# Patent

## Title
Methods for treating hair loss disorders

## Abstract

The invention provides for methods for treating a hair loss disorder in a subject by administering a Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription inhibitor.

## Background
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/886,252, filed May 2, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/59029, filed Nov. 2, 2011, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/409,509, filed Nov. 2, 2010, and this application is also a continuation-in-part of PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/34688, filed Mar. 29, 2013, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/617,225, filed on Mar. 29, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/645,499, filed on May 10, 2012, and the contents of each of the above-listed applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
All patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
This patent disclosure contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves any and all copyright rights.


GOVERNMENT INTERESTS
This invention was made with government support under grants AR056016 and AR061881 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Alopecia Areata (AA) is one of the most highly prevalent autoimmune diseases affecting over 5 million individuals in the US, and as many as 140 million worldwide AA leads to hair loss due to the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle and subsequent autoimmune destruction. AA is a skin disease which leads to hair loss on the scalp and elsewhere. In some severe cases, it can progress to complete loss of hair on the head or body. Although Alopecia Areata is believed to be caused by autoimmunity, the gene level diagnosis and rationally targeted therapeutics have not been developed. The genetic basis of AA is largely unknown. Its psychological impact on affected patients is devastating, particularly in children.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the invention encompasses a method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an inhibitor of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) involved in cytokine signaling. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak1, Jak2, and/or a Jak3 inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Stat1 and/or a Stat2 inhibitor. In a further embodiment, the inhibitor is INCB 018424. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is tofacitinib (CP690550). In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In one embodiment, the method further comprises determining whether the inhibitor administered induced hair growth in the subject afflicted with a hair loss disorder as compared to the subject's hair growth prior to treatment with the inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antisense RNA that specifically inhibits expression of the gene that encodes the Jak1 or Jak2 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the the gene that encodes the Jak1 or Jak2 protein; or a small molecule. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to a Jak3 protein or a fragment thereof; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the gene that encodes the Jak3 protein; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the Jak3 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the Jak3 gene; a small molecule; or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the small molecule is Janex 1 (WHI-P131), PF-956980, WHI-P154, tofacitinib (CP690550), VX-509, JAK3 Inhibitor IV, NSC114792, or R348. In some embodiments, the antibody specifically binds to a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 109. In another embodiment, the siRNA is directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Jak3 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 3. In another embodiment, the inhibitor is an antisense RNA that specifically inhibits expression of the gene that encodes the Stat1 or Stat2 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the the gene that encodes the Stat1 or Stat2 protein; or a small molecule. In one embodiment, the small molecule is AG490, CYT387, SB1518, LY3009104, TG101348, BMS-911543, or CEP-701. In another embodiment, the small molecule is WP-1034 (Faderl et al., Anticancer Res. 2005 May-June; 25(3B):1841-50), fludarabine (Fludara, Berlex, Calif.), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), or Hyperforin. In another embodiment, the siRNA is directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 or 8. In some embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Jak1 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 1. In other embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Stat1 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 2. In a further embodiment, the administering comprises a subcutaneous, intra-muscular, intra-peritoneal, or intravenous injection; an infusion; oral, nasal, or topical delivery; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, or yearly. In some embodiments, the inhibitor, e.g., a Jak1, Jak2, and/or Jak3 inhibitor, is administered 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week. In other embodiments, the subject is administered the inhibitor for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 8 weeks, at least 12 weeks, or at least 16 weeks. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a Jak1/2 inhibitor and a Jak2 inhibitor to the subject. In further embodiments, administering the Jak1/2 inhibitor is conducted simultaneously with the administering of the Jak3 inhibitor. Yet in other embodiments, administering the Jak1/2 inhibitor is conducted sequentially in any order with the administering of the Jak3 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Jak1/2 inhibitor is INCB 018424, GLPG0634, AG490, CYT387, SB1518, LY3009104 (Baricitinib; INCB28050), AZD1480, TG101348, BMS-911543, or CEP-701.
An aspect of the invention provides for a method for inducing hair growth in a subject where the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an inhibitor of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) involved in cytokine signaling. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and/or Stat inhibitor. In other embodiments, the inhibitor is INCB 018424. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak3 inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is tofacitinib (CP690550). In some embodiments, the subject is afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In other embodiments, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In some embodiments, the modulating compound can also inhibit hair growth, thus it can be used for treatment of hair growth disorders, such as hypertrichosis. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step (b) determining whether the inhibitor administered induced hair growth in the subject afflicted with a hair loss disorder as compared to the subject's hair growth prior to treatment with the inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antisense RNA that specifically inhibits expression of the gene that encodes the Jak1 or Jak2 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the the gene that encodes the Jak1 or Jak2 protein; or a small molecule. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to a Jak3 protein or a fragment thereof; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the gene that encodes the Jak3 protein; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the Jak3 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the Jak3 gene; a small molecule; or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the small molecule is Janex 1 (WHI-P131), PF-956980, WHI-P154, tofacitinib (CP690550), VX-509, JAK3 Inhibitor IV, NSC114792, or R348. In some embodiments, the antibody specifically binds to a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 109. In another embodiment, the siRNA is directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 110. In some embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Jak3 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 3. In another embodiment, the inhibitor is an antisense RNA that specifically inhibits expression of the gene that encodes the Stat1 or Stat2 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the the gene that encodes the Stat1 or Stat2 protein; or a small molecule. In one embodiment, the small molecule is AG490, CYT387, SB1518, LY3009104, TG101348, BMS-911543, or CEP-701. In another embodiment, the small molecule is WP-1034 (Faderl et al., Anticancer Res. 2005 May-June; 25(3B):1841-50), fludarabine (Fludara, Berlex, Calif.), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), or Hyperforin. In another embodiment, the siRNA is directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 or 8. In some embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Jak1 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 1. In other embodiments, the siRNA directed to a Stat1 gene is any one of the sequences listed in Table 2. In a further embodiment, the administering comprises a subcutaneous, intra-muscular, intra-peritoneal, or intravenous injection; an infusion; oral, nasal, or topical delivery; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, or yearly. In some embodiments, the inhibitor, e.g., a Jak1, Jak2, and/or Jak3 inhibitor, is administered 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week. In other embodiments, the subject is administered the inhibitor for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 8 weeks, at least 12 weeks, or at least 16 weeks. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a Jak1/2 inhibitor and a Jak2 inhibitor to the subject. In further embodiments, administering the Jak1/2 inhibitor is conducted simultaneously with the administering of the Jak3 inhibitor. Yet in other embodiments, administering the Jak1/2 inhibitor is conducted sequentially in any order with the administering of the Jak3 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Jak1/2 inhibitor is INCB 018424, GLPG0634, AG490, CYT387, SB1518, LY3009104 (Baricitinib; INCB28050), AZD1480, TG101348, BMS-911543, or CEP-701.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1A-D are photographic images of clinical manifestations of AA. In the upper panels (FIGS. 1A-B), patients with AA multiplex. In FIG. 1B, the patient is in regrowth phase. For patients with alopecia universalis, there is a complete lack of body hair and scalp hair (FIG. 1C), while patients with alopecia totalis only lack scalp hair (FIG. 1D). In FIG. 1D, hair regrowth is observed in the parietal region, while no regrowth in either occipital or temporal regions is evident.
FIG. 2 shows a diagram showing the inflammatory response underlying Alopecia Areata (AA).
FIG. 3 shows a diagram showing the inflammatory response underlying Alopecia Areata (AA).
FIG. 4A is a photograph of lymph nodes and spleen isolated from C3H mice afflicted with AA (top) and control mice (bottom).
FIG. 4B show the results from FACS analysis that NKG2D bearing CD8 and Th1 cells are expanded in murine AA cutaneous lymph nodes.
