IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

In re: Petition to Cumulate Write-In :

Votes in 2024 Primary Election for :

Representative in the General :

Assembly from the 117th District : No. 651 C.D. 2024

:

Appeal of: Mike Cabell : Submitted: May 31, 2024 

 

BEFORE: HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge 

HONORABLE MATTHEW S. WOLF, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY

JUDGE WOLF FILED: July 2, 2024

Mike Cabell (Cabell) appeals from the May 15, 2024 order of the Court 

of Common Pleas of Luzerne County (trial court) denying Cabell’s petition for 

review in the nature of a statutory appeal and affirming the Luzerne County Board 

of Elections and Registrations (Board of Elections) decision to deny Cabell’s request 

to cumulate 22 write-in votes cast in the April 23, 2024 Primary Election for the 

Republican Party nomination for the Office of Representative in the General 

Assembly from the 117th District. The sole issue before the Court is whether the 

Board of Elections and trial court correctly held that the Pennsylvania Election Code

(Election Code)1 prohibits the cumulation of write-in votes for candidates whose 

names are listed on the ballot. Concluding that the Election Code does so prohibit, 

we affirm the trial court’s order. 

1 Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, as amended, 25 P.S. §§ 2600-3591.
2

BACKGROUND

The facts are straightforward and not in dispute. Cabell and his 

opponent, Jamie Walsh, ran a tight race for the Republican Party nomination to 

represent the 117th District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The 

results have not been certified, and as it stands, Walsh leads Cabell by three votes. 

On May 2, 2024, Cabell asked the Board of Elections to cumulate 22 

write-in votes cast for the Republican Party nomination for the Office of 

Representative in the General Assembly from the 117th District. The Board of 

Elections denied Cabell’s request to cumulate the write-in votes, citing Section 

1112-A of the Election Code.

2

 

Cabell filed a Petition for Review in the Nature of a Statutory Appeal 

in the trial court, asserting that the Board of Elections’ refusal to cumulate the writein votes contravenes the Supreme Court’s decision in Shambach v. Bickhart, 845 

A.2d 793 (Pa. 2004), and must be reversed. The Board of Elections responded that 

intervening changes to the Election Code, namely standards developed by the Voting 

Standards Development Board (Development Board) that define what constitutes a 

valid vote, render Shambach inapplicable. See Section 204(h)(1)-(2) of the Election 

Code, 25 P.S. § 2624(h)(1)-(2). The trial court held a hearing on May 9, 2024,

3 at 

which counsel for Cabell, counsel for the Board of Elections, and Walsh, pro se, 

appeared. Following receipt of post-hearing memorandums of law, the trial court

2 Added by the Act of July 11, 1980, P.L. 600, 25 P.S. § 3031.12. 

3 The May 9, 2024 transcript transcribes a single hearing on two petitions filed by Cabell. The 

portion of the transcript relevant to this appeal is pages 62-104. See Original Record, Item No. 21, 

at 62-104. 
3

affirmed the Board of Elections’ decision and dismissed Cabell’s appeal. Cabell 

now appeals to this Court.4

RELEVANT LAW

Because it is pivotal to the disposition of the appeal, we begin with a 

brief history of legislative changes to the Election Code and relevant cases 

interpreting such provisions. On July 11, 1980, the General Assembly passed Act 

128, which, inter alia, added Article XI-A, Electronic Voting Systems, to the 

Election Code.

5

Included therein is Section 1112-A(b)(2), which discusses

“[e]lection day procedures and the process of voting.” Section 1112-A(b)(2) 

provides: 

(b) In an election district which uses an electronic voting 

system which utilizes paper ballots or ballot cards to 

register the votes, the following procedures will be 

applicable for the conduct of the election at the election 

district:

. . . . 

(2) At primary elections, the voter shall vote for the 

candidates of his choice for nomination, according 

to the number of persons to be voted for by him, for 

each office by making a cross (X) or check (✓) mark 

or by making a punch or mark sense mark in the 

square opposite the name of the candidate or by 

otherwise indicating a selection associated with the 

candidate, or he may so indicate on the ballot that 

the voter is electing to write in the name of a person 

for the particular office, and insert the identification 

of the office in question and the name of any person 

not already listed as a candidate for that office, and 

4 This appeal requires this Court to interpret provisions of the Election Code, which, as a 

question of law, is subject to a de novo standard of review and a plenary scope of review. Banfield 

v. Cortes, 110 A.3d 155, 166 (Pa. 2015). 

