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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 Filing Date: September 17, 2015

3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

4 Plaintiff-Appellee,

5 v. NO. S-1-SC-34832

6 WILLIAM PAGAN-RIVERA,

7 Defendant-Appellant.

8 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

9 Brett R. Loveless, District Judge

10 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C.

11 Robert E. Tangora

12 Santa Fe, NM

13 for Appellant

14 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

15 Steven H. Johnston, Assistant Attorney General

16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee
2

1 DECISION

2 DANIELS, Justice.

3 {1} Following a jury trial, the district court entered judgment against Defendant

4 William Pagan-Rivera and sentenced him for the crimes of first-degree felony murder,

5 two counts of negligently caused child abuse, shooting from a motor vehicle, shooting

6 at a dwelling or occupied building, and tampering with the evidence. Defendant asks

7 this Court to reverse his convictions on grounds that (1) his right to a speedy trial was

8 violated, (2) the district court violated physician-patient privilege when it admitted

9 a statement that he made to officers while at the hospital, (3) the district court violated

10 the rule requiring the exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom when it allowed the

11 lead investigative agent to remain in the courtroom throughout trial, (4) the district

12 court erroneously denied his motion for mistrial, (5) his convictions are not supported

13 by sufficient evidence, and (6) the district court’s errors rise to reversible cumulative

14 error.

15 {2} We affirm Defendant’s convictions by nonprecedential decision, applying

16 established New Mexico precedent and rules of court. See Rule 12-405(B)(1), (3)
3

1 NMRA (stating that an appellate court may dispose of a case by nonprecedential

2 decision where “[t]he issues presented have been previously decided by the Supreme

3 Court or Court of Appeals” or where “[t]he issues are answered by statute or rules of

4 court”).

5 I. BACKGROUND

6 A. The Events of November 7, 2010

7 {3} At trial, the State presented the testimony of Martha Colwell, Ramon Lopez,

8 Antonio Lopez, and Dennie Stallworth, along with investigators and expert witnesses.

9 The witnesses described the following events.

10 {4} Martha Colwell is the mother of Ramon Lopez and Antonio Lopez who on

11 November 7 2010, were ten and seventeen years old. Dwayne King, a family friend

12 who was eighteen years old at the time, was living with them in their apartment. The

13 apartment was on the ground floor in a complex that had two apartments on the

14 ground floor and two apartments on top. The apartment next door had previously

15 been rented by Eddieberto Morales, through whom Ms. Colwell, Ramon, and Antonio

16 had met Defendant, Mr. Morales’ cousin. Ms. Colwell and her sons had known

17 Defendant for a few months, and Ramon had even spent time at Defendant’s house

18 with Defendant’s children and knew how to get there from the apartment. Ms.
4

1 Colwell’s neighbor from across the complex, Dennie Stallworth, had also met

2 Defendant through Mr. Morales.

3 {5} On the night of November 7, 2010, Ms. Colwell, Ramon, Antonio, and Dwayne

4 were at the apartment getting ready for bed when they heard someone knock at the

5 door or ring the doorbell of their apartment. Dwayne answered the door. Ramon saw

6 Defendant enter the apartment, press Dwayne up against the wall, and point a gun at

7 Dwayne’s throat. Antonio entered the room moments later and saw the same. Antonio

8 heard Defendant say, “Give it to me. I need it all.”; so Antonio shouted that

9 Defendant was robbing them and that “Will got the gun in here.” Antonio and Ramon

10 saw Defendant fire the gun into the ceiling of the apartment.

11 {6} Ms. Colwell, who was in her bedroom in the apartment, heard the gunshot. She

12 came out of her room and saw Defendant and Dwayne struggling over the gun in

13 Defendant’s hand. She ran back to her bedroom to get a metal baseball bat.

14 Meanwhile, the struggle between Dwayne and Defendant moved outside the

15 apartment. After pushing Ramon out of the way for his safety, Antonio and Dwayne

16 “rushed” Defendant outside the apartment door.

17 {7} Antonio, Ramon, and Ms. Colwell testified about the details of the fight

18 outside. In the struggle for the gun in Defendant’s hands, Defendant fired two shots,
5

1 one of which was “towards” Antonio. Antonio was not hit, but the bullet went into

2 the outside wall of the neighboring apartment. At some point, Ms. Colwell hit

3 Defendant in the back with the metal bat, but Defendant did not react. She swung

4 again and hit Defendant in the back of the head. Mr. Morales drove up in a white

5 SUV, got out of the vehicle, and ran up to Defendant, pulling him up and asking

6 Defendant what he was doing. As Mr. Morales and Defendant headed back to the

7 vehicle, Defendant pointed the gun at Antonio but did not fire the gun. Mr. Morales

8 got in the driver’s seat, and Defendant got in the passenger seat of the vehicle. As the

9 vehicle pulled away, shots were fired from the passenger window.

10 {8} Mr. Stallworth, the neighbor, heard the sounds ofthe fight and went outside his

11 apartment to see what was happening. Mr. Stallworth and Ramon testified that

12 Defendant fired the gun in the direction of Mr. Stallworth’s apartment. Mr. Stallworth

13 saw people dispersing, including Defendant, Dwayne, and Antonio. He saw Dwayne

14 running around a car in the parking lot and saw him collapse as he was running.

15 Dwayne called out that he had been shot, and Ms. Colwell found Dwayne lying in the

16 parking lot with a gunshot wound.

17 {9} The police arrived seconds later, and Ramon guided them to Defendant’s

18 residence. Police surrounded Defendant’s residence and saw a number of people
6

1 inside. The police directed the people in the residence to exit “in front of the

2 residence.” One or two women and two children came out of the front of the house.