FIG. 4C is a bar graph that shows a 6-fold increase in the number of cytokine producing cells in C3H mice afflicted with AA as compared to control mice.
FIG. 5A is a RNA signature of alopecic skin in C3H mice. The heat map shows that 16 of the top 20 unregulated genes are Interferon-Response Genes. 16 of top 20 upregulated genes are Interferon Responsive Genes (IFN-γ but not Type I IFNs are elevevated)
FIG. 5B shows transcriptional profiling of AA skin. qPCR verification of single genes picked from the list generated shows an average fold change over 3 experiments.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the targets in AA.
FIG. 7 shows a diagram showing the interferon γ pathway.
FIGS. 8A-B shows two gene mapping approaches. FIG. 8A shows linkage analysis in families. FIG. 8B shows association analysis in a population cohort.
FIG. 9 shows a Genomewide Association Study (GWAS) in AA.
FIGS. 10A-B show danger signals: ULBP3 expression in the hair follicle in both control individuals (FIG. 10A) and AA patients (FIG. 10B).
FIGS. 11A-B show that AA is caused by a “swarm of bees”: Killer CD8 T cells attracted by NKG2DL. FIG. 11A shows “pre-2010” swarm of bees in AA. FIG. 11B shows “2012” identification of bees ((m) staining of CD8; (n) staining of NKG2D; and (o) colocalization of NKG2D and CD8).
FIG. 12 shows a diagram that shows the inflammatory response underlying AA.
FIG. 13 shows INCB18424-202: Th1 and Th17 transcript markers and keratin 16 are decreased with topical INCB18424, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, treatment.
FIG. 14 shows the Key Total Lesion Score results for INCB18424-203. The results how that Total Lesion Score for all dose groups ≧2× decrease over vehicle, achieving significance after control for multiplicity
FIGS. 15A-B show that treatment with INCB018424 markedly reduces epidermal thickening and dermal inflammation. No pathological skin thinning is observed.
FIG. 16 is a schematic that shows the pre-clinical strategies to interrupt AA pathogenesis are aimed at interruption of the induction and effector function of CD8 T cells and include blocking IFN-γ signals.
FIG. 17 shows that CD8+ NKG2D+ T cells infiltrate AA hair follicles in both mouse and human. Top panel: Human Alopecia Areata (Pethukova et al., 2010, Nature, 466(7302):113-7); bottom panel—C3H/HeJ Alopecia Areata.
FIG. 18-1-FIG. 18-3 shows CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in alopecic C3H mice CD8  +NKG2D+ T cells are massively expanded in the skin, lymph node and blood of alopecic C3H mice. (NKG2D+ γε T cells are present in both affected and unaffected skin).
FIG. 19. shows CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in alopecic C3H mice. Immunophenotype of gated LN CD8α+NKG2D+ populations shows that they are uniformly CD8αβ+CD44+CXCR3+DX5+NKG2A/C/E+ IFN-γ producing memory T cells.
FIG. 20 shows spectratype analysis of C3H T cells in skin and LN: Similar TCR repertoires are shared by total skin and sorted CD8+NKG2D+ LN T cells identifying these as the relevant effectors.
FIGS. 21A-B show that IFN-γ producing CD8 T cells dominate human and mouse AA. FIG. 21A: Human: T cells obtained from T cell crawl-outs from AA skin biopsies are uniformly CD8+NKG2D+ and produce IFN-γ upon PMA/Ionomycin stimulation. FIG. 21B: Mouse: C3H/HeJ stimulated lymph node cells from alopecic mice contain 3 times more IFN-γ producing CD8 and CD4 T cells than unaffected mice.
FIG. 22 show that Type I and II IFNs are upregulated in C3H mouse AA skin: fold changes in expression of interferon genes (normalized to 18S) between 3 affected and 3 non affected C3H/HeJ mice, utilizing an interferon signaling and response qPCR array (Stellarray Lonza Cat #00189608).
FIG. 23 shows graphs that show elevated serum chemokines and cytokines in Human AA. Interferon-γ and IFN-induced chemokines (e.g., IP-10/CXCL10) are elevated in the serum of human AA, in some cases correlating with disease severity, i.e., patchy disease (AAP) vs. universalis (AU).
FIG. 24 is a luminex analysis that shows elevated IL-13 in the serum of Human AA subjects, in some cases correlating with disease severity, i.e. . . . , patchy disease (AAP) vs. universalis (AU).
FIG. 25 shows flow cytometry data that were gathered on a LSRII using the following mAbs in one tube to stain the entire population of C3H dermal cells liberated from a 0.5 cm by 2 cm patch of alopecic skin after 30 minutes collagenase digestion: (MHC II, CD11b, CD11c, CD19, 120G8, CD3, CD4, CD8, DX5, NKG2D). γδNKG2D positive cells and CD8+DX5+NKG2D+ population are identified. These cells were also CD3+, with γδ □CD3 expression 100× higher than that seen in CD8+ NK+ T cells. >95% of the total CD3 positive cells were accounted.
FIG. 26 is a graph that shows the evaluation of PBMCs from four AA subjects. NKG2D expression was increased in subsets of lymphocytes.
FIG. 27 shows spectratyping in a C3H-HeJ mouse. RNA was Isolated from skin biopsies, and from sorted NKG2D− and NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells from cutaneous lymph nodes of C3H-HeJ mice. Spectratyping analysis shows CDR3 length skewing in several Vbeta families. Some of the skewed Vbeta families are shared between skin and NKG2D+ lymph node CD8+ T cell populations (e.g., Vbeta2, Vbeta5.2, Vbeta20) whereas additional Vbeta families are skewed in skin (reflecting the CD4+ T cell population).
FIG. 28 is a schematic showing that human scalp skin procured from control or AA affected individuals can be used to establish primary cultures of individual cellular populations within the skin and hair follicle.
FIG. 29A-FIG. 29D shows a T cell ‘crawl-out’ assay, in which cultured human dermis obtained from punch skin biopsies are used as source material for flow cytometric analysis. Trisected skin punch biopsies of a 6 mm skin biopsy is obtained from alopecic lesional and non-lesional areas. After removing the fat, the finely minced skin is gently pressed in a Cellfoam matrix and then transferred, skin side-up, to a well of a 24-well plate containing 2 mls of Skin T medium with IL-2 (6 ng/ml) and IL-15 (10 ng/ml). T cells crawl outs are shown in FIG. 29A after the matrix is removed 3 days later. Flow cytometry (FIGS. 29B-C) and spectratyping (FIG. 29D) of these cells are also shown.
FIG. 30 shows that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), top panels or murine splenocytes were cultured in high dose IL-2 (1000/ml) to generate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The CFSE green fluorescence labeled LAK cells were incubated with human hair follicle organ culture (top panels), or mouse hair follicle culture (bottom panels) from non-lesion region (bottom left two) or lesion.
FIG. 31 shows immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of unaffected and affected AA skin in C3H-HeJ mice.
FIG. 32 shows that treatment of mice with the Jak3 inhibitor (tofacitinib; CP-69055) prevents alopecia areata (AA).
FIG. 33A-FIG. 33B-2 shows treatment related elimination of dermal T cell infiltrates and inflammatory biomarkers by immunostaining (FIG. 33A) and by flow cytometry (FIG. 33B1-FIG. 33B2). CD8+ NKG2D+ T cells, which represent up to 25% of dermal cells in AA skin, are completely eliminated with treatment. The flow cytometry is of single cell suspensions from the skin. The cells in the right upper quadrant are not observed in normal healthy mice and are CD8+NKG2D+ effector T cells. CD8+NKG2D+ effector T cells are found in alopecic mice after skin grafting. Mice treated with the JAK3 inhibitor do not develop alopecia and their skin is devoid of these cells.
