declarant will not testify and thus cannot be cross-examined.” Hoover, 246 F.3d at 1058-59
(citing Bruton, 391 U.S. 123). Co-defendants’ confessions may be admitted, however, if they are
sufficiently redacted so they do not facially incriminate or obviously refer to other defendants,
United States v. Hernandez, 330 F.3d 964, 972-73 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing Gray v. Maryland, 523
U.S. 185, 197 (1998); Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 206-07 (1987)). In Hernandez, for
example, the Seventh Circuit found that the reference in a defendant’s post-arrest interview to the
“Latin Kings” did not implicate the co-defendants because those terms could have referred to
“any number of other” Latin Kings. Hernandez, 330 F.3d at 974. Pursuant to this Court’s order,
the government has submitted portions of various confessions it seeks to use, with suggested
tedactions. (R. 356, Gov’t Severance Sur-Reply at 16-20.) The government’s redactions appear
to follow the prescription laid out by the Supreme Court and the Seventh Circuit, as reviewed
above. As in Hernandez, the government refers to “the Insane Deuces” or to “another gang
member” or to “one of the Shorties,” rather than to specific Defendants. (Id.) At this point, the
Court is satisfied that there will be no Bruton violations in this case, and thus severance is not
warranted on this ground. Nevertheless, this Court retains the authority to review co-defendants’
statements and order additionally redactions as necessary.
IV. Motions for Individual Trials

Several defendants have filed motions for individual trials pursuant to Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure 8 and 14. None of these motions has merit.

A, Steven Susinka

Defendant Susinka argues in his pro se motion for severance that he should be granted an

individual trial because he withdrew from or abandoned any alleged conspiracy by virtue of

20



IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) 03 CR 90

) Judge Ruben Castillo
FERNANDO DELATORRE, et. al., )
)
Defendants. )

Proceedings at Trial

Given the number of defendants and the parties’ estimates concerning the length of time
required for the trial of this case, it is appropriate that the Court establish the following
procedures to be followed and applied during trial:

1. On or before December 3, 2007, the government will be required to file a written
request for the number of trial hours it will request to try its case-in-chief. Thereafter, on
December 14, 2007, the defendants will be required to file a similar request. The Court will then
impose reasonable, non-arbitrary time limits for the trial of this case. See United States v. Vest,
116 F.3d 1179, 1186-88 (7th Cir. 1977).

2. This Court will hold an evidentiary hearing on January 11, 2008, to resolve all
disputed issues of evidence, including admissibility of specific co-conspirator statements against
all defendants. Counsel for all parties are requested to exchange trial exhibit lists on or before
January 7, 2008. To avoid duplication of effort, the defendants' attorneys from each trial shall

coordinate and attempt to file, to the extent possible, a joint exhibit list. Counsel for all parties

ATTACHMENT A



proposal. (R. 485, Benabe Mot. to Adopt Salazar’s Severance Proposal; R. 513, Benabe Resp. to
Gov't Severance Plan.)

Handley argues that the government’s “forced” severance plan, joining Guzman with the
second group of defendants, would prejudice defendants Handley, Rodriguez, Barbosa, Lechuga,
and Morales because unlike Guzman, the other defendants are not alleged to be “actual shooters
or murderers.” (R. 503, Handley Resp. to Gov’t Severance Plan at 2.) Handley argues that
Guzman’s alleged conduct is “roughly equivalent” to the other group of defendants. (id. at 2-3.)
While this analysis misrepresents the Indictment—Morales and Barbosa are charged with
committing multiple murders as part of the RICO conspiracy count—this proposed severance
plan will best ensure fairness to each defendant and alleviate the particular concerns of these
mega-trials.

4. The Court’s Severance Plan

This Court has carefully considered each of the parties’ proposed severance plans. We
have also reviewed the Indictment to see how defendants could, or could not, be logically tried
together according to the offenses with which they are charged so as to preserve the judicial
economy inherent in group trials as much as possible. This Court has attempted to make a
division which satisfies the principal concerns of efficiency and fairness. See, e.g., Kennedy, 819
F. Supp. at 1517. The Court believes that the division into two groups of equal size, as proposed
by four of the defendants, best achieves those objectives. Accordingly, the defendants will be
grouped as follows. Guzman, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Delatorre, Crowder, and Susinka will be
tried together; and Handley, Rodriguez, Barbosa, Lechuga, Morales, Hernandez, and Perez will

be tried together.

37



15. Counsel for the government shall submit its proposed jury instructions for each trial
to the Court and to defendants’ counsel two weeks prior to trial. Thereafter, counsel for the
defendants in each trial shall meet and submit, to the extent possible, a set of consolidated

defense instructions to the Court one week prior to trial.

Jédge Ruben Castillo
United States District Court

Dated: November 21, 2007



F.3d 1204, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (additional charges that were joined with the
felon-in-possession count, charges for which a prior felony conviction was not an element of the
offense, may unduly prejudice the defendant).

Cases in which courts have found that joinder of a felon-in-possession charge was not
prejudicial are distinguishable from this case. For example, in United States v. Quilling, proof
that the defendant was a convicted felon would have been admitted anyway because it was an
element of the other offenses with which he was charged, 261 F.3d 707, 714 (7th Cir. 2001); see
also United States v. Dowd, 451 F.3d 1244, 1249-50 (11th Cir. 2006) (defendant not prejudiced
by evidence at trial that he was a convicted felon where the jury would have heard all of the
firearms-related evidence even in a severed trial); United States v. Rock, 282 F.3d 548, 552 (8th
Cir. 2002) (where evidence of the felon-in-possession charge would have been admissible in a
separate trial of the witness tampering charge, the defendant does not suffer any additional
prejudice if the two crimes are tried together).

While instructions to the jury to consider the defendant’s criminal history for the limited
purpose of the felon-in-possession count may suffice to minimize the chance of prejudice, Stokes,
211 F.3d at 1043, this Court declines to take this risk, especially in light of the fact that the cost
to judicial economy will be minimal. Benabe contends, and the government does not dispute,
that the trial of those two counts would take only two or three days. (R. 347, Benabe Mot. to
Sever at 8.) The Court thus orders a separate trial of Counts Fourteen and Fifteen pursuant to
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a). This trial will occur after Benabe is tried on the other

charges in the Indictment.

14



traditional concerns of prejudice, the proposed four to five month long trial, and the likely jury
prejudice that could result, are of vital concern to this Court. In addition, time delays and
procedural complications from this “mega-trial” have been and will continue to be significant.
Trial judges have the inherent authority, and duty, to actively manage criminal trials. See United
States v. Warner, Nos. 06-3517 and 06-3528, 2007 WL 3101807, at *4-5 (7th Cir. Oct. 25, 2007)
(Posner, J. and Kanne, J., Williams, J., dissenting). Indeed, it has always been this Court’s policy
to proactively manage criminal trials to ensure the maximum fairness to each defendant.

Trials of such extensive scope and duration threaten the most basic goals of the federal
criminal justice system: “simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination
of unjustifiable expense and delay.” Fed. R. Crim. P.2. See Andrews, 754 F. Supp. at 1170
(reading Rulel4 against the backdrop of Rule 2); see also United States v. Shea, 750 F. Supp. 46,
47-50 (D. Mass. 1990) (severing trial because of distinctive problems of “mega-trial” such as
complexity, number of defendants, and length of trial); United States v. Jones, Crim. Nos. 91-
570-01 thru 91-570-26, 1992 WL 78784, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 24, 1992) (same); United States v.
Williams-Davis, Crim. No. 91-0559, 1991 WL 319692, at *2 (D. D.C, Dec. 16, 1991) (same).

A. Jury Prejudice

‘The analysis of jury prejudice is not limited to potential prejudice by the jurors against the
defendants in an extended fourteen-defendant trial. These mega-trials also involve considerable
prejudice to the jury system and the jurors themselves.

1. Prejudice to Jury System
It has been long recognized that the risk of prejudice to the entire criminal justice system

increases incrementally with the number of defendants and the length of the trial. The human

24



are hereby directed to file any motions in limine regarding disputed evidentiary matters no later
than December 18, 2007. No motions in limine should be filed without a statement that an
unsuccessful good faith attempt was made to reach agreement with opposing counsel regarding
the disputed evidentiary matter. The Court will not entertain any argument or evidentiary
objections in front of the jury during the trial if the disputed evidentiary issue is a matter that
reasonably should have been raised by counsel during the Court’s evidentiary hearing of January
11, 2008. The Court will attempt to resolve as many disputed evidentiary matters as possible on
January 11, 2008, to avoid and minimize evidentiary problems during the trial.

3. Counsel shall submit one week before trial, in writing, suggested voir dire questions to
be asked of the jury panel by the Court. All voir dire examination will be conducted by the Court
pursuant to Federal rule of Criminal Procedure 24(a).

4. With respect to the selection of the jury, the defense may have one additional
peremptory challenge for each defendant on trial at the time the case is called (up to a maximum
of ten additional challenges), provided all defendants agree that the government may have a
proportionate increase (60% of total defense challenges); otherwise the defense shall have ten
peremptory challenges and the government six in accordance with Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(b). The
Court will announce, prior to the selection of the jury, the number of alternate jurors to be
selected and the number of peremptory challenges to be allowed under Rule 24 for selection of
the alternates.