3 Shortly after the announcements were given to come out of the front, police officers

4 saw two men leaving from a back door. The two men left the house quickly and

5 “looked a little surprised.” Police officers testified that Defendant got on the ground

6 near, but not touching, a toy dump truck. Officers then took Defendant into custody.

7 {10} Field detectives photographed Defendant’s wounds, including a wound on the

8 webbing between his thumb and forefinger and a wound to his head. Detective

9 Andrea Ortiz and another detective interviewed Defendant after advising him of his

10 constitutional rights and obtaining his waiver. Defendant did not testify at trial, but

11 the video recording of that interview was played in full for the jury at trial.

12 {11} According to the testimony of Detective Ortiz, Defendant told the following

13 story in his interview. Defendant went to the apartment to purchase about $25 worth

14 of marijuana from Ms. Colwell and Antonio. Defendant had asked his cousin Mr.

15 Morales to drive him there. Once he was at the apartment, he claimed a “Black

16 younger male” attempted to sell him crack cocaine, and when Defendant refused to

17 buy cocaine the interaction turned violent. In the doorway of the apartment, the Black

18 male and Antonio fought Defendant. Defendant was able to get back to the vehicle,
7

1 and he and Mr. Morales returned home. Defendant denied shooting anyone and

2 denied that firearms were used in the confrontation. Defendant claimed that he injured

3 both his hand and his head when he accidentally placed his hand on the Tonka truck

4 while getting “down to the ground” in his back yard at police instruction. Defendant

5 denied that he had been struck by a baseball bat.

6 {12} The investigation found no crack cocaine on Dwayne or at the location of the

7 shooting. Ms. Colwell, Antonio, and Ramon all testified that they saw Defendant with

8 a revolver at the scene of the shooting, shortly before Defendant’s arrest at his

9 residence. One police officer saw a gun cleaning kit in a bedroom of Defendant’s

10 house after Defendant’s arrest, but a full search of the house and back yard did not

11 locate the revolver.

12 {13} Field investigators photographed .40-caliber bullet casings and bullet

13 fragments found at the shooting scene. An Albuquerque Police Department specialist

14 in firearms and toolmarks testified that those casings were all fired from the same

15 gun. A medical examiner performed an autopsy on Dwayne and testified that his

16 cause of death was a gunshot wound to the torso and that the bullet that killed

17 Dwayne was fired from a distance greater than two feet.

18 {14} A jury found Defendant guilty of second-degree murder, first-degree felony
8

1 murder, kidnapping, two counts of negligently caused child abuse, attempt to commit

2 the felony of armed robbery, shooting from a motor vehicle, aggravated assault with

3 a deadly weapon, shooting at a dwelling, negligent use of a deadly weapon, and

4 tampering with evidence. The district court vacated the sentences for second-degree

5 murder, kidnapping, attempt to commit the felony of armed robbery, and aggravated

6 assault with a deadly weapon to avoid unlawful multiple punishment, in light of the

7 conviction and sentence for first-degree felony murder. The court also vacated the

8 sentence for negligent use of a deadly weapon, concluding that the sentence for

9 shooting at a dwelling addressed it. The court sentenced Defendant to life

10 imprisonment plus eight years.

11 {15} Defendant appealed his convictions pursuant to N.M. Const. Art. VI, Sec. 2

12 (“Appeals from a judgment of the district court imposing a sentence of . . . life

13 imprisonment shall be taken directly to the supreme court.”).

14 II. DISCUSSION

15 {16} There is no dispute that Defendant has preserved all of the issues raised for this

16 Court’s review, except as noted below in relation to whether the district court

17 properly denied Defendant’s motion for mistrial.

18 A. Defendant’s Right to a Speedy Trial Was Not Violated
9

1 {17} The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section

2 14 of the New Mexico Constitution guarantee a defendant the right to a speedy trial.

3 State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 10, 146 N.M. 499, 212 P.3d 387. Whether a

4 defendant’s right has been violated depends on the particular circumstances of the

5 case. State v. Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 16, 283 P.3d 272. This Court balances

6 four factors originally articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v.

7 Wingo: 1) the length of the delay, 2) the reasons for the delay, 3) the defendant’s

8 assertion of his right, and 4) the actual prejudice to the defendant. See 407 U.S. 514,

9 530 (1972); Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 13.

10 {18} Following a hearing, the district court entered an order denying Defendant’s

11 motion to dismiss for violation of Defendant’s right to a speedy trial. This Court gives

12 deference to the factual findings of the trial court but weighs the Barker factors de

13 novo. Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 19. Because Defendant does not challenge the

14 district court’s findings of fact, we weigh the factors based on the sequence of events

15 as found by the district court. See 12-213(A)(4) NMRA (stating that an appellant’s

16 brief in chief “shall set forth a specific attack on any finding, or such finding shall be

17 deemed conclusive”).

18 1. The Length of the Delay Presumptively Prejudiced Defendant
10

1 {19} Defendant’s right to a speedy trial attached either upon his arrest on November

2 8, 2010, or at the time of his indictment on November 23, 2010. See Salandre v. State,

3 1991-NMSC-016, ¶ 13, 111 N.M. 422, 806 P.2d 562. In “complex” cases, the length

4 of the delay is “presumptively prejudicial” where the time between the attachment of

5 the right to speedy trial and the trial date that triggers a Barker analysis is greater than

6 eighteen months. See State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 2, 21, 42.

