 
WECC and NCJC advocated using metal ductwork for the entire duct 
system. Metal ductwork is less susceptible to damage from animals, 
water, and moisture degradation. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 1; NCJC, No. 184 
at p. 2) In addition, WECC commented that both the flex duct and duct 
boards that are commonly used are capable of being crushed or 
compressed, which reduces efficiency, as well as being hard to install 
and permanently repair. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 1)
    EISA directs DOE to establish energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing. While there may be an issue with the reliability 
of certain building materials, this issue only indirectly relates to 
the energy efficiency of manufactured homes and is beyond the scope of 
this rulemaking. Therefore, DOE is not assessing or proposing 
regulations relating to duct material.
    Regarding duct insulation, NEEA recommended that R-8 insulation 
should be required everywhere where ducts are not embedded in 
insulation. This specifically ensures that ducts under the floor are 
insulated. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3) VEIC stated that HVAC ductwork 
located in the floor assembly with crossover ducts should be eliminated 
and relocated inside the thermal envelope, as this would improve energy 
performance and increase durability. (VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2) NEEA 
commented that all crossover ducts should have R-8 insulation. (NEEA, 
No. 190 at p. 3)
    DOE's research indicates that HVAC ducts are generally located 
between the floor and the insulation and are therefore within the 
conditioned space. Cavco also commented that the common practice on 
entry-level products is to locate them in the floor. (Cavco, Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 65) Therefore, because ducts are 
already located within the conditioned space, and would already be 
insulated because of the insulation required within the conditioned 
space, DOE is not proposing any additional insulation for ducts in this 
SNOPR.
    NEEA and WSU Energy Program stated that a clearer statement on how 
insulation should contain no voids or compression as installed, is 
necessary. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 2; WSU Energy Program, Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 148 at p. 54, 57). Manufacturer installation 
instructions specify that insulation be installed per the insulation 
chart. Insulation charts, depending on the type of insulation, are 
required by the Federal Trade Commission (``FTC'') to show the R-value 
for a certain insulation thickness, or at an installed thickness. 16 
CFR 460.12. Because DOE requires that insulation must be installed 
according to the insulation manufacturer's installation instructions, 
the MH manufacturer would have to determine the correct thickness for 
the R-value required in the manufactured home.\33\ Any compression 
would result in a different thickness, which would in turn change the 
R-value of the insulation. Additionally, certain insulation 
manufacturer's installation instructions specifically state that 
compression must be avoided when installing insulation, because 
compression will reduce the R-value. Likewise, insulation 
manufacturer's installation instructions also state that there cannot 
be gaps between pieces of insulation, as it can reduce the installed R-
value of insulation.\34\ Therefore, DOE continues to find the 
requirements proposed in section 460.103 of the June 2016 NOPR are 
sufficient to prohibit compression and voids, and DOE continues to 
propose these requirements without change, consistent with R303.2 of 
the 2021 IECC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ Green Fiber insulation fact sheet; https://www.greenfiber.com/uploads/documents/Fact-Sheet-INS541LD-19.05LB-Retail-Bag.pdf.
    \34\ CertainTeed sustainable insulation installation manual; 
https://www.buildsite.com/pdf/certainteed/CertainTeed-Sustainable-Insulation-Installation-Instructions-1814058.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2021 IECC included several updates (relative to the 2015 IECC) 
in sections R402.2 through R402.3 and Table R402.4.1.1 for insulation 
installation criteria relevant to manufactured housing, which are 
discussed in Table III.13.

                       Table III.13--The 2021 IECC Updates for Installation of Insulation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                The 2021 IECC updates, SNOPR
             Component                      June 2016 NOPR proposal                       proposal
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General............................  Air-permeable insulation must not be   No relevant updates made from the
                                      used as a material to establish the    2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      air barrier.                           Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Access hatches, panels, and doors..  Access hatches, panels, and doors      Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      between conditioned space and          to the 2021 IECC include requiring
                                      unconditioned space must be            access hatches and doors from
                                      insulated to a level equivalent to     conditioned to unconditioned spaces
                                      the insulation of the surrounding      be insulated to the same R-value
                                      surface, must provide access to all    required by Table R402.1.3 for the
                                      equipment that prevents damaging or    wall or ceiling in which they are
                                      compressing the insulation, and must   installed, with certain exceptions.
                                      provide a wood-framed or equivalent   For this SNOPR, DOE is seeking
                                      baffle or retainer when loose fill     comment on whether the 2021 IECC
                                      insulation is installed within an      update applies to manufactured
                                      exterior ceiling assembly to retain    homes.
                                      the insulation both on the access
                                      hatch, panel, or door and within the
                                      building thermal envelope.

[[Page 47781]]

 
Baffles............................  Baffles must be constructed using a    Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      solid material, maintain an opening    to the 2021 IECC include
                                      equal or greater than the size of      requirements that the baffle be
                                      the vents, and extend over the top     installed to the outer edge of the
                                      of the attic insulation.               exterior wall top plate so as to
                                                                             provide maximum space for attic
                                                                             insulation coverage over the top
                                                                             plate. In addition, where soffit
                                                                             ventilation is not continuous,
                                                                             requires that baffles be installed
                                                                             continuously to precent ventilation
                                                                             air in the eave soffit from
                                                                             bypassing the baffle.
                                                                            For this SNOPR, DOE is seeking
                                                                             comment on whether the 2021 IECC
                                                                             update applies to manufactured
                                                                             homes.
Ceiling or attic...................  The insulation in any dropped ceiling  No relevant updates made from the
                                      or dropped soffit must be aligned      2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      with the air barrier.                  Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Eave vents.........................  Air-permeable insulations in vented    No relevant updates made from the
                                      attics within the building thermal     2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      envelope must be installed adjacent    Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                      to eave vents.                         between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Floors.............................  Floor insulation must be installed to  No relevant updates made from the
                                      maintain permanent contact with the    2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      underside of the rough floor decking   However, as previously discussed in
                                      over which the finished floor,         this section, DOE is no longer
                                      flooring material, or carpet is        proposing this requirement from the
                                      laid, except where air ducts           June 2016 proposal.
                                      directly contact the underside of
                                      the rough floor decking.
Narrow cavities....................  Batts in narrow cavities must be cut   Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      to fit or narrow cavities must be      to the 2021 IECC were editorial in
                                      filled with insulation that upon       nature and intended to improve
                                      installation readily conforms to the   clarity.
                                      available cavity space.               DOE proposes to include these
                                                                             updates in this SNOPR.
Rim joists.........................  Rim joists must be insulated.........  Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                                                             to the 2021 IECC include additional
                                                                             updates that the insulation be
                                                                             installed such that the insulation
                                                                             maintain permanent contact with the
                                                                             exterior rim board.
                                                                            DOE proposes to include this update
                                                                             in this SNOPR as it provides
                                                                             further clarity on how the rim
                                                                             joists must be insulated.
Shower or tub adjacent to exterior   Exterior walls adjacent to showers     No relevant updates made from the
 wall.                                and tubs must be insulated.            2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                                                             Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Walls..............................  Air permeable exterior building        No relevant updates made from the
                                      thermal envelope insulation for        2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      framed exterior walls must             Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                      completely fill the cavity,            between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                      including within stud bays caused by   SNOPR.
                                      blocking lay flats or headers.
Shaft, penetrations................  None.................................  Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                                                             to the 2021 IECC include
                                                                             requirements that the insulation
                                                                             shall be fitted tightly around
                                                                             utilities passing through shafts
                                                                             and penetrations in the building
                                                                             thermal envelope to maintain
                                                                             required R-value.
                                                                            For this SNOPR, DOE is seeking
                                                                             comment on whether the requirement
                                                                             generally applies to manufactured
                                                                             homes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2021 IECC also includes building thermal envelope updates for 
mass walls, steel-framed buildings, basement walls, slab-on grade 
floors, crawl space walls, sunroom and heated garage insulation. DOE 
has not included these requirements in the proposed rule because they 
are not directly relevant to manufactured housing.
    DOE requests comment on the proposed updates to the installation of 
insulation criteria as it applies to manufactured homes construction 
only.
    DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC 
updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as 
part of this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether 
the 2021 IECC updates for installation criteria for access hatches and 
doors, baffles and shafts are applicable to manufactured housing and 
should be considered in this rulemaking.
d. Proposed Sec.  460.104 Building Thermal Envelope Air Leakage
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes to add a new Sec.  
460.104 that would require manufacturers to seal manufactured homes 
against air leakage. Air leakage sealing limits air infiltration 
through the building thermal envelope, in turn reducing heating and 
cooling loads. Proposed Sec.  460.104 would specify both general and 
specific requirements for sealing a manufactured home to prevent air 
leakage, all of which are based on Table R402.4.1.1 of the 2015 IECC 
with modifications based on recommendations from the MH working group 
(Term Sheet No. 107 at p. 5) and any further modifications based on 
DOE's review of the 2021 IECC (discussed further in this section). The 
MH working group also recommended prescriptive air leakage sealing 
requirements that are designed to achieve an overall air exchange rate 
of five air changes per hour (ACH) within a manufactured home. Term 
Sheet No. 107 at p. 5.
    The proposed general requirements in Sec.  460.104 would require 
that manufacturers properly seal all joints, seams, and penetrations in 
the building thermal envelope to establish a continuous air barrier, 
and use appropriate sealing materials to allow for differential 
expansion and contraction of dissimilar materials. The proposed 
specific requirements in Table 460.104 include air barrier criteria for

[[Page 47782]]

ceiling or attic, duct system register boots, electrical box or phone 
on exterior walls, floors, mating line surfaces, recessed lighting, rim 
joists, shower or tub adjacent to exterior wall, walls and windows, 
skylights and doors.
    In developing its recommendations, the MH working group also 
identified concerns regarding the potential impacts of the air sealing 
requirements on the indoor air quality in manufactured homes, but 
understood indoor air quality to be outside the scope of the working 
group. (MH Working Group Meeting Transcript No. 115, pp. 95-96)
    Prior to issuing the 2016 EA-RFI, DOE issued a request for 
information (RFI) regarding ``data, studies, and other such materials 
that address the relationship between potential reductions in levels of 
natural air infiltration and both indoor air quality and occupant 
health for a manufactured home.'' (June 25, 2013, 78 FR 37995). 
Specifically, DOE requested information on the relationship between 
potential reductions in levels of natural air infiltration and both 
indoor air quality and occupant health for a manufactured home. 78 FR 
37995, 37996. With regard to indoor air quality, one commenter 
mentioned that reductions in air leakage can lead to increased 
formaldehyde concentrations and noted that increased mechanical 
ventilation also can increase moisture infiltration in humid climates, 
potentially leading to deleterious impacts such as mold growth. (MHARR, 
No. 36 at pp. 6-7) Several commenters suggested including measures 
approved by the MHCC at the time, including requirement for carbon 
monoxide alarms, vent termination separation from air intake and an 
option for individual manufacturers to adopt ASHRAE Standard 62.2. 
(Joint commenters,\35\ No. 38 at p. 2; NEEA, No. 40 at p. 3) NEEA also 
recommended NFPA 501 standard for window and door flashing and weather 
resistant barriers to improve durability and reduce moisture-related 
indoor air quality problems associated with wind driven rain and long-
term failure of the building envelope siding and window systems. (NEEA, 
No. 40 at p. 3) Several other commenters noted that there have been no 
reported issues with occupant health in energy efficient homes that 
have been sealed tightly to reduce air infiltration. (MHI, No. 39, at 
p. 5; Joint commenters, No. 38 at p. 2) Specifically, whole house 
mechanical ventilation systems have been incorporated into the HUD 
MHCSS for nearly 20 years. (Joint commenters, No. 38 at p. 2) Further, 
NEEA noted that for voluntary energy efficiency programs (i.e., EPA 
ENERGY STAR homes and DOE Challenge home) the few IAQ problems 
encountered were associated with HVAC commissioning and/or occupant 
education, not with building tightness. (NEEA, No. 40 at p. 3)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ The letter comprised the joint comments of ACEE, MHI, 
National Association of State Energy Officials, National Consumer 
Law Center (on behalf of its low-income clients), National 
Manufactured Home Owners Association, Natural Resources Defense 
Council, Northwest Power & Conservation Council, and SBRA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE again requested information on the 
relationship between a reduction in levels of natural air infiltration 
(through sealing leaks in the building thermal envelope) and health and 
safety. 81 FR 39756, 39798. In response to the June 2016 NOPR, DOE did 
not receive any studies or data regarding the potential impact on 
health and safety from reduced levels of natural air infiltration in a 
manufactured home. However, DOE is considering measures to mitigate 
potential adverse impacts to indoor air quality that could arise from 
this SNOPR proposal. See section III.E.3.d of this document for further 
details.
    The following paragraphs discuss comments DOE received regarding 
the building thermal envelope air leakage requirements proposed in the 
June 2016 NOPR, and any other corresponding proposed changes to the 
June 2016 NOPR requirements based on comments received, or updates to 
the 2021 IECC.
    WSU Energy Program commented that ACH rate of five can be achieved 
through the prescriptive approaches recommended by the MH working group 
and that to ensure it is met, specific direction must be provided as to 
the areas required to be sealed and further that DOE needs to provide 
education and training to MH manufacturers. (WSU Energy Program, Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 57)
    As discussed, the June 2016 proposed envelope air leakage 
requirements were based on Table R402.4.1.1 of the 2015 IECC with 
modifications. The IECC applies generally to residential buildings, 
including site-built and modular housing, and is not specific to 
manufactured housing. As stated by WSU Energy Program in its comments, 
the building thermal envelope air leakage requirements (as proposed in 
Sec.  460.104) are prescriptive requirements intended to achieve an 
envelope tightness of five ACH when depressurized to 50 pascals. Term 
Sheet, No. 107 at p. 5. Further, DOE reviewed the 2021 IECC and is 
proposing additional updates to the air barrier criteria, as discussed 
later in this section.
    NEEA commented that a clearer definition of how a proper air 
barrier should be designed was needed in order to make construction 
requirements more specific, and to establish a single meaning without 
ambiguity. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 2). NEEA did not provide a further 
explanation of how the proposed requirements for an air barrier were 
lacking or presented an opportunity for misapplication. As stated 
earlier in this section, DOE has listed many specific requirements for 
proper air barrier installation in Table 460.104. These requirements 
were based on Table R402.4.1.1 of the 2015 IECC and related 
recommendations from the MH working group. Further, DOE reviewed the 
2021 IECC to make any additional updates to the air barrier criteria.
    DOE also received a comment regarding installation requirements. 
VEIC stated that the rule should also have clear installation 
requirements for insulation, as well as for air and duct sealing. 
(VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2) DOE notes that its proposal would require that 
insulation and air leakage sealing must be done according to 
manufacturer's instructions, and the requirements set forth in proposed 
Sec. Sec.  460.103 and 460.104, accordingly.
    WDMA recommended that a provision regarding fenestration air 
leakage requirements be added. WDMA stated that provisions regarding 
fenestration air leakage are necessary for natural air infiltration 
limits required by the IECC to be met. WDMA cited section R402.4.3 of 
the 2015 IECC as an example. (WDMA, No. 183 at p. 3) As stated in the 
June 2016 NOPR, DOE did not include specifications for air leakage of 
fenestration consistent with the MH working group recommendation to 
reduce testing burden. In addition, as discussed in the following 
paragraphs, DOE is proposing air leakage requirements at the full 
building thermal envelope level, which will capture any air leakage 
associated with installed fenestration. Additionally, the proposed 
prescriptive building thermal envelope air leakage standards include 
requirements to seal the space between fenestration and framing. 
Therefore, DOE is not proposing fenestration specific quantitative air 
leakage requirements.
    DOE also received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding 
the building's air barrier. NEEA recommended that the standards be 
explicit that the multi-section marriage line air seal shall be 
installed at the factory with proper quality control rather than being 
installed in the field.

[[Page 47783]]

(NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3) All requirements proposed in this SNOPR would 
apply to the manufactured home as manufactured, i.e., the manufacturer 
of the manufactured home is responsible for ensuring compliance with 
the requirements proposed in this SNOPR. (42 U.S.C. 17071(c)) A 
manufactured home would have to comply with the requirements, once 
finalized, prior to being installed in the field. DOE proposes to 
clarify in Sec.  460.1 that the requirements apply to the manufactured 
home as manufactured, prior to installation.
    DOE also received a comment regarding the duct system register 
boots air barrier installation criteria. The June 2016 NOPR proposed 
that duct system register boots that penetrate the building thermal 
envelope or the air barrier must be sealed to the air barrier or the 
interior finish materials with caulk, foam, gasket, or other suitable 
material. WECC recommended that boot penetration be sealed to the 
subfloor. In WECC's experience with retrofit work, sealing to a 
finished vinyl flooring surface causes the flooring to float when the 
air handler is energized. (WECC, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at 
p. 61) DOE reinvestigated this topic and acknowledges that the 2015 
IECC requires that the duct register boots that penetrate building 
thermal envelope be sealed to the subfloor or drywall. The MH working 
group also voted to include this statement from the 2015 IECC in the 
term sheet. Term Sheet, No. 107 at p. 19. The 2018 and the 2021 IECC 
replaces the use of the term ``drywall'' with ``wall covering or 
ceiling penetrated by the boot.'' In this SNOPR, DOE is proposing to 
revise its earlier proposed regulatory text in Table 460.104 regarding 
register boots consistent with the language in the 2021 IECC to clarify 
that duct systems register boots may also be sealed to the subfloor. 
DOE is proposing the following air barrier criteria for duct system 
register boots in this SNOPR: ``Duct system register boots that 
penetrate the building thermal envelope or the air barrier must be 
sealed to the subfloor, wall covering or ceiling penetrated by the 
boot, air barrier, or the interior finish materials with caulk, foam, 
gasket, or other suitable material.'' This revision provides added 
flexibility, addresses WECC's concern, and follows the provisions of 
the 2021 IECC and the recommendations of the MH working group.
    Further, DOE considered several other updates of the 2021 IECC in 
section R402.4 and Table R402.4.1.1 (relative to the 2015 IECC) for air 
barrier criteria relevant to manufactured housing--see Table III.14.

                          Table III.14--The 2021 IECC Updates for Air Barrier Criteria
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                The 2021 IECC updates; SNOPR
             Component                      June 2016 NOPR proposal                       proposal
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceiling or attic...................  The air barrier in any dropped         No relevant updates made from the
                                      ceiling or dropped soffit must be      2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      aligned with the insulation and any    Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                      gaps in the air barrier must be        between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                      sealed with caulk, foam, gasket, or    SNOPR.
                                      other suitable material. Access
                                      hatches, panels, and doors, drop-
                                      down stairs, or knee wall doors to
                                      unconditioned attic spaces must be
                                      weather-stripped or equipped with a
                                      gasket to produce a continuous air
                                      barrier.
Duct system register boots *.......  Duct system register boots that        As previously discussed, DOE
                                      penetrate the building thermal         proposes to update this requirement
                                      envelope or the air barrier must be    consistent with the 2021 IECC.
                                      sealed to the air barrier or the
                                      interior finish materials with
                                      caulk, foam, gasket, or other
                                      suitable material.
Electrical box or phone box on       The air barrier must be installed      Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
 exterior walls.                      behind electrical or communication     to the 2021 IECC include a
                                      boxes or the air barrier must be       clarification that the air barrier
                                      sealed around the box penetration      shall be installed behind
                                      with caulk, foam, gasket, or other     electrical ``and'' communication
                                      suitable material.                     boxes, not ``or''. DOE proposes to
                                                                             update this requirement in this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Floors.............................  The air barrier must be installed at   No relevant updates made from the
                                      any exposed edge of insulation. The    2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      bottom board may serve as the air      Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                      barrier.                               between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Mating line surfaces...............  Mating line surfaces must be equipped  No relevant updates made from the
                                      with a continuous and durable gasket.  2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                                                             Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Recessed lighting..................  Recessed light fixtures installed in   Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      the building thermal envelope must     to the 2021 IECC include requiring
                                      be sealed to the drywall with caulk,   sealing in accordance with section
                                      foam, gasket, or other suitable        R402.4.5, which includes specific
                                      material.                              air leakage rate requirements.
                                                                            Considering the original proposal
                                                                             was determined to be prescriptive
                                                                             only, DOE is not including the
                                                                             updates in this SNOPR, but is
                                                                             requesting comment on this.
Rim joists.........................  The air barrier must enclose the rim   Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      joists.                                to the 2021 IECC include updates
                                                                             that the junctions of the rim board
                                                                             to the sill plate and the rim board
                                                                             and the subfloor shall be air
                                                                             sealed.
                                                                            DOE proposes to include this update
                                                                             in this SNOPR as it provides
                                                                             further clarity on how the rim
                                                                             joists must be sealed.
Shower or tub adjacent to exterior   The air barrier must separate showers  No relevant updates made from the
 wall.                                and tubs from exterior walls.          2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                                                             Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Walls..............................  The junction of the top plate and the  No relevant updates made from the
                                      exterior ceiling, and the junction     2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      of the bottom plate and the exterior   Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                      floor, along exterior walls must be    between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                      sealed with caulk, foam, gasket, or    SNOPR.
                                      other suitable material.

[[Page 47784]]

 
Windows, skylights, and exterior     The rough openings around windows,     No relevant updates made from the
 doors.                               exterior doors, and skylights must     2015 IECC to the 2021 IECC.
                                      be sealed with caulk or foam.          Therefore, DOE proposes no changes
                                                                             between the 2016 NOPR and this
                                                                             SNOPR.
Shafts, penetration................  Sealing methods between dissimilar     Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                      materials must allow for               to the 2021 IECC clarifies that
                                      differential expansion and             sealing should allow for expansion,
                                      contraction and must establish a       contraction and mechanical
                                      continuous air barrier upon            vibration.
                                      installation of all opaque            DOE proposes to include the term
                                      components of the building thermal     ``mechanical vibration'' to provide
                                      envelope.                              further clarity.
                                     All gaps and penetrations in the
                                      exterior ceiling, exterior floor,
                                      and exterior walls, including ducts,
                                      flue shafts, plumbing, piping,
                                      electrical wiring, utility
                                      penetrations, bathroom and kitchen
                                      exhaust fans, recessed lighting
                                      fixtures adjacent to unconditioned
                                      space, and light tubes adjacent to
                                      unconditioned space, must be sealed
                                      with caulk, foam, gasket or other
                                      suitable material.
Narrow cavities....................  None.................................  Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
                                                                             to the 2021 IECC include updates
                                                                             that narrow cavities of 1 inch or
                                                                             less that are not able to be
                                                                             insulated shall be air sealed.
                                                                            For this SNOPR, DOE is not proposing
                                                                             to include this update because DOE
                                                                             is unsure how it would affect the
                                                                             June 2016 NOPR conclusion that the
                                                                             proposed prescriptive air leakage
                                                                             sealing requirements are designed
                                                                             to achieve 5 ACH. DOE requests
                                                                             comment on this topic.
Plumbing, wiring or other            None.................................  Relevant updates from the 2015 IECC
 obstructions.                                                               to the 2021 IECC include update
                                                                             that all holes created by wiring,
                                                                             plumbing or other obstructions in
                                                                             the air assembly must be air
                                                                             sealed.
                                                                            For this SNOPR, DOE is not proposing
                                                                             to include this update because DOE
                                                                             is unsure how it would affect the
                                                                             June 2016 NOPR conclusion that the
                                                                             proposed prescriptive air leakage
                                                                             sealing requirements are designed
                                                                             to achieve 5 ACH. DOE requests
                                                                             comment on this topic.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Updates based on comments received to the June 2016 NOPR.

    The 2021 IECC also includes air barrier criteria updates for 
basement crawl space and slab foundations, garage separation, and 
concealed sprinklers. DOE has not included these requirements in the 
proposed rule because they are not directly relevant to manufactured 
housing.
    DOE requests comment on the proposed updates to the air barrier 
criteria as it applies to manufactured homes construction only. 
Further, DOE requests comment whether the SNOPR proposal continues to 
be designed to achieve air leakage sealing requirements of 5 ACH.
    DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC 
updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as 
part of this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether 
the 2021 IECC updates for air barrier criteria for recessed lighting, 
narrow cavities and plumbing are applicable to manufactured housing and 
should be considered in this rulemaking. If so, DOE requests comment on 
whether the requirements would alter the 5 ACH designation.
3. Subpart C: HVAC, Service Water Heating, and Equipment Sizing
    Subpart C proposes requirements that would be applicable to 
manufactured homes related to ducts; HVAC; service hot water systems; 
mechanical ventilation fan efficacy; and heating and cooling equipment 
sizing. The proposed subpart C requirements would be applicable to all 
manufactured homes under either the proposed rule or the tiered 
proposed rule (i.e., under the tiered proposed rule the subpart C 
requirements would be applicable to Tier 1 and Tier 2 manufactured 
homes). The following sections provide further details regarding 
Subpart C.
a. Proposed Sec.  460.201 Duct System
    DOE proposes to include in Sec.  460.201(a) a requirement that 
manufactured homes equipped with a duct system be designed to limit 
total air leakage to less than or equal to 4 cubic feet per minute 
(``cfm'') per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area. DOE initially 
determines this proposal to be consistent with R403 of the 2021 IECC. 
In addition, DOE also proposes to require that building framing 
cavities not be used as ducts or plenums under Sec.  460.201(a), 
consistent with the 2021 IECC and the recommendation of the MH working 
group (Term Sheet, No. 107 at p. 1). Building framing cavities are 
typically not tightly sealed and do not provide an adequate barrier to 
foreign bodies for air quality reasons. The use of building framing 
cavities as ducts and plenums is generally considered to be poor 
construction practice and is not a typical practice in the manufactured 
housing industry.
    The following paragraphs discuss comments DOE received regarding 
the duct system requirements proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, and any 
other corresponding proposed changes to the June 2016 NOPR requirements 
based on comments received, or updates to the 2021 IECC.
    The majority of the comments were recommending more specificity on 
the proposed duct sealing requirements. Several commenters suggested 
that the duct leakage requirements should only be applicable to homes 
that are equipped with a duct system, so as not to prohibit use of a 
ductless HVAC system. (MHIM, No. 155 at p. 3; MHIAZ, No. 161 at p. 3; 
PMHA, No. 164 at p. 4; Cavco, No. 167 at p. 2; SBRA, No. 163 at p. 4; 
OMHA, No. 166 at p. 3; MHI, No. 182 at p. 4; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at 
p. 3; Palm Harbor Homes, No. 193 at p. 2; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 3; SBRA,

[[Page 47785]]

Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 59; Commodore Corporation, No. 
195 at p. 3; Skyline, No. 165 at p. 3; MHCC, No. 162 at p. 2; NEEA, No. 
190 at p. 3)
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposed to include in section 
460.201(a) a requirement that manufacturers equip each manufactured 
home with a duct system designed to limit total air leakage to less 
than or equal to 4 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per 100 square feet of 
conditioned floor area. DOE agrees with the commenters that each 
manufactured home should not be required to have a duct system. An 
implicit requirement for including a duct system would prohibit usage 
of ductless HVAC systems, which could improve the energy performance of 
the home.\36\ Therefore, in this SNOPR, DOE proposes to require only 
manufactured homes with duct systems to limit total duct air leakage to 
less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ Duct losses can account for more than 30 percent of energy 
consumption for space conditioning, so ductless heating and cooling 
systems prevent energy losses that can occur via ductwork (http://energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE received other comments regarding the design of duct systems. 
Skyline Corporation and MHCC questioned the wording of proposed Sec.  
460.201 Duct Systems--section (b), which stated, ``building framing 
cavities must not be used as ducts or plenums.'' They stated this is 
ambiguous as to whether it applies to return air plenums. They 
recommended that the section be revised to include ``. . . as ducts or 
plenums when directly connected to mechanical systems.'' (Skyline, No. 
165 at p. 3; MHCC, No. 162 at p. 2) Clayton Homes stated that proposed 
Sec.  460.201(a), the last sentence should be changed to read 
``Building framing cavities must not be used as supply ducts or 
plenums.'' Clayton Homes commented that the addition of the word 
``supply'' will enable cavities to be used for return air, as intended 
and allowed by the IECC. (Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 4) DOE agrees 
with commenters that return air plenums should not be included in the 
requirement because they are free-flowing and generally not ducted. 
Therefore, DOE is proposing to state the return air plenums are not 
included.
    DOE also received a comment on higher performing duct systems. WSU 
Energy Program commented that some manufacturers are looking toward 
higher performing duct systems than the minimum standards, and there is 
no incentive for manufacturers to use these better performing systems 
(e.g., ductless mini-split heat pumps, and other HVAC systems without a 
central duct system). It also commented that there could be a 
prescriptive requirement or alternative option for a manufacturer 
willing to redesign its manufactured homes so that the supply ducts 
would be within the thermal envelope. (WSU Energy Program, Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 60) As noted, DOE has based its 
proposed energy conservation standards for manufactured homes on the 
most recent IECC, as directed by EISA. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) DOE 
emphasizes that the energy conservation standards proposed in this 
SNOPR are minimum standards, but this does not prohibit manufacturers 
from employing more efficient measures.
    NEEA recommended that the standard include specifics on air leakage 
testing on ducts to be performed, and that duct leakage be tested in 
the factory. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 2) As discussed previously, DOE is 
not addressing a test procedure in this rulemaking.
    DOE also reviewed the updates to section R403.3.4 of the 2021 IECC 
(relative to the 2015 IECC reviewed by the MH Working Group) as it 
relates to duct sealing and leakage. As previously discussed, DOE is 
not proposing any testing provisions at this time. As it relates to 
duct leakage requirements, DOE notes that section R403.3.6 of the 2021 
IECC was updated to require that for ducts and air handlers that are 
located entirely within building thermal envelope, the total leakage 
would be less than or equal to 8 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned 
floor area. For manufactured homes, DOE notes that it is not always the 
case that ducts and air handlers are located entirely within the 
building thermal envelope. Accordingly, for this rulemaking, DOE 
continues to propose the MH Working Group recommendation that total air 
leakage of duct systems is to be less than or equal to 4 cfm per 100 
square feet of conditioned floor area under a post-construction test.
    DOE requests comment on the proposal to require that total air 
leakage of duct systems for all manufactured homes is to be less than 
or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area.
b. Proposed Sec.  460.202 Thermostats and Controls
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes including 
specifications for thermostats in Sec.  460.202(a) of the regulatory 
test based on the IECC. Section R403.1 of the 2015 and 2021 IECC 
specifies that at least one thermostat shall be provided for each 
separate heating and cooling system. DOE also proposes specifications 
for programmable thermostats in Sec.  460.202(b), based on section 
R403.1.1 of the 2015 and 2021 IECC. Section R403.1.1 of the 2015 and 
2021 IECC also specifies that the thermostat controlling the primary 
heating or cooling system must be capable of controlling the heating 
and cooling system on a daily schedule to maintain different 
temperature set points at different times of the day. In addition, 
consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes to include in Sec.  
460.202(c) specifications for heat pumps having supplementary heat, 
based on section R403.1.2 of the 2015 and 2021 IECC.
    The following paragraphs discuss comments DOE received regarding 
the thermostat and controls requirements proposed in the June 2016 
NOPR, and any other corresponding proposed changes to the June 2016 
NOPR requirements based on comments received, or updates to the 2021 
IECC.
    Regarding thermostat control, NEEA recommended that the final rule 
be explicit that the electric resistance lockout in central heat pump 
systems when the outdoor air temperature is greater than 40 [deg]F. 
(NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3). While section R403.1.2 of the 2015 and the 
2021 IECC provides requirements for the shutoff of heat pumps having 
supplementary electric-resistance heat under certain conditions, the 
2015 and the 2021 IECC do not provide any temperature specifications 
for this shutoff. Therefore, DOE did not consider these requirements in 
the proposed energy conservation standards.
    DOE also reviewed the updates to sections R403.1 of the 2021 IECC 
(relative to the 2015 IECC reviewed by the MH Working Group) as it 
relates to thermostats and controls. DOE notes that section R403.1 is 
no longer identified as ``mandatory'' in the 2021 IECC. DOE's 
understanding of this update is that no technical changes were 
intended, rather the removal of the label ``mandatory'' was only to 
make the IECC more understandable and easier to use because the label 
``mandatory'' was not used consistently in the IECC. The 2021 IECC 
prescriptive compliance option application described in section 
R401.2.1 continues to require compliance with section R403.1, 
regardless of whether the label ``mandatory'' is included in that 
section. Therefore, DOE preliminarily concludes this update is not a 
substantive change. In addition, DOE observed that the programmable 
thermostat requirements were updated to allow for maintaining different 
temperature set point at different days of the week in addition to