5. The attention of all counsel is directed to this Court’s standing order of March 2, 2006,
which concerns matters of etiquette, decorum, and procedure that will govern during trial.

Pursuant to that order, the trial of this case will be held between the hours of 9:30 a.m. and 4:30



Indictment, Count Two, {] 3-4.) Section 1959 describes penalties for violent crimes in aid of
racketeering activity. Specifically, Section 1959(a)(1) and (2) state that:

Whoever, as consideration for the receipt of, or as consideration for a promise or

agreement to pay, anything of pecuniary value from an enterprise engaged in

racketeering activity, or for the purpose of gaining entrance to or maintaining or

increasing position in an enterprise engaged in racketeering activity, murders,

kidnaps, maims, assaults with a dangerous weapon, commits assault resulting in

serious bodily injury upon, or threatens to commit a crime of violence against any

individual in violation of the laws of any State or the United States, or attempts or

conspires so to do, shall be punished— (1) for murder, by death or life

imprisonment, or a fine under this title, or both; and for kidnapping, by

imprisonment for any term of years or for life, or a fine under this title, or both;

(2) for maiming, by imprisonment for not more than thirty years or a fine under

this title, or both.
18 U.S.C. § 1959.

B. Count Three: Conspiracy to Murder Victim F

The Indictment next alleges that beginning as early as August 15, 2002, until at least
August 22, 2002, Salazar, and others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, for the purpose of
gaining entrance to, and for maintaining and increasing the defendant’s position in the Insane
Deuces, did knowingly and intentionally conspire to murder Victim F, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1959(a)(5) and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Three, {] 2-3.) In addition to the criminal
penalties state above for violations of Section 1959(a)(2), Section 1959(a)(5) states that
attempting or conspiring to commit murder or kidnapping shall be punishable by imprisonment
for not more than ten years or a fine under this title, or both. 18 U.S.C.A. § 1959(a)(5).

Cc Count Four: Conspiracy to Murder Victim G

In Count Four, the Indictment charges another conspiracy to commit murder. The

government alleges that beginning as early as September 15, 2002, and continuing to at least



and Salazar), and the direct participants in the first four violent acts the government intends to
prove (Delatorre, Crowder, Susinka, Perez, and Hernandez), which were committed between
January and March 2002. (Jd. at 3.) The second trial would include defendants who had no
direct involvement in these first four acts and who became more active in the gang after gang
meetings that occurred in June and July 2002 (Morales, Rodriguez, Barbosa, and Lechuga) and
two alleged direct participants in acts committed after June 2002 (Guzman, Handley). (ld. at 4.)
Defendant Guzman, while maintaining his desire to be tried alone, prefers the government’s
proposed severance to the other defendants’ proposals. (R. 511, Guzman Resp. to Gov’t
Severance Proposal at 1.) Although the government will not commit to the likely scenario that
evidence at either trial could be truncated as a result of the severance, the government contends
that evidentiary overlap would be minimized by such a chronological division.
2. “Violent” Versus “Non-Violent” Offenses

In his first of two severance proposals, Defendant Rodriguez requested that this Court
sever the trial between defendants who were alleged to have committed at least six acts of
violence and those who were alleged to have participated in two or less acts of violence, but not
as the shooter. (R. 342, Rodriguez Mot. to Sever at 8.) This would place Rodriguez, Handley,
Lechuga, Susinka, Horton, and Hernandez together in one group, and Juarez, Salazar, Delatorre,
Benabe, Barbosa, and Morales in a second group. Rodriguez was undecided on which group to
place Perez and Guzman, who were the alleged shooters in two acts of violence. (/d.)
Alternatively, Rodriguez suggests severing the trial into three groups, by further dividing “non-
violent act allegation defendants” from defendants involved in “minimal acts of alleged

violence.” (Id. at 8-9.)

35



being in jail when some acts alleged in the Indictment occurred. (R. 403, Susinka Mot. to Sever
at 9-10.) Incarceration by itself, however, is not sufficient to achieve a withdrawal from a
conspiracy. See United States v. Wilson, 134 F.3d 855, 863 (7th Cir, 1998). In addition to the
termination of the defendant’s active role in the conspiracy, which an arrest accomplishes,
withdrawal requires an affirmative act to defeat or disavow the purpose of the conspiracy, such as
a full confession to the authorities; mere inactivity is not sufficient, United States v. Pandiello,
184 F.3d 682, 687 (7th Cir. 1999); United States v. Maloney, 71 F.3d 645, 654-55 (7th Cir,
1995). Moreover, Susinka was arrested and incarcerated in April 2002. (R. 403, Susinka Mot, to
Sever at 9-10.) Whether Susinka withdrew from the conspiracy at that point does not affect this
Court’s decision with regard to severance because a large portion of the allegations against
Susinka involve time periods when he was not incarcerated, The Indictment alleges that the
conspiracy extended from “in or about late 1994” and continued to at least the date of return of
the indictment in 2006. (R. 227, Second Superceding Indictment 4.9.) Accordingly, Susinka is
properly joined with the other defendants because he is alleged to have been part of the
conspiracy for many years, even outside of his period of incarceration.

Susinka also argues that he would be prejudiced by a joint trial because his exculpatory
witness would be subject to impeachment by other defendants in the case. (R. 403, Susinka Mot.
to Sever at 23-24.) This is in essence a strategy to obtain a better opportunity for acquittal, which
is an insufficient basis for severance. Warner, 498 F.3d at 700. Susinka does not deserve a
separate trial, however, simply because he wants to shield his witness from potentially damaging
questioning. The other defense attorneys’ questioning will help the jury do what it is required to

do: determine the witness’s credibility.

21



close of the entire case, they will be asked to sift through the sea of evidence and determine how
it relates to the alleged role of each of the fourteen individual defendants. The magnitude of
evidence makes it almost impossible for the jury to separate evidence as it relates to each
defendant when determining each defendant’s innocence or guilt. Garner, 837 F.2d at 1413; see
also United States v. Oglesby, 764 F.2d 1273, 1276 (7th Cir. 1985).

In such a case, “[e]vidence concerning the most guilty defendants might, in the eyes of
the jury, implicate less guilty defendants by association. The sheer confusion resulting from
trying numerous defendants together may also prejudice defendants.” United States v. Sophie,
900 F.2d 1064, 1083 (7th Cir. 1990). Although careful and frequent cautionary instructions can
reduce or eliminate any prejudice which might otherwise result from a joint trial, “there are some
situations that make frequent cautionary instructions a mere formality or a procedural nicety that
substitutes a form of fairness for the substance of fairness.” United States v. W.R. Grace, 439 F.
Supp. 2d 1125, 1130-31 (D, Mont. 2006); see also United States v. Gatto, 746 F. Supp. 432,
449-50 (D. N.J. 1990) (severing case because multiple conspiracies charged in the indictment
may, even with extensive limiting instructions, render the jury unable to compartmentalize the
evidence against each defendant for each conspiracy).

If anything has changed over the seventeen years since the Andrews opinion, it is that
jurors’ expectations that trials will be conducted quickly and efficiently have steadily increased
each year. Our computer-age society expects everything to be conducted in “real time.” Thus, it
is this Court’s belief that today’s jurors have an even harder time making sound decisions after a
trial which involves hundreds of hours of trial testimony and thousands of trial exhibits. Simply

put, an inordinately long and inefficient trial substantially increases poor jury decisions on

27



defendants. (R. 151, Handley Mot. to Sever. at 5.)

While Handley’s argument for severance is stronger than his co-defendants, this Court is
unwilling to sever.the Indictment into individual trials because once the special concerns about
fairness of the “mega-trial” are addressed, the well-established belief holds true that “joinder of
defendants, to the extent possible, will preserve judicial resources and permit the jury to have as
complete a view of the evidence as possible.” Gray, 173 F. Supp. 2d at 10; see also Hardin, 209
F.3d at 664 (explaining economies and benefits of joint trial); Stokes, 211 F.3d at 1042 (same);
United States v. Kennedy, 819 F. Supp. 1510, 1517 (D. Colo. 1993) (limiting severance to groups
of defendants so that severance will promote and maintain judicial economy inherent in group
trials).

D. Christian Guzman

Defendant Guzman also seeks a separate trial in this matter. (R. 348, Guzman Mot. to
Sever.) Guzman argues that “there is little or no evidence of his involvement in the overall
racketeering conspiracy as charged by the Government.” (id. at 3.) The Indictment alleges,
however, that Guzman participated in the RICO conspiracy through murdering David Lazcano
and attempting to murder Victim C. (R. 227, Indictment, Count One {J 16-17.) In addition, the
Indictment charges Guzman with the additional counts of murder and assault with a dangerous
weapon. (/d., Counts Two, Five.) In light of the caselaw cited above, and the allegations in the
Indictment tying Guzman closely in with the overall RICO conspiracy, the Court denies
Guzman’s motion to sever.

