FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JANIS CARMONA, 

Plaintiff,

v.

JUDY CARMONA; HILTON HOTELS

CORPORATION, Retirement Plan,

Defendants,

v. No. 06-15581

NEVADA RESORT ASSOCIATION D.C. No.

INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF  CV-04-01310-

THEATRICAL AND STATE EMPLOYEES KJD/RJJ

LOCAL 720 PENSION TRUST

(I.A.T.S.E. Trustees),

Cross-claimant-Appellant,

v.

JUDY CARMONA, Successor

representative of Lupe N.

Carmona deceased,

Cross-defendant-Appellee. 

13083
JANIS CARMONA, a.k.a. JANIS 

KESTER,

Plaintiff-Appellant, No. 06-15938

v. D.C. No.

JUDY CARMONA, Successor  CV-04-01310-KJD/

Representative of Lupe N. RJJ

Carmona Deceased; HILTON OPINION HOTELS CORPORATION, Retirement

Plan,

Defendants-Appellees. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Nevada

Kent J. Dawson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted

March 11, 2008—Phoenix, Arizona

Filed September 17, 2008

Before: Michael Daly Hawkins, Sidney R. Thomas, and

Richard R. Clifton, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge Clifton

13084 CARMONA v. CARMONA
COUNSEL

William E. Freedman (argued), William E. Freedman, Chartered, Las Vegas, Nevada, for plaintiff/appellant Janis Carmona. 

Marshal S. Willick (argued), Willick Law Group, Las Vegas,

Nevada, for defendant/cross-defendant/appellee Judy Carmona. 

Adam S. Segal (argued), Jessica C. Espinoza, Schreck Brignone, PC, Las Vegas, Nevada, for cross-claimant/appellant

Nevada Resort Association International Alliance of Theatrical & State Employees Local 720. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13087
Sheri Ann F. Forbes (argued), Thomas F. Kummer, Kummer

Kaempfer Bonner Renshaw & Ferrario, Las Vegas, Nevada,

for defendant/appellee Hilton Hotels Corporation, Retirement

Plan. 

OPINION

CLIFTON, Circuit Judge: 

This case requires us to once again navigate the complex

statutory scheme set out in the Employee Retirement Income

Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 88 Stat. 832, as amended,

29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., and to answer an open question in

this Circuit: whether or not a participant to an ERISA regulated Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity (“QJSA”) plan

may change the surviving spouse beneficiary after the participant has retired and the annuity has become payable. 

The conflict here arises between the final two wives of

Lupe Carmona, a participant in two ERISA regulated pension

plans, the Hilton Hotels Pension Plan (“Hilton”) and the

Nevada Resort Association International Alliance of Theatrical and State Employees Local Pension Trust (“IATSE”).

Janis Carmona, Lupe’s eighth wife and his spouse at the time

of his retirement, appeals the district court’s dismissal of her

complaint for lack of jurisdiction against Hilton and Judy Carmona, Lupe’s ninth wife and his spouse at the time of his death.1

IATSE, Lupe’s second pension plan provider, appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Judy on

its cross-claim. On the merits, both IATSE and Janis argue

that Janis, as Lupe’s spouse at the time of his retirement, is

the rightful surviving spouse beneficiary for the purposes of

Lupe’s retirement plan because her interest in surviving

1Because they share the same last name, in this opinion we refer to

Lupe, Janis, and Judy by their first names. 

13088 CARMONA v. CARMONA
spouse benefits irrevocably vested at the time of Lupe’s

retirement. 

Joining the Fourth Circuit, as well as a number of other

jurisdictions, we hold that QJSA surviving spouse benefits

irrevocably vest in the participant’s spouse at the time of the

annuity start date—in this case the participant’s retirement2 —

and may not be reassigned to a subsequent spouse. Applying

that conclusion to the judgment entered by the district court

in this case, we affirm in part and reverse in part. 

I. Background

The essential facts of this case are undisputed. Lupe Carmona married his eighth wife,3

 Janis Carmona (nee Kester),

in 1988. While they were married, Lupe designated Janis as

his survivor beneficiary under two pension plans which provided QJSA benefits, Hilton and IATSE. Under the terms of

these plans, Janis would receive a portion of Lupe’s monthly

pension benefits upon his death if she survived him. After

naming Janis as the survivor beneficiary of both plans, Lupe

retired and began collecting pension benefits under the plans

in 1992. Then, in 1994, Lupe and Janis began divorce proceedings. 

2

“Annuity start date” and “retirement date” are the same date in this

case and we use the two terms synonymously. For the purposes of QJSA

benefits, the retirement date and the annuity start date are often the same.

As a result, most of the cases addressing this issue have also used “retirement date” synonymously with “annuity start date.” We recognize that the

terms may not always be synonymous: for example, a participant could

retire early, but he or she may not receive benefit payments until a later

date. For the purposes of this opinion, however, we need not determine

what effect an early retirement would have on the vesting rules. We leave

to another day whether the same vesting rules apply to a participant’s early

retirement. 

3Although Lupe had many wives, the dispute in this case only concerns

wives number eight and nine. None of the previous seven wives are

involved in the present litigation. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13089
Prior to entry of the formal divorce decree, Lupe inquired

into whether he could remove Janis as the named survivor

beneficiary. The two plan administrators each refused to

change the designated survivor spouse beneficiary and indicated that the designation was irrevocable upon Lupe’s retirement. Nonetheless, in its 1997 divorce decree, the Nevada

family court, perhaps without taking into account the nature

of the QJSA survivor annuities, granted Lupe both the IATSE

and Hilton pensions as his sole and separate property. The

family court awarded Janis her own pension plan as her sole

and separate property as well. Because there was a difference

between the value of the pension awarded to Janis and the

value of the pensions awarded to Lupe, the court also ordered

that Lupe pay Janis $1500 “as and for an equalization of the

values of the marital portion of the pensions divided.”

In 1997, after his divorce from Janis had been finalized,

Lupe married Judy Carmona (nee Walkington), his ninth and

final spouse. He petitioned the family court for a Qualified

Domestic Relations Order (“QDRO”) revoking Janis’s designation as the survivor beneficiary of the IATSE and Hilton

pensions and substituting Judy, his new wife. Lupe died in

1999. Judy survived him, as did Janis. The day after Lupe’s

death, the family court concluded that Janis had waived her

right to Lupe’s pension plan benefits by the divorce decree’s

allocation of property and that Janis would be unjustly

enriched if she remained the survivor beneficiary. To avoid an

inequitable result, the court ordered the plan administrators to

change the survivor beneficiary from Janis to Judy. Alternatively, if the plans refused or were unable to change the beneficiary, the family court ordered the funds Janis received to be

placed in a constructive trust with Judy as the beneficiary.

