STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NO. 2022 CA 1006

LARYE MORROW

VERSUS

LOUISIANA MEDICAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

LAMMICO), CUSIMANO PLASTIC SURGERY, LLC, AND

LUKE ANTHONY CUSIMANO, III, M.D. 

Judgment Rendered: 

Appealed from the

19th Judicial District Court

In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge

State of Louisiana

Docket No. 715166

FEB 2 4 2023

The Honorable Donald R. Johnson, Judge Presiding

Damon L. Beard

Todd A. Townsley

Sage Thibodeaux

Hannah E. Mayeaux

Lake Charles, Louisiana

Vance A. Gibbs

Jason R. Cashio

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Karen M. Fontana Young

New Orleans, Louisiana

Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant, 

Larye Morrow

Counsel for Defendants/Appellees, 

Luke Anthony Cusimano, III, M.D., 

Cusimano Plastic Surgery, LLC, 

and Louisiana Medical Mutual

Insurance Company

BEFORE: GUIDRY, C.J., WOLFE, AND MILLER, JJ. 
MILLER, J. 

Larye Morrow (" Ms. Morrow") appeals a judgment, which sustained

dilatory exceptions of prematurity in favor of the appellees, Louisiana Medical

Mutual Insurance Company (" LAMMICO"), Cusimano Plastic Surgery, LLC

Cusimano Plastic Surgery"), and Luke Anthony Cusimano, III, M.D. (" Dr. 

Cusimano"). For the following reasons, we affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On January 20, 2021, Dr. Cusimano performed surgery on Ms. Morrow, and

drains were placed in the pocket of her breasts and in the back of both breasts. On

January 27, 2021, Ms. Morrow presented to Dr. Cusimano for her first postoperative visit, and on February 5, 2021, Dr. Cusimano removed the drains from

Ms. Morrow' s breasts. Due to continued pain, Ms. Morrow underwent chest x-rays

which revealed a looped wire within the soft tissues of the posterior left chest wall. 

On November 2, 2021, Dr. Taylor Theunissen performed a four -centimeter

excision and dissection through Ms. Morrow' s subcutaneous tissue and removed

eighteen centimeters of drain tube previously placed by Dr. Cusimano. 

On January 20, 2022, Ms. Morrow filed a " Petition for Damages" against

LAMMICO, Cusimano Plastic Surgery, and Dr. Cusimano. She alleged that

Cusimano Plastic Surgery and Dr. Cusimano breached the applicable medical

standards and committed medical malpractice. Specifically, Ms. Morrow

contended that Dr. Cusimano and his staff did not ensure that the drain was

removed in its entirety and did not examine the portion of the drain that was

removed to ensure the drain was not damaged or broken. She further alleged that

Dr. Cusimano was insured by LAMMICO. 

On February 22, 2022, Dr. Cusimano and LAMMICO filed a dilatory

exception of prematurity, and on April 6, 2022, Cusimano Plastic Surgery filed an

identical exception. The appellees contended that the medical review panel had not

0) 
reviewed Ms. Morrow' s allegations of medical malpractice nor rendered an

opinion as required by La. R.S. 40: 1231. 5. Therefore, the appellees asserted that

the allegations contained in Ms. Morrow' s petition were premature and the lawsuit

should be dismissed. Dr. Cusimano, LAMMICO and Cusimano Plastic Surgery

each attached three exhibits to their exceptions including Ms. Morrow' s petition, 

Dr. Cusimano' s Certificate of Enrollment with the Louisiana Patient' s

Compensation Fund, and Ms. Morrow' s Medical Malpractice Complaint. 

On April 14, 2022, Ms. Morrow filed an opposition to the appellees' 

exceptions of prematurity. Ms. Morrow contended that the Louisiana Health

Emergency Powers Act (" LHEPA") applied to this case and barred any claims

against the listed health care providers under the Louisiana Medical Malpractice

Act (" LMMA") while the Louisiana Governor' s declared Public Health

Emergency was in effect. Ms. Morrow further argued that she brought an

intentional tort and/or gross negligence or willful misconduct claim against

LAMMICO, Cusimano Plastic Surgery, and Dr. Cusimano, which is governed by

LHEPA and not LMMA. Ms. Morrow attached her petition to her opposition. 