Vv. Special Concerns Raised by Prospect of Joint Mega-Trial

While no defendant has demonstrated the need for severance based on misjoinder or the

23



The Court rejects Rodriguez’s proposal. The fact that certain defendants did not
participate in the alleged underlying crime themselves does not shield them from the allegations
in this conspiracy case since “every member of a conspiracy is substantively culpable for other
conspirators’ acts within the scope of the conspiracy.” Hoover, 246 F.3d at 1057-58; see also
Goines, 988 F.2d at 759-60 (“Minor members of a conspiracy run the risk of prosecution for
every crime committed in furtherance of the conspiracy, even crimes in which they did not
directly participate.”). Conversely, the alleged leaders of the conspiracy may have “controlled
the conspiracy from afar.” Wilson, 481 F.3d at 482-83 (holding that the fact that the defendant
did not personally sell drugs “proves nothing” as he was charged as the leader who controlled the
conspiracy); Hoover, 246 F.3d at 1057-58 (holding that convictions were valid whether or not
defendant leaders personally committed the predicate offenses on which the convictions
depended).

3, The Remaining Defendants’ Severance Proposals

In response to the government’s forced severance plan, Handley and Rodriguez have filed
additional severance proposals that would group Guzman, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Delatorre,
Crowder, and Susinka in the first trial, and Handley, Rodriguez, Barbosa, Lechuga, Morales,
Hernandez, and Perez in the second trial. (R. 500, Rodriguez Reply to Gov’t Severance Plan at
2; R. 503, Handley Resp. to Gov’t Severance Plan at 3.) Defendant Barbosa adopted Handley’s
proposed grouping of the defendants. (R. 509, Barbosa Resp. to Gov’t Severance Plan.) This
division is the same as Salazar’s original severance proposal, in which Salazar sought to sever
the trials between those defendants originally charged in capital counts, and the non-capital

defendants. (R. 457, Salazar Pos’n Statement at 2.) Benabe adopted Salazar’s original severance

36



United States v. Andrews, 754 F.Supp. 1161, 1170 (N.D. Ill. 1990) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 2).

The trial court has broad discretion to grant or deny a motion for severance. “Rule 14
leaves the determination of risk of prejudice and any remedy that may be necessary to the sound
discretion of the district courts.” United States v. Rollins, 301 F.3d 511, 517-18 (7th Cir, 2002).
(internal citations and quotations omitted). Indeed, “Rule 14 does not require severance even if
prejudice is shown; rather it leaves the tailoring of the relief to be granted, if any, to the district
court’s sound discretion.” United States v. Souffront, 338 F.3d 809, 828 (7th Cir. 2003) (quoting
Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 538-39 (1993)); see also United States v. Garver, 809 F.2d
1291, 1298 (7th Cir. 1987) (The decision whether to grant or deny a motion for severance is
vested in the discretion of the district court.). The Supreme Court has instructed that “a district
court should grant a severance under Rule 14 only if there is a serious risk that a joint trial would
compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the jury from making a
reliable judgment about guilt or innocence.” Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539.

In determining whether a joint trial “appears to prejudice” a defendant under Rule 14, the
Court traditionally looks to whether any of the following factors exist: (1) antagonistic defenses
conflicting to the point of being irreconcilable and mutually exclusive; (2) massive and complex
evidence making it almost impossible for the jury to separate evidence as it relates to each
defendant when determining each defendant’s innocence or guilt; (3) a co-defendant’s statement
inculpating the moving defendant; and (4) gross disparity in the weight of the evidence against
the defendants. United States v. Clark, 989 F.2d 1490, 1499 (7th Cir. 1993), “When many
defendants are tried together in a complex case and they have markedly different degrees of

culpability, this risk of prejudice is heightened.” Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539.

18



in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition
which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. §
922(g\(1).

Cc. Count Fifteen

Finally, the last Count in the Indictment charges that Benabe knowingly possessed a
firearm, namely, an Intratec Model Tec-22, .22 caliber pistol, which had the manufacturer’s serial
number removed, obliterated, and altered, which firearm had been transported in interstate
commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(k).

ANALYSIS

Most of the defendants have either filed motions to sever the trial of this fourteen-
defendant case or have submitted statements in support of a particular severance arrangement;
some defendants seek an individual trial, while others have moved for severance into two or
three trials. All of the defendants seek severance under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14,
which provides for severance as relief from prejudicial joinder, and a few defendants allege that
the Indictment misjoined the defendants under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b). Benabe
has also filed a motion alleging that the Indictment improperly joined Counts Fourteen and
Fifteen in violation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure Rule 8(a).

Due to the “mega” nature of this fourteen-defendant case, this case has generated a huge
amount of briefing. This Court has previously issued two memorandum opinions in these
proceedings. (See R. 241, 6/7/2006 opinion denying in part and granting in part defendants’
motions for bill of particulars and pre-authorization discovery; R. 424, 9/4/2007 opinion denying

Benabe’s motion to suppress property seized from his home.) In addition, we have issued four

10



assumed the appearance of an overcrowded classroom.
Id.; see also United States v. Gray, 173 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10 (. D.C. 2001) (holding that physical
limitations of courtroom in trial of seventeen defendants was one reason to sever, despite
presumption favoring joinder); United States v. Shea, 750 F. Supp. 46, 50 (D. Mass. 1990)
(noting “added problem” that courthouse facilities for accommodating multi-defendant criminal
trials are extremely limited).

E. Severance Determination

Severance determinations must be made in light of the unique circumstances and facts of
each criminal indictment. In this case, after carefully reviewing and applying the numerous
considerations and concems set forth by Judge Aspen in Andrews and the dissent in Warner, this
Court has decided to sever the trial.

As stated above, a joint trial of fourteen defendants could not even physically be tried in
one courtroom, much less fairly, in this case. A joint trial in this case has the potential to last
longer than five-months, and all of the risks of prejudice from such long trials apply here. The
facts of this case are complex: different defendants are named in four different conspiracies—the
RICO conspiracy, two murder conspiracies, and a drug conspiracy. Even with the clearest
limiting instructions, it would be unreasonable to expect the jury to be able to separate out the
evidence and connect it to the appropriate defendants for each different conspiracy. Additionally,
the length of service for each jury will be reduced as the government’s presentation of evidence
will be more streamlined and focused in each trial, and the smaller number of attorneys will
reduce the amount of argument and cross-examination. Accordingly, the government’s proposed

plan to try all fourteen defendants in one single consolidated trial would be prejudicial to the

33



the estimated five months despite the best efforts of this Court. Furthermore, the trial will be
lengthened by the scheduling conflicts, absences, or tardiness that will in evitably occur with the
large number of jurors, alternates, defendants, witnesses, attorneys, and court personnel that must
be present in court each day. See United States v, Gray, 173 F. Supp. 2d 1,9 (D. D.C. 2001)
(granting severance in part because of the enormous task of coordinating the schedules of the
seventeen defendants, their attorneys, the attorneys for the government, the marshals, the trial
judge, the court reporter, the courtroom clerk, and other assorted personnel who must be involved
with the trial on a daily basis).

The sheer length of the trial may result not only in possible prejudice to the defendants
and the jury as detailed above, but, as Judge Aspen so astutely observed in Andrews, also to the
defense attorneys, the government, the taxpayers, and this Court. Defense attorneys are drawn
away for an extended period from other clients and matters; the government must commit
experienced prosecutors to a single trial indefinitely; this Court’s other pending cases—civil and
criminal—would be unfairly delayed; and the taxpayers would ultimately have to pay for the
extended criminal trial, including the costs of prosecution, court costs, and the public cost of
providing defense counsel to each defendant, including two defense counsel for each defendant
against whom the government considered seeking the death penalty. See Andrews, 754 F. Supp.
at 1172-75.

Three federal appellate courts have voiced similar misgivings about trials of this
magnitude. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Court has attempted to
address “the evident disadvantages which can occur in these mega-trials,” by directing that where

the prosecution’s case is likely to require more than four months to present, the prosecutor must

30



Delatorre, and others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, including Co-conspirator B, for the
purpose of gaining entrance to, and for maintaining and increasing the defendants’ position in the
Insane Deuces, did knowingly and intentionally murder Urbel Valdez in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1959(a)(1) and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Seven, §{ 2-3.)

G. Count Eight: Assault with a Dangerous Weapon upon Victim E

Finally, in the last substantive RICO count, the Indictment charges that on May 11, 2003,
Perez, and others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, for the purpose of gaining entrance to,
and for maintaining and increasing the defendant’s position in the Insane Deuces, did knowingly
and intentionally commit assault with a dangerous weapon upon Victim E, in violation of 18
US.C. § 1959(a)(3) and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Eight, [f 2-3.)
Ill. Narcotics Offenses

A Count Nine

Count Nine alleges that Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales, Barbosa,
Rodriguez, Hernandez, Lechuga, Horton, and Susinka violated 21 U.S.C. § 846 by conspiring
with each other to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine, crack cocaine, and
marijuana, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Nine §f 1-2.) The
Indictment alleges that as part of the conspiracy, the defendants used profits from the sale of the
drugs to pay dues, buy guns, and finance parties for the Insane Deuces, as well as bond gang
members out of jail. (/d. {| 3-4.) Furthermore, the Indictment charges that the defendants
engaged in violent acts against rival gang members to protect and increase drug sales. (Id. 6)
Specifically, the Indictment identifies the following drug transactions as part of the conspiracy:

. On or about April 15, 2002, Susinka negotiated the sale of, and then sold, approximately



November 2002, Juarez, Salazar, Morales, and Barbosa, and others known and unknown to the
Grand Jury, for the purpose of gaining entrance to, and for maintaining and increasing the
defendants’ positions in the Insane Deuces, did knowingly and intentionally conspire to murder
Victim G, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1959(a)(5) and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Four, 9]
2-3.)