FIG. 34 are graphs that show treatment elimination of IFN-γ producing “NK-type” CD8 T cells in cutaneous LN, and loss of circulating IFN-inducible chemokines. The bar graphs in the left panel show intracellular flow cytometry of PMA/Iono stimulated LN cells from individually treated and untreated mice stained for CD8.NKG2A/C/D/E.IFNγ. Two mice per group are shown.
FIG. 35 is a ribbon diagram that shows C3H/HeJ graft recipients were treated with a JAK3 inhibitor (right panel), or PBS. RNA was extracted from skin harvested at weeks 6 (w6) and 13 (w13) following treatment and also from mice that had undergone sham surgery and subsequently interrogated by microarray analysis.
FIG. 36 shows photographs of mice before (top panel) and after topical treatment (9 days (middle panel) and 30 days (bottom panel)) with cream only.
FIG. 37 shows photographs of mice before (top panel) and after topical treatment (9 days (middle panel) and 30 days (bottom panel)) with the Jak3 inhibitor, tofacitinib.
FIG. 38 shows photographs of mice before (top panel) and after a control infusion (5 weeks (middle panel) and 10 weeks (bottom panel)) without the Jak3 inhibitor, tofacitinib.
FIG. 39 shows photographs of mice before (top panel) and after a pump infusion (5 weeks (middle panel) and 10 weeks (bottom panel)) with the Jak3 inhibitor, tofacitinib.
FIG. 40 shows treatment related elimination of dermal T cell infiltrates and inflammatory biomarkers by flow cytometry. The flow cytometry is of lymph node cells. The cells in the right upper quadrant are not observed in normal healthy mice and represent CD8+NKG2D+ effector T cells. CD8+NKG2D+ effector T cells are found in alopecic mice after skin grafting. Alopecic mice treated with the JAK3 inhibitor exhibit hair regrowth and their lymph nodes are devoid of these cells.
FIG. 41 shows that NKG2D “stress ligands” are upregulated in the hair follicle, and demonstrates the shared pathogenesis in human and mouse.
FIG. 42 is a photomicrograph of an immunostain showing that CD8+ NKG2D+ T cells infiltrate the hair follicle, and demonstrates the shared pathogenesis in human and mouse.
FIG. 43 shows flow cytometric analysis that shows that NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells are the dominant infiltrating cells, and demonstrates the shared pathogenesis in human and mouse. (e.g., see Clark, et al., (2006) J Invest Dermatol. 126(5):1059-70, reporting a method for isolating T cell crawlouts from the skin).
FIG. 44 shows that comparative transcriptomics reveals a shared IFN response signature, and demonstrates shared pathogenesis in human and mouse.
FIG. 45 shows plots depicting that CD8+NKG2D+ Cytotoxic T Cells are IFN-gamma producing cells bearing NK-type receptors.
FIG. 46 shows that NK Type CD8 T cells are required for T Cell transfer of Alopecia Areata.
FIG. 47 shows pre-clinical studies using systemic JAK inhibitors in the C3H-HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata (for example, see O'Shea, Immunity. 2012 Apr. 20; 36(4):542-50).
FIG. 48 shows the results of pre-clinical studies with systemic delivery of JAK3 inhibitor (tofacitinib), and tofacitinib treatment prevents Alopecia Areata.
FIG. 49 is a diagram depicting different examples of targeted therapies for alopecia areata. These topical therapies can be used to reverse the established disease.
FIG. 50 shows pre-clinical studies with topical delivery of JAK3 inhibitor (tofacitinib). Topical treatment using JAK3 inhibitor results in reversal of long-standing AA (2-3 months duration). Before treatment, all mice had hair loss for 2-3 months. Control mice were applied with cream daily. Mice treated with the JAK3 inhibitor, Tofacitnib, were treated daily with a topical cream containing 0.5% Tofacitnib.
FIG. 51 shows a summary of pre-clinical studies in alopecia C3H/HeJ mice.
FIG. 52 shows the prevention of AA with systemic treatment with a JAK3 inhibitor given at the time of skin grafting. All reagents are started at time of graft (prevention). JAK3 inhibitor (CP690550) was delivered using Alzet osmotic mini-pumps (28-day pumps, Model 2004) implanted subcutaneously, 10 mg/kg/day or vehicle (PEG300).
FIG. 53 shows photomicrographs depicting that treatment with Jak3 inhibitor tofacitinib normalizes inflammatory infiltrate.
FIG. 54A shows the upregulation of NKG2DL in the hair follicle of C3H/HeJ alopecic mice. Immunofluorescence staining of NKG2D ligands (H60) in the hair follicle inner root sheath (marked by K71).
FIG. 54B shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. Immunofluorescence staining of CD8+NKG2D+ cells in hair follicles of C57BL/6, healthy C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeJ AA mice.
FIG. 54C shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. Striking cutaneous lymphadenopathy and cellularity in C3H/HeJ mice that developed AA.
FIG. 54D shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. Plots show the frequency of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells from skin and skin-draining lymph nodes in alopecic mice vs. ungrafted mice.
FIG. 54E shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. Plots shows the immunophenotype of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in cutaneous lymph nodes in C3H/HeJ alopecic mice.
FIG. 54F shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. Graphs demonstrate that CD8+NKG2D+ T cells isolated from AA mice cutaneous LNs kill Rae-1 expressing dermal sheath cells grown from C3H/HeJ hair follicles in an NKG2D-dependent manner.
FIG. 54G shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. RNAseq was performed on CD8+NKG2D+ and CD8+NKG2D− T cells sort purified from AA cutaneous lymph nodes. Transcripts upregulated in CD8+NKG2D+ T cells were compared with CTL gene expression and NK cell gene expression in the literature8,9, and overlapping gene signatures are displayed in this Venn Diagram.
FIG. 54H shows the cellular phenotype and function of CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AA mice. C3H/HeJ mice were injected subcutaneously with 2×106 cells from four different populations. Hair loss developed in recipients after either injection of total LN cells or CD8+NKG2D+ T cells alone (5 out of 5 mice per group), whereas mice receiving CD8+NKG2D− T cells or LN cells depleted of NKG2D+ cells did not develop alopecia (0 out of 5 mice per group). ***p value=<0.001.
FIG. 55A shows transcriptional profiling of human and mouse AA skin that reveals evidence for IFNγ, cytotoxic T cells and the IL15 pathway as central to disease pathogenesis, inviting therapeutic targeting using Jak inhibitors. FIG. 55A is a Venn diagram showing overlap of gene list from whole alopecic C3H/HeJ mouse skin (compared with unaffected C3H/HeJ skin) with IFNγ-induced gene expression11 and CD8 and NK cell gene signatures from ImmGen consortium publications8,9 (Top panel). Representative list of differentially expressed genes among human AA and C3H/HeJ AA reveals shared inflammatory pathways, in particular IFNγ pathway genes, genes representative of CD8 effectors, and a striking IL-15 pathway signature (Bottom panel).
FIGS. 55B-D show effect of treatment with a Jak3 inhibitor (JAK3i). FIG. 55B, JAK3i (tofacitinib) inhibits IL-15-induced Stat3 activation in T cells. FIG. 55C, JAK3i inhibits IL-15-induced LAK cell cytotoxic function. FIG. 55D, JAK3i inhibits IL-15-induced LAK cell Granzyme B expression and IFNγ production.
FIG. 56A shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3i prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. C3H/HeJ grafted mice were treated systemically from the time of grafting. The onset of alopecia is inhibited by JAK3i, tofacitinib treatment. The durability of disease prevention was demonstrated by treatment withdrawal for an additional 12 weeks after treatment withdrawal.