7 {20} It is undisputed that this case is “complex” given that Defendant’s indictment

8 contained twenty counts, including one count of murder in the first degree, and given

9 that, at one point during investigation, the witness list included fifty-eight witnesses,

10 several of whom were expert witnesses. The district court, counting from the day of

11 Defendant’s arrest to the date of the final trial setting on February 24, 2014, found

12 that the case had been pending for a total of forty months, exceeding the eighteen13 month threshold for a “complex case”and necessitating further inquiry into the other

14 Barker factors. Although the State does not dispute the district court’s finding, a

15 delay of presumptively prejudicial length does not necessarily violate Defendant’s

16 speedy trial right; it is “simply a triggering mechanism, requiring further inquiry into

17 the Barker factors.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 21.

18 2. The Defense Was Responsible for the Delays in Getting to Trial
11

1 {21} Courts may assign weights to the occurrences of delay in determining which

2 party was responsible for the delay:

3 The reasons for a period of the delay may either heighten or temper the

4 prejudice to the defendant caused by the length of the delay. Barker

5 identified three types of delay, indicating that different weights should

6 be assigned to different reasons for the delay. First, Barker held that [a]

7 deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense

8 should be weighted heavily against the government. . . . Second, Barker

9 distinguished intentional delay from negligent or administrative delay,

10 and held that [a]more neutral reason such as negligence or overcrowded

11 courts should be weighted less heavily but nevertheless should be

12 considered since the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must

13 rest with the government rather than with the defendant. . . . Finally, a

14 valid reason, such as a missing witness, should serve to justify

15 appropriate delay.

16 Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 25-27 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks

17 and citations omitted) (discussing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531).

18 {22} The district court found that there was no indication in the record that the State

19 had intentionally delayed this case. That finding is not disputed on appeal. Defendant

20 himself stipulated twice to continue the trial settings despite having notice that

21 administrative delay due to changing judges and overcrowded dockets would cause

22 unusual delay in bringing this case to trial. Administrative delay is weighed against

23 the state “lightly.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 26. Delay cannot be weighed in

24 Defendant’s favor where Defendant himself sought and obtained repeated
12

1 postponements and continuances: in 2011, 2012, and 2013. In granting Defendant’s

2 last motion to continue, the district court noted that even by August 23, 2013,

3 discovery was still “ongoing” and that pretrial interviews were “incomplete.”

4 {23} The fact that discovery was incomplete at thislate time wasthe result not of the

5 State’s actions but of the pace of the defense preparation. Despite the efforts of the

6 State to assist in pretrial preparation, the defense caused repeated delays. The State

7 invited defense counsel to participate in interviews of prosecution witnesses

8 scheduled on several dates in the summer of 2011 and the Spring of 2012, but the

9 defense failed to take advantage of those opportunities.

10 {24} Although we are concerned about the length of time this case took to get to

11 trial, we must conclude that the ultimate blame lies not with the prosecution or the

12 court but with the defense.

13 3. Defendant Did Not Meaningfully Assert His Right to Speedy Trial

14 {25} “[We] accord weight to the ‘frequency and force’ of the defendant’s objections

15 to the delay,” which may be “an indication of whether a defendant was denied needed

16 access to speedy trial over his objection.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 32 (quoting

17 Barker, 407 U.S. at 529). Defendant claims he asserted his right to speedy trial three

18 times. The first, in January 2011, was a routine demand with the filing of defense
13

1 counsel’s entry of appearance nine weeks after Defendant’s arrest and long before the

2 defense actually announced it was ready for trial. The second assertion was a demand

3 included in a motion to compel disclosure filed a few months later, which Defendant

4 withdrew, again long before the defense was actually ready to go to trial. The third

5 assertion was not a demand for speedy trial but instead a motion to dismiss for lack

6 of speedy trial, filed on January 10, 2014, just a few months after Defendant

7 successfully moved to vacate another trial setting in September 2013 and six weeks

8 before the actual trial date in March 2014. None of those three claimed assertions,

9 particularly when viewed in the context of Defendant’s own attempts to avoid his

10 own judgment day, reflect any serious interest in exercising hisright to a speedy trial.

11 See id. ¶ 32 (stating that a defendant’s motions that are bound to slow down the

12 proceedings are inconsistent with a defendant’s assertion of his right to speedy trial).

13 4. The Delay in Reaching Trial Caused Little Actual Prejudice

14 {26} To obtain a dismissal of a charge or reversal of a conviction for violation of the

15 right to speedy trial, a defendant must generally show particularized prejudice of the

16 kind the speedy trial right is designed to protect against. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶

17 39.

18 The United States Supreme Court has identified three interests

19 under which we analyze prejudice to the defendant: (i) to prevent
14

1 oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern

2 of the accused; and (iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be

3 impaired. As to the first two types of prejudice, [s]ome degree of

4 oppression and anxiety is inherent for every defendant who is jailed

5 while awaiting trial. Therefore, we weigh this factor in the defendant’s

6 favor only where the pretrial incarceration or the anxiety suffered is

7 undue. . . . The third type of prejudice is the most serious. Again,

8 however, it is necessary for a defendant to substantiate this type of

9 prejudice.

10 Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 35-36 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks

11 and citations omitted). We address Defendant’s arguments that his particularized

12 prejudice included the anxiety he experienced during his long pretrial incarceration,

13 the loss of his job, the loss of his family home and belongings, the hardship to his

14 family, and a vague assertion that potential defense witnesses had moved or could not

15 be located.

16 {27} We recognize that lengthy pretrial incarceration is stressful and can often result

17 in hardships to a defendant and the defendant’s family. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶

18 35. It should be minimized wherever reasonably possible, but we have had to

19 acknowledge that this is the type of prejudice, “‘inherent for ever[y] defendant who

20 is jailed while awaiting trial,’” that we only weigh in a defendant’s favor if such

21 prejudice or anxiety is “undue.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation omitted). We

22 cannot conclude that this emotional and financial anxiety is undue where the delay
15

1 was the result of Defendant’s own motions to continue the trial setting.