D. Count Five: Assault with a Dangerous Weapon Upon Victim C

Next, the Indictment alleges that on September 19, 2002, Delatorre, Guzman, and Horton,
and others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, for the purpose of gaining entrance to, and for
maintaining and increasing the defendants’ position in the Insane Deuces, did knowingly and
intentionally assault Victim C with a dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1959(a)(3)
and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Five, {] 2-3.) In addition to the penalties listed above for
violations of Section 1959(a)(2), Section 1959(a)(3) states that the punishment for for assault
with a dangerous weapon or assault resulting in serious bodily injury, is imprisonment for not
more than twenty years or a fine under this title, or both. 18 U.S.C.A. § 1959(a)(3).

E. Count Six: Murder of David Morales

In Count Six, the Indictment alleges that on October 16, 2002, Delatorre and Horton, and
others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, including Co-conspirator B, for the purpose of
gaining entrance to, and for maintaining and increasing the defendants’ positions in the Insane
Deuces, did knowingly and intentionally murder David Morales, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§
1959(a)(1) and (2). (R. 227, Indictment, Count Six, {¥ 2-3.)

F. Count Seven: Murder of Urbel Valdez

In Count Seven of the Indictment, the government charges that on November 17, 2002,



While there are different degrees of culpability among the defendants, contrary to their
claims, the evidence against the individual defendants is not “widely varying,” such that they
would be prejudiced by the “spillover” effect from the evidence of allegations that do not apply
them. (See R. 457, Salazar Statement at 1; R. 161, Perez Mot. to Sever at 2; R. 151, Handley
Mot. to Sever at 5; R. 342, Rodriguez Mot. to Sever at 3.) Because each individual defendant is
a charged member of the RICO conspiracy case, “[t]he vast majority, if not all, of the evidence
admitted in the joint trial would have been admissible had [the defendant] been tried alone.”
United States v, Souffront, 338 F.3d 809, 831 (7th Cir. 2003); United States v. Sababu, 891 F.2d
1308, 1331 (7th Cir. 1989).

Defendants also argue that they would be unfairly prejudiced by a joint trial because it
could result in antagonistic or inconsistent defenses, or, in essence, “defense counsels attacking
other defendants.” (R. 342, Rodriguez Mot. to Sever at 2; R. 161, Perez Mot. to Sever at 3.) The
Seventh Circuit has held, however, that “[finger-pointing among the defendants is not only
acceptable but also a benefit of a joint trial, for it helps the jury to assess the role of each
defendant.” United States v. Hoover, 246 F.3d 1054, 1061 (7th Cir. 2001). For inconsistent
defenses to justify severance, the defenses must be antagonistic to the point of being
irreconcilable and mutually exclusive. United States v. Goodwin, 496 F.3d 636, 644 (7th Cir.
2007). Defendants have presented no evidence of this.

Defendants also argue for severance because a co-defendant’s statement may inculpate
them in violation of Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). (See, e.g., R. 348, Guzman
Mot. to Sever at 4.) Bruton holds that “it violates the confrontation clause of the sixth

amendment to admit against one defendant a confession accusing a co-defendant, when the

19



unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally—{1) to manufacture, distribute, or dispense,
or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance.” 21 U.S.C.
§ 841 (a)(1).
IV. Firearms Offenses

A. Count Thirteen

The Indictment next accuses Delatorre of knowingly possessing a firearm, a Sturm Ruger,
Model P-89, 9mm semi-automatic pistol, with the importer’s and manufacturer’s serial number
removed, obliterated, and altered, which had been transported in interstate commerce, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(k). (R. 227, Count Thirteen.) Section 922(k) makes it unlawful
“for any person knowingly to transport, ship, or receive, in interstate or foreign commerce, any
firearm which has had the importer’s or manufacturer’s serial number removed, obliterated, or
altered or to possess or receive any firearm which has had the importer’s or manufacturer’s serial
number removed, obliterated, or altered and has, at any time, been shipped or transported in
interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(k).

B. Count Fourteen

Count Fourteen charges that Benabe, having previously been convicted of a crime
punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year, knowingly possessed firearms in and
affecting interstate commerce, specifically, a Rossi, Model 71, .357 magnum revolver bearing
serial number F384238, and a Intratec, Model Tec-22, .22 caliber pistol with an obliterated serial
number, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Section 922(g)(1) provides: “It shall be unlawful
for any person . . . who has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment

for a term exceeding one year; to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess



limitations of the jury system are especially tested during a lengthy trial. Our esteemed former
Chief Judge Marvin E. Aspen severed a RICO street gang indictment which bears some striking
similarities to the Indictment before this Court. Andrews, 754 F, Supp 1161, In Andrews, the
principal nexus between all the defendants was their alleged efforts to promote the criminal
activities of a well-organized street gang. Id. at 1172. The Andrews indictment charged
hundreds of distinct criminal acts committed by gang members over a twenty-three year period,
The Andrews opinion is a masterful and scholarly opinion on the issue of severance and potential
mega-trials. Judge Aspen thoughtfully reviewed all of the relevant existing legal research and
thoroughly pointed out all of the real prejudice that arises when prosecutors seek to join a large
number of defendants in complex multi-count indictments covering wide time spans. This Court
fully adopts the wise reasoning of Judge Aspen; everything he said seventeen years ago is still
true today.

Judge Aspen cautioned in 1990 that long and complex trials placed “in jeopardy the most
important objective of a criminal trial: accurate fact finding.” Andrews, 754 F. Supp. at 1161.
Almost seventeen years later, three judges on our Court of Appeals recently indicated that this
type of long trial makes it more likely that the jury will not be able to render an intelligent
verdict. See Warner, 2007 WL 3101807, at *6 (Posner, J., dissenting). “Jurors become
overwhelmed by the volume of evidence and numbed by its Tepetitiousness. Their attention
flags; their minds wander; the witnesses . . . get mixed up in the jurors’ minds, or forgotten; the
profusion of exhibits . .. makes the documentary record unintelligible. The impressions created
by the closing arguments are likely to wipe out everything that went before.” Jd. at *6-7. This

may lead to the serious risk of juror confusion that would “prevent the jury from making a

25



UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,
Vv.

FERNANDO DELATORRE, also known as
“Fern,” Fern-dog,” and “Fernwood,”
BOLIVAR BENABE, also known as “Jap,”
JUAN JUAREZ, also known as “Ghost,”
JULIAN SALAZAR, also known as “Mando,”
“Comrade,” “Conrad,” Cuz,” and “Cuzzo,”
MIGUEL MARTINEZ, also known as “Big
Mike” and “Mizzy,” MARIANO MORALES,
also known as “Mar,” ARTURO BARBOSA,
also known as “Chipmunk,” HAROLD
CROWDER, also known as “H-Man,”
MIGUEL RODRIGUEZ, also known as
“Mental” and “Mento,” STEVEN PEREZ, also
known as “Frantic” and “Big Frantic,” BRIAN
HERNANDEZ, LIONEL LECHUGA, ROMEL
HANDLEY, also known as “Romellie,”
CHRISTIAN GUZMAN, also known as
“Mousey,” AKEEM HORTON, and STEVEN
SUSINKA,

Defendants.

wer HS HS SH SSS Se SSS Serre

No. 03 CR 90

Judge Ruben Castillo

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

The question presently before the Court comes down to “how many defendants is too

many to join in a single criminal trial?” In the Second Superseding Indictment (“Indictment”) in

this case, the government charged sixteen defendants—all allegedly members of the Insane

Deuce Nation Street.Gang (“Insane Deuces”)—with violating the Racketeer Influenced and

Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), committing various violent crimes in aid of the

racketeering activity, and drug trafficking. The government estimates that the trial of this



government argues that these Counts are part of a “common scheme” because the Indictment
details a conspiracy that included a pattern of gun violence and systematic weapons possession.
(R. 356, Gov’t Resp. at 26.) The government points to Paragraph 12(g) of the Indictment, which
states: “The Insane Deuces managed the procurement, transfer, use, concealment, and disposal
of firearms and dangerous weapons with the Insane Deuces to protect gang-related territory,
personnel, and operations, and to deter, eliminate, and retaliate against competitors and other
rival criminal organizations.” (R. 227, Indictment J 12(g).) The Indictment also charges firearm
violations as overt acts in furtherance of the alleged narcotics conspiracy. (/d., Count Nine, {{ 3-
4, 7.) In addition, the government argues that the firearms referenced in Counts Fourteen and
Fifteen “were recovered simultaneously with other evidence in his residence showing ongoing
membership in the RICO conspiracy.” (R. 356, Gov’t Resp. at 26.)