The appellees' exceptions were heard by the trial court on April 25, 2022. 

The trial court sustained the appellees' exceptions of prematurity and dismissed

Ms. Morrow' s claims without prejudice. The trial court signed a judgment to that

effect on May 23, 2022. It is from this judgment that Ms. Morrow appeals. 

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Ms. Morrow contends that ( 1) the trial court erred in sustaining the

appellees' exceptions of prematurity requiring Ms. Morrow' s gross negligence, 

willful misconduct, and intentional tort claims to be reviewed by a medical review

panel because Title 40 does not govern intentional or gross acts; and ( 2) the trial

court erred in sustaining the appellees' exceptions of prematurity because under a

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Public Health Emergency, Title 29 governs Ms. Morrow' s claims and Title 40

cannot form a basis for the appellees' liability. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 926(A)(1) provides for the

exception of prematurity. This exception questions whether the cause of action has

matured to the point where it is ripe for judicial determination. Kelleher v. 

University Medical Center Management Corporation, 2021- 00011 ( La. 10110121), 

332 So. 3d 654, 657. The exception of prematurity subjects a medical malpractice

claim against a qualified health care provider to dismissal if "such claim has not

first been reviewed by a pre -suit medical review panel" as required by La. R.S. 

40: 1231. 8. Id. In a medical malpractice matter such as this, the exceptor must

demonstrate that they are entitled to a medical review panel because the allegations

fall within the scope of the LMMA. Id. The question of whether a medical

malpractice claim is within that scope is a question of law subject to the de novo

standard ofreview. Id. 

DISCUSSION

Ms. Morrow contends that her claims do not fall under the LMMA. First, 

Ms. Morrow argues that her petition alleges gross negligence, willful misconduct, 

and an intentional tort by Dr. Cusimano and Cusimano Plastic Surgery, that such

claims fall outside of the LMMA, and that they do not require submission to a

medical review panel. Secondly, Ms. Morrow directs attention to the LHEPA, 

noting that the subject treatment occurred during the Covid- 19 global pandemic

and that the LHEPA governs instead of the LMMA in this instance. 

Typically, La. R.S. 9:2794(A) provides the burden of proof for medical

malpractice based on the negligence of a physician. The underlying medical

treatment at issue in this case occurred in 2021, well after the Governor' s March

11, 2020 declaration of a public health emergency due to the pandemic. Louisiana

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Revised Statutes 29:771( 13)( 2)( c)( i) provides a heightened burden of proof against

private health care providers during the event of a public health emergency. In this

regard, La. R.S. 29: 771( B)( 2)( c)( i) provides that "[ d] uring a state of public health

emergency, no health care provider shall be civilly liable for causing the death of, 

or injury to, any person or damage to any property except in the event of gross

negligence or willful misconduct." As the more specific statute, La. R.S. 29: 771

prevails over the more general malpractice statutes during a state of public health

emergency and provides the heightened burden of proof. Whitehead v. Christus

Health Central Louisiana, 2021- 764 ( La. App. 3`d Cir. 618122), 344 So. 3d 91, 95. 

Even during the time of a declared public health emergency, the medical

malpractice provisions for private health care providers found in La. R.S. 

40: 1231. 1- 1231. 10 continue to apply. Id. Nothing in LHEPA directly or indirectly

abrogates the LMMA. Louisiana Revised Statutes 40: 1231. 1( A)( 13) defines

malpractice by a private health care provider, in part, as follows: 

Malpractice" means any unintentional tort ... based on health care

or professional services rendered, or which should have been

rendered, by a health care provider, to a patient, including failure to

render services timely and the handling of a patient ... and also

includes all legal responsibility of a health care provider arising from

acts or omissions ... in the training or supervision of health care

providers .... 

Cook v. Rigby, 2019- 1463 ( La. App. I" Cir. 4113121), 323 So. 3d 383, 391, writ

denied, 2021- 00663 ( La. 9127121), 324 So. 3d 102. Given the definition provided

by La. R.S. 40: 1231. 1( A)( 13), courts of this state have determined that claims for

gross negligence of private health care providers are covered under the LMMA. 

Whitehead, 344 So. 3d at 95. Thus, Ms. Morrow' s claims of gross negligence

and/or wrongful misconduct fall within the type of treatment-related " unintentional

tort" described by La. R.S. 40: 1231. 1( A)( 13) and must proceed to a pre-trial

medical review panel. 

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Ms. Morrow also contends that she specifically alleged that the appellees' 

willful, deliberate, and intentional choices made it predictable or substantially

certain harm would occur to her. Ms. Morrow argues that such claims of

intentional acts must proceed outside the LMMA. An intentional tort requires that

the provider either: "( 1) consciously desires the physical result of his act[ j or ( 2) 

knows that the result is substantially certain to follow from his conduct, whatever

his desire may be as to that result." Bazley v. Tortorich, 397 So. 2d 475, 481 ( La. 

1981). However, something more than a conclusory allegation of intentional

conduct is required. Butler -Bowie v. Olive Branch Senior Care Center, 52, 520, p. 

10 ( La. App. 2nd Cir. 2127119), 266 So. 3d 478, 484. "[ T] he mere invocation of the

word `intentional' will not create a cause of action." Id. at 485. 

The allegations in Ms. Morrow' s petition regarding intentional acts are

conclusory and do not contain specific facts sufficient to establish that the

appellees consciously desired the physical result of their acts or knew that the

result was substantially certain to follow from their conduct. See Bazley, 397 So. 

2d at 481. Rather, the conduct complained of was alleged to be a failure to

advocate for Ms. Morrow and provide the care she needed; failure to ensure

competency of the physicians and staff; failure to supervise staff; failure to

properly assess, evaluate, diagnose, monitor, manage, and treat Ms. Morrow; 

failure to properly develop, implement, evaluate, and update a plan of care for Ms. 

Morrow; failure to consistently perform and document a proper assessment; failure

to complete the drain removal; failure to provide consistent medical record

documentation; failure to utilize knowledge, education, and expertise in caring for

Ms. Morrow; failure to provide comprehensive counseling and obtain informed

consent; failure to properly perform procedures; and other acts and omissions. 

This deficiency of fact pleading distances Ms. Morrow' s claims from the definition

of intentional tort provided in Bazley, 397 So. 2d 475. 

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At the outset, Ms. Morrow' s allegations must be measured under the factors

of Coleman v. Deno, 2001- 1. 517, ( La. 1125102), 813 So. 2d 303. Ms. Morrow' s

factual allegations relate to treatment errors or omissions by Cusimano Plastic

Surgery and Dr. Cusimano, stemming from medical treatment and related care as

defined in La. R.S. 40: 1231. 1( A)( 13). Moreover, Ms. Morrow' s claims satisfy the

Coleman factors and thus fall under the LMMA as they: ( 1) are treatment related

or caused by a dereliction of skill; ( 2) will require expert medical evidence as to

standard of care; ( 3) pertain to assessment of the patient' s condition; ( 4) occurred

within the context of a physician -patient relationship or within the hospital' s scope

of activities; ( 5) will require consideration of whether the injury would have

occurred absent treatment; and ( 6) are not sufficiently alleged to have been

intentional. See Coleman, 813 So. 2d at 315- 16. While Ms. Morrow does allege

intentional acts, as previously discussed, these allegations are not legally adequate. 

Accordingly, we determine that Ms. Morrow' s claims fall under the LMMA

and therefore require pre-trial submission to a medical review panel. The trial court

did not err in sustaining the appellees' exceptions of prematurity, and Ms. 

Morrow' s assignments of error are without merit. 

CONCLUSION

The judgment sustaining the dilatory exceptions of prematurity in favor of

the appellees, Louisiana Medical Mutual Insurance Company, Cusimano Plastic

Surgery, LLC, and Luke Anthony Cusimano, 11I, M.D., and against the appellant, 

Larye Morrow, is affirmed. All costs of this appeal are assessed to Larye Morrow. 

AFFIRMED. 

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