2 {28} Most of the consequences of incarceration in this case were not caused

3 primarily by the length of the delay between arrest and trial. Defendant lost his job

4 immediately upon his arrest, and hisfamily lost their home and belongings within the

5 first month of his incarceration. Defendant’s anxiety likely had been a result of the

6 fact of his plight and bleak future prospects and not a result of the length of his

7 incarceration because he was first treated for depression soon after his initial arrest.

8 {29} Where the focus is on the “most serious” potential form of prejudice, whether

9 the delay impaired the defense, Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 35, Defendant fails to

10 establish that his defense was impaired by the length of time that passed between

11 arrest and trial. Defendant’s own investigator admitted that as early as July 2011, just

12 eight months after Defendant’s arrest, she was unable to locate any witnesses who

13 could support Defendant’s story. Even assuming any such witnesses ever existed and

14 ever had any exculpatory testimony to offer, the absence of the witnesses was not

15 caused by the delay. In fact, the delays that were successfully obtained by the defense

16 increased opportunities to locate any real exculpatory witnesses. We therefore find

17 no substance in Defendant’s claim that he suffered an impairment to his defense.

18 {30} We conclude that Defendant has failed to show the kind of prejudice that
16

1 would require a reversal of his convictions for violation of his right to speedy trial.

2 B. Defendant’s Hospital Statements to Officers Were Not Privileged

3 {31} Immediately after Defendant had been taken into custody, Officer Hernandez

4 and Officer Webster transported Defendant to a hospital. At the hospital, Defendant,

5 Officer Hernandez, and Officer Webster entered one of the treatment rooms. Officer

6 Hernandez was asked to testify at trial to what Defendant said while in the treatment

7 room. Defendant objected and argued that any statements made in the treatment room

8 were made for the purpose of medical diagnosis and protected by the physician9 patient privilege.

10 {32} Outside the presence of the jury, Officer Hernandez stated that while he,

11 Officer Webster, and Defendant were in a treatment room at the hospital, Defendant

12 said that his injuries were the result of falling on a Tonka truck. Defendant said this

13 repeatedly, both in the presence of medical personnel and when Defendant was alone

14 with Officer Hernandez and Officer Webster. The district court concluded that

15 Defendant’s statements to the officers when medical personnel were absent were not

16 privileged. The court permitted Officer Hernandez to testify in the presence of the

17 jury only about Defendant’s statements made to the officers when no medical

18 personnel were present. Officer Hernandez accordingly testified that Defendant stated
17

1 several times that his injuries came about from having fallen on a Tonka truck and

2 that Defendant appeared to find this amusing.

3 {33} Defendant argues on appeal that the district court admitted the statement in

4 violation of Rule 11-504 NMRA. This Court reviews an application of Rule 11-504

5 to the facts de novo. State v. Roper, 1996-NMCA-073, ¶ 4, 122 N.M. 126, 921 P.2d

6 322; State v. Attaway, 1994-NMSC-011, ¶¶ 6, 10, 117 N.M. 141, 870 P.2d 103 (“If

7 . . . the question requires us to consider legal concepts in the mix of fact and law and

8 to exercise judgment about the values that animate legal principles, then . . . the

9 question should be classified as one of law and reviewed de novo.” (internal

10 quotation marks and citation omitted)).

11 {34} A “patient has a privilege to refuse to disclose, or to prevent any other person

12 from disclosing, a confidential communication made for the purpose of diagnosis or

13 treatment of the patient’s physical, mental, or emotional condition.” Rule 11-504(B).

14 The privilege only applies to communications “between the patient and the patient’s

15 physician, psychotherapist, or state or nationally licensed mental-health therapist.”

16 Id. A statement between a patient and a physician is confidential “if made privately

17 and not intended for further disclosure except to other persons in furtherance of the

18 purpose of the communication.” Rule 11-504(A)(5).
18

1 {35} Because the district court was careful not to permit the officersto testify to any

2 statement Defendant made to, or even in the presence of medical personnel, Rule 11-

3 504 clearly provides no privilege that would prevent the officers from testifying about

4 Defendant’s statements. We therefore need not reach the question whether

5 Defendant’s other statements to medical personnel that he had fallen on a toy truck

6 were really made for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment. Nor do we need to address

7 the question whether statements to medical personnel in the presence of officers were

8 made with expectations of privacy or whether they were instead made with the intent

9 that the officers hear them as an alternative explanation of the wounds eyewitnesses

10 to the shooting said had been inflicted during the struggle at the homicide scene.

11 {36} The district court correctly ruled that Defendant’s statements made to the

12 officers when no medical personnel were around were not privileged.

13 C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Allowing Detective

14 Ortiz to Remain in the Courtroom During Trial

15 {37} The rule excluding witnesses states that “[a]t a party’s request, the court must

16 order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witness’ testimony, or the

17 court may do so on its own.” Rule 11-615 NMRA. The purpose of the rule excluding

18 witnesses is to give the adverse party an opportunity to expose inconsistencies in

19 testimony and to prevent the possibility of one witness shaping testimony to that of
19

1 another witness. State v. Ortiz, 1975-NMCA-112, ¶ 33, 88 N.M. 370, 540 P.2d 850.

2 {38} Defendant filed a pretrial motion in limine invoking Rule 11-615. The State

3 had designated Detective Andrea Ortiz, who was responsible for the entirety of the

4 investigation, as the lead investigative agent so that she could sit at counsel table to

5 assist the prosecution. Detective Ortiz was also a witness the State intended to call at

6 trial because she was the main officer on the case and had written the police reports.

