|   | a)      Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such      disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our      supervision,  to ensure that material information relating to      the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to      us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in      which this  report is beingprepared; |
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|   | b)      Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such      internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our      supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of      financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for      external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles; |
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|   | c)      Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and      procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the      effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of      the period covered by this report based on such evaluations;      and |
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|   | d)      Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control      over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent      fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an      annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to      materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting; and |
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|   | a)      All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or      operation of internal control over financial reporting which are      reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record,      process, summarize and report financial information;  and |
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|   | b)      Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control      over financial reporting. |
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