FIG. 56B shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3i prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. C3H/HeJ grafted mice were treated systemically from the time of grafting. The onset of alopecia is inhibited by JAK3i, tofacitinib treatment.
FIG. 56C shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3 prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. The frequency of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in skin and cutaneous lymph nodes of JAK3i treated mice were significantly decreased compared to control mice. ***p value=<0.001.
FIG. 56D shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3i prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies showed that the expression of CD4, CD8, MHC class I and II in skin are significantly decreased in JAK3i treated mice compared to control mice.
FIG. 56E shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3i prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. ALADIN score (a summary statistic of expression of IFN signature and CTL signature genes) from JAK3i treated mice showed normalization. For gene expression studies, mice grafted with autologous health skin were included as sham-operated controls.
FIG. 56F shows targeting CD8+NKG2D+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with JAK3i prevents the onset of alopecia in grafted C3H/HeJ mice. GEDI results of JAK3i treated mice showed reduction in CTL and IFN signatures.
FIG. 57A shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase JAK3. Three-to-five per group of mice with long-standing AA (at least 12 weeks after grafting) were treated topically on the dorsal back with 0.5% JAK3i, tofacitinib or (top panels) vehicle alone (AQUAPHORTM) by daily application for 12 weeks. A full coat of hair emerged in the JAK3i treated mice by 7 weeks of treatment and further developed by 12 weeks. The durability of hair regrowth was measured for an additional 8 weeks after treatment withdrawal with no evidence of disease recurrence.
FIG. 57B shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase JAK3. The graph depicts a time course of hair regrowth index shown as weeks after treatment.
FIG. 57C shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase, JAK3. The plots depict the frequency of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in the skin of JAK3i-treated mice was significantly decreased compared to control mice. *p value=<0.05, **p value=<0.01, n.s.=not significant.
FIG. 57D shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase, JAK3. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies shows treatment-related loss of expression of CD4, CD8, MHC class I and II markers.
FIG. 57E shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase, JAK3. The ALADIN score shows treatment-related loss of CTL and IFN signatures.
FIG. 57F shows reversal of established AA with topical small molecule inhibitor of the downstream effector kinase, JAK3. GEDI analysis shows territories of gene expression with treatment-related reversal of pathogenic signatures.
FIG. 58A shows that Rae-1 is upregulated in the AA HF. Immunostaining of lesional using a pan-Rae-1 antibody in C3H/HeJ alopecic mice, unaffected C3H/HeJ mice and C57Bl.6 mice.
FIG. 58B shows that H60 and Rae-1 are overexpressed in AA. NKG2DL RNA expression in alopecic lesional skin from C3H/HeJ mice compared with non-lesional skin from unaffected C3H/HeJ mice. RT-PCR data from cDNA from 3 mice are shown and represented as relative fold-induction.
FIG. 58C shows that CD4 T cells are infrequent in AA lesional skin: Flow cytometric evaluation of lesional alopecic skin. Quantitation of CD4 and CD8 T cells as a percentage of total gated CD3+ or CD45+ cells.
FIG. 58D shows that effector memory immunophenotype of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells are similar in lesional skin and in the cutaneous draining lymph node. Gated CD8alpha+NKG2D+ T cells are displayed for CD8beta, NKG2D, NKG2A/C/E, CD44, CD103 and CD62L expression.
FIGS. 59, 59A-59D and 59-2 show a network map of differentially expressed upregulated genes in CD3+ CD8+NKG2D+ LN cells vs. CD8+NKG2D− cells. String.db was used to create a biological interaction score matrix with the differentially expressed genes. The network map was created using cytoscape; only biological interactions >0.75 were used. Nodes represent genes, and edges represent biological interactions as derived from string.db. Node size is proportional to fold change, and edge width is proportional to biological interaction.
FIG. 60A-B shows validation of mouse RNA expression studies. To determine the expression signature of C3H/HeJ mouse skin affected with alopecia areata, lesional skin was isolated from three affected female mice and three unaffected aged-matched controls. Total and small RNAs were isolated from whole skin and biotin-labeled cRNA was generated through in vitro transcription, followed by hybridization to the Affymetrix Mouse 430 2.0 Genechip. Data analysis was done as outlined in the Methods. FIG. 60A is a heatmap depicting the significantly and differentially expressed genes between C3H/HeJ affected and unaffected skin. FIG. 60B shows validation by qRT-PCR of several selected immune-related genes from this list whose expression levels are significantly upregulated in AA lesional skin compared to unaffected skin, where each bar represents the average fold change of three independent experiments. UA=unaffected; AA=affected.
FIG. 61A shows systemic treatment of AA mice with JAK3 inhibitor. C3H/HeJ mice with long-standing alopecia areata were treated with tofacitinib with Alzet osmotic mini-pumps (pumps, model 2004, Durect Corporation) implanted subcutaneously on the back of each mouse to deliver vehicle (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)300) or vehicle containing JAK3i tofacitinib (Abmole) at 15 mg/kg/day for 12 wks. Alopecia areata reversal was complete on both the back and belly.
FIG. 61B shows systemic treatment of AA mice with JAK3 inhibitor. Flow cytometric analysis of skin and cutaneous lymph node populations shows elimination of the CD8+NKG2D+ T cell population in treated mice (n=3 per group).
FIG. 61C shows systemic treatment of AA mice with JAK3 inhibitor. Immunostaining of skin from mice treated with tofactinib or placebo demonstrates elimination of CD8 infiltration and MHC I and II upregulation in tofacitinib treated mice.
FIG. 62 depicts JAK-STAT signaling in normal hair follicle development. To analyze the status of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway during a normal hair cycle, mRNA was collected from skin of three mice at postnatal days 17, 23, 29, 33. Samples represent the telogen to anagen transition as evident in the photomicrographs of H&E stains from these time points. Day 17=early telogen; day 23=late telogen; day 29=early anagen; day 33=full anagen. cDNA was made and probed on JAK-STAT qPCR arrays. JAK-STAT signaling is up in telogen and down in anagen (see FIG. 63).
FIG. 63 is a heat map showing a hierarchical cluster analysis. mRNA isolated from mouse skin at each time point (D17, 23, 29, 33) were probed on JAK-STAT qPCR array. Red=induced, Green=repressed. Shown are all genes of the array. Several clusters of genes are evident that are upregulated in both telogen time points (d17 and d23), or upregulated in both anagen time points (d29 and d33).
FIG. 64A is a heat map showing a hierarchical cluster analysis. The figure shows averages of 3 biological replicates/time point. The Control group: D17 (Telogen); Group 1: D23 (telogen); Group 2: D29 (anagen); and Group 3: D33 (anagen). JAK1 and 3 are upregulated in telogen group (red in control group and Group 1). Expression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway components is up in telogen and down in anagen.
FIG. 64B is a heat map showing a hierarchical cluster analysis. The figure shows averages of 3 biological replicates/time point. The Control group: D17 (Telogen); Group 1: D23 (telogen); Group 2: D29 (anagen); and Group 3: D33 (anagen). Stat 1/2/3/5 are upregulated in telogen (red in control group and group 1). Expression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway components is up in telogen and down in anagen.
FIG. 65 is a heat map (top) showing a cluster analysis. The Control group: D17 (Telogen); Group 1: D23 (telogen); Group 2: D29 (anagen); and Group 3: D33 (anagen). Potential ligands for JAK STAT or targets for JAK3i: OSM, IL6st (GP130), IL-4, IL-2Rg, CSF1R, and others upregulated in telogen samples.