[[Page 47786]]

at different times of day. For this SNOPR, DOE proposes to continue to 
include thermostat and controls requirements, as recommended by the MH 
working group. In addition, DOE proposes to include the updated 
requirements of ``different days of the week,'' consistent with the 
2021 IECC.
    DOE requests comment on DOE's interpretation of R403.1 and the 
proposed updates to the thermostat and controls requirements. In 
addition, DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 
IECC updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered 
as part of this rulemaking.
c. Proposed Sec.  460.203 Service Hot Water
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes to require in 
Sec.  460.203(a) that manufacturers install service water heating 
systems according to the service water heating system manufacturer's 
installation instructions. As proposed, Sec.  460.203 would apply to 
any service water heating system installed by a manufacturer. In 
addition, Sec.  460.203 would require manufacturers to provide 
maintenance instructions for the service water heating system with the 
manufactured home. These requirements would promote the correct 
installation and maintenance of service water heating equipment and 
help to ensure that such equipment performs at its intended level of 
efficiency.
    Further, DOE proposes that Sec.  460.203(b) would require any 
automatic and manual controls, temperature sensors, and pumps 
associated with service water heating systems to be similarly 
accessible. This requirement would ensure that homeowners would have 
adequate control over service water heating equipment in order to 
achieve the intended level of efficiency contemplated in 10 CFR part 
460. This proposal was consistent with the recommendation of the MH 
working group. Term Sheet, No. 107 at p. 1.
    DOE also proposes specifications for heated water circulation 
systems in Sec.  460.203(c) based on section R403.5.1.1 of the 2015 and 
2021 IECC. The specifications proposed included: (1) Requiring heated 
water circulation systems be provided with a circulation pump, and that 
the system return pipe be a dedicated return pipe or cold water supply 
pipe; (2) prohibiting gravity and thermosyphon circulation systems; (3) 
requiring that controls for heated water circulation system pumps 
identify a demand for hot water within the home when starting the pump; 
and (4) requiring the controls to automatically turn off the pump when 
the water in the circulation loop is at the desired temperature and 
when there is no demand for hot water.
    Finally, DOE also proposes that all hot water pipes outside 
conditioned space be required to be insulated to at least R-3, and that 
all hot water pipes from a water heater to a distribution manifold be 
required to be insulated to at least R-3. These requirements are 
consistent with the recommendations of the MH working group. Term 
Sheet, No. 107 at p. 6.
    The following paragraphs discuss comments DOE received regarding 
the service hot water requirements proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, and 
any other corresponding proposed changes to the June 2016 NOPR 
requirements based on comments received, or updates to the 2021 IECC.
    NEEA recommended that pipe insulation be required on the hot water 
main branch and locations where the insulation is not in direct contact 
with the pipe or underfloor. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 3) WSU Energy Program 
recommended that all hot water pipes be insulated. (WSU Energy Program, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 63) Taking the opposite 
viewpoint, Cavco commented that there is minimal to no energy savings 
from insulating pipes inside the conditioned space. (Cavco, Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 66)
    DOE's proposal of requiring a minimum R-value for all hot water 
pipes outside conditioned space, and from a service hot water system to 
a distribution manifold, was based on the 2015 IECC, and is consistent 
with the 2021 IECC. Term Sheet, No. 107 at p. 6. Therefore, DOE 
continues to propose the hot water pipe insulation requirement from the 
June 2016 NOPR. DOE notes that its energy conservation standards do not 
prohibit manufacturers from employing additional insulation beyond 
DOE's requirements.
    DOE also reviewed the updates to sections R403.5 of the 2021 IECC 
(relative to the 2015 IECC reviewed by the MH Working Group) as it 
relates to service hot water systems. DOE notes that section R403.5 is 
no longer identified as ``mandatory'' in the 2021 IECC. Similar to 
R403.1 of the 2021 IECC, DOE's understanding of this update is that no 
technical changes were intended, rather the removal of the label 
``mandatory'' was only to make the IECC more understandable and easier 
to use because the label ``mandatory'' was not used consistently in the 
IECC. Therefore, DOE preliminarily concludes this update is not a 
substantive change. In addition, DOE observed the additional 
requirement that the controls for circulating hot water system shall 
limit the temperature of the water entering the cold water piping to 
not greater than 104 [deg]F (40 [deg]C). For this SNOPR, DOE proposes 
to continue to include service hot water systems requirements, as 
recommended by the MH working group. In addition, DOE understands that 
the temperature limitation is not directly applicable to manufactured 
homes and therefore DOE is not proposing to incorporate in this SNOPR.
    DOE requests comment on DOE's interpretation of R403.5 and the 
proposed updates to the service hot water requirements. In addition, 
DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC updates 
relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as part of 
this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether the 
circulating hot water system temperature limit should be included as a 
requirement.
d. Proposed Sec.  460.204 Mechanical Ventilation Fan Efficacy
    DOE proposes mechanical ventilation fan efficacy requirements in 
proposed Table 460.204 based on Table R403.6.2 of the 2021 IECC, which 
provides requirements for mechanical ventilation system fan efficacy.
    DOE received one comment on the June 2016 NOPR regarding mechanical 
fan efficacy. NEEA commented that the fan efficacy requirement is not 
as high as it could be, especially with bathroom utility fans, but did 
not provide a suggested efficacy level. (NEEA, Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 148 at p. 64) The mechanical efficacy requirements 
being proposed in this SNOPR are based on the 2021 IECC. However, DOE 
emphasizes that it is proposing energy conservation standards 
established as minimum standards. The requirements as proposed would 
not prohibit manufacturers from employing more efficient measures.
    DOE also reviewed the updates to section R403.6 of the 2021 IECC 
(relative to the 2015 IECC reviewed by the MH Working Group) as it 
relates to mechanical ventilation. The 2021 IECC includes new mandatory 
requirements for IECC climate zones 7 and 8, where dwelling units must 
be provided with a heat or energy recovery ventilation, and the system 
must be balanced with a minimum sensible heat recovery efficiency of 65 
percent at 32 [deg]F (0 [deg]C) at a flow greater than or equal to the 
design flow. Further, Table R403.6.2 of 2021 IECC updates the 
mechanical fan efficacy requirements to include new minimum efficacy 
requirements for heat recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy recovery 
ventilators (ERV), and air

[[Page 47787]]

handlers that are integrated to tested and listed HVAC equipment, in 
addition to more stringent minimum efficacy requirements for in-line 
supply or exhaust fans, other exhaust fans (with separate requirements 
for fans having a minimum airflow rate of <90 CFM and >=90 CFM). 
Finally, DOE notes that the 2021 IECC no longer includes the 
requirement that where mechanical ventilation fans are integral to 
tested and listed HVAC equipment, they shall be powered by an 
electronically commutated motor.
    As discussed in section III.E.2.b, ERV and HRV fans can be 
applicable to manufactured housing. DOE notes that per the 2021 IECC, 
these requirements would only be applicable to homes in IECC climate 
zones 7 and 8, which would translate to manufactured homes in HUD zone 
3 only, and about 8 percent shipments within the HUD zone. At a primary 
cost of $1,500 (based on the analysis performed in support of the BECP 
\37\), the incremental cost for single-section manufactured homes would 
be as high as $6,159 (see Table I.3 for the purchase price increase). 
Mandatory requirements for ERV and HRV were not considered by the MH 
working group and DOE has not yet determined whether this requirement 
would be cost-effective in manufactured homes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ Taylor, Zachary T. Residential Heat Recovery Ventilation. 
United States. https://doi.org/10.2172/1488935.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the updates to minimum efficacy requirements, this SNOPR 
proposes to include all requirements except the efficacy requirements 
for air handlers that are integrated to tested and listed HVAC 
equipment. This SNOPR is not proposing requirements for appliances and 
equipment that are regulated pursuant to the statutory scheme in EPCA. 
Further, DOE proposes to remove the requirement that mechanical fans 
that are integral to HVAC equipment must be powered by an 
electronically commutated motor, in line with the 2021 IECC. DOE is 
also clarifying that the mechanical ventilation fan efficacy 
requirements would not apply to furnace fans, which are regulated under 
EPCA.\38\ To the extent that a mechanical ventilation fan that is 
integral to tested and listed HVAC equipment is a furnace fan as 
defined in 10 CFR 430.2, the furnace fan would be excluded from the 
proposed efficiency and motor requirements in Sec.  460.204.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ ``Furnace fan'' is defined as an electrically-powered 
device used in a consumer product for the purpose of circulating air 
through ductwork. 10 CFR 430.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this SNOPR, DOE is also considering energy efficiency measures 
to reduce uncontrolled air infiltration and air exchange associated 
with leaks in the air distribution ductwork for the central heating and 
cooling system, as well as measures that would reduce the energy 
consumption of mechanical ventilation equipment that is required in the 
HUD Code.\39\ The proposal considers a continuously-operated whole-
house exhaust fan. Alternate ventilation approaches include a central 
fan integrated supply system (in which outdoor air is supplied into the 
return side of the central heating and cooling system air handler fan 
by negative pressure whenever the central fan operates for heating/
cooling or ventilation); and a heat-recovery ventilation (HRV) system, 
which is required for certain (colder) climate zones in the 2021 IECC. 
Various operating schedules could be considered for each type of 
ventilation equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ Based on the HUD requirement for equipment that can provide 
at least 0.035 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot of floor 
area (or hourly average equivalent) and a minimum airflow of 50 cfm, 
HUD requires airflow of at least 50 cfm for any unit up to 1429 
square feet, i.e., for all single-wide MH, and 55 cfm for a typical 
1570 square foot double-wide unit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, DOE is considering measures to mitigate potential 
adverse impacts to indoor air quality that could arise from the 
proposal. Considerations include signage for ventilation controls 
related to energy efficiency, informing the manufactured homeowner of 
the benefits to indoor air quality of using the system (reinforcing HUD 
encouragement to operate it whenever the home is occupied per 24 CFR 
3280.103(b)(6)), as well as measures that would mitigate indoor air 
quality impacts per other current ventilation standards (e.g., ASHRAE 
Standard 62.2, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in 
Residential Buildings). In accordance with the Section 413(b)(2) of 
EISA, such measures are being considered to take into consideration the 
design and factory construction techniques of manufactured homes and 
provide for alternative practices that result in net estimated energy 
consumption equal to or less than the specified standards, and to 
address previous comments received regarding potential impacts to 
indoor air quality.
    DOE requests comment on the proposal to include the 2021 IECC fan 
efficacy standard requirements. DOE requests comment on whether any of 
the fan efficacy requirements are not applicable to manufactured homes.
    DOE requests comment on whether the HRV and ERV provisions under 
2021 IECC for site-built homes are applicable to manufactured homes and 
whether they would be cost-effective. Specifically, DOE requests 
comment on costs for the HRV and ERV requirements as it applies to 
manufactured homes in all climate zones.
    DOE requests comment on the above ventilation strategies, including 
(but not limited to) cost, performance, noise, and any other important 
attributes that DOE should consider, including those related to 
mitigation measures. While the alternate ventilation approaches are not 
integrated into the analysis presented as part of this proposal, DOE is 
giving serious consideration as to whether it should incorporate one or 
more of these options as part of its final rule based on any additional 
data and public comments it receives.
e. Proposed Sec.  460.205 Equipment Sizing
    Consistent with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE proposes specifications for 
equipment sizing in Sec.  460.205 of the regulatory text, based on 
section R403.7 of the 2015 and 2021 IECC, which sets forth 
specifications on the appropriate sizing of heating and cooling 
equipment within a manufactured home. This section of the 2015 and 2021 
IECC requires the use of ACCA Manual S to select appropriately sized 
heating and cooling equipment based on building loads calculated using 
ACCA Manual J. The MH working group recommended the inclusion of this 
specification in the proposed rule. Term Sheet, No. 107 at p. 1.
    DOE received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding 
equipment sizing. ACCA commented that while HVAC manufacturers are 
producing highly efficient products that exceed DOE's regulatory 
demands, DOE does not require MH manufacturers to follow the minimum 
installation design standards that HVAC manufacturers recommend. ACCA 
asserted that as a result, HVAC systems are significantly less 
efficient and have shorter lifespans due to incorrect installation. 
(ACCA, No. 159 at p. 1) ACCA also commented that if DOE educated and 
incentivized homeowners to demand HVAC systems be installed to industry 
recommended standards by trained technicians, DOE could promote energy 
savings. (ACCA, No. 159 at p. 1) WSU Energy Program stated that DOE 
should consider including regulations regarding the installation of 
HVAC equipment. (WSU Energy Program, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 
at p. 116)
    DOE acknowledges that installation can affect the efficiency of 
HVAC

[[Page 47788]]

equipment and that HVAC equipment may be installed after a home is 
manufactured (i.e., at the point of installation). As previously 
discussed, this rulemaking addresses energy efficiency standards for 
manufactured housing. To the extent that issues arise in the 
installation of HVAC equipment by the manufacturer related to proper 
sizing, Sec.  460.205 addresses such concerns. In addition, HUD 
provisions in subpart H of 24 CFR part 3280 provide installation 
requirements for heating, cooling, and fuel burning systems.
    DOE did not receive any other comments regarding equipment sizing. 
In addition, section R403.7 of the 2021 IECC provides no updates to the 
equipment sizing and efficiency rating requirements.
4. Remaining Comments Regarding the Energy Conservation Standard 
Requirements
    DOE also received numerous other comments that were not specific to 
the preceding sections or that could not be placed in only one of the 
preceding sections. Advanced Energy commented that, given the negative 
health effects of carbon monoxide exposure, carbon monoxide detection 
should be added to the proposed rule, similar to section 915 of the 
2015 International Building Code. (Advanced Energy, No. 189 at p. 1) 
EISA provides DOE with the authority to regulate energy conservation in 
manufactured housing. (42 U.S.C. 17071(a)) Because the installation of 
a carbon monoxide detector is a health and safety matter as opposed to 
an energy conservation matter, DOE has not proposed this requirement in 
the SNOPR.
    ACC FSC stated that air-permeable insulation without the proper 
vapor retarder will cause condensation problems and that reducing air 
leakage and increasing insulation in homes will increase the 
possibility of condensation unless the proper materials are specified. 
(ACC FSC, No. 186 at p. 1) DOE is not proposing specifications for 
condensation control and vapor retarders because condensation control 
is not an energy conservation measure. The HUD Code, however, includes 
specifications for condensation control and installation of vapor 
retarders at 24 CFR 3280.504. DOE's proposed energy conservation 
standard would not prevent manufacturers from meeting the condensation 
and vapor retarder requirements established by HUD. This SNOPR, if made 
final, would not prevent or impede manufacturers from selecting 
construction materials, assembly methods, and designs that prevent the 
concerns raised by ACC FSC.
    VEIC stated that high-tier and middle-tier efficiency standards for 
HVAC, domestic hot water, lighting, and appliances should be included 
as requirements for certification. (VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2) NEEA 
commented that DOE should include the following energy savings elements 
in future revisions to the energy conservation standard: Lighting, 
appliances, domestic hot water efficiency, and HVAC efficiency. (NEEA, 
No. 190 at p. 4) ACEEE noted that section R404.1 of the 2015 IECC 
requires that 75 percent of lighting be high-efficacy lamps. It 
commented that this yields significant additional cost-effective 
savings over the federal lighting standards. ACEEE urged DOE to include 
this provision in the standard. (ACEEE, No. 178 at p. 2)
    DOE is not proposing energy conservation standards for HVAC, water 
heaters, lighting, and appliances. As discussed, the energy efficiency 
of those products is specifically governed by the comprehensive 
Appliance Standards program established under EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6291-
6317) However, manufacturers would not be prohibited from installing 
more efficient products and appliances, as long as the energy 
conservation standards are met. DOE also invites parties interested in 
energy conservation standards for appliances to comment on the 
rulemakings associated with those products.\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/standards-and-test-procedures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    VEIC stated that the proposed rule should include requirements for 
insulation and air barrier installation training, quality assurance 
oversight, commissioning, and field performance testing. (VEIC, No. 187 
at p. 2) As discussed, EISA directs DOE to establish energy 
conservation standards for manufactured housing. While DOE is proposing 
regulations, DOE's Building America Solution Center \41\ provides 
training materials for construction generally, including on topics 
applicable to manufactured homes. In terms of enforcement and 
performance testing, DOE will address compliance and enforcement 
provisions in a separate rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ https://basc.pnnl.gov/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Modular Lifestyles and VEIC both offered comments regarding the 
benefits of zero energy homes. VEIC commented that an alternative to 
manufactured homes is to replace them with zero energy modular homes. 
(VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2). Modular Lifestyle gave information regarding 
their NetZero manufactured home, built in Ojai, California. (Modular 
Lifestyle, No. 141 at p. 2) DOE acknowledges that there are homes in 
the market that are already at the top end of energy efficiency. This 
SNOPR proposes minimum energy efficiency requirements applicable to all 
manufactured homes, and nothing in this SNOPR would prohibit 
manufacturers from producing models that exceed these requirements.
    WECC stated that the manufactured home's crawl area temperature is 
warmer than outside ambient temperature during winter, and if the 
ambient air temperature is used for calculations, then the associated 
savings are overestimated. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 2) The manufactured 
homes modeled in the energy simulations in the analyses conducted for 
the June 2016 NOPR and in this SNOPR are modeled with a vented crawl 
space below the floors. Thus, the floors are not exposed to ambient 
air, but to air temperatures within the vented crawlspace (which fall 
between the ambient outdoor air temperature and the conditioned indoor 
air temperature); this prevents the energy savings from being 
overestimated.

F. Crosswalk of Standards With the HUD Code

    DOE compared the energy conservation standards proposed in this 
SNOPR to the construction and safety standards for manufactured homes 
established by HUD to confirm that compliance with the proposed 
requirements would not prohibit a manufacturer from complying with the 
HUD Code.
    Table III.15 lists the energy conservation standards and discusses 
their relationship to similar requirements contained in the HUD Code.

[[Page 47789]]



      Table III.15--Crosswalk of SNOPR Standards With the HUD Code
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                HUD Code  (24 CFR
DOE SNOPR  (10 CFR part 460)       part 3280)               Notes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 460.101 would         Section 3280.506
 establish three climate       establishes three
 zones, in line with HUD,      zones delineated by
 delineated by state           state boundaries.
 boundaries. The DOE SNOPR     The HUD Code
 proposes different Uo         establishes one
 performance requirements      standard for homes
 for single- and multi-        of all sizes within
 section homes.                a zone.
Section 460.102(a) would      Section 3280.506      Both DOE and HUD
 establish building thermal    establishes a         performance
 envelope prescriptive and     performance           requirements are
 performance compliance        approach.             based on maximum Uo
 requirements.                                       requirement per
                                                     zone for the
                                                     building thermal
                                                     envelope. DOE,
                                                     however, would
                                                     establish separate
                                                     Uo requirements per
                                                     climate zone for
                                                     single- and multi-
                                                     section homes,
                                                     whereas HUD only
                                                     establishes one Uo
                                                     requirement,
                                                     regardless of home
                                                     size, per zone.
Section 460.102(b) would set  Section 3280.506      The Battelle method
 forth the prescriptive        establishes a         is used to
 option for compliance with    performance           determine
 the building thermal          approach only.        performance
 envelope requirements.                              standards (in terms
                                                     of Uo) from
                                                     prescriptive
                                                     standards. The DOE
                                                     proposed
                                                     performance
                                                     standards would be
                                                     prescribed in Sec.
                                                      460.102(c)(1).
Section 460.102(b)(2) would   No corresponding
 establish a minimum truss     requirement.
 heel height.
Section 460.102(b)(3) would   No corresponding
 establish an acceptable       requirement.
 batt and blanket insulation
 combination for compliance
 with the floor insulation
 requirement in climate zone
 3.
Section 460.102(b)(4) would   No corresponding
 identify certain skylights    requirements.
 not subject to SHGC
 requirements.
Section 460.102(b)(5) would   No corresponding
 establish U-factor            requirements.
 alternatives for the R-
 value requirements under
 section 460.102(b)(1).
Section 460.102(c)(1) would   Section 3280.506(a)   DOE's proposed
 establish maximum building    establishes maximum   maximum building
 thermal envelope Uo           building thermal      thermal envelope Uo
 requirements.                 envelope Uo           requirements are
                               requirements by       lower than the
                               zone.                 corresponding
                                                     maximum Uo
                                                     requirements under
                                                     Sec.   3280.506(a).
                                                     Compliance with the
                                                     DOE proposed Uo
                                                     requirements
                                                     achieve compliance
                                                     with the Uo
                                                     requirements under
                                                     the HUD Code.
Section 460.102(c)(2) would   No corresponding
 establish maximum area-       requirements.
 weighted vertical
 fenestration U-factor
 requirements in climate
 zones 2 and 3.
Section 460.102(c)(3) would   No corresponding
 establish maximum area-       requirements.
 weighted average skylight U-
 factor requirements in
 climate zones 2 and 3.
Section 460.102(c)(4) would   No corresponding
 authorize windows,            requirements.
 skylights and doors
 containing more than 50
 percent glazing by area to
 satisfy the SHGC
 requirements of Sec.
 460.102(a) on the basis of
 an area-weighted average.
Section 460.102(e)(1) would   Section 3280.508(a)
 establish a method of         and (b) reference
 determining Uo using the      the Overall U-
 Overall U-values and          values and Heating/
 Heating/Cooling Loads--       Cooling Loads--
 Manufactured Homes, or the    Manufactured Homes,
 Battelle method.              or the Battelle
                               method.
Section 460.103 would         No corresponding
 require insulating            requirements.
 materials to be installed
 according to the
 manufacturer installation
 instructions and the
 prescriptive requirements
 of Table 460.103.
Section 460.103 would         No corresponding
 establish requirements for    requirements.
 the installation of batt,
 blanket, loose fill, and
 sprayed insulation
 materials.
Section 460.104 would         Section 3280.505
 require manufactured homes    establishes air
 to be sealed against air      sealing
 leakage at all joints,        requirements of
 seams, and penetrations       building thermal
 associated with the           envelope
 building thermal envelope     penetrations and
 in accordance with the        joints.
 manufacturer's installation
 instructions and the
 requirements set forth in
 Table 460.104.

[[Page 47790]]

 
Section 460.201(a) would      No corresponding
 require each manufactured     requirements.
 home to be equipped with a
 duct system that must be
 sealed to limit total air
 leakage to less than or
 equal to 4 cfm per 100
 square feet of floor area
 and specify that building
 framing cavities are not to
 be used as ducts or plenums
 when directly connected to
 mechanical systems.
Section 460.202(a) would      Section 3280.707(e)   Both DOE's proposed
 require at least one          requires that each    rule and the HUD
 thermostat to be provided     space heating,        Code require the
 for each separate heating     cooling, or           installation of at
 and cooling system            combination heating   least one
 installed by the              and cooling system    thermostat that is
 manufacturer.                 be provided with at   capable of
                               least one             maintaining zone
                               adjustable            temperatures.
                               automatic control
                               for regulation of
                               living space
                               temperature.
Section 460.202(b) would      No corresponding
 require that installed        requirements.
 thermostats controlling the
 primary heating or cooling
 system be capable of
 maintaining different set
 temperatures at different
 times of day and different
 days of the week.
Section 460.202(c) would      Section               Both DOE's proposed
 require heat pumps with       3280.714(a)(1)(ii)    rule and the HUD
 supplementary electric        requires heat pumps   Code require heat
 resistance heat to be         to be certified to    pumps with
 provided with controls        comply with ARI       supplemental
 that, except during           Standard 210/240-     electric resistance
 defrost, prevent              89, heat pumps with   heat to prevent
 supplemental heat operation   supplemental          supplemental heat
 when the pump compressor      electrical            operation when the
 can meet the heating load.    resistance heat to    heat pump
                               be sized to provide   compressor can meet
                               by compression at     the heating load of
                               least 60 percent of   the manufactured
                               the calculated        home.
                               annual heating
                               requirements of the
                               manufactured home,
                               and that a control
                               be provided and set
                               to prevent
                               operation of
                               supplemental
                               electrical
                               resistance heat at
                               outdoor
                               temperatures above
                               40 [deg]F.
Section 460.203(a) would      No corresponding
 establish requirements for    requirements.
 the installation of service
 hot water systems.
Section 460.203(b) would      No corresponding
 require any automatic and     requirement.
 manual controls,
 temperature sensors, pumps
 associated with service hot
 water systems to be
 accessible.
Section 460.203(c) would      No corresponding
 establish requirements for    requirements.
 heated water circulation
 systems.
Section 460.203(d) would      No corresponding
 establish requirement for     requirements.
 the insulation of hot water
 pipes.
Section 460.204 would         Section 3280.103(b)   HUD requirements at
 establish requirements for    establishes whole-    Sec.   3280.103(b)
 mechanical ventilation        house ventilation     do not overlap with
 system fan efficacy.          requirements.         DOE's proposed
                                                     rule. DOE's
                                                     proposed
                                                     requirement is for
                                                     fan electrical
                                                     efficiency, while
                                                     HUD requirements
                                                     specify minimum and
                                                     maximum air flow
                                                     rates.
Section 460.205 would         No corresponding
 establish requirements for    requirements.
 heating and cooling
 equipment sizing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Discussion and Results of the Economic Impact and Energy Savings

A. Economic Impacts on Individual Purchasers of Manufactured Homes

    DOE conducts LCC and PBP analyses to evaluate the economic impacts 
on individual consumers of energy conservation standards for 
manufactured housing. The effect of new or amended energy conservation 
standards on individual consumers usually involves a reduction in 
operating cost and an increase in purchase cost. DOE uses the following 
two metrics to measure consumer impacts:
    <bullet> The LCC is the total consumer expense of a manufactured 
home over the life of that home, consisting of total installed cost 
plus total operating costs. To compute the total operating costs, DOE 
discounts future operating costs to the time of purchase and sums them 
over the lifetime of the product (or another specified period).
    <bullet> The PBP is the estimated amount of time (in years) it 
takes consumers to recover the increased purchase cost (including 
installation) of a more-efficient manufactured home through lower 
operating costs.
    For the June 2016 NOPR, DOE used the LCC and PBP analyses developed 
during the MH working group negotiations to inform the development of 
the proposed rule based on the economic impacts on individual 
purchasers of manufactured homes. The LCC of a manufactured home refers 
to the total homeowner expense over the life of the manufactured home 
(30 years), consisting of purchase expenses (e.g., loan or cash 
purchase) and operating costs (e.g., energy costs). To compute the 
operating costs, DOE discounted future operating costs to the time of 
purchase and summed them over the 30-year lifetime of the home used for 
the purpose of analysis in this rulemaking. A 10-year LCC was also 
calculated to reflect the cost of ownership over the tenure of the 
first homebuyer. DOE calculated the PBP by dividing the incremental 
increase in purchase cost by the reduction in

[[Page 47791]]

average annual operating costs that would result from this rule.
    In the June 2016 NOPR, the LCC analysis demonstrated that increased 
purchase prices due to the proposed energy efficiency measures 
(``EEMs'') would be offset by the benefits manufactured home homeowners 
would experience via operating cost savings. DOE evaluated these 
projected impacts on individual manufactured home homeowners by 
analyzing the potential impacts to LCC, energy savings, and purchase 
price of manufactured homes under the proposed rule. For the purpose of 
the June 2016 NOPR economic analysis, DOE compared the purchase price 
and LCC for manufactured homes built in accordance with the proposed 
rule relative to a baseline manufactured home built in compliance with 
the minimum requirements of the HUD Code. Specifically, DOE performed 
energy simulations on manufactured homes located in 19 geographically 
diverse locations across the United States, accounting for five common 
heating fuel/system types and two typical industry sizes of 
manufactured homes (single-section and double-section manufactured 
homes).\42\ DOE received a number of comments regarding several aspects 
of the economic impacts on individual consumers described in the June 
2016 NOPR. DOE also received comments pertaining to the methodology and 
assumptions used in the economic analysis conducted for the June 2016 
NOPR. For this SNOPR, DOE conducted similar LCC and PBP analyses for 
the requirements as proposed in this document. The changes made from 
the analyses performed for the June 2016 NOPR are discussed in the 
following sections, including any changes that DOE has made in the 
methodology and assumptions, along with a discussion of the submitted 
comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Double-section manufactured homes were used to represent 
all multi-section homes. Double-section manufactured homes have the 
largest market share by shipments (about 98 percent) of all multi-
section homes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Discussion of Comments and Analysis Updates
a. Analysis Period for LCC
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE analyzed a 10-year LCC to represent the 
first ownership period and cost of the first homebuyer, and a 30-year 
LCC to represent the lifetime of the manufactured home and associated 
costs, which would represent the total costs and benefits for all 
occupants over the life of the manufactured home. The 30-year lifetime 
was selected as a typical length that EEMs last in the aggregate. The 
monetary value of these EEMs was considered to depreciate linearly over 
the 30-year lifetime. At the end of this 30-year lifetime, the EEMs 
would have no monetary value.
    DOE received comments on the June 2016 NOPR discussing the time 
period that a consumer owns a manufactured home. COBA commented that in 
its experience, consumers generally stay in their manufactured home 2 
to 3 years. (COBA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 97) SBRA 
also stated that on average, the first homeowner of a manufactured home 
sells their home within 7 years of purchase and is unlikely to realize 
any incremental value from the EEMs. (SBRA, No. 163 at p. 2) MHI stated 
that manufactured homes change ownership within 7 to 10 years. (MHI, 
No. 182 at p. 6)
    DOE appreciates the information provided by these organizations 
regarding the potential ownership period of manufactured homes. DOE 
researched the ownership period of manufactured home homeowners and 
found that a study by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) 
indicated an average ownership period of 13 years. This study also 
found that based on 50,000 manufactured homesites in 161 communities in 
2014, manufactured homes resided in their community for an average of 
40 years, an indication of manufactured home lifetime.\43\ A 2012 study 
conducted by Foremost Insurance Group found that 40 percent of 
manufactured home homeowners do not anticipate ever selling their 
manufactured home.\44\ Furthermore, a 2021 manufactured housing 
industry overview fact sheet developed by MHI suggests that 62 percent 
of all homeowners anticipate living in their homes for more than 10 
years and that 38 percent of homeowners don't anticipate ever selling 
their home.\45\ Therefore, there are many factors that may affect the 
duration of time that a manufactured home remains under a given 
homeowner. For purposes of this analysis, DOE continues to rely on the 
10-year time period as a reasonable representation of the ownership 
period of the first homebuyer for the overall manufactured housing 
market as it is between the values suggested COBA and SBRA and the high 
value reported by the CFPB, and consistent with the value reported by 
MHI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Manufactured-housing 
Consumer Finance in the United States. September 2014.
    \44\ Foremost Insurance Group. 2012 Mobile Home Market Facts.
    \45\ Manufactured Housing Institute. 2021 Manufactured Housing 
Facts: Industry Overview.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, due to concerns about incremental cost for low-income 
families, DOE is proposing the Tier 1 standard for manufactured homes 
with manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less. As discussed 
below, manufactured homes complying with the Tier 1 standard would have 
an average PBP of 3.7 and 3.5 years for single-section and multi-
section homes, respectively, while achieving a positive cash flow in 
the first year of occupancy. Further discussion of these concerns is 
addressed in section IV.A.1.i.
    MHARR commented that the PBP found in the analysis will be longer 
once the costs of compliance are included and passed onto the consumer 
(MHARR, No. 154 at p. 27). As discussed above, DOE is not addressing a 
compliance, certification, and enforcement program in this rulemaking, 
but may do so in the future. However, DOE will consider comments and 
information on compliance and enforcement matters provided by 
stakeholders, including costs.
    DOE also received comments regarding the longer term LCC period 
(i.e., 30 years). MHI expressed concern with using a 30-year time 
period to justify energy efficiency investments because most 
manufactured homes change ownership within 7 to 10 years and may not 
see the savings from the increased upfront cost. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 6) 
GWU stated that the 10-year LCC analysis represents a much more 
accurate reflection of the manufactured housing consumers' benefits 
rather than the 30-year LCC analysis because the 30-year analysis is 
not representative of the timespan that owners live in manufactured 
homes. (GWU, No. 175 at pp. 3-4) Conversely, VEIC commented that the 
30-year LCC should be used instead of the 10-year LCC analysis because 
the 30 years is more representative of the timespan in which the 
manufactured home will be in service. (VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2)
    EISA directs DOE to base the standards on the most recent version 
of the IECC considering, among other things, the total life-cycle 
construction and operating costs. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) As such, DOE 
is considering the total life-cycle costs and operating costs of the 
standards proposed in this document.
    As discussed previously, DOE determined that the average tenure of 
a manufactured homeowner is 13 years, and the lifetime of a home can 
average 40 years. However, DOE understands that there are constraints 
in the secondary market for manufactured

[[Page 47792]]

homes, as outlined in the 2014 CFPB report. Accordingly, DOE performed 
the 10-year analysis to determine the economic impacts of the proposed 
rule on the first homeowner. DOE also performed the 30-year analysis to 
determine the economic impacts, as well as the cumulative benefits over 
the lifetime of the manufactured home. In this SNOPR, DOE continues to 
use both the 10-year and 30-year LCC analyses from the June 2016 NOPR.
    DOE received several comments regarding PBP results relating to the 
LCC and homeownership periods. In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE reported 
national average PBP values of 7.1 years for single-section homes and 
6.9 for multi-section homes. MHARR stated that the projected consumer 
PBP is longer than consumers live in a particular manufactured home. 
(MHARR, No. 154 at p. 27) AGA and APGA commented that the PBP should be 
less than 5 years for the resident to truly gain a benefit. (AGA & 
APGA, No. 172 at p. 1)
    As previously stated, a study by the CFPB indicated that the 
average ownership period of 13 years. DOE assumes a 10-year ownership 
period for the first owner of the manufactured home in its 10-year LCC 
analysis. Table IV.17, Table IV.10, and Table IV.11 provide the results 
for DOE's simple PBP analysis for the rule as proposed in this SNOPR, 
broken out by tiers and climate zone for single-section and multi-
section homes. These resulting simple PBPs indicate that the first 
owner of a Tier 1 manufactured home would gain a net benefit and would 
realize positive net savings from the proposed energy standards. The 
simple PBP of a Tier 1 standard manufactured home is 3.7 years for 
single-section and 3.5 years for multi-section homes, and the simple 
PBP of a Tier 2 standard manufactured home is 10.9 years for single-
section and 10.6 years for multi-section. Although the simple PBPs for 
Tier 2 homes exceed the 10-year ownership period for the first owner, 
they still fall within the 13-year average ownership period. In 
addition, DOE considered a sensitivity analysis for an alternative 
insulation requirement for Tier 2 homes, R-21, wherein the PBP is 8.5 
for single-section and 8.9 years for multi-section homes.
b. Interest Rate
    In the June 2016 NOPR LCC analysis, DOE estimated an interest rate 
of 5 percent for consumers using real estate loans, 9 percent for 
consumers using chattel (personal property) loans, and 5 percent for 
consumers paying for the manufactured home outright with cash. These 
were conservative figures based on ranges provided by the MH working 
group. According to data provided by the MH working group, real estate 
loans typically have interest rates ranging from approximately 4.0 to 
4.3 percent and chattel loans typically have interest rates ranging 
from 6.3 percent to 9.5 percent. EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0074. In the June 
2016 NOPR analysis, DOE used a 5-percent real estate loan interest rate 
and a 9-percent chattel loan interest rate as a conservative estimate.
    Regarding the different interest rates used for the LCC analysis, 
GWU commented that interest rates on chattel loans range from 7 percent 
to 13 percent and that DOE's use of 9 percent may be too low. (GWU, No. 
175 at p. 5) DOE conducted research on interest rates for real estate 
and chattel loans to confirm the discount rates determined by the MH 
working group. DOE's research showed that chattel loans often range 
from 0.5 to 5 percent more than real estate loans according to a CFPB 
study released in September 2014.\46\ This difference between real 
estate loan and chattel loan rates supports DOE's assumptions from the 
June 2016 NOPR, which used a chattel loan rate of 9 percent, which is 4 
percent higher than the real estate loan interest rate of 5 percent. 
DOE did not find a more recent CFPB study of the same. For the SNOPR 
LCC analysis, DOE maintains the interest rate values used in the June 
2016 NOPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Manufactured-housing 
Consumer Finance in the United States. September 2014. Available at: 
https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/manufactured-housing-consumeR-finance-in-the-U-s/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Discount Rate for LCC
    In the June 2016 NOPR LCC analysis, DOE used a discount rate of 5 
percent for consumers using real estate loans, 9 percent for consumers 
using chattel (personal property) loans, and 5 percent for consumers 
paying for the manufactured home outright with cash. The discount rate 
was set equal to the loan interest rate because this rate represents a 
primary ``investment'' available to a homeowner (that is, the homeowner 
can pay down the loan early, avoiding interest payments at the rate 
associated with the loan). Therefore, DOE discounted cash flows in the 
LCC analysis using a discount rate equal to this alternative investment 
rate (the loan interest rate).
    Regarding the discount rates used in the June 2016 NOPR LCC 
analysis, ACEEE supported the June 2016 NOPR, stating that an LCC 
analysis using a discount rate similar to the rate low-income 
homeowners would pay for a mortgage should be reasonable. (ACEEE, No. 
178 at p. 3) Alternatively, GWU stated it also conducted its own LCC 
analysis based on discount rates of 5, 9, and 13 percent. GWU's LCC 
results using these inputs found that consumers in certain cities are 
anticipated to bear net costs and summing the percentage of national 
shipments of each of these cities would result in 28.5 percent of all 
shipments of single-section manufactured homes and 35.1 percent of all 
shipments of multi-section manufactured homes anticipated to bear net 
costs. GWU stated that these studies indicate that DOE's proposed rule 
does not fit the statutory cost-effectiveness requirement given in 
EISA. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 6)
    DOE appreciates ACEEE's comment supporting the June 2016 NOPR LCC 
discount rates. Regarding the LCC analysis conducted by GWU, DOE's 
understanding is that the results were based on a discount rate of 13 
percent, which was the upper bound of the 7-percent to 13-percent range 
of chattel rates GWU presented and is higher than DOE's estimate of 9 
percent. In addition, it is not clear what analysis period GWU relied 
on (DOE uses 10 and 30 years). However, the discount rate values used 
by GWU diminish the value of the benefits of reduced energy use 
relative to the values used in the June 2016 NOPR. As described 
previously, the June 2016 NOPR analysis was based on the real estate 
and chattel loan rates of 5 percent and 9 percent, respectively, as 
well as a 30-year analysis period reflecting the lifespan of a 
manufactured home. For the reasons already discussed, for this SNOPR, 
DOE continues to find these values more appropriate than those used by 
GWU. Using the discount rates equal to the corresponding interest rate, 
in this SNOPR, DOE's 30-year and 10-year analyses indicate that the 
national average results show positive LCC savings compared to the 
baseline.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ For Tier 1 standards, all cities (except for Miami in the 
10-year analysis) indicate positive LCC savings. For Tier 2 
standards, all cities in HUD climate zones 1 and 2 indicate positive 
LCC savings for 30-year and 10-year analyses. Certain cities in HUD 
climate zone 3, however, do not indicate positive LCC savings. 
Details can be found in chapter 8 and 9 of the SNOPR TSD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Down Payment and Loan Term
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE assumed a down payment of 20 percent for 
both real estate and chattel loans. DOE received several comments on 
the June 2016 NOPR suggesting alternatives to the down payment 
assumptions used in the NOPR.

