J-S31023-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

RUDOLPH CHURCHILL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2326 EDA 2021

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered October 19, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0007442-2014

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

RUDOLPH CHURCHILL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2327 EDA 2021

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered October 19, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0007443-2014

BEFORE: BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED JANUARY 12, 2023

Appellant Rudolph Churchill appeals from the order denying his timely 

Post Conviction Relief Act1 (PCRA) petition. Appellant argues that his trial 

counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction for third-degree 

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.
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murder. He also alleges that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object 

to an allegedly inflammatory hypothetical question from the trial court and the 

Commonwealth’s reference to that hypothetical during closing arguments. 

Following our review, we affirm. 

The PCRA court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

This PCRA stems from the March 1989 murder of Ruby Ellis and 

the April 1989 murder of Cheryl Hanible which remained unsolved 

for over two decades. The Philadelphia Police Department Office 

of Forensic Science received a grant to research, evaluate, and 

analyze cold cases to determine if advancements in DNA testing 

would enable retesting of evidence containing DNA to develop 

DNA profiles in order to aid in the identification of perpetrators of 

cold cases. Evidence collected in the murders of Ruby Ellis and 

Cheryl Hanible was reanalyzed as part of this grant. [Appellant]

became a suspect in both murders after a match was made in the 

Combined DNA Index System between his DNA and DNA evidence 

obtained at both crime scenes. Buccal swabs were taken from 

[Appellant] pursuant to a search warrant on August 1, 2013. After 

the results of the DNA testing were received, an arrest warrant for 

[Appellant] was prepared and [Appellant] was arrested on March 

19, 2014. 

PCRA Ct. Op., 1/31/22, at 2-3.

Appellant was charged with first-degree murder, possession of an 

instrument of crime, rape, and involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (IDSI) 

at trial court Docket Nos. 7443-2014 and 7442-2014.

2

 On January 1, 2015, 

the trial court issued an order consolidating both cases for trial. Following a 

jury trial, Appellant was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and 

two counts of possession of an instrument of crime on May 2, 2016. That 

____________________________________________

2 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2502, 907(a), 3121(1), and 3123(1), respectively. 
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same day, Appellant was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences without 

parole for the two first-degree murder convictions and two consecutive 

sentences of two-and-one-half to five years for possession of an instrument 

of crime. 

On May 8, 2016, Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions at both 

docket numbers in which he challenged the sufficiency and the weight of the 

evidence. The trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motions on July 

13, 2016. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal listing both trial court 

docket numbers, and this Court affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence on 

January 30, 2018. See Commonwealth v. Churchill, 2280 EDA 2016, 2018 

WL 617073 (Pa. Super. filed Jan. 30, 2018) (Churchill I) (unpublished 

mem.). Appellant did not file a timely petition for allowance of appeal with 

our Supreme Court. See Pa.R.A.P. 1113(a) (providing that an appellant has 

thirty days to file a petition for allowance of appeal with our Supreme Court). 

Appellant filed a timely pro se PCRA petition at each docket on May 31, 

2018. The PCRA court appointed counsel who filed an amended petition 

seeking reinstatement of Appellant’s right to file a petition for allowance of 

appeal with our Supreme Court. On July 18, 2019, the PCRA court reinstated 

Appellant’s right to file a petition for allowance of appeal nunc pro tunc.

3

 On 

____________________________________________

3 The trial court’s July 18, 2019 docket entry states as follows: “Order Granting 

Post-Conviction Relief Act Petition[.] Docket: PCRA granted. The petitioner’s 

appellate rights are reinstated to seek allocator.” Trial Ct. Docket, 7442-2014, 

at 42 (some formatting altered); see also Trial Ct. Docket, 7443-2014, at 40 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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August 19, 2019, Appellant filed a petition for allowance of appeal nunc pro 

tunc with our Supreme Court. Our Supreme Court denied the petition on 

January 22, 2020. Commonwealth v. Churchill, 223 A.3d 664 (Pa. 2020) 

(Churchill II). Appellant subsequently filed a petition for writ of certiorari, 

which the United States Supreme Court denied on June 15, 2020. Churchill 

v. Pennsylvania, --- U.S. ---, 141 S.Ct. 119, 207 L.Ed.2d 1057 (2020)

(Churchill III). 

