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Kurt A. SpokasSoil Scientist and Adjunct ProfessorOffice Phone: (612) 626-2834**Publications**

**Presentations**

**Personal Background******

#### Disciplinary Areas

Soil PhysicsSoil BiochemistryMathematical Modeling

#### Current Research Focus

Biochar Aging Citizen Science Project

Arduino Data Logger Utility

Greenhouse Gases and Seasonal CyclingWater Quality and Water ManagementMathematical Modeling and Methane OxidationBiochar Research Plots

- Publications - (Clicking on the reprint icon  will take you to the publication reprint.)  
- Biochar selection methodology for remediating heavy metal contaminated mine tailings  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ducey, T.F., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A., Trippe, K.M., Johnson, M.G. 2024. Biochar selection methodology for remediating heavy metal contaminated mine tailings. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology [online]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05621-9.   
- Pyrolysis temperature has greater effects on carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry than biochar feedstock when applied to a red pine forest soil  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Toczydlowski, A., Slesak, R., Venterea, R.T., Spokas, K.A. 2023. Pyrolysis temperature has greater effects on carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry than biochar feedstock when applied to a red pine forest soil. Forest Ecology and Management. 534. Article 120881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120881.   
- Spatiotemporal distribution of roots in a maize-kura clover living mulch system: Impact of tillage and fertilizer N source  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Alexander, J.R., Baker, J.M., Gamble, J.D., Venterea, R.T., Spokas, K.A. 2023. Spatiotemporal distribution of roots in a maize-kura clover living mulch system: Impact of tillage and fertilizer N source. Soil & Tillage Research. 227(3). Article 105590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105590.   
- The role of nanoengineered biochar activated with Fe for sulfanilamide removal from soils and water  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Velarde, P., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L. 2022. The role of nanoengineered biochar activated with Fe for sulfanilamide removal from soils and water. Molecules. 27(21). Article 7418. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217418.   
- CO2 emission and its interface with soil organic matter: A multidisciplinary vision -(Book / Chapter)   La Scala, N., Martinez, A.S., Spokas, K.A. 2023. CO2 emission and its interface with soil organic matter: A multidisciplinary vision. In:Bettiol, W., Silva, C.A., Martin-Neto, C.E.P., de Andrade, C.A., editors. Soil Organic Matter.Embrapa, Brazillia, Brazil. p. 297-316.   
- Microbial response to phytostabilization in mining impacted soils using maize in conjunction with biochar and compost  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ducey, T.F., Sigua, G.C., Novak, J.M., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A., Johnson, M.G. 2021. Microbial response to phytostabilization in mining impacted soils using maize in conjunction with biochar and compost. Microorganisms. 9(12), Article 2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122545.   
- Potential greenhouse gases emissions by different plant communities in maritime Antarctica  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ferrari, F., Thomazini, A., Pereira, A., Spokas, K.A., Schaefer, C. 2022. Potential greenhouse gases emissions by different plant communities in maritime Antarctica. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Science. 94(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210602.   
- Does turbulent-flow conditioning of irrigation water influence soil chemical processes: II. Long-term soil and crop study  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lentz, R.D., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A. 2022. Does turbulent-flow conditioning of irrigation water influence soil chemical processes: II. Long-term soil and crop study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 53(5):636-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2021.2017963.   
- Modeling landfill CH4 emissions: CALMIM international field validation, using CALMIM to simulate management strategies, current and future climate scenarios  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J., Corcoran, M. 2021. Modeling landfill CH4 emissions: CALMIM international field validation, using CALMIM to simulate management strategies, current and future climate scenarios. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 9(1). Article 00050. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00050.   
- Data submission for: microbial response to phytostabilization in mine impacted soils using maize in conjunction with biochar and compost  -(Database / Dataset)   Ducey, T.F., Sigua, G.C., Novak, J.M., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A., Johnson, M.G. 2021. Data submission for: microbial response to phytostabilization in mine impacted soils using maize in conjunction with biochar and compost. Data Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.01185.   
- Temperature alters dicyandiamide (DCD) efficacy for multiple reactive nitrogen species in urea-amended soils: Experiments and modeling  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Venterea, R.T., Clough, T.J., Coulter, J.A., Souza, E.F., Breuillin-Sessoms, F., Spokas, K.A., Sadowsky, M.J., Gupta, S.K., Bronson, K.F. 2021. Temperature alters dicyandiamide (DCD) efficacy for multiple reactive nitrogen species in urea-amended soils: Experiments and modeling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 160. Article 108341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108341.   
- Relative proportions of organic carbon functional groups in biochars as influenced by spectral data collection and processing  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Munira, S., Dynes, J.J., Islam, M., Khan, F., Adesanya, T., Regier, T.Z., Spokas, K.A., Farenhorst, A. 2021. Relative proportions of organic carbon functional groups in biochars as influenced by spectral data collection and processing. Chemosphere. 283. Article 131023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131023.   
- Microbial response to designer biochar and compost treatments for mining impacted soils  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ducey, T.F., Novak, J.M., Sigua, G.C., Ippolito, J.A., Rushmiller, H.C., Watts, D.W., Trippe, K.M., Spokas, K.A., Stone, K.C., Johnson, M.G. 2021. Microbial response to designer biochar and compost treatments for mining impacted soils. Biochar. 3:299-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00093-3.   
- Phytostabilization of acidic mine tailings with biochar, biosolids, lime, and locally-sourced microbial inoculum: Do amendment mixtures influence plant growth, tailing chemistry, and microbial composition?  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Trippe, K.M., Manning, V., Reardon, C.L., Klein, A.M., Weidman, C.S., Ducey, T.F., Novak, J.M., Watts, D.W., Rushmiller, H.C., Spokas, K.A., Ippolito, J.A., Johnson, M.G. 2021. Phytostabilization of acidic mine tailings with biochar, biosolids, lime, and locally-sourced microbial inoculum: Do amendment mixtures influence plant growth, tailing chemistry, and microbial composition? Applied Soil Ecology. 165. Article 103962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.103962.   
- Sorption and desorption of bicyclopyrone on soils  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Schneider, S.K., Gamiz, B., Hall, K., Chen, W. 2021. Sorption and desorption of bicyclopyrone on soils. Agricultural and Environmental Letters. 5(1). Article e20039. https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20039.   
- Biochar changes the bioavailability and bioefficacy of the allelochemical coumarin in agricultural soils  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Lopez-Cabeza, R., Velarde, P., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L. 2020. Biochar changes the bioavailability and bioefficacy of the allelochemical coumarin in agricultural soils. Pest Management Science. 77(2):834-843. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6086.   
- Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ippolito, J.A., Cui, L., Kammann, C., Wrage-Monnig, N., Estavillo, J.M., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Cayuela, M., Sigua, G.C., Novak, J.M., Spokas, K.A., Borchard, N. 2020. Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar. 2:421-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x.   
- Nitrate removal and nitrous oxide production from upflow and downflow column woodchip bioreactors  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Feyereisen, G.W., Spokas, K.A., Strock, J.S., Mulla, D.J., Ranaivoson, A.Z., Coulter, J.A. 2020. Nitrate removal and nitrous oxide production from upflow and downflow column woodchip bioreactors. Agricultural and Environmental Letters. 5(1). Article e20024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20024.   
- Enhancing cation exchange capacity of weathered soils using biochar: feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and addition rate  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Domingues, R.R., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A., Spokas, K.A., Melo, L.C., Trugilho, P.F., Valenciano, M.N., Silva, C.A. 2020. Enhancing cation exchange capacity of weathered soils using biochar: feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and addition rate. Agronomy. 10(6):824. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060824.   