[[Page 47793]]

    MHI and COBA indicated that DOE may be overestimating the LCC 
savings by using a down payment assumption of 20 percent for chattel 
loans. According to MHI and COBA, chattel loan down payments are rarely 
20 percent, and a more common range representative of the industry is 
5-10 percent. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 6; COBA, Public Meeting Transcript, 
No. 148 at p. 92) After researching the matter, DOE tentatively agrees 
that a lower down payment assumption (relative to the June 2016 NOPR) 
is appropriate. MHI's ``Trends and Information About the Manufactured 
Housing Industry 2016'' indicates that down payments for all loans used 
for manufactured homes range from 10 to 20 percent.\48\ Although some 
commenters stated that a 5 percent down payment can occur, a 5 percent 
down payment is below the lower boundary of what lenders accept for a 
chattel loan, as reported by MHI. DOE also notes that the impact of 
down payment percentage is limited in an LCC calculation because 
reductions in upfront down payment costs are mostly offset by increases 
in monthly principal and interest payments (and vice versa). Based on 
the comments and new information on typical down payments for chattel 
loans, for the SNOPR, DOE assumes a down payment of 10 percent for 
chattel loans and maintained a down payment of 20 percent for real 
estate loans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Manufactured Housing Institute, Trends and Information 
about the Manufactured Housing Industry 2016. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1836temp.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the loan term for chattel loans, MHI recommended that DOE 
use an estimate of 10 to 15 years. (MHI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 
148 at p. 91; MHI, No. 182 at p. 7) In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE used a 
15-year loan term for chattel loans for the LCC analysis based on 
suggestions from the MH working group. DOE's NOPR estimate of 15 years 
falls within the range recommended by MHI. No comments were received 
suggesting that the 15-year assumption was inappropriate. For the 
SNOPR, DOE maintains the chattel loan term of 15 years.
e. Resale Value of Manufactured Homes
    DOE received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the 
resale value of manufactured homes and how that may affect the LCC 
analysis. GWU commented that DOE's LCC analysis did not take into 
account the difficulty in recouping high upfront costs via resale. It 
stated that secondhand buyers have difficulty obtaining adequate 
financing for resold manufactured homes because lenders often charge 
higher interest rates on used manufactured homes. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 
3) Lippert Components and MHI also expressed concern that it will be 
unlikely that first-time homeowners will be able to recapture the cost 
of EEMs in the event of a resale. (Lippert Components, No. 152 at p. 1; 
MHI, No. 182 at p. 6) Conversely, WSU Energy Program commented that 
resale values of manufactured homes with energy efficiency measures are 
often higher than those without these measures. (WSU Energy Program, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 93) Further, WSU Energy 
Program stated that this higher resale value of the manufactured home 
must be considered when calculating payback period. (WSU Energy 
Program, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 93)
    For the SNOPR, as with the June 2016 NOPR, DOE conducted the LCC 
analysis based on the total homeowner expense over the life of the 
manufactured home and operating costs. A 30-year lifetime was selected 
as a typical length that energy efficiency measures last in a 
manufactured home. In addition, DOE also performed a 10-year LCC 
analysis, which represents the cost of ownership over the tenure of the 
first homeowner. Both analyses assume that the incremental cost of the 
DOE-compliant home depreciates on a linear basis over the 30-year 
lifetime. Therefore, DOE's analysis assumes that not all of the 
incremental cost of EEMs is recouped at resale.
    Increases in resale value can offset upfront costs when considering 
life cycle costs over a period of time. However, the PBP metric is a 
``simple PBP'' based on dividing the incremental increase in purchase 
cost by the average annual savings in operating costs that would result 
from the rule. Therefore, resale value is not included in the PBP 
calculation. DOE maintains this methodology in the SNOPR, as the resale 
value of the home does not have any direct input into the calculation 
of a simple PBP.
f. Tax Rate
    Property taxes vary widely within and among states. In the June 
2016 NOPR, DOE assumed a property tax rate of 0.9 percent, which was 
agreed upon by the MH working group. DOE also separately determined the 
median tax rate and found that the 2013 American Housing (AHS) Survey 
for manufactured homes reported a $10 per $1,000 in home value, 
indicating a 1-percent tax rate.\49\ The later AHS reports (2015, 2017 
or 2019) did not provide an updated estimate; thus, DOE continues to 
consider the estimate from the 2013 AHS Survey. The reported AHS 
estimate substantiated the MH working group recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ U.S. Census Bureau, American Housing Survey, 2013 http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data.2013.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE received one comment regarding the property tax rate used in 
the June 2016 NOPR. COBA commented that the property tax rate data used 
in the June 2016 NOPR analysis for the LCC was incorrect, without 
further elaborating on a better estimate. (COBA, No. 158 at p. 3) As no 
alternative estimates were offered, for this SNOPR, DOE continues to 
assume a property tax rate of 0.9 percent based on the MH working group 
recommendation and the AHS Survey.
g. Incremental Cost
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE arrived at the incremental cost to the 
consumer by calculating the difference in the EEM costs of DOE-
compliant and minimally compliant HUD homes. These incremental costs 
correspond to the purchase prices seen by the homeowner, and thus 
account for manufacturer and retail markups. DOE used incremental 
component costs (retail costs) provided and agreed to by the MH working 
group. ASRAC Cost Analysis Data, EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0091.
    Regarding the incremental costs, MHARR stated that the cost figures 
used for the June 2016 NOPR analysis were obtained primarily from large 
manufacturers, and therefore the cost is understated for smaller 
manufacturers who do not benefit from large volume supply orders. MHARR 
conducted a study based on higher supply costs associated with small 
manufacturers and concluded that the price increase will be $4,600 and 
$5,825 above the HUD Code for single- and multi-section manufactured 
homes, respectively. (MHARR, No. 154 at p. 30; MHARR, No. 143 at p. 4)
    Conversely, NEEA and VEIC stated that the incremental costs found 
and used in DOE's analysis may be overstating the cost increases. NEEA 
commented that the real-world incremental costs would be lower than DOE 
estimates. NEEA cited data (from the Pacific Northwest region) that 
shows current incremental purchase prices for ENERGY STAR homes (which 
NEEA stated are more stringent than the proposed rule) are between 
$2,000 and $3,000 more than a manufactured home minimally compliant 
with the HUD

[[Page 47794]]

Code. NEEA indicated that DOE's incremental costs do not incorporate 
economies of scale, good engineering practice, and improved technology, 
which would result (once all MH manufacturers meet the DOE standard) in 
much lower realized incremental costs. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 4; NEEA, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p.72) VEIC commented that the 
estimated incremental costs are inflated. (VEIC, No. 187 at p. 2)
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE used incremental component costs 
provided and agreed to by the MH working group. MHI stated that these 
costs represent small, medium, and large manufacturers, commenting that 
for the cost analysis conducted by MHI and SBRA, small, medium, and 
large manufacturers were all consulted during the MH working group 
process. (MHI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 85) DOE 
analyzed MHARR's incremental costs and identified a number of 
differences in the inputs between DOE's and MHARR's calculations. 
Specifically, DOE found that for certain components, such as exterior 
floor insulation, MHARR's incremental costs were based on baseline 
thermal requirements that were different than what was used by the MH 
Working Group. In another case, MHARR's calculations also included 
costs for exterior doors. However, DOE expects no incremental cost 
associated with doors because the insulation level (U-factor) for a 
baseline home was assumed to already meet the U-factor requirement in 
the proposed rule. In addition, MHARR did not provide the sources for 
the costs identified. In summary, MHARR's comment provided insufficient 
detail to verify that the incremental costs corresponded to the same 
home construction parameters and the same EEMs as DOE used in its 
analysis. As a result of these inconsistencies, DOE did not revise the 
component incremental costs from the June 2016 NOPR based on the data 
provided by MHARR. Furthermore, DOE reviewed the 2020 RSMeans 
construction cost estimating software to corroborate the cost data used 
in the June 2016 NOPR and concluded that the estimates provided by the 
MH working group continues to remain mostly relevant. Therefore, for 
the SNOPR, DOE proposes to maintain the component incremental costs 
used in the June 2016 NOPR and established by the MH working group, as 
these values are representative of manufacturers of all sizes.
    Regarding incremental cost impacts on retailers, MHARR stated that 
smaller retailers will feel the full brunt of the increased costs. 
(MHARR, No. 143 at p. 4) DOE notes that retailers will experience 
increased costs. However, DOE's analysis anticipates that the full 
incremental cost of the EEMs necessary to comply with the SNOPR will be 
passed through to the consumer, bypassing the manufacturer and 
retailer. While DOE agrees retailers (both large and small) will see 
higher prices when purchasing manufactured homes from MH manufacturers, 
these same manufactured homes will be sold at a correspondingly higher 
price to the consumer.
    For this SNOPR, DOE updated the total incremental costs for the 
tiered standards--i.e., Tier 1 energy efficiency requirements based on 
the set of energy efficiency measures that provide energy savings under 
at a set upfront incremental purchase price (i.e., approximately $750) 
and Tier 2 energy efficiency requirements that specify more stringent 
building thermal envelope requirements. The proposed tiered approach 
addresses concerns regarding potential impacts of first-cost increases 
on price-sensitive, low-income purchasers of manufactured homes. Table 
I.1 and Table I.2 provide the updated total incremental costs, 
depending on the tiered standard being analyzed. Table I.3 provides the 
updated total incremental costs under the proposed untiered standard.
h. Reliability of the LCC
    DOE received a comment regarding the overall reliability of the LCC 
analysis to capture potential savings related to the rulemaking. MHI 
stated that the LCC analysis is too uncertain to justify the projected 
upfront purchase price, and specifically stated that small errors in 
energy cost escalation rates can turn a long-term benefit into a long-
term loss. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 6)
    DOE understands that there may be uncertainties regarding the 
future prices of energy. In the June 2016 NOPR, the energy cost inputs 
used in the LCC analysis, including energy prices and their escalation 
rates, were based on the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO 2015) and 
Short-Term Energy Outlook studies, prepared by the U.S. Energy 
Information Administration (``EIA''). The AEO presents long-term annual 
projections of energy supply, demand, and prices. The projections, 
focused on U.S. energy markets, are based on results from EIA's 
National Energy Modeling System (``NEMS''). NEMS enables EIA to make 
projections under internally consistent sets of assumptions. DOE 
believes these studies are the best current and future estimates of 
energy prices and escalation rates and uses these studies in support of 
all of its energy conservation standard rulemakings. In the SNOPR, DOE 
proposes to maintain the same source for establishing energy prices and 
escalation rates and updated the AEO source to the latest version at 
the time of the SNOPR analysis, which was AEO 2020.
    Lastly, EISA requires that DOE establish energy conservation 
standards for manufactured housing with consideration of the cost-
effectiveness as related to the purchase price and total life-cycle 
construction and operating costs generally. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1)) As 
such, the LCC analysis in this SNOPR addresses this requirement by 
incorporating the total homeowner expense over the life of the 
manufactured home, consisting of purchase expenses (e.g., loan or cash 
purchase) and operating costs (e.g., energy costs).
i. Affordability
    Consistent with concerns raised in DOE's consultation with HUD, 
commenters raised concerns regarding the impact of energy conservation 
standards on the affordability of manufactured homes. DOE received 
comments from organizations that stated that manufactured homes are an 
important aspect of unsubsidized affordable housing across the country 
and that the average income of a manufactured homeowner is half the 
national average. Commenters indicated that any changes in the cost of 
manufactured homes will price some consumers out of homeownership and 
expressed concern that the proposed rule did not offer any assistance 
to offset the predicted cost increase and resulting decrease in 
manufactured home production. (Pleasant Valley Homes, No. 153 at p. 1; 
Skyline Corporation, No. 165 at p. 1; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 2; 
MHIM, No. 155 at p. 1; NMMHA, No. 157 at p. 1; MHIA, No. 161 at p. 1; 
MHISC, No. 191 at p. 1; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 1; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 2; 
AMHA, No. 173 at p. 2; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 1; Commodore Corporation, 
No. 195 at p. 1) Cavco commented that the industry must maintain 
affordability in order to increase home ownership and stated that if 
the cost to produce a home increases, the costs will be passed onto the 
consumer. They also expressed concern that the manufactured housing 
market has extended too much credit to homeowners. (Cavco, Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 87) SBRA suggested that DOE analyze 
how this standard affects home ownership affordability for consumers 
once the

[[Page 47795]]

rule is implemented. (SBRA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 
19)
    DOE recognizes the role of manufactured homes in the U.S. housing 
market and their ability to provide affordable housing. As already 
discussed in section II.B.4 and in several other sections in this 
document, concern over the initial first-cost impacts that the June 
2016 NOPR energy efficiency requirements would have on low-income 
buyers led DOE to contemplate cost-effective approaches that would also 
mitigate first-cost impacts for purchasers at the lower end of the 
manufactured home price range, and to examine and propose the tiered-
approach presented in this SNOPR. In consideration of the first-cost 
impacts and cost-effectiveness for low-income purchasers, the tiered 
approach would subject those manufactured homes with a manufacturer's 
retail list price of $55,000 or less (i.e., Tier 1) to a set of energy 
efficiency measures that have an upfront incremental purchase price of 
approximately $750 (for a single-section home). Table I.1 provides the 
updated total incremental costs. Under the proposed tiered approach, 
manufactured homes with a manufacturer's retail list price greater than 
$55,000 (in real 2019$) (i.e., Tier 2) would generally be subject to 
the same set of requirements as applicable to Tier 1 manufactured 
homes, but with more stringent U-factor and R-value requirements. The 
Tier 2 energy conservation standards are the same as those that would 
apply to all manufactured homes under the proposed untiered standard.
    While both proposals presented in the SNOPR (i.e., the tiered 
approach and the single set of standards) would result in incremental 
cost increases for manufactured homes that may be passed to the 
consumer, the full incremental cost is not paid by the consumer on the 
purchase date because consumers (particularly low-income consumers) 
purchase manufactured homes with a down payment and other financing 
(either through a personal property loan, often referred to as a 
``chattel loan,'' or a real estate loan). A consumer would typically 
only pay a 10-percent down payment for a chattel loan, and the 
remainder of the incremental cost increase passed to the consumer would 
be spread through increases in payments throughout the loan term (15 to 
30 years). DOE's current LCC analysis tentatively finds that these loan 
payment increases would be offset by the energy cost savings for all 
cities except one (with San Francisco being the only exception) in the 
tiered standards, providing a net benefit and cost-effectiveness to the 
consumer. San Francisco represents 1.2 percent of all single-section 
home shipments (Tier 1 + Tier 2) analyzed. Further, DOE notes that Tier 
2 single-section homes would be a portion (approximately 0.5 percent) 
of the all single-section homes shipments. While increases in purchase 
price as a result of either proposed standard are tentatively projected 
to be offset by the benefits derived from the projected energy cost 
savings, DOE requests comment regarding the cost-effectiveness of both 
options to inform its final decision.
    Relating to the general affordability of manufactured homes, SBRA 
recommended that DOE work with the industry in establishing an economic 
basis for energy efficiency standard development that would serve as 
the benchmark for setting requirements that improve home affordability. 
(SBRA, No. 163 at p. 2) DOE used the LCC and PBP analyses developed 
during the MH working group negotiations to inform the development of 
the proposed rule based on the economic impacts on individual 
purchasers of manufactured homes. As such, DOE has initially concluded 
that the national economic benefits outweigh the increased purchase 
price, indicating that under both proposals the applicable energy 
conservation standards would improve the economic status of consumers 
in most regions relative to the status quo.
    DOE also received comments regarding affordability and the cost-
effective provision of EISA. MHARR stated that the cost-effective 
provision of EISA must be applied to ensure that energy standards do 
not result in purchase price increases that would impair manufactured 
housing affordability, availability, or accessibility. (MHARR, No. 154 
at p. 24) DOE performed an LCC analysis in this SNOPR that calculated 
the total homeowner expense over a period of 30 years, consisting of 
purchase expenses (e.g., chattel loan, conventional mortgage or cash 
purchase) and operating costs (e.g., energy costs). The national 
average results of the LCC analysis show positive LCC savings for a 30-
year analysis period and annual energy cost savings for the homeowner 
in each climate zone (see section IV.A.2). The cost-benefit analysis 
shows that the increased purchase cost to the consumer would be offset 
by energy cost savings. In addition to these results, DOE presents a 
sensitivity analysis for an alternative insulation requirement for Tier 
2 homes in zones 2 and 3, which would increase life-cycle cost savings 
and decrease the simple PBP for affected homes relative to the R-20+5 
insulation requirement based on the 2021 IECC.
    Regarding the availability of manufactured homes, for this SNOPR 
(and in the June 2016 NOPR), DOE addressed the reduction of shipments 
based on the projected increase in home upfront costs using a price 
elasticity of demand (price elasticity) calculation. Price elasticity 
is an economic concept that describes the change of the quantity 
demanded in response to a change in price. Price elasticity is 
typically represented as a ratio of the percentage change in quantity 
relative to a percentage change in price. Sections IV.C.1.a and 
IV.C.1.b provide more details on how DOE incorporated price elasticity 
in the shipments analysis and the magnitude of people who do not buy 
because they are price-sensitive.
    DOE also received many comments from groups concerned with a 
potential 3-10 percent increase in purchase price of manufactured home 
as a result of the proposed standards. Because of the affordable 
housing crisis in the U.S., they stated that the final rule should 
avoid any increases in cost for consumers by providing programs for 
consumers to obtain financing or aid in purchasing their homes. These 
commenters urged DOE to improve energy efficiency while preserving 
affordability and to work with lenders, federal regulators, and HUD to 
mitigate the upfront costs of these regulations before the rule is 
finalized. (Pleasant Valley Homes, No. 153 at p. 1; Skyline 
Corporation, No. 165 at p. 1; Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 2; MHIM, No. 
155 at p. 2; NMMHA, No. 157 at p. 2; MHIA, No. 161 at p. 2; MHISC, No. 
191 at p. 1; OMHA, No. 166 at p. 1; MMHA, No. 10 at p. 2; AMHA, No. 173 
at p. 2; PMHA, No. 164 at p. 2; Form Letter, No. 192 at p. 1; COBA, No. 
158 at p. 5; Commodore Corporation, No. 195 at p. 2)
    Specifically, several commenters recommended that DOE also consult 
with the CFPB and Federal Housing Finance Agency (``FHFA'') to ensure 
that there is enough flexibility in qualified mortgage regulations to 
permit an increase in debt-to-income ratios when paired with reductions 
in energy costs. (Better Homes, No. 168 at p. 1, Next Step, No. 174 at 
p. 2, MHI, No. 182 at p. 7) Next Step also commented that DOE should 
collaborate with HUD, FHFA, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture 
(``USDA'') to ensure flexibility in underwriting guidelines. (Next 
Step, No. 174 p. 2) WECC recommended the use of low-income 
weatherization funds, Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing, 
carbon offsets, and Environmental Protection

[[Page 47796]]

Agency's (EPA) Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program to help offset 
the increased price. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 3) Lastly, MHI recommended 
that DOE work with HUD, USDA, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 
and the U.S. Department of the Treasury to explore whether manufactured 
homes that meet DOE's standard would be eligible for ENERGY STAR tax 
credits, thereby providing more incentive and relief to the consumers 
despite the increase in purchase price. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 7)
    DOE appreciates these comments and understands that affordability 
and cost-effectiveness for low-income purchasers is an important issue 
when discussing manufactured housing. However, DOE's authority for this 
rulemaking is limited to energy conservation standards for manufactured 
housing. While DOE has considered the cost-effectiveness and 
affordability concerns described throughout this document, matters 
related to financing, tax credits, or other financial incentives or 
assistance for manufactured housing are outside the scope of this 
rulemaking, which is being conducted only to establish an energy 
conservation standard for manufactured housing. As already discussed, 
to help mitigate the potential impacts of a price increase, DOE is 
proposing a tiered proposal in this SNOPR that would establish a 
pricing tier to address those manufactured homes likely to be purchased 
by more price-sensitive consumers, and by limiting the impact to the 
first-cost for Tier 1 manufactured homes. The Tier 1 energy 
conservation standards, as proposed, are estimated to result in a 0.7-
1.4 percent increase in first cost, depending on climate zone. These 
incremental costs would be offset by the energy savings provided from 
the energy efficiency measures and the incremental increase in upfront 
costs and monthly loan payments is recouped in less than one year. 
Furthermore, the PBP associated with the Tier 1 standard is only 3.7 
years for single-section homes and 3.5 years for multi-section homes.
    Along with consumer financing, Next Step and Lippert Components 
both recommended the implementation of consumer education for potential 
homeowners, to properly inform them of the benefits and paybacks of 
more efficient homes. (Next Step, No. 174 at p. 3; Lippert Components, 
No. 152 at p. 1) Next Step also commented that it currently has a 
system called Manufactured Housing Done Right, which connects 
comprehensive homebuyer education with responsible financing so 
potential buyers can purchase ENERGY STAR compliant, factory-built 
homes. (Next Step, No. 174 at p. 1) DOE agrees that consumer education 
is important aspect to ensuring the effectiveness of any standards that 
may be adopted. To this end, DOE has described this proposed regulation 
in detail in this document and can respond to questions from the 
public. While a consumer education program is not an element of the 
statutory mandate of EISA, DOE provides a number of resources to 
educate homeowners on the energy efficiency, including those applicable 
to manufactured housing.\50\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ E.g., https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/types-homes/energy-efficient-manufactured-homes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    MHI also commented that DOE must engage with HUD to revisit the 
economic assumptions and revise consumer impact estimates. MHI stated 
that any new regulation must avoid reducing the availability of 
affordable homeownership options. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 1) GWU stated 
that DOE should revisit the effect of the proposed standards on the 
Federal Government's goal to increase the availability of affordable 
housing. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 12) In this SNOPR, DOE has reviewed the 
economic assumptions relied upon in the June 2016 NOPR and made changes 
where appropriate. As explained, DOE is proposing a tiered approach in 
this SNOPR in response to concerns raised regarding affordability and 
cost-effectiveness. In addition, DOE changed the down payment 
assumptions from 20 percent to 10 percent for chattel loans (see 
section IV.A.1.d). Furthermore, DOE made updates to energy costs, 
energy escalation rates, and inflation rates based on the updates to 
AEO 2020. DOE also updated the distribution of heating type in the 19 
cities analyzed in the LCC analysis based on the 2019 MHI shipments. 
DOE discusses its price elasticity calculation in the shipment analysis 
(see section IV.C.1.a).
j. Priced-Out Consumers
    DOE received comments on the June 2016 NOPR indicating concern that 
the proposed rule's incremental cost relative to the existing HUD Code 
would eliminate the ability of some low-income consumers to obtain the 
financing necessary to purchase a new home, resulting in consumers 
being priced out of the manufactured housing market. (Advocacy, No. 177 
at p. 3; GWU, No. 175 at p. 8; Form Letter, No. 192 at p. 1; Pleasant 
Valley Homes, No. 153 at p. 1; Skyline Corporation, No. 165 at p. 1; 
Clayton Homes, No. 185 at p. 2; MHIM, No. 155 at p. 1; NMMHA, No. 157 
at p. 1; MHIA, No. 161 at p. 1; MHISC, No. 191 at p. 1; OMHA, No. 166 
at p. 1; MMHA, No. 170 at p. 2; AMHA, No. 173 at p. 2; PMHA, No. 164 at 
p. 1; MHI, No. 182 at p. 1, SBRA, No. 163 at p. 2; MHARR, No. 143 at p. 
4) Specifically, MHARR cited a 2014 National Association of Home 
Builders (``NAHB'') study that MHARR asserted indicates that more than 
1 million households would be priced out of the market for a single-
unit manufactured home and over an additional one million households 
would be priced out of the multi-section market as a result of DOE's 
proposed standards. (MHARR, No. 154 at p. 25) Similarly, AMHA stated a 
recent NAHB study indicated each $1,000 increase over the median-home 
price results in 200,000 prospective households being excluded from the 
market. (AMHA, No. 173 at p. 1)
    As discussed in section IV.A.1.i, DOE is proposing a tiered 
approach for which energy conservation standards for manufactured home 
with a manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less would be 
established, in part, on a defined upfront manufacturer's retail list 
price increase (i.e., $750). DOE is proposing this approach in 
consideration of concerns related to potential adverse impacts on 
price-sensitive, low-income purchasers of manufactured homes from the 
imposition of energy conservation standards. Under the tiered proposal, 
incremental cost increases for Tier 1 manufactured homes would be 0.7-
1.4 percent.
    DOE reviewed the 2014 NAHB study referenced by MHARR and AMHA and 
found the values cited by MHARR and AMHA from that study are not 
representative of the manufactured housing market's prospective buyers. 
The NAHB study estimates the reduction in buyers assuming all American 
households intend to buy a home. The NAHB study stated that an increase 
of $1,000 would exclude approximately 350,000 households from 
purchasing a single-section home, and the same $1,000 would exclude 
315,000 households from purchasing a multi-section home. MHARR 
extrapolated that the incremental costs of the standards would exclude 
more than 1 million households from each of the single- and multi-unit 
markets.
    Rather than analyzing all American households, DOE's estimate in 
this SNOPR calculates the number of households no longer able to 
purchase a manufactured home from the pool of households planning to 
purchase a manufactured home (which is much smaller than the total 
number of American households). As a result of

[[Page 47797]]

the tiered standards, first, DOE considered that a percentage of 
manufactured homes placed/sold would shift to less stringent standards, 
i.e., a percentage of homes from Tier 2 would shift to Tier 1. The 
inclusion of this shift in the market is to more accurately estimate 
energy savings (and other downstream results) if the proposed tiered 
standard approach is finalized. Second, with the inclusion of this 
shift, DOE estimates the SNOPR would result in a loss in demand and 
availability because of the increase in upfront home price for each 
tier. Therefore, DOE includes in the analysis a price elasticity of 
demand, which is typically represented as a ratio of the percentage 
change in quantity relative to a percentage change in price. DOE 
considered a price elasticity of -0.48 based on a study by Marshall and 
Marsh.\51\ Further discussion on the substitution effect is provided in 
section IV.C.1.a and price elasticity is provided in section IV.A.1.j.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See Marshall, M.I. & Marsh, T.L. Consumer and investment 
demand for manufactured housing units. J. Hous. Econ. 16, 59-71 
(2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, DOE estimates the SNOPR would result in a loss in 
demand and availability of about 53,329 homes (single section and 
multi-section combined) for the tiered standard using a price 
elasticity of demand of -0.48 for the analysis period (2023-2052). Out 
of the 53,329 homes in the tiered standard, the majority of the 
reduction is in Tier 2 (93 percent) vs. Tier 1 (7 percent). Within Tier 
1, DOE estimates a 0.52 percent reduction (essentially no reduction) in 
availability due to Tier 1 standards for low income purchasers. Given 
that low-income consumers generally purchase lower priced manufactured 
homes, DOE concludes that low-income consumers would not be priced out 
by the Tier 1 standards proposed in this SNOPR.
    As a sensitivity, DOE also considered a price elasticity of demand 
of -2.4 instead of -0.48. Further discussion on this sensitivity is 
provided in Section 10.4 of Chapter 10 of the TSD. Table IV.1 provides 
a summary of the change in shipments from baseline for the tiered 
standards for a price elasticity of -0.48 and -2.4.

                                  Table IV.1--Change in Shipments Compared to Baseline, -0.48 and -2.4 Price Elasticity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Change in shipments, -0.48 price elasticity     Change in shipments, -2.4 price elasticity
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Tier 1          Tier 2           Total          Tier 1          Tier 2           Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30-year analysis........................................         (3,693)        (49,636)        (53,329)        (18,375)       (247,692)       (266,067)
Annual..................................................           (123)         (1,655)         (1,778)           (613)         (8,256)         (8,869)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the study published in the Journal of Housing Economics by 
Marshall and Marsh, the authors conclude that national and local 
programs that cause small price increases in manufactured housing units 
(e.g., increasing energy efficiency) will not necessarily deter 
thousands of low-income families from purchasing manufactured homes and 
that such consumers are likely to be willing to accept incrementally 
higher prices from improvements in energy use and cost efficiency. 
Specifically, the study states that these consumers are not nearly as 
price-sensitive because ``the cost of a manufactured home still ranges 
from 21% to 65% of the cost of a site built home and low- and moderate-
income families have few low-cost choices for home ownership.'' \52\ 
Costs provided by a 2021 manufactured housing industry overview fact 
sheet developed by MHI suggests that in 2019, on average, the average 
sales price of a manufactured home compared to a new single-family site 
built home is about 27 percent (without land).\53\ There is additional 
discussion in section IV.c.1.b on the decrease in manufactured housing 
shipments that results from people who do not buy because they are 
price-sensitive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ See Marshall, M.I. & Marsh, T.L. Consumer and investment 
demand for manufactured housing units. J. Hous. Econ. 16, 59-71 
(2007).
    \53\ Manufactured Housing Institute. 2021 Manufactured Housing 
Facts: Industry Overview.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on the price elasticity values used in DOE's 
analysis and in the sensitivity analysis as well as any data or 
research available with respect to the demand sensitivity in the 
manufactured housing market.
    DOE also received comments stating that it was necessary to capture 
the costs and economic impact associated with the exclusion of some 
consumers from the manufactured housing market as a result of this 
standard. (MHARR, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 80; MHARR, 
No. 154 at p. 29) COBA commented that if a consumer is priced out of 
the market for manufactured homes, there are no energy savings that the 
consumer can encounter. (COBA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 
82) Lippert Components stated that it doubted that the benefits of the 
increases in energy efficiency will outweigh the negative impacts 
caused by the elimination of choice and reduction of affordability of 
manufactured homes due to the proposed standards. (Lippert Components, 
No. 152 at p. 1)
    The cost savings estimates for the proposals in this SNOPR are 
based on manufactured housing sales in response to the incremental 
increase in housing costs. A discussion of the projected future 
shipments is provided at section III.C.1.a of this docment.
    DOE also received comments regarding the issue of consumers being 
priced out of the manufactured housing market within specific regions. 
GWU suggested that DOE specifically consider the distributive economic 
impact on climate zones 1 and 2, as they account for roughly 40 percent 
of all manufactured housing shipments. GWU stated that under the 
standard as proposed in the June 2016 NOPR, climate zones 1 and 2 will 
bear higher costs from the increased standards, which is especially 
problematic as these zones have higher poverty rates. GWU recommended 
that DOE analyze the impact of the proposed rule on low-income 
consumers in high-poverty regions. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 8)
    The energy standards in the proposals presented in this SNOPR would 
provide benefits in energy savings to the consumer (including those in 
climate zones 1 and 2) which, over the span of the PBP, would offset 
the increase in purchase price. Under the tiered proposal, manufactured 
homes that would be subject to the Tier 1 standards would have a PBP 
less than 10 years for all climate zones and recoup any additional 
upfront and monthly payments in less than one year.
k. Other Comments
    DOE also received numerous other comments that were not specific to 
the above sections or could not be placed in only one of the above 
sections. WECC stated that consumers' trust and confidence must be 
secured if these higher costs are to be received favorably.

[[Page 47798]]

WECC stated that the environment associated with manufactured housing 
is found to be fraught with deceptive loan practices, which is an issue 
that needs to be addressed. (WECC, No. 150 at p. 1) NCJC commented that 
the industry has been noted for predatory sales and lending practices. 
NCJC commented that DOE's analysis of the rule's economic impact and 
energy savings demonstrates the benefits of the rule to homebuyers, 
especially low-income ones. (NCJC, No. 184 at p. 2) DOE appreciates 
these comments. As noted, EISA directs DOE to establish energy 
conservation standards for manufactured housing while accounting for 
certain criteria and considerations. (42 U.S.C. 17071(a)-(b)) Comments 
regarding loan practices are beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
2. Results
    This section provides the tentative results for the projected 
economic impacts on individuals, including the LCC and PBP. In this 
SNOPR, DOE has included two options: A two-tiered set of standards and 
a single untiered standard, as described in section III.E.2.b. DOE also 
updated all inputs to the LCC and PBP based on the updated AEO 2020. 
This includes updates to the inflation rates, energy prices, and energy 
pricing growth rates. DOE adjusted the down payment percentage for 
personal property (chattel) loans to 10 percent based on comments 
received on the June 2016 NOPR and maintained a 20 percent down payment 
for real estate loans. Lastly, the analyses include updates to the fuel 
type distributions based on 2019 MHI shipments.
    Further, as discussed in section I.A, DOE also used different loan 
parameters for the analysis for the untiered standard and the alternate 
tiered standard. This is because the Tier 1 and Tier 2 standards each 
would apply to a portion of all manufactured homes, whereas the 
untiered standard would apply to all manufactured homes. Specifically, 
the Tier 1 standard would apply to manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less, and would be 
applicable to price-sensitive, low-income purchasers. Therefore, DOE 
considered only personal property loans for the Tier 1 standard 
analysis. For the Tier 2 standard, DOE recalculated the loan 
percentages such that the sales-weighted Tier 1 and Tier 2 standard 
loan percentages would equate to the overall loan percentages for the 
untiered standard. See Table IV.2 for details on the loan parameter 
percentages used for the analyses.