Appellant filed the instant timely first4 pro se PCRA petition at each trial 

court docket on August 3, 2020. PCRA counsel subsequently filed amended 

petition on Appellant’s behalf. The PCRA court filed a Pa.R.Crim.P. Rule 907 

notice of intent to dismiss Appellant’s petition on July 28, 2021. After 

Appellant filed a response, the PCRA court dismissed the petition on October 

19, 2021. Appellant filed notices of appeal on November 12, 2021, and the 

PCRA court issued Pa.R.A.P. Rule 1925(b) order bearing both docket numbers 

on November 23, 2021.5 Appellant filed Rule 1925(b) statements at each trial 

____________________________________________

(same). Neither the orders nor the transcript of the July 18, 2019 hearing 

were included in the certified record. 

4 A PCRA petition filed after the reinstatement of an appellant’s direct appeal 

rights nunc pro tunc is considered a first PCRA petition for timeliness purposes. 

See Commonwealth v. Turner, 73 A.3d 1283, 1286 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

(explaining “when a PCRA petitioner’s direct appeal rights are reinstated nunc 

pro tunc in his first PCRA petition, a subsequent PCRA petition will be 

considered a first PCRA petition for timeliness purposes” (citations and 

footnote omitted)). 

5 After Appellant filed an appeal at each trial court docket, this Court 

consolidated the appeals pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 513 on December 1, 2021.
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court docket on December 12, 2021. The PCRA court filed a single Pa.R.A.P. 

Rule 1925(a) opinion bearing both docket numbers on January 31, 2022. 

On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for review, which we 

restate as follows:

1. Did the PCRA court err and/or abuse its discretion when it 

denied Appellant’s petition under the PCRA seeking a new trial 

based upon a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing 

to request that the jury be charged with respect to third-degree 

murder?

2. Did the PCRA court err and/or abuse its discretion when it 

denied Appellant’s petition under the PCRA seeking a new trial 

based upon a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing 

to object to a highly prejudicial and inflammatory hypothetical 

question posed by the trial court to the defense’s DNA expert 

witness?

3. Did the PCRA court err and/or abuse its discretion when it 

denied Appellant’s petition under the PCRA seeking a new trial 

based upon a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing 

to object to the prosecutor’s reference during her closing 

argument to the trial court’s prejudicial and inflammatory 

hypothetical question? 

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

Third-Degree Murder Jury Instruction

In his first issue, Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for 

failing to request a jury instruction for third-degree murder. Appellant’s Brief 

at 28. Appellant contends that his claim has arguable merit because trial 

counsel’s actions “resulted in the loss of opportunity to have a sentence 

imposed which would require eligibility for parole at some point.” Id. at 29. 

With respect to the reasonable basis prong, Appellant avers that trial counsel 
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did not explain why she failed to seek the instruction at issue and that, in any 

event, a third-degree murder instruction would have had “no conceivable 

adverse impact” on Appellant’s trial. Id. at 30-31. Finally, Appellant argues 

that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s inaction because Appellant’s alleged 

confession did not establish premeditation and the jury was unable to conclude 

that either victim was raped or sexually assaulted. Id. at 32-33. Therefore, 

Appellant concludes that there was a reasonable probability that the jury could 

have returned a verdict of murder in the third degree. Id.

Our review of the denial of PCRA relief is limited to “whether the record 

supports the PCRA court’s determination and whether the PCRA court’s 

decision is free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Lawson, 90 A.3d 1, 4 

(Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “The PCRA court’s credibility 

determinations, when supported by the record, are binding on this Court; 

however, we apply a de novo standard of review to the PCRA court’s legal 

conclusions.” Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 105 A.3d 1257, 1265 (Pa. 2014) 

(Mitchell II) (citation omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Davis, 262 

A.3d 589, 595 (Pa. Super. 2021) (stating that “[t]his Court grants great 

deference to the findings of the PCRA court if the record contains any support 

for those findings” (citation omitted)). 

