IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2011-CT-01591-SCT

JOSEPH ROBERT REITH a/k/a JOSEPH R.

REITH a/k/a JOSEPH REITH

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/22/2011

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN, III

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: 

MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER

BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: LAURA HOGAN TEDDER

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MICHAEL GUEST

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/10/2014

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

RANDOLPH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Following a jury trial in the Circuit Court of Madison County, Mississippi, Joseph

Robert Reith was convicted for the murder of his ex-wife and sentenced to life imprisonment

in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. Reith appealed, and his

conviction and sentence were affirmed by the Mississippi Court of Appeals. Reith v. State,

__ So. 3d __, 2013 WL 1122311 (Miss. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 2013). Following that court’s
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denial of his motion for rehearing, Reith filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which this

Court granted.

FACTS

¶2. For purposes of certiorari review, we adopt the following facts from the Court of

Appeals’ opinion.

Reith and his wife, Tammy, divorced in 2007. The couple shared custody of

their only child, Dylan. Following the divorce, Tammy voiced her intent to

move to Alaska and to take Dylan with her. On March 12, 2010, Reith

petitioned the chancery court for a temporary restraining order and a

permanent injunction to prevent Tammy from removing Dylan from the state.

On March 23, 2010, Tammy allegedly went to Reith’s apartment to visit with

Dylan. However, Dylan was not home. While inside the apartment, Reith and

Tammy began to argue about Tammy threatening to take Dylan to Alaska.

Reith later killed Tammy as she attempted to leave his apartment. Reith

admitted that he killed Tammy but insisted that he “blacked out” before killing

her.

Reith, 2013 WL 1122311, at *1.

ISSUES

¶3. On writ of certiorari, Reith raises the following issues, restated as follows:

I. The trial court’s error in granting instruction S-5 was not

harmless.

II. Ineffective assistance of counsel regarding instruction S-5.

As issue I is dispositive, we will address only that issue.

ANALYSIS

¶4. This Court applies an abuse-of-discretion standard to jury instructions. Williams v.

State, 111 So. 3d 620, 623 (Miss. 2013). “The instructions are to be read together as a whole,
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with no one instruction to be read alone or taken out of context.” Bailey v. State, 78 So. 3d

308, 315 (Miss. 2012) (quoting Young v. State, 891 So. 2d 813, 819 (Miss. 2005)). “When

read together, if the jury instructions fairly state the law of the case and create no injustice,

then no reversible error will be found.” Bailey, 78 So. 3d at 315 (citing Newell v. State, 49

So. 3d 66, 73 (Miss. 2010)).

The trial court’s error in granting instruction S-5 was not harmless.

¶5. Reith argues that instruction S-5 was given in error. S-5 read, in pertinent part,

Deliberate design may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of

a deadly weapon.

¶6. “Instructions in forms similar to [S-5] have been before the Court for many years and

a long line of cases have discussed such instructions.” Tran v. State, 681 So. 2d 514, 517

(Miss. 1996). The Court has “consistently held such an instruction erroneous[,]” but the

rationale espoused in those cases left open the opportunity to request such an instruction. Id.

Today, we clarify and foreclose its future use, for “due process requires that the State prove

each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt” and instructions which allow the jury

to presume guilt on an essential element of an offense run counter to our most basic tenet of

criminal law. Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743, 757 (Miss. 1984).

¶7. Throughout a criminal prosecution, there is only one presumption as to the defendant

– “[t]he presumption of innocence – that bedrock ‘axiomatic and elementary’ principle whose

‘enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our criminal law.’” In re

Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970) (quoting Coffin v.
See Tran, 681 So. 2d at 517 (quoting Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 227 1

(Miss.1989)) (internal citations omitted) (“Definitionally, we regard malice aforethought and

deliberate design as synonymous.”).

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United States, 156 U.S. 432, 453, 15 S. Ct. 394, 39 L. Ed. 481 (1895)). The “presumption

of innocence . . . extends to every element of the crime.” Morissette v. United States, 342

U.S. 246, 275, 72 S. Ct. 240, 96 L. Ed. 288 (1952). The crime with which Reith was charged

in this case was deliberate-design murder. “‘Deliberate design connotes an intent to kill . .

. .’ Thus, ‘intent’ was an essential element of the crime upon which” Reith was presumed

innocent and “the State was required to prove [his] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Williams, 111 So. 3d at 623 (quoting Brown v. State, 965 So. 2d 1023, 1030 (Miss. 2007)).

¶8. As intent is an essential element of deliberate-design murder, “its existence is a

question of fact which must be submitted to the jury.” Morissette, 342 U.S. at 274. “It

follows that the trial court may not withdraw or prejudge the issue by instruction that the law

raises a presumption of intent from an act.” Id. (emphasis added). S-5 did just that – it told

the jury that it may presume intent from the use of a deadly weapon, i.e., “an act.” Allowing

the jury to “assume intent from an isolated fact . . . prejudge[s] a conclusion which the jury

should reach of its own volition.” Id. at 275. As such, S-5 is in hopeless “conflict with the

overriding presumption of innocence with which the law endows the accused . . . .” Id.

¶9. Our prior cases have not addressed this conflict. In Tran, this Court examined a jury

instruction which contained the exact language of S-5. The Tran Court stated “that an

instruction on an asserted presumption of malice[ ] from the use of a deadly weapon is proper 1

only where the testimony has failed to establish the circumstances of the use of the weapon.”
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Tran, 681 So. 2d at 517 (quoting Stewart v. State, 226 So. 2d 911, 912 (Miss. 1969)). The

Court held the instruction in error because eyewitness testimony established “the facts of the

shooting[,]” and because the instruction “relieved the prosecution of its [burden of]

persuasion.” Tran, 681 So. 2d at 518.