Janis appealed the family court’s decision to the Nevada

Supreme Court. In 2003, that court affirmed the family court

order and concluded that ERISA did not preempt either the

family court’s order to change the beneficiaries or the con13090 CARMONA v. CARMONA
structive trust placed on the plan proceeds.4

 Janis sought

review of the decision by the United States Supreme Court,

but the Court denied certiorari.

In 2004, after the Nevada Supreme Court decision, the family court issued another order requiring Janis to deposit the

survivor benefit funds into a constructive trust. At the same

time, the family court also entered two orders, each labeled as

a “Qualified Domestic Relations Order,” directing the two

plans to pay survivor benefits either to Judy or to the constructive trust. Janis attempted to remove the case to federal

court but the federal district court remanded the action back

to the family court, concluding that Janis had failed to timely

file for removal and, in any event, that the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine required the court to dismiss the suit for lack of jurisdiction.

This appeal originates from the most recent federal suit

filed by Janis against Judy, Hilton, and IATSE. Janis brought

suit under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3) seeking “to enjoin any act

or practice which violates any provision [of ERISA] or the

terms of the plan.” In response to Janis’s suit, IATSE Trustees

filed a cross-claim against Judy seeking declaratory relief.

The district court concluded that the Rooker-Feldman doc4While Janis was pursuing her original appeal through the Nevada system, she also brought suit in Nevada federal district court seeking to

recover benefits under the terms of the ERISA pension plan. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1132(a)(1)(B). Janis named the family court judge, Judy’s attorneys, the

Hilton Plan administrators and Judy in the suit. In 2001, before the Nevada

Supreme Court made its final determination in the original case, District

Judge Philip M. Pro dismissed the suit against all the defendants except

for Hilton, concluding that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction

under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. The district court later dismissed Hilton because Janis could not join Judy, an indispensable party. 

Also during this time, Janis declared bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court

also concluded that Janis did not have a legal or equitable interest in the

survivor benefits from the two QJSAs. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13091
trine barred Janis’s suit against Judy and Hilton. The court

also concluded that neither Rooker-Feldman nor res judicata

barred IATSE’s claim because it was not a party to the prior

suits and was not in privity with Janis. On the merits, the district court concluded that ERISA does not preclude a state

court from issuing a QDRO substituting an alternate payee for

a surviving spouse after a plan participant’s retirement.

IATSE appeals the district court’s denial of summary judgment and subsequent dismissal of its complaint against Judy.

Janis appeals the district court’s decision that it lacked subject

matter jurisdiction over Janis’s claims against Hilton and

Judy. We consider both appeals together because they arise

from the same factual background. 

II. Discussion

We review an application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine

de novo. Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1154 (9th Cir. 2003).

The interpretation of ERISA, including whether ERISA preempts state law, is a question of law which we also review de

novo. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Parker, 436 F.3d 1109,

1113 (9th Cir. 2006); Cleghorn v. Blue Shield of California,

408 F.3d 1222, 1225 (9th Cir. 2005). 

A. The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine and Preclusion

We first consider whether any preclusion doctrine prevents

Janis from bringing her claims against Judy and Hilton, or

IATSE from bringing its declaratory judgment action. We

agree with the district court and conclude that the district

court lacked jurisdiction, under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine,

to adjudicate Janis’s claims against Judy and Hilton, but that

IATSE is not precluded from asserting its cross-claim here. 

The Rooker-Feldman doctrine takes its name from two

Supreme Court cases: Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S.

413 (1923), and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v.

Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983). It stands for the relatively

13092 CARMONA v. CARMONA
straightforward principle that federal district courts do not

have jurisdiction to hear de facto appeals from state court

judgments. Noel, 341 F.3d at 1155. The jurisdictional prohibition arises from a negative inference drawn from 28 U.S.C.

§ 1257 which grants jurisdiction to review state court decisions in the United States Supreme Court. Kougasian v.

TMSL, Inc., 359 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation

omitted). Because it grants jurisdiction to the Supreme Court,

section 1257 impliedly prohibits lower federal courts from

reviewing state court decisions. Id.

[1] Stated simply, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars suits

“brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused

by state-court judgments rendered before the district court

proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and

rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi

Basic Indust. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). In practice, the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine is a fairly narrow preclusion doctrine, separate and distinct from res judicata and collateral

estoppel. See Noel, 341 F.3d at 1162-64. 

We have previously explained how federal courts should

distinguish a forbidden de facto appeal of a state court decision that is barred by Rooker-Feldman from a suit that is

barred by other preclusion principles. A suit brought in federal district court is a “de facto appeal” forbidden by RookerFeldman when “a federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an

allegedly erroneous decision by a state court, and seeks relief

from a state court judgment based on that decision.” Id. at

1164. In contrast, if a plaintiff “asserts as a legal wrong an

allegedly illegal act or omission by an adverse party, RookerFeldman does not bar jurisdiction.” Id.

[2] Although it is often misapplied, we agree with the district court that Rooker-Feldman is applicable in this case, and

therefore the district court was correct in dismissing Janis’s

claims for lack of jurisdiction. According to her amended

complaint, Janis claimed that the family court orders were

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13093
based upon an erroneous application of ERISA preemption

law and that the family court unlawfully reassigned benefits

in which she had an irrevocable vested interest. She sought

relief from the state court orders and prayed for the federal

district court to “order that the proceedings in Family Court

in case number D181580 be dismissed with prejudice” and to

enjoin enforcement of the orders. Thus she was asserting both

that her injury was caused by a “legal error or errors by the

state court” and that the appropriate remedy was “relief from

the state court judgment.” Kougasian, 359 F.3d at 1140. 

The types of claims Janis presented in this case parallel

those asserted in Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, one of the cases

from which the doctrine takes its name. In Feldman, the federal plaintiffs sought admission to the District of Columbia

bar. The local court refused to grant the plaintiffs waivers

from the local rule that only graduates from accredited law

schools could sit for the bar exam. The plaintiffs then filed

suit in federal court. The plaintiffs sought declaratory judgments that the rule violated the Fifth Amendment, and injunctions that would require the defendants to permit them to take

the examination. One of the plaintiffs also sought the alternative relief of admission to the bar or a determination of

whether his training provided him the same competence as

graduates of accredited law schools. See Feldman, 460 U.S.

at 468-69. The appeals were consolidated and the Supreme

Court held that the suit was a de facto appeal of the local

court order to the extent that it sought review of the local

court’s denial of waiver. As such the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the appeal. Id. at 482. 