- Columns and detectors recommended in gas chromatography to measure greenhouse emission and O2 uptake in soil: A review  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ferraz-Almeida, R., Spokas, K.A., De Oliveira, R.C. 2020. Columns and detectors recommended in gas chromatography to measure greenhouse emission and O2 uptake in soil: A review. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 51(5):582-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1729370.   
- Rapid and distinct responses of particulate and mineral-associated organic nitrogen to conservation tillage and cover crops  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Jilling, A., Kane, D., Williams, A., Yannarell, A., Davis, A., Jordan, N., Koide, R., Mortensen, D., Smith, R., Snapp, S., Spokas, K.A., Grandy, S. 2019. Rapid and distinct responses of particulate and mineral-associated organic nitrogen to conservation tillage and cover crops. Geoderma. 359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114001.   
- Understanding activation effects on low-temperature biochar for optimization of herbicide sorption  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Hall, K., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L. 2019. Understanding activation effects on low-temperature biochar for optimization of herbicide sorption. Agronomy. 9(10):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100588.   
- Dynamic effect of fresh and aged biochar on the behavior of the herbicide mesotrione in soils  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Velarde, P., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L. 2019. Dynamic effect of fresh and aged biochar on the behavior of the herbicide mesotrione in soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67(34):9450-9459. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02618.   
- Phytostabilization of Zn and Cd in mine soil using corn in combination with biochars and manure-based compost  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Sigua, G.C., Novak, J.M., Watts, D.W., Ippolito, J.A., Ducey, T.F., Johnson, M.G., Spokas, K.A. 2019. Phytostabilization of Zn and Cd in mine soil using corn in combination with biochars and manure-based compost. Environments. 6(6):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060069.   
- Biochar additions across Illinois agricultural soils: Greenhouse gas production, corn growth, and soil microbial responses  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Meschewski, E., Holm, N., Sharma, B., Spokas, K.A., Minalt, N., Kelly, J. 2019. Biochar additions across Illinois agricultural soils: Greenhouse gas production, corn growth, and soil microbial responses. Chemosphere. 228:565-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.031.   
- Biochar reduces the efficiency of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) mitigating N2O emissions  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Huerfano, X., Vega-Mas, I., Torralbo, F., Menendez, S., Ippolito, J.A., Kammann, C., Wrage-Monnig, N., Cayuela, M., Borchard, N., Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M., Gonzalez-Moro, M., Gonzalez-Murua, C., Estavillo, J. 2019. Biochar reduces the efficiency of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) mitigating N2O emissions. Nature Scientific Reports. 9(2346):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38697-2.   
- Global diversity of the brachypodium species complex as a resource for genome-wide association studies demonstrated for agronomic traits in response to climate  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Wilson, P., Streich, J., Murray, K., Eichten, S., Cheng, R., Aitkin, N., Spokas, K.A., Warthmann, N., Gordon, S., Vogel, J., Borevitz, J. 2019. Global diversity of the brachypodium species complex as a resource for genome-wide association studies demonstrated for agronomic traits in response to climate. Genetics. 211(1):317-331. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301589.   
- Sorption of ammonium and nitrate to biochars is electrostatic and pH-dependent  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Fidel, R.B., Laird, D.A., Spokas, K.A. 2018. Sorption of ammonium and nitrate to biochars is electrostatic and pH-dependent. Nature Scientific Reports. 8(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35534-w.   
- Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Borchard, N., Schirrmann, M., Cayuela, M.L., Kammann, C., Wrange-Monnig, N., Estavillo, J., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Sigua, G.C., Spokas, K.A., Ippolito, J., Novak, J.M. 2018. Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 651:2354-2364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenc.2018.10.060.   
- Changes in sorption and bioavailability of herbicides in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Velarde, P., Spokas, K.A., Celis, R., Cox, L. 2019. Changes in sorption and bioavailability of herbicides in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar. Geoderma. 337:341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.033.   
- Creating a biochar roadmap: The future of biochar research at the USDA Agricultural Research Service  -(Other)   Trippe, K.M., Phillips, C.L., Spokas, K.A., Miles, T. 2018. Creating a biochar roadmap: The future of biochar research at the USDA Agricultural Research Service. CSA News. 63:24-25. https://doi.org/10.2134/csa2018.63.1021.   
- Future biochar research directions -(Book / Chapter)   Novak, J.M., Moore, E., Spokas, K.A., Hall, K., Williams, A. 2018. Future biochar research directions. In: Ok, Y.S., Tsang, D.C., Bolan, N., Novak, J.M., editors. Biochar from Biomass and Waste. 1st edition, New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 423-432.   
- Concentration and release of phosphorus and potassium from lignocellulosic and manure-based biochars from fertilizer reuse  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Spokas, K.A., Johnson, M.G. 2018. Concentration and release of phosphorus and potassium from lignocellulosic and manure-based biochars from fertilizer reuse. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2018.00054.   
- Carbon dosing increases nitrate removal rates in denitrifying bioreactors at low-temperature high-flow conditions  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Roser, M., Feyereisen, G.W., Spokas, K.A., Mulla, D.J., Strock, J.S., Gutknecht, J. 2018. Carbon dosing increases nitrate removal rates in denitrifying bioreactors at low-temperature high-flow conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality. 47(4):856-864. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.02.0082.   
- Biochar utilization for soil quality improvement, greenhouse gas reduction, metal and nutrient sequestration -(Abstract Only)   Novak, J.M., Sigua, G.C., Ippolito, J., Lentz, R.D., Van Pelt, R.S., Spokas, K.A., Sistani, K.R., Collins, H.P., Johnson, M.G., Pantuck, K. 2018. Biochar utilization for soil quality improvement, greenhouse gas reduction, metal and nutrient sequestration. U.S. Biochar Initiative Conference. p.13.   
- Remediation of an acidic mine spoil: Miscanthus biochar and lime amendment affects metal availability, plant growth and soil enzymatic activity  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Ippolito, J.A., Ducey, T.F., Watts, D.W., Spokas, K.A., Trippe, K.M., Sigua, G.C., Johnson, M.G. 2018. Remediation of an acidic mine spoil: Miscanthus biochar and lime amendment affects metal availability, plant growth and soil enzymatic activity. Chemosphere. 205:709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.107.   
- Impact of two hydrothermal carbonization filtrates on soil greenhouse production -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Vozhdayev, G.V., Spokas, K.A., Molde, J.S., Heilmann, S.M., Wood, B.M., Valentas, K.J. 2018. Impact of two hydrothermal carbonization filtrates on soil greenhouse production. Agronomy Journal. 2(1):48-61.   
- Activated carbon, biochar and charcoal: Linkages and synergies across pyrogenic carbon's ABC  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Hagerman, N., Spokas, K.A., Schmidt, H., Kagi, R., Bohler, M., Bucheli, T.D. 2018. Activated carbon, biochar and charcoal: Linkages and synergies across pyrogenic carbon's ABC. Water. 10(2):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020182.   
- Sugarcane residue management impact soil greenhouse gas -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Tavares, R., Spokas, K.A., Hall, K., Colosky, E., De Souza, Z., La Scala, N. 2018. Sugarcane residue management impact soil greenhouse gas. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 42(2):195-203.   
- Ratio of CO2 and O2 as index for categorizing soil biological activity in sugarcane areas under contrasting straw management regimes  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Almeida, R.F., De Bortoli Teixeira, D., Montanari, R., Bolonhezi, A.C., Teixeira, E.B., Moitinho, M.R., Panosso, A.R., Spokas, K.A., La Scala Junior, N. 2018. Ratio of CO2 and O2 as index for categorizing soil biological activity in sugarcane areas under contrasting straw management regimes. Soil Research. 56(4):373–381. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16344.   
