UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

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DISTRICT TITLE, )

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Plaintiff, )

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v. ) Civil Action No. 14-1808 (ABJ)

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ANITA K. WARREN, et al., )

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Defendants. )

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MEMORANDUM OPINION

Defendants Anita Warren and Timothy Day have moved for summary judgment, 

contending that plaintiff District Title lacks standing to pursue its claims in this case. Because 

plaintiff has the necessary standing, the motion will be denied.

The Court has set forth the full factual background of this case in numerous previous orders, 

and repeats only the relevant facts here. See Order (Dec. 15, 2014) [Dkt. # 21] (granting plaintiff’s 

motion for preliminary injunction); Order (Jan. 9, 2015) [Dkt. # 29] (denying defendants’ motion 

to stay preliminary injunction); Mem. Op. & Order (June 1, 2015) [Dkt. # 40] (denying defendants’ 

motions to dismiss and defendant Warren’s motion to compel arbitration and stay proceedings); 

Mem. Op. & Order (June 15, 2015) [Dkt. # 46] (denying defendants’ motion to stay discovery).

Plaintiff is a real estate settlement company that, on July 11, 2014, handled the sale of a 

property formerly owned by defendant Warren. Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 5] ¶¶ 1, 14; Ex. 10 to Am. 

Compl. [Dkt. # 5] (contract between plaintiff and defendant Warren). At the time of the sale, 

plaintiff mistakenly wired $293,514.44 that was owed to Wells Fargo, the mortgage lender, to 

defendant Warren. Am. Compl. ¶ 15. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Warren’s adult son, 
defendant Day, assisted his mother with the settlement process and was present at the closing, Aff. 

of Steven Sushner, Ex. B to Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 48] (“Sushner Aff.”) 

¶¶ 10, 12; Mot. for Prelim. Inj. Hr’g Tr., Dec. 12, 2014 (“Hr’g Tr.”) at 171, and that immediately

afterwards, defendant Warren transferred some of these funds to defendant Day and others. See, 

e.g., Ex. 2 to Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 5] (cashier’s check for $100,000 made out to defendant Day and 

Anthony Silva2

); Ex. 7 to Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 5] (cashier’s check for $33,000 made out to 

defendant Day). Plaintiff also alleges that defendants spent and have repeatedly refused to return 

the funds, see, e.g., Sushner Aff. ¶¶ 16–27, which defendants have yet to deny.

Defendants moved for summary judgment on June 8, 2015, on the sole ground that plaintiff 

does not have standing to pursue its claims. Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 43] (“Defs.’ Mot.”) at 1

(“There is no material fact in dispute that the entirety of the money demanded by District Title 

would be money due to non-party Wells Fargo.”). Defendants’ theory is that although it was 

District Title that received and was supposed to disburse the funds at the settlement, it was District 

Title that inadvertently wired funds to defendant Warren, and District Title is now seeking the 

return of those funds based on its contract with Warren and other equitable grounds, District Title 

did not itself suffer the economic harm that could give rise to Article III standing because the 

1 At oral argument, defendants’ counsel declined to contest plaintiff’s assertion in an 

affidavit that Day was present at the closing and acknowledged that, as a result, that allegation 

would be accepted as evidence in this case. Hr’g Tr. at 17.

2 Plaintiff alleges that Silva is a relative of the defendants. Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s 

Mot. for Prelim. Inj. [Dkt. # 6-1] at 4, ¶ 17. Plaintiff also alleges that the $100,000 check was 

deposited in an account owned by Silva and used to purchase real property in Maryland. See Ex. 

3 to Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 5] (copy of wire transfer from Silva to the Brennan Title Company); Ex. 

4 to Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 5] (deed of trust).

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money was ultimately owed to Wells Fargo. Id.; Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 

[Dkt. # 43] (“Defs.’ Mem.”) at 6–7.

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as 

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears the “initial responsibility of informing the 

district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, 

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, 

which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. 

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary 

judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing there is a genuine issue 

for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted). The existence of a factual dispute is 

insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–

48 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving 

party; a fact is only “material” if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248;

Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987). In assessing a party’s motion, the 

court must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party 

opposing the summary judgment motion.’” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (alterations 

omitted), quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam).