[3] Like Feldman, Janis did not argue that either Judy or

Hilton caused her injury, claims that would not be within the

limits of Rooker-Feldman. See Noel, 341 F.3d at 1163.

Rather, Janis complained of a “harm caused by a state court

judgment that directly withholds a benefit from [her] . . .

based on an allegedly erroneous ruling by that court.” Id. Her

claim therefore fits within the narrow constraints of the Ninth

13094 CARMONA v. CARMONA
Circuit’s application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. We

agree with the district court that it lacked jurisdiction to hear

the merits of Janis’s claims against Hilton and Judy because

Janis’s suit was a forbidden de facto appeal of a state court

judgment. 

[4] Janis also argues that Rooker-Feldman does not apply

to state court orders that conflict with ERISA because ERISA

grants exclusive jurisdiction to the federal courts. RookerFeldman’s jurisdictional bar is one of congressional intent and

not constitutional mandate. Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067,

1085 n.55 (9th Cir. 2001). Where Congress explicitly grants

exclusive jurisdiction to federal courts, Rooker-Feldman cannot bar collateral review of a state court order in federal court.

See In re Gruntz, 202 F.3d 1074, 1078-79 (9th Cir. 2000) (en

banc) (establishing that collateral review of state court proceedings in habeas and bankruptcy cases is not jurisdictionally barred under Rooker-Feldman); see also Mozes, 239 F.3d

at 1085 n.55; G.C. and K.B. Inv., Inc. v. Wilson, 326 F.3d

1096, 1103 n.4 (9th Cir. 2003). 

[5] Although the present suit, as pleaded, arises under the

exclusive jurisdiction of federal courts, when the parties proceeded initially, the state court had concurrent jurisdiction to

hear the ERISA claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). In the

state court proceedings, Janis failed to remove the proceedings to federal court and thus implicitly subjected herself to

the final determination of the state court. Because Congress

had established concurrent jurisdiction at that time, we conclude that it did not intend to prevent the Rooker-Feldman

jurisdictional bar. 

[6] Although Janis’s claims are barred, IATSE’s cross

claim against Judy is not, even though it raises the same legal

issue. Neither the law of the case doctrine nor state law res

judicata principles bar IATSE’s cross claim. The law of the

case doctrine only applies to successive appeals in the same

suit. See Hsu v. County of Clark, 173 P.3d 724, 730 n.26

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13095
(Nev. 2007). Where the suit involves a new party and new

claims, as it does here, it is only res judicata, and not the law

of the case doctrine, that may apply. See id. 

[7] Similarly, res judicata does not preclude IATSE from

establishing its obligations with respect to Judy and Janis.

Under Nevada law, the party asserting res judicata must establish (1) the identical issue was already decided, (2) there was

a final judgment on the merits, and (3) the suit involved the

same party or their privies. See Holcombe v. Hosmer, 477

F.3d 1094, 1097-98 (9th Cir. 2007); Bennett v. Fid. & Deposit

Co. of Md., 652 P.2d 1178, 1180 (Nev. 1982). Res judicata

does not apply here because IATSE was not a party to the first

state court suit nor was it in privity with Janis. Although they

advance similar arguments with a similar goal in mind—to

establish that Lupe was precluded from changing Janis’s beneficiary status after his retirement—they each maintain unique

interests. IATSE must concern itself with the correct administration of its pension plans, and it has fiduciary duties distinct

from the interests of the wives in this case. See, e.g., 29

U.S.C. § 1104. Janis’s interest is merely in receiving the

remainder benefits to which she feels she is entitled. Because

Janis and IATSE do not share an identity of interests, Janis’s

prior suits have no preclusive effect on IATSE’s claim that

the state court QDROs were insufficient to transfer benefits.5

5

In addition to illustrating the pitfalls of interpreting ERISA, this case

also illustrates the problems that arise when a plan trustee fails to join litigation until the eleventh hour despite the plan’s ongoing interest in the

outcome. Although we conclude that no legal doctrine prohibits IATSE

from bringing the present declaratory judgment action, we agree with the

district court that the plan trustee’s failure to join itself to the litigation

earlier was unnecessary and could have spared the parties involved great

time and expense. We also note that while the result here may seem

anomalous—IATSE may pay out benefits to Janis while Hilton may pay

out benefits to Judy—we conclude that this is the result dictated by the

unusual circumstances before us. The application of preclusion doctrines

and jurisdictional bars cannot turn on the outcome of the underlying arguments on the merits. 

13096 CARMONA v. CARMONA
See Taylor v. Sturgell, 128 S.Ct. 2161 (2008) (overruling

Kourtis v. Cameron, 419 F.3d 989, 998 (9th Cir. 2005) and

narrowly construing circumstances in which a non-party may

be bound by prior judgment); LaForge v. State, Univ. and

Cmty. College Sys. of Nev., 997 P.2d 130, 133 (Nev. 2000).

We turn now to the merits of the case, and the heart of the

ERISA question. 

B. The Effect of a Domestic Relations Order on Survivor

Benefits

Congress originally enacted ERISA to protect the rights of

workers who earn pension benefits and to encourage plan participation. PAUL J. SCHNEIDER, BRIAN M. PINHEIRO, ERISA: A

COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE §1.02 (3d ed. 2008). In addition to protecting plan participants, Congress also sought to protect plan

beneficiaries. See Boggs v. Boggs, 520 U.S. 833, 845 (1997).

In order to meet those ends Congress enacted an intricate,

comprehensive statute that governs both pension and welfare

plans. Id. at 841. ERISA pension plans must comply with participation, vesting, and funding requirements. Id.

More recently, Congress further refined the statutory

framework with the Retirement Equity Act of 1984 (“REA”),

Pub. L. No. 98-397, 98 Stat. 1426, which particularly sought

to protect the rights of surviving spouses. These amendments

modified and strengthened the expansive coverage for surviving spouses by providing economic security through “a stream

of income to surviving spouses,” even after the participant’s

death. Boggs, 520 U.S. at 843. 

In order to protect surviving spouses in the event of the

plan participant’s death or divorce, ERISA provides for two

types of survivor annuity benefits. See Hamilton v. Wash.

