ARS HomePacific West AreaLogan, UtahPoisonous Plant ResearchDocs

----

- Larkspur Published Research
- Locoweed Published Research
- Lupine Published Research
- Other Plants Published Research
- Pine Needles Published Research

| Larkspur Published Research |
|-----------------------------|
|                             |

**Gardner, D.R.**, Manners, G.D., Ralphs, M.H., Pfister, J.A.  Quantitative Analysis of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids in Larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.) by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.  Phytochem. Anal. 8:55-62. 1997. 
 
Schoch, T.K., **Gardner, D.R.**, Manners, G.D., Pfister, J.A., Ralphs, M.H.  Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Analysis of Toxic Compounds in Larkspurs and Milkvetches.  In: Garland, T. and Barr, A. C. (eds).  Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants, CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 243-248. 1998. (Book Chapter 50).
 
**Gardner****, D.R.**, Panter, K.E., Pfister, J.A., Knight, A.P.  Analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids in *Delphinium* species by electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and sequential tandem mass spectrometry.  J. Agric. Food Chem. 47(12):5049-5058. 1999.  
 
**Gardner, D.R.**, Pfister, J.A.  Late season toxic alkaloid concentrations in tall larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.).  J. Range Manage. 53(3):329-334. 2000.
 
**Gardner, D.R., Manners, G.D., Panter, K.E., Lee, S.T., Pfister, J.A. Three new toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids from the low larkspur *Delphinium nuttallianum*.  J. Nat. Prod. 63(8):1127-1130. 2000.
 
**Gardner, D.R., Ralphs, M.H., Turner, D.L., Welsh, S.L.  Taxonomic implications of diterpene alkaloids in three toxic tall larkspur species (*Delphinium*spp.).  Biochem. System. Ecol. 30:77-90. 2002.
 
Li, X., **Gardner, D.R.**, Ralphs, M.H. and Wang, R.R.-C.  Development of STS and CAPS markers for identification of three tall larkspurs (*Delphinium* spp.).  Genome 45(2):229-235. 2002.
 
**Lee**, S.T., Schoch, T.K., Gardner, D.R. and Stegelmeier, B.L.  Development of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Toxic Larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.) Alkaloids.  J. Agric. Food Chem.  48(10):4520-4528. 2000. 
 
**Lee**, S.T., Stegelmeier, B.L., Panter, K.E., Pfister, J.A., Gardner, D.R., Schoch, T.K. and James, L.F.  Evaluation of vaccination against methyllycaconitine toxicity in mice.  J. Anim. Sci.  81:232-238. 2003.
 
Manners, G.D., **Panter, K.E.**, Ralphs, M.H., Pfister, J.A., Olsen, J.D. and James, L.F.  Toxicity and chemical phenology of norditerpenoid alkaloids in the tall larkspurs (*Delphinium* species).  J. Agric. Food Chem.  41(1):96-100. 1993.
 
Manners, G.D., **Panter, K.E.** and Pelletier, S.W.  Structure-activity relationships of norditerpenoid alkaloids occurring in toxic larkspur (*Delphinium*) species.  J. Nat. Prod. 58(6):863-869. 1995
 
Manners, G.D., **Panter, K.E.**, Pfister, J.A., Ralphs, M.H. and James, L.F.  The characterization and structure-activity evaluation of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids from two *Delphinium* species.  J. Nat. Prod. 61(9):1086-1089. 1998.  
 
**Panter, K.E.**, Manners, G.D. Stegelmeier, B.L., Lee, S.T., Gardner, D.R., Ralphs, M.H., Pfister, J.A. and James, L.F.  Larkspur poisoning: toxicology and alkaloid structure-activity relationships.  Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30:113-128. 2002.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Ralphs, M.H. and Manners, G.D.  Cattle grazing tall larkspur on Utah mountain rangeland.  J. Range Manage.  41(2):118-122. 1988.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Manners, G.D., Ralphs, M.H., Hong, Z.X. and Lane, M.A.  Effects of phenology, site and rumen fill on tall larkspur consumption by cattle.  J. Range Manage.  41:509-514. 1988. 
 