                                     Table IV.2--Loan Parameter Percentages
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Personal       Real estate
                                                                   property (%)         (%)          Cash (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 Standard.................................................           100.0             0.0             0.0
Tier 2 Standard.................................................            39.5            20.5            40.0
Untiered Standard...............................................            54.6            15.4            30.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The LCC analysis allowed DOE to analyze the effects of the energy 
conservation standard on both the individual consumer, as well as the 
aggregate benefits at the national level. Table IV.3, Table IV.4, and 
Table IV.5 provide the average purchase price increases to manufactured 
homes associated with the HUD climate zones, under the proposals. These 
costs are based on estimates for the increased costs associated with 
more energy efficient components, as provided by the MH working group. 
ASRAC Cost Analysis Data, EERE-2009-BT-BC-0021-0091. These costs are 
discussed in further detail in chapter 5 and chapter 9 of the SNOPR 
TSD.

  Table IV.3--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under the Tier 1
                                                    Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................            $629             1.2            $900             0.9
Climate Zone 2..................................             629             1.2             900             0.9
Climate Zone 3..................................             721             1.4             702             0.7
National Average................................             663             1.2             839             0.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Table IV.4--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under Tier 2
                                                    Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,574             4.8          $4,143             4.0
Climate Zone 2..................................           4,820             9.1           6,167             5.9
Climate Zone 3..................................           4,659             8.8           5,839             5.6
National Average................................           3,914             7.4           5,289             5.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47799]]


   Table IV.5--National Average Manufactured Housing Purchase Price (and Percentage) Increases Under Untiered
                                                    Standard
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Single-section                   Multi-section
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         $               %               $               %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,574             4.8          $4,143             4.0
Climate Zone 2..................................           4,820             9.1           6,167             5.9
Climate Zone 3..................................           4,659             8.8           5,839             5.6
National Average................................           3,914             7.4           5,289             5.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Figure IV.1, Figure IV.2, and Figure IV.3 illustrate the average 
annual energy cost savings for space heating and air conditioning for 
the first year of occupation by geographic location under the proposed 
tiered approach based on the estimated fuel costs provided in chapter 8 
of the SNOPR TSD.
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BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
    Table IV.6 through Table IV.8 and Figure IV.4 through Figure IV.6 
illustrate the average 30-year LCC savings by geographic location 
(averaged across the five different heating fuel/system types) 
associated with the proposals for both single-section and multi-section 
manufactured homes. As discussed in detail in chapter 8 of the SNOPR 
TSD, the results presented account for LCC savings and impacts over a 
30-year period of analysis, including energy cost savings and chattel 
loans or conventional mortgage payment increases discounted to a 
present value using the discount rates discussed in chapter 4 of the 
SNOPR TSD. These tentative results also are based on the costs 
associated with the proposed energy conservation improvements, as 
discussed in chapter 5 of the SNOPR TSD.

 Table IV.6--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (30 Years) Under the
                             Tier 1 Standard
                             by Climate Zone
                                 [2020$]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................            $988          $1,505
Climate Zone 2..........................           1,114           1,612
Climate Zone 3..........................           2,691           3,763
National Average........................           1,643           2,235
------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table IV.7--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (30 Years) Under the
                            Tier 2 Standards
                             by Climate Zone
                                 [2020$]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................          $2,351          $3,686
Climate Zone 2..........................           1,073           1,808
Climate Zone 3..........................           2,579           3,444
National Average........................           2,105           3,033
------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table IV.8--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (30 Years) Under the
                           Untiered Standards
                             by Climate Zone
                                 [2020$]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................          $2,043          $3,196
Climate Zone 2..........................             711           1,314
Climate Zone 3..........................           2,117           2,851
National Average........................           1,727           2,511
------------------------------------------------------------------------

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BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
    As shown, the national average savings for the untiered standard 
and the tiered standards (i.e., Tier 1 and Tier 2) are net positive, 
though not every geographic region experiences a net savings in the 
proposed standards (i.e., San Francisco in Climate Zone 2). DOE notes 
that for the prescriptive method, Tier 2 and Untiered manufactured 
homes in climate zone 2 (including San Francisco) and climate zone 3 
would require a R-20+5 exterior wall insulation to be consistent with 
the 2021 IECC without modification. The ``+5'' involves using 
``continuous insulation,'' which is insulation that runs continuously 
over structural members and is free of significant thermal bridging. As 
a sensitivity analysis, DOE considered the impacts on the LCC savings 
of instead requiring less stringent exterior wall insulation (at R-21 
instead of R-20+5) to remove the continuous insulation requirement if 
complying with the prescriptive requirements presented in Table III.8. 
At R-20+5, the incremental cost per unit relative to the baseline is 
$2,500, versus $850 for R-21. DOE considered this alternative 
insulation requirement for zones 2 and 3 to address potential equity 
impacts in the regional distribution of benefits and costs and to 
ensure that each metro area analyzed could experience a positive LCC at 
Tier 2. Table IV.9 through Table IV.12 present the LCC savings results 
and Table IV.13 presents the simple payback periods for the sensitivity 
analysis. Chapter 8 of the TSD presents the same results per city. With 
this update, all cities, including San Francisco, show positive LCC 
savings for the 30-year analysis for both the tiered and untiered 
standards. Prior to the final rule stage, DOE is considering additional 
analysis to further explore the impacts of R-21 for homes in zones 2 
and 3 under Tier 2 and the untiered proposal.

             Table IV.9--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (30 Years) Under the Tier 2 Standards
                                                 by Climate Zone
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    With R-20+5 wall insulation    With R-21 wall insulation for
                                                     for climate zones 2 and 3         climate zones 2 and 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,351          $3,686          $2,351          $3,686
Climate Zone 2..................................           1,073           1,808           2,373           3,124
Climate Zone 3..................................           2,579           3,444           3,618           4,511
National Average................................           2,105           3,033           2,820           3,768
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


           Table IV.10--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (30 Years) Under the Untiered Standards
                                                 by Climate Zone
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    With R-20+5 wall insulation    With R-21 wall insulation for
                                                     for climate zones 2 and 3         climate zones 2 and 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................          $2,043          $3,196          $2,043          $3,196
Climate Zone 2..................................             711           1,314           2,031           2,648
Climate Zone 3..................................           2,117           2,851           3,194           3,954
National Average................................           1,727           2,511           2,461           3,262
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


            Table IV.11--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (10 Years) Under the Tier 2 Standards
                                                 by Climate Zone
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    With R-20+5 wall insulation    With R-21 wall insulation for
                                                     for climate zones 2 and 3         climate zones 2 and 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................            $563            $862            $563            $862
Climate Zone 2..................................           (496)           (454)             452             501
Climate Zone 3..................................             108             235             949           1,086
National Average................................             124             264             675             820
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


           Table IV.12--Average Manufactured Home LCC Savings (10 Years) Under the Untiered Standards
                                                 by Climate Zone
                                                     [2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    With R-20+5 wall insulation    With R-21 wall insulation for
                                                     for climate zones 2 and 3         climate zones 2 and 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................            $460            $698            $460            $698

[[Page 47803]]

 
Climate Zone 2..................................           (645)           (650)             334             337
Climate Zone 3..................................            (53)              30             822             915
National Average................................            (12)              77             560             654
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


        Table IV.13--Average Manufactured Home Simple Payback Period Under the Tier 2/Untiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    With R-20+5 wall insulation    With R-21 wall insulation for
                                                     for climate zones 2 and 3         climate zones 2 and 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................             8.6             8.7             8.6             8.7
Climate Zone 2..................................            13.3            12.7             9.3             9.7
Climate Zone 3..................................            11.1            10.9             7.8             8.3
National Average................................            10.9            10.6             8.5             8.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of 
requiring R-20+5 for the exterior wall insulation for climate zone 2 
and 3 Tier 2/Untiered manufactured homes. DOE also requests comment on 
the sensitivity analysis for R-21 that would result in positive LCC 
savings for all cities.
    The estimated LCC impacts under Figure IV.4, Figure IV.5, and 
Figure IV.6 vary by location for three primary reasons. First, each 
geographic location analyzed is situated in one of three climate zones 
and therefore would be subject to different energy conservation 
requirements. Second, geographic locations within the same climate zone 
would experience different levels of energy savings. Finally, the level 
of energy cost savings depends on the type of heating system installed 
and fuel type used in a manufactured home. As discussed in chapter 8 of 
the SNOPR TSD, DOE has accounted for regional differences in heating 
systems and fuel types commonly installed in manufactured housing.
    Table IV.14 provides the national average LCC savings and annual 
energy cost savings associated with the proposals in the SNOPR for 
space heating and air conditioning (and percent reduction in space 
heating and cooling costs), both of which are measured against a 
baseline manufactured home constructed in accordance with the HUD Code. 
As discussed in further detail in chapter 9 of the SNOPR TSD, each 
geographic location has been determined to result in LCC savings and 
energy savings, on average.

   Table IV.14--National Average Per-Home Cost Savings Under the SNOPR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tiered Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lifecycle Cost Savings (30 Years).......          $1,852          $3,033
Annual Energy Cost Savings (2020$)......             261             499
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lifecycle Cost Savings (30 Years).......           1,727           2,511
Annual Energy Cost Savings (2020$)......             359             499
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table IV.15 through Table IV.17 and Figure IV.7 through Figure IV.9 
illustrate the nationwide average simple payback period (purchase price 
increase divided by first year energy cost savings) under the SNOPR. 
The estimated simple payback periods vary by geographic location based 
on the different climate zone requirements for manufactured housing, 
geographic climatic differences within climate zones, type of heating 
system installed, and fuel type used in a manufactured home.

 Table IV.15--Average Manufactured Home Simple Payback Period Under the
                             Tier 1 Standard
                             by Climate Zone
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................             4.8             4.6
Climate Zone 2..........................             4.5             4.5

[[Page 47804]]

 
Climate Zone 3..........................             2.8             2.1
National Average........................             3.7             3.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table IV.16--Average Manufactured Home Simple Payback Period Under Tier
                       2 Standard by Climate Zone
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................             8.6             8.7
Climate Zone 2..........................            13.3            12.7
Climate Zone 3..........................            11.1            10.9
National Average........................            10.9            10.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------


   Table IV.17--Average Manufactured Home Simple Payback Period Under
                    Untiered Standard by Climate Zone
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..........................             8.6             8.7
Climate Zone 2..........................            13.3            12.7
Climate Zone 3..........................            11.1            10.9
National Average........................            10.9            10.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------

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BILLING CODE 6450-01-C

B. Manufacturer Impacts

    DOE performed a manufacturer impact analysis (``MIA'') to estimate 
the potential financial impact of energy conservation standards on 
manufacturers of manufactured homes. The MIA relied on the Government 
Regulatory Impact Model (``GRIM''), an industry cash-flow model used to 
estimate changes in industry value as a result of energy conservation 
standards. The key GRIM inputs are: Industry financial metrics, 
manufacturer production cost estimates, shipments forecasts, conversion 
costs, and manufacturer markups. The primary output of the GRIM is 
industry net present value (``INPV''), which is the sum of industry 
annual cash flows over the analysis period (2021-2052), discounted 
using the industry average discount rate. The GRIM has a slightly 
different analysis period than the NIA and LCC since it accounts for 
the conversion period, the time between the announcement of the 
standard and the compliance date of the standard, because manufacturers 
may need to make upfront investments to bring their manufactured homes 
into compliance ahead of the standard going into effect. The GRIM 
estimates the impacts of more-stringent energy conservation standards 
on a given industry by comparing changes in INPV between the no-
standards case and the standards cases. The GRIM estimates a range of 
possible impacts under different manufacturer markup scenarios to 
capture the uncertainty relating to manufacturer pricing strategy 
following new standards. Additional detail on the GRIM can be found in 
chapter 12 of the SNOPR TSD.
1. Conversion Costs
    DOE analyzed the upfront investments manufacturers would need to 
make to bring their products into compliance with the proposed energy 
conservation standards. These upfront investments include product 
conversion costs and capital conversion costs. Product conversion costs 
are one-time expenses in research, development, engineering time, and 
other costs necessary to make product designs comply with energy 
conservation standards. Capital conversion costs are one-time 
investments in property, plant, and equipment to adapt or change 
existing production lines to fabricate and assemble new product designs 
that comply with the energy conservation standards.
    DOE received comments regarding the conversion costs used for the 
cost-benefit analysis. MHARR commented that the June 2016 NOPR cost-
benefit analysis failed to include costs for testing, certification, 
inspections, and other compliance related activities, including new 
testing that is not currently included in the HUD Code. It stated that 
there are enforcement costs as well as ongoing regulatory compliance 
costs. MHARR expressed concern that these costs were not included in 
calculating the manufacturer impact as well as incremental cost 
increases since compliance costs will inevitably be passed onto the 
consumer (MHARR, No. 154 at p. 27; MHARR, No. 143 at p. 4). MHCC also 
commented that the cost analysis does not include compliance costs and 
stated that the enforcement of the proposed rule significantly affects 
the costs, planning, and implementation (MHCC, No. 162 at p. 2).
    As stated in the November 2016 test procedure NOPR, for the R-value 
of insulation, U-factor and SHGC of fenestration, and mechanical 
ventilation fan efficacy, DOE anticipates that MH manufacturers will 
not incur testing costs because they would be able to use values 
currently provided by component manufacturers as part of the component 
specification sheets. 81 FR 78733, 78742. As discussed in section 
II.B.3, DOE is not proposing any testing, compliance or enforcement 
provisions at this time. Therefore, DOE has not included any potential 
associated costs of testing, compliance or enforcement in this SNOPR.
    RECA, Next Step Network, and Modular Lifestyles commented that many 
manufacturers produce higher efficiency homes that already meet the 
proposed standards, and thus the impacts for those manufacturers will 
be significantly reduced. (RECA, No. 188 at p. 2; Next Step, No. 174 at 
p. 1; Modular Lifestyles, No. 141 at p. 2).
    DOE recognizes that some manufacturers already produce higher 
efficiency homes that meet the proposed standard level. DOE received 
data on the number of ENERGY STAR manufactured homes but lacked 
information on the number of manufactured homes that already meet or 
exceed the standard levels proposed in this SNOPR. Therefore, DOE 
conservatively assumed that all shipments are minimally compliant with 
the current HUD level and all models for which standards would be 
applicable would need design updates as a result of this proposed rule 
for the purposes of the MIA analysis. This prevents underestimation of 
negative impacts on manufacturers. As such, DOE's conversion costs are 
the same for the tiered and untiered proposals, as DOE models the 
maximum potential conversion costs.
    In contrast, the NIA assumes conservatively that all ENERGY STAR 
manufactured homes would not provide additional national benefits as a 
result of this proposed rule, if made final. More information about the 
shipments analysis used for the NIA can be found in section IV.C.1.a of 
this document.
    DOE estimated conversion costs to be $52,000 per manufacturer. This 
figure included approximately $49,000 per manufacturer for product 
conversion

[[Page 47806]]

costs, and approximately $3,000 per manufacturer for capital conversion 
costs for investments in equipment. The difference in product 
conversion costs from the June 2016 NOPR to the SNOPR are due to 
increased wage rates for mechanical engineers and taking into account 
fully burdened wages. DOE based its product conversion costs on the 
engineering time required to update model plans. DOE calculates 
industry conversion costs to be approximately $1.8 million. Those costs 
consist of $0.1 million in capital conversion costs and $1.7 million in 
product conversion costs.
    DOE requests comment on the inputs to the conversion cost 
estimates.
2. Manufacturer Production Costs and Markups
    DOE analyzed the effect the proposed standards would have on 
manufacturer production costs. DOE derived these costs from purchase 
price information and the markup factor, which is the product of the 
manufacturer markup, the retail markup, and sales tax. DOE used census 
data to obtain HUD minimum purchase price data by state for single-
section and multi-section manufactured homes in 2019.\54\ DOE used a 
shipment-weighted average to convert the average purchase price by 
state to an average purchase price for each of 19 representative 
cities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/mhs/tables/2017/stavg17.xls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE added incremental purchase prices to the HUD minimum purchase 
prices to calculate the purchase price for manufactured homes built in 
compliance with the proposed standard levels. The incremental purchase 
prices were negotiated during MH working group meetings and discussed 
further in section IV.A.1.g.
    To calculate MPCs from purchase prices for homes at the baseline 
level and at the proposed standard levels, DOE divided the purchase 
prices by the markup factor. The markup factor is the product of the 
manufacturer markup, retail markup and the sales tax factor. In the 
June 2016 NOPR, DOE used public sources, including company SEC 10-K 
filings \55\ and corporate annual reports, to estimate a manufacturer 
markup of 1.25. DOE used legislative analysis,\56\ research reports 
from the Encyclopedia of Business,\57\ and Highbeam Business \58\ to 
estimate a retail markup of 1.30, and a sales tax of 1.03. This 
resulted in a combined cost markup factor of 1.67.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Annual 10-K 
Reports. Various Years. http://sec.gov.
    \56\ Cook. State Board of Equalization, Staff Legislation Bill 
Analysis, Assembly Bill 1474 (2009).
    \57\ SIC 6515 Operators of Residential Mobile Home Site. 
Encyclopedia of Business.
    \58\ Highbeam Business. Operators of Residential Mobile Homes 
Sites.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    MHCC recommended that an industry projected cost markup factor of 
2.30 be used, as opposed to the factor of 1.67 used by DOE in the June 
2016 NOPR analysis (MHCC, No. 162 at p. 2). MHI expressed concern that 
the DOE markup factor of 1.67 is too low. It stated that HUD typically 
uses a markup factor of 2.30 and MHI's own study found a cost markup 
factor of 2.23. By using a lower markup factor, it expressed concern 
that DOE may be underestimating the impact of price increases passed 
onto the consumer (MHI, No. 182 at p. 5).
    DOE investigated the research quoted by MHI and MHCC regarding the 
markup factor and found a supporting paper developed by Pacific 
Northwest National Laboratory (``PNNL'') on behalf of National Fire 
Protection Association, MHCC, and HUD that referenced their methodology 
for the distribution chain markups. The research paper indicates that 
DOE's estimated retail markup in the June 2016 NOPR of 1.30 is 
representative of the MH industry, whereas DOE's estimated manufacturer 
markup of 1.25 is too low.\59\ Based on the comments received and the 
PNNL research, DOE increased the manufacturer markup from 1.25 to 1.72 
in this SNOPR. Applying a manufacturer markup of 1.72, a retail markup 
of 1.30, and a sales tax factor of 1.03 results in a markup factor of 
2.30, which is in-line with stakeholder comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2004/data/papers/SS04_Panel1_Paper05.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    COBA commented that the retail markup varies greatly depending on 
the nature of the distribution process. Independent MH retailers, who 
sell on a deal-by-deal and commission-only basis, will seek to maximize 
profitability. COBA said Land-Lease-Lifestyle Communities (LLL) 
Community operators will minimize the retail markup for HUD Code homes 
to get homeowners or site lessees to sign a rental agreement (COBA, No. 
158 at p. 5). COBA stated that this change in the manufactured home 
distribution system leads to several different scenarios for markup. 
(COBA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 124). DOE acknowledges 
that retail markups can vary based on the distribution channel. 
However, based on public information and comments received from 
interested parties, a retail markup of 1.30 is the industry average.
    COBA also commented on the topic of sales tax assumptions used in 
DOE's MIA. COBA stated that sales tax is a state matter that varies 
depending on whether a manufactured home is new or used (COBA, No. 158 
at p. 5). DOE agrees that sales taxes vary by state. To account for 
variations in sales taxes, DOE took the shipment-weighted average sales 
tax by state to estimate a national average sales tax of three percent. 
The MH working group reviewed the sales tax assumptions used in the 
DOE's analysis during the negotiated consensus process. The MH working 
group agreed to a national average sales tax of three percent for the 
purposes of DOE's analyses. This is consistent across the June 2016 
NOPR and the SNOPR analyses. Additional information can be found in 
section 8.2.6 of the SNOPR TSD.
3. Manufacturer Markup Scenarios
    DOE modeled two standard case manufacturer markup scenarios that 
reflect changes in the manufacturer's ability to pass on their upfront 
investments and increases in production costs to the consumer. The 
manufacturer markup scenarios represent the uncertainty regarding 
prices and profitability for manufactured home manufacturers following 
the implementation of the rule. DOE modeled a high and a low scenario 
for manufacturers' ability to pass on their increased costs to the 
consumer: (1) A preservation of gross margin percentage markup 
scenario; and (2) a preservation of operating profit markup scenario. 
These scenarios lead to different manufacturer markup values that 
result in varying revenue and cash flow impacts to the manufacturer 
when applied to the inputted manufacturer production costs.
    Under the preservation of gross margin scenario, manufacturers 
maintain their current average markup of 1.72 even as production costs 
increase. Manufacturers are able to maintain the same amount of profit 
as a percentage of revenues, suggesting that they are able to recover 
conversion costs and pass the costs of compliance to their consumers. 
DOE considers this scenario the upper bound to industry profitability.
    In the preservation of per-unit operating profit scenario, 
manufacturer markups are set so that the per-unit operating profit in 
the standards case equals the per-unit operating profit in the no-
standards case one year after the compliance date of the new energy 
conservation standard. Under this scenario, as the costs of production 
increase under a standards case, manufacturers are required to reduce 
their markups. The implicit assumption behind this markup scenario is 
that the

[[Page 47807]]

industry can only maintain its existing per-unit operating profit in 
absolute dollars after compliance with the new standard is required. 
Therefore, the operating margin is reduced between the no-standards 
case and standards case. Under this scenario, manufacturers are not 
able to recover the conversion period investments made to comply with 
the standard. This manufacturer markup scenario represents a lower 
bound to industry profitability under a new energy conservation 
standard.
4. Cash-Flow and INPV Results
    DOE calculated an industry average discount rate of 9.2 percent 
based on SEC filings for public manufacturers of manufactured homes. 
The INPV is the sum of the discounted cash flows over the analysis 
period, which begins in 2021 and ends in 2052, using the industry 
average discount rate. DOE compares the INPV of the no-standards case 
to that of the standard level. The difference between INPV in the no-
standards case and INPV in the standards case is an estimate of the 
economic impacts on the industry.

                  Table IV.18--INPV Results: Preservation of Gross Margin Percentage Scenario *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Tiered proposal                Untiered proposal
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No-standards case INPV (billion 2020$)..........            4.87           11.36            4.87           11.36
Standards Case INPV (billion 2020$).............            4.98           11.58            5.02           11.61
Change in INPV (billion 2020$)..................            0.10            0.22            0.15            0.25
Change in INPV (%)..............................             2.1             1.9             3.0             2.2
Total Conversion Costs (billion 2020$)..........          0.0005           .0012          0.0005           .0012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Values in parentheses are negative values.


                  Table IV.19--INPV Results: Preservation of Operating Profit Markup Scenario *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Tiered proposal                Untiered proposal
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No-standards case INPV (billion 2020$)..........            4.87           11.36            4.87           11.36
Standards Case INP (billion 2020$)..............            4.80           11.16            4.74           11.15
Change in INPV (billion 2020$)..................          (0.07)          (0.20)          (0.13)          (0.21)
Change in INPV (%)..............................           (1.5)           (1.8)           (2.7)           (1.8)
Total Conversion Costs (billion 2020$)..........          0.0005          0.0012          0.0005           .0012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Values in parentheses are negative values.

    For single-section units, the no-standards case INPV is $4.87 
billion. The tiered proposal standard level could result in a change of 
industry value ranging from -1.5 percent to 2.1 percent, or a change of 
-$0.07 billion to $0.10 billion, for single-section units. For multi-
section units, the no-standards case INPV is $11.36 billion. The tiered 
proposal standard level could result in a change of industry value 
ranging from -1.8 percent to 1.9 percent, or a change of -$0.20 billion 
to $0.22 billion. For the entire industry, the no-standards case INPV 
is $16.23 billion. The tiered proposal standard level could result in a 
change in INPV of -1.7 percent to 2.0 percent, or a change of -$0.28 
billion to $0.32 billion. Industry conversion costs total $0.0018 
billion.
    For single-section units, the no-standards case INPV is $4.87 
billion. The untiered proposal's standard level could result in a 
change of industry value ranging from -2.7 percent to 3.0 percent, or a 
change of -$0.13 billion to $0.15 billion for single-section units. For 
multi-section units, the no-standards case INPV is $11.36 billion. The 
untiered proposal's standard level could result in a change of industry 
value ranging from -1.8 percent to 2.2 percent, or a change of -$0.21 
billion to $0.25 billion. For the entire industry, the no-standards 
case INPV is $16.23 billion. The untiered proposal's standard level 
could result in a change in INPV of -2.1 percent to 2.4 percent, or a 
change of -$0.34 billion to $0.39 billion. Industry conversion costs 
total $0.0018 billion.
5. Impact of Any Lessening of Competition
    DOE also received comments regarding competition within the 
manufactured housing industry. GWU stated that DOE should pay 
particular attention to the prospective effects of the proposed rule on 
competition within the MH market. It commented that it was unable to 
find any analyses by the DOJ on market competition regarding the rule 
(GWU, No. 175 at p. 11). MHARR also asserted that the June 2016 NOPR 
would have anti-competitive effects and result in highly negative 
impacts on the industry's small manufacturers. MHARR stated that the 
June 2016 NOPR would lead to further consolidation in the industry. 
(MHARR, No. 154 at p. 33, 34)
    The authority for the rule proposed in this document is section 413 
of EISA (42 U.S.C. 17071), which is a separate authority from that 
governing appliance standards, i.e., EPCA, as amended (42 U.S.C. 6291-
6317). Section 413 of EISA does not require consultation with the DOJ 
regarding potential anticompetitive effects of the rule, as would be 
required for an appliance standard rulemaking. As such, DOE did not 
consult with the DOJ regarding potential anticompetitive impacts of 
this proposed rule.
    DOE considered the impacts of this rulemaking on small 
manufacturers. In response to concerns related to potential adverse 
impacts on price-sensitive, low-income purchasers of manufactured 
homes, DOE is proposing updated standard levels that are different from 
the June 2016 NOPR levels, upon which MHARR's comment are based. In the 
updated proposed standards, described in detail in section III.A.2, DOE 
structured the tiered standard to address affordability concerns for 
low-income home buyers and for the small manufacturers that serve that 
segment of the market. Furthermore, DOE conducted additional analysis, 
found in section V.B.4, to understand the magnitude of upfront cost 
impacts of

[[Page 47808]]

small manufacturers. DOE expects conversion costs to be less than 0.1 
percent of average small manufacturer annual revenue. DOE finds this 
level of investment unlikely to be the driver of industry consolidation 
or to affect market concentration.

C. Nationwide Impacts

    The national impact analysis (NIA) assesses the national energy 
savings (NES) and the national net present value (NPV) from a national 
perspective of total consumer costs and savings that would be expected 
to result from new or amended standards. ``Consumer'' in this context 
refers to consumers of the product being regulated. DOE calculates the 
NES and NPV based on projections of annual product shipments, along 
with the annual energy consumption and total incremental cost data from 
the LCC analyses.
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE's NIA projected a net benefit to the 
nation as a whole as a result of the proposed rule in terms of NES and 
the NPV of total consumer costs and savings that would be expected as a 
result of the proposed rule in comparison with the minimum requirements 
of the HUD Code. DOE calculated the NES and NPV based on annual energy 
consumption and total construction and lifecycle cost data from the LCC 
analysis (developed during the MH working group negotiation process), 
and shipment projections. DOE projected the energy savings, operating 
cost savings, equipment costs, and NPV of consumer benefits sold in a 
30-year period from 2017 through 2046. The analysis also accounted for 
costs and savings for a manufactured home lifetime of 30 years.
    In addition, for the June 2016 NOPR, DOE developed a shipments 
model to forecast the shipments of manufactured homes during the 
analysis period. DOE first gathered historical shipments spanning 1990-
2013 from a report developed and written by the Institute for Building 
Technology and Safety and published by the Manufactured Housing 
Institute.\60\ Then, using the growth rate (1.8 percent) in new 
residential housing starts from the AEO 2015, DOE projected the number 
of manufactured housing shipments from 2014 through 2046 in the no-
standards case (no new standards adopted by DOE). For the standards 
case shipments, DOE used this same growth rate estimate (1.8 percent), 
but also applied an estimate for price elasticity of demand. Price 
elasticity of demand (price elasticity) is an economic concept that 
describes the change of the quantity demanded in response to a change 
in price. DOE used the price elasticity value of -0.48 (a 10-percent 
price increase would translate to a 4.8-percent reduction in 
manufactured home shipments) based on a study published in the Journal 
of Housing Economics by Marshall and Marsh for estimating standards 
case shipments.\61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See Manufactured Home Shipments by Product Mix (1990-2013), 
Manufactured Housing Institute (2014).
    \61\ See Marshall, M. I. & Marsh, T. L. Consumer and investment 
demand for manufactured housing units. J. Hous. Econ. 16, 59-71 
(2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE conducted sensitivity analyses in order to account for the 
ranges of estimates available for shipment assumptions. The analysis 
focused on changes to two parameters: The shipment growth rate and the 
price elasticity of demand. In the first sensitivity analysis, the 
shipment growth rate was changed to 6.5 percent instead of 1.8 percent 
based on the trend in actual manufactured home shipments from 2011 to 
2014. This growth rate applies to both the no-standards case and 
standards case shipments. In a second sensitivity analysis, DOE 
considered a standards case shipment scenario in which the price 
elasticity is -2.4 (instead of -0.48). This would project a 2.4 percent 
reduction in shipments based on the projected cost increases in the 
June 2016 NOPR. DOE based this sensitivity case on previous HUD 
estimates of -2.4 price elasticity based on a 1992 paper written by 
Carol Meeks.\11\ This would translate to a 12 percent reduction in 
shipments based on a 5 percent increase in price.
    DOE received a number of comments regarding several aspects of the 
nationwide impacts described in the June 2016 NOPR. The following 
sections provide a discussion of each of the submitted comments as well 
as updates to the NIA conducted for this SNOPR.
1. Discussion of Comments and Analysis Updates
a. Shipments Analysis
    DOE received numerous comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the 
methodology and assumptions used in the shipments analysis. In the June 
2016 NOPR, for the no-standards case shipments, DOE assumed that all 
current manufactured home shipments reported by MHI are for 
manufactured homes that are minimally compliant with the HUD Code. NEEA 
commented that 54 percent of the manufactured homes built in the 
Pacific Northwest are built to the EPA's ENERGY STAR program 
specifications (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 4).
    Because ENERGY STAR-certified manufactured homes are more efficient 
than minimally HUD Code-compliant homes, DOE agrees that ENERGY STAR 
homes should not be accounted for in the no-standard shipments and 
national impact analyses, so as to avoid overestimating energy savings 
and NPV benefits to the consumer. In this SNOPR, DOE's NIA analysis is 
based on the assumption that ENERGY STAR-certified manufactured homes 
would not provide additional national benefits as a result of this 
proposed rule, if made final.\62\ As a result, the national savings in 
the SNOPR only accrue to projected no-standards case shipments that are 
not ENERGY STAR-certified. Further details on this shipment update is 
discussed in chapter 10 of the SNOPR TSD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ ENERGY STAR version 2 requirements for manufactured homes 
can be found at: https://www.energystar.gov/partner_resources/residential_new/homes_prog_reqs/national_page.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE also received comments regarding the volume of manufactured 
housing shipments in the future. NEEA commented that the manufactured 
housing market has risen in recent years and it predicts the volume of 
homes built will be 20-40 percent higher than estimates used in DOE's 
NOPR analysis. (NEEA, No. 190 at p. 4) Southern Company commented that 
it believes that the shipment analysis should include a ``spike'' or 
large increase in shipments in the 2030s to serve as replacements for 
homes built in the late 1990s and early 2000s, during which time a 
similar large spike in shipments was observed. (Southern Company, 
Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 104)
    DOE acknowledges that there are a variety of factors that could 
affect future manufactured home shipments. For the June 2016 NOPR, DOE 
determined the shipment growth rate from the AEO 2015 projections of 
new housing starts. The AEO projections, focused on U.S. energy 
markets, are based on results from NEMS, which enables EIA to make 
projections under internally consistent sets of assumptions. Since the 
June 2016 NOPR, DOE reviewed the new AEO 2020 projections, and 
determined an updated housing start growth rate of 0.3 percent. DOE 
continues to use the housing start growth rate from AEO 2020 in the 
absence of any growth rate information specific to manufactured 
housing. In addition, DOE has updated the shipment analysis to include 
the 2015-2019 shipment data provided through MHI, which was the latest 
data available at the time of the SNOPR analysis. Furthermore, DOE also

[[Page 47809]]

performed a sensitivity analysis where the shipment growth rate was 
changed to 6.5 percent based on the trend in actual manufactured home 
shipments from 2011 to 2014. The results of this analysis are provided 
in section IV.C.2 of this document.
    DOE also recognizes that manufactured homes that reach the end of 
their useful life may eventually need to be replaced, and DOE agrees 
with Southern Company that replacement of old manufactured homes does 
indeed occur in the market and can cause an upshift in shipments. 
However, the ownership period of a manufactured home may vary 
drastically between different consumers and different manufactured 
homes. Furthermore, there may be homeowners who do not purchase a 
second manufactured home. Therefore, DOE bases future shipments on 
historical trends and residential housing start growth rates rather 
than replacements.
    Regarding the source of the manufactured housing shipment data, 
COBA commented that the Institute for Building Technology and Safety 
(``IBTS'') is the primary source for HUD Code housing data and 
suggested that DOE contact IBTS directly to guarantee the most accurate 
data. (COBA, No. 158 at p. 5) DOE determined shipments from the annual 
production and shipment data provided by MHI.\63\ The data source for 
the shipments provided by MHI is IBTS. Since the June 2016 NOPR, DOE 
has updated the shipment analysis to include the 2015-2019 shipment 
data provided through MHI, which was the latest data available at the 
time of the SNOPR analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ See Manufactured Home Shipments by Product Mix, 
Manufactured Housing Institute (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE also received comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the 
changes currently taking place within the manufactured housing market. 
COBA commented that the overall distribution of manufactured homes has 
undergone a paradigm change, where roughly 500 portfolio operators of 
LLL Communities own the majority of new HUD Code homes. It said this 
change was not addressed by the MH working group and will greatly 
affect the cost of implementing the new DOE energy conservation 
standards. (COBA, No. 158 at p. 3) COBA commented that the sales of HUD 
Code homes through traditional distribution (via independent MH 
retailers and other manufacturers) have plummeted in the 21st century 
with loss of easy access to chattel capital. However, portfolio LLL 
Community operators have since realized that selling new homes on-site 
is the best method for success. COBA stated that in 2009, 25 percent of 
new HUD Code homes were shipped to LLL Communities; in 2015, it was 
closer to 40 percent, and is predicted to be 75 percent of new homes by 
2020. (COBA, No. 158 at p. 7) COBA also stated that these newer large 
portfolios are very susceptible to price adjustments and are going to 
be hurt by the increase in price. (COBA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 
148 at p. 14, 27)
    DOE appreciates the information regarding shipment distribution 
provided by COBA. However, DOE's LCC analysis focuses primarily on the 
effects of the rule on the individual consumers of manufactured homes. 
This proposed standard provides for a balanced approach regarding 
increased purchase price of the manufactured home in view of energy 
cost savings over time for a consumer. DOE's LCC analysis tentative 
results are provided in section IV.A.2. The LCC analysis applies to all 
consumers, regardless of whether they purchase the home from a 
commercial retailer or an onsite community operator.
    In addition, DOE's shipment analysis studies the effect of the 
incremental price increases of the energy conservation standard on the 
total amount of manufacturer shipments in the United States and does 
not differentiate on who actually sells the home to consumers. The no-
standards case shipments include shipments that are minimally compliant 
to the HUD Code. Furthermore, DOE's analysis for the standards-case 
shipments includes a price elasticity factor describing the change in 
future shipments in response to the energy conservation standards. 
Section IV.C.1.b provides more details regarding the price elasticity 
used in the analysis.
    In this SNOPR, DOE also had to determine the percentage of the 
total shipments that would be applicable to each of the tiers analyzed 
based on HUD zone under the tiered proposal. Accordingly, DOE developed 
shipments for each of the tiers using the MHS 2019 PUF data discussed 
in III.A.2.\64\ First, DOE estimated that manufactured homes in Census 
regions (the U.S. Census Bureau divides the country into four census 
regions) 1, 2 and 4 combined were representative of HUD zone 3 and 
manufactured homes in Census region 3 were representative of HUD zones 
1 and 2. Second, DOE considered that a percentage of manufactured homes 
placed/sold would shift to less stringent standards, i.e., a percentage 
of homes from Tier 2 would shift to Tier 1. The inclusion of this shift 
in the market is to more accurately estimate energy savings (and other 
downstream results) if the proposed tiered standard approach is 
finalized. For this analysis, DOE applied a ``substitution effect'' of 
20 percent to homes within $1000 of the price threshold ($55,001-
$56,000). For example, 20 percent of homes placed/sold in the $55,001-
$56,000 range (as provided by the MHS 2019 PUF dataset) would move to 
Tier 1 and would be subject to less stringent thermal envelope 
standards. DOE chose a higher-end estimate of 20 percent based on 
reports that were reviewed for the energy conservation standards 
rulemaking for residential furnaces. 81 FR 65720, 65772. The reports 
reviewed included estimates for direct rebound effects of household 
heating as it relates to more efficient products used more intensively. 
While the concept of ``rebound effect'' for the residential furnaces 
rulemaking is different than the ``substitution effect'' that is being 
considered in this rulemaking, with the lack of any data specific to 
the rebound effect for manufactured homes, DOE determined that 20 
percent is a reasonable proxy for the substitution effect analysis 
being performed in this SNOPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ Manufactured Housing Survey, Public Use File (PUF) 2019. 
https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2019/econ/mhs/puf.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result, Table IV.23 provides the corresponding percentage of 
total manufactured homes placed/sold applicable to each tier based on 
HUD zone and size. These percentages were applied to the total 
shipments to determine the shipments for each tier. Further discussion 
on this analysis is provided in the Chapter 10 of the SNOPR TSD. 
Without the substitution effect applied, there would be more shipments 
in the Tier 2 standard for all climate zones, which would increase the 
national energy savings from the tiered standard.