State Plumbing & Pipefitting Indus. Pension Plan, 433 F.3d

1091, 1095 (9th Cir. 2006). If a vested participant dies before

the annuity start date and the participant is survived by a

spouse, the surviving spouse is entitled to a qualified prereCARMONA v. CARMONA 13097
tirement survivor annuity (“QPSA”). 29 U.S.C. § 1055(a)(2).

Because Lupe died after retirement, his annuity benefits were

paid in the form of the second type, a qualified joint and survivor annuity or “QJSA.” 29 U.S.C. § 1055(a)(1). QJSA benefits arise when the participant does not die before the annuity

starting date. Id. These benefits are payable to the plan participant for his lifetime after the annuity start date and, if the plan

participant dies before his spouse, the surviving spouse will

receive no less than 50 percent of the amount of the annuity

for the remainder of her lifetime. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1055(d)(1)(A). 

[8] “ERISA requires that every [QJSA] include an annuity

payable to a nonparticipant surviving spouse.” Boggs, 520

U.S. at 842. These QJSA benefits are particular to the surviving spouse and may not be waived by the participant alone.

Id. In order for a participant’s spouse to waive her interests in

QJSA benefits, the spouse must consent in writing, and in the

presence of a plan representative or notary public, during the

applicable election period. See 29 U.S.C. § 1055(c). Under

these provisions, Janis, as Lupe’s surviving spouse at the time

of his retirement, was entitled to his QJSA benefits after his

death. She did not waive her interest in the surviving spouse

benefits during the applicable election period or consent to

have Judy designated as the beneficiary. See Boggs, 520 U.S.

at 842. We must determine, then, whether other provisions of

ERISA permit the Nevada family court to reassign the QJSA

survivor benefits from Janis to Judy. 

ERISA contains an anti-alienation provision and a preemption provision that restrict the ability of state courts and plan

participants to transfer and alter interests in ERISA-governed

retirement benefits. See 29 U.S.C. § 1056 (d)(1) (“Each pension plan shall provide that benefits provided under the plan

may not be assigned or alienated.”); 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a)

(establishing that ERISA “supercede[s] any and all State laws

insofar as they may . . . relate to any employee benefit plan

. . . .”). Despite this broad preemption and anti-alienation

13098 CARMONA v. CARMONA
scheme, Congress has recognized that states, in some circumstances, should be able to enforce their own domestic relations laws with respect to ERISA pensions. As a result, state

domestic relations orders (“DROs”) that comply with statutory requirements are exempt from both the anti-alienation

and preemption provisions of ERISA. 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(7);

29 U.S.C. § 1056 (d)(3); Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1096 n.5. The

qualified domestic relations order, or QDRO, “is a subset of

domestic relations orders that recognizes the right of an alternate payee to receive all or a portion of the benefits payable

with respect to a participant under the plan.” Hamilton, 433

F.3d at 1096 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1056 (d)(3)(B)(i)(I)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). 

Although state courts, via DROs, may create enforceable

interests in the proceeds of an ERISA plan, there are limitations on the ability of state courts to create enforceable property interests in alternate payees. See Trs. of the Dirs. Guild

of Am.-Producer Pension Benefits Plans v. Tise, 234 F.3d

415, 420 (9th Cir. 2000). First, in order for a DRO to be considered a QDRO, the state courts must fulfill certain specificity requirements. These requirements allow a plan

administrator to more easily administer the plan and reduce

the risk of making improper payments. See Hamilton, 433

F.3d at 1096-97 (citing In re Gendreau, 122 F.3d 815, 817-18

(9th Cir. 1997)). A DRO meets the requirements of a QDRO

and thus is enforceable only if the order “clearly specifies” (1)

the name and mailing address of both the participant and the

alternate payees, (2) the amount or percentage of the participant’s benefits to be paid to each alternate payee, (3) the number of payments to which the order applies, and (4) the plan

to which the order applies. 29 U.S.C. § 1056 (d)(3)(C). If the

state court fails to substantially comply with the statutory

QDRO requirements, even a valid domestic relations order is

not enforceable against a pension plan. See Hamilton, 433

F.3d at 1097.6

6

It was argued in this appeal that the relevant orders entered by the

Nevada family court did not satisfy this specificity requirement, but we do

not need to resolve that issue, given our conclusion that the Nevada

court’s DROs did not create interests enforceable under ERISA’s scheme.

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13099
Second, the DRO itself must create an enforceable interest

that is permitted under ERISA’s statutory scheme. See Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1097-99. A valid DRO can be any judgment,

decree, or order which (1) “relates to the provision of child

support, alimony payments, or marital property rights to a

spouse, former spouse, child, or other dependant of a participant,” and (2) “is made pursuant to a State domestic relations

law.” 29 U.S.C. § 1056 (d)(3)(B)(ii). Among other things, a

DRO is valid under ERISA only if it recognizes the existence

of an alternate payee’s right to receive benefits “payable with

respect to a participant under a plan.” Id. at § 1056(d)(3)(B)

(i)(I). Additionally, a DRO may not require a plan to provide

any type or form of benefit, or any option not otherwise provided by the plan, or to provide increased benefits to an alternate payee. Id. at § 1056(d)(3)(D). 

The two limitations work together. The first limitation concerns the form of the state court order: the state DRO may

create an alternate payee’s enforceable interest, but the alternate payee may not enforce that interest unless and until he

or she has complied with the QDRO specificity provisions.

See Tise, 234 F.3d at 421. The second limitation is substantive: certain alterations to the benefits provided by a plan governed by ERISA are forbidden. Thus, in certain respects,

ERISA limits what a state family court can order. See Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1098-1110. 

Based on these limitations, IATSE argues that the family

court’s orders cannot be valid QDROs and thus cannot divest

Janis of her interest in the QJSA’s survivor benefits because

the state court orders were issued after Lupe’s retirement.

According to IATSE, surviving spouse benefits pursuant to a

QJSA irrevocably vest in the participant’s spouse at the time

of the participant’s retirement and cannot be altered or

assigned. Because Janis was Lupe’s spouse at the time of his

retirement, her remainder interests vested at the time of his

retirement and no QDRO can reassign the benefits. Judy

argues in response that ERISA contains no provisions limiting

13100 CARMONA v. CARMONA
when a state court can issue a DRO to transfer QJSA benefits

from a surviving spouse to an alternate payee, and therefore

so long as the state court fulfills the specificity requirements

of a QDRO it may create an enforceable interest at any time,

even after a participant’s retirement. 