5 Act of July 11, 1980, P.L. 600, No. 128, 25 P.S. §§ 3031.1-3031.22.
4

such indication and insertion shall count as a vote 

for that person for such office.

25 P.S. § 3031.12(b)(2) (emphasis added). 

In 2002, Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act of 2002 

(HAVA), which, in part, required each state to adopt standards that define what 

constitutes a vote and what will be counted as a vote for each category of voting 

system used in the state. 52 U.S.C. § 21081(a)(6) (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 

15481(a)(6)). On December 9, 2002, in accordance with the dictates of HAVA, the 

General Assembly passed what is commonly referred to as “Act 150,” which created 

the Development Board “for the purpose of developing uniform and 

nondiscriminatory standards that define what constitutes a vote.” Section 204(a) of 

the Election Code, 25 P.S. § 2624(a). As initially enacted, Section 204(h) provided 

in its entirety:

(h) The [Development Board] shall have the power and 

duty to develop uniform and nondiscriminatory standards 

that define what constitutes a valid vote cast through a 

paper ballot and what constitutes a valid vote through each 

type of electronic voting system used in the 

Commonwealth. On or before July 1, 2003, the 

[Development Board] shall adopt standards for paper 

ballots and each type of electronic voting system. The 

[Department of State] shall cause these standards to be 

published as a notice in the Pennsylvania Bulletin. 

Act of December 9, 2002, P.L. 1246, formerly 25 P.S. § 2624(h) (effective December

9, 2002, until later amendment effective May 11, 2006). In accordance with the 

dictates of subsection (h), the Development Board adopted “Standards for What 

Constitutes a Vote” (Standards), which were published on August 2, 2003, in 

Volume 33, Number 31 of the Pennsylvania Bulletin. 33 Pa. B. 3935-80 (Aug. 2, 
5

2003). The Standards provide examples of what constitutes valid and invalid votes 

on paper ballots and on optical scan electronic voting systems.

Regarding optical scan ballots, Optical Scan 14 discusses what 

constitutes a properly cast write-in vote. It provides: 

A properly cast write-in vote shall contain a mark in the 

target area and, in the space provided, the written name of 

a candidate whose name does not otherwise appear on the 

ballot for that office. 

33 Pa. B. 3970 (Aug. 2, 2003). Optical Scan 14 goes on to list visual examples, 

including the following: 

33 Pa. B. 3973 (Aug. 2, 2003). 
6

Shortly after the Development Board promulgated the Standards, 

litigation occurred as a result of a tie in the 2003 General Election race for Snyder 

County Commissioner. In Shambach v. Bickhart, 845 A.2d 793, Gregory 

Shambach, Richard Bickhart, Rick Bailey, and Steven Bilger were formally listed 

on the 2003 general election ballot as candidates for three Synder County 

Commissioner seats. After the election returns were counted, the Snyder County 

Return Board (Return Board) determined that Bailey and Bilger won two seats, but 

that the winner of the third seat remained undecided as Shambach and Bickhart had 

tied for third, each receiving 2,484 votes. The Return Board ordered a recount, 

which revealed Bickhart lead by seven votes, and he was certified the winner of the 

third County Commissioner position. Shambach appealed to the trial court, and 

among other complaints, objected to the Return Board’s inclusion of 10 ballots that 

contained write-in votes for Bickhart. Shambach argued those 10 votes were invalid 

because a voter may not write in the name of a person who is already listed as a 

candidate on the ballot pursuant to Section 1112-A(b)(3) of the Election Code.

6

Following a hearing, the trial court struck the 10 write-in votes for 

Bickhart. The trial court looked to the Development Board’s Standards, and relied 

on Optical Scan 14, which it categorized as a binding administrative rule, to interpret 

Section 1112-A(b)(3) to prohibit the cumulation of write-in votes for candidates 

whose name was printed on the ballot. Bickhart appealed to this Court, which 

reversed. 

