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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

D.K.,

Appellant.

No. 82596-8-I

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

APPELWICK, J. — D.K. appeals from his conviction for attempted child 

molestation in the first degree. He argues that allowing witnesses to testify 

remotely violated his constitutional rights to confrontation under both state and 

federal constitutions. He also argues that the testimony of S.W. and S.M. by 

remote video was not necessary and was unreliable. We affirm.

FACTS

S.M. is the mother of seven children, including D.K. and S.W. In July 2019, 

10 year old S.W. lived with her mom, but 16 year old D.K. lived with his father in 

Pasco, Washington. On July 16, 2019, D.K. arrived at S.M.’s house to spend a 

few weeks with his mother. S.W. testified that one night during his stay, D.K. 

sexually assaulted her. In the morning, S.W. told her mom what happened. D.K. 

left the house, and S.M took S.W. to the police station and the doctor’s office. 
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D.K. was charged with child molestation in the first degree. The juvenile 

court trial began in March 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Because S.W. 

is immunocompromised and S.M. is her caretaker and a critical witness, the State 

moved to permit them to testify remotely. D.K. objected to this motion, stating that 

it would violate his fundamental right to confront witnesses under the Sixth 

Amendment. 

The State submitted medical evidence in support of the motion. S.W.’s 

doctor submitted multiple declarations stating that S.W. is under her care for two 

medical conditions that leave her immunocompromised. According to the 

physician, the unknown ramifications of COVID-19 on the nervous system meant 

that, “S.W. should not be out in public.” The physician also stated that S.W. was 

not eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine at that time. S.M. and her medical provider 

submitted separate declarations that she is similarly immunocompromised. She 

too was not yet eligible for the vaccine. She also said that if she contracted COVID19, “it is almost certain that [S.W.] would also contract COVID-19.” 

On February 19, 2021, the Supreme Court of Washington issued its fifth 

revised and extended order regarding court operations. In re Statewide Response 

by Washington State Courts to the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency, No. 

25700-B-658, at 1 (Wash. Feb. 19, 2021), https://www.courts.wa.gov/content

/publicUpload/Supreme%20Court%20Orders/25700-B-658.pdf. It states, “In all 

court operations, courts should follow the most protective public health guidance 

applicable in their jurisdiction, and should continue using remote proceedings for 
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public health and safety whenever appropriate.” Id. at 3. As to criminal trials, the 

order states,

7. The previous order suspending all criminal jury trials until at least 

July 6, 2020 is lifted. Trials already in session where a jury has 

been sworn and social distancing and other public health 

measures are strictly observed may proceed or be continued if 

the defendant agrees to a continuance. Courts have authority to 

conduct nonjury trials by remote means or in person, with strict 

observance of social distancing and other public health 

measures. 

8 Courts should continue to hear out of custody criminal and 

juvenile offender matters by telephone, video or other means 

that do not require in person attendance when appropriate. In 

addition, courts may hear matters that require in person 

attendance if those hearings strictly comply with social 

distancing and other public health measures.

Id. at 6-7 (emphasis omitted).

At trial, the court reviewed whether S.W.’s and S.M.’s testimony could be 

conducted remotely through the Zoom videoconference platform. In making its 

determination, the court considered the risk of COVID-19, the medical evidence 

relating to S.W.’s and S.M.’s health, the emergency order of the Washington 

Supreme Court, and case law. The court found, “The facts established are 

sufficient to establish the need for remote testimony in this kind of a case,” and 

granted the motion to permit video testimony. 

S.W. and S.M. testified remotely at trial. At the end of direct examination, 

S.W. identified D.K. by describing the clothing he was wearing at that time. 

However, defense counsel stated later in the trial that during the course of S.W.’s 

testimony, the camera had shifted and S.W. was unable to see D.K. during most 

of her testimony on direct examination. 
No. 82596-8-I/4

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The court found D.K. to be guilty of attempted child molestation in the first 

degree. D.K. appeals. 