- Novel design and field performance of phosphorus-sorbing and denitrifying bioreactors -(Abstract Only)   Ranaivoson, A., Strock, J.S., Feyereisen, G.W., Spokas, K.A., Mulla, D., Roser, M. 2017. Novel design and field performance of phosphorus-sorbing and denitrifying bioreactors. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. October 22-25, 2017, Tampa, Florida.   
- Evaluating agricultural management effects on alachlor availability: Tillage, green manure, and biochar  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Mendes, K.F., Hall, K.E., Spokas, K.A., Koskinen, W.C., Tornisielo, V.L. 2017. Evaluating agricultural management effects on alachlor availability: Tillage, green manure, and biochar. Agronomy. 7(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7040064.   
- Microstructural and associated chemical changes during the composting of a high temperature biochar: Mechanisms for nitrate, phosphate and other nutrient retention and release  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Joseph, S., Kammann, C.I., Shepard, J.G., Conte, P., Schmidt, H., Hagemann, N., Rich, A.M., Spokas, K.A., Marjo, C.E., Allan, J., Munroe, P., Mitchell, D.R., Donne, S., Graber, E.R. 2018. Microstructural and associated chemical changes during the composting of a high temperature biochar: Mechanisms for nitrate, phosphate and other nutrient retention and release. Science of the Total Environment. 618:1210-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.200.   
- Soil greenhouse gas production: Relations to soil attributes in a sugarcane production area, southern Brazil -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Bicalho, E.S., Moitinho, M.R., Teixeira, D.B., Panosso, A.R., Spokas, K.A., La Scala Jr., N. 2017. Soil greenhouse gas production: Relations to soil attributes in a sugarcane production area, southern Brazil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. doi:10.2136/sssaj2017.02.0043.   
- Biochar research activities and their relation to development and environmental quality: A meta-analysis -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Mehmood, K., Chavez Garcia, E., Schirrmann, M., Ladd, B., Kammann, C., Wrage-Monnig, N., Siebe, C., Estavillo, J.M., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Cayuela, M., Sigua, G.C., Spokas, K.A., Cowie, A.L., Novak, J.M., Ippolito, J.A., Borchard, N. 2017. Biochar research activities and their relation to development and environmental quality: A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. doi:10.1007/s13593-017-0430-1.   
- Field measurements and modeling to resolve m2 to km2 CH4 emissions for a complex urban source: An Indiana landfill study -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Cambaliza, M.O., Bogner, J., Green, R.B., Shepson, P.B., Harvey, T.A., Spokas, K.A., Brian, S.H., Margaret, C. 2017. Field measurements and modeling to resolve m2 to km2 CH4 emissions for a complex urban source: An Indiana landfill study. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 5:36.   
- Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden-knowns, unknowns, and future research needs -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Kammann, C., Ippolito, J., Hagemann, N., Borchard, N., Cayuela, M., Estavillo, J., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Jeffery, S., Kern, J., Novak, J.M., Rasse, D., Saarnio, S., Schmidt, H., Spokas, K.A., Wrage-Monnig, N. 2017. Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden-knowns, unknowns, and future research needs. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. 25(02):114-139.   
- Biochar soil additions impacts herbicide fate: Importance of application timing and feedstock species -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Velardea, P., Spokas, K.A., Hermosin, M., Cox, L. 2017. Biochar soil additions impacts herbicide fate: Importance of application timing and feedstock species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(15):3109-3117. Available: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00458.   
- Glyphosate sorption/desorption on biochars – Interactions of physical and chemical processes -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Hall, K., Spokas, K.A., Gamizn, B., Cox, L., Papiernik, S.K., Koskinen, W.C. 2017. Glyphosate sorption/desorption on biochars – Interactions of physical and chemical processes. Pest Management Science. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.4530/full.   
- Assessing the effect of organoclays and biochar on the fate of abscisic acid in soil -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gamiz, B., Cox, L., Hermosin, M., Spokas, K.A., Celis, R. 2017. Assessing the effect of organoclays and biochar on the fate of abscisic acid in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(1):29-38. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03668.   
- Reconciling opposing soil processes in row-crop agroecosystems via soil functional zone management -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Williams, A., Davis, A.S., Jilling, A., Grandy, A., Koide, R.T., Smith, R.G., Snapp, S.S., Spokas, K.A., Yannarell, A.C., Jordan, N.R. 2017. Reconciling opposing soil processes in row-crop agroecosystems via soil functional zone management. Journal of Applied Ecology. 236:99-107.   
- Influence of biochar particle size and shape on soil hydraulic properties  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lim, T., Spokas, K.A., Feyereisen, G.W., Weis, R.D., Koskinen, W. 2017. Influence of biochar particle size and shape on soil hydraulic properties. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 5(1):8-15.   
- Unintended consequences of carbon enhancement in agricultural soils: The N2O problem -(Abstract Only)   Venterea, R.T., Breuillin-Sessoms, F., Baker, J.M., Griffis, T., Spokas, K.A., Turner, P. 2016. Unintended consequences of carbon enhancement in agricultural soils: The N2O problem. American Geophysical Union. December 11-16, 2016. San Francisco, CA.   
- Designing advanced biochar products for maximizing greenhouse gas mitigation potential -(Review Article)   Mandal, S., Sarkar, B., Bolan, N., Novak, J.M., Ok, Y., Van Zwienten, L., Bhupinder, P., Kirkham, M., Choppala, G., Spokas, K.A., Naidu, R. 2016. Designing advanced biochar products for maximizing greenhouse gas mitigation potential. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science Technology. 46(17):1367-1401.   
- Multi-year and multi-location soil quality and crop biomass yield responses to hardwood fast pyrolysis biochar -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Laird, D.A., Novak, J.M., Collins, H.P., Ippolito, J.A., Karlen, D.L., Lentz, R.D., Sistani, K.R., Spokas, K.A., Van Pelt, R.S. 2016. Multi-year and multi-location soil quality and crop biomass yield responses to hardwood fast pyrolysis biochar. Geoderma. 289:46-53.   
- Precision control of soil N cycling  via soil functional zone management -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Williams, A., Davis, A.S., Ewing, P., Grandy, A., Kane, D., Koide, R.T., Mortensen, D.A., Smith, R.G., Snapp, S., Spokas, K.A. 2016. Precision control of soil N cycling via soil functional zone management. Agriculture Ecosystems and the Environment. 231:291-295.   
- Influence of pyrolysis temperature and hardwood species on resulting biochar properties and their effect on azimsulfuron sorption as compared to other sorbents -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Trigo, C., Cox, L., Spokas, K.A. 2016. Influence of pyrolysis temperature and hardwood species on resulting biochar properties and their effect on azimsulfuron sorption as compared to other sorbents. Science of the Total Environment. 566-567:1454-1464. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.027.   
- Large differences in potential denitrification and sediment microbial communities across the Laurentian great lakes -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Small, G.E., Brovold, S.A., Bullerjahn, G.S., Finlay, J.C., McKay, R.M., Rozmarynowycz, M.J., Spokas, K.A., Sterner, R.W. 2016. Large differences in potential denitrification and sediment microbial communities across the Laurentian great lakes. Biogeochemistry. 128(3):353-368.   
- Metolachlor sorption and degradation in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Trigo, C., Spokas, K.A., Hall, K.E., Cox, L., Koskinen, W.C. 2016. Metolachlor sorption and degradation in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 64(16):3141-3149.   
- A comparison of soil hydrothermal properties in zonal and uniform tillage systems across the northern U.S. corn belt -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Williams, A., Davis, A.S., Ewing, P., Forcella, F., Grandy, S., Kane, D., Mortensen, D., Smith, R., Spokas, K.A., Jordan, N.R. 2016. A comparison of soil hydrothermal properties in zonal and uniform tillage systems across the northern U.S. corn belt. Soil and Tillage Research. 273:12-1.   
- The mechanisms for 1,3-dichloropropene dissipation in biochar-amended soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Wang, Q., Gao, S., Wang, D., Spokas, K.A., Cao, A., Yan, D. 2016. The mechanisms for 1,3-dichloropropene dissipation in biochar-amended soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 64(12):2531-2540.   
- Soil health, crop productivity, microbial transport, and mine spoil response to biochars -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Ippolito, J.A., Lentz, R.D., Spokas, K.A., Bolster, C.H., Sistani, K.R., Trippe, K.M., Phillips, C.L., Johnson, M.G. 2016. Soil health, crop productivity, microbial transport, and mine spoil response to biochars. BioEnergy Research. 9(2):454-464.   
- Soil functional zone management: a vehicle for enhancing production and soil ecosystem services in row-crop agroecosystems -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Williams, A., Kane, D., Ewing, P., Atwood, L., Jilling, A., Li, M., Lou, Y., Davis, A.S., Grandy, A., Koide, R.T., Spokas, K.A., et. al, 2016. Soil functional zone management: a vehicle for enhancing production and soil ecosystem services in row-crop agroecosystems. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7:65.   
- Biomass or biochar – Which is better at improving hydraulic properties? -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Watts, D.W., Lee, T., Weis, R.D., Novak, J.M., Feyereisen, G.W., Ippolito, J.A. 2016. Biomass or biochar – Which is better at improving hydraulic properties? Acta Horticulturae. 1146:235-242. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1146.31.   
- Black Earths (Terra Preta): Observations of wider occurrence from natural fire -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Marques, J., La Scala, N., Nater, E. 2017. Black Earths (Terra Preta): Observations of wider occurrence from natural fire. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. 3:2312–2315. Available: https://doi.org/10.1081/E-ESS3-120052897.   
- Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lim, T., Spokas, K.A., Feyereisen, G.W., Novak, J.M. 2015. Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties. Chemosphere. 142:136-144.   
- Response of maize germination and growth to HTC filtrate type and concentration -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Vozhdayev, G.V., Spokas, K.A., Molde, J.S., Heilmann, S.M., Wood, B.M., Valentas, K.J. 2015. Response of maize germination and growth to HTC filtrate type and concentration. Plant and Soil. 396(1-2):127-136.   
- Biochars multifunctional role as a novel technology in the agricultural, environmental, and industrial sectors  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Ro, K.S., Ok, Y.S., Sigua, G.C., Spokas, K.A., Uchimiya, S.M., Bolan, N. 2016. Biochars multifunctional role as a novel technology in the agricultural, environmental, and industrial sectors. Chemosphere. 142:1-3.   
- Biochars impact on water infiltration and water quality through a compacted subsoil layer -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Sigua, G.C., Watts, D.W., Cantrell, K., Shumaker, P.D., Szogi, A.A., Johnson, M., Spokas, K.A. 2016. Biochars impact on water infiltration and water quality through a compacted subsoil layer. Chemosphere. 142:160-167.   
- Efficacies of designer biochars in improving biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat grown in a hard setting subsoil layer  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Sigua, G.C., Novak, J.M., Watts, D.W., Johnson, M.G., Spokas, K.A. 2015. Efficacies of designer biochars in improving biomass and nutrient uptake of winter wheat grown in a hard setting subsoil layer. Chemosphere. 142:176-183.   
- Review of the effects of biochar amendment on soil properties and carbon sequestration  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Xie, T., Sadasivam, B., Reddy, K.R., Wang, C., Spokas, K.A. 2015. Review of the effects of biochar amendment on soil properties and carbon sequestration. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000293.   
- Leachate water quality of soils amended with different swine manure-based amendments -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Ro, K.S., Novak, J.M., Johnson, M.G., Szogi, A.A., Libra, J.A., Spokas, K.A., Bae, S. 2015. Leachate water quality of soils amended with different swine manure-based amendments. Chemosphere. 142:92-99. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.023.   
- Research and application of biochar in North America -(Book / Chapter)   Zheng, W., Holm, N., Spokas, K.A. 2016. Research and application of biochar in North America. In: Guo, M., He, Z. Uchimiya, S.M., editors. Agricultural and Environmental Applications of Biochar: Advances and Barriers. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, Inc. p. 475-494.   
- Biochar and manure effects on nitrogen nutrition in silage corn -(Popular Publication)   Lentz, R.D., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A. 2015. Biochar and manure effects on nitrogen nutrition in silage corn. Nutrient Digest. 7(2):1,3-4.   
- From California dreaming to California data: Challenging historic models for landfill CH4 emissions  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J., Corcoran, M., Walker, S. 2015. From California dreaming to California data: Challenging historic models for landfill CH4 emissions. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000051.   
- GHG impacts of biochar: Predictability for the same biochar  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Thomazini, A., Spokas, K.A., Hall, K.E., Ippolito, J.A., Lentz, R.D., Novak, J.M. 2015. GHG impacts of biochar: Predictability for the same biochar. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 207:183-191.   
- Pesticide sorption and leaching potential on three Hawaiian soils  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Hall, K.E., Ray, C., Ki, S., Spokas, K.A., Koskinen, W.C. 2015. Pesticide sorption and leaching potential on three Hawaiian soils. Journal of Environmental Management. 159:227-234.   
- CO2 and N2O emissions in a soil chronosequence at a glacier retreat zone in Maritime Antarctica  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Thomazini, A., De Sa Mendonca, E., De Bortoli Teixeixa, D., Carreiro Almeida, C., La Scala, N., Spokas, K.A., Pasqualoto Canellas, L., Millori, D. 2015. CO2 and N2O emissions in a soil chronosequence at a glacier retreat zone in Maritime Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment. 521-522:336-345.   
- Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties -(Proceedings)   Spokas, K.A., Lim, T., Feyereisen, G.W., Novak, J.M. 2015. Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties [abstract]. Geophysical Research Abstracts. 17:EGU2015-6806.   
- Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention  -(Book / Chapter)   Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M., Lentz, R.D., Cantrell, K.B. 2015. Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention. In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S., editors.  Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, technology, and implementation. 2nd edition. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 137-161.   
- The effects of biochar and manure in silage corn -(Popular Publication)   Lentz, R.D., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A. 2015. The effects of biochar and manure in silage corn. Progressive Forage Grower. 16(2):26-29.   
- Plant macro- and micronutrient dynamics in a biochar-amended wetland muck -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Sigua, G.C., Spokas, K.A., Hunt, P.G., Glaz, B.S., Watts, D.W., Cantrell, K.B., Busscher, W.J. 2014. Plant macro- and micronutrient dynamics in a biochar-amended wetland muck. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Doi 10.1007/s11270-014-2228-y.   
- Quantification and source apportionment of the methane emission flux from the city of Indianapolis  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Cambaliza, M., Shepson, P.B., Bogner, J., Caulton, D.R., Stirm, R., Sweeney, C., Montzka, S.A., Turnbull, J., Spokas, K.A., Salmon, O.E., Lavoie, T.N., Hendricks, A., Mays, K., Turnbull, J., Miller, B.R., Lauvanux, T., Davis, K., Karion, A., Moser, B., Miller, C., Obermeyer, C., Whetstone, J., Prasad, K.R., Miles, N., Richardson, S. 2015. Quantification and source apportionment of the methane emission flux from the city of Indianapolis. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 3:000037. DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000037.   
- Characterization and selection of biochar for an efficient retention of tricyclazole in a flooded alluvial paddy soil  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Garcia-Jaramillo, M., Cox, L., Knicker, H., Cornejo, J., Spokas, K.A., Del Carmen Hermosin, M. 2014. Characterization and selection of biochar for an efficient retention of tricyclazole in a flooded alluvial paddy soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 286:581-588.   
- Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Yargicoglu, E.N., Sadasivam, B., Reddy, K.R., Spokas, K.A. 2015. Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars. Waste Management. 36:256-268.   
- Assessing microbial contributions to N2O impacts following biochar additions  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lin, X., Spokas, K.A., Venterea, R.T., Zhang, R., Baker, J.M., Feyereisen, G.W. 2014. Assessing microbial contributions to N2O impacts following biochar additions. Agronomy. 4:478-496.   
- Influence of soil biochar aging on sorption of the herbicides MCPA, nicosulfuron, terbuthylazine, indaziflam, and fluoroethyldiaminotriazine  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Trigo, C., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L., Koskinen, W.C. 2014. Influence of soil biochar aging on sorption of the herbicides MCPA, nicosulfuron, terbuthylazine, indaziflam, and fluoroethyldiaminotriazine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62:10855-10860.   
- Denitrification kinetics in biomass and biochar amended soils of different landscape positions  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Chintala, R., Owen, R.K., Schumacher, T.E., Spokas, K.A., McDonald, L.M., Kumar, S., Clay, D.E., Malo, D.D., Bleakley, B. 2014. Denitrification kinetics in biomass and biochar amended soils of different landscape positions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22:5152-5163. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3762-2.   
- Crop yield responses to a hardwood biochar across varied soils and climate conditions -(Abstract Only)     
- Phosphorus reclamation through hydrothermal carbonization of animal manures  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Heilmann, S.M., Molde, J.S., Timler, J.G., Wood, B.M., Mikula, A., Vozhdayev, G.V., Spokas, K.A., Colosky, E., Valentas, K.J. 2014. Phosphorus reclamation through hydrothermal carbonization of animal manures. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 48(17):10323-10329.   
- Biochar alters manure's effect on nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in a calcareous soil -(Abstract Only)   Lentz, R.D., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A. 2014. Biochar alters manure's effect on nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in a calcareous soil. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. Long Beach, CA, Nov 2-5, 2014..   
- Biochar effects on gaseous losses of N2O and CH4 -(Book / Chapter)   Van Zwieten, L., Kammann, C., Singh, B.P., Cayuela, M., Clough, T., Spokas, K.A., Kimber, S., Joseph, S. 2015. Biochar effects on gaseous losses of N2O and CH4. In: Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology II. Routledge: Abingdon, UK, p. 489-520.   
- Physical disintegration of biochar: An overlooked process  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M., Masiello, C.A., Johnson, M., Colosky, E., Ippolito, J.A., Trigo, C. 2014. Physical disintegration of biochar: An overlooked process. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 1(8):326-332.   
- Biochar and manure effects on net nitrogen mineralization and greenhouse gas emissions from calcareous soil under corn -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lentz, R.D., Ippolito, J.A., Spokas, K.A. 2014. Biochar and manure effects on net nitrogen mineralization and greenhouse gas emissions from calcareous soil under corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 78:1641-1655.   
- Biochar aging reduces earthworm avoidance -(Abstract Only)   Weyers, S.L., Spokas, K.A., Gaskin, J., Collins, H.P., Cantrell, K.B. 2014. Biochar aging reduces earthworm avoidance [abstract]. The 10th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology. p. 120.   
- Phenolic acid sorption to biochars from mixtures of feedstock materials  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Hall, K.E., Calderon, M.J., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L., Koskinen, W.C., Novak, J.M., Cantrell, K.B. 2014. Phenolic acid sorption to biochars from mixtures of feedstock materials. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 225:1-9.   
- Biochar effects on soil hydrology -(Book / Chapter)   Masiello, C., Dugan, B., Brewer, C., Spokas, K., Novak, J., Liu, Z., Sorrenti, G. (2015) Biochar effects on soil hydrology. In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S., editors. Biochar for Environmental Management Science, Technology and Implementation. 2nd Edition. London, UK: Routledge. p.541-560.   
- Biochar effects on crop yield -(Book / Chapter)   Jeffery, S., Abalos, D., Spokas, K.A., Verheijen, F. 2015. Biochar effects on crop yield. In: Lehmann, J., Joseph, S., editors. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. p. 301-326.   
- Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar-amended plots  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Weyers, S.L., Spokas, K.A. 2014. Crop residue decomposition in Minnesota biochar-amended plots. Solid Earth. 5:499-507.   
- Characteristics and applications of biochar for environmental remediation: A review  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Xie, T., Reddy, K.R., Wang, C., Yargicoglu, E., Spokas, K.A. 2014. Characteristics and applications of biochar for environmental remediation: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science Technology. DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2014.924180.   
- Assessing biochar's ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Rittenhouse, J.L., Rice, P.J., Spokas, K.A., Koskinen, W.C. 2014. Assessing biochar's ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils. Environmental Pollution. 189:92-97.   
- Effects of biochars and hyrdochars produced from lignocellulosic and animal manure on fertility of a Mollisol and Entisol -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Novak, J.M., Spokas, K.A., Cantrell, K.B., Ro, K.S., Watts, D.W., Glaz, B.S., Hunt, P.G., Busscher, W.J. 2014. Effects of biochars and hyrdochars produced from lignocellulosic and animal manure on fertility of a Mollisol and Entisol. Soil Use and Management. 30:175-181. DOI:10.1111/sum.12113.   
- Genetic variation for life history sensitivity to seasonal warming in Arabidopsis thaliana -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Li, Y., Cheng, R., Spokas, K.A., Palmer, A., Borevitz, J. 2013. Genetic variation for life history sensitivity to seasonal warming in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 196:569-577.   
- Structural equation modeling facilitates transdisciplinary research on agriculture and climate change -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Smith, R.G., Davis, A.S., Koide, R., Mortensen, D., Grandy, S., Hunter, M., Daly, A., Atwood, L., Jordan, N., Spokas, K.A., Yannarell, A. 2014. Structural equation modeling facilitates transdisciplinary research on agriculture and climate change. Crop Science. 54:475-483.   
- Greenhouse gas emission and groundwater pollution potentials of soils amended with different swine biochars -(Abstract Only)     
- Influence of biochar amendments on the sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor, bentazone and pyraclostrobin pesticides to an agricultural soil  -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Cabrera, A., Cox, L., Spokas, K.A., Hermosin, M.C., Cornejo, J., Koskinen, W.C. 2013. Influence of biochar amendments on the sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor, bentazone and pyraclostrobin pesticides to an agricultural soil. Science of the Total Environment. 470-471:438-443.   
- Greenhouse gas production in mixtures of soil with composted and noncomposted biochars is governed by char-associated organic compounds -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Borchard, N., Spokas, K.A., Prost, K., Siemens, J. 2014. Greenhouse gas production in mixtures of soil with composted and noncomposted biochars is governed by char-associated organic compounds. European Journal of Soil Science. 43(3):971-979.   
- Assessing designer biochar characteristics to ameliorate specific soil limitations -(Abstract Only)   Novak, J.M., Spokas, K.A., Ro, K.S., Johnson, M.G. 2013. Assessing designer biochar characteristics to ameliorate specific soil limitations [abstract]. North American Biochar Symposium. http://symposium2013.pvbiochar.org.   
- Biochar: The field experience -(Book / Chapter)   Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M. 2015. Biochar: The field experience. In: Goreau, T.J., Larson, R.W., Campe, J., editors. Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 235-248.   
- Know your community - Biochar: agronomic and environmental uses community -(Popular Publication)   Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M. 2013. Know your community - Biochar: agronomic and environmental uses community. CSA News. 58:25.   
- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar and biochar amended soil -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Fabbri, D., Rombola, A.G., Torri, C., Spokas, K.A. 2013. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar and biochar amended soil. Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis. 103(2013):60-67.   
- Indaziflam adsorption in soils amended with olive cake and olive cake biochar: Effect of dose and temperature -(Abstract Only)   Cabrera, A., Gamiz, B., Cox, L., Celis, R., Spokas, K.A., Koskinen, W.C., Cornejo, J. 2012. Indaziflam adsorption in soils amended with olive cake and olive cake biochar: Effect of dose and temperature [abstract]. Proceedings of The V Iberian Congress of Soil Science Conference, September 6-10, 2012, Angra do Heroism (Terceira Island), Azores. #37.   
- Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A. 2012. Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. 5:165-176.   
- Improved methodology to assess modification and completion of landfill gas management in the aftercare period -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Morris, J., Crest, M., Barlaz, M., Spokas, K.A., Akerman, A., Yuan, L. 2012. Improved methodology to assess modification and completion of landfill gas management in the aftercare period. Waste Management. 32(2012):2364-2373.   
- Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Venterea, R.T., Halvorson, A.D., Kitchen, N.R., Liebig, M.A., Cavigelli, M.A., Del Grosso, S.J., Motavalli, P.P., Nelson, K.A., Spokas, K.A., Singh, B.P., Stewart, C.E., Ranaivoson, A., Strock, J., Collins, H.P. 2012. Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 10(10)562-570.   
- Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption in biochar and activated charcoal amended soils -(Abstract Only)     
- Composting of biochars improves their sorption properties, retains nutrients during composting and affects greenhouse gas emissions after soil application -(Abstract Only)     
- Evaluation of sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on various biochars -(Abstract Only)     
- Precision zonal management systems for resilient cereal yields and ecosystem services under variable climates -(Abstract Only)     
- Inter-laboratory validation of standardized method to determine permeability of plastic films -(Abstract Only)   Papiernik, S.K., Yates, S.R., Qian, Y., Ajwa, H., Gao, S., Qin, R., Sances, F., Spokas, K.A. 2012. Inter-laboratory validation of standardized method to determine permeability of plastic films. 244th American Chemical Society National Meeting, August 19-23, 2012, Philadelphia PA. AGRO 80, vol. 82, p. 101.   
- Effect of carbonaceous soil amendments on potential mobility of weak acid herbicides in soil -(Abstract Only)   Koskinen, W.C., Cabrera, A., Spokas, K.A., Cox, L., Rittenhouse, J.L., Rice, P.J. 2012. Effect of carbonaceous soil amendments on potential mobility of weak acid herbicides in soil. In: Xu, J., Wu, J., He, Y. (Eds.). Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment. Zhejiang University Press: Hangzhou, China. International Humic Substances Society Conference. p. 281-283.   
- Adding value to ethanol production byproducts through microwave assisted pyrolysis -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Ruan, R., Morrison, R. 2012. Adding value to ethanol production byproducts through microwave assisted pyrolysis [abstract]. 2012 CUTC Program Book. New Processing Technology Session. p. 24. doi: http://corntechconf.org/CUTC/2012-CUTC-program-book.pdf.   
- Evaluation of Sorbed Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) on Various Biochars -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A. 2012. Evaluation of Sorbed Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) on Various Biochars [abstract]. 2012 US Biochar Conference, July 29-Aug. 2, 2012, Sonoma, CA. Available at: http://2012.biochar.us.com/359/evaluation-sorbed-pah-compounds-biochar.   
- Applied manure research—looking forward to the benign roles of animal manure in agriculture and the environment -(Book / Chapter)   He, Z., Mingxin, G., Lovanh, N., Spokas, K.A. 2012. Applied manure research—looking forward to the benign roles of animal manure in agriculture and the environment. In: He, Z., editor. Applied Research of Animal Manure: Challenges and Opportunities beyond the Adverse Environmental Concerns. New York, NY:Nova Science. p. 299-309.   
- Comparative sorption and leaching study of the herbicides fluometuron and MCPA in a soil amended with biochar and other sorbents -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Cabrera, A., Cox, L., Spokas, K.A., Hermosin, C., Cornejo, J., Koskinen, W.C. 2011. Comparative sorption and leaching study of the herbicides fluometuron and MCPA in a soil amended with biochar and other sorbents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59(23):12550-12560.   
- Impact of field exposure on greenhouse gas production potentials from biochar additions -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A. 2011. Impact of field exposure on greenhouse gas production potentials from biochar additions. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. Abstract #205-7.   
- Impacts of biochar (black carbon) additions on the sorption and efficacy of herbicides -(Book / Chapter)   Cabrera Mesa, A., Spokas, K.A. 2011. Impacts of biochar (black carbon) additions on the sorption and efficacy of herbicides. In: Kortekamp, A., editor. Herbicides and Environment. Rijeka, Croatia. InTech. p. 315-340.   
- Analytical pyrolysis of synthetic chars derived from biomass with potential agronomic application (biochar). Relationships with impacts on microbial carbon dioxide production -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Fabbri, D., Torri, C., Spokas, K.A. 2012. Analytical pyrolysis of synthetic chars derived from biomass with potential agronomic application (biochar). Relationships with impacts on microbial carbon dioxide production. Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis. 93(1):77-84.   
- Can using polymer-coated seed reduce the risk of poor soybean emergence in no-tillage soil? -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Gesch, R.W., Archer, D.W., Spokas, K.A. 2012. Can using polymer-coated seed reduce the risk of poor soybean emergence in no-tillage soil? Field Crops Research. 125:109-116.   
- A process-based inventory model for landfill CH4 emissions inclusive of seasonal soil microclimate and CH4 oxidation -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J., Chanton, J. 2011. A process-based inventory model for landfill CH4 emissions inclusive of seasonal soil microclimate and CH4 oxidation. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. Available: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2011JG001741.shtml.   
- Impact of biochar on earthworm populations: A review -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Weyers, S.L., Spokas, K.A. 2011. Impact of biochar on earthworm populations: A review. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. DOI: 10.1155/2011/541592.   
- Biochar: A synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Cantrell, K.B., Novak, J.M., Archer, D.W., Ippolito, J.A., Collins, H.P., Boateng, A.A., Lima, I.M., Lamb, M.C., Mcaloon, A.J., Lentz, R.D., Nichols, K.A. 2012. Biochar: A synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality. 41(4):973-989.   
- Biochar’s role as an alternative N-fertilizer:Ammonia capture -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M., Venterea, R.T. 2012. Biochar’s role as an alternative N-fertilizer:Ammonia capture. Plant and Soil. 350(1):35-42.   
- Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Novak, J.M., Stewart, C.E., Cantrell, K.B., Uchimiya, S.M., Dusaire, M.G., Ro, K.S. 2011. Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere. 85(5):869-882.   
- Structural investigation of bio-char by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS). Relationships with environmental stability and the occurrence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -(Abstract Only)   Torri, C., Rombola, A., Conti, R., Fabbri, D., Spokas, K.A. 2011. Structural investigation of bio-char by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC-MS). Relationships with environmental stability and the occurrence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[abstract]. UK Biochar Conference 2011.  http://www.sccs.org.uk/biochar/Edinburgh-May-2011. On-line.   
- Biochar Usage:  Pros and Cons -(Proceedings)   Ippolito, J.A., Lentz, R.D., Novak, J.M., Spokas, K.A., Collins, H.P., Streubel, J. 2011. Biochar Usage:  Pros and Cons. Western Nutrient Management Conference Proceedings. 9:93-98.   
- Impacts of biochar additions on soil microbial processes and nitrogen cycling -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A. 2011. Impacts of biochar additions on soil microbial processes and nitrogen cycling. Humic Science and Technology Conference. Presentation 1.   
- Seasonal greenhouse gas emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) from engineered landfills: Daily, intermediate, and final California cover soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Bogner, J., Spokas, K.A., Chanton, J. 2011. Seasonal greenhouse gas emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) from engineered landfills: Daily, intermediate, and final California cover soils. Journal of Environmental Quality. 40(3):1010-1020.   
- Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A. 2010. Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios. Carbon Management. 1(2):289-303.   
- Observations on the methane oxidation capacity of landfill soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Chanton, J., Abichou, T., Langford, C., Spokas, K.A., Hater, G., Goldsmith, D., Barlaz, M. 2011. Observations on the methane oxidation capacity of landfill soils. Waste Management. 31(5):914-925.   
- Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions -(Book / Chapter)   Spokas, K.A. 2011. Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In: Encyclopedia of Agrophysics. J. Glinski, J. Horabik, and J. Lipiec (Eds). Springer. Heidelberg, Germany. pp. 845-849.   
- Production of Ethylene Following Soil Biochar Additions -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A. 2010. Production of Ethylene Following Soil Biochar Additions [abstract]. 2010 U.S. Biochar Initiative Conference. http://www.biorenew.iastate.edu/events/biochar2010/conference-agenda/agenda-overview/breakout-session-4/agriculture-forestry-soil-science-and-environment.html. On-line.   
- Ethylene: Potential Key for Biochar Amendment Impacts -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Baker, J.M., Reicosky, D. 2010. Ethylene: Potential Key for Biochar Amendment Impacts. Plant and Soil Journal. 333:443-452.   
- Impacts of Biochar Additions on Soil Microbial Processes and Nitrogen Cycling -(Abstract Only)     
- Impacts of Strobilurin Fungicides on Yield and Soil Microbial Processes for Minnesota Strawberry Production -(Trade Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Jacobson, B. 2010. Impacts of Strobilurin Fungicides on Yield and Soil Microbial Processes for Minnesota Strawberry Production. Minnesota Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association. January 21-22, 2010. St. Cloud, MN. pp. 25-29.   
- Limits and dynamics of methane oxidation in landfill cover soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J. 2011. Limits and dynamics of methane oxidation in landfill cover soils. Waste Management. 31(5):823-832.   
- IPCC Methodologies for the Waste Sector: Past, Present, and Future -(Abstract Only)   Bogner, J., Spokas, K.A. 2009. IPCC Methodologies for the Waste Sector: Past, Present, and Future [abstract]. Oral Presentation for the DAKOFA/ISWA Waste & Climate Conference. Dec. 3-4, 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark. Parallel session 2: From life cycle thinking to acting Title: IPCC Methodologies for the Waste Sector: Past, Present, and Future. Online reference: http://www.wasteandclimate.org/DocumentDownloadServlet?id=85&language=en. On-line.   
- Impacts of Sixteen Different Biochars on Soil Greenhouse Gas Production -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Reicosky, D.C. 2009. Impacts of Sixteen Different Biochars on Soil Greenhouse Gas Production. Annals of Environmental Science. 3:179-193.   
- Landfill Methane -(Book / Chapter)   Bogner, J., Spokas, K.A. 2009. Landfill Methane. In: Reay, D., Smith, P., and van Amstel, A. Methane and Climate Change. Earthscan Ltd., London, UK. pp. 175-200.   
- A New IPCC Tier 4 Site-Specific Model for Landfill Methane Emissions Inclusive of Seasonal Methane Oxidation -(Proceedings)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J., Chanton, J. 2009. A New IPCC Tier 4 Site-Specific Model for Landfill Methane Emissions Inclusive of Seasonal Methane Oxidation. 6th Annual Climate Change Research Symposium, September 8-10, 2009, Sacramento, California. Available: http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2009_symposium/index.html.       
- Developing a New Field-Validated Methodology for Landfill Methane Emissions in California -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Bogner, J., Chanton, J., Franco, G. 2009. Developing a New Field-Validated Methodology for Landfill Methane Emissions in California [abstract]. Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium. S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy; Oct. 5-9, 2009. pp. 225-226.   
- Impacts of Woodchip Biochar Additions on Soil Carbon Net, CH4 Oxidation and Sorption/Degradation of Two Herbicides in a Minnesota Soil -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Koskinen, W.C., Baker, J.M., Reicosky, D.C. 2009. Impacts of Woodchip Biochar Additions on Soil Carbon Net, CH4 Oxidation and Sorption/Degradation of Two Herbicides in a Minnesota Soil. Chemosphere. 77(4):571-581.   
- Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Chamber-Based Nitrous Oxide Gas Flux Estimates -(Abstract Only)   Venterea, R.T., Spokas, K.A., Baker, J.M. 2009. Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Chamber-Based Nitrous Oxide Gas Flux Estimates [abstract]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. Paper No. 52.   
- Impact of Various Biochars on Greenhouse Gas Production Potentials -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Reicosky, D.C. 2009. Impact of Various Biochars on Greenhouse Gas Production Potentials [abstract]. Meeting Abstract. On-line proceedings and recording of presentations. http://cees.colorado.edu/biochar_environment.html.   
- First-Order Decay Models to Describe Soil C-CO2 Loss After Rotary Tillage -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   La Scala, N., Lopes, A., Spokas, K.A., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2009. First-Order Decay Models to Describe Soil C-CO2 Loss After Rotary Tillage. Scientia Agricola. 66(5):650-657.   
- Microbial Methane Oxidation Processes and Technologies for Mitigation of Landfill Gas Emissions -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Scheutz, C., Kjeldsen, P., Bogner, J.E., De Visscher, A., Gebert, J., Hilger, H.A., Huber-Humer, M., Spokas, K.A. 2009. Microbial Methane Oxidation Processes and Technologies for Mitigation of Landfill Gas Emissions. Waste Management and Research. 27(5):409-455.   
- Moving Up to the Top of the Landfill: A Field-Validated, Science-Based Methane Emissions Inventory Model for California Landfills  -(Trade Journal)   Bogner, J., Spokas, K.A., Chanton, J., Franco, G. 2009. Moving Up to the Top of the Landfill: A Field-Validated, Science-Based Methane Emissions Inventory Model for California Landfills. MSW Management. 19(2):36-39.   
- Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Chamber-Based Nitrous Oxide Gas Flux Estimates -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Venterea, R.T., Spokas, K.A., Baker, J.M. 2009. Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Chamber-Based Nitrous Oxide Gas Flux Estimates. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 73(4):1087-1093.   
- Software Tools for Weed Seed Germination Modeling -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F. 2009. Software Tools for Weed Seed Germination Modeling. Weed Science. 57(2):216-227.   
- Short-term temporal changes of bare soil CO2 fluxes described by first-order decay models -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   La Scala, N., Lopes, A., Spokas, K.A., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2009. Short-Term Temporal Changes of Bare Soil CO2 Fluxes Described by First-Order Decay Models. European Journal of Soil Science. 60(2):258-264.   
- Soil Processes and Residue Harvest Management -(Book / Chapter)   Johnson, J.M., Papiernik, S.K., Mikha, M.M., Spokas, K.A., Tomer, M.D., Weyers, S.L. 2009. Soil Processes and Residue Harvest Management. In: Lal, R., Stewart, B.A., editors. Soil Quality and Biofuel Production. Advances in Soil Science. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1-44.   
- Critical plant life-history trait linkage to weather, management, and clients -(Abstract Only)   Forcella, F., Gramig, G.G., Spokas, K.A., Bredeson, C. 2008. Critical plant life-history trait linkage to weather, management, and clients [abstract]. The Ecological Society of America. Paper No. P9091.   
- Construction of an electrical device for sampling earthworm populations in the field -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Lachnicht Weyers, S.L., Schomberg, H.H., Hendrix, P.F., Spokas, K.A., Endale, D.M. 2008. Construction of an electrical device for sampling earthworm populations in the field. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 24(3):391-397.   
- A hydrothermal seedling emergence model for giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Schutte, B.J., Regnier, E.E., Harrison, S.K., Schmoll, J.T., Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F. 2008. A hydrothermal seedling emergence model for giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida). Weed Science. 56:555-560.   
- Short-term temporal changes of soil carbon losses after tillage described by a first-order decay model -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   La Scala, Jr., N., Lopes, A., Spokas, K.A., Bolonhezi, D., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2008. Short-term temporal changes of soil carbon losses after tillage described by a first-order decay model. Soil & Tillage Research. 99:108-118.   
- Plastics: Still young, but having a mature impact -(Other)   Spokas, K.A. 2007. Plastics: Still young, but having a mature impact. Waste Management. 28(3):473-474.   
- Emergence Prediction of Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Mcgiffin, M., Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Poppe, S., Figueroa, R. 2008. Emergence prediction of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). Weed Science. 56:58-65.   
- Short-term temporal changes of bare soil CO2 fluxes after tillage described by a first-order decay model -(Abstract Only)   La Scala, N., Lopes, A., Spokas, K.A., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2007. Short-term temporal changes of bare soil CO2 fluxes after tillage described by a first-order decay model. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Organic Matter Dynamics in Agro-Ecosystems. July 16-19, 2007, Poitiers, France. I:98-99.   
- Effects of soil fumigants on methanotrophic activity -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., King, J., Wang, D., Papiernik, S.K. 2007. Effects of soil fumigants on methanotrophic activity. Atmospheric Environment. 41:8150-8162.   
- An Emergence Model for Wild Oat (Avena fatua) -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Martinson, K., Durgan, B., Forcella, F., Wiersma, J., Spokas, K.A., Archer, D.W. 2007. An Emergence Model for Wild Oat (Avena fatua). Weed Science. 55:584-591.   
- Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Sakaliene, O., Papiernik, S.K., Koskinen, W.C., Spokas, K.A. 2007. Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B. 42:641-647.   
- Improving weed germination models by incorporating seed microclimate and translocation by tillage -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Peterson, D.H., Miller, S.W. 2007. Improving weed germination models by incorporating seed microclimate and translocation by tillage [abstract]. Weed Science Society of America. Available: http://www.wssa.net.   
- Canada Thistle Phenology: Emergence, Growth, Anthesis, and Death of Shoots -(Abstract Only)   Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Spokas, K.A. 2007. Canada Thistle Phenology: Emergence, Growth, Anthesis, and Death of Shoots [Abstract]. Weed Science Society of America. Available: http://www.wssa.net.   
- Predicting late-season emergence for improved giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) management in Ohio -(Abstract Only)   Schutte, B.J., Regnier, E.E., Harrison, S.K., Schmoll, J.T., Forcella, F., Spokas, K.A. 2007. Predicting late-season emergence for improved giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) management in Ohio [abstract]. Weed Science Society of America. Available: http://www.wssa.net.   
- SeedChaser: Vertical soil tillage distribution model -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2007. SeedChaser: Vertical Soil Tillage Distribution Model. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 57:62-73.   
- Methane: Signs of Progress along the Road -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A. 2007. Methane: Signs of progress along the road [Editorial]. Waste Management. 27(4):459-460.   
- Mathematical simulation of soil microclimate conditions for predicting weed seed germination -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F. 2006. Mathematical simulation of soil microclimate conditions for predicting weed seed germination [abstract][CD-ROM]. North Central Weed Science Society Proceedings. 61:89.   
- Experimental cylinder comparisons for monitoring seedling emergence -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Archer, D.W., Peterson, D.H. 2006. Experimental cylinder comparisons for monitoring seedling emergence [abstract][CD-ROM]. North Central Weed Science Society Proceedings. 61:79.   
- Swathing and windrowing as harvest aids for cuphea -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Forcella, F., Spokas, K.A., Gesch, R.W., Isbell, T., Archer, D.W. 2007. Swathing and Windrowing as Harvest Aids for Cuphea. Agronomy Journal. 99: 415-418.   
- LANDFILL GAS MEASUREMENT METHODS -(Abstract Only)     
- CARBON AND NITROGEN STORAGE ARE GREATER UNDER BIENNIAL TILLAGE IN A MINNESOTA CORN-SOYBEAN ROTATION -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Venterea, R.T., Baker, J.M., Dolan, M.S., Spokas, K.A. 2006. Carbon and nitrogen storage are greater under biennial tillage in a Minnesota corn-soybean rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70:1752-1762.   
- SEEDCHASER: TILLAGE MODEL FOR VERTICAL WEED SEED DISTRIBUTION -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Peterson, D.H., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2005. Seedchaser: Tillage model for vertical weed seed distribution [abstract]. North Central Weed Science Society. 60:142.   
- SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF ROW CROPS AND WEEDS ACROSS FIVE TILLAGE SYSTEMS -(Abstract Only)   Peterson, D.H., Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Reicosky, D.C., Wente, C.D. 2005. Seedling emergence of row crops and weeds across five tillage systems [abstract]. North Central Weed Science Society. 60:74.   
- SEEDCHASER: TILLAGE MODEL FOR VERTICAL WEED SEED DISTRIBUTION -(Abstract Only)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F., Peterson, D.H., Archer, D.W., Reicosky, D.C. 2005. Seedchaser: Tillage model for vertical weed seed distribution [abstract][CD-ROM]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Nov. 6-10, 2005, Salt Lake City, UT.   
- ESTIMATING HOURLY INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION FROM LIMITED METEOROLOGICAL DATA -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Spokas, K.A., Forcella, F. 2006. Estimating hourly incoming solar radiation from limited meteorological data. Weed Science. 54:182-189.   
- DEGRADATION OF METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE AND CHLOROPICRIN IN FOREST NURSERY SOILS -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Zhang, Y., Spokas, K.A., Wang, D. 2005. Degradation of methyl isothiocyanate and chloropicrin in forest nursery soils. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1566-1572.   
- NITROGEN OXIDE AND METHANE EMISSIONS UNDER VARYING TILLAGE AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT -(Peer Reviewed Journal)   Venterea, R.T., Burger, M., Spokas, K.A. 2005. Nitrogen oxide and methane emissions under varying tillage and fertilizer management. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1467-1477.   
- NITROUS OXIDE AND METHANE EMISSIONS UNDER VARYING TILLAGE AND FERTIIZER MANAGEMENT -(Abstract Only)   Venterea, R.T., Burger, M., Spokas, K.A. 2005. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions under varying tillage and fertiizer management. USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry, March 21-24, 2005, Baltimore, Maryland. p. 237.   

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