As explained above, joinder under Rule 8 is to be construed broadly. Stillo, 57 F.3d at
557. The Court looks to the face of the indictment to determine whether the charges were
properly joined. United States v. Hubbard, 61 F.3d 1261, 1270 (7th Cir. 1995), “The focus is on
the underlying acts that constitute criminal offenses. The defendants must be charged with
crimes that well up out of the same series of such acts, but they need not be the same crimes.”
United States v. Pigee, 197 F.3d 879, 891 (7th Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Marzano, 160
F.3d 399, 401 (7th Cir. 1998)). If the charged offenses are of like class or category, although not
connected temporally or evidentially, joinder should be proper under Rule 8(a). United States v.
Turner, 93 F.3d 276, 283 (7th Cir. 1996) (internal citations omitted). Something more than the
fact that two crimes were committed in the same residence or vehicle must be shown. Hubbard,

61 F.3d at 1271.

12



written orders ruling on certain motions. (See R. 460, 10/3/2007 order granting Morales an
evidentiary hearing on motion to suppress post-arrest statement; R. 428, 9/6/2007 order denying
without prejudice of Morales’s motion to suppress post-arrest statement; R. 417, 8/29/2007 order
denying in part of Delatorre’s motion to suppress post-arrest statement; R. 415, 8/29/2007 order
denying Delatorre’s motion in limine to restrict the government to using his proffer statement
only as allowed by FRE 410). The severance issue itself has generated over twenty, some very
extensive, briefs, (See R. 151, R. 161, R. 329, R. 342, R. 347, R. 348, R. 356, R. 357, R. 365, R.
367, R. 403, R. 457, R. 461, R. 474, R. 485, R. 500, R. 503, R. 507, R. 509, R. 511, R. 513.) The
Court has addressed each of the severance arguments below.
I. Benabe’s Motion to Sever Counts Fourteen and Fifteen

Benabe moves to sever Counts Fourteen and Fifteen from the remainder of the case. (R.
347, Benabe Mot. to Sever.) Count Fourteen charges Benabe with possessing a firearm after a
felony conviction, and Count Fifteen charges him with possessing a firearm with an obliterated
serial number. He is charged alone in those counts. (R. 227, Indictment at 40-41.) Benabe
alleges that these charges were misjoined with the rest of the Indictment in violation of Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a). (R. 347, Benabe Mot. to Sever at 7.) In the alternative, he
argues that severance of the two counts is warranted under Rule 14. (/d.)

Proper joinder of Counts Fourteen and Fifteen requires that they be “of the same or
similar character,” “based on the same act or transaction,” or “connected with” or “parts of a
common scheme or plan” as the remaining Counts in the Indictment. Fed. R. Crim P. 8(a).
Although the government does not claim that either of the two firearms referenced in Counts

Fourteen and Fifteen were used in furtherance of any other crimes in the Indictment, the

11



Jencks Act or Brady material not previously produced pertaining to each witness on the list
should also be delivered at that time. The next day, before the trial begins, defense counsel shall
state the desired order of recognition and be ready to cross-examine without delay. Nevertheless,
the government will not be absolutely bound by the list of witnesses because the prosecution
may, in good faith, desire to change an intended order of proof, or it may become necessary to
call a witness out of tum. If the government does not wish to identify a witness until he or she is
called because of security concerns, this should be brought to the Court’s attention in camera
when the witness list excluding those names is delivered to defense counsel.

10. Any counsel desiring daily or expedited transcripts during trial should make
immediate arrangements with the court reporter and should inform the Court and other counsel of
such intentions.

11. Counsel are specially directed to Section IV of this Court’s standing trial order,
which govems the making and listing of tangible or documentary exhibits before trial.

12. All witnesses called to testify by any party at trial will be subject to the control of
counsel who caused them to be served with a subpoena or who secured their voluntary
appearance, Accordingly, upon completion of the testimony of a witness, it shall not be
necessary or appropriate to inquire of the Court whether that witness may be excused; counsel
may excuse the witness. If other counsel wish to have any witness available for recall later, and
have not made prior arrangements for the appearance of the witness through service of a
subpoena or by voluntary agreement, it will be the responsibility of that counsel to make an
announcement at the time the witness steps down that he should remain in the environs of the

Court for a reasonable time to permit such counsel an opportunity to secure and serve a subpoena



by inducing additional guilty pleas from severed defendants.” Id. at 390,

D. Procedural Complications

The procedural complications resulting from these types of large-scale indictments also
cannot be understated. For instance, this Court has been unable to conduct one general status
hearing for all the defendants throughout the multiple pretrial proceedings in this case. Instead,
the United States Marshal’s Office has had to bring the defendants to court in two stages in order
to divide the defendants into a safely guardable group. Our courthouse does not presently have
any courtroom large enough to safely and effectively try a group of fourteen defendants. The
resource and staffing requirements of the Marshal’s Office to conduct such a large trial over an
extended period are considerable and will surely affect many other criminal proceedings in this
district.

Moreover, even if we expended the exorbitant costs necessary to accommodate such a
large trial, the fairness to the defendants of such a crowded proceeding is questionable. In
evaluating the propriety of a trial of twenty-three defendants, the Fifth Circuit explained that the
seating arrangements, while “suitable perhaps for enjoying an afternoon of football,” were “of
questionable propriety for a protracted trial.” United States v, Ellender, 947 F.2d 748, 754-55
(Sth Cir. 1991). The Court described the courtroom scene as follows:

Each defendant and attorney was limited to a small writing space
crowded into a block-seating arrangement. Bleachers were
installed. Seating charts were issued to jurors and trial participants
to facilitate identification. A special intercom system of dubious
efficacy was installed for ‘bench conferences.’ When an attorney
wished to address the court and fellow counsel privately, the jurors
were treated to background music. However, this intended

distraction proved futile, and counsel turned to the time-honored
method of hushed voices and bowed heads. In sum, the courtroom

32



make an especially compelling justification for a joint trial of more than ten defendants. United
States v. Casamento, 887 F.2d 1141, 1151-52 (2d Cir. 1989). The Second Circuit recognized the
need for trial judges to weigh the interests of the prosecution, the defendants, the jurors, the
court, and the public. id. at 1152. The Fifth Circuit echoed the concerns that “[e]xceedingly
long trials impose substantial burdens on the trial court, attorneys, defendants, support personnel,
and particularly on jurors.” United States v. Ellender, 947 F.2d 748, 754-55 (Sth Cir. 1991)
(citing Casamento, 887 F.2d at 1151-52.) Likewise, the Ninth Circuit detailed the “indisputably
staggering hardships” that “fall not only on the defendants, but on defense counsel, prosecutors,
the jury, the district court, the court of appeals, and the taxpayers” in lengthy criminal cases.
United States v. Baker, 10 F.3d 1374, 1390 (9th Cir. 1993).

In fact, contrary to the view that joint trials serve the goals of judicial efficiency and
economy,’ the Ninth Circuit has aptly noted that in such large trials, judicial economy will often
be better served by severance because: ( 1) as the government proceeds through separate trials, its
presentation becomes sharper and more streamlined so that later trials move more quickly; (2)
with fewer defendants and defense counsel, there will be fewer sidebars and continuances; and
(3) the court becomes more familiar with the case and the evidence, allowing more expeditious
and efficient rulings. Baker, 10 F.3d at 1389-90. Furthermore, the Ninth Circuit opined that

“[d]isclosure of the government’s method and quality of proof may even benefit the prosecution

* See, e.g., United States v, Wilson, 481 F.3d 475, 482 (7th Cir. 2007) (noting preference
that co-conspirators be jointly tried, particularly when they were indicted together); United States
v. Hardin, 209 F.3d 652, 664 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding that in most conspiracy cases, the
economies of a single trial outweigh any danger of prejudice); United States v. Stokes, 211 F.3d
1039, 1042 (7th Cir. 2000) (observing that in general, the “joinder of offenses reduces the waste
of precious judicial and prosecutorial time in the already overburdened federal judicial system
and reduces the burdens on witnesses from testifying at multiple trials”).

31



28 grams of powder cocaine to a cooperating individual. (Jd. | 9.)

. On or about May 31, 2002, Martinez negotiated the sale of, and then sold, approximately
28 grams of powder cocaine to a cooperating individual. (Jd. 10.)

. On or about June 10, 2002, Delatorre negotiated the sale of, and then sold, approximately
52 grams of crack cocaine to a cooperating individual. (id. qil.)

. On or about June 11, 2002, Insane Deuce gang member and co-conspirator John Landeros
(“Landeros”) negotiated the sale of, and then sold, approximately 28 grams of powder
cocaine to a cooperating individual. (/d. J 12.)

. On or about June 28, 2002, Martinez negotiated the sale of, and then sold, approximately
28 grams of powder cocaine to a cooperating individual. (Jd. 413)

. On or about August 21, 2002, another gang member, John Landeros, negotiated the sale
of, and then sold, approximately 56 grams of crack cocaine to a cooperating individual.
(id. 4 14.)

. On or about September 18, 2002, Salazar negotiated the sale of, and then sold,
approximately 28 grams of powder cocaine to a cooperating individual. (Jd. 15.)