¶10. Relying on Tran in the case sub judice, the Court of Appeals held that, “even though

deliberate design may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon,

. . . the circumstances surrounding the use of the weapon were established”; thus, “the jury

should not have been instructed that deliberate design could be presumed from the use of the

deadly weapon.” Reith, 2013 WL 1122311, at **3, 4. We agree that the instruction should

not have been given. However, we must depart from our prior cases and hold that a jury may

never be instructed that it may presume deliberate design from the unlawful and deliberate

use of a deadly weapon, even “where the testimony has failed to establish the circumstances

of the use of the weapon.” Tran, 681 So. 2d at 517. 

¶11. Recently, in Williams, we addressed the use of presumptive instructions regarding an

element of the charged offense. Like Reith, “Williams was indicted for deliberate design

murder.” Williams, 111 So. 3d at 623. “Williams admit[ted] that she shot and killed” the

victim. Id. at 624. “Her defense at trial was that the shooting was an accident, and, therefore,

she lacked the requisite intent to be found guilty of deliberate design murder.” Id. Williams’s

jury was instructed, in pertinent part:

[A] person is presumed to have intended the natural and probable

consequences of his voluntary and deliberate acts. (Instruction S-4.)
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Id. at 623 (emphasis in original). As Williams did not deny shooting the victim, she argued

that this instruction “shifted the burden of proof on the only contested issue at trial, her

intent, vel non.” Id. at 624. (emphasis in original). We agreed. “As a presumption is accepted

as true without proof to the contrary,” we held that instruction S-4 (“[a] person is presumed

to intend . . . .”) impermissibly shifted “the burden to [Williams] to provide proof[]” that she

lacked intent. Id. at 625.

¶12. In the case sub judice, Reith did not deny that he killed his ex-wife with a dangerous

weapon. Essentially, S-5 told the jury that it could assume Reith intended to kill her, thus

relieving the State of its burden to prove Reith’s guilt on an essential element of the crime.

Just like S-4 in Williams, S-5 allowed the jury to “convict[] [Reith] based upon a

presumption as opposed to evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.” Williams, 111 So. 3d at

626.

Harmless Error

¶13. The Court of Appeals concluded that any error in granting S-5 was harmless “in light

of the overwhelming evidence against Reith and the other jury instructions[.]” Reith, 2013

WL 1122311, at *4. We disagree.

¶14. Regarding the “other jury instructions[,]” the Court of Appeals stated:

The last paragraph of instruction S-1A informed the jury that the State must

prove every element of either crime beyond a reasonable doubt before the jury

could find Reith guilty. We find that, despite the language in instruction S-5,

the jury was fully and fairly instructed of the State’s burden in proving Reith’s

guilt.
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Id. In Williams, the State argued that the jury separately was instructed that Williams “was

‘presumed . . . innocent’ and that the ‘State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt’ that [she]

was ‘guilty of every material element of the offense.’” Williams, 111 So. 3d at 624. We

rejected that contention, for “these general instructions as to the [State’s] burden and the

defendant’s presumption of innocence do not dissipate the error in the challenged portion of

the instructions.” Id. at 625 (quoting Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 319-20, 105 S. Ct.

1965, 85 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1985)). Based on our analysis supra, not only does a general

instruction on the presumption of innocence not “dissipate the error” in S-5, the instructions

are in hopeless conflict.

¶15. The Court of Appeals also found that “the State presented overwhelming evidence

from which the jury could infer that Reith . . . intended to kill [his ex-wife].” Reith, 2013 WL

1122311, at *4. In Williams, we noted that “[u]ndoubtedly, the State presented substantial

evidence of Williams’s guilt.” Williams, 111 So. 3d at 626. However, 

[h]er testimony was sufficient to warrant an instruction on accident or mistake,

which was granted. Once her defense was placed in issue and the instruction

given, it was the duty of the jury to consider Williams’s testimony and defense

among all the other evidence presented. It was S-4 which created this dilemma,

for it is impossible to determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether the jury

engaged in this consideration or merely relied on S-4’s presumption as to

intent.

Id. We agree that considerable evidence existed by which the jury could have inferred

deliberate design on the part of Reith, but a presumption (assumption) based on that evidence

is erroneous. The evidence presented also was sufficient to warrant a heat-of-passion

manslaughter instruction, which was granted. Reith, 2013 WL 1122311, at *4. “Once
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[Reith’s] defense was placed in issue and the [manslaughter] instruction given, it was the

duty of the jury to consider [his] . . . defense among all the other evidence presented.”

Williams, 111 So. 3d at 626. Just as in Williams, we find it “impossible to determine beyond

a reasonable doubt whether the jury engaged in this consideration or merely relied on [S-5’s]

presumption as to intent.” Id. Thus, we cannot conclude that the error in granting S-5 was

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

CONCLUSION

¶16. The circuit court erred in granting instruction S-5, and we cannot conclude that such

error was harmless. Deliberate design may not be presumed, and we overrule our prior cases

to the extent that they conflict with this principle. We admonish the circuit courts not to grant

an instruction which relies upon a presumption of intent, as it conflicts with the presumption

of innocence, relieving the State of its burden to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt on

an essential element of the offense. Reith’s conviction and sentence in the trial court and the

judgment of the Court of Appeals are reversed, and this case is remanded to the Circuit Court

of Madison County for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

¶17. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, P.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER,

PIERCE, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.