IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON

MANDY SPRINGER, 

Plaintiff, No. 03:14-cv-01450-HZ

v.

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, OPINION & ORDER

Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

Defendant.

George J. Wall

1336 E. Burnside Street, Suite 130

Portland, Oregon 97214

Attorney for Plaintiff

Billy J. Williams

ACTING UNITED STATES ATTORNEY

District of Oregon

Janice E. Hebert

ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY

1000 S.W. Third Avenue, Suite 600

Portland, Oregon 97201-2902

 / / / 

1 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 1 of 13
Lisa Goldoftas

SPECIAL ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY

Office of the General Counsel

Social Security Administration

701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2900 M/S 221A

Seattle, Washington 98104-7075

Attorneys for Defendant

HERNANDEZ, District Judge:

Plaintiff Mandy Springer brings this action seeking judicial review of the Commissioner's

final decision to deny supplemental security income (SSI). This Court has jurisdiction pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (incorporated by 42 U.S.C. § 1383(c)(3)). I reverse the Commissioner's

decision and remand for additional proceedings.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff applied for SSI on November 2, 2010, alleging an onset date of January 1, 2010. 

Tr. 227-32. Her application was denied initially and on reconsideration. Tr. 143-47, 151-53. 

On December 20, 2012, Plaintiff appeared, with counsel, for a hearing before an

Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). Tr. 65-100. On January 24, 2013, the ALJ found Plaintiff not

disabled. Tr. 46-64. The Appeals Council denied review. Tr. 1-6.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff alleges disability based on having bipolar disorder and fibromyalgia. Tr. 273. 

At the time of the hearing, she was thirty-six years old. Tr. 70. She has completed the ninth

grade and has no past relevant work. Tr. 57, 71. Because the parties are familiar with the

medical and other evidence of record, I refer to any additional relevant facts necessary to my

decision in the discussion section below. 

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SEQUENTIAL DISABILITY EVALUATION 

A claimant is disabled if unable to "engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of

any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which . . . has lasted or can be

expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months[.]" 42 U.S.C. §§

423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(3)(a).

Disability claims are evaluated according to a five-step procedure. See Valentine v.

Comm'r, 574 F.3d 685, 689 (9th Cir. 2009) (in social security cases, agency uses five-step

procedure to determine disability). The claimant bears the ultimate burden of proving disability. 

Id. 

In the first step, the Commissioner determines whether a claimant is engaged in

"substantial gainful activity." If so, the claimant is not disabled. Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S.

137, 140 (1987); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b). In step two, the Commissioner

determines whether the claimant has a "medically severe impairment or combination of

impairments." Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 140-41; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(c). If not, the

claimant is not disabled.

In step three, the Commissioner determines whether plaintiff's impairments, singly or in

combination, meet or equal "one of a number of listed impairments that the [Commissioner]

acknowledges are so severe as to preclude substantial gainful activity." Yuckert, 482 U.S. at

141; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d), 416.920(d). If so, the claimant is conclusively presumed

disabled; if not, the Commissioner proceeds to step four. Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 141.

In step four, the Commissioner determines whether the claimant, despite any

impairment(s), has the residual functional capacity (RFC) to perform "past relevant work." 20

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Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 3 of 13
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e), 416.920(e). If the claimant can, the claimant is not disabled. If the

claimant cannot perform past relevant work, the burden shifts to the Commissioner. In step five,

the Commissioner must establish that the claimant can perform other work. Yuckert, 482 U.S. at

141-42; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e) & (f), 416.920(e) & (f). If the Commissioner meets his burden

and proves that the claimant is able to perform other work which exists in the national economy,

the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1566, 416.966.

THE ALJ'S DECISION

At step one, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful

activity since her application date. Tr. 51. Next, at steps two and three, the ALJ determined that

Plaintiff has severe impairments of fibromyalgia, urinary incontinence, depression, bipolar

disorder, and borderline personality characteristics, but that the impairments do not meet or

equal, either singly or in combination, a listed impairment. Tr. 51-53. 