[[Page 47810]]



                     Table IV.20--Shipment Breakdown Based on Tier and Proposed Climate Zone
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Climate zone 1 or 2               Climate zone 3
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      SS (%)          MS (%)          SS (%)          MS (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 Standard.................................           53.58               0           57.32               0
Tier 2 Standard.................................           46.42          100.00           42.68          100.00
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................          100.00          100.00          100.00          100.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE requests comment on the shipment breakdown per tier and using a 
substitution effect of 20 percent on shipments to account for the shift 
in homes sold to the lower tiered standard. DOE requests comment on 
whether it should use a different substitution effect value for this 
analysis--and if so, why. (Please provide data in support of an 
alternative substitution effect value.)
b. Price Elasticity of Demand
    Price elasticity of demand (price elasticity) is an economic 
concept that describes the change of the quantity demanded in response 
to a change in price. Price elasticity is typically represented as a 
ratio of the percentage change in quantity relative to a percentage 
change in price. It allows DOE to assess the extent to which consumers 
and retailers are unable or unwilling to purchase new homes as a result 
of the increased costs. In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE used a price 
elasticity value of -0.48 to estimate the effect of the proposed rule 
on manufactured home shipments. This value was sourced from a study by 
Marshall and Marsh.\65\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ See Marshall, M.I. & Marsh, T.L. Consumer and investment 
demand for manufactured housing units. J. Hous. Econ. 16, 59-71 
(2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE received several comments on the June 2016 NOPR regarding the 
price elasticity that was used in the NOPR. MHARR stated that the -0.48 
value was published in 2007 prior to the collapse of the housing market 
in 2008-2009. (MHARR, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 112) 
Southern Company and MHI expressed that the elasticity value of -0.48 
seemed too low, particularly considering that a large part of the 
manufactured housing market is low-income households. Southern Company 
indicated that an elasticity value of -1 would be more intuitive. 
(Southern Company, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 148 at p. 110) MHI 
stated that HUD uses an elasticity value of -2.4 instead, which would 
yield a much greater decrease in production as a result of this 
standard. MHI indicated that both values are outdated, and that DOE may 
be underestimating the impact of the proposed rule. MHI suggested that 
DOE and HUD develop a new elasticity measure that is more up to date 
and accurately measures price sensitivity from manufacturers and 
retailers. (MHI, No. 182 at p. 5) MHCC also stated that the June 2016 
NOPR analysis underestimates the reduction in production levels due to 
the proposed rule by using -0.48, which they deemed too low. (MHCC, No. 
162 at p. 2)
    DOE reviewed the Meeks study cited by HUD, as well as various 
others, and concluded that the Marshall and Marsh elasticity value of -
0.48 was the most reliable figure. The Meeks study was published in 
1993 and is based on manufactured housing shipments as a proxy for 
consumer demand.\66\ The data from the study ranges from 1961 to 1989 
and found an overall price elasticity of -2.4. The Meeks study used a 
one-stage regression model, similar to a study by Gates in 1984 which 
found elasticities from -3.0 to -2.5.\67\ A study in 1994 by Kavanaugh 
re-evaluated the methods behind the Gates study, using a two-stage 
regression instead of one stage. Using shipment data from 1972 to 1989, 
the Kavanaugh study reported a price elasticity estimate of -0.7.\68\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ See Meeks, C., 1992, Price Elasticity of Demand for 
Manufactured Homes: 1961-1989.
    \67\ See Gates, H., 1984. Price Elasticity of Demand for 
Manufactured Homes. Manufactured Housing Institute.
    \68\ See Kavanaugh, DC, Anderson, D.M., Marsh, T.L., Lee, A.D., 
Onisko, S., 1994. Key Elements Affecting Manufactured Home Household 
Investments in Energy-Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Marshall and Marsh used the number of new manufactured homes placed 
for residential use as a proxy for consumer demand and also separated 
short-term consumer behavior from long-term influences. As part of 
their paper, Marshall and Marsh reviewed all the aforementioned studies 
(including Meeks', Gates', and Kavanaugh's studies) to determine the 
inputs into their model. They used national level data from similar 
sources to the Meeks, Gates, and Kavanaugh studies for their consumer 
demand model. Marshall and Marsh estimated the price elasticity of 
demand for manufactured homes at -0.48 using a two-stage regression 
model and concluded that consumers in general are not so price 
sensitive and are likely willing to accept incremental higher prices 
for improvements in cost efficiency. For the NIA, DOE determined the 
Marshall and Marsh study is still the most recent estimate of consumer 
demand based on price changes for manufactured housing and maintains 
the proposed usage of the -0.48 elasticity value. In recognition of the 
range of estimates in the housing literature, DOE also retained -2.4 as 
a sensitivity analysis. As discussed previously, DOE is proposing Tier 
1 of the tiered standard to address concerns about affordability for 
low-income consumers. DOE estimates that based on a price elasticity of 
-0.48, the SNOPR would result in a loss in demand and availability of 
about 53,329 homes (single section and multi-section combined) for the 
tiered standard. Out of the 53,329 homes in the tiered standard, the 
majority of the reduction is in Tier 2 (93 percent) vs. Tier 1 (7 
percent). Within Tier 1, DOE estimates a 0.52 percent reduction 
(essentially no reduction) in availability due to Tier 1 standards for 
low income purchasers. As a sensitivity, DOE also considered a price 
elasticity of demand of -2.4 instead of -0.48. Further discussion on 
this sensitivity is provided in Section 10.4 of Chapter 10 of the TSD. 
Table IV.1 provides a summary of the change in shipments from baseline 
for the tiered standards for a price elasticity of -0.48 and -2.4 to 
reflect the people who do not buy a manufactured home under the 
standards case because they are price-sensitive.
c. Net Present Value
    DOE received a comment concerning the discount rates used to 
calculate the NPV. GWU commented that it has concerns regarding the 3-
percent and 7-percent discount rate used by DOE in the annualized 
benefits and costs calculation in the June 2016 NOPR. GWU stated that 
DOE's 3-percent and 7-percent discount rates were too low and that a 
more realistic discount rate, such as chattel loan rates, would reflect 
a much lower benefit to consumers. (GWU, No. 175 at p. 5)

[[Page 47811]]

    DOE generally uses real discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent 
to discount future costs and savings to present values.\69\ The 3- and 
7-percent discount rates are based on Circular A-4 issued by the Office 
of Management and Budget (OMB) as guidance on the development of 
regulatory analysis as required by Executive Order (E.O.) 12866.\70\ 
The 7-percent rate is the established estimate of the average rate of 
return, before tax, to private capital in the U.S. economy. The 3-
percent rate is called the ``social rate of time preference,'' which is 
the rate at which society discounts future consumption flows to their 
present value.\71\ These real discount rates are used to calculate 
annualized benefits and costs in DOE rulemakings in order to perform 
cross-industry comparisons in a standardized manner. In the SNOPR, DOE 
maintains discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent for the NPV and the 
annualized benefits and costs. Additionally, as discussed in section 
IV.A.1.c, DOE uses a discount rate based on the chattel loan interest 
rate in the LCC analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ DOE relies on a range of discount rates in monetizing 
emission reductions as discussed in section IV.D.2 of this document.
    \70\ https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf.
    \71\ Office of Management and Budget, Circular A-4, September 
2003.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Other Comments
    DOE also received another comment that was not specific to any of 
the previous topics regarding nationwide impacts. NPGA commented that 
it appreciated DOE's use of full-fuel cycle analysis. It also supported 
the estimated reduction of pollutants and greenhouse gases for both 
site and upstream emissions. (NPGA, No. 171 at p.1) DOE appreciates 
NPGA's comment, and continues to use the full-fuel cycle analysis in 
this SNOPR.
2. Results
    This section provides the tentative results for the projected 
nationwide impact analyses, including the NES and NPV. In this SNOPR, 
DOE updated the energy efficiency measures analyzed as described in 
section III.E.2.b. DOE also updated all inputs to the NES and NPV based 
on the updated AEO 2020. This includes updates to the housing starts 
growth rate, inflation rates, energy prices, energy prices growth 
rates, and full-fuel cycle energy factors. In addition, DOE also 
updated the shipment analysis to include the 2015-2019 MHI shipments 
and exclude any ENERGY STAR shipments to avoid overestimating energy 
savings. Furthermore, for the tiered proposal, DOE had to determine 
shipments per tier, as described in section IV.C.1.a, by implementing a 
substitution effect of shifting Tier 2 shipments to Tier 1 for the 
tiered proposal. Lastly, the analyses include updates to the average 
price of a manufactured home, and fuel type distributions. Further 
details on the updated inputs are discussed in chapters 8, 10, and 11 
of the SNOPR TSD.
    DOE notes that the NES does not account for the energy savings for 
the people who do not buy a manufactured home under the standards case 
because they are price-sensitive. As such, NES only accounts for 
savings for those that are able to purchase a manufactured home. The 
NES is calculated based on the same number of homes purchased under 
both the standards and no standards case such that there are no energy 
savings attributed to less homes purchased.
    Table IV. reflects the NES results over a 30-year analysis period 
under the SNOPR on a primary energy savings basis. Primary energy 
savings apply a factor to account for losses associated with 
generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Primary 
energy savings differ among the different climate zones because of 
differing energy conservation requirements in each climate zone and 
different shipment projections in each climate zone.

        Table IV.20--Cumulative National Energy Savings of Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a
                                                30-Year Lifetime
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Tiered standards                Untiered standard
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
                                                      (quads)         (quads)         (quads)         (quads)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................           0.213           0.591           0.303           0.591
Climate Zone 2..................................           0.164           0.467           0.243           0.467
Climate Zone 3..................................           0.300           0.463           0.376           0.463
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................           0.677           1.521           0.921           1.521
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table IV.21 illustrates the cumulative NES over the 30-year 
analysis period for the tiered proposals on an FFC energy savings 
basis. FFC energy savings apply a factor to account for losses 
associated with generation, transmission, and distribution of 
electricity, and the energy consumed in extracting, processing, and 
transporting or distributing primary fuels. NES values differ among the 
different climate zones because of differing energy efficiency 
requirements in each climate zone and different shipment projections in 
each climate zone.

Table IV.21--Cumulative National Energy Savings, Including Full-Fuel-Cycle of Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-
                                          2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Tiered standards                Untiered standard
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
                                                      (quads)         (quads)         (quads)         (quads)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................           0.222           0.616           0.316           0.616
Climate Zone 2..................................           0.172           0.491           0.254           0.491
Climate Zone 3..................................           0.324           0.499           0.405           0.499
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 47812]]

 
    Total.......................................           0.718           1.606           0.976           1.606
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Without the substitution effect applied, the total cumulative FFC 
energy savings for the tiered standards would increase by 0.2 percent.
    Table IV.22 and Table IV.23 illustrate the NPV of consumer benefits 
over the 30-year analysis period under the tiered proposals for a 
discount rate of 7 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The NPV of 
manufactured homeowner benefits differ among the different climate 
zones because there are different upfront costs and operating cost 
savings associated with each climate zone and different shipment 
projections in each climate zone. For the primary tiered proposal, all 
climate zones have a positive NPV for both discount rates under this 
SNOPR.

    Table IV.22--Net Present Value of Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime at a 7%
                                                  Discount Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Tiered standards                Untiered standard
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
                                                     (billion        (billion        (billion        (billion
                                                      2020$)          2020$)          2020$)          2020$)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................           $0.22           $0.47           $0.24           $0.46
Climate Zone 2..................................            0.08            0.08            0.00            0.06
Climate Zone 3..................................            0.42            0.36            0.26            0.35
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................            0.72            0.90            0.49            0.87
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Table IV.23--Net Present Value of Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime at a 3%
                                                  Discount Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Tiered standards                Untiered standard
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section  Single-section   Multi-section
                                                     (billion        (billion        (billion        (billion
                                                      2020$)          2020$)          2020$)          2020$)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate Zone 1..................................           $0.70           $1.69           $0.85           $1.63
Climate Zone 2..................................            0.38            0.79            0.29            0.73
Climate Zone 3..................................            1.34            1.50            1.12            1.44
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................            2.42            3.98            2.26            3.80
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table IV.24 shows the tentative projected benefits and costs to the 
manufactured homeowner associated with the SNOPR, expressed in terms of 
annualized values.

           Table IV.24--Annualized Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the SNOPR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                          Monetized (million 2020$/year)
                                                   Discount rate -----------------------------------------------
                                                        (%)           Primary      Low estimate    High estimate
                                                                    estimate **         **              **
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits *
    Operating (Energy) Cost Savings.............               7            $509            $471            $554
                                                               3             774             701             858
Costs *
    Incremental Purchase Price Increase.........               7             359             352             385
                                                               3             427             407             464
Net Benefits/Costs *
                                                               7             150             119             169
                                                               3             347             294             394

[[Page 47813]]

 
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits *
    Operating (Energy) Cost Savings.............               7             565             523             615
                                                               3             859             778             951
Costs *
    Incremental Purchase Price Increase.........               7             440             429             471
                                                               3             530             503             576
Net Benefits/Costs *
                                                               7             125              94             144
                                                               3             329             275             375
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The benefits and costs are calculated for homes shipped in 2023-2052.
** The Primary, Low, and High Estimates utilize forecasts of energy prices from the AEO 2020 Reference case, Low
  Economic Growth case, and High Economic Growth case, respectively.

    DOE also estimated the deadweight loss associated with the proposed 
rule stemming from the reduced shipments in the standards case 
scenario. Deadweight loss is a cost to society as a whole generated by 
shifting the market away from the no-standards case equilibrium. If the 
supply curve is perfectly elastic, then the deadweight loss of an 
energy conservation standard is entirely borne by consumers and not 
producers. The deadweight loss is equivalent to one-half the 
incremental price multiplied by the reduction in total shipments, 
discounted over the 30-year analysis. If, however, the supply curve's 
slope near equilibrium is similar in magnitude to the demand curve, 
then the deadweight loss is equivalent to the incremental price 
multiplied by the reduction in total shipments, discounted over the 30-
year analysis.
    DOE does not have data on the supply curve elasticity, therefore 
DOE estimated the deadweight loss for the proposed standards using a 
price elasticity of -0.48.
    DOE tentatively estimates that the discounted total deadweight loss 
for the standards based on Tier 1 range from $0.8 to $1.5 million 
(2020$, discounted at 3 percent) and $0.4 to $0.9 million (2020$, 
discounted at 7 percent). DOE tentatively estimates that the discounted 
total deadweight loss for the standards based on Tier 2 from $75.4 to 
$150.9 million (2020$, discounted at 3 percent) and $43.9 to $87.8 
million (2020$, discounted at 7 percent). DOE tentatively estimates 
that the discounted total deadweight loss for the untiered standard 
range from $103.1 to $206.2 million (2020$, discounted at 3 percent) 
and $60 to $120 million (2020$, discounted at 7 percent).
    DOE requests comment on the calculation of deadweight loss 
presented above and the extent to which there are market failures in 
the no-standards case.
    DOE considered two sensitivity analyses relating to shipments. 
First, DOE considered a shipment scenario in which the growth rate is 
6.5 percent (instead of 0.3 percent) based on the trend in actual 
manufactured home shipments from 2011 to 2014. This growth rate applies 
to both the no-standards case and standards case shipments. DOE's 
primary scenario is based on the residential housing start data from 
AEO 2020. The sensitivity analysis calculates the increase in NES and 
NPV associated with a much larger future market for manufactured homes. 
Table IV.25 summarizes the results of the sensitivity analysis. A 
detailed description of the sensitivity analysis is provided in 
appendix 11A of the SNOPR TSD.

                   Table IV.25--Shipments Growth Rate Sensitivity Analysis NES and NPV Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Net present     Net present
                                                                     National        value 3%        value 7%
                                                                  energy savings   discount rate   discount rate
                                                                    (full fuel       (billion        (billion
                                                                   cycle quads)       2020$)          2020$)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Tiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.3% Shipment Growth (primary scenario).........................            2.32           $6.40           $1.62
6.5% Shipment Growth............................................            8.13           20.12            4.35
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Untiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.3% Shipment Growth (primary scenario).........................            2.58            6.07            1.36
6.5% Shipment Growth............................................            9.04           19.10            3.66
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47814]]

    In a second sensitivity analysis, DOE considered a standards case 
shipment scenario in which the price elasticity is -2.4 (instead of -
0.48). HUD has used an estimate of -2.4 in analyses of revisions to its 
regulations \72\ promulgated at 24 CFR part 3282 based on a 1992 paper 
written by Carol Meeks.\73\ DOE's primary scenario is based on a study 
published in 2007 in the Journal of Housing Economics. The sensitivity 
analysis calculates the decrease in NES and NPV associated with a 
larger decrease in shipments resulting from the more negative price 
elasticity value. See Table IV.26 for results of the sensitivity 
analysis. A detailed description of the sensitivity analysis is 
provided in appendix 11A of the SNOPR TSD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ For example, see http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=HUD-2014-0033-0001.
    \73\ Meeks, C., 1992, Price Elasticity of Demand for 
Manufactured Homes: 1961 to 1989.

                Table IV.26--Price Elasticity of Demand Sensitivity Analysis NES and NPV Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Net present     Net present
                                                                     National        value 3%        value 7%
                                                                  energy savings   discount rate   discount rate
                                                                    (full-fuel       (billion        (billion
                                                                   cycle quads)       2020$)          2020$)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-0.48 Price Elasticity (primary scenario).......................            2.32           $6.40           $1.62
-2.4 Price Elasticity...........................................            2.12            5.90            1.51
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-0.48 Price Elasticity (primary scenario).......................            2.58            6.07            1.36
-2.4 Price Elasticity...........................................            2.31            5.46            1.23
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Nationwide Energy Savings and Emissions Benefits

1. Emissions Analysis
    DOE estimates environmental benefits in the form of reduced 
emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases associated with 
electricity production. DOE bases these estimates on a 30-year analysis 
period of manufactured home shipments, accounting for a 30-year home 
lifetime. DOE's analysis estimates reductions in emissions of six 
pollutants associated with energy savings: Carbon dioxide 
(CO<INF>2</INF>), mercury (Hg), nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide 
(NO<INF>X</INF>), sulfur dioxide (SO<INF>2</INF>), methane 
(CH<INF>4</INF>), and nitrous oxide (N<INF>2</INF>O). These reductions 
are referred to as ``site'' emissions reductions. Furthermore, DOE 
estimates reductions due to ``upstream'' activities in the fuel 
production chain. These upstream activities comprise extraction, 
processing, and transporting fuels to the site of combustion. Together, 
site emissions reductions and upstream emissions reductions account for 
the FFC.
    As in the June 2016 NOPR, DOE estimated emissions reductions based 
on emission factors for each pollutant, which depend on the type of 
fuel associated with energy savings (electricity, natural gas, 
liquefied petroleum gas, fuel oil). The analysis of power sector 
emissions of CO<INF>2</INF>, NO<INF>X</INF>, SO<INF>2</INF>, and Hg 
uses marginal emissions factors that were derived from data in AEO 
2020.\74\ Full details of this methodology are described in chapter 13 
of the SNOPR TSD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ See Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy 
Outlook 2019 with Projections to 2050 (2019), available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/AEO2019.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the onsite operation of manufactured homes may require 
combustion of fossil fuels and results in emissions of CO<INF>2</INF>, 
NO<INF>X</INF>, and SO<INF>2</INF> at the manufactured home sites where 
this combustion occurs, DOE also accounted for the reduction in these 
site emissions and the associated upstream emissions due to the 
standards. Site emissions of the above gases were estimated using 
emissions intensity factors from an EPA publication.\75\ The emissions 
intensity factors are expressed in terms of physical units per MWh or 
MMBtu of site energy savings. Total emissions reductions are estimated 
using the energy savings calculated in the national impact analysis. As 
discussed previously in section IV.C.2, the energy savings calculated 
does not account for the energy savings for the people who do not buy a 
manufactured home under the standards case because they are price-
sensitive, but only accounts for savings for those that are able to 
purchase a manufactured home. The energy savings is calculated based on 
the same number of homes purchased under both the standards and no 
standards case such that there are no energy savings attributed to less 
homes purchased. After calculating the total reduction of emissions, 
DOE estimated the monetized value associated with the reduction of 
these emissions, as discussed in section IV.D.2 of this document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. External Combustion 
Sources. In Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. AP-42. 
Fifth Edition. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. Chapter 
1. Available at https://www.epa.gov/aiR-emissions-factors-and-quantification/ap-42-compilation-aiR-emissions-factors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Monetizing Emissions Impacts
    As part of the analysis of the impacts of this proposed rule, DOE 
considered the estimated monetary benefits from the reduced emissions 
of CO<INF>2,</INF> CH<INF>4</INF>, N<INF>2</INF>O, NO<INF>X</INF> and 
SO<INF>2</INF> that are expected to result from the proposed energy 
standards. In order to make this calculation analogous to the 
calculation of the NPV of consumer benefit, DOE considered the reduced 
emissions expected to result over the lifetime of products shipped in 
the projection period for the standards. This section summarizes the 
basis for the values used for monetizing the emissions benefits in this 
SNOPR.
a. Monetization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
    DOE estimates the monetized benefits of the reductions in emissions 
of CO<INF>2</INF>, CH<INF>4</INF>, and N<INF>2</INF>O by using a 
measure of the social cost (``SC'') of each pollutant (e.g., SC-
CO<INF>2</INF>). These estimates represent the monetary value of the 
net harm to society associated with a marginal increase in emissions of 
these pollutants in a given year, or the benefit of avoiding that 
increase. These estimates are intended to include (but are not limited 
to) climate-change-related changes in net agricultural productivity, 
human health, property damages from increased flood risk, disruption of 
energy systems, risk of conflict,

[[Page 47815]]

environmental migration, and the value of ecosystem services.
    DOE used the estimates for the social cost of greenhouse gases 
(``SC-GHG'') from the most recent update of the Interagency Working 
Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases, United States Government 
(IWG) working group, from ``Technical Support Document: Social Cost of 
Carbon, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Interim Estimates under Executive 
Order 13990.'' (February 2021 TSD). DOE has determined that the 
estimates from the February 2021 TSD, as described more below, are 
based upon sound analysis and provide well founded estimates for DOE's 
analysis of the impacts of the reductions of emissions anticipated from 
the proposed rule.
    The SC-GHG estimates in the February 2021 TSD are interim values 
developed under Executive Order (E.O.) 13990 for use until an improved 
estimate of the impacts of climate change can be developed based on the 
best available science and economics. The SC-GHG estimates used in this 
analysis were developed over many years, using a transparent process, 
peer-reviewed methodologies, the best science available at the time of 
that process, and with input from the public. Specifically, an 
interagency working group (IWG) that included DOE, the EPA and other 
executive branch agencies and offices used three integrated assessment 
models (IAMs) to develop the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates and 
recommended four global values for use in regulatory analyses. Those 
estimates were subject to public comment in the context of dozens of 
proposed rulemakings as well as in a dedicated public comment period in 
2013.
    The SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates were first released in February 
2010 and updated in 2013 using new versions of each IAM. In 2015, as 
part of the response to public comments received to a 2013 solicitation 
for comments on the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates, the IWG announced a 
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine review of the 
SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates to offer advice on how to approach future 
updates to ensure that the estimates continue to reflect the best 
available science and methodologies. In January 2017, the National 
Academies released their final report, Valuing Climate Damages: 
Updating Estimation of the Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide, and 
recommended specific criteria for future updates to the SC-
CO<INF>2</INF> estimates, a modeling framework to satisfy the specified 
criteria, and both near-term updates and longer-term research needs 
pertaining to various components of the estimation process (National 
Academies 2017). On January 20, 2021, President Biden issued Executive 
Order 13990, which directed the IWG to ensure that the U.S. 
Government's (USG) estimates of the social cost of carbon and other 
greenhouse gases reflect the best available science and the 
recommendations of the National Academies (2017). The IWG was tasked 
with first reviewing the estimates currently used by the USG and 
publishing interim estimates within 30 days of E.O. 13990 that reflect 
the full impact of GHG emissions, including taking global damages into 
account, which resulted in the issuance of the February 2021 TSD. More 
information on the basis for the IWG's interim values may be found in 
the IWG's Technical Support Document.\76\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ See Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse 
Gases, Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, 
and Nitrous Oxide. Interim Estimates Under Executive Order 13990, 
Washington, DC, February 2021. (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TechnicalSupportDocument_SocialCostofCarbonMethaneNitrousOxide.pdf?so
urce=email).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE's derivations of the SC-CO<INF>2</INF>, SC-N<INF>2</INF>O, and 
SC-CH<INF>4</INF> values used for this SNOPR are discussed in the 
following sections, and the results of DOE's analyses estimating the 
benefits of the reductions in emissions of these pollutants are 
presented in section IV.3.b of this document.
Social Cost of Carbon
    The SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values used for this NOPR were generated 
using the values presented in the 2021 update from the IWG. Table IV.27 
shows the updated sets of SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates from the latest 
interagency update in 5-year increments from 2020 to 2050. The full set 
of annual values used is presented in Appendix 14-A of the SNOPR TSD. 
For purposes of capturing the uncertainties involved in regulatory 
impact analysis, DOE has determined it is appropriate to include all 
four sets of SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values, as recommended by the IWG.\77\ 
These SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates are the same as those used in the 
June 2016 NOPR except adjusted for inflation to 2020 dollars. The June 
2016 NOPR provides further detail of DOE's SC-CO<INF>2</INF> analysis 
for the June 2016 NOPR. See 81 FR 39791.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ For example, the TSD discusses how the understanding of 
discounting approaches suggests that discount rates appropriate for 
intergenerational analysis in the context of climate change may be 
lower than 3 percent.

                    Table IV.27--Annual SC-CO2 Values From 2021 Interagency Update, 2020-2050
                                           [2020$ per Metric Ton CO2]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Discount rate
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Year                                                                                3% (95th
                                         5% (average)       3% (average)      2.5% (average)      percentile)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020................................                 14                 51                 76                152
2025................................                 17                 56                 83                169
2030................................                 19                 62                 89                187
2035................................                 22                 67                 96                206
2040................................                 25                 73                103                225
2045................................                 28                 79                110                242
2050................................                 32                 85                116                260
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In calculating the potential global benefits resulting from reduced 
CO<INF>2</INF> emissions, DOE used the values from the 2021 interagency 
report, adjusted to 2020$ using the implicit price deflator for gross 
domestic product (GDP) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. For each 
of the four sets of SC-CO<INF>2</INF> cases specified, the values for 
emissions in 2020 were $14, $51, $76, and $152 per metric ton avoided 
(values expressed in 2020$). DOE derived values after 2050 based on the 
trend in 2010-2050 in each of the four cases in the IWG update.
    DOE multiplied the CO<INF>2</INF> emissions reduction estimated for 
each year by the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> value for that year in each of the 
four cases. To calculate a present value

[[Page 47816]]

of the stream of monetary values, DOE discounted the values in each of 
the four cases using the specific discount rate that had been used to 
obtain the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values in each case.
Social Cost of Methane and Nitrous Oxide
    The SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O values used for this 
SNOPR were generated using the values presented in the 2021 update from 
the IWG.\78\ Table IV.28 shows the updated sets of SC-CH<INF>4</INF> 
and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O estimates from the latest interagency update in 
5-year increments from 2020 to 2050. The full set of annual values used 
is presented in Appendix 14-A of the SNOPR TSD. To capture the 
uncertainties involved in regulatory impact analysis, DOE has 
determined it is appropriate to include all four sets of SC-
CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O values, as recommended by the IWG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse 
Gases, Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, 
and Nitrous Oxide. Interim Estimates Under Executive Order 13990, 
Washington, DC, February 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TechnicalSupportDocument_SocialCostofCarbonMethaneNitrousOxide.pdf.