. On or about October 9, 2002, Delatorre negotiated the sale of, and then sold,
approximately 52 grams of crack cocaine to a cooperating individual. (/d. { 16.)

B. Counts Ten and Eleven

Counts Ten and Eleven of the Indictment charge Martinez, who remains a fugitive, with
knowingly and intentionally distributing mixtures containing cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
841(a)(1). Because Martinez remains a fugitive, these Counts will not be at issue during the trial
of the fourteen other defendants.

Cc. Count Twelve

Count Twelve of the Indictment charges that on or about October 9, 2002, Delatorre
intentionally distributed in excess of 50 grams of mixtures containing cocaine base in the form of

crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Section 841(a)(1) provides that “it shall be



B. Steven Perez

Perez argues that he should be tried individually because he claims that he would suffer
prejudice from a joint trial under Rule 14. (R. 161, Perez Mot. to Sever at 1.) Perez is alleged to
be part of the RICO conspiracy in Count One, specifically committing or causing to be
committed the attempted murders of Victims A, B, and E. (R. 227, Indictment, Count One 49 13,
14, 21.) In addition, Count Eight of the Indictment charges Perez with assault with a dangerous
weapon upon Victim E. (/d., Count Eight.) Perez argues that he would be prejudiced from the
“spill-over” effect of evidence of the other crimes charged in the Indictment. (R. 161, Perez Mot.
to Sever at 3.) As explained above, however, because Perez is a charged member of the RICO
conspiracy case, much of the evidence admitted in the joint trial would be admissible against him
even if he were tried alone. Souffront, 338 F.3d at 831. In addition, Perez is named ina
substantial number of the violent acts underlying the RICO conspiracy charge, intertwined and
overlapping with his co-defendants, such that Perez would not be substantially prejudiced by a
joint trial and judicial economy would be disserved by severance into an individual trial.

Cc. Rome! Handley

Defendant Handley also filed a motion to sever himself from his co-defendants. (R. 151,
Handley Mot. to Sever.) Handley was charged in Count One with being a member of the RICO
conspiracy, but was not alleged to have committed any specific illegal act in furtherance of the
conspiracy other than holding the position of “Second Seat Shorty” in the Insane Deuces. (R.
227, Indictment, Count One, { 8m.) As explained above, Handley was properly joined in the
Indictment under Rule 8(b). Nevertheless, Handley maintains that he will be prejudiced under

Rule 14 because there is a gross disparity in the weight of evidence against him versus the other

22



open court, this Court will attempt to minimize the remaining mega-trial prejudices identified in
Andrews and in this opinion by using time limits and other trial procedures which should
enhance the efficiency of the trial. These procedures are outlined in the order attached to this
opinion as Attachment A.

CONCLUSION

While each individual indictment and case is different, these mega-indictments should
not be lightly brought by the U.S. Attorney’s office. “[A] prosecutor has an obligation to use
some measure of restraint and to consider the effect of a sizable indictment on the integrity of the
resulting trial.” Andrews, 754 F. Supp. at 1179. This is still an important concern, even
seventeen years after Andrews. This Court fervently hopes that the U.S, Attorney’s office will
seriously consider the issues raised by this opinion before joining more than ten individuals in
one indictment.

Although we have found that a joint trial will not prejudice defendants in a traditional
sense, we are nevertheless seriously concerned by the systematic heavy burden that a fourteen-
defendant case places on the criminal justice system and most importantly, on the jury system
and jury selection process. Accordingly, as explained above, this Court will sever the trial into
two groups: Guzman, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Delatorre, Crowder, and Susinka in one trial; and
Handley, Rodriguez, Barbosa, Lechuga, Morales, Hernandez, and Perez in the other trial. This
Court will seek to have the two separate trials proceed simultaneously to maximize fairness and
efficiency.

Further, Benabe’s motion to sever is granted, for the reasons identified herein. (R. 347,

Benabe Mot. to Sever.) Benabe’s trial on the severed weapons charges will proceed before this

39



Court after his joint trial. Defendant Miguel Martinez remains a fugitive and is hereby severed
because he has not been arrested and has not voluntarily surrendered in time to effectively
participate in this trial. Martinez’s trial will proceed before this Court within a reasonable period
of time after he is arrested or self-surrenders.

A severance ruling by definition is a conditional ruling that could change as the trial
begins to take form and evidence is presented. This Court will continually evaluate the propriety
of joinder among the defendants. See, e.g., Gray, 173 F. Supp. 2d at 18 (citing Schaffer v. United
States, 362 U.S. 511, 516 (1960)). Accordingly, Defendants may renew their individual requests

for severance as the trial unfolds, and the Court will reconsider the issue as appropriate.

ENTERED: KEL KE

Judge Ruben Castillo
United States District Court

Dated: November 21, 2007

40



multiple levels. See Warner, 2007 WL 3101807, at *6 (Posner, J., dissenting).

2. Prejudice to Jurors

This type of trial also imposes a substantial burden on the citizens who serve on the jury.

Because of the length of the trial, this Court will be forced to use a special juror summons which
will attempt to prequalify potential jurors who can serve on an extended trial without undue
hardship. Nevertheless, the jurors who serve on this case will be asked to make a significant
time commitment to the federal criminal justice system.

These almost endless trials obviously work severe hardships on the

jurors selected. They are removed from their normal lives for

inordinate stretches of time. They must sit stoically and silently for

hours every day, day after day. They must absorb vast quantities of

information, try to keep it in order, and evaluate its credibility and

probative value. They must also perform the “mental gymnastic”

[] of properly considering the various permutations of the many

limiting instructions they are given,
United States v, Gallo, 668 F. Supp. 736, 754 (E.D. N.Y. 1987); see also United States v. Baker,
10 F.3d 1374, 1391 (9th Cir. 1993) (“Jurors have their employment and home life disrupted,
often at great financial, physical, and personal expense. They .. . are prohibited from engaging
in many ordinary pursuits of their daily lives, such as reading the newspaper.”) Furthermore, for
the five months of trial, jurors must exercise the utmost restraint: carefully evaluating the
evidence, yet not discussing the evidence with anyone—even each other. This inordinate burden
strains not only the jurors, but the entire jury system.

B. Prejudice from the Sheer Number of Defendants

The sheer number of defendants here—fourteen—has inherent risks of prejudice

associated with it, most notably from time delays. After the return of the Indictment, the

28



IL.

On or about September 19, 2002, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales,
Barbosa, Guzman, Horton, and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed
and caused to be committed, the attempted murder of a Victim C. Guzman discharged
the firearm that permanently disabled and disfigured Victim C. (Jd. 117.)

On or about September 28, 2002, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales,
Barbosa, and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and caused to be
committed, the attempted murder of Victim D. Co-conspirator A discharged the firearm
that permanently disabled and disfigured Victim D. (/d. 18.)

On or about October 16, 2002, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales,
Barbosa, Horton, Co-conspirator B, and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury,
committed and caused to be committed, the murder of David Morales. Co-conspirator B
discharged the firearm that killed David Morales. (Jd. { 19.)

On or about November 17, 2002, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales,
Barbosa, Co-conspirator B, and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury,
committed and caused to be committed, the murder of Urbel Valdez. Co-conspirator B
discharged the firearm that killed Urbel Valdez. (dd. ¢ 20.)

On or about May 11, 2003, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales, Barbosa, Perez,
and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and caused to be
committed, the attempted murder of Victim E. Perez discharged the firearm that
permanently disabled and disfigured Victim E. (/d. § 21.)

Beginning at least from in or about late 1994, and continuing through at least the date of
return of the Indictment, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales, Barbosa,
Rodriguez, Susinka, Hernandez, Lechuga, Horton, and others, known and unknown to the
Grand Jury, conspired to knowingly and intentionally distribute and possess with intent to
distribute controlled substances. (Id. § 22.)

Substantive RICO Violations

A. Count Two: Murder of David Lazcano

In Count Il, the Indictment-alleges that on August 11, 2002, Delatorre and Guzman, and

others known and unknown to the Grand Jury, for the purpose of gaining entrance to, and for

maintaining and increasing the defendants’ position in the Insane Deuces, knowingly and

intentionally murdered David Lazcano, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1959(a)(1) and (2). (R. 227,



cee

upon the witness and assume responsibility for his or her per diem and other expenses as
provided by government rule or statute.

13. Except for a defendant-witness (because of Sixth Amendment implications), counsel
calling a witness to testify should have no further discussions with that witness concerning the
case or any aspect of his testimony after the witness has been tendered for cross-examination and
until such time as the witness has been tendered back for redirect examination. At all other
times, within the bounds of governing ethics and the law, counsel may pursue their discussions
with witnesses during the trial.

14. Given the number of lawyers involved, bench conferences are impractical and the
flow or continuity of the case may not permit a side bar each time an evidentiary problem is
presented. Counsel will be required to state the legal basis for their objections without
elaboration or argument (unless invited), and the Court may rule on the objection without
additional discussion except in the most doubtful or critical areas. For purposes of “protecting
the record” and assisting the Court of Appeals, counsel may explain or the Court may amplify its

ruling on the record after the jury has been excused for a break, lunch, or for the day.