[9] This case presents an issue of first impression in this

Circuit: whether a “plan participant’s retirement cuts off a

putative alternate payee’s right to obtain an enforceable

QDRO” with regard to the surviving spouse benefits of a

QJSA. Tise, 234 F.3d at 423 n.6. We are persuaded that

IATSE’s interpretation is correct and that the answer to this

question is “Yes.” 

In Hopkins v. AT&T Global Info. Solutions Co., 105 F.3d

153 (4th Cir. 1997), the Fourth Circuit addressed a set of circumstances similar to the one presented here. In Hopkins, the

ERISA plan participant divorced his first wife, Vera, in 1986

and was ordered to pay her alimony. Id. at 154. In order to

collect the alimony, Vera obtained a judgment allowing her to

attach her ex-husband’s wages. Id. After his divorce from

Vera, the participant married his second wife, Sherry. Thereafter, in 1993, he retired. At that time Vera attempted to attach

both his portion of the QJSA benefits and Sherry’s surviving

spouse benefits under the QJSA. Id.

The court closely examined 29 U.S.C. § 1056 and 29

U.S.C. § 1055, which regulate QDROs and QJSAs respectively, and concluded that surviving spouse benefits under a

QJSA vest at the time of the participant’s retirement. Id. at

155-156. In order to be “qualified,” and thus enforceable, a

DRO must create an alternate payee’s right to benefits “payable with respect to a participant under a plan.” Id.; 29 U.S.C.

§ 1056(d)(3)(B). According to Hopkins, if the surviving

spouse benefits vested upon the participant’s retirement, the

DRO would relate to a benefit payable with respect to a beneficiary, not payable “with respect to a participant.” Id. at 156.

Thus, if the spouse’s interest in the benefits vested upon the

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13101
participant’s retirement, the domestic relations order could not

be qualified and could not be an exception to the preemption

and anti-alienation provisions. Id.

[10] The court then analyzed 29 U.S.C. § 1055 and concluded that the participant spouse’s QJSA surviving spouse

rights “vest” upon the participant spouse’s retirement.7Id.

Various changes to ERISA created by the REA indicate that

the participant’s retirement or the start of the annuity establishes a vesting point for the surviving spouse benefits. First,

the REA changed the QJSA surviving spouse benefits so that

benefits may be paid to a spouse who was married to a participant at the participant’s retirement, regardless of whether they

were married at the participant’s death. Id. Second, the REA

made it more difficult for a participant to replace a QJSA with

another type of benefit. The participant could only change the

benefit within ninety days prior to retirement and with the

spouse’s written consent.8Id. at 156-57. Unless the participant

changes the form of benefit with his current spouse’s written

permission, the participant is locked into a QJSA at retirement. Id. at 157. Moreover, after the retirement date, the form

of benefit cannot be changed even with the spouse’s consent.

Id. Based upon the language in ERISA, as well as the changes

made under the REA, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the

plan participant’s retirement created a vested interest in the

surviving spouse, and thus Vera’s DRO could never be “qualified” for the purposes of a QDRO. Id.

Judy contends that we should not rely upon the Fourth Circuit’s reasoning in Hopkins because another Ninth Circuit

case compels an outcome in her favor here. In Tise, we

addressed the question whether an otherwise valid QDRO

7The Hopkins court did not distinguish between the annuity start date

and the participant’s retirement date. Indeed, in Hopkins, like the case

before us, the two dates are the same. 

8Now, the applicable time period for an election of benefits is 180 days

prior to retirement. See § 1055(c)(7)(A). 

13102 CARMONA v. CARMONA
assigning other ERISA benefits (i.e., not QJSA benefits) can

issue after the death of the plan participant. 234 F.3d at 415.

The plaintiff, the mother of the plan participant’s children,

obtained a child support judgment against the participant prior

to his death. Id. at 417-19. The plan participant died before

retirement (and after marrying the surviving spouse), but

before Tise was able to establish that the state court order met

the specificity requirements for a QDRO. Id. We held that a

state court order obtained prior to a participant’s death or

retirement creates an enforceable interest in the participant’s

surviving spouse benefits even if the alternate payee is unable

to qualify the DRO before the participant’s death. Id. at 423.

We came to this conclusion by analyzing the complex

ERISA framework and meticulously considering the provisions of the statute that contemplate a situation in which a

valid QDRO does not issue until after benefits become payable. We concluded that ERISA “specifically provides for situations in which no valid QDRO issues until after benefits

become payable. Once the pension plan is on notice that a

domestic relations order has issued that may be a QDRO, the

plan may take a reasonable period to determine whether the

order is a QDRO . . . .” Id. at 421. Furthermore, ERISA provides for further state court proceedings after the initial DRO

is issued to clarify and fix any technical defects in the original

DRO. Id. at 422 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)). Therefore,

we have held that so long as a valid DRO creates an alternate

payee’s legally enforceable property interest in QPSA benefits, a QDRO can be obtained even after the plan participant’s

death. Id. at 423. 

In holding that an alternate payee may obtain a valid

QDRO even after a plan participant’s death, we rejected the

first part of Hopkins’s logic, that once a spouse’s rights to an

annuity have vested a DRO cannot become a QDRO because

the order can no longer be “payable with respect to a participant under a plan.” Id. at 423-24. We concluded that “payable

with respect to a participant” includes benefits payable to a

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13103
participant as well as benefits payable to any beneficiaries

that may be eligible to receive such benefit. See id. at 423,

423 n.7. Therefore, section 1056(d)(3)(B)(I) does not, in and

of itself, prohibit the assignment of surviving spouse benefits

to an alternate payee, even after a plan participant has retired.

[11] While we recognize that Tise expressly, and we

believe rightly, rejected part of the Fourth Circuit’s reasoning

in Hopkins, we are nonetheless persuaded by the structure and

purpose of ERISA that the rule enunciated in Hopkins is the

proper rule for QJSA benefits. Indeed, we expressly left open

this possibility. See id. at 423 n.6, 423 n.7 (“Whether a QDRO

issued after a plan participant’s retirement may affect the distribution of surviving spouse benefits pursuant to 29 U.S.C.

§ 1055 implicates statutory provisions and policy considerations other than those here applicable.”). 