FIG. 66-1-FIG. 66-2 shows summaries of genes upregulated in telogen as well as downregulated in telogen. The Control group: D17 (Telogen); Group 1: D23 (telogen); Group 2: D29 (anagen); and Group 3: D33 (anagen). CRP, a well-defined gene upregulated by JAK/STAT signaling, is strikingly increased in telogen.
FIG. 67 are photomicrographs showing JAK-STAT in hair follicle development: Embryonic development. Stat 3 and Stat 5 were identified to be differentially expressed between telogen and anagen. To examine the pattern of expression in embryonic development, the activated (phosphorylated) forms of these proteins were stained. As shown, P-Stat 3 is expressed in epithelial layers during early stages of development and then can be faintly seen in the dermal papilla. P-Stat5 expression appears later, at E16.5, in scattered dermal cells and becomes pronounced in the dermal condensate by E18.5.
FIG. 68 are photomicrographs showing JAK-STAT in hair follicle development: post-natal development. P-Stat3 is expressed in the basal layers of the epidermis and upper epithelial layers of the follicle during neonatal skin development. Expression can also be detected in the dermal papilla, most obviously during telogen (D17). P-Stat5 is highly expressed in the dermal papilla in all stage of the hair cycle. In telogen, expression of P-Stat5 maybe limited to a subset of DP cells, closest to the K15+ bulge (D17, bottom).
FIG. 69 are photomicrographs showing the effect of a JAK-STAT inhibitor on the hair cycle of normal mice: Induction of anagen. Inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway during telogen (by application of a JAK inhibitor) results in early onset of anagen. 7-8 weeks old animals in telogen were treated with controls or JAK STAT inhibitors. Negative (vehicle alone; Left Panel) and positive (SAG=sonic hedgehog agonist; Middle panel) controls show that DMSO treatment alone does not induce anagen, while treatment with sonic hedgehog agonist results in early (4-7 days post treatment) induction of anagen, as expected. Right: Treatment with the Jak 3 inhibitor Tofacitinib (10 mg/mL) results in marked induction of anagen after 2 weeks or 3 weeks of treatment compared to vehicle treated mice which remain in telogen.
FIG. 70 are photomicrographs showing effects of drug treatment on keratinocyte proliferation in vivo. Tofacitinib does not appear to cause hyperpoliferation of the epidermis. Top: Krt6, a marker of keratinocyte proliferation typically expressed in the inner root sheath of the follicle. Bottom: the effects of drug treatment on proliferation of the follicle. In tofacitinib treatead skin, proliferation in the secondary germ occurs later, indicating that Tofacitinib can induce anagen.
FIG. 71 are plots showing JAK-STAT in hair cycle: a drug treatment in mice. Quantification of number and thickness of hair follicles in skin treated with the Jak3 inhibitor, Tofacitinib, and a Jak1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib, as compared to plucked skin and vehicle-treated (DMSO). Both the numbers of follicles as well as the thickness of follicles is greater in drug treated skin than in vehicle treated mice.
FIG. 72 are photomicrographs showing the effect of Jak inhibitors on human hair follicle morphogenesis: drug treatments of human fetal scalp. Human embryonic scalp at 20 weeks was obtained and treated in vitro with 30 mg/mL of the Jak3 inhibitor, Tofacitinib, or vehicle alone. Skin was harvested and sectioned and assessed for hair follicle morphology. Hairs in treated skin appear more advanced in the first anagen of morphogenesis compared to DMSO treated scalp.
FIG. 73 shows topical treatment with a JAK inhibitor. Seven-week-old normal C57BL/6 mice were shaved in telogen and treated with 1% Jak3 inhibitor (Tofacitinib; Right panel), 1.5 mg/ml Isopropyl unoprostone (LATISSETM; Middle Right panel), 100 uM SAG (shh agonist; Middle Left panel), or DMSO as vehicle (Left Panel) by daily application for 3 weeks. Effect is durable out to a little more than 1 month at the time the image was taken. Right half of each mouse was administered topical drug, left half of each mouse was treated with DMSO alone.
FIG. 74 are photomicrographs of Ki67 staining (green) showing marked proliferation in the telogen hair follicle in Tofacitinib and SAG treated skin, compared to vehicle, indicative of the start of Anagen.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides for methods of treating a hair loss disorder (e.g., Alopecia Areata (AA), a common autoimmune form of hair loss) with an inhibitor of the Jak/Stat pathway, including Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat1, and Stat2. Clinical research in AA has lagged behind its more heavily investigated “sister” autoimmune diseases in which this gene has been implicated (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS)). The invention provides for therapeutics previously untested in AA, that can inform one about the clinical relevance of Jak/Stat pathways in AA and related diseases.
Abbreviations and Definitions
The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein the term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, around, or in the region of. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 20 percent up or down (higher or lower).
Overview of the Integument and Hair Cells
The integument (or skin) is the largest organ of the body and is a highly complex organ covering the external surface of the body. It merges, at various body openings, with the mucous membranes of the alimentary and other canals. The integument performs a number of essential functions such as maintaining a constant internal environment via regulating body temperature and water loss; excretion by the sweat glands; but predominantly acts as a protective barrier against the action of physical, chemical and biologic agents on deeper tissues. Skin is elastic and except for a few areas such as the soles, palms, and ears, it is loosely attached to the underlying tissue. It also varies in thickness from 0.5 mm (0.02 inches) on the eyelids (“thin skin”) to 4 mm (0.17 inches) or more on the palms and soles (“thick skin”) (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
The skin is composed of two layers: a) the epidermis and b) the dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer, which is comparatively thin (0.1 mm). It is several cells thick and is composed of 5 layers: the stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (which is limited to thick skin), and the stratum corneum. The outermost epidermal layer (the stratum corneum) consists of dead cells that are constantly shed from the surface and replaced from below by a single, basal layer of cells, called the stratum germinativum. The epidermis is composed predominantly of keratinocytes, which make up over 95% of the cell population. Keratinocytes of the basal layer (stratum germinativum) are constantly dividing, and daughter cells subsequently move upwards and outwards, where they undergo a period of differentiation, and are eventually sloughed off from the surface. The remaining cell population of the epidermis includes dendritic cells such as Langerhans cells and melanocytes. The epidermis is essentially cellular and non-vascular, containing little extracellular matrix except for the layer of collagen and other proteins beneath the basal layer of keratinocytes (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
The dermis is the inner layer of the skin and is composed of a network of collagenous extracellular material, blood vessels, nerves, and elastic fibers. Within the dermis are hair follicles with their associated sebaceous glands (collectively known as the pilosebaceous unit) and sweat glands. The interface between the epidermis and the dermis is extremely irregular and uneven, except in thin skin. Beneath the basal epidermal cells along the epidermal-dermal interface, the specialized extracellular matrix is organized into a distinct structure called the basement membrane (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
The mammalian hair fiber is composed of keratinized cells and develops from the hair follicle. The hair follicle is a peg of tissue derived from a downgrowth of the epidermis, which lies immediately underneath the skin's surface. The distal part of the hair follicle is in direct continuation with the external, cutaneous epidermis. Although a small structure, the hair follicle comprises a highly organized system of recognizably different layers arranged in concentric series. Active hair follicles extend down through the dermis, the hypodermis (which is a loose layer of connective tissue), and into the fat or adipose layer (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
At the base of an active hair follicle lies the hair bulb. The bulb consists of a body of dermal cells, known as the dermal papilla, contained in an inverted cup of epidermal cells known as the epidermal matrix. Irrespective of follicle type, the germinative epidermal cells at the very base of this epidermal matrix produce the hair fiber, together with several supportive epidermal layers. The lowermost dermal sheath is contiguous with the papilla basal stalk, from where the sheath curves externally around all of the hair matrix epidermal layers as a thin covering of tissue. The lowermost portion of the dermal sheath then continues as a sleeve or tube for the length of the follicle (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
Developing skin appendages, such as hair and feather follicles, rely on the interaction between the epidermis and the dermis, the two layers of the skin. In embryonic development, a sequential exchange of information between these two layers supports a complex series of morphogenetic processes, which results in the formation of adult follicle structures. However, in contrast to general skin dermal and epidermal cells, certain hair follicle cell populations, following maturity, retain their embryonic-type interactive, inductive, and biosynthetic behaviors. These properties can be derived from the very dynamic nature of the cyclical productive follicle, wherein repeated tissue remodeling necessitates a high level of dermal-epidermal interactive communication, which is vital for embryonic development and would be desirable in other forms of tissue reconstruction.