DISCUSSION

I. Applicable Law

D.K. claims that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to 

confrontation by allowing remote testimony. The confrontation clause of the Sixth 

Amendment states, “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 

to . . . be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. CONST. amend. VI. This 

amendment applies to state prosecutions under the due process clause of the 

Fourteenth Amendment. State v. Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d 53, 62, 461 P.3d 378 

(2020). The confrontation clause guarantees a defendant a face-to-face meeting 

with witnesses during trial, although this right is not absolute. Maryland v. Craig, 

497 U.S. 836, 844, 110 S. Ct. 3157, 111 L. Ed. 2d 666 (1990).

“The central concern of the Confrontation Clause is to ensure the reliability 

of the evidence against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing in 

the context of an adversary proceeding before the trier of fact.” Id. at 845. The 

right guaranteed by the confrontation clause ensures the witness will give 

statements under oath, forces the witness to be cross-examined, and permits the 

jury, or fact finder, to observe the witness giving its statement. Id.

Two Supreme Court cases have explored the limitations of the confrontation 

clause: Craig, and Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 

L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). Craig examined the constitutionality of one-way video 

testimony in child abuse cases. Craig, 497 U.S. at 854-56. The court held that 
No. 82596-8-I/5

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video testimony was necessary for children to testify, when those children would 

be traumatized by seeing the defendant in court. Id. at 856-57. According to the 

Court, “[The] State’s interest in the physical and psychological well-being of child 

abuse victims may be sufficiently important to outweigh, at least in some cases, a 

defendant’s right to face his or her accusers in court.” Id. at 837. In Crawford, the 

court prohibited tape-recorded statements offered as evidence under a hearsay 

analysis, and held that the inability to cross-examine the witness violated the Sixth 

Amendment. 541 U.S. at 40, 68-69.

D.K. argues that because of the decision in Crawford, Craig must be read 

narrowly, allowing video testimony in cases only where children would suffer 

trauma from seeing the defendant. He argues that Crawford limits exceptions to 

the confrontation clause to those established at the time the Constitution was 

founded. Under this interpretation, the exceptions occur only when the witness is 

unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine. If that 

were true, Craig would not have been constitutionally correct and should have 

been overruled by Crawford.

However, Crawford did not purport to overrule Craig. The United States

Supreme Court “does not normally overturn, or so dramatically limit, earlier 

authority sub silentio.” Shalala v. Illinois Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 

U.S. 1, 18, 120 S. Ct. 1084, 146 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2000). Rather than reject Craig,

Crawford mentions that opinion only once to support that cross-examination is “not 

an empty procedure.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 74 (Rehnquist, J., concurring). 

Because Crawford did not explicitly overrule Craig, the two cases must be 
No. 82596-8-I/6

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reconciled. Additionally, Washington cases have followed Craig since Crawford

has been decided.1 See Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 63. Here, because Craig

refers to live, remote, video testimony, we apply the rule in Craig.

II. Confrontation Clause 

For the court to allow a confrontation of witnesses to occur via video, there 

must be a finding that the substitute procedure (1) necessarily furthers an 

important public policy and (2) is reliable. Craig, 497 U.S. at 850; State v. Foster, 

135 Wn.2d 441, 457, 957 P.2d 712 (1998). A confrontation clause challenge is 

reviewed de novo. State v. Koslowski, 166 Wn.2d 409, 417, 209 P.3d 479 (2009). 

D.K. argues that neither element of the Craig test has been met. 