                                  Table IV.28--Annual SC-CH4 and SC-N2O Values From 2021 Interagency Update, 2020-2050
                                                                 [2020$ per metric ton]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    SC-CH4 (discount rate and statistic)                   SC-N2O (discount rate and statistic)
                                            ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Year                          5%           3%          2.5%       3% (95th        5%           3%          2.5%         3% (95th
                                              (Average)    (Average)    (Average)   percentile)   (Average)    (Average)    (Average)      percentile)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020.......................................          670         1500         2000         3900         5800        18000        27000             48000
2025.......................................          800         1700         2200         4500         6800        21000        30000             54000
2030.......................................          940         2000         2500         5200         7800        23000        33000             60000
2035.......................................         1100         2200         2800         6000         9000        25000        36000             67000
2040.......................................         1300         2500         3100         6700        10000        28000        39000             74000
2045.......................................         1500         2800         3500         7500        12000        30000        42000             81000
2050.......................................         1700         3100         3800         8200        13000        33000        45000             88000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE multiplied the CH<INF>4</INF> and N<INF>2</INF>O emissions 
reduction estimated for each year by the SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-
N<INF>2</INF>O estimates for that year in each of the cases. To 
calculate a present value of the stream of monetary values, DOE 
discounted the values in each of the cases using the specific discount 
rate that had been used to obtain the SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-
N<INF>2</INF>O estimates in each case.
b. Monetization of Other Air Pollutants
    For the SNOPR, DOE estimated the monetized value of NO<INF>X</INF> 
and SO<INF>2</INF> emissions reductions from electricity generation 
using benefit per ton estimates based on air quality modeling and 
concentration-response functions conducted for the Clean Power Plan 
final rule. EPA reported values for NO<INF>X</INF> (as 
PM<INF>2.5</INF>) and SO<INF>2</INF> for 2020, 2025, and 2030 using 
discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent. DOE developed values 
specific to the sector for manufactured housing using a method 
described in appendix 14B of the SNOPR TSD. For this analysis DOE used 
linear interpolation to define values for the years between 2020 and 
2025 and between 2025 and 2030; for years beyond 2030 the value is held 
constant.
    DOE estimated the monetized value of NO<INF>X</INF> and 
SO<INF>2</INF> emissions reductions from site use of gas in 
manufactured homes using benefit per ton estimates from the EPA's 
``Technical Support Document Estimating the Benefit per Ton of Reducing 
PM<INF>2.5</INF> Precursors from 17 Sectors'' (``EPA TSD''). Although 
none of the sectors refers specifically to residential and commercial 
buildings, the sector called ``area sources'' would be a reasonable 
proxy for residential and commercial buildings. ``Area sources'' 
represents all emission sources for which states do not have exact 
(point) locations in their emissions inventories. Because exact 
locations would tend to be associated with larger sources, ``area 
sources'' would be fairly representative of small dispersed sources 
like homes and businesses. The EPA TSD provides high and low estimates 
for 2016, 2020, 2025, and 2030 at 3- and 7-percent discount rates. DOE 
primarily relied on the low estimates to be conservative.
    DOE multiplied the emissions reduction (in tons) in each year by 
the associated $/ton values, and then discounted each series using 
discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent as appropriate.
3. Discussion of Comments
    DOE received a number of comments regarding several aspects of the 
nationwide environmental benefits described in the June 2016 NOPR. The 
following sections provide a discussion of each of the submitted 
comments, including the changes that DOE has made in the methodology 
and assumptions.
a. Social Cost of Carbon
    DOE received several comments on the development of, and the use of 
the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values in DOE's analysis in the June 2016 NOPR. A 
group of trade associations led by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce 
objected to DOE's continued use of the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> in the cost-
benefit analysis and stated that the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> calculation 
should not be used in any rulemaking until it undergoes a more rigorous 
notice, review, and comment process. (U.S. Chamber of Commerce., No. 
181 at p. 4) The Cato Institute also criticized DOE's use of SC-
CO<INF>2</INF> estimates on the basis that they are subject to 
considerable uncertainty. The Cato Institute criticized several aspects 
of the determination of the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values by the IWG as 
being discordant with the best climate science, highly sensitive to 
input parameters and scope of the models, and not reflective of climate 
change impacts. The Cato Institute stated that until integrated 
assessment models (IAMs) are made consistent with what it stated is 
mainstream climate science, the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> should be barred from 
use in this and all other Federal rulemakings. (Cato Institute, No. 180 
at pp. 1-4, 15-16). MHARR stated that the global benefits calculated 
via the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> in the analysis are not only unreliable and 
arbitrary, but also compare the monetary benefits to the world to a 
rule affecting less than 10 percent of the domestic

[[Page 47817]]

housing market. (MHARR, No. 154 at p. 32).
    In contrast, the Joint Advocates stated that only a partial 
accounting of the costs of climate change (those most easily monetized) 
can be provided, which inevitably involves incorporating elements of 
uncertainty. The Joint Advocates commented that accounting for the 
economic harms caused by climate change is a critical component of 
sound cost--benefit analyses of regulations that directly or indirectly 
limit greenhouse gases. The Joint Advocates stated that several 
executive orders direct Federal agencies to consider non-economic costs 
and benefits, such as environmental and public health impacts. (Joint 
Advocates, No. 147 at pp. 2-3) Furthermore, the Joint Advocates argued 
that without an SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimate, regulators would by default 
be using a value of zero for the benefits of reducing carbon pollution, 
thereby implying that carbon pollution has no costs. The Joint 
Advocates stated that it would be arbitrary for a Federal agency to 
weigh the societal benefits and costs of a rule with significant carbon 
pollution effects but to assign no value at all to the considerable 
benefits of reducing carbon pollution. (Joint Advocates, No. 147 at p. 
3).
    The Joint Advocates stated that assessment and use of the IAMs in 
developing the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values has been transparent. The Joint 
Advocates further noted that the Government Accountability Office found 
that the IWG's processes and methods used consensus-based decision 
making, relied on existing academic literature and models, and took 
steps to disclose limitations and incorporate new information. The 
Joint Advocates stated that repeated opportunities for public comment 
demonstrate that the IWG's SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates were developed 
and are being used transparently. (Joint Advocates, No. 147 at p. 4) 
The Joint Advocates stated that (1) the IAMs used reflect the best 
available, peeR-reviewed science to quantify the benefits of carbon 
emission reductions; (2) uncertainty is not a valid reason for 
rejecting the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> analysis, and (3) the IWG was rigorous 
in addressing uncertainty inherent in estimating the economic cost of 
pollution. (Joint Advocates, No. 147 at pp. 5, 17-18, 18-19) The Joint 
Advocates added that the increase in the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimate in 
the 2013 update reflects the growing scientific and economic research 
on the risks and costs of climate change, but is still very likely an 
underestimate of the SC-CO<INF>2.</INF> (Joint Advocates, No. 147 at p. 
4) The Joint Advocates stated that recent research suggests that 
CO<INF>2</INF> fertilization is overestimated and may be canceled out 
by negative impacts on agriculture. (Joint Advocates, No. 147 at p. 
16).
    DOE emphasizes that the SC-GHG analysis presented in this SNOPR and 
TSD was performed in support of the cost-benefit analyses required by 
Executive Order 12866, and is provided to inform the public of the 
impacts of emissions reductions resulting from this proposed rule. The 
SC-GHG estimates were not factored into DOE's determination of whether 
the proposed rule could be cost-effective under section 413 of EISA 
2007.
    As noted previously, DOE has updated the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> analysis 
in this SNOPR using interim estimated values issued by the IWG 
established under Executive Order 13990. DOE has determined that the 
estimates from the February 2021 TSD are based upon sound analysis and 
provide well founded estimates for DOE's analysis of the impacts of 
CO<INF>2</INF> related to the reductions of emissions resulting from 
this proposed rule. The SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates used in this 
analysis were developed over many years, using a transparent process, 
peer-reviewed methodologies, the best science available at the time of 
that process, and with input from the public. Specifically, in 2009, an 
interagency working group (IWG) that included DOE and other executive 
branch agencies and offices was established to ensure that agencies 
were using the best available science and to promote consistency in the 
SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values used across agencies. The February 2021 TSD 
provides a complete discussion of the IWG's initial review conducted 
under E.O. 13990.
    First, as the IWG affirmed, a global perspective is essential for 
social cost of greenhouse gases (SC-GHG) estimates because climate 
impacts occurring outside U.S. borders can directly and indirectly 
affect the welfare of U.S. citizens and residents. Thus, U.S. interests 
are affected by the climate impacts that occur outside U.S. borders. 
Examples of affected interests include: Direct effects on U.S. citizens 
and assets located abroad, international trade, tourism, and spillover 
pathways such as economic and political destabilization and global 
migration. In addition, assessing the benefits of U.S. GHG emissions 
reductions requires consideration of how those actions may affect 
emissions reductions by other countries, as those international actions 
will provide a benefit to U.S. citizens and residents by mitigating 
climate impacts that affect U.S. citizens and residents. Therefore, in 
analyzing the potential impacts of this proposed rule DOE focuses on a 
global measure of SC-GHG. As noted in the February 2021 TSD, the IWG 
will continue to review developments in the literature, including more 
robust methodologies for estimating SC-GHG values based on purely 
domestic damages, and explore ways to better inform the public of the 
full range of carbon impacts, both global and domestic. As a member of 
the IWG, DOE will likewise continue to follow developments in the 
literature pertaining to this issue.
    Second, as the IWG found, the use of the social rate of return on 
capital (7 percent under current OMB Circular A-4 guidance) to discount 
the future benefits of reducing GHG emissions inappropriately 
underestimates the impacts of climate change for the purposes of 
estimating the SC-GHG. Consistent with the findings of the National 
Academies (2017) and the economic literature, the IWG continued to 
conclude that the consumption rate of interest is the theoretically 
appropriate discount rate in an intergenerational context (IWG 2010, 
2013, 2016a, 2016b), and recommended that discount rate uncertainty and 
relevant aspects of intergenerational ethical considerations be 
accounted for in selecting future discount rates.
    While the IWG works to assess how best to incorporate the latest, 
peer reviewed science to develop an updated set of SC-GHG estimates, it 
set the interim estimates to be the most recent estimates developed by 
the IWG prior to the group being disbanded in 2017. The estimates rely 
on the same models and harmonized inputs and are calculated using a 
range of discount rates. As explained in the February 2021 TSD, the IWG 
has determined that it is appropriate to revert to the same set of four 
values drawn from the SC-GHG distributions based on three discount 
rates as were used in regulatory analyses between 2010 and 2016 and 
subject to public comment. As explained in the February 2021 TSD, this 
update reflects the immediate need to have an operational SC-GHG for 
use in regulatory benefit-cost analyses and other applications that was 
developed using a transparent process, peer-reviewed methodologies, and 
the science available at the time of that process. Those estimates were 
subject to public comment in the context of dozens of proposed 
rulemakings as well as in a dedicated public comment period in 2013.
    DOE acknowledges that there are a number of challenges in 
attempting to assess the incremental economic impacts of CO<INF>2</INF> 
emissions. Some uncertainties are captured within the analysis, while 
other areas of

[[Page 47818]]

uncertainty have not yet been quantified in a way that can be modeled. 
The February 2021 TSD presents the quantified sources of uncertainty in 
the form of frequency distributions, and discusses the sources of 
uncertainty that have not yet been quantified and are thus not 
reflected in these estimates. The modeling limitations do not all work 
in the same direction in terms of their influence on the SC-
CO<INF>2</INF> estimates. However, the IWG has recommended that, taken 
together, the limitations suggest that the interim SC-CO<INF>2</INF> 
estimates used in this proposed rule likely underestimate the damages 
from CO<INF>2</INF> emissions. DOE agrees with the IWG's approach. 
Despite the limits of both quantification and monetization, SC-
CO<INF>2</INF> estimates can be useful in estimating the social 
benefits of reducing CO<INF>2</INF> emissions. Although any numerical 
estimate of the benefits of reducing carbon dioxide emissions is 
subject to some uncertainty, that does not relieve DOE of its 
obligation under E.O. 12866 to attempt to factor those benefits into 
its cost-benefit analysis. Moreover, the IWG's SC-CO<INF>2</INF> 
estimates are well supported by the existing scientific and economic 
literature. As a result, DOE used the IWG's SC-CO<INF>2</INF> estimates 
in quantifying the social benefits of reducing CO<INF>2</INF> 
emissions. Specifically, DOE estimated the benefits from reduced (or 
costs from increased) emissions in any future year by multiplying the 
change in emissions in that year by the SC-CO<INF>2</INF> values 
appropriate for that year. The NPV of the benefits can then be 
calculated by multiplying each of these future benefits by an 
appropriate discount factor and summing across all affected years.
b. Monetization of Methane and Nitrous Oxide
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE also estimated monetary benefits for 
NO<INF>X</INF> emissions under the proposed rule. Estimates of the 
monetary value of reducing NO<INF>X</INF> from stationary sources 
ranged from $489 to $5,023 per metric ton (2015$). DOE calculated 
monetary benefits using an intermediate value for NO<INF>X</INF> 
emissions of $2,755 per metric ton (in 2015$), and real discount rates 
of 3 and 7 percent. DOE received several comments on emissions 
monetization.
    The Joint Advocates commented that DOE acknowledges that its 
proposed standards will reduce significant quantities of non-carbon 
dioxide greenhouse gases, including methane, and has estimated monetary 
benefits for NO<INF>X</INF> emissions under the proposed rule. The 
Joint Advocates commented that DOE should include the Social Cost of 
Methane in the estimated monetary benefits. (Joint Advocates, No. 147 
at pp. 19-21) The Joint Advocates stated that the EPA and other 
agencies have begun using a methodology developed to specifically 
measure the Social Cost of Methane--namely, the Marten et al. approach 
\79\--in recent proposed rulemakings. This approach builds on the 
methodology and assumptions used by the IWG to develop the SC-
CO<INF>2</INF>, but also accounts for other factors that are unique to 
methane. Overall, the Joint Advocates commented that the Marten et al. 
methodology provides reasonable, direct estimates that reflect updated 
evidence and provide consistency with the Government's accepted 
methodology for estimating the SC-CO<INF>2</INF>. The Joint Advocates 
commented that DOE should use the Social Cost of Methane to more 
accurately reflect the true benefits of the standards and to enhance 
the rigor and defensibility of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ Marten, A.L., Kopits, E.A., Griffiths, C.W., Newbold, S.C., 
and A. Wolverton. 2015. Incremental CH<INF>4</INF> and 
N<INF>2</INF>O Mitigation Benefits Consistent with the U.S. 
Government's SC-CO2 Estimates. Climate Policy. 15(2): 272-298 
(published online, 2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted previously, DOE has updated its analysis to account for 
the social cost of methane and nitrous oxide consistent with the SC-
CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O estimates presented in the 
February 2021 TSD. DOE has determined that the estimates from the 
February 2021 TSD are based upon sound analysis and provide well 
founded estimates for DOE's analysis of the impacts of CH<INF>4</INF> 
and NO<INF>2</INF> related to the reductions of emissions resulting 
from this proposed rule.. The SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O 
values used for this SNOPR are presented in Table IV.28.\80\ DOE 
multiplied the CH<INF>4</INF> and N<INF>2</INF>O emissions reduction 
estimated for each year by the SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O 
estimates for that year in each of the cases. To calculate a present 
value of the stream of monetary values, DOE discounted the values in 
each of the cases using the specific discount rate that had been used 
to obtain the SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O estimates in each 
case. See chapter 14 of the TSD for further discussion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse 
Gases, Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, 
and Nitrous Oxide. Interim Estimates Under Executive Order 13990, 
Washington, DC, February 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TechnicalSupportDocument_SocialCostofCarbonMethaneNitrousOxide.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Results
a. Emissions Analysis
    In this SNOPR DOE updated its analysis from the 2016 NOPR based on 
the results of the national energy savings discussed in section IV.C.2. 
DOE also updated its analysis to utilize emission factors derived from 
data in the AEO 2020.\81\ The AEO incorporates the projected impacts of 
existing air quality regulations on emissions. AEO 2020 generally 
represents current legislation and environmental regulations, including 
recent government actions, for which implementing regulations were 
available at the time of preparation of AEO 2020, including the 
emissions control programs discussed in the following paragraphs.\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ See Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy 
Outlook 2020 with Projections to 2050 (2020), available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/AEO2020%20Full%20Report.pdf.
    \82\ For further information, see the Assumptions to AEO2020 
report that sets forth the major assumptions used to generate the 
projections in the Annual Energy Outlook. Available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/assumptions/ (last accessed July 6, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SO<INF>2</INF> emissions from affected electric generating units 
(``EGUs'') are subject to nationwide and regional emissions cap-and-
trade programs. Title IV of the Clean Air Act sets an annual emissions 
cap on SO<INF>2</INF> for affected EGUs in the 48 contiguous States and 
the District of Columbia (DC). (42 U.S.C. 7651 et seq.) SO<INF>2</INF> 
emissions from numerous eastern States and DC are also limited under 
the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (``CSAPR''), which created an 
allowance-based trading program that operates along with the Title IV 
program in those States and DC. 76 FR 48208 (Aug. 8, 2011). CSAPR 
requires these States to reduce certain emissions, including annual 
SO<INF>2</INF> emissions, and went into effect as of January 1, 2015. 
AEO 2020 incorporates implementation of CSAPR, including the update to 
the CSAPR ozone season program emission budgets and target dates issued 
in 2016, 81 FR 74504 (Oct. 26, 2016). Compliance with CSAPR is flexible 
among EGUs and is enforced through the use of tradable emissions 
allowances. Under existing EPA regulations, any excess SO<INF>2</INF> 
emissions allowances resulting from the lower electricity demand caused 
by the adoption of an efficiency standard could be used to permit 
offsetting increases in SO<INF>2</INF> emissions by another regulated 
EGU.
    However, beginning in 2016, SO<INF>2</INF> emissions began to fall 
as a result of implementation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards 
(``MATS'') for power plants. 77 FR 9304 (Feb. 16, 2012). In the MATS 
final rule, EPA established a standard for hydrogen chloride as a 
surrogate for acid gas hazardous air pollutants (``HAP''), and also

[[Page 47819]]

established a standard for SO<INF>2</INF> (a non-HAP acid gas) as an 
alternative equivalent surrogate standard for acid gas HAP. The same 
controls are used to reduce HAP and non-HAP acid gas; thus, 
SO<INF>2</INF> emissions are being reduced as a result of the control 
technologies installed on coal-fired power plants to comply with the 
MATS requirements for acid gas. To continue operating, coal plants must 
have either flue gas desulfurization or dry sorbent injection systems 
installed. Both technologies, which are used to reduce acid gas 
emissions, also reduce SO<INF>2</INF> emissions. Because of the 
emissions reductions under the MATS, it is unlikely that excess 
SO<INF>2</INF> emissions allowances resulting from the lower 
electricity demand would be needed or used to permit offsetting 
increases in SO<INF>2</INF> emissions by another regulated EGU. 
Therefore, energy conservation standards that decrease electricity 
generation will generally reduce SO<INF>2</INF> emissions.
    CSAPR also established limits on NO<INF>X</INF> emissions for 
numerous States in the eastern half of the United States. Energy 
conservation standards would have little effect on NO<INF>X</INF> 
emissions in those States covered by CSAPR emissions limits if excess 
NO<INF>X</INF> emissions allowances resulting from the lower 
electricity demand could be used to permit offsetting increases in 
NO<INF>X</INF> emissions from other EGUs. In such a case, 
NO<INF>X</INF> emissions would remain near the limit even if 
electricity generation goes down. A different case could possibly 
result, depending on the configuration of the power sector in the 
different regions and the need for allowances, such that NO<INF>X</INF> 
emissions might not remain at the limit in the case of lower 
electricity demand. In this case, energy conservation standards might 
reduce NO<INF>X</INF> emissions in covered States. Despite this 
possibility, DOE has chosen to be conservative in its analysis and has 
maintained the assumption that energy conservation standards will not 
reduce NO<INF>X</INF> emissions in States covered by CSAPR. Energy 
conservation standards would be expected to reduce NO<INF>X</INF> 
emissions in the States not covered by CSAPR. DOE used AEO 2020 data to 
derive NO<INF>X</INF> emissions factors for the group of States not 
covered by CSAPR.
    The MATS limit mercury emissions from power plants, but they do not 
include emissions caps and as such, DOE's energy conservation standards 
would be expected to slightly reduce Hg emissions. DOE estimated 
mercury emissions reduction using emissions factors based on AEO 2020, 
which incorporates the MATS.
    Combustion emissions of CH<INF>4</INF> and N<INF>2</INF>O are 
estimated using emissions intensity factors published by the EPA.\83\ 
The FFC upstream emissions are estimated based on the methodology 
described in chapter 13 of the SNOPR TSD. The upstream emissions 
include both emissions from fuel combustion during extraction, 
processing, and transportation of fuel, and ``fugitive'' emissions 
(direct leakage to the atmosphere) of CH<INF>4</INF> and 
CO<INF>2</INF>.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ Available at www2.epa.gov/climateleadership/centeR-corporate-climate-leadership-ghg-emission-factors-hub.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table IV.29 reflects the emissions reductions for both single-
section and multi-section manufactured homes.

       Table IV.29--Emissions Reductions as a Result of the SNOPR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Pollutant                 Single-section   Multi-section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Tiered Standards
                        Site Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............            31.7            67.7
Hg (metric tons)........................           0.063           0.146
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............            18.3            37.3
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            12.8            27.7
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............            1.86            4.14
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............            0.35            0.74
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Upstream Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............             3.1            6.32
Hg (metric tons)........................         3.42E-4        7.67E-04
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............            39.7            81.7
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            0.32            0.64
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............             221             463
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............           0.016           0.033
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Total Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............            34.8            74.0
Hg (metric tons)........................           0.064           0.147
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............              58             119
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            13.1            28.3
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............             223             467
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............            0.37            0.78
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Untiered Standard
                        Site Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............            42.4            67.7
Hg (metric tons)........................           0.087           0.146
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............            24.0            37.3
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            17.2            27.7
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............            2.51            4.14

[[Page 47820]]

 
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............            0.47            0.74
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Upstream Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............            4.09            6.32
Hg (metric tons)........................        4.65E-04        7.67E-04
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............            52.5            81.7
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            0.42            0.64
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............             293             463
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............           0.021           0.033
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Total Emissions Reductions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 (million metric tons)...............            46.4            74.0
Hg (metric tons)........................           0.087           0.147
NOX (thousand metric tons)..............            76.5             119
SO2 (thousand metric tons)..............            17.6            28.3
CH4 (thousand metric tons)..............             296             467
N2O (thousand metric tons)..............            0.49            0.78
------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Monetization of Emissions
    DOE estimated the global social benefits of GHG emission reductions 
expected from this final rule using the SC-GHG estimates presented in 
the Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, and 
Nitrous Oxide Interim Estimates under Executive Order 13990 (IWG 2021) 
that would be expected to result from the SNOPR as discussed in IV.D.2 
DOE has determined that the estimates from the February 2021 TSD are 
based upon sound analysis and provide well founded estimates for DOE's 
analysis of the impacts of GHG related to the reductions of emissions 
resulting from this proposed rule. These SC-GHG estimates are the same 
as those used in the June 2016 NOPR except adjusted for inflation to 
2020 dollars. Table IV. presents the global values of the CO2 emissions 
reduction.

 Table IV.30--Present Value of CO2 Emissions Reduction for Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year
                                                    Lifetime
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              SC-CO2 Case (million 2020$)
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      5% discount rate,  3% discount rate,    2.5% discount    3% discount rate,
                                           average            average         rate, average     95th percentile
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................             $259.8           $1,173.3           $1,963.4           $3,614.2
Multi Section.......................              553.6            2,498.8            4,180.3            7,696.9
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................              813.4            3,672.1            6,143.6           11,311.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................             $347.1           $1,567.0           $2,621.9           $4,826.8
Multi Section.......................              553.6            2,498.8            4,180.3            7,696.9
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................              900.7            4,065.8            6,802.1           12,523.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, DOE has updated the quantified total climate benefits to 
estimate monetary benefits likely to result from the reduced emissions 
of CH<INF>4</INF> and N<INF>2</INF>O, consistent with the interim 
estimates in the February 2021 TSD. DOE multiplied the CH<INF>4</INF> 
and N<INF>2</INF>O emissions reduction estimated for each year by the 
SC-CH<INF>4</INF> and SC-N<INF>2</INF>O estimates for that year in each 
of the two cases. Table IV.30 presents the value of the CH<INF>4</INF> 
emissions reduction, and Table IV.31 presents the value of the 
N<INF>2</INF>O emissions reduction.

[[Page 47821]]



           Table IV.30--Present Value of Methane Emissions Reduction for Manufactured Homes Purchased
                                        2023-2052 With a 30-Year Lifetime
                                                 [Million 2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      SC-CH4 case
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      5% discount rate,  3% discount rate,    2.5% discount    3% discount rate,
                                           average            average         rate, average     95th percentile
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................              $83.4             $270.4             $401.4             $720.2
Multi Section.......................              175.1              567.3              842.0            1,511.0
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................              258.5              837.7            1,243.4            2,231.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................              110.9              359.4              533.5              957.4
Multi Section.......................              175.1              567.3              842.0            1,511.0
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................              286.0              926.7            1,375.6            2,468.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table IV.31--Present Value of Nitrous Oxide Emissions Reduction for Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With
                                               a 30-Year Lifetime
                                                 [Million 2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      SC-N2O case
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      5% discount rate,  3% discount rate,    2.5% discount    3% discount rate,
                                           average            average         rate, average     95th percentile
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................              $1.12              $4.94              $8.15             $13.16
Multi Section.......................               2.35              10.33              17.04              27.52
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................               3.48              15.27              25.19              40.68
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................               1.49               6.55              10.81              17.45
Multi Section.......................               2.35              10.33              17.04              27.52
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................               3.85              16.88              27.85              44.97
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this SNOPR, DOE also updated the monetization of NO<INF>X</INF> 
and SO<INF>2</INF> emissions reductions from both electricity 
generation and direct use from manufactured homes. For this analysis, 
DOE used linear interpolation to define values for the years between 
2020 and 2025 and between 2025 and 2030; for years beyond 2030 the 
value is held constant. Full details of this methodology are described 
in chapter 14 of the SNOPR TSD. DOE multiplied the NO<INF>X</INF> and 
SO<INF>2</INF> emissions reduction (in tons) in each year by the 
associated $/ton values, and then discounted each series using discount 
rates of 3 percent and 7 percent as appropriate. Table IV.32 and Table 
IV.33 presents the results.

 Table IV.32--Present Value of NOX Emissions Reduction for Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year
                                                    Lifetime
                                                 [Million 2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       3% discount rate   7% discount rate   3% discount rate   7% discount rate
                                            (high)             (high)             (low)              (low)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................             $338.9             $117.9             $149.0              $52.4
Multi Section.......................              676.5              235.6              297.1              104.8
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................            1,015.4              353.4              446.0              157.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................              442.9              154.1              194.6               68.6

[[Page 47822]]

 
Multi Section.......................              676.5              235.6              297.1              104.8
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................            1,119.4              389.7              491.7              173.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table IV.33--Present Value of SO2 Emissions Reduction for Manufactured Homes Purchased 2023-2052 With a 30-Year
                                                    Lifetime
                                                 [Million 2020$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       3% discount rate   7% discount rate   3% discount rate   7% discount rate
                                            (high)             (high)             (low)              (low)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Tiered Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................             $549.3             $189.3             $240.9              $84.8
Multi Section.......................            1,128.6              387.8              493.8              174.5
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................            1,677.9              577.0              734.7              259.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Untiered Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Section......................              723.9              249.2              317.2              111.8
Multi Section.......................            1,128.6              387.8              493.8              174.5
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................            1,852.5              637.0              811.0              286.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has not considered the monetary benefits of the reduction of Hg 
for this SNOPR.

E. Total Benefits and Costs

    DOE has tentatively determined that under either proposal the 
benefits to the Nation of the standards (energy savings, consumer LCC 
savings, positive NPV of consumer benefit, and emission reductions) 
outweigh the burdens (loss of INPV, LCC increases for some homeowners 
of manufactured housing, and price-sensitive consumers who do not 
purchase manufactured homes). The tentative projected total benefits 
and costs (from the manufactured homeowner's perspective) associated 
with the SNOPR, expressed in terms of annualized values, is presented 
in Table I.9 (See Section I.E), and is explained in greater detail in 
section IV and in chapter 15 of the SNOPR TSD.\84\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ DOE used a two-step calculation process to convert the 
time-series of costs and benefits into annualized values. First, DOE 
calculated a present value in 2016, the year used for discounting 
the net present value of total consumer costs and savings, for the 
time-series of costs and benefits using discount rates of three and 
seven percent for all costs and benefits except for the value of 
CO<INF>2</INF> reductions. From the present value, DOE then 
calculated the fixed annual payment over a 30-year period, starting 
in 2020 that yields the same present value. The fixed annual payment 
is the annualized value. Although DOE calculated annualized values, 
this does not imply that the time-series of cost and benefits from 
which the annualized values were determined would be a steady stream 
of payments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review

A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563

    Section 1(b)(1) of Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, ``Regulatory 
Planning and Review,'' 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993), requires each agency 
to identify the problem that it intends to address, including, where 
applicable, the failures of private markets or public institutions that 
warrant new agency action, as well as to assess the significance of 
that problem. The problems that the proposed standards for manufactured 
housing are intended to address are as follows:
    (1) Under current federal standards, manufactured homes typically 
conserve less energy than comparably built site-built and modular 
homes,
    (2) Insufficient information and the high costs of gathering and 
analyzing relevant information leads some consumers to miss 
opportunities to make cost-effective investments in energy efficiency.
    (3) In some cases, the benefits of more efficient equipment are not 
realized due to misaligned incentives between purchasers and users. An 
example of such a case is when a product or design decision is made by 
a building contractor or building owner who does not pay the energy 
costs.
    (4) There are external benefits resulting from improved energy 
efficiency of products or equipment that are not captured by the users 
of such equipment. These benefits include externalities related to 
public health, environmental protection and national energy security 
that are not reflected in energy prices, such as reduced emissions of 
air pollutants and greenhouse gases that impact human health and global 
warming.
    The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs (``OIRA'') in the OMB has determined that the regulatory action 
in this document is a significant regulatory action under section 
(3)(f) of E.O. 12866. Accordingly, pursuant to section 6(a)(3)(B) of 
the E.O., DOE has provided to OIRA: (1) The text of the draft 
regulatory action, together with a reasonably detailed description of 
the need for the regulatory action and an explanation of how the 
regulatory action will meet that need; and (2) an assessment of the 
potential costs and benefits of the regulatory action, including an 
explanation of the manner in which the regulatory action is consistent 
with a statutory mandate. DOE has included these documents in the 
rulemaking record.
    In addition, the Administrator of OIRA has determined that the 
regulatory action is an ``economically'' significant

[[Page 47823]]

regulatory action under section (3)(f)(1) of E.O. 12866. Accordingly, 
pursuant to section 6(a)(3)(C) of the E.O., DOE has provided to OIRA an 
assessment, including the underlying analysis, of benefits and costs 
anticipated from the regulatory action, together with, to the extent 
feasible, a quantification of those costs; and an assessment, including 
the underlying analysis, of costs and benefits of potentially effective 
and reasonably feasible alternatives to the planned regulation, and an 
explanation why the planned regulatory action is preferable to the 
identified potential alternatives. These assessments can be found in 
the technical support document for this rulemaking and are summarized 
in the tables below.

 Table V.1--Summary of Economic Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the Proposed Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Net present value (billion 2020$)
           Benefits            -------------------------------------------------------     Discount rate (%)
                                          Tiered                     Untiered
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Operating Cost         $5.5......................  $6.1.....................  7.
 Savings.
                                14.3......................  15.9.....................  3.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       1.1.......................  1.2......................  5.
 social costs at 5% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       4.5.......................  5.0......................  3.
 social costs at 3% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       7.4.......................  8.2......................  2.5.
 social costs at 2.5% discount
 rate) *.
GHG Reduction (using 95th       13.6......................  15.0.....................  3.
 percentile social costs at 3%
 discount rate) *.
NOX Reduction.................  0.2.......................  0.2......................  7.
                                0.4.......................  0.5......................  3.
SO2 Reduction.................  0.3.......................  0.3......................  7.
                                0.7.......................  0.8......................  3.
Total Benefits................  7 to 19.5.................  7.8 to 21.6..............  7 plus GHG range.
                                10.5......................  11.6.....................  7.
                                20.0......................  22.2.....................  3.
                                16.6 to 29.1..............  18.4 to 32.2.............  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Costs
Consumer Incremental Product    3.9.......................  4.7......................  7.3
 Costs [dagger].
                                7.9.......................  9.6......................  3.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total Net Benefits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Including GHG and Emissions     3.1 to 15.6...............  3 to 16.9................  7 plus GHG range.
 Reduction Monetized Value.
                                6.6.......................  6.9......................  7.
                                12.1......................  12.6.....................  3.
                                8.7 to 21.2...............  8.7 to 22.6..............  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table presents the costs and benefits associated with manufactured homes shipped in 2023-2052.
* The benefits from GHG reduction were calculated using global benefit-per-ton values. See section IV.D.2 of
  this document for more details.
** Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent cases are presented using the average GHG social costs
  with 3-percent discount rate. In the rows labeled ``7% plus GHG range'' and ``3% plus GHG range,'' the
  consumer benefits and NOX and SO2 benefits are calculated using the labeled discount rate, and those values
  are added to the GHG reduction using each of the four GHG social cost cases.
[dagger] The incremental costs include incremental costs associated with principal and interest, mortgage and
  property tax for the analyzed loan types.


      Table V.2--Annualized Benefits and Costs to Manufactured Home Homeowners Under the Proposed Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Net present value (billion 2020$)
           Benefits            -------------------------------------------------------     Discount rate (%)
                                          Tiered                     Untiered
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Operating Cost         509.......................  565......................  7.
 Savings.
                                774.......................  859......................  3.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       70........................  77.......................  5.
 social costs at 5% discount
 rate)*.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       231.......................  256......................  3.
 social costs at 3% discount
 rate)*.
GHG Reduction (using avg.       354.......................  392......................  2.5.
 social costs at 2.5% discount
 rate)*.
GHG Reduction (using 95th       693.......................  767......................  3.
 percentile social costs at 3%
 discount rate)*.
NOX Reduction.................  13........................  14.......................  7.
                                23........................  25.......................  3.
SO2 Reduction.................  21........................  23.......................  7.
                                37........................  41.......................  3.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Benefits................  613 to 1,236..............  679 to 1,369.............  7 plus GHG range.
                                773.......................  858......................  7.
                                1,065.....................  1,181....................  3.
                                904 to 1,527..............  1,003 to 1,693...........  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Costs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Incremental Product    359.......................  440......................  7.
 Costs [dagger].

[[Page 47824]]

 
                                427.......................  530......................  3.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total Net Benefits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Including GHG and Emissions     254 to 877................  239 to 929...............  7 plus GHG range.
 Reduction Monetized Value.
                                414.......................  418......................  7.
                                638.......................  651......................  3.
                                477 to 1,100..............  473 to 1,163.............  3 plus GHG range.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table presents the costs and benefits associated with manufactured homes shipped in 2023-2052.
* The benefits from GHG reduction were calculated using global benefit-per-ton values. See section IV.D of this
  document for more details.
** Total Benefits for both the 3-percent and 7-percent cases are presented using the average GHG social costs
  with 3-percent discount rate. In the rows labeled ``7% plus GHG range'' and ``3% plus GHG range,'' the
  consumer benefits and NOX and SO2 benefits are calculated using the labeled discount rate, and those values
  are added to the GHG reduction using each of the four GHG social cost cases.
[dagger] The incremental costs include incremental costs associated with principal and interest, mortgage and
  property tax for the analyzed loan types.

    DOE has also reviewed this proposed regulation pursuant to E.O. 
13563, issued on January 18, 2011. 76 FR 3281 (Jan. 21, 2011). E.O. 
13563 is supplemental to and explicitly reaffirms the principles, 
structures, and definitions governing regulatory review established in 
E.O. 12866. To the extent permitted by law, agencies are required by 
E.O. 13563 to: (1) Propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned 
determination that its benefits justify its costs (recognizing that 
some benefits and costs are difficult to quantify); (2) tailor 
regulations to impose the least burden on society, consistent with 
obtaining regulatory objectives, taking into account, among other 
things, and to the extent practicable, the costs of cumulative 
regulations; (3) select, in choosing among alternative regulatory 
approaches, those approaches that maximize net benefits (including 
potential economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other 
advantages; distributive impacts; and equity); (4) to the extent 
feasible, specify performance objectives, rather than specifying the 
behavior or manner of compliance that regulated entities must adopt; 
and (5) identify and assess available alternatives to direct 
regulation, including providing economic incentives to encourage the 
desired behavior, such as user fees or marketable permits, or providing 
information upon which choices can be made by the public.
    DOE emphasizes as well that E.O. 13563 requires agencies to use the 
best available techniques to quantify anticipated present and future 
benefits and costs as accurately as possible. In its guidance, OIRA has 
emphasized that such techniques may include identifying changing future 
compliance costs that might result from technological innovation or 
anticipated behavioral changes. For the reasons stated in the preamble, 
this proposed rule is consistent with these principles, including the 
requirement that, to the extent permitted by law, benefits justify 
costs and that net benefits are maximized.