First, ERISA’s statutory scheme for QJSA benefits establishes the importance of the annuity start date, which is often

the participant’s retirement date, on the benefits at issue. The

plan providers must provide participants and their spouses

with a QJSA. §1055(a)(1). Under section 1055(c), QJSA benefits are automatically provided to employees in all ERISAgoverned plans. The only way for the participant to opt out of

the QJSA is for the participant and his spouse together to

waive the QJSA benefit plan in writing. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1055(c)(1)-(2). Both spouses, if they are going to decline

QJSA benefits, may only do so during the applicable election

period which is defined as “the 180-day period ending on the

annuity starting date.”

9

Id. at § 1055(c)(2), (7). Thus, the

annuity starting date, which in this case is Lupe’s retirement

9This statutory construction makes it difficult to adopt the alternative

rule that Judy urges. It is difficult to see how courts may reassign QJSA

surviving spouse benefits at any time given the fact that the statutory

scheme so diligently and strictly protects the interests of the participant’s

spouse at the time of the participant’s retirement by establishing that the

only way to avoid QJSA survivor benefits is by opting out in writing

before the retirement date. 

13104 CARMONA v. CARMONA
date, is the point at which the surviving spouse benefits vest

in the participant’s spouse.10

[12] We are also persuaded, as was the Fourth Circuit in

Hopkins, that a number of changes in ERISA, effectuated by

the REA, established the importance of the participant’s date

of retirement as the moment at which the surviving spouse

benefits vest. The fact that the REA established that surviving

spouse benefits may now be paid to a spouse who is married

on the day of the participant’s retirement, regardless of

whether the participant and spouse are married at the participant’s death, suggests that the retirement date is the crucial

date for establishing the rights of the surviving spouse. Hopkins, 105 F.3d at 156. Following this reasoning, we conclude

that once a participant retires, the spouse at the time becomes

the “surviving spouse” entitled to the QJSA benefits. 

In addition to finding support for the Hopkins rule from the

statutory scheme, we are also persuaded that the ultimate

objectives of Congress are served by recognizing the rule that

a QDRO may not reassign surviving spouse benefits after a

plan participant has retired. See Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1099

(noting that congressional intent ultimately determines

whether or not a particular statutory interpretation applies to

surviving spouse benefits); Boggs, 520 U.S. at 843 (considering congressional intent when analyzing qualified joint and

survivor annuity benefits). 

10The terms of the IATSE plan itself also suggest that the surviving

spouse’s interest vests at the time of Lupe’s retirement. The plan informed

Lupe that he would automatically be paid in the form of a QJSA if he was

married at least 12 months prior to the benefit starting date (his retirement)

unless he chose otherwise. It also established that the exact amount of

monthly benefits payable to him and his spouse under the QJSA depended

upon “the relative ages of you and your spouse at the time of your retirement” (emphasis added). Thus the plan established both that the type of

plan and the amount of benefits were calculated at the time of retirement

and the amount was calculated based on the relative ages of him and his

spouse. This structure suggests that the benefits vested at retirement in the

surviving spouse. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13105
ERISA’s surviving spouse benefits established in section

1055 were created in part “to ensure a stream of income to

surviving spouses.” Boggs, 520 U.S. at 843. Specifically,

Congress was concerned with providing for spouses that were

not able to accrue their own set of retirement benefits independent from their working spouses. Prior to ERISA there

was no requirement that retirement plans provide for an

employee’s spouse in the event that the employee predeceased

a spouse not working outside the home (“non-working

spouse”). Congress concluded that such a regime “[could]

result in a hardship where an individual primarily dependent

on his pension as a source of retirement income is unable to

make adequate provision for his spouse’s retirement years

should he predecease her.” H.R. Rep. No. 93-807, at 4732

(1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4670, 4732. Likewise, in amending ERISA through the REA, Congress

adopted changes to the statutory scheme to take into account

“changes in work patterns, the status of marriage as an economic partnership, and the substantial contribution to that

partnership of spouses who work both in and outside the

home.” Retirement Equity Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-397,

98 Stat. 1426 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 29

U.S.C.). Congress created surviving spouse benefits, like

those found in QJSAs, to protect non-participant spouses, particularly those that may not work outside the home and thus

may not have independent retirement benefits. 

The Hopkins rule applied in this case may not clearly protect a non-working spouse whose interest in the surviving

spouse benefits may have accrued over time, since Lupe was

not married to either Janis or Judy during most of his working

years when he earned the pension benefits. Nonetheless, such

a rule would protect a non-working spouse in many situations

involving a post-retirement attempt to transfer surviving

spouse benefits. The finely tuned congressional scheme would

not be served by state court DROs that attempt to divest a

non-working spouse’s interest in her surviving spouse benefits. Similarly, congressional intent is not advanced by permit13106 CARMONA v. CARMONA
ting a subsequent post-retirement spouse to collect benefits

accrued during an economic partnership she or he was not a

part of.11

Additionally, a vesting rule also promotes one of the principal goals underlying ERISA: “ensuring that plans be uniform

in their interpretation and simple in their application.” McGowan v. NJR Serv. Corp., 423 F.3d 241, 246 (3d Cir. 2005)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). While

administrative convenience is not entirely determinative of

what is required of pension plans under ERISA, we are convinced that it should be a consideration when deciding

whether the statutory scheme requires pension plans to act in

a certain way. 

Both the participant’s post-retirement pension benefits and

surviving spouse benefits under the QJSA are calculated

based upon the life of the two spouses at the time the benefits

become payable. The benefits payable to each are computed

based upon the “actuarial equivalent of a single annuity for

the life of the participant.” 29 U.S.C. § 1055(d)(1)(A)-(B)

(establishing that the participant receives pension benefits

“for the life of the participant with a survivor annuity for the

life of the spouse which is not less than 50 percent of . . . the

amount of the annuity which is payable during the joint lives

of the participant and the spouse”). The calculation and pay11We note that this view is advanced by the legislative history of the

REA. The Senate Report notes that in theory “a qualified domestic relations order could provide that the former spouse is not entitled to any survivor benefits under the plan.” S. Rep. No. 98-575, at 15 (1984), reprinted

in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2547, 2562. While we recognize that this passing

note contradicts our conclusion that Janis’s surviving spouse benefits

vested at Lupe’s retirement, we are nonetheless convinced that the structure of the statute, the purposes and policies undergirding ERISA, and the

authority from other jurisdictions following this interpretation support our

conclusion. Furthermore the note does not contradict the outcome here

because Lupe did not seek to divest Janis of her surviving spouse rights,

but rather attempted to replace her with Judy, something that neither the

statutory language nor the legislative history permits. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13107
ment of the pension benefits mean that it is important for the

plan administrators to know, with some finality, who the

spouse is at the time that the benefits become payable:

Because the disbursement of plan benefits is based

on actuarial computations, the plan administrator

must know the life expectancy of the person receiving the Surviving Spouse Benefits to determine the

participant’s monthly Pension Benefits. As a result,

the plan administrator needs to know, on the day the

participant retires, to whom the Surviving Spouse

Benefit is payable.