We presume that the petitioner’s counsel was effective. 

Commonwealth v. Williams, 732 A.2d 1167, 1177 (Pa. 1999). Further, it 

is well settled that “counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a 

meritless claim.” Commonwealth v. Treiber, 121 A.3d 435, 445 (Pa. 2015).
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This Court has explained:

[T]o establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a 

defendant must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, 

ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of 

the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process 

that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken 

place. The burden is on the defendant to prove all three of the 

following prongs: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit; 

(2) that counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for his or her 

action or inaction; and (3) but for the errors and omissions of 

counsel, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the 

proceedings would have been different.

* * *

Boilerplate allegations and bald assertions of no reasonable basis 

and/or ensuing prejudice cannot satisfy a petitioner’s burden to 

prove that counsel was ineffective. Moreover, a failure to satisfy 

any prong of the ineffectiveness test requires rejection of the 

claim of ineffectiveness.

Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 203 A.3d 1033, 1043-44 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(citations omitted and formatting altered).

When reviewing a challenge to jury instructions, the reviewing 

court must consider the charge as a whole to determine if the 

charge was inadequate, erroneous, or prejudicial. The trial court 

has broad discretion in phrasing its instructions, and may choose 

its own wording so long as the law is clearly, adequately, and 

accurately presented to the jury for its consideration. A new trial 

is required on account of an erroneous jury instruction only if the 

instruction under review contained fundamental error, misled, or 

confused the jury.

Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 968 A.2d 759, 792 (Pa. 2009). 

It is well settled that “[a] trial court shall only instruct on an offense 

where the offense has been made an issue in the case and where the trial 

evidence reasonably would support such a verdict.” Commonwealth v. 
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Browdie, 671 A.2d 668, 673–74 (Pa. 1996). Further, this Court has 

explained:

A jury charge on a lesser-included offense is permissible so long 

as it does not offend the evidence presented, i.e., there is some 

disputed evidence concerning an element of the greater 

charge or the undisputed evidence is capable of more than one 

rational inference. If a rational jury, given the record evidence, 

can find the defendant guilty of the lesser-included offense, the 

court should instruct the jury on the law of the lesser-included 

offense.

Commonwealth v. Houck, 102 A.3d 443, 451 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations 

omitted and emphasis in original). 

“To convict a defendant of first-degree murder, the jury must find that 

(1) a human being was unlawfully killed; (2) the defendant is responsible for 

the killing; and (3) the defendant acted with a specific intent to kill.” 

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 956 A.2d 926, 932 (Pa. 2008) (citations 

omitted). “Specific intent to kill can be established through circumstantial 

evidence, such as the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim’s 

body.” Id. (citation omitted).

When there is no direct evidence of intent to kill, the fact-finder 

may glean the necessary intent from the act itself and from all 

surrounding circumstances. Specific intent to kill can be 

proven where the defendant knowingly applies deadly 

force to the person of another. Death caused by strangulation 

is sufficient to infer the specific intent required for a conviction of 

first[-]degree murder.

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 701 A.2d 492, 500 (Pa. 1997) (citations 

omitted and emphasis added); see also Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 902 
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A.2d 430, 445 (Pa. 2006) (Mitchell I) (stating that “evidence of manual 

strangulation is also sufficient to establish specific intent required for firstdegree murder” (citation omitted)).

This Court has stated:

Murder in the third degree is an unlawful killing with malice but 

without the specific intent to kill. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(c). 

Malice is defined as:

A wickedness of disposition, hardness of heart, cruelty, 

recklessness of consequences, and a mind regardless of social 

duty, although a particular person may not be intended to be 

injured. Malice may be found where the defendant consciously 

disregarded an unjustified and extremely high risk that his actions 

might cause serious bodily injury.