B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires 
preparation of an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (``IRFA'') 
and a final regulatory flexibility analysis (``FRFA'') for any rule 
that by law must be proposed for public comment, unless the agency 
certifies that the rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. As required 
by E.O. 13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency 
Rulemaking,'' 67 FR 53461 (Aug. 16, 2002), DOE published procedures and 
policies on February 19, 2003, to ensure that the potential impacts of 
its rules on small entities are properly considered during the 
rulemaking process. 68 FR 7990 (Feb. 9, 2003) DOE has made its 
procedures and policies available on the Office of the General 
Counsel's website (https://energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel). DOE 
has prepared the following updated IRFA for the products that are the 
subject of this rulemaking.
1. Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    EISA requires DOE to regulate energy conservation in manufactured 
housing, an area of the building construction industry traditionally 
regulated by HUD. HUD has regulated the manufactured housing industry 
since 1976, when it first promulgated the HUD Code. Among other 
provisions, EISA directs DOE to consult with the Secretary of HUD, who 
may seek further counsel from the Manufactured Housing Consensus 
Committee (MHCC); and to base the energy conservation standards on the 
most recent version of the IECC, except where DOE finds that the IECC 
is not cost effective or where a more stringent standard would be more 
cost effective, based on the impact of the IECC on the purchase price 
of manufactured housing and on total lifecycle construction and 
operating costs. (42 U.S.C. 17071).
2. Significant Issues Raised in Response to the IRFA
    DOE received comments from the Office of Advocacy at the U.S. Small 
Business Administration (``Advocacy'') and other interested parties on 
the manufactured housing June 2016 NOPR regarding small businesses. 
These comments are addressed in this section.
    Advocacy stated that DOE published an IRFA that did not comply with 
the RFA's requirement to quantify or describe the economic impact that 
the proposed regulation might have on small entities. (Advocacy, No. 
177 at p. 2) Advocacy stated that DOE failed to include large costs 
such as conversion costs and test procedure compliance costs. Advocacy 
also stated that compliance and enforcement costs (redesign costs, 
plant modifications, re-costing and sourcing new materials, 
inspections, approvals, consulting fees, and employee training) are 
major costs to small businesses and should be included and analyzed in 
the proposed rule (Advocacy, No. 177 at p. 3).
    In the June 2016 NOPR IRFA DOE estimated the impacts on small

[[Page 47825]]

manufacturers based on the general industry analysis. In this updated 
IRFA, DOE expands its analysis to include a more detailed review of the 
burdens and compares costs to small manufacturer revenue to determine 
whether those costs are significant. DOE included product conversion 
costs, based on the expected number of model plans that need to be 
redesigned as a result of this proposed rule, and capital conversion 
costs, based on the cost of additional equipment needed to produce 
compliant homes. In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE estimated costs 
manufacturers would incur from test procedures as proposed in a 
separate rulemaking. As discussed, this SNOPR does not include cost 
estimates related to test procedures, as any such costs will be 
addressed separately. The test procedure NOPR for manufactured housing 
was published on November 9, 2016. 81 FR 78733.
    Advocacy requested that DOE present and analyze significant 
alternatives, and adopt a regulatory alternative to the proposed 
standard that will minimize the economic impact to small manufacturers 
(Advocacy, No. 177 at pp. 2-4). Further, Advocacy expressed concern 
that the proposed rule would have a significant impact on small 
manufacturers. Advocacy stated it takes longer for small manufacturers 
to recover investments, because they must spread similar redesign 
investments over a lower volume of units than larger competitors. 
(Advocacy, No. 177 at p. 2) Additionally, MHARR commented that the 
proposed rule will have a particularly negative impact on the smaller 
producers in terms of regulatory cost burdens. (MHARR, Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 148 at p. 13) The MHCC commented that DOE has not 
adequately addressed the impact of the proposed rule on small 
manufacturers, stating that small manufacturers may not be able to 
compete in the marketplace due to economies of scale afforded to large 
manufacturers that are able to purchase materials in volume at 
discounted rates not available to smaller manufacturers. The MHCC noted 
that DOE did not certify that the proposed rule would not have a 
significant impact on small manufacturers. (MHCC, No. 162 at p. 2).
    In the June 2016 NOPR, DOE quantified the number of small 
businesses that have a direct compliance burden and estimated the 
magnitude of the compliance burden based on industry average conversion 
costs. In this updated IRFA, DOE expands its analysis to include a more 
detailed review of the burdens, an analysis of the costs specific to 
small manufacturers, and a comparison of these costs to small 
manufacturer revenue to determine whether those costs are significant. 
This analysis can be found in section V.B.4 of the updated IRFA. 
Additionally, DOE includes a review of alternatives to this proposal in 
section V.B.5 of the IRFA. DOE recognizes that new standards can create 
cost uncertainty for small businesses, but the updated analysis finds 
that the expected investments are less than 0.1 percent of revenues for 
small manufacturers (see section V.C.4). While small manufacturers may 
need to spread these costs over a lower volume of shipments than larger 
competitors, DOE finds this level of investment unlikely to change the 
level of industry competition or be a driver of industry consolidation.
    Advocacy commented that DOE's estimate of $2,423 and $3,745 price 
increases for single- and multi-section manufactured homes is extremely 
low and does not accurately reflect the baseline cost, nor the dealer 
and retail markups. Advocacy expressed that even a modest increase in 
the price of manufactured housing will prevent many potential consumers 
from obtaining financing, which would severely impact small 
manufacturers' consumer base. Further, Advocacy stated that dominant 
businesses in the manufactured home industry can sell manufactured 
homes at cost or offer energy rebates to their consumers to offset the 
increased price of energy efficient homes. Advocacy stated that small 
businesses cannot absorb the added cost to comply with the proposed 
regulation. (Advocacy, No. 177 at p. 3).
    In response to the June 2016 NOPR, certain parties commented that 
DOE's estimated incremental cost to the consumer were too low, whereas 
other interested parties stated that the estimates were too high (see 
section IV.A.1.g for a full discussion). During the June 2016 NOPR 
public meeting, MHI stated that it represents small manufacturers and 
that the cost analysis used by the MH working group included small, 
medium, and large manufacturers. (MHI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 
148 at pp. 85-86). DOE confirmed MHI represented multiple small 
manufacturers through its publicly-available manufacturer membership 
list.\85\ Additionally, as described in section IV.A.1.g of the SNOPR, 
DOE took steps to validate incremental costs of production materials 
through published data. As a result, the incremental cost figures 
provided by the MH working group in the course of the negotiated 
consensus process are understood to be representative for manufacturers 
of all sizes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ MHI Manufacturer Members. https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/find-a-manufacturer/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    MHARR stated that DOE's analysis contains financial information 
from 10-K filings that are likely from larger industry corporations. 
(MHARR, No. 154 at p. 33) Table 12.1 of the SNOPR Technical Support 
Document (TSD) summarizes the financial parameters DOE used in its 
analysis of manufacturer impacts. The Department makes uses of all 
public and private financial information made available. DOE invites 
stakeholders to provide additional financial data to be considered in 
the analysis.
    MHARR referenced a SBA report to make the case that federal 
regulation generally has a disproportionately negative impact on 
smaller businesses in any industry. (MHARR, No. 154 at pp. 33). As 
noted in the NOPR, DOE recognizes that the rulemaking will have costs 
to small manufacturers. In this SNOPR, DOE includes a tiered proposal 
which is based on a tiered structure that would minimize impacts on the 
most cost-sensitive segment of manufactured home buyers and on the 
small manufacturers that serve that market segment. In the updated IRFA 
(see the ``Description and Estimate of Compliance Requirements'' 
section below), DOE estimates conversion costs of the updated proposed 
standard level to be $43,000 per small manufacturer, an amount that is 
less than 0.1% of average annual revenues.
    Lastly, Advocacy recommended that DOE adopt delayed compliance 
schedules for small manufacturers, stating that more time to comply 
will allow them to spread costs and manage their limited resources in a 
way that will minimize the economic impact on their business. 
(Advocacy, No. 177 at p. 4) In this SNOPR, DOE has proposed a one-year 
lead time for compliance. As discussed in previous sections, a one-year 
lead time would allow for coordination of compliance with the DOE 
requirements and the HUD Code and provide manufacturers flexibility in 
allocating and managing the resources needed to bring their 
manufactured homes into compliance. Additionally, a one-year lead-time 
would allow for the evaluation of industry compliance under the DOE 
standards before DOE is required to evaluate potential updates based on 
the next version of the IECC.

[[Page 47826]]

3. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities Affected
    The SBA has set a size threshold for manufacturers of manufactured 
homes, which defines those entities classified as ``small businesses'' 
for the purposes of the statute. DOE used the SBA's small business size 
standards to determine whether any small entities would be subject to 
the requirements of the rule. (13 CFR part 121) The size standards are 
listed by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code 
and industry description and are available at https://www.sba.gov/document/support--table-size-standards. Manufacturing of manufactured 
housing is classified under NAICS 321991, ``Manufactured Home (Mobile 
Home) Manufacturing.'' The SBA sets a threshold of 1,250 employees or 
fewer for an entity to be considered as a small business for this 
category. DOE notes that the initial regulatory flexibility analysis 
(IRFA) in the 2016 NOPR was based on an employee threshold of 500 
employees. 81 FR 42576. The updated IRFA threshold of 1,250 employee 
reflects the SBA's most recent guidance on the employee threshold for 
small businesses.
    To estimate the number of companies that manufacture manufactured 
housing covered by this rulemaking, DOE conducted a market survey using 
publicly available information. DOE first attempted to identify all 
manufactured housing manufacturers by researching industry trade 
associations (e.g., MHI \86\) and individual company websites. DOE used 
market research tools such as Hoovers reports,\87\ Glassdoor,\88\ and 
LinkedIn \89\ to gather information about the number of employees and 
manufacturing locations. DOE also asked stakeholders and industry 
representatives if they were aware of any other small manufacturers. 
After a comprehensive list of businesses was created, DOE screened out 
companies that do not offer manufactured homes affected by this 
proposed rule, do not meet the definition of a ``small business,'' are 
foreign owned and operated, or do not manufacture manufactured homes in 
the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ https://www.manufacturedhousing.org/admin/template/brochures/949temp.pdf.
    \87\ Hoovers. https://www.hoovers.com/.
    \88\ https://www.glassdoor.com/index.htm.
    \89\ https://www.linkedin.com/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE identified 34 manufacturers of manufactured housing affected by 
this rulemaking. Of these, DOE identified 29 as domestic small 
businesses.
    DOE requests comment on the number of manufacturers of manufactured 
housing producing home covered by this rulemaking.
4. Description and Estimate of Compliance Requirements
    To evaluate impacts facing manufacturers of manufactured housing, 
DOE estimated both the capital conversion costs (e.g., investments in 
property, plant, and equipment) and product conversion costs (e.g., 
expenditures on R&D, testing, marketing, and other non-depreciable 
expenses) manufacturers would incur to bring their manufacturing 
facilities and product designs into compliance with the standards as 
proposed.
    To calculate product conversion costs, DOE estimated the number of 
model-plans manufacturers would need to redesign. Based on input from 
subject matter experts in the industry, manufacturers would need to 
update between 200 and 250 plans as a result of the standard. 
Consulting with subject matter experts in the industry, DOE estimated 
that each plan would require 3 hours of engineering time to update. 
Based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, DOE calculated a 
fully burdened mean hourly wage for a mechanical engineer at $65.63/
hour in 2020.\90\ Based on these inputs, DOE estimated product 
conversion costs of approximately $49,000 per manufacturer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes172141.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While DOE understands most manufacturers have the necessary 
equipment to produce manufactured homes that are compliant with the 
standards as proposed in this document, DOE incorporated capital 
conversion costs of approximately $3,000 per manufacturer to cover 
additional work stations, equipment, and tooling that may be needed to 
support compliance with the standard.
    In aggregate, DOE estimates the average small manufacturer would 
incur $52,000 in conversion costs. Based on data from business 
databases (i.e., Dunn & Bradstreet and Manta), DOE estimated that small 
manufacturers of manufactured housing have an average annual revenue of 
$43.3 million. Per manufacturer conversion costs are less than 0.1 
percent of average small business annual revenue. While the proposed 
standards would require investments on the part of small manufacturers, 
DOE's calculations show that the conversion costs are small relative to 
the size of the average small manufacturer.
    DOE requests comment on the cost to update model plans and the 
number of model plans to update as a result of the proposed rule; on 
the types of equipment and capital expenditures that would be 
necessitated by the proposal; and the total cost of updating product 
offerings and manufacturing facilities. DOE requests comment on how 
these values would differ for small manufacturers. DOE requests comment 
on its estimate of average annual revenues for small manufacturers of 
manufactured housing.
5. Significant Alternatives Considered and Steps Taken To Minimize 
Significant Economic Impacts on Small Entities
    In reviewing alternatives to the proposed standards, DOE examined 
energy conservation standards proposed in the June 2016 NOPR. The June 
2016 NOPR was adopted by the MH working group, which consisted of 22 
representatives of stakeholders,\91\ including representatives of 
manufacturer trade groups that included small manufacturers. However, 
in response to concerns related to potential adverse impacts on price-
sensitive, low-income purchasers of manufactured homes from the 
imposition of energy conservation standards on manufactured housing, in 
this SNOPR DOE is proposing the tiered standard. In the alternative, 
DOE is also proposing the untiered standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ Selected member of the MH working group were: Bert Kessler, 
Palm Harbor Homes, Inc.; David Tompos, NTA, Inc.; Emanuel Levy, 
Systems Building Research Alliance; Eric Lacey, Responsible Energy 
Codes Alliance; Ishbel Dickens, National Manufactured Home Owners 
Association (NMHOA); Keith Dennis, National Rural Electric 
Cooperative Association; Lois Starkey, Manufactured Housing 
Institute; Lowell Ungar, American Council for an Energy-Efficient 
Economy; Manuel Santana, Cavco Industries; Mark Ezzo, Clayton Homes, 
Inc.; Mark Weiss, Manufactured Housing Association for Regulatory 
Reform; Michael Lubliner, Washington State University Extension 
Energy Program; Michael Wade, Cavalier Home Builders; Peter 
Schneider, Efficiency Vermont; Richard Hanger, Housing Technology 
and Standards; Richard Potts, Virginia Department of Housing and 
Community Development; Rob Luter, Lippert Components, Inc.; Robin 
Roy, Natural Resources Defense Council; Scott Drake, East Kentucky 
Power Cooperative; Stacey Epperson, Next Step Network. DOE and ASRAC 
members were: Joseph Hagerman (DOE); and John Caskey (ASRAC, 
National Electrical Manufacturers Association).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE evaluated the alternative of adopting a single, untiered 
standard for manufactured homes that focuses on the building thermal 
envelope, duct and air sealing, insulation installation, HVAC 
specifications, service hot water systems, mechanical ventilation fan 
efficacy, and heating and cooling equipment sizing provisions, based on 
the 2021 IECC. The untiered standard would apply all manufactured 
homes,

[[Page 47827]]

regardless of manufacturer retail price. The untiered proposal is 
expected to result in 2.58 quads of energy savings over the 30-year 
analysis period.
    However, DOE's primary proposal in this SNOPR is the tiered 
standard. DOE structured this proposal to minimize impacts on the most 
price-sensitive consumers and manufacturers that sell to those 
consumers. In the proposal, Tier 1 would apply to manufactured homes 
with a manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less, and would 
incorporate building thermal envelope measures based on certain thermal 
envelope components subject to the 2021 IECC but would limit the 
incremental purchase price increase to $750 or less. The proposal also 
sets up a Tier 2 that would apply to manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price greater than $55,000. The Tier 2 
standards would be set to stringencies based on the 2021 IECC and 
likely increase purchase prices by more than $750. The tiered proposal 
is expected to result in 2.32 quads of energy savings over the 30-year 
analysis period. The tiered proposal balances the benefits of the 
energy savings with the potential burdens placed on low-income 
consumers and on manufacturers that serve those consumers.

C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act

    This rulemaking would not include any information collection 
requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3501 et seq.).

D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

    DOE is preparing a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (DOE/
EIS-0550) entitled, ``Environmental Impact Statement: Energy 
Conservation Standards for Manufactured Housing'', pursuant to the 
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), the Council on 
Environmental Quality's Regulations for implementing the procedural 
provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (40 CFR parts 1500-
1508), and DOE's NEPA Implementing Procedures (10 CFR part 1021).

E. Review Under Executive Order 13132

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' 64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999) 
imposes certain requirements on Federal agencies formulating and 
implementing policies or regulations that preempt State law or that 
have federalism implications. The Executive order requires agencies to 
examine the constitutional and statutory authority supporting any 
action that would limit the policymaking discretion of the States and 
to carefully assess the necessity for such actions. The Executive order 
also requires agencies to have an accountable process to ensure 
meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications. 
On March 14, 2000, DOE published a statement of policy describing the 
intergovernmental consultation process it will follow in the 
development of such regulations. 65 FR 13735. DOE has examined this 
proposed rule and has determined that it would not have a substantial 
direct effect on the States, on the relationship between the national 
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government.
    DOE has examined this action and has determined that it will not 
pre-empt State law. This action impacts energy efficiency requirements 
for manufacturers of manufactured homes. Therefore, no further action 
is required by E.O. 13132.

F. Review Under Executive Order 12988

    With respect to the review of existing regulations and the 
promulgation of new regulations, section 3(a) of E.O. 12988, ``Civil 
Justice Reform,'' imposes on Federal agencies the general duty to 
adhere to the following requirements: (1) Eliminate drafting errors and 
ambiguity; (2) write regulations to minimize litigation; (3) provide a 
clear legal standard for affected conduct rather than a general 
standard; and (4) promote simplification and burden reduction. 61 FR 
4729 (Feb. 7, 1996). Regarding the review required by section 3(a), 
section 3(b) of E.O. 12988 specifically requires that Executive 
agencies make every reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation: 
(1) Clearly specifies the preemptive effect, if any; (2) clearly 
specifies any effect on existing Federal law or regulation; (3) 
provides a clear legal standard for affected conduct while promoting 
simplification and burden reduction; (4) specifies the retroactive 
effect, if any; (5) adequately defines key terms; and (6) addresses 
other important issues affecting clarity and general draftsmanship 
under any guidelines issued by the Attorney General. Section 3(c) of 
E.O. 12988 requires Executive agencies to review regulations in light 
of applicable standards in section 3(a) and section 3(b) to determine 
whether they are met, or it is unreasonable to meet one or more of 
them. DOE has completed the required review and determined that, to the 
extent permitted by law, this proposed rule meets the relevant 
standards of E.O. 12988.

G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (``UMRA'') 
requires each Federal agency to assess the effects of Federal 
regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal governments and the 
private sector. Public Law 104-4, section 201 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 
1531). For a regulatory action likely to result in a rule that may 
cause the expenditure by State, local, and Tribal governments, in the 
aggregate, or by the private sector of $100 million or more in any one 
year (adjusted annually for inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires a 
Federal agency to publish a written statement that estimates the 
resulting costs, benefits, and other effects on the national economy. 
(2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b)) The UMRA also requires a Federal agency to 
develop an effective process to permit timely input by elected officers 
of State, local, and Tribal governments on a ``significant 
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving 
notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially affected small 
governments before establishing any requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect them. On March 18, 1997, DOE published 
a statement of policy on its process for intergovernmental consultation 
under UMRA. 62 FR 12820. DOE's policy statement is also available at 
https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/gcprod/documents/umra_97.pdf.
    DOE has tentatively concluded that this proposed rule may require 
expenditures of $100 million or more in one year by the private sector. 
Such expenditures may include: (1) Updates to product plans and 
investment in capital expenditures by manufactured home manufacturers 
in the years between the final rule and the compliance date of the new 
standards, and (2) incremental additional expenditures by consumers to 
purchase higher-efficiency manufactured homes, starting at the 
compliance date for the standards.
    Section 202 of UMRA authorizes a Federal agency to respond to the 
content requirements of UMRA in any other statement or analysis that 
accompanies the rule. (2 U.S.C. 1532(c)) The content requirements of 
section 202(b) of UMRA relevant to a private sector mandate 
substantially overlap the economic analysis requirements that apply 
under E.O. 12866. The SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this 
document and chapter 15 of the TSD for this SNOPR respond to those 
requirements.

[[Page 47828]]

    Under section 205 of UMRA, the Department is obligated to identify 
and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives before 
promulgating a rule for which a written statement under section 202 is 
required. (2 U.S.C. 1535(a)) DOE is required to select from those 
alternatives the most cost-effective and least burdensome alternative 
that achieves the objectives of the rule unless DOE publishes an 
explanation for doing otherwise, or the selection of such an 
alternative is inconsistent with law.
    In accordance with the statutory provisions discussed in this 
document, this proposed rule would establish energy conservation 
standards for manufactured homes based on the most recent IECC, except 
in cases in which DOE finds that the IECC is not cost-effective, or a 
more stringent standard would be more cost-effective, based on the 
impact of the code on the purchase price of manufactured housing and on 
total life-cycle construction and operating costs, and taking into 
consideration the design and factory construction techniques of 
manufactured homes. (42 U.S.C. 17071(b)(1) and 42 U.S.C. 
17071(b)(2)(A)) A discussion of the alternatives considered by DOE is 
presented in chapter 15 of the TSD for this SNOPR.

H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
1999

    Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family 
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being. 
This proposal, if finalized as proposed, would not have any impact on 
the autonomy or integrity of the family as an institution. Accordingly, 
DOE has concluded that it is not necessary to prepare a Family 
Policymaking Assessment.

I. Review Under Executive Order 12630

    Pursuant to E.O. 12630, ``Governmental Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights,'' 53 FR 8859 (Mar. 18, 
1988), DOE has determined that this proposal, if finalized as proposed, 
would not result in any takings that might require compensation under 
the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
2001

    Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516, note) provides for Federal agencies to 
review most disseminations of information to the public under 
information quality guidelines established by each agency pursuant to 
general guidelines issued by OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 
FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 
62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). Pursuant to OMB Memorandum M-19-15, Improving 
Implementation of the Information Quality Act (April 24, 2019), DOE 
published updated guidelines which are available at https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/12/f70/DOE%20Final%20Updated%20IQA%20Guidelines%20Dec%202019.pdf. DOE has 
reviewed this proposed rule under the OMB and DOE guidelines and has 
concluded that it is consistent with applicable policies in those 
guidelines.

K. Review Under Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355 
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to OIRA 
at OMB, a Statement of Energy Effects for any significant energy 
action. A ``significant energy action'' is defined as any action by an 
agency that promulgates or is expected to lead to promulgation of a 
final rule, and that: (1) Is a significant regulatory action under E.O. 
12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to have a significant 
adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy; or (3) is 
designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a significant energy action. 
For any significant energy action, the agency must give a detailed 
statement of any adverse effects on energy supply, distribution, or use 
should the proposal be implemented, and of reasonable alternatives to 
the action and their expected benefits on energy supply, distribution, 
and use.
    DOE has tentatively concluded that this regulatory action, which 
proposes new energy conservation standards for manufactured housing, is 
not a significant energy action because the standards are not likely to 
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use 
of energy, nor has it been designated as such by the Administrator at 
OIRA. Accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of Energy Effects 
on this proposed rule.

L. Information Quality

    On December 16, 2004, OMB, in consultation with the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), issued its Final Information 
Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (the Bulletin). 70 FR 2664 (Jan. 14, 
2005). The Bulletin establishes that certain scientific information 
shall be peer-reviewed by qualified specialists before it is 
disseminated by the Federal Government, including influential 
scientific information related to agency regulatory actions. The 
purpose of the Bulletin is to enhance the quality and credibility of 
the Government's scientific information. Under the Bulletin, the energy 
conservation standards rulemaking analyses are ``influential scientific 
information,'' which the Bulletin defines as ``scientific information 
the agency reasonably can determine will have, or does have, a clear 
and substantial impact on important public policies or private sector 
decisions.'' 70 FR 2664, 2667.
    In response to OMB's Bulletin, DOE conducted formal peer reviews of 
the energy conservation standards development process for consumer 
products and industrial equipment under EPCA and the analyses that are 
typically used and prepared a report describing that peer review.\92\ 
Generation of this report involved a rigorous, formal, and documented 
evaluation using objective criteria and qualified and independent 
reviewers to make a judgment as to the technical, scientific, and 
business merit; the actual or anticipated results; and the productivity 
and management effectiveness of programs and/or projects. While the 
energy conservation standards for manufactured housing in this document 
have been proposed pursuant to section 413 of EISA (42 U.S.C. 17071) as 
compared to the appliance standards authority in EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6291-
6317), DOE relied on the general analytical process developed and peer-
reviewed for the appliance standards. DOE conducted formal in-progress 
peer reviews of the energy conservation standards development process 
and analyses under the Appliance Standards Program and has prepared a 
Peer Review Report pertaining to the energy conservation standards 
rulemaking analyses. Generation of this report involved a rigorous, 
formal, and documented evaluation using objective criteria and 
qualified and independent reviewers to make a judgment as to the 
technical/scientific/business merit, the actual or anticipated results, 
and the productivity and management effectiveness of

[[Page 47829]]

programs and/or projects. The ``Energy Conservation Standards 
Rulemaking Peer Review Report'' dated February 2007 has been 
disseminated and is available at the following website: https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/peer-review. DOE also has a peer review 
in process with the National Academy of Sciences and will review any 
recommendations made therein when the report is available.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ The 2007 ``Energy Conservation Standards Rulemaking Peer 
Review Report'' is available at the following website: https://energy.gov/eere/buildings/downloads/energy-conservation-standards-rulemaking-peeR-review-report-0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

M. Materials Incorporated by Reference

    Under section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization Act 
(Pub. L. 95-91; 42 U.S.C. 7101), DOE must comply with section 32 of the 
Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, as amended by the Federal 
Energy Administration Authorization Act of 1977. (15 U.S.C. 788; FEAA) 
Section 32 essentially provides in relevant part that, where a proposed 
rule authorizes or requires use of commercial standards, the notice of 
proposed rulemaking must inform the public of the use and background of 
such standards. In addition, section 32(c) requires DOE to consult with 
the Attorney General and the FTC Chairman concerning the impact of the 
commercial or industry standards on competition.
    DOE is proposing to incorporate by reference the industry standard 
published by ACCA, titled Manual J--Residential Load Calculation (8th 
Edition). ACCA Manual J is an industry accepted standard for 
calculating the heating and cooling load associated with a building. 
DOE is proposing to require building heating and cooling loads to be 
calculated (for purposes of equipment sizing) in accordance with ACCA 
Manual J. ACCA Manual J is readily available on ACCA's website at 
www.acca.org/.
    DOE is proposing to incorporate by reference the industry standard 
published by ACCA, titled Manual S--Residential Equipment Selection 
(2nd Edition). ACCA Manual S is an industry accepted standard for 
calculating the appropriate heating and cooling equipment size for a 
building. DOE is proposing to require building heating and cooling 
equipment to be sized in accordance with ACCA Manual S. ACCA Manual S 
is readily available on ACCA's website at www.acca.org/.
    DOE is proposing to incorporate by reference the industry standard 
written by C.C Conner and Z.T. Taylor of Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 
titled Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured Homes. 
This industry standard (referred to as the ``Battelle Method'') is an 
industry accepted method for calculating the overall thermal 
transmittance of a manufactured home. In instances in which 
manufacturers demonstrate compliance with the overall thermal 
transmittance requirement, DOE is proposing to require manufactured 
housing manufacturers to calculate the overall thermal transmittance of 
a manufactured home in accordance with this industry standard. This 
standard is readily available on the U.S. Department of Housing and 
Urban Development's website at www.huduser.org/portal/publications/manufhsg/uvalue.html.
    DOE has evaluated these standards and was unable to conclude 
whether they fully comply with the requirements of section 32(b) of the 
FEAA (i.e., whether they were developed in a manner that fully provides 
for public participation, comment, and review). DOE will consult with 
both the Attorney General and the Chairman of the FTC concerning the 
impact of these standards on competition, prior to prescribing a final 
rule.

VI. Public Participation

A. Participation in the Webinar

    The time and date of the webinar meeting are listed in the DATES 
section at the beginning of this document. Webinar registration 
information, participant instructions, and information about the 
capabilities available to webinar participants will be published on 
DOE's website: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/standards.aspx?productid=64. Participants are 
responsible for ensuring their systems are compatible with the webinar 
software.

B. Procedure for Submitting Prepared General Statements for 
Distribution

    Any person who has an interest in the topics addressed in this 
SNOPR, or who is representative of a group or class of persons that has 
an interest in these issues, may request an opportunity to make an oral 
presentation at the webinar. Requests should be sent by email to: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9edfeeeef2f7fff0fdfbcdeafff0faffecfaedcfebfbedeaf7f1f0eddefbfbb0faf1fbb0f9f1e8"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="98d9e8e8f4f1f9f6fbfdcbecf9f6fcf9eafcebc9edfdebecf1f7f6ebd8fdfdb6fcf7fdb6fff7ee">[email protected]</span></a>. Persons who wish to speak 
should include with their request a computer file in WordPerfect, 
Microsoft Word, PDF, or text (ASCII) file format that briefly describes 
the nature of their interest in this rulemaking and the topics they 
wish to discuss. Such persons should also provide a daytime telephone 
number where they can be reached.
    Persons requesting to speak should briefly describe the nature of 
their interest in this rulemaking and provide a telephone number for 
contact. DOE requests persons selected to make an oral presentation to 
submit an advance copy of their statements at least two weeks before 
the webinar. At its discretion, DOE may permit persons who cannot 
supply an advance copy of their statement to participate, if those 
persons have made advance alternative arrangements with the Building 
Technologies Office. As necessary, requests to give an oral 
presentation should ask for such alternative arrangements.

C. Conduct of the Webinar

    DOE will designate a DOE official to preside at the webinar and may 
also use a professional facilitator to aid discussion. The meeting will 
not be a judicial or evidentiary-type public hearing, but DOE will 
conduct it in accordance with section 336 of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6306). A 
court reporter will be present to record the proceedings and prepare a 
transcript. DOE reserves the right to schedule the order of 
presentations and to establish the procedures governing the conduct of 
the webinar. There shall not be discussion of proprietary information, 
costs or prices, market share, or other commercial matters regulated by 
U.S. anti-trust laws. After the webinar and until the end of the 
comment period, interested parties may submit further comments on the 
proceedings and any aspect of the rulemaking.
    The webinar will be conducted in an informal, conference style. DOE 
will present summaries of comments received before the webinar, allow 
time for prepared general statements by participants, and encourage all 
interested parties to share their views on issues affecting this 
rulemaking. Each participant will be allowed to make a general 
statement (within time limits determined by DOE), before the discussion 
of specific topics. DOE will permit, as time permits, other 
participants to comment briefly on any general statements.
    At the end of all prepared statements on a topic, DOE will permit 
participants to clarify their statements briefly. Participants should 
be prepared to answer questions by DOE and by other participants 
concerning these issues. DOE representatives may also ask questions of 
participants concerning other matters relevant to this rulemaking. The 
official conducting the webinar will accept additional comments or 
questions from those attending, as time permits. The presiding official 
will announce any further procedural rules or modification of the above 
procedures that may be

[[Page 47830]]

needed for the proper conduct of the webinar.
    A transcript of the webinar will be included in the docket, which 
can be viewed as described in the Docket section at the beginning of 
this SNOPR. In addition, any person may buy a copy of the transcript 
from the transcribing reporter.

D. Submission of Comments

    DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding this 
proposed rule no later than the date provided in the DATES section at 
the beginning of this proposed rule. Interested parties may submit 
comments, data, and other information using any of the methods 
described in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this document.
    Submitting comments via https://www.regulations.gov. The https://www.regulations.gov web page will require you to provide your name and 
contact information. Your contact information will be viewable to DOE 
Building Technologies staff only. Your contact information will not be 
publicly viewable except for your first and last names, organization 
name (if any), and submitter representative name (if any). If your 
comment is not processed properly because of technical difficulties, 
DOE will use this information to contact you. If DOE cannot read your 
comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for 
clarification, DOE may not be able to consider your comment.
    However, your contact information will be publicly viewable if you 
include it in the comment itself or in any documents attached to your 
comment. Any information that you do not want to be publicly viewable 
should not be included in your comment, nor in any document attached to 
your comment. Otherwise, persons viewing comments will see only first 
and last names, organization names, correspondence containing comments, 
and any documents submitted with the comments.
    Do not submit to https://www.regulations.gov information for which 
disclosure is restricted by statute, such as trade secrets and 
commercial or financial information (hereinafter referred to as 
Confidential Business Information (CBI)). Comments submitted through 
https://www.regulations.gov cannot be claimed as CBI. Comments received 
through the website will waive any CBI claims for the information 
submitted. For information on submitting CBI, see the Confidential 
Business Information section.
    DOE processes submissions made through https://www.regulations.gov 
before posting. Normally, comments will be posted within a few days of 
being submitted. However, if large volumes of comments are being 
processed simultaneously, your comment may not be viewable for up to 
several weeks. Please keep the comment tracking number that https://www.regulations.gov provides after you have successfully uploaded your 
comment.
    Submitting comments via email. Comments and documents submitted via 
email also will be posted to https://www.regulations.gov. If you do not 
want your personal contact information to be publicly viewable, do not 
include it in your comment or any accompanying documents. Instead, 
provide your contact information in a cover letter. Include your first 
and last names, email address, telephone number, and optional mailing 
address. The cover letter will not be publicly viewable as long as it 
does not include any comments.
    Include contact information each time you submit comments, data, 
documents, and other information to DOE. No telefacsimiles (faxes) will 
be accepted.
    Comments, data, and other information submitted to DOE 
electronically should be provided in PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or 
Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file format. Provide documents that 
are not secured, that are written in English, and that are free of any 
defects or viruses. Documents should not contain special characters or 
any form of encryption and, if possible, they should carry the 
electronic signature of the author.
    Campaign form letters. Please submit campaign form letters by the 
originating organization in batches of between 50 to 500 form letters 
per PDF or as one form letter with a list of supporters' names compiled 
into one or more PDFs. This reduces comment processing and posting 
time.
    Confidential Business Information. Pursuant to 10 CFR 1004.11, any 
person submitting information that he or she believes to be 
confidential and exempt by law from public disclosure should submit via 
email two well-marked copies: One copy of the document marked 
``confidential'' including all the information believed to be 
confidential, and one copy of the document marked ``non-confidential'' 
with the information believed to be confidential deleted. DOE will make 
its own determination about the confidential status of the information 
and treat it according to its determination.
    It is DOE's policy that all comments may be included in the public 
docket, without change and as received, including any personal 
information provided in the comments (except information deemed to be 
exempt from public disclosure).