At step four, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff has the residual functional capacity (RFC)

to lift and carry 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds occasionally; stand and/or walk 6 hours in

an 8 hour workday with normal breaks; sit up to 6 hours in an 8 hour work day with normal

breaks; occasionally climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds; avoid exposure to extreme cold and

hazards (such as heights and dangerous machinery); and remember, understand, and carry out

simple, routine tasks and instructions typical of SVP 1 or 2. Tr. 53. Additionally, she needs easy

access to a restroom, can have no public interaction, and can have no more than incidental, casual

interaction with co-workers. Id. With this RFC, the ALJ determined, at step five, that Plaintiff is

able to perform jobs that exist in significant numbers in the economy such electronics worker,

small products assembly, and bottle packer. Tr. 58. Thus, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff is

4 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 4 of 13
not disabled. Id. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A court may set aside the Commissioner's denial of benefits only when the

Commissioner's findings are based on legal error or are not supported by substantial evidence in

the record as a whole. Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009). "Substantial

evidence means more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance; it is such relevant

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). The court considers the record as a whole, including both the

evidence that supports and detracts from the Commissioner's decision. Id.; Lingenfelter v.

Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). "Where the evidence is susceptible to more than

one rational interpretation, the ALJ's decision must be affirmed." Vasquez, 572 F.3d at 591

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); see also Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149,

1152 (9th Cir. 2007) ("Where the evidence as a whole can support either a grant or a denial, [the

court] may not substitute [its] judgment for the ALJ's") (internal quotation marks omitted). 

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by failing to credit the opinion of examining

psychologist James B. Powell, Psy.D. Dr. Powell evaluated Plaintiff on April 26, 2012. Tr.

1035-44. He conducted an interview with Plaintiff and reviewed case history documents from

Oregon Health & Sciences University's Richmond Family Medical Clinic as well as Western

Psychological & Counseling Services. Tr. 1035. Although he did not administer standardized

psychological tests, he did conduct mental status/intellectual screening exercises. Tr. 1035,

1041, 1042. Dr. Powell wrote a narrative report and completed a two-page Mental Residual

5 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 5 of 13
Functional Capacity Report (MRFC). Tr. 1045-46. 

Based on his evaluation, Dr. Powell opined that Plaintiff met the "DSM-IV-TR"1

diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, not otherwise specified. Tr. 1042. He also diagnosed

Plaintiff with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Tr. 1041, 1042. He found her to have a

moderate level of impairment in sustained concentration, persistence, and pace, especially during

periods of increased frustration and agitation. Tr. 1042. He noted her difficulty in the

performance of mental status/intellectual screening exercises including "episodic breaks in

attention and concentration when recalling a series of digits in both a forward and backward

manner." Id. 

Dr. Powell further opined that Plaintiff had a marked impairment in her ability to manage

activities of daily living. Tr. 1043. He noted her ability to adequately manage several home

responsibilities including chores, personal hygiene, food shopping, food preparation, and the use

of public transportation. Id. But, he noted her history of difficulty managing financial resources

in a responsible manner, especially when she is in more of a manic state. Id. He noted her

current unemployed status and the fact that she had to rely upon "other sources" for financial

support. Id. He also noted her current lack of residential stability and homelessness. Id. 

Dr. Powell also mentioned Plaintiff's inability to control episodes of agitation and verbal

aggression which caused employment loss. Id. At the time of her evaluation with him, Plaintiff

had been banned from Department of Human Services property because of episodes of verbal

aggression. Id. He gave Plaintiff a current Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of

1

 Am. Psych. Ass'n, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. TR

2000) ("DSM–IV–TR").

6 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 6 of 13
41. Tr. 1042.