The hair fiber is produced at the base of an active follicle at a very rapid rate. For example, follicles produce hair fibers at a rate 0.4 mm per day in the human scalp and up to 1.5 mm per day in the rat vibrissa or whiskers, which means that cell proliferation in the follicle epidermis ranks amongst the fastest in adult tissues (Malkinson F D and J T Kearn, Int J Dermatol 1978, 17:536-551). Hair grows in cycles. The anagen phase is the growth phase, wherein up to 90% of the hair follicles said to be in anagen; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase which accounts for about 1-2% of the hair follicles; and telogen is the resting or quiescent phase of the cycle, which accounts for about 10-14% of the hair follicles. The cycle's length varies on different parts of the body.
Hair follicle formation and cycling is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and stimulatory signals. The signaling cues are potentiated by growth factors that are members of the TGFβ-BMP family. A prominent antagonist of the members of the TGFβ-BMP family is follistatin. Follistatin is a secreted protein that inhibits the action of various BMPs (such as BMP-2, -4, -7, and −11) and activins by binding to said proteins, and purportedly plays a role in the development of the hair follicle (Nakamura M, et al., FASEB J, 2003, 17(3):497-9; Patel K Intl J Biochem Cell Bio, 1998, 30:1087-93; Ueno N, et al., PNAS, 1987, 84:8282-86; Nakamura T, et al., Nature, 1990, 247:836-8; Iemura S, et al., PNAS, 1998, 77:649-52; Fainsod A, et al., Mech Dev, 1997, 63:39-50; Gamer L W, et al., Dev Biol, 1999, 208:222-32).
The deeply embedded end bulb, where local dermal-epidermal interactions drive active fiber growth, is the signaling center of the hair follicle comprising a cluster of mesencgymal cells, called the dermal papilla (DP). This same region is also central to the tissue remodeling and developmental changes involved in the hair fiber's or appendage's precise alternation between growth and regression phases. The DP, a key player in these activities, appears to orchestrate the complex program of differentiation that characterizes hair fiber formation from the primitive germinative epidermal cell source (Oliver R F, J Soc Cosmet Chem, 1971, 22:741-755; Oliver R F and C A Jahoda, Biology of Wool and Hair (eds Roger et al.), 1971, Cambridge University Press:51-67; Reynolds A J and C A Jahoda, Development, 1992, 115:587-593; Reynolds A J, et al., J Invest Dermatol, 1993, 101:634-38).
The lowermost dermal sheath (DS) arises below the basal stalk of the papilla, from where it curves outwards and upwards. This dermal sheath then externally encases the layers of the epidermal hair matrix as a thin layer of tissue and continues upward for the length of the follicle. The epidermally-derived outer root sheath (ORS) also continues for the length of the follicle, which lies immediately internal to the dermal sheath in between the two layers, and forms a specialized basement membrane termed the glassy membrane. The outer root sheath constitutes little more than an epidermal monolayer in the lower follicle, but becomes increasingly thickened as it approaches the surface. The inner root sheath (IRS) forms a mold for the developing hair shaft. It comprises three parts: the Henley layer, the Huxley layer, and the cuticle, with the cuticle being the innermost portion that touches the hair shaft. The IRS cuticle layer is a single cell thick and is located adjacent to the hair fiber. It closely interdigitates with the hair fiber cuticle layer. The Huxley layer can comprise up to four cell layers. The IRS Henley layer is the single cell layer that runs adjacent to the ORS layer (Ross M H, Histology: A text and atlas, 3rd edition, Williams and Wilkins, 1995: Chapter 14; Burkitt H G, et al, Wheater's Functional Histology, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1996: Chapter 9).
Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases, affecting approximately 4.6 million people in the US alone, including males and females across all ethnic groups, with a lifetime risk of 1.7% (1) In AA, autoimmunity develops against the hair follicle, resulting in non-scarring hair loss that can begin as patches, which can coalesce and progress to cover the entire scalp (alopecia totalis, AT) or eventually the entire body (alopecia universalis, AU) (FIG. 1). AA was first described by Cornelius Celsus in 30 A.D., using the term “ophiasis”, which means “snake”, due to the sinuous path of hair loss as it spread slowly across the scalp. Hippocrates first used the Greek word ‘alopekia’ (fox mange), the modern day term “alopecia areata” was first used by Sauvages in his Nosologica Medica, published in 1760 in Lyons, France.
Curiously, AA preferentially affects pigmented hair follicles in the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle, and when the hair regrows in patches of AA, it frequently grows back white or colorless. The phenomenon of ‘sudden whitening of the hair’ is therefore ascribed to AA with an acute onset, and has been documented throughout history as having affected several prominent individuals at times of profound grief, stress or fear (2). Examples include Shahjahan, who upon the death of his wife in 1631 experienced acute whitening of his hair, and in his grief built the Taj Mahal in her honor. Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia, who on the eve of his execution in 1535 was said to have become ‘white in both beard and hair’. The sudden whitening of the hair is believed to result from an acute attack upon the pigmented hair follicles, leaving behind the white hairs unscathed.
Several clinical aspects of AA remain unexplained but can hold important clues toward understanding pathogenesis. AA attacks hairs only around the base of the hair follicles, which are surrounded by dense clusters of lymphocytes, resulting in the pathognomic ‘swarm of bees’ appearance on histology. Based on these observations, it is postulated that a signal(s) in the pigmented, anagen hair follicle is emitted which invokes an acute or chronic immune response against the lower end of the hair follicle, leading to hair cycle perturbation, acute hair shedding, hair shaft anomalies and hair breakage. Despite these dramatic perturbations in the hair follicle, there is no permanent organ destruction and the possibility of hair regrowth remains if immune privilege can be restored.
Throughout history, AA has been considered at times to be a neurological disease brought on by stress or anxiety, or as a result of an infectious agent, or even hormonal dysfunction. The concept of a genetically-determined autoimmune mechanism as the basis for AA emerged during the 20th century from multiple lines of evidence. AA hair follicles exhibit an immune infiltrate with activated Th, Tc and NK cells (3, 4) and there is a shift from a suppressive (Th2) to an autoimmune (Th1) cytokine response. The humanized model of AA, which involves transfer of AA patient scalp onto immune-deficient SCID mice illustrates the autoimmune nature of the disease, since transfer of donor T-cells causes hair loss only when co-cultured with hair follicle or human melanoma homogenate (5, 6). Regulatory T cells which serve to maintain immune tolerance are observed in lower numbers in AA tissue (7), and transfer of these cells to C3H/HeJ mice leads to resistance to AA (8). Although AA has long been considered exclusively as a T-cell mediated disease, in recent years, an additional mechanism of disease has been postulated. The hair follicle is defined as one of a select few immune privileged sites in the body, characterized by the presence of extracellular matrix barriers to impede immune cell trafficking, lack of antigen presenting cells, and inhibition of NK cell activity via the local production of immunosuppressive factors and reduced levels of MHC class I expression (9). Thus, the notion of a ‘collapse of immune privilege’ has also been invoked as part of the mechanism by which AA can arise. Support for a genetic basis for AA comes from multiple lines of evidence, including the observed heritability in first degree relatives (10, 11), twin studies (12), and most recently, from the results of our family-based linkage studies (13).