Malice may be inferred by considering the totality of the 

circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Dunphy, 20 A.3d 1215, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2011) (some 

citations omitted, formatting altered, and emphasis added); see also 

Commonwealth v. Santos, 876 A.2d 360, 364 (Pa. 2005) (explaining that 

“malice is present under circumstances where a defendant did not have an 

intent to kill, but nevertheless displayed a conscious disregard for an 

unjustified and extremely high risk that his actions might cause death or 

serious bodily harm” (citation omitted and formatting altered)). 

Here, the PCRA court addressed Appellant’s claim as follows:

[Appellant’s] claim fails because he was not prejudiced by 

counsel’s failure to request a jury instruction on third-degree 

murder. First, the central question in this case was the identity of 

the killer, not the degree of murder. The facts and evidence 

before the jury did not entitle [Appellant] to an instruction for 

third-degree murder as the case so clearly established first-degree 
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murder. Both victims were found with ligatures wrapped tightly 

around their necks at least three times and tied in a bow in the 

center of their throat. Victim [Hanible] was found with a gym sock 

stuffed into her mouth. This evidence alone is enough to establish 

the specific intent to kill. Yet, even more, Richard Simmons 

testified that while incarcerated with [Appellant], [Appellant] 

spoke of two murders he committed back when he was “hustling.” 

[Appellant] told Simmons that one of murders happened because 

“some things had went bad, and she scratched him.” [N.T., 

4/26/16, at 122]. 

Even so, assuming, arguendo, that trial counsel had requested the 

jury be instructed on third-degree murder and that [Appellant] 

had been convicted of third-degree murder for each decedent, he 

would not have received any additional benefit. [Appellant] was 

sentenced to an aggregate life sentence without the possibility of 

parole, as mandated by Pennsylvania law. 18 Pa.C.S. § 

1102(a)(1). Pennsylvania law also mandates that an individual 

who is convicted of two counts of third-degree murder be 

sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9715(a). Therefore, either verdict would have 

resulted in the same outcome for [Appellant] and [Appellant] was 

not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to request the jury be 

instructed on third[-]degree murder. 

PCRA Ct. Op. at 4-5 (citation omitted). 

Following our review of the record, we conclude that the PCRA court’s 

determination concerning the third-degree murder jury instruction is 

supported by the record and is free of legal error. See Lawson, 90 A.3d at 

4. 

First, we note that this Court previously held that there was sufficient 

evidence for the jury to find Appellant guilty of first-degree murder. See 

Churchill I, 2018 WL 617073 at *1. Specifically, the Churchill I Court noted 

that both victims died by ligature strangulation, and that DNA testing 

conclusively established that Appellant “was the source of the DNA on the 
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paper towel with dark brown stain collected from the floor of the back seat of 

the vehicle in which Ms. Ellis’ body was found” and “was the major contributor 

of the DNA collected from the heel of Ms. Hanible’s left sneaker, which was 

missing the shoelace that was used to strangle her.” Id.6 

Further, the Commonwealth’s evidence established Appellant’s specific 

intent to kill. As noted previously, Appellant killed both victims using ligature 

strangulation. See N.T., 4/20/16, at 64-73, 80, 84-85; N.T., 4/26/16, at 5-

10, 14-17. Manual strangulation is sufficient to establish the specific intent 

necessary to prove first-degree murder. See Montalvo, 956 A.2d at 932; 

Mitchell I, 902 A.2d at 445; Hawkins, 701 A.2d at 500; cf. Dunphy, 20 

A.3d at 1219 (explaining that third-degree murder is an unlawful killing with 

malice, but without the specific intent to kill).

7

 Therefore, because there was

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6 Further, the jury was free to disbelieve Appellant’s theory that his DNA was 

coincidentally at the crime scene. At trial, the Commonwealth’s forensic 

expert and the technical leader of the DNA laboratory, Byrne Strother, testified 

that her team compared the scenario that the DNA came from one of the 

victims and Appellant to the scenario that the DNA came from one of the 

victims and an unrelated person. See N.T., 4/27/16, at 73-76. Ms. Strother 

concluded with a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the likelihood 

of randomly selecting an individual unrelated to Appellant, who could be 

included as a contributor of the major component of the DNA mixture detected 

in the samples from the crime scenes, was one in hundreds of quadrillions in 

the African-American population, one in quintillions in the Caucasian 

population, and one in hundreds of quadrillions in the Hispanic population. 