In his MRFC, Dr. Powell assessed Plaintiff as having marked limitations in the abilities

to (1) understand and remember detailed instructions; (2) carry out detailed instructions; (3)

perform activities within a schedule, maintain regular attendance, and be punctual within

customary tolerances; (4) complete a normal workday and workweek without interruptions from

psychologically-based symptoms and to perform at a consistent pace without an unreasonable

number and length of rest periods; (5) accept instructions and respond appropriate to criticism

from supervisors; and (6) set realistic goals or make plans independently of others. Tr. 1045-46. 

Dr. Powell assessed Plaintiff as moderately limited in the abilities to: (1) maintain

attention and concentration for extended periods; (2) work in coordination with or proximity to

others without being distracted by them; (3) interact appropriately with the general public; (4) get

along with co-workers or peers without distracting them or exhibiting behavioral extremes; (5)

maintain socially appropriate behavior and adhere to basic standards of neatness and cleanliness;

and (6) respond appropriately to changes in the work setting. Tr. 1046.

The ALJ gave Dr. Powell's assessment "little weight." Tr. 56. The ALJ accepted the

moderate limitations on contact with the public and co-workers but found Dr. Powell's opinion

overall to be inconsistent with Plaintiff's activities of daily living and Dr. Powell's own

examination. Id. She noted that Dr. Powell found Plaintiff markedly restricted in activities of

daily living even though Dr. Powell himself acknowledged that Plaintiff could shop, clean, cook,

use public transportation, maintain her hygiene, and care for her daughter. Tr. 56-57. The ALJ

noted that Dr. Powell based the marked restriction on Plaintiff's poor work history and poor

financial management. Tr. 57. But, she explained, Plaintiff "has lived on public assistance and

7 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 7 of 13
help from relatives." Id.

The ALJ rejected Dr. Powell's finding that Plaintiff had problems with memory,

concentration, attention, abstraction, judgment, and insight because Dr. Powell failed to address

the effect that Plaintiff's two-three times daily marijuana use had on her responses in the mental

status/intellectual screening examination. Id. Finally, the ALJ rejected Dr. Powell's GAF score

as inconsistent with Plaintiff's daily activities and with the "treating evidence." Id.

Social security law recognizes three types of physicians: (1) treating, (2) examining, and

(3) nonexamining. Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1201-02 (9th Cir. 2001); Lester v.

Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1996). "To reject an uncontradicted opinion of a treating or

examining doctor, an ALJ must state clear and convincing reasons that are supported by

substantial evidence. If a treating or examining doctor's opinion is contradicted by another

doctor's opinion, an ALJ may only reject it by providing specific and legitimate reasons that are

supported by substantial evidence." Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1216 (9th Cir. 2005)

(citation omitted). 

Plaintiff argues that the reasons given by the ALJ for rejecting Dr. Powell's opinion are

not supported in the record. Plaintiff also notes that the ALJ failed to even mention Dr. Powell's

assessment that Plaintiff has marked limitations in the ability to accept instructions and respond

appropriately to criticism from supervisors. 

Defendant argues that the ALJ properly considered the evidence and that because the

ALJ's interpretation of the evidence was rational, her conclusion must be upheld. Defendant also

maintains that the GAF score of 41 was only one of approximately two dozen GAF scores in the

record, the majority of which were 51 and above, indicating moderate as opposed to serious

8 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 8 of 13
symptoms. Defendant argues that the ALJ reasonably considered the entire record in discounting

Dr. Powell's opinion based on the low GAF score. 

I agree with Plaintiff. The ALJ erred in rejecting Dr. Powell's opinion based on Dr.

Powell's determination that Plaintiff was markedly limited in her activities of daily living. The

regulations indicate that "activities of daily living" are "adaptive activities such as cleaning,

shopping, taking public transportation, paying bills, maintaining a residence, caring appropriately

for your grooming and hygiene, using telephones and directories, and using a post office." 20

C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 12.00(C)(1). Thus, while Plaintiff adequately performs many

of these activities, Dr. Powell properly considered her inability to maintain a residence and her

financial irresponsibility in assessing her activities of daily living. 