A plaintiff can establish that it has standing by showing that: “(1) it has suffered an ‘injury 

in fact’ that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or 

hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it 

is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable 

decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 (2000). The 

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“injury in fact” element, which is at issue here, requires a party to “show that he personally has 

suffered some actual or threatened injury as a result of the putatively illegal conduct of the 

defendant.” Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State, 

Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 472 (1982), quoting Gladstone, Realtors v. Village of Bellwood, 441 U.S. 91, 

99 (1979); see also Public Citizen v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 489 F.3d 1279, 1292 

(D.C. Cir. 2007); Fla. Audubon Soc. v. Bentsen, 94 F.3d 658, 661 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

This is an action for breach of contract brought by a party to the contract against the 

counterparty. The existence of the contract between District Title and defendant Warren is 

undisputed. Indeed, defendant Warren herself sought to invoke the terms of the same contract in 

her motion to stay and to compel arbitration. See Def. Warren’s Mot. to Compel Arbitration &

Stay Proceedings [Dkt. # 14]. In addition, this case seeks remedies in tort against defendants

Warren and Day for their alleged wrongful failure to return funds that do not belong to them. As 

the Court has indicated twice before, plaintiff has standing to pursue its claims here: 

There is no question that plaintiff has standing to pursue its claims in this 

case. First, plaintiff’s breach of contract claim against defendant Warren 

plainly alleges that plaintiff has suffered an “injury in fact” – the breach of 

the contract – that is “traceable to” defendant Warren and redressable by the 

Court. And, second, defendants’ ongoing refusal to return the $293,514.44

to plaintiff has placed plaintiff squarely in the path of “imminent” and 

“concrete and particularized” harm. All parties appear to agree that this 

amount is still owed to Wells Fargo, and the fact that Wells Fargo may not 

yet have sought to collect the funds from plaintiff does not change the fact 

that defendants’ refusal to return the funds has exposed plaintiff to liability. 

Mem. Op. & Order (Jan. 9, 2015) at 9 (citations omitted); Mem. Op. & Order (June 15, 2015) at

6–7.

Nothing in defendants’ summary judgment briefing alters this analysis. Defendants argue 

that plaintiff has “show[n] no demand letter, indeed no correspondence at all, from any other party 

to the real estate closing, demonstrating it has any obligation whatsoever to pay anyone,” Reply 

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Mem. in Supp. of Defs.’ Mot. [Dkt. # 49] at 9, nor otherwise established its injury in this case.

Defendants further point to evidence that purportedly establishes that “Wells Fargo intends to seek 

its own remedies and has neither requested nor authorized District Title to do its bidding in this 

regard.” Defs.’ Mem. at 8; see also Ex. A to Defs.’ Mot. [Dkt. # 43-2] (Adjustable Rate Home 

Equity Conversion Second Deed of Trust); Ex. B to Defs.’ Mot. [Dkt. # 43-3] (Appointment of 

Substitute Trustees).

But defendants’ exhibits do not establish any fact that is material that would require the 

entry of judgment in their favor. They do not demonstrate what intentions, if any, non-party Wells 

Fargo has with respect to defendants, and whether, in fact, the money owed to the lender will be 

retrieved through other means.

Moreover, even if Wells Fargo is pursuing its own remedies, that would not change the 

fact that plaintiff, too, has been injured. In a sworn affidavit, the president of District Title states 

that, because of defendants’ refusal to return the funds, “District Title has been exposed to the 

Mortgage Lender for payment of the entire amount due to payoff the loan,” and “District Title is 

also exposed to liability from the new owner of the Property and District Title’s commercial lender 

for its outstanding line of credit.” Sushner Aff. ¶ 28. In other words, plaintiff’s evidence – which 

defendants have not rebutted – shows that plaintiff “has suffered some actual or threatened injury 

as a result of the putatively illegal conduct of the defendant[s].” See Valley Forge, 454 U.S. at 472 

(emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also AT&T Corp. v. FCC, 349 F.3d 692, 699 (D.C. Cir. 

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2003) (holding that the potential liability of the plaintiff created an injury for purposes of 

standing).3

For all of these reasons, defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 43] will be 

denied. A separate order will issue.

AMY BERMAN JACKSON

United States District Judge

DATE: June 30, 2015

3 Moreover, the Court notes that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17 expressly contemplates 

that a party like plaintiff might be an appropriate plaintiff in a case like this one:

(a) Real Party in Interest. 

(1) Designation in General. An action must be prosecuted in the name of 

the real party in interest. The following may sue in their own names without 

joining the person for whose benefit the action is brought: 

(A)an executor; 

(B) an administrator; 

(C) a guardian; 

(D) a bailee; 

(E) a trustee of an express trust; 

(F) a party with whom or in whose name a contract has been made for 

another's benefit; and 

(G) a party authorized by statute.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 17.

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