See N.T., 4/28/16, at 38-39.

7 Moreover, on this record, there is sufficient evidence from which the jury 

could conclude that Appellant intentionally strangled Ellis after she scratched 

him. See N.T., 4/26/16, at 116-24 (reflecting the witness’s testimony that 

Appellant recounted the details of how he killed the victims); see also N.T.,

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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sufficient evidence to establish that Appellant had the specific intent to kill, 

see Montalvo, 956 A.2d at 932, there would have been no basis for the trial 

court to instruct the jury on the lesser offense of third-degree murder. See 

Browdie, 671 A.2d at 673-74; see also Houck, 102 A.3d at 451 (stating 

that “[a] jury charge on a lesser-included offense is permissible so long as it 

does not offend the evidence presented” and the trial court should instruct the 

jury on a lesser-included offense “[i]f a rational jury, given the record 

evidence, can find the defendant guilty of the lesser-included offense” 

(citations omitted)). 

For these reasons, we conclude that there is no arguable merit to 

Appellant’s claim regarding trial counsel’s failure to request a third-degree 

murder instruction. Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief.8 See Sandusky, 

203 A.3d at 1043-44; Mitchell II, 105 A.3d at 1265; see also Treiber, 121 

A.3d at 44 (explaining that counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to

raise a meritless claim). 

____________________________________________

4/20/16, at 84-85 (reflecting the expert witness’s testimony that there were 

fingernail-type abrasions on Ellis’ neck). 

8

In any event, we also agree with the PCRA court that Appellant was not 

prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to request the third-degree murder jury 

instruction. Pennsylvania law mandates that an individual who is convicted of 

two counts of third-degree murder be sentenced to life imprisonment without 

the possibility of parole pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9715(a). Therefore, to the 

extent Appellant claims that he was prejudiced because he missed the 

“opportunity to have a sentence imposed which would require eligibility for 

parole at some point,” he is not entitled to relief.
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Trial Court’s Hypothetical Question and Commonwealth’s Closing 

Argument

Appellant’s next two issues concern the trial court’s hypothetical 

question to a defense witness. First, Appellant argues that trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to object to the trial court’s hypothetical question about 

DNA testing of a pacifier found with the remains of a badly decomposed infant 

body that had been languishing in a shallow grave for twenty-five years while 

the child’s grieving parents desperately sought answers. Id. at 35-36 (citing 

N.T., 4/29/16, at 33-34). Appellant argues that there is arguable merit to his 

claim because the hypothetical question indicated that the trial court

disbelieved the sole defense witness’s testimony and the question “was all but 

certain to evoke a passionate response from the jurors.” Id. at 38. Appellant

contends that trial counsel had no reasonable basis for her inaction because 

an objection could have led to the question being withdrawn or refashioned, 

but that even an overruled objection would not have placed Appellant in a 

worse position. Id. at 39. Further, Appellant avers that an objection would 

have strengthened the testimony of the sole defense witness, so there was a 

reasonable probability of a different outcome had trial counsel objected. Id.

at 40. 

Appellant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 

object when the Commonwealth’s referred to the trial court’s hypothetical 

during closing arguments. Id. at 41 (citing N.T., 4/29/16, at 121-22). 

Appellant argues that there is arguable merit to his claim because the 
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Commonwealth’s argument prejudiced the jury against Appellant. Id. at 44. 

Appellant contends that trial counsel had no reasonable basis for her inaction

because the trial court could have issued a cautionary instruction. Id. at 44-

45. Appellant concludes that there was a reasonable probability of a different 

outcome because an objection could have resulted in the testimony of the sole 

defense witness being better received “by at least one juror.” Id. at 46. 

“A trial court has broad discretion to determine whether evidence is 

admissible[.]” Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 966 (Pa. Super. 