Treatment of Hair Loss Disorders
This invention provides for the discovery that a known therapeutic, for example an inhibitor of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) involved in cytokine signaling, such as JAK/STAT proteins Jak 1, Jak2, Jak3 Stat 1 or Stat 2 (e.g., INCB 018424, tofacitinib (CP690550), Janex 1 (WHI-P131), PF-956980, WHI-P154, VX-509, JAK3 Inhibitor IV, NSC114792, or R348), can be used for the the treatment of hair loss disorders. Non-limiting examples of hair loss disorders include: androgenetic alopecia, Alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis.
An aspect of the invention encompasses a method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an inhibitor of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) involved in cytokine signaling. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak/Stat inhibitor. In a further embodiment, the inhibitor is INCB 018424. In some embodiments, the Jak3 inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to a Jak3 protein or a fragment thereof; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the gene that encodes the Jak3 protein; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the Jak3 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the Jak3 gene; a small molecule; or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak3 inhibitor. In a further embodiment, the inhibitor is tofacitinib (CP690550). In a further embodiment, the small molecule is Janex 1 (WHI-P131), PF-956980, WHI-P154, VX-509, JAK3 Inhibitor IV, NSC114792, or R348. In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis
An aspect of the invention provides for a method for inducing hair growth in a subject where the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an inhibitor of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) involved in cytokine signaling. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak/Stat inhibitor. In other embodiments, the inhibitor is INCB 018424. In some embodiments, the Jak3 inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to a Jak3 protein or a fragment thereof; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the gene that encodes the Jak3 protein; an antisense RNA or antisense DNA that decreases expression of the Jak3 protein; a siRNA that specifically targets the Jak3 gene; a small molecule; or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is a Jak3 inhibitor. In a further embodiment, the inhibitor is tofacitinib (CP690550). In a further embodiment, the small molecule is Janex 1 (WHI-P131), PF-956980, WHI-P154, VX-509, JAK3 Inhibitor IV, NSC114792, or R348. In some embodiments, the subject is afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In other embodiments, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In some embodiments, the modulating compound can also inhibit hair growth, thus it can be used for treatment of hair growth disorders, such as hypertrichosis.
An aspect of the invention encompasses a method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a Jak1 or Jak3 inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody or antibody fragment that is directed to SEQ ID NO: 1 (Jak1), SEQ ID NO: 3 (Jak2), or SEQ ID NO: 109 (Jak3). In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis.
An aspect of the invention provides for a method for inducing hair growth in a subject where the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a Jak1, Jak2, or Jak3 inhibitor, thereby controlling hair growth in the subject. In one embodiment, the inhibitor comprises an antibody that specifically binds to a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 (Jak1), SEQ ID NO: 3 (Jak2), or SEQ ID NO: 109 (Jak3). In some embodiments, the subject is afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In other embodiments, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In some embodiments, the modulating compound can also inhibit hair growth, thus it can be used for treatment of hair growth disorders, such as hypertrichosis.
An aspect of the invention encompasses a method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a Stat 1 inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody or antibody fragment that is directed to SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis
An aspect of the invention provides for a method for inducing hair growth in a subject where the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a Stat 1 inhibitor, thereby controlling hair growth in the subject. In one embodiment, the inhibitor comprises an antibody that specifically binds to a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the subject is afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In other embodiments, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In some embodiments, the modulating compound can also inhibit hair growth, thus it can be used for treatment of hair growth disorders, such as hypertrichosis.
An aspect of the invention encompasses a method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a Stat 2 inhibitor. In one embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody or antibody fragment that is directed to SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis
An aspect of the invention provides for a method for inducing hair growth in a subject where the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a Stat 2 inhibitor, thereby controlling hair growth in the subject. In one embodiment, the inhibitor comprises an antibody that specifically binds to a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the subject is afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In other embodiments, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In some embodiments, the modulating compound can also inhibit hair growth, thus it can be used for treatment of hair growth disorders, such as hypertrichosis.
This invention provides for the discovery that a number human genes have been identified as a cohort of genes involved in telogen-to-anagen transition of the hair cycle (e.g, Telogen-to-Anagen Hair Cycle (TAHC) gene). These genes were identified as being upregulated in the telogen phase of the hair cycle, and can be correlated with the presence of a hair loss disorder in a subject. These genes, now that they have been identified, can be used for a variety of useful methods; for example, they can be used to determine whether a subject has susceptibility to a hair-loss disorder, such as Alopecia Areata (AA). The genes identified as part of this telogen-to-anagen transition hair cycle cohort or group (i.e., “TAHC genes”) include CSF1R (Gene ID Accession No. 1436), FCER2 (Gene ID Accession No. 2208), IFNGR1 (Gene ID Accession No. 3459), IL20 (Gene ID Accession No. 50604), OAS1 (Gene ID Accession No. 4938), PTPRC (Gene ID Accession No. 5788), CEBPD (Gene ID Accession No. 1052), CRP (Gene ID Accession No. 1401), IL2RA (Gene ID Accession No. 3559), IL4 (Gene ID Accession No. 3565), IL6ST (Gene ID Accession No. 3572), INSR (Gene ID Accession No. 3643), JAK3 (Gene ID Accession No. 3718), NR3C1 (Gene ID Accession No. 2908), OSM (Gene ID Accession No. 5008), PTPN11 (Gene ID Accession No. 5781), SOCS3 (Gene ID Accession No. 9021), STATSA (Gene ID Accession No. 6776), STATSB (Gene ID Accession No. 6777), CCND1 (Gene ID Accession No. 595), F2 (Gene ID Accession No. 2147), LRG1 (Gene ID Accession No. 116844), PRLR (Gene ID Accession No. 5618), MPL (Gene ID Accession No. 4352), and JUNB (Gene ID Accession No. 3726).