7 After hearing arguments on the motion, the district court allowed Detective Ortiz to

8 stay in the courtroom but ordered her not to discuss the testimony or case with other

9 witnesses. The court excluded all other witnesses and required that they not discuss

10 their testimonies with each other.

11 {39} Defendant challenges the district court’s pretrial ruling on appeal. “The trial

12 court has broad discretion in the application of Rule 11-615. We will not disturb the

13 decision of the trial court absent a clear abuse of this discretion and prejudice to the

14 complaining party.” State v. Hernandez, 1993-NMSC-007, ¶ 36, 115 N.M. 6, 846

15 P.2d 312 (citation omitted).

16 {40} Pursuant to Rule 11-615, a district court is not authorized to exclude a witness

17 from hearing the testimony of others if the witness is “an officer or employee of a

18 party that is not a natural person, after being designated as the party’s representative
20

1 by its attorney.” Rule 11-615(B). An investigative officer so “designated” and

2 appointed as a witness by the state is such an officer. State v. Chavez,

3 1983-NMCA-120, ¶ 12, 100 N.M. 730, 676 P.2d 257 (“Allowing counsel forthe State

4 to have an investigative agent at counsel table throughout the trial even though the

5 agent is or may be a witness is an exception to the rule of exclusion.”). Where the

6 State had clearly identified Detective Ortiz as its lead investigative officer and

7 Defendant did not challenge Detective Ortiz’s role as the lead investigative officer,

8 the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Detective Ortiz, who was

9 also a witness for the State, to remain in the courtroom throughout the proceedings.

10 State v. Ryan, 2006-NMCA-044, ¶ 40, 139 N.M. 354, 132 P.3d 1040 (concluding that

11 where the state identified an officer asits lead investigative officer and the defendant

12 did not dispute that fact, the district court acted “well within established

13 jurisprudence” to allow the officer, who was also a witness for the state, to remain in

14 the courtroom throughout the trial). Additionally, Defendant has not shown how

15 having Detective Ortiz in the courtroomprejudiced his defense. We affirm the district

16 court’s pretrial ruling allowing Detective Ortiz to remain in the courtroom.

17 D. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Defendant’s

18 Motion for Mistrial

19 {41} Defendant asserts on appeal that he moved for mistrial based upon Officer
21

1 Hernandez and Detective Ortiz having remained in the courtroom “when the

2 recording of Defendant’s statement was presented.” This is an inaccurate statement

3 of the record as to when Defendant moved for mistrial. During the State’s

4 examination of Detective Ortiz, the State played a video recording for the jury that

5 consisted of Detective Ortiz’s November 8, 2010, interview of Defendant and

6 included Defendant’s statements that the Tonka truck was the cause of his injuries.

7 Defendant did not object to the admission or presentation of the interview recording

8 and did not move for mistrial at any time based on the presentation of the recording.

9 The record does not reflect that any law enforcement officers were present in the

10 courtroom at that time other than Detective Ortiz, the officer testifying. Accordingly,

11 that issue as framed in Defendant’s briefs on appeal has not been preserved. See Rule

12 12-216(A) NMRA (“To preserve a question for review it must appear that a ruling or

13 decision by the district court was fairly invoked . . . .”). Lacking any factual

14 development in the record, we cannot conclude that this alleged error is fundamental.

15 See Rule 12-216(B)(2) (stating that the preservation requirement does not preclude

16 the appellate court from considering questions involving “fundamental error or

17 fundamental rights of a party”).

18 {42} Instead, we will construe Defendant’s argument as a challenge to the district
22

1 court’s denial of a motion for mistrial that Defendant actually did make at trial.

2 Officer Hernandez was about to testify to what Defendant told him in the hospital

3 treatment room when Defendant objected on grounds of the physician-patient

4 privilege. The jury was asked to leave the room. During the arguments over the

5 objection outside the presence of the jury, the prosecutor stated to the court that

6 Detective Ortiz would later testify that Defendant told her his injury was caused by

7 a Tonka Truck. The record does reflect that Officer Hernandez remained in the

8 courtroom during these arguments.

9 {43} Following Officer Hernandez’s testimony at trial, Defendant moved for a

10 mistrial, claiming that Rule 11-615 was violated when the prosecutor stated, in the

11 presence of Officer Hernandez, that Detective Ortiz would later testify that Defendant

12 told her his injury was caused by a Tonka Truck. Defendant argued that this

13 constituted the prosecutor and the court “vouching” for the veracity of Detective

14 Ortiz’s expected testimony. The district court concluded that having Officer

15 Hernandez present in the courtroom during argument in which future testimony of

16 Detective Ortiz was discussed was a violation of Rule 11-615 but that no prejudice

17 resulted from this error because Officer Hernandez had already stated in his pretrial

18 interview that Defendant told him the injuries were caused by the Tonka truck. The
23

1 court also concluded that it had not erred in permitting Detective Ortiz to remain in

2 the courtroom throughout trial as it had decided in its pretrial ruling because case law

3 and Rule 11-615 states that representatives of a party, including police officers who

4 serve as witnesses, may remain present in the courtroom throughout the trial. The

5 court allowed Defendant to cross-examine Detective Ortiz about the fact that she has

6 been present throughout the testimony of every other witness.

7 {44} This Court reviews a trial court’s application of Rule 11-615 for abuse of

8 discretion. Hernandez, 1993-NMSC-007, ¶ 36. As both parties agree, we review the

9 district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion for mistrial made on grounds of Rule 11-

10 615 for abuse of discretion. See State v. Saavedra, 1988-NMSC-100, ¶ 9, 108 N.M.