2013). “While a trial judge should normally leave questioning of witnesses to 

counsel, justice may require that a trial judge ask questions when absurd, 

ambiguous, or frivolous testimony is given or testimony is in need of further 

elucidation.” Commonwealth v. Carson, 913 A.2d 220, 250 (Pa. 2006) 

(citation omitted). However, “[a] trial judge must be ever cautious that his 

[or her] questioning of witnesses not show bias or a belief in the credibility of 

particular witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Hogentogler, 53 A.3d 866, 880 

(Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted)). 

“The use of hypothetical questions [when examining an expert witness] 

is proper when there is evidence of record supporting the hypothetical.”9 

____________________________________________

9 Recently, our Supreme Court decided Commonwealth v. Drummond, ---

A.3d ---, 28 EAP 2021, 2022 WL 17171610 (Pa. filed Nov. 23, 2022), a case

of first impression in which the Court cautioned trial courts against innovating 

hypotheticals, examples, or illustrations to instruct juries to avoid confusion 

and potential constitutional infractions. Drummond, 2022 WL 17171610 at 

*8. Although Drummond involved a trial court’s use of hypotheticals on 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Commonwealth v. Galvin, 985 A.2d 783, 801 (Pa. 2009) (citation omitted); 

see also Pa.R.E. 703 (stating that “[a]n expert may base an opinion on facts 

or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally 

observed”). “An expert may give an opinion in response to a hypothetical, 

provided the set of facts assumed in the hypothetical is eventually supported 

by competent evidence and reasonable inferences derived therefrom.” 

Commonwealth v. Clemat, 218 A.3d 944, 957-58 (Pa. Super. 2019) 

(citation omitted and formatting altered); see also Pa.R.E. 403 & Comment 

(stating that a “court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is 

outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice” and defining “unfair prejudice” 

as “a tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis or to divert the jury’s 

attention away from its duty of weighing the evidence impartially”).

Further, as the finder of fact, the jury “while passing upon the credibility 

of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, 

part or none of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Bright, 234 A.3d 744, 

749 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation omitted). Additionally, the Commonwealth 

“may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a 

____________________________________________

reasonable doubt in its criminal case jury instructions, and the instant case 

involved a trial court’s hypothetical question to a defense expert, the concerns 

about judicial hypotheticals expressed in Drummond apply equally here. Id. 

However, instantly, for the reasons stated herein, we conclude that Appellant 

has failed to establish that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to object 

to the subject hypothetical although the imagery of a dead, decomposed infant 

with desperately grieving parents is troubling and emotive.
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reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citation 

omitted).

“Generally, a prosecutor’s arguments to the jury do not constitute 

reversible error unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would be to 

prejudice the jury, forming in their minds [a] fixed bias and hostility towards 

the [defendant] which would prevent them from properly weighing the 

evidence and rendering a true verdict.” Commonwealth v. Campbell, 360 

A.3d 272, 280 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “A 

prosecutor must have reasonable latitude in fairly presenting a case to the 

jury and must be free to present his or her arguments with logical force and 

vigor.” Id. (citation omitted).

Further, this Court has explained that “[o]ur review of prosecutorial 

remarks and an allegation of prosecutorial misconduct requires us to evaluate 

whether a defendant received a fair trial, not a perfect trial.” 

Commonwealth v. Judy, 978 A.2d 1015, 1019 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation 

omitted). A prosecutor’s comments “must be examined within the context of 

defense counsel’s conduct[,]” and “the prosecutor may fairly respond to points 

made” by the defense. Id. at 1020 (citation omitted). “Moreover, 

prosecutorial misconduct will not be found where comments were based on 

the evidence or proper inferences therefrom or were only oratorical flair.” Id.

(citation omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Crumbley, 270 A.3d 1171, 

1181-84 (Pa. Super. 2022) (concluding that trial counsel was not ineffective 

for failing to object to the prosecutor describing the defendant as an “angel of 
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death” during closing arguments because the metaphor was related to the 

witness’s account of the killer wearing a hood and the witness’s fear of him), 

appeal denied, --- A.3d ---, 110 WAL 2022, 2022 WL 4091175 (Pa. filed Sept. 

7, 2022). 