This Court noted that Optical Scan 14 was merely published in the 

Pennsylvania Bulletin as a statement of policy, rather than as a regulation with the 

6 Section 1112-A(b)(3) mirrors the language of Section 1112-A(b)(2), but in the context of 

general elections, as opposed to primaries. Compare 25 P.S. § 3031.12(b)(3), with 25 P.S. § 

3031.12(b)(2). 
7

force and effect of law, and thus was not a binding administrative rule. Thus, the 

Court turned to precedent and tools of statutory construction to interpret Section 

1112-A(b)(3)’s meaning regarding write-in votes. This Court looked to the Supreme 

Court’s decision in Appeal of James, 105 A.2d 64 (Pa. 1954), which analyzed a 

section of the Election Code containing language similar to Section 1112-A(b)(3), 

and concluded it must be liberally construed in favor of a voter’s right to vote.7 

Applying the same liberal construction utilized by the James Court, this Court found

that write-in votes may be counted for candidates already listed on the ballot if: (1) 

the voter had not attempted to fraudulently cast the vote; and (2) the voter’s intent 

was clear. See Shambach, 845 A.2d at 797-89.

On further appeal, the Supreme Court, by a slim majority, affirmed this 

Court’s decision to count the write-in votes for Bickhart, echoing the analysis in 

James and reinforcing that Section 1112-A(b)(3) must be liberally construed. Id. at 

802-03. In so doing, the Supreme Court distinguished its prior case, Appeal of 

Yerger, 333 A.2d 902 (Pa. 1975), wherein the Court reached the opposite 

conclusion—that write-in votes for candidates already listed on the ballots could not

7

James discussed Section 1003(e) of the Election Code, which provides: 

(e) There shall be left at the end of the group of candidates for President and VicePresident of the United States under the title “Presidential Electors,” as many blank 

spaces as there are presidential electors to be elected, in which spaces the elector 

may insert, by writing or stamping, the names of any individual candidates for 

presidential electors for whom he desires to vote. There shall also be left at the end 

of each group of candidates for each other office (or under the title of the office 

itself in case no candidates have been nominated therefor), as many blank spaces 

as there are persons to be voted for for such office, in which space the elector may 

insert the name of any person or persons whose name is not printed on the ballot as 

a candidate for such office.

25 P.S. § 2963(e).
8

be counted. Yerger dealt with a county that used voting machines, and thus Section 

1216(e) of the Election Code controlled. Like the provisions discussed supra, 

Section 1216(e) provides that an elector may vote “for one or more persons whose 

names do not appear upon the machine. . . .” 25 P.S. § 3056(e). However, the tail 

end of subsection (e) adds that “no irregular ballot shall be cast on a voting machine 

for any person for any office, whose name appears on the machine as a candidate for 

that office, and any ballot so cast shall be void and not counted.” Id. The Supreme 

Court found that because Section 1112-A(b)(3) did not include the tail-end language 

directing that write-in votes for candidates appearing on the ballot “shall be void and 

not counted,” the General Assembly must have intended a different result. 

Shambach, 845 A.2d at 802-03. 

In response to the Supreme Court’s decision in Shambach, the General 

Assembly amended Section 204 of the Election Code. On May 11, 2006, Section 

204(h) was amended to read: 

(h)(1) The [Development Board] shall have the power and 

duty to develop uniform and nondiscriminatory standards 

that define what constitutes a valid vote cast through a 

paper ballot and what constitutes a valid vote through each 

type of electronic voting system used in the 

Commonwealth. On or before July 1, 2003, the 

[Development Board] shall adopt standards for paper 

ballots and each type of electronic voting system. The 

[Department of State] shall cause these standards to be 

published as a notice in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

(2) The standards adopted by the [Development Board]

and published by the Department of State in the 

Pennsylvania Bulletin Volume 33 Number 31 on August 

2, 2003, shall, for the general election in 2004 and any 

primary, municipal, special and general election in 2006 

and 2007, have the force and effect of law.
9

Act of May 11, 2006, P.L. 178, formerly 25 P.S. § 2624(h) (effective May 11, 2006

until later amendment effective July 14, 2009). Thereafter, the General Assembly 

continued to amend Section 204(h)(2) to give the Standards the “force and effect of 

law” for every year after 2007.