The basis for the ALJ's rejection of this marked restriction is not entirely clear from the

ALJ's comment that "the claimant has lived on public assistance and help from relatives." Tr. 57. 

As I understand the ALJ, she rejected the underlying basis for Dr. Powell's marked activities of

daily living restriction because, in the ALJ's opinion, Plaintiff's poor work history was not caused

by Plaintiff's limitations but was because the public assistance and help from relatives meant she

did not need to work. 

The problem with the ALJ's rational is that it does not address two of the three reasons

Dr. Powell gave for finding Plaintiff markedly restricted in her activities of daily living: 

Plaintiff's inability to handle her finances and her homelessness. Because the ability to maintain

a residence and the ability to pay bills are properly considered as activities of daily living and

because the ALJ failed to reject these bases for Dr. Powell's opinion, the ALJ erred in concluding

that the record did not support Dr. Powell's restrictions in activities of daily living.

9 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 9 of 13
Next, the ALJ rejected Dr. Powell's opinion regarding Plaintiff's abilities in memory,

concentration, attention, abstraction, judgment, and insight because, according to the ALJ, Dr.

Powell failed to address the effect of Plaintiff's marijuana use on her responses to the mental

status/intellectual screening examination questions. Dr. Powell noted Plaintiff's moderate level

of impairment in the areas of sustained concentration, persistence, and pace as well as her breaks

in attention and concentration when performing intellectual screening exercises. Tr. 1042. He

also found some limitations in her abstract reasoning abilities. Tr. 1041. His MRFC assessed

her with moderate limitations in the ability to maintain attention and concentration for extended

periods. Tr. 1046. He specifically noted that she had a medical marijuana card and used the drug

daily, averaging two to three times per day. Tr. 1040. He also noted that on the day of her

appointment with him, before her arrival, she had taken 200 milligrams of lamotrigine, 50

milligrams of omeprazole, 30 milligrams of Cymbalta, and Haldol. Tr. 1041. She had also

smoked "three hits" of marijuana. Id.

At the hearing, Plaintiff testified that she used the medical marijuana for both her

fibromyalgia and her bipolar disorder. Tr. 81-82. The ALJ found both of these to be severe

impairments. Tr. 51. 

The ALJ provides no basis for what appears to be her opinion that medical marijuana

only, but none of the other drugs that Plaintiff took before being evaluated by Dr. Powell, would

affect her responses to mental status/intellectual screening questions. Dr. Powell knew that

Plaintiff was using medical marijuana two to three times per day and knew that she had smoked a

few hits at some point before he examined her. Yet Dr. Powell made no suggestion that

Plaintiff's responses to the mental status and intellectual functioning exam were invalid because

10 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 10 of 13
she was a medical marijuana user. 

Additionally, the ALJ must "consider all factors that might have a 'significant impact on

an individual's ability to work,' including the side-effects from medications." Butler v. Astrue,

773 F. Supp. 2d 975, 984 (D. Or. 2011) (quoting Erickson v. Shalala, 9 F.3d 813, 818 (9th Cir.

1993)); see also Larson v. Colvin, No. 01:13-cv-00659-HZ, 2014 WL 1877406, at *13 (D. Or.

May 7, 2014) ("ALJ must consider medication side effects in the disability determination process

because, like pain and other symptoms, side effects can significantly impact an individual's

ability to work") (citing Varney v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 846 F.2d 581, 585 (9th Cir.

1988)).