E. Issues on Which DOE Requests Comment

    Although DOE welcomes comments on any aspect of this proposal, DOE 
is particularly interested in receiving comments and views of 
interested parties concerning the following issues:
    1. DOE invites comment on whether (1) the manufacturer's retail 
list price threshold for Tier 1 under the tiered proposal is 
appropriate, (2) the untiered proposal in this SNOPR is cost-effective, 
generally, and (3) the untiered proposal is cost-effective for low-
income consumers.
    2. DOE welcomes comment on approaches for testing, compliance and 
enforcement provisions for the proposed standards and alternative 
proposal. DOE also welcomes comments and information related to 
potential testing, compliance and enforcement under the current HUD 
inspection and enforcement process, and potential costs of testing, 
compliance and enforcement of the proposed standards and alternative 
proposal in this document.
    3. DOE requests comment on the use of a tiered approach to address 
affordability and PBP concerns from HUD, other stakeholders, and the 
policies outlined in Executive Order 13985. DOE also requests comment 
regarding whether the price point boundary between the proposed tiers 
is appropriate, and if not, at what price point should it be set and 
the basis for any alternative price points. DOE also requests comment 
on its assumptions regarding the use of high-priced loans (e.g., 
chattel loans) by low-income purchasers, or other purchasers, of 
manufactured housing.
    4. DOE also requests comment on alternate thresholds (besides price 
point) to consider for the tiered approach, including a size-based 
threshold (e.g., square footage or whether a home is single- or multi-
section). DOE requests comment on the square footage and region versus 
sales price data provided in the notice (from MHS PUF 2019) and how 
that data (or more recent versions of that data) could be used to 
create either a size-based or region-based threshold instead. DOE 
further requests input on whether there should be single national 
threshold as proposed, or whether it should vary based on geography or 
other factors, and if so, what factors should be considered.

[[Page 47831]]

    5. DOE requests comment on using the AEO GDP deflator series to 
adjust the manufacturer's retail list price threshold for inflation. 
DOE requests comment on whether other time series, including those that 
account for regional variability, should be used to adjust 
manufacturer's retail list price.
    6. DOE requests comment on whether a one-year lead time would be 
sufficient given potential constraints that compliance with the DOE 
standards may initially place on the HUD certification process, and 
whether a longer lead time (e.g., a three-year lead time) or some other 
alternative lead-time for this first set of standards (e.g., phased-in 
over three years, with one-year lead-times thereafter) should be 
provided.
    7. DOE requests comment on its understanding of the definitional 
changes in the 2018 IECC and the 2021 IECC. DOE also requests comments 
on its changes to the proposed definitions as compared to those 
proposed in the June 2016 NOPR.
    8. DOE requests comment on incorporating by reference ACCA Manual 
J, ACCA Manual S, and ``Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes'' by Conner and Taylor.
    9. DOE requests comment on basing the climate zones on the three 
HUD zones instead of the June 2016 NOPR-proposed four climate zones, or 
other configuration of climate zones. DOE further requests input on 
whether energy efficiency requirements should be based on smaller 
geographic areas than provided with the 3 or 4 zone model.
    10. DOE requests comment on the Tier 1 energy conservation 
standards, which would be applicable to manufactured homes with a 
manufacturer's retail list price of $55,000 or less. DOE also requests 
comment on the proposed energy conservation standards based on the most 
recent version of the IECC for the Tier 2 and untiered standards and 
the consideration of R-21 sensitivity for exterior wall insulation for 
climate zones 2 and 3.
    11. DOE requests comment on the additional energy efficiency 
requirements from the 2021 IECC and whether they should apply to 
manufactured homes, including those that DOE has initially considered 
as not applicable to manufactured homes. If so, DOE requests comment on 
how these requirements would apply and the costs and savings associated 
with these requirements.
    12. DOE requests comment on the proposal to not require that 
exterior ceiling insulation must have uniform thickness or a uniform 
density.
    13. DOE requests comment on the proposal not to limit the total 
area of glazed fenestration.
    14. DOE requests comment on removing the proposed requirement that 
exterior floor insulation installed must maintain permanent contact 
with the underside of the rough floor decking.
    15. DOE requests comment on the proposed updates to the 
installation of insulation criteria as it applies to manufactured homes 
construction only.
    16. DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC 
updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as 
part of this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether 
the 2021 IECC updates for installation criteria for access hatches and 
doors, baffles and shafts are applicable to manufactured housing and 
should be considered in this rulemaking.
    17. DOE requests comment on the proposed updates to the air barrier 
criteria as it applies to manufactured homes construction only. 
Further, DOE requests comment whether the SNOPR proposal continues to 
be designed to achieve air leakage sealing requirements of 5 ACH.
    18. DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC 
updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as 
part of this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether 
the 2021 IECC updates for air barrier criteria for recessed lighting, 
narrow cavities and plumbing are applicable to manufactured housing and 
should be considered in this rulemaking. If so, DOE requests comment on 
whether the requirements would alter the 5 ACH designation.
    19. DOE requests comment on the proposal to require that total air 
leakage of duct systems for all manufactured homes is to be less than 
or equal to 4 cfm per 100 square feet of conditioned floor area.
    20. DOE requests comment on DOE's interpretation of R403.1 and the 
proposed updates to the thermostat and controls requirements. In 
addition, DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 
IECC updates relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered 
as part of this rulemaking.
    21. DOE requests comment on DOE's interpretation of R403.5 and the 
proposed updates to the service hot water requirements. In addition, 
DOE requests comments on whether there are any of the 2021 IECC updates 
relevant to manufactured housing that should be considered as part of 
this rulemaking. Specifically, DOE requests comment on whether the 
circulating hot water system temperature limit should be included as a 
requirement.
    22. DOE requests comment on the proposal to include the 2021 IECC 
fan efficacy standard requirements. DOE requests comment on whether any 
of the fan efficacy requirements are not applicable to manufactured 
homes.
    23. DOE requests comment on whether the HRV and ERV provisions 
under 2021 IECC for site-built homes are applicable to manufactured 
homes and whether they would be cost-effective. Specifically, DOE 
requests comment on costs for the HRV and ERV requirements as it 
applies to manufactured homes in all climate zones.
    24. DOE requests comment on the above ventilation strategies, 
including (but not limited to) cost, performance, noise, and any other 
important attributes that DOE should consider, including those related 
to mitigation measures. While the alternate ventilation approaches are 
not integrated into the analysis presented as part of this proposal, 
DOE is giving serious consideration as to whether it should incorporate 
one or more of these options as part of its final rule based on any 
additional data and public comments it receives.
    25. DOE requests comment on the cost-effectiveness and feasibility 
of requiring R-20+5 for the exterior wall insulation for climate zone 2 
and 3 Tier 2/Untiered manufactured homes. DOE also requests comment on 
the sensitivity analysis for R-21 that would result in positive LCC 
savings for all cities.
    26. DOE requests comment on the inputs to the conversion cost 
estimates.
    27. DOE requests comment on the shipment breakdown per tier and 
using a substitution effect of 20 percent on shipments to account for 
the shift in homes sold to the lower tiered standard. DOE requests 
comment on whether it should use a different substitution effect value 
for this analysis--and if so, why. (Please provide data in support of 
an alternative substitution effect value.)
    28. DOE requests comment on the calculation of deadweight loss 
presented above and the extent to which there are market failures in 
the no-standards case.
    29. DOE requests comment on the number of manufacturers of 
manufactured housing producing home covered by this rulemaking.
    30. DOE requests comment on the cost to update model plans and the 
number of model plans to update as a result of the proposed rule; on 
the types of equipment and capital expenditures that would be 
necessitated by the proposal;

[[Page 47832]]

and the total cost of updating product offerings and manufacturing 
facilities. DOE requests comment on how these values would differ for 
small manufacturers. DOE requests comment on its estimate of average 
annual revenues for small manufacturers of manufactured housing.

VII. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

    The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this notice of 
proposed rulemaking.

List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 460

    Administrative practice and procedure, Buildings and facilities, 
Energy conservation, Housing standards, Incorporation by reference, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Signing Authority

    This document of the Department of Energy was signed on August 12, 
2021, by Kelly Speakes-Backman, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary 
and Acting Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 
Energy, pursuant to delegated authority from the Secretary of Energy. 
That document with the original signature and date is maintained by 
DOE. For administrative purposes only, and in compliance with 
requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the undersigned DOE 
Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to sign and submit 
the document in electronic format for publication, as an official 
document of the Department of Energy. This administrative process in no 
way alters the legal effect of this document upon publication in the 
Federal Register.

    Signed in Washington, DC, on August 13, 2021.
Treena V. Garrett,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, U.S. Department of Energy.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE proposes to add part 
460 of chapter II of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations as set forth 
below:

PART 460--ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR MANUFACTURED HOMES

Subpart A--General
Sec.
460.1 Scope.
460.2 Definitions.
460.3 Materials incorporated by reference.
460.4 Energy conservation standards.
Subpart B--Building Thermal Envelope
460.101 Climate zones.
460.102 Building thermal envelope requirements.
460.103 Installation of insulation.
460.104 Building thermal envelope air leakage.
Subpart C--HVAC, Service Hot Water, and Equipment Sizing
460.201 Duct systems.
460.202 Thermostats and controls.
460.203 Service hot water.
460.204 Mechanical ventilation fan efficacy.
460.205 Equipment sizing.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 17071; 42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.

Subpart A--General


Sec.  460.1  Scope.

    This subpart establishes energy conservation standards for 
manufactured homes as manufactured at the factory, prior to 
distribution in commerce for sale or installation in the field. A 
manufactured home that is manufactured on or after (date 1 year after 
the publication date of the final rule amending standards for 
manufactured homes) must comply with all applicable requirements of 
this part.


Sec.  460.2  Definitions.

    Adapted from Section R202 of the 2021 IECC and as used in this 
part--
    Access (to) means that which enables a device, appliance or 
equipment to be reached by ready access or by a means that first 
requires the removal or movement of a panel or similar obstruction.
    Air barrier means one or more materials joined together in a 
continuous manner to restrict or prevent the passage of air through the 
building thermal envelope and its assemblies.
    Automatic means self-acting or operating by its own mechanism when 
actuated by some impersonal influence.
    Building thermal envelope means exterior walls, exterior floors, 
exterior ceiling, or roofs, and any other building element assemblies 
that enclose conditioned space or provide a boundary between 
conditioned space and unconditioned space.
    Ceiling means an assembly that supports and forms the overhead 
interior surface of a building or room that covers its upper limit and 
is horizontal or tilted at an angle less than 60 degrees (1.05 rad) 
from horizontal.
    Climate zone means a geographical region identified in Sec.  
460.101.
    Conditioned space means an area, room, or space that is enclosed 
within the building thermal envelope and that is directly or indirectly 
heated or cooled. Spaces are indirectly heated or cooled where they 
communicate through openings with conditioned space, where they are 
separated from conditioned spaces by uninsulated walls, floors or 
ceilings, or where they contain uninsulated ducts, piping, or other 
sources of heating or cooling.
    Continuous air barrier means a combination of materials and 
assemblies that restrict or prevent the passage of air from conditioned 
space to unconditioned space.
    Door means an operable barrier used to block or allow access to an 
entrance of a manufactured home.
    Dropped ceiling means a secondary nonstructural ceiling, hung below 
the exterior ceiling.
    Dropped soffit means a secondary nonstructural ceiling that is hung 
below the exterior ceiling and that covers only a portion of the 
ceiling.
    Duct means a tube or conduit, except an air passage within a self-
contained system, utilized for conveying air to or from heating, 
cooling, or ventilating equipment.
    Duct system means a continuous passageway for the transmission of 
air that, in addition to ducts, includes duct fittings, dampers, 
plenums, fans, and accessory air-handling equipment and appliances.
    Eave means the edge of the roof that overhangs the face of an 
exterior wall and normally projects beyond the side of the manufactured 
home.
    Equipment includes material, devices, fixtures, fittings, or 
accessories both in the construction of, and in the plumbing, heating, 
cooling, and electrical systems of a manufactured home.
    Exterior ceiling means a ceiling that separates conditioned space 
from unconditioned space.
    Exterior floor means a floor that separates conditioned space from 
unconditioned space.
    Exterior wall means a wall, including a skylight well, that 
separates conditioned space from unconditioned space.
    Fenestration means vertical fenestration and skylights.
    Floor means a horizontal assembly that supports and forms the lower 
interior surface of a building or room upon which occupants can walk.
    Glazed or glazing means an infill material, including glass, 
plastic, or other transparent or translucent material used in 
fenestration.
    Heated water circulation system means a water distribution system 
in which one or more pumps are operated in the service hot water piping 
to circulate heated water from the water heating equipment to fixtures 
and back to the water heating equipment.
    2021 IECC means the 2021 version of the International Energy 
Conservation

[[Page 47833]]

Code, issued by the International Code Council.
    Insulation means material deemed to be insulation under 16 CFR 
460.2.
    Manufactured home means a structure, transportable in one or more 
sections, which in the traveling mode is 8 body feet or more in width 
or 40 body feet or more in length or which when erected onsite is 320 
or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and 
designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent 
foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the 
plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and electrical systems contained 
in the structure. This term includes all structures that meet the above 
requirements except the size requirements and with respect to which the 
manufacturer voluntarily files a certification pursuant to 24 CFR 
3282.13 and complies with the construction and safety standards set 
forth in 24 CFR part 3280. The term does not include any self-propelled 
recreational vehicle. Calculations used to determine the number of 
square feet in a structure will be based on the structure's exterior 
dimensions, measured at the largest horizontal projections when erected 
on site. These dimensions will include all expandable rooms, cabinets, 
and other projections containing interior space, but do not include bay 
windows. Nothing in this definition should be interpreted to mean that 
a manufactured home necessarily meets the requirements of the U.S. 
Department of Housing and Urban Development Minimum Property Standards 
(HUD Handbook 4900.1) or that it is automatically eligible for 
financing under 12 U.S.C. 1709(b).
    Manufacturer means any person engaged in the factory construction 
or assembly of a manufactured home, including any person engaged in 
importing manufactured homes for resale.
    Manual means capable of being operated by personal intervention.
    Opaque door means a door that is not less than 50 percent opaque in 
surface area.
    R-value (thermal resistance) means the inverse of the time rate of 
heat flow through a body from one of its bounding surfaces to the other 
surface for a unit temperature difference between the two surfaces, 
under steady state conditions, per unit area (h x ft\2\ x [deg]F/Btu).
    Rough opening means an opening in the exterior wall or roof, sized 
for installation of fenestration.
    Service hot water means supply of hot water for purposes other than 
comfort heating.
    Skylight means glass or other transparent or translucent glazing 
material, including framing materials, installed at an angle less than 
60 degrees (1.05 rad) from horizontal, including unit skylights, 
tubular daylighting devices, and glazing materials in solariums, 
sunrooms, roofs and sloped walls.
    Skylight well means the exterior walls underneath a skylight that 
extend from the interior finished surface of the exterior ceiling to 
the exterior surface of the location to which the skylight is attached.
    Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) means the ratio of the solar 
heat gain entering a space through a fenestration assembly to the 
incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted 
solar heat and absorbed solar radiation that is then reradiated, 
conducted, or convected into the space.
    State means each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the 
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 
American Samoa.
    Thermostat means an automatic control device used to maintain 
temperature at a fixed or adjustable set point.
    U-factor (thermal transmittance) means the coefficient of heat 
transmission (air to air) through a building component or assembly, 
equal to the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature 
difference between the warm side and cold side air films (Btu/h x ft\2\ 
x [deg]F).
    Uo (overall thermal transmittance) means the coefficient of heat 
transmission (air to air) through the building thermal envelope, equal 
to the time rate of heat flow per unit area and unit temperature 
difference between the warm side and cold side air films (Btu/h x ft\2\ 
x [deg]F).
    Ventilation means the natural or mechanical process of supplying 
conditioned or unconditioned air to, or removing such air from, any 
space.
    Vertical fenestration means windows (fixed or moveable), opaque 
doors, glazed doors, glazed block and combination opaque and glazed 
doors composed of glass or other transparent or translucent glazing 
materials and installed at a slope of greater than or equal to 60 
degrees (1.05 rad) from horizontal.
    Wall means an assembly that is vertical or tilted at an angle equal 
to greater than 60 degrees (1.05 rad) from horizontal that encloses or 
divides an area of a building or room.
    Whole-house mechanical ventilation system means an exhaust system, 
supply system, or combination thereof that is designed to mechanically 
exchange indoor air with outdoor air when operating continuously or 
through a programmed intermittent schedule.
    Window means glass or other transparent or translucent glazing 
material, including framing materials, installed at an angle greater 
than 60 degrees (1.05 rad) from horizontal.
    Zone means a space or group of spaces within a manufactured home 
with heating or cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so 
that desired conditions can be maintained using a single controlling 
device.


Sec.  460.3  Materials incorporated by reference.

    Certain material is incorporated by reference into this subpart 
with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance 
with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other 
than that specified in this section, DOE must publish a document in the 
Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All 
approved material is available for inspection at the U.S. Department of 
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building 
Technologies Program, Sixth Floor, 950 L'Enfant Plaza SW, Washington, 
DC 20024, (202) 586-2945, https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/appliance-and-equipment-standards-program, and may be obtained from the 
other sources in this section. It is also available for inspection at 
the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For 
information on the availability of this material at NARA, email: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#781e0a5611160b081d1b0c1117163816190a19561f170e"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="85e3f7abecebf6f5e0e6f1eceaebc5ebe4f7e4abe2eaf3">[email protected]</span></a>, or go to: www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.
    (a) ACCA. Air Conditioning Contractors of America, Inc., 2800 S. 
Shirlington Road, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22206, 703-575-4477, 
www.acca.org/.
    (1) ANSI/ACCA 2 Manual J-2016 (``ACCA Manual J''), Manual J-
Residential Load Calculation (8th edition), Copyright 2016. IBR 
approved for Sec.  460.205.
    (2) ANSI/ACCA 3 Manual S-2014 (``ACCA Manual S''), Manual S- 
Residential Equipment Selection (2nd Edition), Copyright 2014. IBR 
approved for Sec.  460.205.
    (b) PNL. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, 800-245-
2691, www.huduser.org/portal/publications/manufhsg/uvalue.html.
    (1) PNL-8006, (``Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes''), Overall U-Values and Heating/Cooling Loads--
Manufactured Homes, C.C. Conner and Z.T. Taylor,

[[Page 47834]]

February 1, 1992. IBR approved for Sec.  460.102(d)(1).
    (2) [Reserved].


Sec.  460.4  Energy conservation standards.

    (a) General. Energy conservation standard tier thresholds presented 
in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section must be adjusted to the most 
recently available Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) gross domestic product 
(GDP) time series.
    (b) Tier 1. A manufactured home for which the manufacturer's retail 
list price is $55,000 or less in real 2019$ (i.e., a Tier 1 
manufactured home) must comply with all applicable requirements in 
subparts B and C of this part.
    (c) Tier 2. A manufactured home for which the manufacturer retail 
list price is greater than $55,000 in real 2019$ (i.e., a Tier 2 
manufactured home) must comply with all applicable requirements in 
subparts B and C of this part.

Subpart B--Building Thermal Envelope


Sec.  460.101  Climate zones.

    Manufactured homes subject to the requirements of this subpart must 
comply with the requirements applicable to one or more of the climate 
zones set forth in Figure 460.101 and Table 460.101 of this section.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP26AU21.015


                           Table 460.101--U.S. States and Territories per Climate Zone
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Zone 1                                    Zone 2                         Zone 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama                                                                 Arkansas                         Alaska
American Samoa                                                           Arizona                               Colorado
Florida                                                                         California                     Connecticut
Georgia                                                                   Kansas                       Delaware
Guam                                                                    Kentucky                   District of Columbia
Hawaii                                                                  Missouri                          Idaho
Louisiana                                                             New Mexico                       Illinois
Mississippi                                                               North Carolina                Indiana
South Carolina                                                          Oklahoma                           Iowa
Texas                                                                  Tennessee                          Maine
The Commonwealth of                                 .............................                      Maryland
Puerto Rico                                         .............................                 Massachusetts
U.S. Virgin Islands                                 .............................                      Michigan
                                                    .............................                     Minnesota
                                                    .............................                       Montana
                                                    .............................                      Nebraska
                                                    .............................                        Nevada
                                                    .............................                 New Hampshire
                                                    .............................                    New Jersey
                                                    .............................                      New York
                                                    .............................                  North Dakota
                                                    .............................                          Ohio
                                                    .............................                        Oregon
                                                    .............................                  Pennsylvania
                                                    .............................                  Rhode Island
                                                    .............................                  South Dakota
                                                    .............................                          Utah
                                                    .............................                       Vermont
                                                    .............................                      Virginia
                                                    .............................                    Washington
                                                    .............................                 West Virginia

[[Page 47835]]

 
                                                    .............................                     Wisconsin
                                                    .............................                       Wyoming
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  460.102  Building thermal envelope requirements.

    (a) Compliance options. The building thermal envelope must meet 
either the prescriptive requirements of paragraph (b) of this section 
or the performance requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.
    (b) Prescriptive requirements. (1) The building thermal envelope 
must meet the applicable minimum R-value, and the maximum U-factor and 
SHGC, requirements set forth in Tables 460.102-1 and 460.102-2 of this 
section.

                                       Table 460.102-1--Tier 1 Building Thermal Envelope Prescriptive Requirements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Exterior
                                           Exterior wall      ceiling     Exterior floor     Window U-      Skylight U-                       Glazed
              Climate zone                 insulation R-   insulation R-   insulation R-      factor          factor       DoorU-factor    fenestration
                                               value           value           value                                                           SHGC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................              13              22              22            1.08            0.75            0.40             0.7
2.......................................              13              22              19             0.5            0.55            0.40             0.6
3.......................................              19              22              22            0.35            0.55            0.40             Not
                                                                                                                                             applicable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                       Table 460.102-2--Tier 2 Building Thermal Envelope Prescriptive Requirements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Exterior
                                           Exterior wall      ceiling     Exterior floor     Window U-      Skylight U-                       Glazed
              Climate zone                 insulation R-   insulation R-   insulation R-      factor          factor       Door U-factor   fenestration
                                               value           value           value                                                           SHGC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................              13              30              13            0.32            0.75            0.40            0.33
2.......................................            20+5              30              19            0.30            0.55            0.40            0.25
3.......................................            20+5              38              30            0.30            0.55            0.40             Not
                                                                                                                                             applicable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2) For the purpose of compliance with the exterior ceiling 
insulation R-value requirement of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the 
truss heel height must be a minimum of 5.5 inches at the outside face 
of each exterior wall.
    (3) A combination of R-21 batt insulation and R-14 blanket 
insulation may be used for the purpose of compliance with the floor 
insulation R-value requirement of Table 460.102-2, climate zone 3.
    (4) An individual skylight that has an SHGC that is less than or 
equal to 0.30 is not subject to the glazed fenestration SHGC 
requirements established in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Adapted 
from section R402 of the 2021 IECC.
    (5) U-factor alternatives to R-value requirements. Compliance with 
the applicable requirements in paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be 
determined using the maximum U-factor values set forth in Tables 
460.102-3 and 460.102-4, which reflect the thermal transmittance of the 
component, excluding fenestration, and not just the insulation of that 
component, as an alternative to the minimum R-value requirements set 
forth in Tables 460.102-1 and 460.102-2, respectively.

                      Table 460.102-3--U-factor Alternatives to Tier 1 R-value Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Exterior ceiling U-factor
                  Climate zone                   --------------------------------  Exterior wall  Exterior floor
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section     U-factor        U-factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.094           0.049
2...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.094           0.056
3...............................................           0.061           0.057           0.068           0.049
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                      Table 460.102-4--U-factor Alternatives to Tier 2 R-value Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Exterior ceiling U-factor
                  Climate zone                   --------------------------------  Exterior wall  Exterior floor
                                                  Single-section   Multi-section     U-factor        U-factor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1...............................................           0.045           0.043           0.094           0.078
2...............................................           0.045           0.043           0.047           0.056
3...............................................           0.038           0.037           0.047           0.032
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47836]]

    (c) Performance requirements. (1) The building thermal envelope 
must have a Uo that is less than or equal to the applicable value 
specified in Tables 460.102-5 and 460.102-6 of this section.

      Table 460.102-5--Tier 1 Building Thermal Envelope Performance
                              Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
              Climate zone                      Uo              Uo
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................           0.110           0.109
2.......................................           0.091           0.087
3.......................................           0.074           0.072
------------------------------------------------------------------------


      Table 460.102-6--Tier 2 Building Thermal Envelope Performance
                              Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Single-section   Multi-section
              Climate zone                      Uo              Uo
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................           0.086           0.082
2.......................................           0.062           0.063
3.......................................           0.053           0.052
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2) Area-weighted average vertical fenestration U-factor must not 
exceed 0.48 in climate zone 2 or 0.40 in climate zone 3. Adapted from 
section R402 of the 2021 IECC.
    (3) Area-weighted average skylight U-factor must not exceed 0.75 in 
climate zone 2 and climate zone 3. Adapted from section R402 of the 
2021 IECC.
    (4) Windows, skylights and doors containing more than 50 percent 
glazing by area must satisfy the SHGC requirements established in 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section on the basis of an area-weighted 
average. Adapted from section R402 of the 2021 IECC.
    (d) Determination of compliance with paragraph (c) of this section. 
(1) Uo must be determined in accordance with Overall U-Values and 
Heating/Cooling Loads--Manufactured Homes (incorporated by reference; 
see Sec.  460.3)
    (2) [Reserved]


Sec.  460.103  Installation of insulation.

    Insulating materials must be installed according to the insulation 
manufacturer's installation instructions and the requirements set forth 
in Table 460.103 of this section, which is adapted from section R402 of 
the 2021 IECC.

                Table 460.103--Installation of Insulation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Component                    Installation requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
General......................  Air-permeable insulation must not be used
                                as a material to establish the air
                                barrier.
Access hatches, panels, and    Access hatches, panels, and doors between
 doors.                         conditioned space and unconditioned
                                space must be insulated to a level
                                equivalent to the insulation of the
                                surrounding surface, must provide access
                                to all equipment that prevents damaging
                                or compressing the insulation, and must
                                provide a wood-framed or equivalent
                                baffle or retainer when loose fill
                                insulation is installed within an
                                exterior ceiling assembly to retain the
                                insulation both on the access hatch,
                                panel, or door and within the building
                                thermal envelope.
Baffles......................  Baffles must be constructed using a solid
                                material, maintain an opening equal or
                                greater than the size of the vents, and
                                extend over the top of the attic
                                insulation.
Ceiling or attic.............  The insulation in any dropped ceiling or
                                dropped soffit must be aligned with the
                                air barrier.
Eave vents...................  Air-permeable insulations in vented
                                attics within the building thermal
                                envelope must be installed adjacent to
                                eave vents.
Narrow cavities..............  Batts to be installed in narrow cavities
                                must be cut to fit or narrow cavities
                                must be filled with insulation that upon
                                installation readily conforms to the
                                available cavity space.
Rim joists...................  Rim joists must be insulated such that
                                the insulation maintain permanent
                                contact with the exterior rim board.
Shower or tub adjacent to      Exterior walls adjacent to showers and
 exterior wall.                 tubs must be insulated.
Walls........................  Air permeable exterior building thermal
                                envelope insulation for framed exterior
                                walls must completely fill the cavity,
                                including within stud bays caused by
                                blocking lay flats or headers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  460.104  Building thermal envelope air leakage.

    Manufactured homes must be sealed against air leakage at all 
joints, seams, and penetrations associated with the building thermal 
envelope in accordance with the component manufacturer's installation 
instructions and the requirements set forth in Table 460.104 of this 
section. Sealing methods between dissimilar materials must allow for 
differential expansion, contraction and mechanical vibration, and must 
establish a continuous air barrier upon installation of all opaque 
components of the building thermal envelope. All gaps and penetrations 
in the exterior ceiling, exterior floor, and exterior walls, including 
ducts, flue shafts, plumbing, piping, electrical wiring, utility 
penetrations, bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans, recessed lighting 
fixtures adjacent to unconditioned space, and light tubes adjacent to 
unconditioned space, must be sealed with caulk, foam, gasket or other 
suitable material. The air barrier installation criteria is adapted 
from section R402 of the 2021 IECC.

            Table 460.104--Air Barrier Installation Criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Component                       Air barrier criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceiling or attic.............  The air barrier in any dropped ceiling or
                                dropped soffit must be aligned with the
                                insulation and any gaps in the air
                                barrier must be sealed with caulk, foam,
                                gasket, or other suitable material.
                                Access hatches, panels, and doors, drop-
                                down stairs, or knee wall doors to
                                unconditioned attic spaces must be
                                weather-stripped or equipped with a
                                gasket to produce a continuous air
                                barrier.
Duct system register boots...  Duct system register boots that penetrate
                                the building thermal envelope or the air
                                barrier must be sealed to the subfloor,
                                wall covering or ceiling penetrated by
                                the boot, air barrier, or the interior
                                finish materials with caulk, foam,
                                gasket, or other suitable material.

[[Page 47837]]

 
Electrical box or phone box    The air barrier must be installed behind
 on exterior walls.             electrical and communication boxes or
                                the air barrier must be sealed around
                                the box penetration with caulk, foam,
                                gasket, or other suitable material.
Floors.......................  The air barrier must be installed at any
                                exposed edge of insulation. The bottom
                                board may serve as the air barrier.
Mating line surfaces.........  Mating line surfaces must be equipped
                                with a continuous and durable gasket.
Recessed lighting............  Recessed light fixtures installed in the
                                building thermal envelope must be sealed
                                to the drywall with caulk, foam, gasket,
                                or other suitable material.
Rim joists...................  The air barrier must enclose the rim
                                joists. The junctions of the rim board
                                to the sill plate and the rim board and
                                the subfloor must be air sealed.
Shower or tub adjacent to      The air barrier must separate showers and
 exterior wall.                 tubs from exterior walls.
Walls........................  The junction of the top plate and the
                                exterior ceiling, and the junction of
                                the bottom plate and the exterior floor,
                                along exterior walls must be sealed with
                                caulk, foam, gasket, or other suitable
                                material.
Windows, skylights, and        The rough openings around windows,
 exterior doors.                exterior doors, and skylights must be
                                sealed with caulk or foam.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Subpart C--HVAC, Service Hot Water, and Equipment Sizing


Sec.  460.201  Duct systems.

    Each manufactured home equipped with a duct system, which may 
include air handlers and filter boxes, must be sealed to limit total 
air leakage to less than or equal to four (4) cubic feet per minute per 
100 square feet of conditioned floor area. Building framing cavities 
must not be used as ducts or plenums when directly connected to 
mechanical systems. The duct total air leakage requirements are adapted 
from section R403 of the 2021 IECC.


Sec.  460.202  Thermostats and controls.

    (a) At least one thermostat must be provided for each separate 
heating and cooling system installed by the manufacturer. The 
thermostat and controls requirements are adapted from section R403 of 
the 2021 IECC.
    (b) Programmable thermostat. Any thermostat installed by the 
manufacturer that controls the heating or cooling system must--
    (1) Be capable of controlling the heating and cooling system on a 
daily schedule to maintain different temperature set points at 
different times of the day and different days of the week;
    (2) Include the capability to set back or temporarily operate the 
system to maintain zone temperatures down to 55 [deg]F (13 [deg]C) or 
up to 85 [deg]F (29 [deg]C); and
    (3) Initially be programmed with a heating temperature set point no 
higher than 70 [deg]F (21 [deg]C) and a cooling temperature set point 
no lower than 78 [deg]F (26 [deg]C).
    (c) Heat pumps with supplementary electric-resistance heat must be 
provided with controls that, except during defrost, prevent 
supplemental heat operation when the heat pump compressor can meet the 
heating load.


Sec.  460.203  Service hot water.

    (a) Service hot water systems installed by the manufacturer must be 
installed according to the service hot water manufacturer's 
installation instructions. Where service hot water systems are 
installed by the manufacturer, the manufacturer must ensure that any 
maintenance instructions received from the service hot water system 
manufacturer are provided with the manufactured home. The service hot 
water requirements are adapted from section R403 of the 2021 IECC.
    (b) Any automatic and manual controls, temperature sensors, pumps 
associated with service hot water systems must provide access.
    (c) Heated water circulation systems must--
    (1) Be provided with a circulation pump;
    (2) Ensure that the system return pipe is a dedicated return pipe 
or a cold water supply pipe;
    (3) Not include any gravity or thermosyphon circulation systems;
    (4) Ensure that controls for circulating heated water circulation 
pumps start the pump based on the identification of a demand for hot 
water within the occupancy; and
    (5) Ensure that the controls automatically turn off the pump when 
the water in the circulation loop is at the desired temperature and 
when there is no demand for hot water.
    (d) All hot water pipes--
    (1) Outside conditioned space must be insulated to a minimum R-
value of R-3; and
    (2) From a service hot water system to a distribution manifold must 
be insulated to a minimum R-value of R-3.


Sec.  460.204  Mechanical ventilation fan efficacy.

    (a) Whole-house mechanical ventilation system fans must meet the 
minimum efficacy requirements set forth in Table 460.204 of this 
section, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. The 
mechanical ventilation fan efficacy requirements are adapted from 
section R403 of the 2021 IECC.

        Table 460.204--Mechanical Ventilation System Fan Efficacy
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Minimum
          Fan type description             Airflow rate   efficacy (cfm/
                                           minimum (cfm)       watt)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heat recovery ventilator or energy                   Any             1.2
 recovery ventilator....................
In-line supply or exhaust fans..........             Any             3.8
Other exhaust fan.......................             <90             2.8
Other exhaust fan.......................            >=90             3.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 47838]]

    (b) Mechanical ventilation fans that are integral to heating, 
ventilating, and air conditioning equipment, including furnace fans as 
defined in Sec.  430.2 of this title, are not subject to the efficiency 
requirements in paragraph (a) of this section.


Sec.  460.205  Equipment sizing.

    Sizing of heating and cooling equipment installed by the 
manufacturer must be determined in accordance with ACCA Manual S 
(incorporated by reference; see Sec.  460.3) based on building loads 
calculated in accordance with ACCA Manual J (incorporated by reference; 
see Sec.  460.3). The equipment sizing criteria are adapted from 
section R403 of the 2021 IECC.

[FR Doc. 2021-17684 Filed 8-25-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P


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