Hopkins, 105 F.3d at 157 n.7. Allowing participants to change

surviving spouse beneficiaries after the participant has retired

and already begun receiving benefit payments would make it

difficult for trustees to administer plans based on the actuarial

value of both the participant and the surviving spouse. We

therefore agree with Hopkins, as well as with other courts that

have either implicitly or explicitly concluded that the surviving spouse benefits irrevocably vest in the current spouse

when the plan participant retires. See Hopkins, 105 F.3d at

157; see also Rivers v. Central and South West Corp., 186

F.3d 681 (5th Cir. 1999); Walsh v. Woods, 638 S.E.2d 85

(S.C. Ct. App. 2006); Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1096 (noting that

problems in QDROs often go undetected “until the participant

dies or retires, that is, when the survivor benefits irrevocably

vest in the current spouse and it is too late to do anything

about it”) (quotation omitted); Anderson v. Marshall, 856 F.

Supp. 604, 607 (D. Kan. 1994); cf. Fox Valley & Vicinity

Constr. Workers Pension Fund v. Brown, 897 F.2d 275 (7th

Cir. 1990) (en banc) (allowing the waiver of surviving spouse

benefits as required in a divorce decree entered prior to the

participant’s retirement); but see Torres v. Torres, 60 P.3d

798 (Haw. 2003). 

[13] Because the retirement of a plan participant ordinarily

creates a vested interest in the surviving spouse at the time of

13108 CARMONA v. CARMONA
the participant’s retirement, we conclude that a DRO issued

after the participant’s retirement may not alter or assign the

surviving spouse’s interest to a subsequent spouse. The

Nevada family court’s attempted transfer of interests in

Janis’s surviving spouse benefits to Judy is prohibited. 

It is important to note that this opinion does not disturb our

prior holding in Tise. Fundamentally, Tise answers a very different question from the one presented here. In Tise, we determined when a DRO, which creates an enforceable interest in

an alternate payee, can be “qualified” for QPSA benefits. Tise

established that a state court domestic relations order may be

qualified even after a participant’s death, “[b]ecause a QDRO

only renders enforceable an already-existing interest.” 234

F.3d at 421. In contrast, here we ask whether there are any

restrictions as to when a state can create an enforceable interest in an alternate payee for QJSA surviving spouse benefits.

We hold here only that a state DRO may not create an

enforceable interest in surviving spouse benefits to an alternate payee after a participant’s retirement, because ordinarily

at retirement the surviving spouse’s interest irrevocably vests.12

Additionally, ERISA only permits state court DROs to

reassign surviving spouse benefits if they meet the requirements of 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)(F). Hamilton, 433 F.3d at

1099. Section 1056(d)(3)(F) governs the use of QDROs to

reassign benefits pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1055 and states that

“to the extent provided in any qualified domestic relations

order the former spouse of a participant shall be treated as a

surviving spouse of such participant . . . .” We have interpreted this provision as permitting a transfer of surviving

12We say “ordinarily” because we recognize that there may be other situations, not present in this case, in which a contrary result may be appropriate. For example, it is possible that a former spouse could obtain a DRO

prior to the annuity start date and present it to the plan, but the actual

determination of whether the DRO is a QDRO might not be finalized prior

to the date on which the benefit would normally become payable. See,

e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)(H). 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13109
spouse benefits established under section 1055 only if the

QDRO expressly assigns surviving spouse rights to a former

spouse. See Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1099. Here, Judy is not a

“former spouse” but rather is a “future” or “subsequent

spouse” because she married Lupe after his retirement. See

Hopkins, 105 F.3d at 157 n.6. No part of ERISA contemplates

reassignment of surviving spouse benefits to a future or subsequent spouse. We take Congress’s silence with respect to

the rights of a future or subsequent spouse to obtain control

of surviving spouse benefits as “powerful support for the conclusion that the right does not exist.” Boggs, 520 U.S. at 847-

48. 

Judy also argues that Janis waived her right to the surviving

spouse benefits by the property settlement when the state

court entered its divorce decree. In confronting this issue we

note that there is currently a split among the circuits as to

whether plans must recognize such a waiver in the absence of

a QDRO. McGowan, 423 F.3d at 244. 

In McGowan, the Third Circuit rejected a similar argument

in a case involving the distribution of the unique set of surviving spouse pension benefits at issue here. McGowan and his

second wife, Rosemary, were divorced three years after

McGowan retired from his job. McGowan, 423 F.3d at 243.

As a part of the Marital Settlement Agreement, Rosemary

agreed to “waive [ ] any and all rights, title, interest or claims

. . . to the New Jersey Gas Company Employee Pension Plan

of the Husband.” Id. Shortly after Rosemary signed the settlement agreement, McGowan attempted to have the plan trustee

replace Rosemary with his third and current wife, Donna, as

the surviving spouse beneficiary. Id. The plan refused to

change the beneficiary status and litigation ensued. Id. at 243-

44. 

The Third Circuit held that ERISA does not require the

plan trustee to recognize this waiver. “[I]t is the documents on

file with the Plan, and not outside private agreements between

13110 CARMONA v. CARMONA
beneficiaries and participants, that determine the rights of the

parties.” Id. at 246. In support of its conclusion, the court

noted that the comprehensive nature of ERISA, coupled with

the statute’s “silence with respect to the right to waive benefits supports the conclusion that such a right does not exist.”

Id. at 249. 

We see no reason to depart from this sound reasoning,

which we discussed favorably in one of our own recent decisions. See Hamilton, 433 F.3d at 1100 n.10 (citing McGowan

favorably and noting that when ERISA fails to provide a

right, that fact is evidence that such a right does not exist).

ERISA’s statutory scheme allows for the waiver of surviving

spouse benefits with both spouses’ written consent in the benefits election period prior to the participant’s retirement. 29

U.S.C. § 1055(c)(3). Lupe and Janis failed to avail themselves

of this waiver option—the only waiver option explicitly available to alter QJSA benefits. ERISA also provides that QDROs

may establish enforceable rights and reassign benefits in certain circumstances—evidence that private waivers are insufficient to alter ERISA benefits. As established above, the

QDRO was unavailable to Lupe in this instance because

Janis’s surviving spouse benefits had already vested at the

time he retired. 

