#### PEOPLE v. BEVERIDGE BREWING CO.

(Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department.

December 2, 1895.)

Insolvent Corporations—Preferences—Wages of Employes.

Laws 1885, c. 376, § 1, providing that the wages of “employes, operatives- and laborers,” of an insolvent corporation shall be preferred to other claims, includes bookkeepers. In re Stryker, 26 N. Y. Supp. 209, 73 Hun, 327, disapproved.

Appeal from special term, Orange county.

Action by the people of the state of New York against the Beveridge Brewing Company for dissolution of defendant. An order for dissolution was granted in May, 1895, and Howard Thornton was appointed receiver. From an order directing such receiver to pay the claims against the corporation, except the claim of' William G-. Hunter for $610, as secretary and bookkeeper, on the ground that he was not of the grade of workmen designed to be protected by Laws 1885, c. 376, § 1, providing that the wages of' *526employees, operators, and laborers of a corporation shall be preferred to other claims against it, said Hunter appeals. Reversed.

Argued before BROWN, P. J., and DYKMAN and PRATT, JJ.

M. H. Hirschberg, for appellant.

T. E. Hancock, Atty. Gen., and A. S. & W. F. Oassedy, for receiver.

E. A. Brewster, for creditors.

Benjamin M. Fowler, for defendant.

DYKMAN, J.

This is an appeal from an order made at special term prohibiting the receiver of the defendant, an insolvent corporation, from paying the wages due William G. Hunter, its bookkeeper, as a preferred claim under the statute. The action was brought to dissolve the Beveridge Brewing Company, as an insolvent corporation; and judgment was entered directing such dissolution, and appointing a permanent receiver thereof. On the 8th day of July, 1895, the receiver applied to the court for authority to pay the claims due for wages in full, by virtue of the provisions of chapter 376 of the Laws of 1885; and, by the order granted on such application, authority was conferred upon the receiver to pay the wages of all the employees, excepting those due the bookkeeper, and he has appealed from so much of the order as provides that he shall not be paid his wages, and finds and decides that he is not of the grade of workmen designed to be protected by the act in question. The statutory provision is as follows:

> “Where a receiver of a corporation created or organized under the laws of this state and doing business therein, other than insurance and moneyed corporations shall be appointed, the wages of the employees, operatives and laborers thereof shall be preferred to every other debt or claim against such corporation, and shall be paid by the receiver from the moneys of such corporation which shall first come to his hands.”

The word “employees,” as used in this statute, has a broad and comprehensive signification, and includes all persons who are employed. It is derived from the French word “employé,” and lexically means one who is employed. Neither construction nor interpretation can make it mean or signify any other thing, or describe any other person, or exclude any one who is employed from its scope and operation. The bookkeeper, Hunter, the appellant, was employed by the company, at a salary of $100 a month, to keep its books. He therefore falls directly within the class of persons whom the statute was designed to protect, and it requires a strained and unnatural construction to exclude him from the benefits thereof. The decision of the special term was doubtless based upon the case of In re Stryker, reported in 73 Hun, 327, 26 N. Y. Supp. 209, which the judge did not feel at liberty to disregard. While it must be admitted that the Stryker Case is a decision in favor of the respondent, we think the statute must be allowed a much broader construction than it received in that case. The facts in the two cases cited in the Stryker Case as authority for the conclusion there reached are not sufficiently analogous to this case to control us. Wakefield’s Case, 90 N. Y. 213, *527arose under chapter 63 of the Laws of 1863, where the controlling words are “laborers, servants,” and not apprentices, all of which are words of narrow, precise meaning. The Remington Case, 45 Hun, 331, was unlike this in its facts. There the claims were made by the superintendent and the attorney of the company. In our view, the construction and application which the statute in question received in the case off Brown v. Fence Co., reported in 52 Hun, 151, 5 N. Y. Supp. 95, is much more consonant with the intention of the legislature, as collected from the statute, than that which was given to it in Stryker’s Case. The meaning of the word “employee,” when used in similar statutes, received careful consideration in the case of Gurney v. Railway Co., 58 N. Y. 358. ^ The claim there was for the professional services of a lawyer, in litigation connected with the railroad company, and Chief Judge Church said in that case:

> “It is manifest that literally and lexically the claimant was an employee of the company; that is, he was employed by, and rendered important services for, them. So the service rendered was, in a sense, in connection with the company’s railways; that is, the services related to the railway and its interests and business.”

After noticing and considering three cases, he further said:

> “It will be observed, in the first place, that the word ‘employee,’ used in the .order, is not found in any of the statutes involved in these cases. This is a word of more comprehensive signification than ‘laborers and operatives’; .and that a contractor is in no proper sense a servant, but in many respects an independent party, and that a secretary is not a servant, within the ordinary meaning of that word, but is an officer recognized by law as such, seems manifest and plain enough.”

In the same case, Judge Allen said:

> “All laborers and all employees of the railway corporation who have actually done service in connection with that company’s railways are embraced in the terms used. None are excluded, in terms or by implication, and all who come within the description are entitled to the benefit of the order. In the absence of any intent, apparent on the face of the order, to discriminate between different classes of employees or different kinds of service, the court cannot confine it to a single class, or to a particular service. The term ‘employee’ is the correlative of ‘employer,’ and neither term has, either technically or in general use, a restricted meaning, by which any particular employment or service is indicated. The terms are as applicable to attorney and client, physician and patient, as to master and servant, a farmer and day laborer, or a master mechanic and tiis workman. To employ is to engage or use another as an agent or substitute in transacting business, or the performance of some service, it may be skilled labor, or the service of the scientist or professional man, as well as servile or unskilled manual labor.”

There is no reason why any person who comes within the terms of the statute should be excluded from its beneficent protection. The statute prescribes no distinction between different classes eof employees, and the person employed to keep the books labors with his hands, and contributes no more skill or experience than many skilled laborers.

We discern no reason for discrimination against the appellant, and the order should be reversed, with $10 costs and disbursements, and an order granted for the payment of the money due him, as a preferred claim, under the statute. All concur.