8

 The most recent amendment occurred on May 15, 

2013. Subsection(h)(2) presently reads: 

(2) The standards adopted by the board and published by 

the Department of State in the Pennsylvania Bulletin 

Volume 33 Number 31 on August 2, 2003, shall have the 

force and effect of law until such time as a category of 

voting system, other than the paper ballot or electronic 

voting system as defined in section 1101-A, [25 P.S. § 

3031.1, ]is approved by the [Secretary of the 

Commonwealth (Secretary)] for use in this 

Commonwealth under section 201(b)[, 25 P.S. § 2621.] 

The [S]ecretary shall publish the approval as a notice in 

the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

25 P.S. § 2624(h)(2). As it stands, the Development Board’s Standards, which 

provide guidance for what constitutes a vote on paper ballots and on electronic 

voting systems, have the force and effect of law until a new manner of voting is 

approved for use by the Secretary. Understanding these shifts in the legal landscape, 

we turn to the parties’ arguments in the present appeal. 

CABELL’S ARGUMENTS

Cabell argues that Shambach continues to be good law and that the 

Board and the trial court’s decision not to cumulate write-in votes in his favor 

contravenes that established precedent. Cabell reiterates the Shambach Court’s 

statutory construction analysis and emphasizes that to date, Section 1112-A(b)(2) of 

the Election Code has not been amended to include language specifically prohibiting 

the cumulation of write-in votes for a listed candidate.

8

See Act of July 14, 2009, P.L. 86; Act of May 13, 2011, P.L. 13.
10

Cabell maintains that such preclusive language is also noticeably absent 

from Optical Scan 14. He submits that the Development Board understands how to 

draft a standard expressly stating that a vote shall not be counted and chose not to 

do so in Optical Scan 14. Compare Optical Scan 14, 33 Pa. B. at 3970 (Aug. 2, 

2003) (“A properly cast write-in vote shall contain a mark in the target area and, in 

the space provided, the written name of a candidate whose name does not otherwise 

appear on the ballot for that office.”), with Optical Scan 16, 33 Pa. B. at 3974 (Aug. 

2, 2003) (“If a voter designates a vote for a named candidate on the ballot and also 

properly writes in the same candidate in the write-in area, no vote shall count for 

that candidate.”). Absent express language prohibiting the counting of a write-in 

vote for a candidate listed on the ballot, Cabell argues Shambach remains good law. 

He asks this Court to apply such precedent and reverse the trial court’s decision. 

BOARD OF ELECTIONS’ ARGUMENTS

The Board of Elections responds that the trial court correctly denied 

Cabell’s request to cumulate write-in votes as he was a candidate listed on the ballot. 

It maintains that the General Assembly’s decision to amend the Election Code to 

give the Development Board’s standards the force and effect of law renders 

Shambach, a decision that predates the amendment, inapplicable. The Board of 

Elections submits the law is now settled that the Election Code prohibits write-in 

votes for a person whose name already appears as a candidate on the ballot, as 

explicitly evidenced by Optical Scan 14.

ANALYSIS

 We agree with the Board of Elections. Optical Scan 14 of the 

Development Board’s Standards makes clear that a write-in vote for a candidate 

whose name is printed as candidate on the ballot is an “invalid vote.” 33 Pa. B. 3973 
11

(Aug. 2, 2003). Since the General Assembly amended Section 204(h) of the Election 

Code in 2006, the Standards, including Optical Scan 14, have had the force and effect 

of law. The Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in Shambach predates this legislative 

change. Cabell’s arguments that Optical Scan 14 leaves doubt as to whether a writein vote for a listed candidate is valid, and that Shambach remains applicable despite 

the legislative changes outlined above, are unavailing.9

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order. 

_____________________________________

MATTHEW S. WOLF, Judge

9 Based on this disposition, the Court declines to address Cabell’s argument regarding whether 

he was required to present testimony regarding the various iterations of his name that should be 

cumulated. See Cabell’s Brief at 28. 
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

In re: Petition to Cumulate Write-In :

Votes in 2024 Primary Election for :

Representative in the General :

Assembly from the 117th District : No. 651 C.D. 2024

:

Appeal of: Mike Cabell :

O R D E R

AND NOW, July 2, 2024, the May 15, 2024 order of the Luzerne 

County Court of Common Pleas is AFFIRMED.

_____________________________________

MATTHEW S. WOLF, Judge