A. Necessity 

First, D.K. argues that the State failed to show that S.W.’s video testimony 

was necessary. The necessity analysis initially focused on child witnesses that 

would be traumatized by the presence of the defendant while testifying. Craig, 497 

U.S. at 856. In Craig, the Court analyzed a Maryland statute that as a matter of 

public policy allowed video testimony upon a determination that a child who 

suffered emotional distress so much that they could not reasonably communicate 

during testimony. Id. at840-41, 856. In addition to the court finding necessity for 

 

1 The vast majority of courts outside of Washington agree that Crawford did 

not overrule or limit the holding in Craig. State v. Tate, 969 N.W.2d 378, 385 n.8

(Minn. Ct. App. Jan. 3, 2022). D.K. argues that we should follow an approach 

taken by the Supreme Court of Michigan in People v. Jemison, 505 Mich. 352, 952 

N.W.2d 394 (2020). However, Jemison concedes that Crawford did not overrule 

Craig, and that case-specific necessity can allow for video testimony. Jemison, 

505 Mich. at 365.
No. 82596-8-I/7

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the video testimony, the witness must testify under oath, be subjected to full crossexamination, and must be in view of the fact-finders while doing so. Id. at 857.

Washington courts have applied a necessity analysis for the same issue 

using RCW 9A.44.150(1), which had substantially similar language as the 

Maryland statute. Foster, 135 Wn.2d at 469 (plurality opinion). In Foster, the court 

held that RCW 9A.44.150(1) was constitutional in allowing one-way video 

testimony, and therefore did not violate the confrontation clause. Id. at 469-70.

Unlike Foster, this case involves two-way video testimony and the state did 

not rely on RCW 9A.44.150(1) for its finding of necessity. Washington has already 

noted that allowing video testimony upon a finding of necessity is not limited to 

cases of child abuse. Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 71. In Sweidan, the court stated 

“we conclude that the important policy of alleviating physical pain and suffering can 

extend to the circumstances when the witness would attend to another’s needs 

resulting from such suffering.” Id.

Here, the trial court found that allowing S.W. and S.M. to testify remotely 

was necessary. To determine this, the court looked to three factors: (1) the severity 

of the COVID-19 epidemic and precautions being taken at trial; (2) the risk to the 

particular person; and (3) if a presumption of in-person testimony had been 

overcome. For the first factor, the court noted that the court is being very careful, 

that the vaccination rate at the time was low, and that a new variant to COVID-19 

was becoming more prevalent. The court then looked to S.W.’s and S.M.’s risk, 

finding that respiratory disease and lack of vaccine creates a high-risk category. 

Third, the court found that the presumption for in-person testimony had been 
No. 82596-8-I/8

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overcome, as S.W. would not qualify for a vaccine in the near future, and the case 

is too old to continue. 

The court looked to the Supreme Court of Washington order regarding court 

operations as evidence of an important public policy. The order states that courts 

should continue remote proceedings “for public health and safety whenever 

appropriate.” In re Statewide Response, No. 25700-B-658 at 3. The order granted 

the court authority to conduct nonjury trials remotely, and that juvenile offender 

matters can be conducted by video when appropriate. Id. 6-7. The Washington 

Supreme Court’s order established a public policy allowing for remote proceedings 

for health and safety during COVID-19. The trial court concluded that there was a 

public policy reason that S.W. and S.M. should be allowed to testify remotely. We 

agree.

However, that is not the end of the analysis. The trial court in Sweidan

found an important policy reason to allow video testimony, but it failed to make a 

clear finding about necessity.

2 Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 71-72. D.K. urges the 

court to follow the analysis in Sweidan to determine that S.W.’s video testimony 

was not necessary.3 He argues that Sweidan holds that necessity needs to show 

 

2 Sweidan would have remanded for an evidentiary hearing on the necessity 

of the videoconference testimony, but found the constitutional error to be harmless. 

Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 56, 72.

3 D.K. also argues that “the record was bereft of data about COVID-19 

spread in the community.” He also argues that there was no evidence about 

whether the courtroom was well-ventilated, whether spectators could have been 

kept out, or whether everyone could have been required to obtain a COVID-19 

test. He also argues that the court did not evaluate whether a video deposition 

would be feasible. These arguments go to minimizing the risk to the witnesses. 