In addition, “[e]very unwise or irrelevant remark made in the course of 

a trial by a judge, a witness, or counsel does not compel the granting of a new 

trial.” Commonwealth v. Goosby, 301 A.2d 673, 674 (Pa. 1973) (citations 

omitted). Further, our Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he jury is 

presumed to have followed the court’s instructions.” Commonwealth v. 

Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111, 1147 (Pa. 2011) (citation omitted). 

Here, the trial court questioned the defense witness as follows:

Say somebody hires you and 25 years later, the baby went 

missing. They find a shallow grave. Everything is too 

decomposed but they find a pacifier. You test that pacifier. These 

parents want to know is that my child and you get the numbers 

up there, what would you tell those parents, that is excluded, that 

is not your child? 

N.T., 4/29/16, at 33-34. 

During closing arguments, the Commonwealth stated:

Now, the Judge—when [ADA Notaristefano] was questioning 

[defense witness]—she brought up a baby in a shallow grave with 

a pacifier and I thought it was a great example and it echoes on 

this case, as well. When you think about those parents and you 

think about wanting to know where their baby is, it is every 

mother’s nightmare to lose their child. You wonder after years, 

and years, and years where the child is, what happened to them 

and all that is left 25 years later are bones and a pacifier.

You take the pacifier and you do DNA testing on it and maybe 

there are some hairs left in a brush or maybe the mother saved 
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hairs from the first haircut, or tooth, or something of their baby 

and we can do a DNA reference and we see it is her baby and then 

we see that mixed in with that is this stranger, this person that no 

one knows.

Now we have something to go on, a lead, something that takes us 

somewhere that we didn’t originally have. We now can 

corroborate it and that is what was done in this case. 

Id. at 121-22. 

The PCRA court addressed Appellant’s claims as follows:

Initially, this claim fails because any objection by counsel to the 

court’s use of a hypothetical would have been fruitless since it 

would have been overruled. The court presented a hypothetical 

to the defense DNA expert in order to clarify her opinion for the 

jury since it was confusing. The expert was testifying regarding 

highly technical, scientific DNA evidence that was extremely 

difficult to understand and the expert was not speaking in terms 

that a lay person could understand. The role of the judge at trial 

is to ensure the jury clearly understands the testimony. The court 

posed the hypothetical to [defense witness] in order to place her 

highly technical testimony in plain language with which the jury 

could relate and understand.

As to the ADA’s use of the hypothetical during closing arguments, 

the reference to the hypothetical was in a completely different 

context. The hypothetical was used to explain how this defendant 

was arrested decades after the murder based on evidence that 

had been collected at the time of the murder. The ADA’s use of 

the hypothetical was mere oratorical flair accentuating the 

advancements in DNA analysis which enabled law enforcement to 

solve cold cases. See Commonwealth v. Tedford, 960 A.2d 1, 

33 (Pa. 2008) (“The prosecution’s statements are unobjectionable 

if they . . . represent mere oratorical flair.”).

PCRA Ct. Op. at 8. 

Following our review of the record, we conclude that the PCRA court’s 

determination is supported by the record and is free of legal error. See 

Lawson, 90 A.3d at 4. Instantly, Appellant has failed to establish that trial 
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court’s hypothetical question to the defense expert witness demonstrated bias 

or that the court found the witness’s testimony not credible. See

Hogentogler, 53 A.3d at 880. 

First, we emphasize that this trial involved the gruesome murder of two 

women who were violently assaulted and strangled to death and the 

investigations became cold cases for over two decades. See PCRA Ct. Op. at 

2-3. The jury trial included many gory details, including photographic 

evidence and testimony. We recognize that the trial court’s hypothetical 

question was emotive and troubling because of the imagery of a badly 

decomposed infant child and grieving parents. However, given the context of 

the trial, we conclude that the trial court’s hypothetical question was not 

improper, as it involved a similar scenario where a case remained unsolved 

for decades until technological advancement of DNA testing enabled 

investigators to develop DNA profiles. See Galvin, 985 A.2d at 801. 

Further, the PCRA court was also the trial court judge who posed the 

hypothetical question, and the PCRA court judge noted in her Rule 1925(a)

opinion that if trial counsel had objected to that hypothetical question, she 

would have overruled such an objection. See PCRA Ct. Op. at 8. 