IL Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b)

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) permits an indictment to join two or more
defendants “if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction, or in the same
series of acts or transactions, constituting an offense or offenses. The defendants may be charged
in one or more counts together or separately. All defendants need not be charged in each count.”
Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(b); see also United States v. Smith, 223 F.3d 554, 573 (7th Cir. 2000). For
defendants to be charged together, the acts or transactions alleged in the indictment thus must
have occurred “pursuant to a common plan or scheme.” United States v. Lanas, 324 F.3d 894,
899 (7th Cir. 2003). Rule 8(b) is to be construed “broadly to allow liberal joinder in order to
enhance judicial efficiency.” United States v. Stillo, 57 F.3d 553, 557 (7th Cir. 1995).
Furthermore, “[i]t is well settled that a conspiracy charge is a proper basis for joinder under Rule
8(b).” Id.; see also United States v. Dounias, 777 F.2d 346, 348 (7th Cir. 1985) (“Conspiracy
charges, . . . , can provide the bond that links the divergent substantive crimes into a single
transaction for Rule 8(b) purposes.”)

Defendant Handley argues that he was misjoined in the Indictment in violation of Rule
8(b) because he is only named in Count One, alleging a RICO conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. §
1962(d). (R. 151, Handley Mot. for Severance at 2.) Specifically, Handley argues that the
Indictment fails to identify the nature or scope of his participation in the alleged racketeering
conspiracy and the substantive crimes, and thus he should not have been joined with the other
defendants. (/d. at 3-4.) Handley’s name is only mentioned in two paragraphs in the Indictment.
First, Paragraph 8m states: “Romel Handley was a Shorty member of the Insane Deuces and held

the position of ‘Second Seat Shorty’ in Aurora, Illinois. Handley directed other members of the

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Cir. 1999), “Generally, an indictment is sufficient when it sets forth the offense in the words of
the statute itself, as long as those words expressly set forth all the elements necessary to
constitute the offense intended to be punished.” United States v. Torres, 191 F.3d 799, 805 (7th
Cir. 1999) (internal citations omitted); United States vy, Anderson, 280 F.3d 1121, 1124 (7th Cir.
2002). The conspiracy charge in the Indictment tracks the words of the statute, 18 U.S.C. §
1962(d), and sets forth in detail the “manner and means of the conspiracy.” (See R. 227,
Indictment {ff 9-12.) Therefore, conspiracy was properly charged, and Handley and the other
Defendants were properly joined under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b). See Garner,
837 F.2d at 1412.

TI. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a)

Even though joinder of the Defendants was appropriate under Rule 8(b), Defendants
argue that this Court should sever the trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 14. See
United States v. Garner, 837 F.2d 1404, 1412 (7th Cir. 1987) (“Once the Rule 8 requirements are
met by the allegations in the indictment, severance thereafter is controlled entirely by Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 14.”); United States v. Diaz, 876 F.2d 1344, 1357 (7th Cir. 1989)
(same). Rule 14 provides: “If the joinder of offenses or defendants in an indictment, an
information, or a consolidation for trial appears to prejudice a defendant or the government, the
court may order separate trials of counts, sever the defendants’ trials, or provide any other relief
that justice requires.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a), “This Rule must be read against the backdrop of
Rule 2, which provides that the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ‘are intended to provide for
the just determination of every criminal proceeding. They shall be construed to secure simplicity

in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.”

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1962(d). (R. 227, Indictment, Count One, {,9.) Section 1962(c) makes it “unlawful for any
person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which
affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the
conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of
unlawful debt.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Section 1962(d) additionally makes it unlawful for any
person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section. 18
US.C.A. § 1962(d).

The Indictment alleges that the defendants agreed that a member of their conspiracy
would commit at least two of the following acts of racketeering: murder, attempted murder,
solicitation to commit murder, robbery, witness tampering, and multiple narcotics offenses. (Jd.
4] 10-11.) Specifically, the Indictment alleges the following acts of racketeering were committed
as part of the conspiracy, violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d):

. On or about January 20, 2002, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Perez, Hemmandez, and others,
known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and caused to be committed the
attempted murder of a Victim A, in which Perez discharged the firearm which
permanently disabled and disfigured Victim A. (Id. ] 13.)

* On or about January 20, 2002, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Perez, Hernandez, and others,
known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and caused to be committed, the
attempted murder of a Victim B. Perez discharged the firearm which permanently
disabled and disfigured Victim B. (Id. § 14.)

. On or about February 12, 2002, Delatorre, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Crowder, Susinka,
and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and caused to be
committed, the murder of Robert Perez. Crowder discharged the firearm that killed
Perez. (/d. J 15.)

. On or about August 11, 2002, Delatorre, Benabe, Juarez, Salazar, Martinez, Morales,
Barbosa, Guzman, and others, known and unknown to the Grand Jury, committed and

caused to be committed, the murder of David Lazcano. Guzman discharged the firearm
that killed Lazcano. (Id. { 16.)



This division groups the alleged leaders of the conspiracy together in one trial, and the
less major players together in a second trial. Based on the Indictment and the government’s
Tepresentations in its briefs, it appears that Guzman played a larger role in the alleged conspiracy
than the defendants in the second group. Placing Guzman with the leaders of the conspiracy will
better serve the goals of efficiency and fairness than placing Guzman with the less major players,
even though the Indictment charges Guzman with specific offenses occurring after the gang
meetings in June and July of 2002.

This division also comes close to achieving the temporal overlap in offenses sought by
the government. Although Perez and Hernandez, whom the government grouped with the
alleged leaders of the conspiracy, are alleged to have participated in crimes before the June and
July 2002 gang meetings, their participation in the earlier crimes is more minor than the leading
participants in the conspiracy. In addition, the one non-conspiracy charge against Perez—Count
Eight—alleges that the offense took place in May 2003, thus overlapping with offenses charged
against some of the older gang members who became more involved in the gang after the June
and July 2002 gang meetings.

In order to best satisfy the defendants’ rights to a speedy trial, this Court will seek to have
the two trials in this case proceed simultaneously by using the services of a volunteer judge. This
Court also seeks to minimize the burden on witnesses who must testify at both trials. By
proceeding simultaneously rather than consecutively, the concern that a witness who testifies at
the first severed trial may be intimidated or otherwise prevented from testifying in the second
trial is reduced. More importantly, proceeding in this manner will avoid any further delays for

the detained defendants, who are presumed innocent. Additionally, as previously announced in

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reliable judgment about guilt or innocence.” Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539.

In the forty-four page Indictment before this Court, the grand jury alleges that the
defendants belonged to the Insane Deuce Nation Street Gang, which existed to promote illegal
activities in Aurora, Elgin, and Chicago. The alleged illegal activities included the trafficking of
illegal controlled substances and dangerous weapons, murder, attempted murder, armed robbery,
grand theft, witness tampering, and other acts of violence. (R. 227, Indictment, Count One, J 7.)
The Indictment covers a ten-year period going back to late 1994. (/d. 49.) The Indictment
specifically charges an overarching RICO conspiracy, five attempted murders, four murders, two
conspiracies to commit murder; multiple assaults with dangerous weapons; an overarching drug
conspiracy; and multiple individual weapons and drug charges. The government estimates that
its case-in-chief will run approximately four to five months; however, this does not include time
for the defense case, potentially lengthy jury selection, or jury deliberation. The government
intends to call at least 130 witnesses, including numerous law enforcement officers and multiple
experts including coroners, ballistic experts, and drug chemist experts. (R. 329, Gov’t Resp. to
Mot. to Sever at 16-17.) This is more than the hundred or so witnesses the Warner dissent found
would confuse a jury involving only two defendants.

Although we “presume that the jury capably sorts through the evidence and follows the
instructions . . . to give separate consideration to each defendant,” United States v. Hardin, 209
F.3d 652, 664 (7th Cir. 2000), a trial of this length and magnitude raises significant concerns, as
noted in the Andrews and Warner opinions. “There are potentially limits to the complexity that a
jury can handle.” United States v. DeCologero, 364 F.3d 12, 24 (Ast Cir. 2004). Jurors will be

asked to keep an open mind during the government’s months-long trial presentation, and at the

26



complex criminal case, which is set to begin on February 6, 2008, will last four to five months.
After substantial mitigation presentations which have delayed this case, the government recently
announced it will not seek the death penalty against any defendant. One defendant, Akeem
Horton, has pled guilty (R. 380), and another defendant, Miguel Martinez, remains a fugitive. Of
the remaining fourteen defendants, Romel Handley (“Handley”) (R. 151, 503), Steven Perez
(“Perez”) (R. 161), Miguel Rodriguez (“Rodriguez”) (R. 342, 500), Juan Juarez (“Juarez”) (R.
367, R. 474), Christian Guzman (“Guzman”) (R. 348, 511), Steven Susinka (“Susinka”) (R.
403),' Julian Salazar (“Salazar”) (R. 457, 507), Bolivar Benabe (“Benabe”) (R. 485, 513), and
Arturo Barbosa (“Barbosa”) (R. 509) have filed motions to sever the trial and/or statements in
support of severance. Benabe also filed a separate motion to sever Counts Fourteen and Fifteen,
which charge him with various firearms violations. (R. 347, Benabe Mot. to Sever.) Pursuant to
this Court’s prior order (R. 125), motions filed by one defendant apply to all the defendants and,
accordingly, this Court has considered the motions for severance on behalf of all the defendants.
While the government opposes severance, the government has submitted a statement setting out
its preferred severance arrangement if this Court grants the motions to sever the trial. (R. 461,
Gov’t Severance Statement.)
THE INDICTMENT

L Count One: RICO Conspiracy

Count I of the Indictment alleges that each of the fourteen defendants conspired to violate

18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) through a pattern of racketeering activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

' Although Susinka is currently represented by counsel, he filed his motion for severance

and a separate trial pro se. (R. 403.) The other defendants filed their motions to sever through
counsel.



defendants and unworkable for all the reasons addressed in Andrews and Warner.
VI.‘ Severance Proposals

In addition to the various motions to sever into individual trials, discussed above, several
defendants and the government have put forth plans to sever the trial into groups of defendants.