If a claimant's ability to function in any capacity is affected by the side effect of a legally

prescribed drug, which in Oregon includes medical marijuana, then the ALJ must consider the

impact of the drug. Here, the ALJ made an unsupported assumption that Plaintiff's medical

marijuana use (but again, not any of the other four drugs she had taken) affected her responses on

the mental status/intellectual screening evaluation. This was error. And, even assuming the

marijuana use had an effect on those responses, it is one the ALJ has to accept given that it is a

side effect of a legally prescribed drug used to treat two impairments the ALJ herself found to be

severe. The ALJ erred by discounting Dr. Powell's limitations in memory, concentration, and

attention because of the alleged impact Plaintiff's medical marijuana use had on her responses. 

The ALJ also discounted Dr. Powell's opinion because Dr. Powell's GAF score of 41 was

inconsistent with Plaintiff's daily activities and the treating evidence. A GAF score of 41 falls

within the range of 41 to 50, indicating "serious symptoms" or "serious impairment in social,

occupational or school functioning. DSM-IV-TR at 34. As noted above, while Dr. Powell

11 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 11 of 13
acknowledged Plaintiff's ability to perform many activities of daily living, he also found her

markedly impaired in her performance of those activities because of her financial irresponsibility,

homelessness, and problems keeping a job. As explained above, the ALJ improperly rejected Dr.

Powell's opinion as a result of his marked restriction in Plaintiff's activities of daily living. 

Because the evidence supports his determination as to at least her financial issues and

homelessness, his assessment that her symptoms were serious or that she suffered from serious

impairment in functioning is not, as the ALJ found, contradicted by Plaintiff's daily activities.

Nor is his GAF score of 41 inconsistent with the treatment records. GAF scores are used

to rate an individual's functioning for the "current period," meaning at the time of the evaluation. 

DSM-IV-TR at 33. Dr. Powell's score expressly states that it is the "current" score. Tr. 1042. It

is true that beginning in late 2010 and continuing through May 2011, the providers at Western

Psychological & Counseling Services assessed Plaintiff with GAF scores of between 51 and 58

indicating moderate symptoms or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school

functioning. E.g., Tr. 776, 727, 726, 723, 782, 784 (showing scores of 51, 52, 51, 57, 56, and

55). But, the two scores issued by providers at Western Psychological in the months before and

after Dr. Powell's GAF score of 41, were 42 and 50, both of which indicate serious symptoms or

serious impairment in functioning. Tr. 1066 (January 26, 2012 score of 42); Tr. 1051 (August 3,

2012 score of 50). Scores of 40 were also assessed in late 2007 and again in 2010. Tr. 467, 614. 

Because the GAF score is an assessment of the individual at that particular time, the record

shows that Plaintiff has experienced periods in which treating providers assessed her as either

moderately or seriously impaired. Given that Dr. Powell's score is bracketed by treating

providers' scores consistent with Dr. Powell's score showing serious symptoms or impairment, it

12 - OPINION & ORDER

Case 3:14-cv-01450-HZ Document 19 Filed 08/12/15 Page 12 of 13
was error for the ALJ to reject Dr. Powell's opinion as being inconsistent with the treating

records.

Finally, the ALJ failed to mention Dr. Powell's assessment that Plaintiff has a marked

limitation in the ability to accept instructions and respond appropriately to criticism from

supervisors. Defendant argues that because the ALJ gave little weight to Dr. Powell's opinion,

his opinion was not probative and thus justifiably ignored by the ALJ. See Vincent ex rel.

Vincent v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1393, 1394-95 (9th Cir. 1984) (ALJ did not err when he ignored

evidence which was not significant nor probative). Because the ALJ erred in giving Dr. Powell's

opinion "little weight," it cannot be said that his opinion was not probative. Thus, the ALJ erred

by not discussing the marked limitation in dealing with supervisors. 

Plaintiff requests that the ALJ's decision be reversed and that the Court remand the case

to properly consider Dr. Powell's opinion. I agree with Plaintiff that remand for additional

proceedings is the appropriate course.

CONCLUSION

The Commissioner's decision is reversed and remanded for additional proceedings.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated this day of , 2015

 

Marco A. Hernandez

United States District Judge

13 - OPINION & ORDER

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