Additionally, we find no error in the PCRA court’s determination that the 

Appellant failed to establish prejudice because the Commonwealth sustained 

its burden of proving Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt based on 

overwhelming circumstantial evidence, including the presence of Appellant’s 

DNA in blood evidence at both crime scenes in addition to witness testimony. 
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See Bright, 234 A.3d at 749. Because Appellant cannot establish the 

prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness standard, his claim must fail. See 

Sandusky, 203 A.3d at 1043-44 (reiterating that “a failure to satisfy any 

prong of the ineffectiveness test requires rejection of the claim of 

ineffectiveness” (citation omitted and formatting altered)). Appellant is not 

entitled to relief concerning the trial court’s hypothetical question to 

Appellant’s defense expert. See Mitchell II, 105 A.3d at 1265. 

Further, we conclude that the PCRA court’s determination regarding trial 

counsel’s failure to object to the Commonwealth’s reference to the trial court’s 

hypothetical is supported by the record and is free of legal error. See 

Lawson, 90 A.3d at 4. The Commonwealth’s reference to the hypothetical,

although emotive, could be understood by the jurors to explain the context of 

how the case was reopened as a cold case using DNA evidence. See N.T., 

4/29/16, at 121-22. Instantly, we conclude that this is within the latitude of

a prosecutor’s logical force and vigor in presenting their case. See Campbell, 

360 A.3d at 280. 

As discussed above, Appellant’s trial involved two gruesome and violent 

homicides of women who were assaulted and strangled to death. See PCRA 

Ct. Op. at 2-3. The investigations were cold cases for almost two decades

before the technological advancement of DNA testing. See id. Given the 

construct of the trial, the subject hypothetical question, while troubling and 

emotive, did not result in an unfair trial based on the overwhelming 

circumstantial evidence of Appellant’s guilt, including witness testimony and 
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the presence of his DNA in blood evidence at both crime scenes. Expert 

testimony estimated that the likelihood of an unrelated individual to Appellant, 

who could be included as a contributor of the major component of the DNA 

mixture detected in the sample from the paper towel, was one in hundreds of 

quadrillions. See N.T., 4/28/16, at 38-39; Judy, 978 A.2d at 1019-20; see 

also Tedford, 960 A.2d at 33. 

Further, the trial court specifically cautioned the jury not to base their 

decision on sympathy. See N.T., 4/29/16, at 149. The trial court further 

instructed the jury that its decision must be based solely on the facts and 

evidence presented and not to base its determination of the facts on empathy

for or prejudice against the victims or Appellant. See id. at 152-53. Further, 

the trial court instructed the jury on how to weigh the testimony of each 

witness, and explained that the jury may believe all, part, or none of a witness’ 

testimony, and defined circumstantial evidence for the jury. See id. at 158-

67. Moreover, at the start of the trial, the trial court informed the jury that 

argument from counsel does not constitute evidence. See N.T., 4/20/16, at 

11, 16. Accordingly, upon examining the trial court’s instructions as a whole, 

we conclude that the trial court’s jury instructions were sufficient to explain 

the jury’s duty as the finder of fact and cure any prejudice that may have 

resulted from the Commonwealth’s reference to the trial court’s hypothetical 

during closing arguments. See Chmiel, 30 A.3d at 1147 (explaining that the 

jury is presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions); see also Bright, 234 

A.3d at 749 (explaining that the finder of fact may believe all, part, or none 
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of a witness’s testimony). In any event, if there was arguable merit to 

Appellant’s claim, based on our foregoing reasons, he has not demonstrated 

that he was prejudiced by the use of the subject hypothetical and no relief is 

due. See Sandusky, 203 A.3d at 1043-44; see also Mitchell II, 105 A.3d 

at 1265. 

For these reasons, we discern no error or abuse of discretion by the 

PCRA court in denying Appellant’s petition. Therefore, we affirm the PCRA 

court’s order. See Lawson, 90 A.3d at 4.

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/12/2023