A. Severance into Three Trials

Salazar proposes that the Court sever the case into three separate trials: (1) the alleged
leadership (Benabe, Juarez, and Salazar); (2) the alleged direct participants in acts of violence
(Delatorre, Crowder, Susinka, Perez, Hernandez, Guzman, and Handley); and (3) the alleged
older members of the gang (Morales, Rodriguez, Barbosa, and Lechuga). (R. 507, Salazar Mot.
to Sever at 3.) Salazar argues that this division will require the government to target testimony
and witnesses necessary for a particular set of defendants. (/d.) This Court disagrees. Handley
is not alleged to have been a direct participant in any acts of violence, and the Indictment
arguable charges Morales and Barbosa with greater participation in direct acts of violence than
Perez and Hernandez. Accordingly, the Court believes that this severance proposal would result
in unnecessary duplication of the evidence presented and lengthen the total trial time.

B. Proposals for Two Trials

1. Government’s Suggested Severance

While the government maintains that this Court should jointly try the fourteen defendants,
it has proposed a way to sever the trial should this Court determine that severance is necessary,
which this Court shall refer to as the government’s “forced severance plan.” (R. 461, Gov’t
Statement Regarding Severance.) The government’s forced severance plan is based on

chronology, in which the first trial would include the alleged top gang leaders (Benabe, Juarez,

34



p.m., Monday through Thursday. On Fridays, however, the trial will proceed from 9:00 a.m. to
1:00 p.m., without a lunch break. The Court will recess for the weekend. This will allow the
jury members, attorneys, and the Court to attend to other matters during this trial.

6. Defense counsel are directed to elect and designate one of their number as “lead”
counsel for the purpose of announcing challenges during jury selection and otherwise acting as
liaison counsel in dealing with government attorneys or the Court during the trial.

7. Defense counsel from each trial are also directed to confer and designate to the Court
at the time of trial the sequence in which they wish to be recognized during trial for witness
purposes. In the absence of agreement, counsel will be recognized in the order in which the
defendants are named in the Indictment. During the progress of the trial itself, counsel may alter
the usual sequence of recognition by handing up a list of those lawyers desiring to cross-examine
each government witness expected to be called that day, and the sequence in which they wish to
be recognized.

8. Once the case is called for trial, any objection, motion, or other application for relief
made by any defense counsel orally or in writing shall be deemed adopted and joined by every
other defendant, respectively, without announcement by counsel to that effect, and the rulings of
the Court shall be deemed applicable to each defendant unless otherwise stated at the time the
ruling is made. Accordingly, it will be unnecessary and improper for counsel to rise to “Join in”
an objection or motion. Counsel should rise to be heard only for the purpose of expressly opting
out of an objection or motion if that is his or her position.

9. Government counsel is directed to deliver to defense counsel each evening, if not

earlier, a list of witnesses the government anticipates calling the next trial day. All remaining



government initially announced its intent to seek the death penalty for eight of the fourteen
defendants. The death penalty authorization process alone effectively delayed this case for one
year as this Court was obligated to appoint a second, death penalty attorney for each of the eight
affected defendants and allow for appropriate mitigation presentations, In the end, the
government declined to proceed with death penalty proceedings. Throughout this entire period,
the non-affected six defendants could only prepare for and await trial. During this entire
extended time period, all defendants have been incarcerated pursuant to appropriate pretrial
detention orders.’ This is a significant prejudice for defendants who are presumed innocent. In
cases such as these, the defendants’ “Sixth Amendment rights to a speedy trial are stretched
about as far as can be without making a mockery of that constitutional protection.” United States
v. Gallo, 668 F. Supp. 736, 754 (E.D.N.Y. 1987) (severing trial of fourteen defendants).

Cc Prejudice from the Sheer Length of the Trial

The risk of prejudice is also inherent in lengthy trials. If this trial proceeds with all
fourteen defendants, the government estimates that the trial will consume four to five months of
trial time. Each defendant will individually participate in each phase of the trial through
counsel,’ which includes jury selection, opening statements, cross-examination of government
witnesses, objections, sidebars, motions in limine, closing arguments and jury instruction
conference. See Andrews, 754 F. Supp. at 1173. The multiplication of each phase of the trial

with the proposed fourteen defendants will only lengthen the trial and may result in a trial beyond

? Defendant Juarez was a fugitive until he was recently arrested in April of 2007.

* It is noteworthy that defendant Susinka has filed a pending motion to dismiss his court-
appointed counsel and represent himself without the assistance of any counsel. In this Court’s
experience, this proposed action may unduly extend the trial.

29



In this case, while the Indictment does not charge that the guns which formed the basis of
the racketeering counts are the same ones that form the basis of the firearms counts against
Benabe, joinder of Counts Fourteen and Fifteen was proper under the broad net of Rule 8(a).

The firearms counts against Benabe are, indeed, of like class or category to the remaining charges
in the Indictment, which included, as the government argues, charges of continuing firearms
violations. In addition, while it is not enough that the firearms were found in the same residence
as evidence of Benabe’s gang involvement, the firearms are temporally linked to the other
charges in the Indictment. The Indictment charges that the alleged conspiracy extended from
1994 to at least the date of return of the Indictment in 2006, and the search of Benabe’s residence
occurred in September 2005.

Nevertheless, the Court finds that severance of Counts Fourteen and Fifteen are warranted
under Rule 14(a) because joinder of those offenses “appears to prejudice” Benabe. Fed. R. Crim.
P. 14(a). Because the felon-in-possession count would allow the government to introduce
evidence of Benabe’s 1987 felony conviction for murder, there is a danger that Benabe will
suffer prejudice if these counts are not severed from the conspiracy and murder counts in this
case. (R. 347, Benabe Mot. to Sever at 7.) “[E]vidence of a prior conviction has long been the
subject of careful scrutiny and use at trial because of the danger that the jury might convict, not
based on the evidence, but because it feels the defendant is a ‘bad person.’”” United States v.
Singh, 261 F.3d 530, 533-34 (Sth Cir. 2001) (internal citations and quotations omitted), In Singh,
the Fifth Circuit held that the district court abused its discretion by failing to sever the felon-in-
possession charge because it allowed the government to introduce highly prejudicial evidence

that resulted in an unfair trial on the remaining counts. Id.; see also United States v. Hall, 370

13



enterprise in carrying out unlawful and other activities in furtherance of the conduct of the affairs
of the Insane Deuces.” (R. 227, Indictment § 8m.) Then, in Paragraph 9, Handley’s name is
listed along with all of the other defendants as having “knowingly and unlawfully conspire[d]” to
violate RICO, “that is, to unlawfully conduct and participate, directly and indirectly, in the
conduct of the affairs of the Insane Deuces, through a pattern of racketeering activity, as alleged
herein through paragraphs 10 and 11 of this count of the indictment.” (R. 227, Indictment q92.)
Because Handley was charged with participating in the RICO conspiracy, he was properly
joined in the Indictment. Section 1962(d), the “RICO conspiracy statute,” provides that it is
unlawful “to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsections (a), (b) or (c) of this
section.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Section 1962(c), the “substantive” RICO provision, criminalizes
the participation in the affairs of an enterprise affecting interstate commerce through a pattern of
racketeering activity. United States v. Glecier, 923 F.2d 496, 500 (7th Cir. 1991), Even though
the Indictment does not allege that Handley violated Section 1962(c) or agreed to personally
commit or participate in the commission of the predicate crimes, Handley was properly joined in
the RICO conspiracy count for his alleged agreement and direction to co-conspirators to commit
predicate acts on behalf of the conspiracy. See United States v. Quintanilla, 2 F.3d 1469,
1484-85 (7th Cir. 1993) (holding that Section 1962(d)’s target is “the agreement to violate
RICO’s substantive provisions, not the actual violations themselves.”) The Indictment
properly alleges conspiracy, It included all of the elements of the offense and sufficiently
informed Handley of the nature of the conspiracy charge so that he could defend against it and
use the judgment as a bar to any future prosecution for the same offense. See United States v.

Garner, 837 F.2d 1404, 1412 (7th Cir. 1987); United States v. Torres, 191 F.3d 799, 805 (7th

16