11 38, 766 P.2d 298 (stating that this Court’s standard for reviewing a motion for

12 mistrial affords the trial court discretion that depends on the “underlying issue”);

13 State v. Contreras, 2007-NMCA-045, ¶¶ 24, 27, 141 N.M. 434, 156 P.3d 725

14 (reviewing a trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for mistrial for abuse of

15 discretion where the underlying issue was evidentiary); State v. Kijowski,

16 1973-NMCA-129, ¶ 5, 85 N.M. 549, 514 P.2d 306 (“[P]ermitting a witness to testify

17 who has violated the court’s instruction not to discuss the case with other than the

18 attorneys is within the trial court’s discretion.”).
24

1 {45} We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

2 Defendant’s motion for mistrial. The prosecutor’s statement about Detective Ortiz’s

3 future testimony did not and could not have changed Officer Hernandez’s testimony.

4 Officer Hernandez had already stated in a pretrial interview that Defendant said his

5 injuries were caused by the Tonka truck. The jury did not hear the prosecutor’s

6 statement. Where there is “no danger” that a witness could conform testimony to the

7 testimony of another witness, a trial court does not abuse its discretion in allowing a

8 witness to testify after Rule 11-615 had been invoked. Ortiz, 1975-NMCA-112, ¶¶

9 33-34. Nor can it be said that the district court “vouched for” for Detective Ortiz’s

10 testimony. The Code of Judicial Conduct prohibits a judge from “vouch[ing]” for the

11 character of a person in a legal proceeding unless that person is duly called as a

12 witness. Rule 21-303 NMRA. But here all the court did was to accept a proffer from

13 the prosecutor outside the presence of the jury regarding what testimony was

14 expected.

15 {46} Defendant also argued in his reply brief for the first time on appeal that the

16 district court erred in allowing Detective Ortiz to remain in the courtroom because

17 Detective Ortiz “discussed the case with witnesses and lawyers for the State,”

18 prejudicing Defendant’s case. Whether Detective Ortiz discussed her testimony with
25

1 other witnesses and the State’s lawyers does not appear in the record, and the issue

2 was not preserved. See Rule 12-216(A). To the contrary, at trial, Defense counsel

3 clarified that “there’s no suggestion that Detective Ortiz has spoken with any . . .

4 witnesses.” The record does not reflect that Defendant moved for mistrial in the

5 district court on any grounds other than the fact that Officer Hernandez was present

6 when the prosecutor told the court what it expected Detective Ortiz to testify about.

7 We therefore find no merit in Defendant’s argument.

8 E. Defendant’s Convictions Are Supported by Substantial Evidence

9 {47} Defendant makes a generalized claim that this Court should reverse his

10 convictions for insufficient evidence. Although he makes no references to the

11 evidentiary record and no focused argument as to how the evidence was insufficient

12 to establish any of the several offenses of conviction, we have independently

13 reviewed the record and concluded that sufficient evidence supported each

14 conviction.

15 {48} Sufficiency of the evidence is reviewed on appeal by a substantial evidence

16 standard. State v. Treadway, 2006-NMSC-008, ¶ 7, 139 N.M. 167, 130 P.3d 746.

17 Evidence is substantial when it is “relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might

18 accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19,
26

1 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829. “‘[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the

2 evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

3 have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v.

4 Garcia, 1992-NMSC-048, ¶ 26, 114 N.M. 269, 274, 837 P.2d 862 (alteration in

5 original) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “The question

6 before us as a reviewing Court is not whether we would have had a reasonable doubt

7 but whether it would have been impermissibly unreasonable for a jury to have

8 concluded otherwise.” State v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 29, 144 N.M. 305, 187

9 P.3d 170. We must view the evidence in the “light most favorable to the guilty

10 verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence

11 in favor of the verdict.” State v. Chavez, 2009-NMSC-035, ¶ 11, 146 N.M. 434, 211

12 P.3d 891 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

13 {49} For each of the crimes discussed below, the State was required to show that

14 Defendant committed these acts on or about November 7, 2010, in New Mexico.

15 There is substantial evidence to support this element of each crime where several

16 witnesses testified that the events occurred on that evening in Albuquerque, New

17 Mexico.

18 1. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Felony-Murder Conviction
27

1 {50} For the jury to find Defendant guilty of first-degree felony murder in this case,

2 the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

3 1. The defendant committed the crime of Kidnapping and/or Attempt to

4 Commit Armed Robbery under circumstances or in a manner dangerous

5 to human life;

6 2. The defendant caused the death of Dwayne King during the

7 commission of Kidnapping and/or Attempt to Commit Armed Robbery;

8 [and]

9 3. The defendant intended to kill or knew that his acts created a strong

10 probability of death or great bodily harm.

11 See UJI 14-202 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A)(2) (1994) (“Murder in the first

12 degree is the killing of one human being by another without lawful justification or

13 excuse, by any of the means with which death may be caused . . . in the commission

14 of or attempt to commit any felony.”).

15 {51} For the jury to find Defendant guilty of attempt to commit armed robbery, the

16 State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

17 1. The defendant intended to commit the crime of ArmedRobbery; [and]

18 2. The defendant began to do an act which constituted a substantial part

19 of the Armed Robbery but failed to commit the Armed Robbery.

20 See UJI 14-2801 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-28-1 (1963) (“Attempt to commit a

21 felony consists of an overt act in furtherance of and with intent to commit a felony

22 and tending but failing to effect its commission.”). The following are the elements of

23 armed robbery:
28

1 1. The defendant took and carried away property or money from

2 Dwayne King, or from Dwayne King’s immediate control intending to

3 permanently deprive Dwayne King of the property or money; the

4 property had some value;

5 2. The defendant was armed with a handgun; [and]

6 3. The defendant took the property or money by force or violence or

7 threatened force or violence.