Burritt, E.A., **Pfister, J.A.** and Malechek, J.C.  Effect of drying method on the nutritive composition of esophageal fistula forage samples: influence of maturity.  J. Range Manage.  41:346-349. 1988.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Adams, D.C., Arambel, M.J., Olsen, J.D. and James, L.F.  Sublethal levels of toxic larkspur: effects on intake and rumen dynamics in cattle. Nutrition Reports International 40:(3)629-636. 1989.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Provenza, F.D. and Manners, G.D.  Ingestion of tall larkspur by cattle: separating effects of flavor from postingestive consequences.  J. Chem. Ecol. 16:1697-1705.  1990.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Muller-Schwarze, D. and Balph, D.F.  Effects of predator fecal odors on feed selection by sheep and cattle.  J. Chem. Ecol. 16(2):573-583. 1990.
 
**Pfister, J.A.** and Manners, G.D.  Mineral salt supplementation of cattle grazing tall larkspur-infested rangeland during drought.  J. Range Manage. 44(2):105-111. 1991.
 
Manners, G.D., **Pfister, J.A.**, Ralphs, M.H., Panter, K.E. and Olsen, J.D.  Larkspur chemistry: toxic alkaloids in tall larkspurs. J. Range Manage. 45(1):63-67. 1992.
 
Provenza, F.D., **Pfister, J.A.** and Cheney, C.D.  Mechanisms of learning in diet selection with reference to phytotoxicosis in herbivores.  J. Range Manage.  45(1):36-45. 1992.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Cheney, C.D. and Provenza, F.D.  Behavioral toxicology of livestock ingesting plant toxins.  J. Range Manage. 45(1):30-36. 1992.
** **
**Pfister, J.A.** and Provenza, F.D.  Introduction to the Symposium: Ingestion of poisonous plants by livestock.  J. Range Manage. 45(1):2. 1992.
 
Manners, G.D. and **Pfister, J.A.**  Normal phase liquid chromatographic analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids.  Phytochem. Anal. 4:14-18. 1993.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Ralphs, M.H., Manners, G.D., James, L.F., Gardner, D.R. and Stegelmeier, B.L.  Tall larkspur poisoning in cattle: Current research and recommendations.  Rangelands 15(4):157-160. 1993.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Panter, K.E., Manners, G.D. and Cheney, C.D.  Reversal of tall larkspur *Delphinium barbeyi*) poisoning in cattle with physostigmine.  Vet. Hum. Tox. 36(6):511-514.  1994.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Panter, K.E. and Manners, G.D.  Effective dose in cattle of toxic alkaloids from tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi).  Vet. Hum. Tox. 36(1):10-11. 1994.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Manners, G.D., Gardner, D.R. and Ralphs, M.H.  Toxic alkaloid levels in tall larkspur (*Dephinium barbeyi*) in western Colorado.  J. Range Manage. 47(5):355-358. 1994.
 
**Pfister, J.A.** and Manners, G.D.  Effects of carbachol administration in cattle grazing tall larkspur-infested range.  J. Range Manage. 48(4):343-349. 1995.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Manners, G.D., Gardner, D.R., Price, K.W. and Ralphs, M.H.  Influence of alkaloid concentration on acceptability of tall larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.) to cattle and sheep.  J. Chem. Ecol. 22(6):1147-1168. 1996.
 
Manners, G.D., and **Pfister, J.A.**  Sampling a poisonous plant population: quantifying toxic alkaloids in tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*) leaves.  Weed Sci. 44:782-788. 1996.       
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Provenza, F.D., Manners, G.D., Gardner, D.R. and Ralphs, M.H.  Tall larkspur ingestion: can cattle regulate intake below toxic levels?  J. Chem. Ecol. 23(3):759-777. 1997.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Ralphs, M.H., Manners, G.D., Gardner, D.R., Price, K.W. and James, L.F.  Early season grazing by cattle of tall larkspur- (*Delphinium* spp.) infested rangeland. J. Range Manage. 50(4):391-398. 1997.
 
Knight, A.P. and **Pfister, J.A.**  Larkspur poisoning in livestock: myths and misconceptions.  Rangelands 19(3):10-13. 1997.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Gardner, D.R. and Price, K.W.  Grazing risk on tall larkspur-infested ranges.  Rangelands 19(5):12-15. 1997. 
 