[14] ERISA has established ways in which parties can

transfer property interests in ERISA benefit plans, neither one

of which is through private waivers. We therefore reject

Judy’s argument that the divorce decree was a valid waiver of

Janis’s right to her surviving spouse benefits. See also Walsh,

638 S.E.2d at 90 (concluding that “upon [the participant’s]

retirement, the Surviving Spouse Benefits became irrevocable

and could not be changed [even by a] waiver of the designated beneficiary”) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

C. The Constructive Trust

IATSE also contends that it was impermissible for the state

court to create a constructive trust on the annuity proceeds.

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13111
We agree that a state law constructive trust cannot be used to

contravene the dictates of ERISA. 

ERISA preemption supercedes “any and all state laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan” covered by ERISA. 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). The

Supreme Court has observed that the preemption provision is

“clearly expansive” but that it cannot be taken “to extend to

the furthest stretch of its indeterminacy.” Egelhoff v. Egelhoff,

532 U.S. 141, 146 (2001) (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted). A state law “relates to an ERISA plan if it has

a connection with or reference to such a plan.” Id. at 147

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). To determine

whether a state law is preempted because it relates to an

ERISA plan, the courts look to the nature and effect of the

state law on ERISA plans as well as the objectives of the

ERISA statute. Id.

In Melton v. Melton, the Seventh Circuit observed that

“Egelhoff stands for the proposition that a state law cannot

invalidate an ERISA plan beneficiary designation by mandating distribution to another person.” 324 F.3d 941, 945 (7th

Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). The court applied that proposition to conclude that ERISA preempted a state court law that

permitted the imposition of a constructive trust on ERISA

proceeds. It concluded that the imposition of a constructive

trust to subvert ERISA-mandated beneficiaries was directly

controlled by Egelhoff and preempted by ERISA. Id. Thus the

court held that state law doctrines (including constructive

trusts) may not be invoked to assign benefits to parties other

than those designated as beneficiaries under ERISA. Id.

Furthermore, as the Supreme Court concluded in Boggs,

ERISA can preempt state law even after benefits have been

disbursed to beneficiaries. 520 U.S. at 842 (rejecting the argument that state law can apply when it affects “only the disposition of plan proceeds after they have been disbursed by [the

plan] and thus nothing is required of the plan”). Therefore a

13112 CARMONA v. CARMONA
state court cannot achieve through a constructive trust on the

proceeds of a pension plan what this court maintains it cannot

achieve through a QDRO. Any alternative rule would allow

for an end-run around ERISA’s rules and Congress’s policy

objective of providing for certain beneficiaries, thereby

greatly weakening, if not entirely abrogating, ERISA’s broad

preemption provision. 

Judy relies upon our decision in Emard v. Hughes Aircraft

Co., 153 F.3d 949 (9th Cir. 1998), for the proposition that

once a plan distributes proceeds to the proper ERISA beneficiary, a state law created constructive trust is too attenuated

to fall within the mandatory preemption provision. Id. at 954.

Emard, however, was abrogated by Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141,

and thus Emard’s holding, to the extent it can be interpreted

as an end-run around ERISA’s mandates, no longer survives.13

[15] In this case, the constructive trust that the state court

created was explicitly an attempt to avoid ERISA’s QDRO,

preemption, and anti-alienation provisions. We conclude that

Congress did not intend to permit the reassignment of surviving spouse benefits and, therefore the constructive trust remedy that the state court tried to impose is also preempted by

ERISA. It may not be that all constructive trusts instituted by

13Additionally, Emard addressed insurance benefits and not pension

plan benefits. Emard, 153 F.3d at 953. As noted in Guidry v. Sheet Metal

Workers Nat’l Pension Fund, 493 U.S. 365 (1990), ERISA’s antialienation provision applies only to pension benefits and not welfare benefits. Thus an independent reason (the anti-alienation provision) prohibits

the use of constructive trusts to garnish pension benefits in this case. See

id. at 371-72. In Guidry, the Supreme Court concluded that a constructive

trust could not be used to disgorge a pension plan fiduciary’s ill-gotten

gains because it was prohibited by the anti-alienation provision of ERISA

and did not meet any of the statutory exceptions to the ERISA provision.

See id. at 372-376. On remand, the Tenth Circuit upheld the imposition of

a constructive trust and concluded that ERISA did not prohibit postpayment garnishment of ill-gotten gains. See Guidry v. Sheet Metal Workers Nat’l. Pension Fund, 39 F.3d 1078 (10th Cir. 1994) (en banc). This

decision, too, preceded both Egelhoff and Boggs, and may not survive. 

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13113
state courts, particularly those that seek to recover ill-gotten

gains, will have a sufficient connection with or reference to

an ERISA plan to trigger ERISA’s preemption provision. But

when a state court creates a constructive trust with the explicit

purpose of avoiding ERISA’s rules, it too must be preempted.

Congress, through ERISA, has created a set of fixed property rules state courts are bound to work within. State family

courts can and should distribute property in an equitable manner upon divorce, but they must take into account ERISA’s

rules. ERISA prohibits the state family court from steering the

surviving spouse benefits from Janis to Judy, but ERISA did

not prohibit the state court from dividing other property or

making other adjustments mindful of the benefits provided

under the ERISA plan. In this instance, the state family court

provided for a transfer of $1500 from Lupe to Janis based

upon the premise that Lupe and Janis would each retain their

pension benefits as separate property. That premise may have

been faulty, but that does not justify disregarding the ERISA

limitations.

III. Conclusion 

We conclude that Janis’s lawsuit against both Hilton and

Judy was properly dismissed by the district court for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. Although Janis may have been

right on the underlying substantive issue, she already had her

day in court on the question and, under the circumstances, is

barred under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine from seeking

recourse in federal court at this time. 

IATSE’s similar argument is not barred, however. We

agree with its contention that it is not required to make payment of the surviving spouse benefits to Judy or to the constructive trust ordered by the Nevada family court. Under

ERISA, Janis’s interest in the surviving spouse benefits

vested at Lupe’s retirement and federal law preempted the

13114 CARMONA v. CARMONA
state court orders directing the plans to change the beneficiaries and creating a constructive trust. 

We remand the matter to the district court for whatever further proceedings may be necessary and appropriate. Each

party is to bear its own costs on appeal. 

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and

REMANDED.

CARMONA v. CARMONA 13115