8 See UJI 14-1621 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-16-2 (1973) (“Robbery consists of the

9 theft of anything of value from the person of another or from the immediate control

10 of another, by use or threatened use of force or violence.”).

11 {52} With all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict, a rational trier of

12 fact could have found Defendant guilty of first-degree felony murder. Several

13 witnesses testified that Defendant violently shoved Dwayne against the wall and told

14 him, “Give it to me. I need it all.” and threatened him with a handgun. Those

15 witnesses present in the apartment thought they were being robbed. Mr. Morales

16 drove away with Defendant before Defendant had obtained whatever he was trying

17 to take from Dwayne. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,

18 substantial evidence supports the requirements for the predicate felony of attempted

19 armed robbery.

20 {53} A rational trier of fact also could have found that Defendant caused Dwayne’s

21 death during the commission of the attempted armed robbery. Evidence was presented
29

1 that Dwayne’s cause of death was a gunshot wound. The jury also heard evidence that

2 Defendant had a gun throughout the incident and discharged it several times at

3 Dwayne and others. The photographs of Defendant’s injuries at the time of his arrest

4 were admitted into evidence. These photos show that Defendant had a wound on the

5 webbing between his thumb and forefinger. A qualified expert testified that such an

6 injury can be the result of firing a handgun while holding it improperly. A reasonable

7 jury could have found that Defendant knew that holding a gun to Dwayne’s neck,

8 shooting at the ceiling of the ground-floor apartment, and firing a gun in the presence

9 and direction of others would create a strong possibility of death or great bodily harm.

10 Substantial evidence supports the requirements of first-degree felony murder.

11 2. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Child-Abuse Convictions

12 {54} For the jury to find Defendant guilty of child abuse as to either Antonio or

13 Ramon Lopez in this case, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable

14 doubt:

15 1. The defendant caused [either Antonio or Ramon Lopez] to be placed

16 in a situation which endangered the life or health of [Antonio or Ramon

17 Lopez];

18 2. The defendant acted with reckless disregard and without justification.

19 To find that the defendant acted with reckless disregard, you must find

20 that the defendant knew or should have known the defendant’s conduct

21 created a substantial and foreseeable risk, the defendant disregarded that

22 risk and the defendant was wholly indifferent to the consequences of the
30

1 conduct and to the welfare and safety of [either Antonio or Ramon

2 Lopez]; [and]

3 3. [Antonio or Ramon Lopez] was under the age of 18.

4 See NMSA 1978, § 30-6-1(D)(1) (2009) (“Abuse of a child consists of a person

5 knowingly, intentionally or negligently, and without justifiable cause, causing or

6 permitting a child to be . . . placed in a situation that may endanger the child’s life or

7 health.”).

8 {55} Making all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict, a rational trier

9 of fact could have found Defendant guilty of child abuse as to both Antonio and

10 Ramon where evidence was presented showing that Defendant discharged a firearm

11 multiple times in the presence of Antonio and Ramon, who were under the age of

12 eighteen at the time. Several witnesses testified that Defendant wielded and fired a

13 gun in the presence of both Antonio and Ramon in and at their home and in the

14 direction of Antonio. A rational jury could find that, in shooting a gun in the presence

15 of Antonio and Ramon and in the direction of Antonio, Defendant knew the risk of

16 his conduct and was wholly indifferent to that risk. Substantial evidence supports the

17 requirements of child abuse as to both Antonio and Ramon.

18 3. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Conviction for Shooting from

19 a Motor Vehicle

20 {56} For the jury to find Defendant guilty of shooting from a motor vehicle in this
31

1 case, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

2 1. The defendant willfully shot a firearm from a motor vehicle with

3 reckless disregard for another person; [and]

4 2. The defendant was not a law enforcement officer engaged in the

5 lawful performance of his duty.

6 See UJI 14-342 NMRA; NMSA 1978, 30-3-8(B) (1993) (“Shooting at or from a

7 motor vehicle consists of willfully discharging a firearm at or from a motor vehicle

8 with reckless disregard for the person of another.”).

9 {57} Making all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict, a rational trier

10 of fact could have found Defendant guilty of shooting from a motor vehicle. Several

11 witnesses testified that they saw Defendant in the passenger seat of Defendant’s

12 vehicle, and as the vehicle pulled away these witnesses heard several shots fired and

13 saw flashes of light from the passenger window. That Defendant acted willfully is

14 supported by the testimony showing that several shots were fired from the passenger

15 side of the car and that Defendant was in possession of the firearm that he discharged

16 during what the witnesses described as an armed robbery moments before he got into

17 the passenger side of the vehicle. The jury also heard evidence that Defendant was

18 not a law enforcement officer engaged in lawful performance of his duty in that

19 Defendant admitted he went to the apartment to purchase marijuana. Substantial

20 evidence supports the requirements of shooting from a motor vehicle.
32

1 4. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Conviction for Shooting at an

2 Occupied Dwelling

3 {58} For the jury to find Defendant guilty ofshooting at an occupied dwelling in this

4 case, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

5 1. The defendant willfully shot a firearm at a dwelling and/or occupied

6 building;

7 2. The defendant knew that the building was a dwelling and/or occupied;

8 [and]

9 3. The defendant was not a law enforcement officer engaged in the

10 lawful performance of his duty.

11 See UJI 14-340 NMRA; § 30-3-8(A) (“Shooting at a dwelling or occupied building

12 consists of willfully discharging a firearm at a dwelling or occupied building.”).