**Pfister, J.A.** and Cheney, C.D.  Operant behavioral analysis of tall larkspur intoxication in cattle.  Behaviorol. 4(1):43-56. 1998.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Cheney, C.D., Gardner, D.R. and Manners, C.D.  Mineral-salt supplement does not attenuate tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*) toxicosis in cattle.  J. Range Manage. 51(5):566-569. 1998.
            
**Pfister, J.A.**, Gardner, D.R., Panter, K.E., Manners, G.D., Ralphs, M.H., Stegelmeier, B.L. and Schoch, T.K.  Larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.) poisoning in livestock.  J. Nat. Toxins 8(1):81-94.  1999.
 
Dobelis, P., Madl, J.E., **Pfister, J.A.**, Manners, G.D. and Walrond, J.P.  Effects of *Delphinium* alkaloids on neuromuscular transmission. J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 291:538-546.  1999.  
 
**Pfister, J.A.** and Gardner, D.R.  Consumption of low larkspur (*Delphinium nuttallianum*) by cattle.  J. Range Manage.  52(4):378-383. 1999.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Panter, K.E., Gardner, D.R., Stegelmeier, B.L., Ralphs, M.H., Molyneux, R.J. and Lee, S.T.  Alkaloids as anti-quality factors in plants on western U.S. rangelands.  J. Range Manage. 54(4):447-461. 2001.
 
Launchbaugh, K., Provenza, F.D. and **Pfister, J.A.**  Herbivore response to anti-quality factors in forages.  J. Range Manage. 54:431-440. 2001.
 
**Pfister, J.A.** and Lopez, S.  Toxicity and management of alkaloid-containing range plants. P. 34-41.  Bull. 73 Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Expt. Station, Moscow. 2001.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Ralphs, M.H., Gardner, D.R., Stegelmeier, B.L., Manners, G.D., Panter, K.E. and Lee, S.T.  Management of three toxic *Delphinium* species based on alkaloid concentrations.  Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30:129-138. 2002.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Provenza, F.D., Panter, K.E., Stegelmeier, B.L. and Launchbaugh, K.L.  Risk management to reduce livestock losses from toxic plants.  J. Range Manage. 55(3):291-300.  2002.
 
**Panter, K.E.**, James, L.F., Gardner, D.R., Ralphs, M.H., Pfister, J.A., Stegelmeier, B.L. and Lee, S.T.  Reproductive losses to poisonous plants: Influence of management strategies.  J. Range Manage. 55(3):301-308. 2002.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Gardner, D.R., Stegelmeier, B.L., Knight, A.P., Waggoner, Jr., J.W. and Hall, J.O.  Plains larkspur (*Delphinium geyeri*) grazing by cattle in Wyoming.  J. Range Manage.  55(4):350-359. 2002.
 
**Pfister, J.A.**, Gardner, D.R., Stegelmeier, B.L., Hackett, K. and Secrist, G.  Catastrophic cattle loss to low larkspur (*Delphinium nuttallianum*) in Idaho.  Vet. and Hum. Tox. 45(3):137-139.  2003.
 
Atwood, S.B., McCoy, N., Snyder, D., Banner, R.E., **Pfister, J.A.** and Provenza, F.D.  Land Manager's GEM: A Flexible Framework for Comparative Analyses.  Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report #193.  2005.
 
Atwood, S.B., McCoy, N., Pfister, J.A., Snyder, D., Provenza, F. D. and Banner, R.E.  Mitigating financial and non-financial livestock losses to larkspur. AES research report  #?  2007.
 
Olsen, J.D. and **Ralphs, M.H.**  Feed aversion induced by intraruminal infusion with larkspur extract in cattle.  Am. J. Vet. Res. 47(8):1829-1833. 1986.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Olsen, J.D., Pfister, J.A. and Manners, G.D.  Plant-animal interactions in larkspur poisoning in cattle.  J. Animal Sci. 66:2334-2342. 1988.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Turner, D.L.  Difficulty in controlling duncecap larkspur (*delphinium occidentale*.)  Weed Tech.  3:335-339. 1989.
 
Olsen, J.D., **Ralphs, M.H.** and Lane, M.A.  Aversion to eating poisonous larkspur plants induced in cattle by intraruminal infusion with lithium chloride.  J. Anim. Sci. 67:1980-1985. 1989. 
 
Lane, M.A., **Ralphs, M.H.**, Olsen, J.D., Provenza, F.D. and Pfister, J.A.  Conditioned taste aversion: potential for reducing cattle loss to larkspur. J. Range Manage. 43(2):127-131. 1990.
 
**Ralphs M.H.** and Olsen, J.D.  Adverse influence of social facilitation and learning context in training cattle to avoid eating larkspur.  J. Anim. Sci. 68:1944-1952. 1990.
 
Mickelsen, L.V., **Ralphs, M.H.**, Turner, D.L., Evans, J.O. and Dewey, S.A. Herbicidal control of duncecap larkspur (*Delphinium occidentale*).  Weed Sci. 38:153-157. 1990.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Turner, D.L., Mickelsen, L.V., Evans, J.O. and Dewey, S.A. Herbicides for control of tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*).  Weed Sci. 38:573-577. 1990.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Mickelsen, L.V., Evans, J.O. and Dewey, S.A. Selective application of glyphosate for control of larkspurs (*Delphinium* spp.)  Weed Technol. 5:229-231. 1991.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Bowns, J.E. and Manners, G.D.  Utilization of larkspur by sheep.  J. Range Manage. 44(6):619-622. 1991.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** Conditioned food aversion: training livestock to avoid eating poisonous plants.  J. Range Manage. 45(1):46-51. 1992.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Evans, J.O. and Dewey, S.A. Timing of herbicide applications for control of larkspurs (*Delphinium* spp.)  Weed Sci. 40:264-269. 1992.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Olsen, J.D.  Prior grazing by sheep reduces waxy larkspur consumption by cattle: An observation.  J. Range Manage. 45(2):136-139. 1992.      
 
Turner, D.L., **Ralphs, M.H.** and Evans, J.O.  Logistic analysis for monitoring and assessing herbicide efficacy.  Weed Technol. 6:424-430. 1992.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Pfister, J.A.  Cattle diets in tall forb communities on mountain rangelands.  J Range Manage. 45(6):534-537. 1992.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Olsen, J.D.  Comparison of larkspur alkaloid extract and lithium chloride in maintaining cattle aversion to larkspur in the field.  J. Anim. Sci. 70:1116-1120. 1992.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Cheney, C.D.  Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions. J. Anim. Sci. 71:373-379. 1993.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Jensen, D.T., Pfister, J.A., Nielsen, D.B. and James, L.F.  Storms influence cattle to graze larkspur: An observation.  J. Range Manage. 47(4):275-278. 1994.  
 
Nielsen, D.B., **Ralphs, M.H.**, Evans, J.O. and Call, C.A. Economic feasibility of controlling tall larkspur on rangeland.  J. Range Manage. 47(5):369-372. 1994.
 
**Ralphs. M.H.**, Evans, J.O., Call, C.A. and Nielsen, D.B.  Herbicide control of tall larkspurs on mountain rangeland.  Utah State Univ. Extension Leaflet EL285. 1994.  
 
Bunderson, F.B., **Ralphs, M.H.**, Evans, J.O., Call, C.A. and Nielsen, D.B.  Carpeted roller application of herbicides for Larkspur (*Delphinium* spp.) control.  Weed Technol. 9:392-396. 1995.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Provenza, F.D., Wiedmeier, R.D. and Bunderson, F.B.  Effects of energy source and food flavor on conditioned preferences in sheep.  J. Anim. Sci. 73:1651-1657.  1995.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** Long term change in vegetation following herbicide control of larkspur. J. Range Manage. 48(5):459-464. 1995.            
 
Manners, G.D., Wong, R.Y., Benson, M., **Ralphs, M.H.** and Pfister, J.A.  The characterization and absolute stereochemistry of barbaline, a diterpenoid alkaloid from *Delphinium barbeyi*.  Phytochem. 42(3):875-879.  1996.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Manners, G.D., Pfister, J.A., Gardner, D.R. and James, L.F.  Toxic alkaloid concentration in tall larkspur species in the western U.S.  J. Range Manage. 50(5):497-502. 1997.  
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** Persistence of aversions to larkspur in naive and native cattle.  J. Range Manage. 50(4):367-370. 1997.  
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Graham, D., Galyean, M.L. and James, L.F.  Creating aversions to locoweed in naive and familiar cattle.  J. Range Manage 50(4):361-366. 1997.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Jones, W.A. and Pfister, J.A.  Damage from the larkspur mirid deters cattle grazing of larkspur.  J. Range Manage 50(4):371-373. 1997.  
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**and Stegelmeier, B.L.  Ability of apomorphine and lithium chloride to create food aversions in cattle.  Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 56:129-137. 1998.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Manners, G.D. and Gardner, D.R.  Influence of light and photosynthesis on alkaloid concentration in larkspur.  J. Chem. Ecol. 24(1):167-182. 1998.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Manners, G.D. and Gardner, D.R.  Toxic alkaloid response to herbicides used to control tall larkspur.  Weed Sci. 46:116-119. 1998.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Gardner, D.R., Jones, W.A. and Manners, G.D.  Diterpenoid alkaloid oncentration in tall larkspur plants damaged by larkspur mirid.  J. Chem. Ecol. 24(5):829-840.  1998.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**  Lithium residue in milk from doses used to condition taste aversions and effects on nursing calves.  Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 61:285-293. 1999.
 
**Ralphs, M.H**. and Provenza, F.D.  Conditioned food aversion: principles and practices, with special reference to social facilitation.  Proc. Nutrition Soc. 58:813-820. 1999.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Gardner, D.R. and Pfister, J.A.  A functional explanation for patterns of norditerpenooid alkaloid levels in tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*).  J. Chem. Ecol. 26(7):1595-1607. 2000.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Jones, W.A.  Population cycles of the larkspur mirid (*Heteroptera: Miridae*). J. Entomol. Sci. 35(4):483-489. 2000.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Gardner, D.R.  Alkaloid levels in Duncecap (*Delphinium occidentale*) and tall larkspur (*D. barbeyi*) grown in reciprocal gardens: separating genetic from environmental influences.  Biochem. System. Ecol. 29:117-124. 2001.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.** and Gardner, D.R.  Influence of defoliation on toxic alkalolid concentration and alkaloid pools in tall larkspur.  J. Chem. Ecol. 27(1):151-160. 2001.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Provenza, F.D., Pfister, J.A., Graham, D., Duff, G.C. and Greathouse, G. Conditioned food aversion: from theory to practice.  Rangelands 23(2):14-18. 2001.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Gardner, D.R., Turner, D.L., Pfister, J.A. and Thacker, E.  Predicting toxicity of tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*): measurement of the variation in alkaloid concentration among plants and among years. J. Chem Ecol. 28(11):2327-2341. 2002.
 
Li, X., **Ralphs, M.H.**, Gardner, D.R., Wang R.R.-C.  Genetic variation within and among 22 accessions of three tall larkspur species (*Delphinium* spp.) based RAPD markers.  Biochem. System. Ecol. 30: 91-102. 2002.
 
Welsh, S.L. and **Ralphs, M.H.** Some tall larkspurs (Delphinium - Ranunculaceae), a taxonomic review.  Biochem. System. Ecol. 30:103-112. 2002.
 
**Ralphs, M.H**., Woolsey, L. and Bowns, J.E.   Mechanism by which ammonium fertilizers kill tall larkspur. J. Range Manage. 56(5):524-528. 2003.
 
**Ralphs, M.H**. and Gardner, D.R.  Distribution of norditerpene alkaloids in tall larkspur plant parts through the growing season. J. Chem. Ecol. 29(9):2013-2021. 2003.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**, Woolsey, L. and Bowns, J.E.   Individual plant control of tall larkspur (*Delphinium barbeyi*) with tebuthiuron.  Weed Technol. 18:248-251. 2004.
 
**Ralphs, M.H.**  Conditioning sheep to graze duncecap larkspur (*Delphinium occidentale*).  Range Ecol. Manage. 58(6):628-631. 2005.
Return to top                Last Modified:6/26/2018            Connect with ARSSign up-  ARS Home 
-  USDA.gov 
-  Plain Writing 
-  Policies & Links 
-  Civil Rights Statements 
-  FOIA 
-  Accessibility Statement 
-  Privacy Policy 
-  Non-Discrimination Statement 
-  Quality of Information 
-  USA.gov 
-  WhiteHouse.gov****