United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

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No. 22-3157

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Florine K. Ching, as Trustee for the Heirs and Next of Kin of Travis Matthew 

Jordan, Decedent

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

City of Minneapolis

 Defendant

Ofc. Neal Walsh, in his individual and official capacity 

 Defendant - Appellant

Ofc. Ryan Keyes and Police Chief Medaria Arradondo, in their individual and 

official capacities

 Defendants 

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota

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Submitted: June 15, 2023

Filed: July 13, 2023

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Before LOKEN, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges. 

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ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.

Florine Ching brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action after her son Travis Jordan 

was shot and killed by City of Minneapolis Police Officer Neal Walsh. The district 

court found Walsh was entitled to qualified immunity as to his initial use of deadly 

force but not the continued use of force after Jordan dropped his knife and had fallen 

to the ground. In this interlocutory appeal, Walsh asserts he is entitled to qualified 

immunity as to the entire encounter, which lasted a total of about two seconds. We 

reverse the denial of qualified immunity. 

I. BACKGROUND

On November 9, 2018, law enforcement was dispatched to Jordan’s mother’s

residence following a report that Jordan was present at the home, suicidal, 

emotionally disturbed, and interested in acquiring a gun. When the officers made 

contact with Jordan who was inside the house, Jordan indicated he did not want to 

speak with the officers and told them to leave. A few minutes later, Jordan moved 

through the house, entering an enclosed front porch with a knife. The officers drew 

their weapons and repeatedly commanded Jordan to drop the knife. Jordan, 

undeterred, opened the front door, stepped into the doorway, and repeatedly shouted, 

“Let’s do this” and, “Come on, just do it.” 

Ignoring the officers’ commands to drop the knife, Jordan came outside and 

began to deliberately walk toward Walsh while shouting, “Let’s do this” and, “Just 

do it.” Jordan walked toward Walsh with the knife at his side. As Jordan approached

the officers, they continued to order Jordan to drop the knife. As the distance 

between Jordan and Walsh closed, Walsh began to back away from Jordan. Jordan 

kept coming and continued to refuse to stop or drop the knife. When Jordan was 

approximately six to twelve feet from Walsh, Walsh began shooting at Jordan. He 

shot without pause seven times over the course of approximately two seconds. In 

quick succession and without any discernible pause, Walsh fired three shots while
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Jordan was standing and four shots while Jordan was on the ground. Jordan 

subsequently succumbed to his wounds. 

Ching filed this § 1983 action, alleging, among other claims, an excessive

force claim against Walsh. Walsh moved for judgment on the pleadings based on

qualified immunity. At the urging of Ching, the district court bifurcated the analysis 

of Walsh’s use of force into two segments—the initial use of force while Jordan was 

walking toward the officer and the continued use of force after Jordan had dropped 

the knife and fallen to the ground. As to the shooting that lasted no more than two 

seconds, the district court found Walsh was entitled to qualified immunity with 

regard to the initial use of force but not as to the continued firing. The district court 

reasoned that Walsh had sufficient time and situational awareness to adjust his aim 

downward after Jordan fell to the ground and, based on this determination, 

concluded a reasonable jury could find Walsh had time to reassess the threat posed 

by Jordan. Walsh appeals.

II. DISCUSSION

Appellate review of the denial of qualified immunity is limited to issues of 

law. McDaniel v. Neal, 44 F.4th 1085, 1088 (8th Cir. 2022). We review de novo

the district court’s qualified immunity determination. See Lane v. Nading, 927 F.3d 

1018, 1022 (8th Cir. 2019).

In a § 1983 action, an officer is entitled to qualified immunity unless: (1) the 

officer’s conduct violated a constitutional right, and (2) that right was clearly 

established. Manning v. Cotton, 862 F.3d 663, 668 (8th Cir. 2017). An officer 

violates the Fourth Amendment by using excessive force when conducting a seizure. 

See White v. Jackson, 865 F.3d 1064, 1074 (8th Cir. 2017). In determining whether 

an officer has used excessive force, we consider whether the force used was 

reasonable under the particular circumstances. See id. The use of deadly force is 

reasonable only if the officer had probable cause to believe the suspect presented “a 
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threat of serious physical harm to the officer or others.” Partridge v. City of Benton, 

929 F.3d 562, 565 (8th Cir. 2019). 

 

An officer violates a clearly established right only if a reasonable officer in 

the same position would understand his conduct violates the right. Dillard v. 

O’Kelley, 961 F.3d 1048, 1052 (8th Cir. 2020) (en banc). Courts must not “define 

clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Id. (quoting Kisela v. Hughes, 

138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018)). In determining whether an officer violated a clearly

established right, a court should “look for a controlling case or ‘a robust consensus 

of cases of persuasive authority’” that “involves sufficiently similar facts to squarely 

govern” the conduct at issue and places the question “beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. 

Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011); Perry v. Adams, 993 F.3d 584, 587 (8th Cir. 

2021); Dillard, 961 F.3d at 1052. 

As a preliminary matter, Ching asserts we must accept the factual inference, 

which the district court accepted, that Walsh had sufficient time to reassess the threat 

Jordan posed after he fell to the ground and dropped the knife. At this stage of the 

proceedings, we consider the pleadings and the materials “necessarily embraced by 

the pleadings.” LeMay v. United States, 18 F.4th 283, 289 (8th Cir. 2021). Videos 

of an incident are necessarily embraced by the pleadings, and we will consider the 

videos here. See id. The jurisdictional limitation on our authority to review a district 

court’s factual findings does not obligate us to accept a version of events that is 

“blatantly contradicted by the record.” Wallace v. City of Alexander, 843 F.3d 763, 

767 (8th Cir. 2016); see Ehlers v. City of Rapid City, 846 F.3d 1002, 1010 (8th Cir. 

2017).

Our review of the videos of the incident establishes that Walsh never paused

during the shooting that lasted less than two seconds, and he continued shooting for

only approximately one second after Jordan fell to the ground, dropping the knife. 

Given the swift and continuous progression of the incident and Walsh’s limited time 

to observe and process the circumstances, a jury could not find Walsh had sufficient 

time to reassess the threat Jordan presented before he stopped firing. 
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This situation is unlike the encounter in Roberts v. City of Omaha, 723 F.3d 

966, 974 (8th Cir. 2013), where the Court accepted the district court’s finding that 

there was a disputed factual issue as to the objective reasonableness of an officer’s 

actions due to evidence suggesting the officer fired his weapon at the person several 

times, paused, and fired several more times, possibly shooting the person in the back. 

Here, the entire encounter lasted less than two seconds and all shots were fired in 

quick succession with inadequate time or opportunity for a reasonable officer to 

assess whether the immediate threat had passed. 

 While mere seconds can be sufficient time for an officer to reassess a threat, 

see Cole ex rel. Est. of Richards v. Hutchins, 959 F.3d 1127, 1135 (8th Cir. 2020), 

this Court’s precedent at the time of the shooting did not provide Walsh with notice 

that a single second in a less than two-second encounter was sufficient time for him 

to reassess the threat Jordan presented. Ching has not presented, and we are not 

aware of, any case in which a court has bifurcated a shooting when an entire

continuous shooting lasted less than two seconds, and the alleged excessive force 

occurred only one second after the threat was arguably dissipated. 

The facts of this case are markedly similar to the facts of Estate of Morgan v. 

Cook, 686 F.3d 494 (8th Cir. 2012). In Cook, an officer responded to the scene of

an intoxicated suspect. 686 F.3d at 495. The officer observed the suspect––who 

was six to twelve feet from the officer––attempting to conceal a kitchen knife, which 

was pointed down by his side. Id. at 495-96, 498. The officer twice directed the 

suspect to drop the knife, and the suspect failed to do so. Id. at 496. The suspect 

then stood and raised his leg forward as if to take a step in the officer’s direction, 

and the officer shot the suspect. Id. This Court held the officer’s decision to shoot 

at the suspect was objectively reasonable because, among other facts, the suspect 

was holding a knife, failed to comply with the officer’s direction to drop it, began 

moving toward the officer, and was no more than twelve feet from the officer when 

the officer began shooting. Id. at 497. Given the similarities to this case, the caselaw

did not place “beyond debate” that Walsh could not reasonably believe Jordan 

presented a sufficient threat to justify the use of deadly force. See Dillard, 961 F.3d 
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at 1052; see also Kong ex rel. Kong v. City of Burnsville, 960 F.3d 985, 993 (8th 

Cir. 2020) (noting an officer may use deadly force to stop a person armed with a 

bladed weapon if the officer reasonably believed the person could kill or seriously 

injure others). Because, after Jordan posed a threat to Walsh, it was not clearly 

established that Walsh’s continuous shooting, which lasted less than two seconds,

violated a constitutional right, Walsh is entitled to qualified immunity.

The parties dispute the significance of Jordan’s reported suicidality. Compare 

Kong, 960 F.3d at 993 (noting mental illness does not reduce the immediate and 

significant threat a suspect poses), with Partridge, 929 F.3d at 565 (considering the 

decedent’s suicidality when determining no reasonable officer would have believed 

the decedent presented an immediate threat). Even if Jordan’s emotional condition 

perhaps mitigated the threat he posed to the responding officers, a question we need 

not reach, this detail does not sufficiently distinguish this case from Cook such that 

Walsh would have had “fair warning” that his conduct violated a constitutional right. 

See Sisney v. Reisch, 674 F.3d 839, 845 (8th Cir. 2012). 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the denial of qualified immunity and 

remand for entry of judgment in favor of defendants. 

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