13 {59} Making all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict, a rational trier

14 of fact could have found Defendant guilty of shooting at an occupied dwelling.

15 Witnesses testified that Defendant discharged a firearm into the ceiling of the

16 apartment. Witnesses testified that Defendant fired in the direction of the apartment

17 of Mr. Stallworth, who had to take cover behind a wall of his building, and that the

18 bullet’s impact dislodged dust from the wall. Witnesses also testified that Defendant

19 fired his weapon at Antonio while outside the apartment and that the bullet from this

20 shot impacted the wall of a separate unit in the complex. Evidence was presented that

21 Defendant knew that these apartments he was firing at were dwellings or were
33

1 occupied because Defendant was familiar with the premises and admitted that he went

2 to an apartment to purchase marijuana. This admission also gave the jury evidence

3 that Defendant was not a law enforcement officer engaged in the lawful performance

4 of his duty. Substantial evidence supports the requirements of shooting at an occupied

5 dwelling.

6 5. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Tampering-with-Evidence

7 Conviction

8 {60} For the jury to find Defendant guilty of tampering with the evidence in this

9 case, the State had to prove the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

10 1. The defendant placed and/or hid a handgun; [and]

11 2. By doing so, the defendant intended to prevent the apprehension,

12 prosecution or conviction of himself.

13 See UJI 14-2241 NMRA; NMSA 1978, § 30-22-5(A) (2003) (“Tampering with

14 evidence consists of destroying, changing, hiding, placing or fabricating any physical

15 evidence with intent to prevent the apprehension, prosecution or conviction of any

16 person or to throw suspicion of the commission of a crime upon another.”).

17 {61} There was ample testimony in the record that witnesses saw Defendant with a

18 revolver that he discharged a number of times at the homicide scene. And testimony

19 clearly established that the police were never able to find the revolver. The

20 combination of those facts alone is insufficient to constitute substantial evidence of
34

1 tampering under New Mexico law because it proves only that “evidence that must

2 have once existed cannot now be found.” State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 16,

3 284 P.3d 1076. “Tampering with evidence is a specific intent crime, requiring

4 sufficient evidence from which the jury can infer that the defendant acted with an

5 intent to prevent apprehension, prosecution or conviction of any person or to throw

6 suspicion of the commission of a crime upon another.” State v. Silva,

7 2008-NMSC-051, ¶ 18, 144 N.M. 815, 192 P.3d 1192 (internal quotation marks and

8 citation omitted).

9 {62} But we have emphasized that direct evidence is often unavailable to prove

10 tampering with evidence and that “circumstantial evidence that would tend to prove

11 a defendant acted to tamper with evidence and in so acting intended to thwart a police

12 investigation” may support a tampering conviction. State v. Duran, 2006-NMSC-035,

13 ¶ 16, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515.

14 {63} Our review of the record reflects that the facts and circumstances in this case—

15 where jury convictions and sentencing for five violent crimes including murder

16 established Defendant’s use of the revolver at the crime scene shortly before his

17 capture—provided sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude

18 that Defendant disposed of the murder weapon with the intent to thwart the police
35

1 investigation. After shooting Dwayne, Defendant fled the scene with the revolver,

2 firing it out the window of the car as he escaped. Within minutes, the police were at

3 his home where they caught him trying to escape again, out the back door. In that

4 short time, with little likelihood of or time for a stop en route for any other purpose,

5 Defendant had gotten rid of the revolver. Not only was it not found at the scene, but

6 it was not found on his person or anywhere in his home, where police located a gun

7 cleaning kit. In addition to his two escape attempts, Defendant gave two verifiably

8 false stories, the unsupported story of what had happened at the murder scene and the

9 unsupported story of receiving his physical injuries from an encounter with a toy

10 truck instead of from gun-related criminal encounters at the homicide scene testified

11 to by other witnesses. Taken together, these pieces of circumstantial evidence provide

12 sufficient support for the jury’s conclusion that in the course of his quick flight from

13 the homicide scene to his home, Defendant disposed of the revolver he had just used

14 in the shootings with the specific purpose of preventing its use as evidence against

15 him. Accordingly, we affirm his tampering conviction.

16 F. Cumulative Error

17 {64} “‘The doctrine of cumulative error requires reversal of a defendant’s conviction

18 when the cumulative impact of errors which occurred at trial was so prejudicial that
36

1 the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.’” State v. Samora, 2013-NMSC-038, ¶ 28,

2 307 P.3d 328 (citation omitted). “The doctrine of cumulative error . . . ‘cannot [be]

3 invoke[d] if the record as a whole demonstrates that [the defendant] received a fair

4 trial.’” Id. (alterations in original) (citations omitted). “[W]here there is no error to

5 accumulate, there can be no cumulative error.” State v. Saiz, 2008-NMSC-048, ¶ 66,

6 144 N.M. 663, 191 P.3d 521, abrogated on other grounds by State v. Belanger,

7 2009-NMSC-025, ¶ 36 n.1, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783.There is no cumulative error

8 in this case because Defendant has not demonstrated any trial errors.

9 III. CONCLUSION

10 {65} Finding no reversible error, we affirm Defendant’s convictions of first-degree

11 felony murder, two counts of negligently caused child abuse, shooting from a motor

12 vehicle, shooting at a dwelling or occupied building, and tampering with evidence.

13 {66} IT IS SO ORDERED.

14 __________________________________

15 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice 

16 WE CONCUR:

17 ___________________________________
37

1 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice

2 ___________________________________

3 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

4 ___________________________________

5 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice

6 ___________________________________

7 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice