THIRD DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 29, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0452. DEMPS v. THE STATE.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

Kashif Demps appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion for new trial after

a jury again convicted him in 2012 of armed robbery and possession of a firearm

during the commission of a felony.

1 Demps asserts that the trial court erred by (1)

allowing the admission of similar transaction evidence; (2) instructing the jury that

it could find Demps guilty of possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony

in a manner not alleged in the indictment; and (3) allowing the State to impermissibly

use similar transaction evidence in closing argument. Demps also asserts that his

1 Demps was first tried and convicted on these charges, as well as aggravated

assault, in 2009. However, in May 2010, the trial court granted Demps a new trial on

the ground that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel. Following the

second jury’s conviction, the trial court ultimately sentenced Demps to a total of 15

years, with 10 years to be served in confinement. 
conviction must be reversed because it is based on insufficient circumstantial

evidence. For the reasons that follow, we find no error and affirm. 

“On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of

innocence.” (Citation omitted.) Al-Amin v. State, 278 Ga. 74, 74 (1) (597 SE2d 332)

(2004). We “do not weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility, but only

determine if the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the

defendant guilty of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Citation

omitted.) Id. 

So viewed, the evidence shows2

 that the victim, who worked at a barbershop

in southwest Atlanta, walked to a nearby Church’s Chicken for dinner after dark on

2 We note at the outset that Demps’ brief fails – in several respects – to comply

with the rules of this Court, which require “a succinct and accurate statement of the

proceedings below and the material facts relevant to the appeal and the citation of

such parts of the record or transcript essential to a consideration of the errors

complained of, and a statement of the method by which each enumeration of error

was preserved for consideration.” Georgia Court of Appeals Rule 25 (a) (1). We

remind counsel that our requirementsfor appellate briefs “were created not to provide

an obstacle, but to aid parties in presenting their arguments in a manner most likely

to be fully and efficiently comprehended by this Court.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Biggins v. State, 322 Ga. App. 286, 287-88 (1) (744 SE2d 811) (2013).

“Further, this Court will not cull the record in search of error on behalf of a party.

Accordingly, if we have missed something in the record ormisconstrued an argument,

the responsibility rests with counsel.” (Citation omitted.) Id. at 288. 

2
November 16, 2007. When he arrived, the door was locked, and the employee

indicated through the door that the restaurant was closed. Asthe victimturned to head

back, he noticed that there was a black Crown Victoria sitting in the drive-through

with a police scanner on top. Halfway down the block, the victim heard a rustling

noise and turned to see two men behind him. The men asked the victim for a “light,”

and after giving them a light, he continued walking. However, the two men put a gun

to each side of the victim’s head and directed him behind a building where they

forced him to remove his clothing and hand over all his belongings. In addition to his

clothing and boots, the two men took the victim’s cell phone, his wallet containing

approximately $60 in cash, and a money order. At trial, the victim testified that one

of the two men wastaller and held a black gun while the shorter man had a silver gun. 

The victim immediately reported the robbery, and officers arrived within three

or four minutes. The victim told the police that he had been robbed and described the

suspicious black Crown Victoria he had seen just before the robbery occurred. An

officer sent the call out over the radio, and approximately one minute later, another

officer located the vehicle and pulled the driver over. Police later identified Demps

3
as the driver of the vehicle and Demetrius Walker as the passenger.3 A third person,

Chequita Woody, was in the back seat of the vehicle. Although the victim was only

able to identify Walker as one of the men who had robbed him, he recognized the

vehicle and saw his phone and clothing inside the car. 

At trial, the State presented evidence that Demps had been arrested in 2005 for

armed robbery in Clayton County (the “2005 robbery”).4 Felix Cuevas testified that

he was robbed by two men at gunpoint, with one holding a silver gun, while he was

walking home alone from work. The men took his backpack and wallet, which were

later recovered by police and returned to him. Major Joseph Woodall of the Clayton

County police department testified that he had received a lookout regarding an armed

robbery involving a white Ford SUV and responded to assist when a vehicle matching

the description was pulled over by another officer. When he arrived at the scene,

Major Woodall saw Demps exit the driver’s door and flee on foot but he was able to

quickly apprehend him. Meanwhile, Officer Brian Bush made a cursory check of the

vehicle and found two handguns (one black and one silver), a backpack, some

3 Walker was indicted with Demps but entered a guilty plea on all charges on

the eve of the first trial. 

4

In exchange for Demps’ guilty plea to one count of criminal use of a firearm

with an altered serial number, the State dismissed all remaining charges in that case. 

4
clothing, a wallet and miscellaneous papers scattered outside the vehicle on the

sidewalk. The wallet contained an I.D. for a Felix Cuevas. 

Demps testified in his own defense at trial. With respect to the 2005 robbery

charge, he claimed that he had received a call from a friend to pick him up, so he

drove his white Ford Explorer to an apartment complex to get him and another

individual. While they were driving through a nearby neighborhood, a police vehicle

pulled behind them and followed them for a while. According to Demps, as he was

driving, he saw his friends going through a backpack and “talking about what they

just did.” After the police stopped him, he ran because he knew that his friends had

just committed a robbery. Although he admitted to owning a gun that he had in the

car with him, he denied participating in the robbery. 

Regarding the 2007 robbery at issue in this case, Demps claimed that he

received a call from Walker, a long time friend of his, asking for a ride home from

Cleveland Avenue. When he picked up Walker, a man he knew as “New York” and

Woody, the mother of Walker’s child, were with Walker. All four of them then

stopped at Church’s Chicken to get some food because Woody was hungry. Demps

parked the car, and although he did not see them, he assumed that Walker and New

York went inside the restaurant. Five minutes later, they returned without any food,

5
but Demps did not ask why they did not get any food. He proceeded to drop off New

York at a nearby apartment. 

While on the way to take Walker and Woody home, Demps was pulled over by

police and saw Walker take a gun from his pants and place it on the floor of the car.

Demps admitted that when he stepped out of the car, he said “You got me, I did it”

but claimed that he wasreferring to having run a yellow light. He denied seeing a gun

or the victim’s belongings until he was pulled over and claimed that Walker or New

York must have concealed the boots, jeans, and sweatshirt under his coat. He further

denied participating in or even knowing about the robbery. On cross-examination,

Demps testified that he is 5’10”, whereas Walker is 6’2” and New York is 6’3”. He

also stated that he had approximately $70 in cash on him when he was arrested. 

1. In his first enumeration of error, Demps asserts that the trial court erred in

admitting evidence of the 2005 robbery because it should not have been admitted on

the issue of identity and because no witness specifically identified Demps as one of

the perpetrators of the 2005 robbery. Under our former Evidence Code,

5

similar

transaction evidence was admissible if the State showed that

5 Because this case was tried in December 2012, Georgia’s former Evidence

Code applies here. Under the new Evidence Code, the admissibility of this type of

evidence is governed by OCGA § 24-4-404 (b).

6
(1) itsought to introduce the evidence not to raise an improper inference

as to the accused’s character, but for some appropriate purpose which

has been deemed to be an exception to the general rule of

inadmissibility; (2) there was sufficient evidence to establish that the

accused committed the independent offense or act; and (3) there was a

sufficient connection or similarity between the independent offense or

act and the crime charged so that proof of the former tends to prove the

latter.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brittain v. State, 329 Ga. App. 689, 701 (3) (766

SE2d 106) (2014). See also Williams v. State, 261 Ga. 640, 642 (2) (b) (409 SE2d

649) (1991) (establishing the three-prong test). “A trial court’s decision to admit

similar transaction evidence will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.”

(Citation omitted.) Redding v. State, 297 Ga. 845, 847 (2) (778 SE2d 774) (2015). 

(a) During the course of the first trial, the trial court ruled that the 2005 robbery

would be admissible, but the State was unable to locate the victim at that time. Once

the State was able to locate Cuevas for the second trial, it filed notice of its intent to

present Cuevas as a witness for the limited purposes of illustrating the defendant’s

state of mind, intent, motive, modus operandi, and course of conduct.