They were not explicitly raised with the trial court, though we can reasonably 

expect the trial court was aware of these factors. Given the medical information 
No. 82596-8-I/9

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that “other alternatives that would preserve traditional confrontation had not been 

ruled out.” 

Sweidan relied in part on United States v. Carter, 907 F.3d 1199, 1208 (9th 

Cir. 2018). Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 73. In Carter, the court found there was 

no necessity for video testimony when a pregnant woman could not travel to the 

courtroom to testify, because her disability was temporary, and the case could be 

continued. Id. Additionally, in Carter, the witness could have been deposed while 

allowing in-person confrontation. Id. at 1209.

However, D.K. moved to compel in-person pretrial interviews. The trial 

court denied the motion, and stated that “medical best practice” would be to not 

expose S.W. to any member of the public. The trial court broadly considered 

alternatives for out-of-court deposition, such as counsel interviewing S.W. and 

S.M. at their house. However, that alternative might have decreased the risks to 

the witnesses, but it would not have eliminated them. The safety concerns 

expressed by the court would have been equally applicable. The gravity of the risk 

militates against the alternative, and the result would have been the same.

Additionally, regarding continuation, the trial court stated that “this case is getting 

too old just to let us kick it around for another year.” The trial court considered 

reasonable alternatives. D.K. has not shown that S.W.’s and S.M.’s remote 

testimony was unnecessary.

 

about the witnesses, the analysis and conclusion reached would be no different 

than that for the option of a video deposition.
No. 82596-8-I/10

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B. Reliability

D.K. argues that the video testimony is not reliable, because the virtual 

testimony in this case had issues with the sound, and did not show D.K. on the 

screen during S.W.’s testimony on direct. .

Under Craig, reliability requires that video testimony of witnesses occur 

under oath, within view of the fact-finders, and with opportunity for crossexamination. Craig, 497 U.S. at 857. Here, both S.W. and S.M. were under oath, 

cross-examined, and viewed by the judge during the bench trial. 

A condition of allowing video testimony is that the witness was able to be 

viewed by the defendant and the fact-finders of the court during testimony. Id. In 

both Craig and Foster, the courts allowed one-way video where the witness could 

not see the defendant. Craig, 497 U.S. at 840-41; Foster, 135 Wn.2d at 446. D.K. 

does not argue that he or the finder of fact was not able to observe S.W. while she 

testified.

D.K. argues that S.W. could not view him during her testimony on direct.

This is not one of the factors courts look to when doing a reliability analysis.4In 

 

4 To the extent the witness could not see D.K., the record indicates that the 

camera had shifted in some way so that D.K. was out of frame. He does not argue 

the State or the court was responsible for the movement. The issue was fixed prior 

to cross-examination of the witness. 

D.K. also argues that there were problems with the audio during trial. He 

cites to one section of the report of proceedings, where the judge says to S.W., 

“You cut out just right at the end. You said, that’s why he stopped staying there 

with you guys.” S.W. replied, “Yeah.” However, D.K. cites to no authority that

states an error of this type is unreliable. Under RAP 10.3(a)(6), the argument must 

have citations to legal authority, and a contention without authority need not be 

considered on appeal. Rhinehart v. Seattle Times, 59 Wn. App. 332, 336, 798 

P.2d 1155 (1990). We do not review this issue.
No. 82596-8-I/11

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Sweidan this court stated, “The record should confirm that the jury and the 

defendant see the witness and the witness’s body language, and that they hear 

the witness. The record should also verify that the witness sees the jury and the 

defendant.” Sweidan, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 75. “We do not hold, however, that any 

of these suggestions must necessarily be followed to fulfill the strictures of the 

confrontation clause.” Id.

Therefore, D.K.’s argument fails to establish that S.W.’s and S.M.’s video 

testimony was unreliable for the purposes of the confrontation clause.

We affirm.

WE CONCUR: