*

The Honorable Louis F. Oberdorfer, Senior United States District Judge for the District of Columbia, sitting

by designation. 

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 08a0154p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

BILLY S. JEFFRIES,

 Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

JAMES L. MORGAN, in his official capacity as

Warden of the Northpoint Training Center,

 Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 06-5726

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Frankfort.

No. 05-00066—Karen K. Caldwell, District Judge.

Argued: February 5, 2008

Decided and Filed: April 14, 2008 

Before: MARTIN and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; OBERDORFER, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Timothy G. Arnold, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADVOCACY, Frankfort, Kentucky,

for Appellant. David W. Barr, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, COMMONWEALTH

OF KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Timothy G. Arnold,

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADVOCACY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellant. Louis F. Mathias,

Jr., OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, Frankfort,

Kentucky, for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Billy S. Jeffries appeals the district court’s denial

of his petition for habeas corpus seeking to overturn his conviction for murder and attempted rape

based on evidence discovered subsequent to trial that implicates another person, John Dillon, in the

crime. The issues on appeal are whether the district court erred in holding that: (1) upholding the

Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision that the evidence introduced at trial was sufficient to support

a conviction; (2) affirming the Kentucky Court of Appeals’ decision that the Commonwealth’s

1
No. 06-5726 Jeffries v. Morgan Page 2

failure to turn over the limited information it had about Dillon to the defense did not give rise to a

Brady v. Maryland claim; and (3) denying as moot Jeffries’ motion to expand the record and compel

the Commonwealth to produce the transcripts of the trial. We now find that the district court erred

in denying Jeffries’ motion to expand the record. Therefore, we VACATE the district court’s denial

of habeas corpus, REVERSE the denial of Jeffries’ motion to expand the record, and REMAND

with instructions that the district court review the entire available record in assessing Jeffries’

petition.

I.

A. Factual Background

1. Trial and Direct Appeal

The Kentucky Supreme Court summarized the evidence presented at trial as follows:

On February 20, 1995, Mary McKee left her house for a walk and never

returned. The next day, her housekeeper became alarmed when Mrs. McKee failed

to answer her door. The housekeeper contacted a neighbor. A search was conducted

and Mrs. McKee’s body was discovered in a yard between two houses. Her

pantyhose and panties had been removed, her longish skirt was hiked up to her

mid-thigh, and her blouse was ripped partially open. Blood was splattered on a

nearby wall and teeth fragments were scattered near the body. There were smeared

fingerprints on Mrs. McKee’s right thigh and buttocks. According to the medical

examiner, Mrs. McKee was beaten to death, apparently with the bloody rocks found

near her body. Further, the medical examiner testified that Mrs. McKee did not die

immediately from the beating but probably expired some twenty minutes thereafter.

On February 27, 1995, Jeffries was questioned by the police about Mrs.

McKee’s murder and turned over the clothes he was wearing on the day of the

murder. Tests revealed the presence of blood on his jacket, sole of his shoe, and

inside the tongue of his right shoe. There was no identification as to whom the blood

on his jacket and the sole of his shoe belonged or whether it was even human blood.

However, the blood found on the inside of the tongue of Jeffries’ shoe was positively

identified as Mrs. McKee’s. Further, a palm print on Mrs. McKee’s glasses, which

were found next to her body, was positively identified as belonging to Jeffries.

Finally, witnesses testified that they saw Jeffries in the general area where Mrs.

McKee’s body was found.

Upon questioning, Jeffries denied all knowledge of the crime. However,

when he took the stand, he testified that he had lied to the police when they

questioned him. Contrary to his earlier statements, he testified that on the evening

of the murder he had been cutting through the yard in question and had tripped over

a body. He testified that he could not even identify the gender of the body. He ran

away because he was scared. He never checked on the well-being of the person he

tripped over. He did not tell his mother or his father about tripping over the body,

apparently because his parents were mad at him and telling them would require a

confession that he had been drinking that day.

Also introduced at trial were the results of a forensic examination, which discovered a hair

matching neither Jeffries nor McKee inside her underpants and fibers on the body that did not come

from either McKee’s or Jeffries’ clothes. On March 21, 1997, the jury convicted Jeffries based on

this evidence. On June 9, 1997, Jeffries was sentenced to thirty-five years in prison.
No. 06-5726 Jeffries v. Morgan Page 3

On direct appeal, Jeffries argued that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.

 On October 15, 1998, the Kentucky Supreme Court, in an unpublished opinion, rejected this

argument and affirmed his conviction. With respect to the attempted rape charge, the court held:

The overt acts in this case are those that led to the discovery of Mrs. McKee on her

back with her undergarments removed, her skirt pushed up, her blouse torn partially

open, and with smeared fingerprints on her thigh and buttocks. The circumstances

of the case are that the brutal attack on Mrs. McKee occurred in a yard away from

the street, out of sight.

Concerning the issue of the identity of the killer, the court cited the blood found on Jeffries’ clothes,

especially the drop matching McKee’s blood on the tongue of his shoe, Jeffries’ palm print on her

glasses, witness testimony placing him near the crime scene and stating that he was mud-covered,

evidence that his clothes had been laundered, and inconsistency between Jeffries’ testimony at trial

and his statement to police as evidence of Jeffries’ guilt. 

2. Information Discovered After Trial

In March 1998, Jeffries’ counsel received a letter from the Kentucky Attorney General listing

the results of an investigation into various third-party statements that John Dillon had admitted his

involvement in McKee’s murder, including the following: (1) on June 10, 1997, the day after the

sentencing, Chris Beach, at the time a prisoner in jail, told a police detective that he had in the past

heard Joe Buck Dixon refer to Dillon as a rapist and that he, Tyrus Beach, and Annette Clark heard

Dillon tell a girl named Tammy: “The old lady kept screaming. When he got done I was going to

take my turn. She kept screaming. I had to kill the old bitch.”; (2) on or about June 12, 1997, Linda

Raisor told a detective that Pocahontas Biggers (Dillon’s aunt) had told her three months ago that

Dillon had admitted murdering McKee; (3) on June 24, 1997, Tiffany Solace told a sheriff’s deputy

that Dillon killed McKee, but provided no basis for her belief; and (4) on January 22, 1998, Tammy

and Kim Chesser told a person in a judge’s office that Dillon had threatened Nikki Chesser in

connection with the case. None of these statements were known to the Commonwealth before

Jeffries’ trial.

On June 9, 1998, in response to this letter, Jeffries moved for a new trial in the trial court

based on newly discovered evidence. He attached two affidavits to his motion: (1) Nikki Chesser’s

affidavit stating that Dillon admitted killing McKee and threatened Chesser not to tell anyone about

it; and (2) Beach’s affidavit that he overheard Dillon publicly declare his involvement in a killing,

stating “I don’t remember if he said I did not mean to kill her or we did not mean to kill her. But

after that he was real scared and crying.” 

A detective Pratt interviewed Dillon after Jeffries’ trial concerning these allegations. During

this interview, Dillon stated that he was with a girlfriend at the time of the killings. Pratt testified

at a hearing on the motion for a new trial that Dillon told him the girlfriend’s name was Jessica

Peyton. Peyton testified before a grand jury that she was 11 years old at the time of McKee’s

murder, did not live in the county where the murder occurred at the time of the offense, was never

romantically involved with Dillon, and was not with him at the time of the offense. 

Jeffries presented two legal theories concerning why this new evidence warranted a new trial.

First, he argued that the evidence discovered and disclosed by the Commonwealth after trial and

evidence that the defense might discover after additional investigation made it reasonably certain

that a new trial would have a different result. Second, he argued, based on counsel’s understanding

at that time that the Commonwealth knew that third parties had heard Dillon claim responsibility

for the killing before the trial, that the Commonwealth had failed to turn over exculpatory evidence

to Jeffries in violation of his rights under Brady. During discovery on this motion, the situation was
No. 06-5726 Jeffries v. Morgan Page 4

clarified: the Commonwealth had not known before the trial about the third-party accounts of

Dillon’s statements, but it had failed to turn over some information about Dillon that it did possess

before trial.

The Commonwealth had briefly investigated Dillon soon after the murder. A probation

officer had spotted Dillon with a white teenager (not Jeffries) 7/10ths of a mile from where the body

was found about half an hour before the crime was committed. Detective Rick Barbiarz interviewed

Dillon, who claimed that he was with his girlfriend at the time of the killing. There is no record that

anyone ever checked on Dillon's alibi. Based on Dillon’s statements and the statement of his

grandmother that she was keeping Dillon on a “tight leash,” Barbiarz cleared Dillon as a suspect.

In the motion hearing, Babiarz testified that he did not consider Dillon a suspect and that he was not

sure if the interview had been taped. 

Before the trial, Jeffries’ counsel requested a list of all individuals the police questioned

during the investigation, including all related notes and recordings. In its response to this request,

the Commonwealth failed to include the information about Dillon in the list of suspects it had

cleared. Jeffries thus modified the theory of his Brady claim, arguing that the information the

Commonwealth had about Dillon pretrial was exculpatory, because it would have led the defense

to discover the witnesses to Dillon’s statements admitting to the murder and weaknesses in Dillon’s

alibi, all of which would have strengthened Jeffries’ defense that he had stumbled across the body

after the killing. The trial court denied the motion for a new trial, and, on October 17, 2003, the

Kentucky Court of Appeals affirmed. In addressing the Brady claim, the court stated that

If the exculpatory evidence was available to the prosecution before the trial, we

would have no reluctance in reversing and remanding for a new trial. . . . What we

have in the current situation is the suppression of the name and interview of a suspect

before trial. Neither the name nor the results of the interview are in themselves

exculpatory. This case is similar to Wood v. Bartholomew, wherein the Supreme

Court quoted (with approval) the Federal District Court’s analysis of the suppressed

evidence as being not exculpatory evidence but “[t]he information withheld only

possibly could have led to some admissible evidence.” Wood, 516 U.S. [1,] 5

[(1995)] (emphasis in original).

B. Procedural History

On September 19, 2005, Jeffries filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, raising two

grounds: (1) the prosecutor’s failure to turn over the name and alibi of a person interviewed during

the investigation violated his rights under Brady, and (2) the evidence introduced at trial was

insufficient to support a conviction.

On November 22, 2005, the Commonwealth moved to dismiss the petition as procedurally

defaulted and on the merits. The Commonwealth included the written state trial court record; this

record did not include the transcript of the trial.

On December 22, 2005, Jeffries moved to compel production of the state trial court record.

The court submitted this motion to a magistrate judge for review. On February 3, 2006, the

magistrate judge ordered the Commonwealth to produce a list of all available transcripts and

portions of the trial for which only video, not transcripts, were available.

On March 20, 2006, Jeffries moved for leave to expand the state court record. On April 11,

2006, the magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation denying Jeffries’ grounds for habeas

relief on the merits and dismissing his motion to expand the record as moot.
No. 06-5726 Jeffries v. Morgan Page 5

On May 2, 2006, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation

as the opinion of the court over Jeffries’ objection and entered final judgment dismissing the petition

with prejudice.

On May 30, 2006, Jeffries filed an application for certificate of appealability for the district

court’s denial of his Brady claim, his sufficiency of the evidence claim, and his motion to expand

the record. On October 17, 2006, the district court granted a certificate of appealability on the Brady

claim but denied the application for the other two claims.

On January 17, 2007, this Court expanded the certificate of appealability to include the other

two claims.

II.

A. Standard of Review

Our standard of review for petitions for habeas corpus relief from state-court determinations

is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

However, because we do not reach the merits of Jeffries’ petition for habeas corpus, we apply the

traditional standard, and review the “district court’s legal conclusions de novo, but will set aside its

factual findings only if clearly erroneous.” Brown v. Palmer, 441 F.3d 347, 350 (6th Cir. 2006).

B. Failure to Review the Entire State Court Trial Record

Jeffries argues that the district court erred by denying his sufficiency of the evidence and

Brady claims without reviewing the entire record of the evidence presented at trial. Our Circuit has

held that “a District Court must make a review of the entire state court trial transcript in habeas

cases, and where substantial portions of that transcript were omitted before the District Court, a

habeas case should be remanded to the District Court for consideration in light of the full record.”

Adams v. Holland, 330 F.3d 398, 406 (6th Cir. 2003). The Commonwealth cites a much older case,

Loveday v. Davis, for the proposition that, when the petition does not specifically challenge the

factual findings of the state court, the district court is not required to examine the transcript. 697

F.2d 135, 139 (6th Cir. 1983). While we have held that Loveday is still controlling in this Circuit,

see Nash v. Eberlin, 437 F.3d 519, 525 (6th Cir. 2006), we have also explained that a constitutional

sufficiency of the evidence challenge requires a careful review of the entire trial transcript by the

habeas court when a petitioner disagrees with the challenged state court opinion’s summary of the

trial testimony or relevant facts, Clark v. Waller, 490 F.3d 551, 556 (6th Cir. 2007); see also Nash, 437 F.3d at 525 (“Loveday prohibits the imposition of a general rule requiring district courts to

review the transcript in all cases, but it also does not prevent us from remanding for such a review

if we believe that extra information is required.”).

We find that both Jeffries’ constitutional challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and his

Brady challenge require a habeas court to review the entire record of the trial in order to properly

assess his habeas petition. While the state court opinions provide a summary of the facts, Jeffries

“quarrel[s] with that summary.” Clark, 490 F.3d at 556. He argues that, on direct appeal, the

Kentucky Supreme Court did not give “a complete picture of the trial,” and he cites evidence, such

as the hair and fibers that matched neither Jeffries nor McKee, that “may be in the trial transcript

but simply was not discussed in the state court’s opinion[s],” Nash, 437 F.3d at 525; cf. Clark, 490

F.3d at 555 (holding that review of the transcript is not necessary because “[petitioner] does not

quarrel with the state court’s recitation of the relevant evidence, nor does he point to gaps in it”).

Jeffries requested that the district court review the trial transcript below, and even the district court

recognized that “[i]t may prove difficult to fairly evaluate Petitioner’s claims without review of any

of the state court trial record.” Under these circumstances, we think it makes considerable sense for
No. 06-5726 Jeffries v. Morgan Page 6

the district court to examine these arguments in the light cast upon them by the entire record of

Jeffries’ state court trial.

III.

Having found that the district court committed reversible error by not reviewing the entire

trial record during its review of Jeffries’ habeas petition, we need not reach the other issues raised

on appeal. Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s denial of Jeffries’ petition for habeas

corpus, REVERSE the district court’s denial of Jeffries’ motion to expand the record, and REMAND

with instructions that the entire trial record be reviewed by the district court in assessing Jeffries’

petition.