6 Demps first

6 At a hearing on the matter, the State sought to admit the similar transaction

evidence primarily for the purposes of showing course of conduct and bent of mind

but also suggested the 2005 robbery was sufficiently similar to the facts of this case

7
argues that it was error to allow the State to introduce the 2005 robbery as evidence

of identity where the two crimes were not so distinctive as to show they were

committed by the same person. However, pretermitting whetherDemps preserved this

enumeration of error for review,7

the trial court properly admitted the similar

transaction evidence for the State’srequested purposes of course of conduct and bent

of mind.

8 Accordingly, Demps cannot show reversible error on this ground. See

Matthews v. State, 294 Ga. 50, 54 (3) (c) (751 SE2d 78) (2013) (where trial court

properly admitted similar transaction evidence following limiting instructions, its

failure to limit the use of the similar transaction evidence to the purposes requested

by the State was not reversible error); Curry v. State, 330 Ga. App. 610, 615, n.11 (1)

(768 SE2d 791) (2015) (because similar transaction evidence was relevant to show

to permit its admission for purposes of identification as well. 

7 See Jennings v. State, 277 Ga. App. 159, 162 (3) (626 SE2d 155) (2006)

(defendant waived similar transaction evidence objection where the only issue

preserved in the record was his claim that the State failed to produce sufficient

evidence that he was the man who committed the prior crime). 

8 We also note that the trial court gave appropriate limiting instructions,

explaining that the jury could only consider the evidence for the three limited

purposes stated and that it was up to the jury to determine whether the evidence

proved any of those purposes at all. 

8
intent, we need not address trial court’s findings that it was also relevant to show

motive, plan, and identity). 

(b) Demps also asserts that evidence of the 2005 robbery was not admissible

because no witness identified Demps at trial as the perpetrator of that crime. This

argument is without merit. Again, pretermitting whether Demps waived appellate

review of this issue, we find no abuse of discretion. “Absolute proof is not required

that a defendant committed the offense in a similar transaction.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Dean v. State, 321 Ga. App. 731, 733 (1) (a) (742 SE2d 758)

(2013) (only a preponderance of the evidence is required to prove defendant

committed the prior act, which may be proven by circumstantial evidence).

Here, although the victim of the 2005 robbery was unable to identify Demps

as one of the perpetrators, Demps was arrested shortly thereafter in possession of a

gun and the victim’s belongings after initially fleeing from police. In addition, the

State produced Demps’ signed guilty plea, and the trial court, after noting the

uniqueness of Demps’ name and the matching date of birth, found the signature on

the guilty plea to be “real close to identical” to Demps’ signature on the indictment

in the case sub judice. And finally, Demps himself testified that he had been

apprehended for the 2005 robbery after fleeing from the police and that he ultimately

9
pled guilty in that case to one count of criminal use of a firearm with an altered serial

number. Accordingly, this enumeration of error fails. 

2. Demps next contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that it

could find him guilty of possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony in a

manner not alleged in the indictment.It is undisputed that Demps did not object to the

jury charges at trial. Thus, our review islimited to a plain error analysis under OCGA

§ 17-8-58 (b).9 See State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29, 31 (1) (718 SE2d 232) (2011).

The test for determining whether there has been plain error in a jury instruction

is:

First, there must be an error or defect -- some sort of deviation from a

legal rule -- that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned,

i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant. Second, the legal error must

be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the

error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the

9

 OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) provides:

Failure to object in accordance with subsection (a) of this Code section

shall preclude appellate review of such portion of the jury charge, unless

such portion of the jury charge constitutes plain error which affects

substantial rights of the parties. Such plain error may be considered on

appeal even if it was not brought to the court’s attention as provided in

subsection (a) of this Code Section.

10
ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of

the trial court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs

are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the error --

discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously affects

the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.

(Citations omitted; emphasis in original.) Williams v. State, 297 Ga. 460, 464-65 (3)

(773 SE2d 213) (2015). 

As we understand Demps’ argument on appeal, he now asserts that the trial

court erred in instructing the jury that “a person commits the offense of possession

of a firearm during the commission of a felony when the person has on, or within

arm’s reach of his person, a firearm during the commission of or any attempt to

commit a felony.” According to Demps, this was error because evidence was

presented at trial that he possessed a firearmduring the commission of armed robbery,

a felony, as well as during the commission of aggravated assault, also a felony.

However, in defining the remaining charges, the trial court did not define aggravated

assault as a felony. Rather, after defining possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony, the trial court instructed the jury only that “[t]he offense of

robbery is a felony under the laws of this State.” Because the trial court’sinstructions

regarding the possession charge focused the jury’s attention on robbery without

11
mentioning aggravated assault or identifying any offense other than robbery as a

felony, Demps has not shown either clear error or that the complained of instruction

affected the outcome of the proceedings.

10

 See Robinson v. State, 298 Ga. 455, 462

(5) (782 SE2d 657) (2016) (no plain error where jury instructions, as a whole, were

proper); Martin v. State, 298 Ga. 259, 277 (6) (b) (779 SE2d 342) (2015) (no plain

error where trial court’s failure to include all language from pattern jury charge did

not affect trial outcome). 

3. Demps also asserts that he was denied a fair trial where the State improperly

commented on similar transaction evidence in closing argument. We first note that

a review of the record shows that Demps did not object to any portion of the State’s

closing arguments at trial, such that he has waived appellate review of this issue.

However, pretermitting this waiver, for the reasons discussed in Division 1, this

enumeration of error provides no basis for reversal. 

4. In his final enumeration of error, Demps argues that his conviction must be

reversed as it is based on insufficient circumstantial evidence because the victim

could not identify him as one of the men who robbed him and there was no evidence

that he knew that Walker and New York were about to commit an armed robbery.

10

 We also note that the jury did not convict Demps of aggravated assault. 

12
Thus, Demps appears to argue that his conviction was based solely on circumstantial

evidence, such that the evidence must “exclude every other reasonable hypothesis

save that of the guilt of the accused.” Former OCGA § 24-4-6.

11 However, as our

Supreme Court has explained, “not every hypothesis is a reasonable one, and the

evidence need not exclude every conceivable inference or hypothesis – only those

that are reasonable.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Black

v. State, 296 Ga. 658, 660 (1) (769 SE2d 898) (2015). Moreover, “[w]hether an

alternative hypothesis raised by the defendant is reasonable is a question committed

principally to the jury, and where the jury is authorized to find that the evidence,

though circumstantial, wassufficient to exclude every reasonable hypothesissave that

of the guilt of the accused, we will not disturb that finding unless it is insupportable

as a matter of law.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. 

Here, the State presented evidence that two men, one taller and one shorter,

used handguns to take property fromthe victim, and within minutesthe police located

Demps’ vehicle, which matched the victim’s description and contained his stolen

belongings as well as two handguns. When stopped, Demps spontaneously stated,

11 Former OCGA § 24-4-6 has been carried forward into the new Evidence

Code at OCGA § 24-14-6. 

13
“You got me, I did it.” Given these facts, the jury was authorized to discredit Demps’

version of events. 

Moreover, contrary to Demps’ assertions, the evidence was sufficient for the

jury to convict him as a party to the crimes. Under Georgia law, a person may be

convicted of a crime even if he does not directly commit the crime, but is instead a

party to the crime. See Flournoy v. State, 294 Ga. 741, 756 (3) (755 SE2d 777)

(2014). “A party to a crime is one who intentionally aids or abets the commission of

the crime, or intentionally advises, encourages, hires, counsels, or procures another

to commit the crime. OCGA § 16-2-20 (b) (3), (4).” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Taylor v. State, 331 Ga. App. 577, 581 (2) (a) (771 SE2d 224) (2015). Here,

the State showed that Demps was – for the second time in two years – quickly found

by police while driving a car containing the possessions of a nearby pedestrian who

had been robbed at night by two armed men. Thus, we cannot say the jury’s

convictions are insupportable as a matter of law. See Clemente v. State, 331 Ga. App.

84, 86 (769 SE2d 790) (2015) (whether defendant aided and abetted other men in the

armed robbery was a question for the jury); Parnell v. State, 260 Ga. App. 213, 220

(6) (581 SE2d 263) (2003) (jury authorized to find “getaway” driver was a party to

14
the charged offenses). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Demps’

motion for new trial.

Judgment affirmed. Miller, P. J., and McFadden, J., concur.

15