In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a method for detecting the presence of or a predisposition to a hair-loss disorder in a human subject where the method comprises obtaining a biological sample from a human subject; and detecting whether or not there is an alteration in the level of expression of an mRNA or a protein encoded by a TAHC gene in the subject as compared to the level of expression in a subject not afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In on embodiment, the detecting comprises determining whether mRNA expression or protein expression of the TAHC gene is increased or decreased as compared to expression in a normal sample. In another embodiment, the detecting comprises determining in the sample whether expression of at least 2 TAHC proteins, at least 3 TAHC proteins, at least 4 TAHC proteins, at least 5 TAHC proteins, at least 6 TAHC proteins, at least 6 TAHC proteins, at least 7 TAHC proteins, or at least 8 TAHC proteins is increased or decreased as compared to expression in a normal sample. In some embodiments, the detecting comprises determining in the sample whether expression of at least 2 TAHC mRNAs, at least 3 TAHC mRNAs, at least 4 TAHC mRNAs, at least 5 TAHC mRNAs, at least 6 TAHC mRNAs, at least 6 TAHC mRNAs, at least 7 TAHC mRNAs, or at least 8 TAHC mRNAs is increased or decreased as compared to expression in a normal sample. In one embodiment, an increase in the expression of at least 2 TAHC genes, at least 3 TAHC genes, at least 4 TAHC genes, at least 5 TAHC genes, at least 6 TAHC genes, at least 7 TAHC genes, or at least 8 TAHC genes indicates a predisposition to or presence of a hair-loss disorder in the subject. In another embodiment, a decrease in the expression of at least 2 TAHC genes, at least 3 TAHC genes, at least 4 TAHC genes, at least 5 TAHC genes, at least 6 TAHC genes, at least 7 TAHC genes, or at least 8 TAHC genes indicates a predisposition to or presence of a hair-loss disorder in the subject. In one embodiment, the mRNA expression or protein expression level in the subject is about 5-fold increased, about 10-fold increased, about 15-fold increased, about 20-fold increased, about 25-fold increased, about 30-fold increased, about 35-fold increased, about 40-fold increased, about 45-fold increased, about 50-fold increased, about 55-fold increased, about 60-fold increased, about 65-fold increased, about 70-fold increased, about 75-fold increased, about 80-fold increased, about 85-fold increased, about 90-fold increased, about 95-fold increased, or is 100-fold increased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In some embodiments, the he mRNA expression or protein expression level in the subject is at least about 100-fold increased, at least about 200-fold increased, at least about 300-fold increased, at least about 400-fold increased, or is at least about 500-fold increased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In further embodiments, the mRNA expression or protein expression level of the TAHC gene in the subject is about 5-fold to about 70-fold increased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In other embodiments, the mRNA or protein expression level of the TAHC gene in the subject is about 5-fold to about 90-fold increased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In one embodiment, the mRNA expression or protein expression level in the subject is about 5-fold decreased, about 10-fold decreased, about 15-fold decreased, about 20-fold decreased, about 25-fold decreased, about 30-fold decreased, about 35-fold decreased, about 40-fold decreased, about 45-fold decreased, about 50-fold decreased, about 55-fold decreased, about 60-fold decreased, about 65-fold decreased, about 70-fold decreased, about 75-fold decreased, about 80-fold decreased, about 85-fold decreased, about 90-fold decreased, about 95-fold decreased, or is 100-fold decreased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In some embodiments, the mRNA expression or protein expression level in the subject is at least about 100-fold decreased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In some embodiments, the mRNA or protein expression level of the TAHC gene in the subject is about 5-fold to about 70-fold decreased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In yet other embodiments, the mRNA or protein expression level of the TAHC gene in the subject is about 5-fold to about 90-fold decreased, as compared to that in the normal sample. In further embodiments, the detecting comprises gene sequencing, selective hybridization, selective amplification, gene expression analysis, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis. In one embodiment, the TAHC gene is CSF1R, FCER2, IFNGR1, IL20, OAS1, PTPRC, CEBPD, CRP, IL2RA, IL4, IL6ST, INSR, JAK3, NR3C1, OSM, PTPN11, SOCS3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CCND1, F2, LRG1, PRLR, MPL, or JUNB. In another embodiment, the TAHC gene is CRP.
Diagnosis
The invention provides methods to diagnose whether or not a subject is susceptible to or has a hair loss disorder. The diagnostic methods, in one embodiment, are based on monitoring the expression of TAHC genes, such as CSF1R, FCER2, IFNGR1, IL20, OAS1, PTPRC, CEBPD, CRP, IL2RA, IL4, IL6ST, INSR, JAK3, NR3C1, OSM, PTPN11, SOCS3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CCND1, F2, LRG1, PRLR, MPL, or JUNB, in a subject, for example whether they are increased or decreased as compared to a normal sample. As used herein, the term “diagnosis” includes the detection, typing, monitoring, dosing, comparison, at various stages, including early, pre-symptomatic stages, and late stages, in adults and children. Diagnosis can include the assessment of a predisposition or risk of development, the prognosis, or the characterization of a subject to define most appropriate treatment (pharmacogenetics).
The invention provides diagnostic methods to determine whether an individual is at risk of developing a hair-loss disorder, or suffers from a hair-loss disorder, wherein the disease results from an alteration in the expression of TAHC genes. In one embodiment, a method of detecting the presence of or a predisposition to a hair-loss disorder in a subject is provided. The subject can be a human or a child thereof. The method can comprise detecting in a sample from the subject whether or not there is an alteration in the level of expression of a protein encoded by a TAHC gene in the subject as compared to the level of expression in a subject not afflicted with a hair-loss disorder. In one embodiment, the detecting can comprise determining whether mRNA expression of the TAHC is increased or decreased. For example, in a microarray assay, one can look for differential expression of a TAHC gene. Any expression of a TAHC gene that is either 2× higher or 2× lower than TAHC expression expression observed for a subject not afflicted with a hair-loss disorder (as indicated by a fluorescent read-out) is deemed not normal, and worthy of further investigation. The detecting can also comprise determining in the sample whether expression of at least 2 TAHC proteins, at least 3 TAHC proteins, at least 4 TAHC proteins, at least 5 TAHC proteins, at least 6 TAHC proteins, at least 6 TAHC proteins, at least 7 TAHC proteins, or at least 8 TAHC proteins is increased or decreased. The presence of such an alteration is indicative of the presence or predisposition to a hair-loss disorder.
The presence of an alteration in a TAHC gene in the sample is detected through the genotyping of a sample, for example via gene sequencing, selective hybridization, amplification, gene expression analysis, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the sample can comprise blood, serum, sputum, lacrimal secretions, semen, vaginal secretions, fetal tissue, skin tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, amniotic fluid, or a combination thereof.
The invention provides for a diagnostic kit used to determine whether a sample from a subject exhibits increased expression of at least 2 or more TAHC genes. In one embodiment, the kit comprising a nucleic acid primer that specifically hybridizes to one or more TAHC genes. The invention also provides for a diagnostic kit used to determine whether a sample from a subject exhibits a predisposition to a hair-loss disorder in a human subject. In further embodiments, the TAHC gene is CSF1R, FCER2, IFNGR1, IL20, OAS1, PTPRC, CEBPD, CRP, IL2RA, IL4, IL6ST, INSR, JAK3, NR3C1, OSM, PTPN11, SOCS3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CCND1, F2, LRG1, PRLR, MPL, or JUNB. In another embodiment, the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, alopecia totalis, hypotrichosis, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex, or alopecia universalis.
DNA and AminoAcid Manipulation Methods and Purification Thereof
The present invention utilizes conventional molecular biology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA techniques available to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such techniques are well known to the skilled worker and are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis, Fritsch & Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (1982): “DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach,” Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover, ed., 1985); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (M. J. Gait, ed., 1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins, eds., 1985); “Transcription and Translation” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins, eds., 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (R. I. Freshney, ed., 1986); “Immobilized Cells and Enzymes” (IRL Press, 1986): B. Perbal, “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning” (1984), and Sambrook, et al., “Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual” (1989).
One skilled in the art can obtain a protein in several ways, which include, but are not limited to, isolating the protein via biochemical means or expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding the protein of interest by genetic engineering methods.
A protein is encoded by a nucleic acid (including, for example, genomic DNA, complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic DNA, as well as any form of corresponding RNA). For example, it can be encoded by a recombinant nucleic acid of a gene. The proteins of the invention can be obtained from various sources and can be produced according to various techniques known in the art. For example, a nucleic acid that encodes a protein can be obtained by screening DNA libraries, or by amplification from a natural source. A protein can be a fragment or portion thereof. The nucleic acids encoding a protein can be produced via recombinant DNA technology and such recombinant nucleic acids can be prepared by conventional techniques, including chemical synthesis, genetic engineering, enzymatic techniques, or a combination thereof. For example, a Jak1 protein is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. An example of a Jak1 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. A Jak 2 protein is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4. An example of a Jak 2 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. A Jak 3 protein is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 110. An example of a Jak 3 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 109. For example, a Stat 1 protein is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6. An example of a Stat 1 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. A Stat 2 protein is the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. An example of a Stat 2 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7.
The polypeptide sequence of human Jak1 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. The nucleotide sequence of human Jak1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. Sequence information related to Jak1 is accessible in public databases by GenBank Accession numbers NP_002218 (for protein) and NM_002227.2 (for nucleic acid).
SEQ ID NO: 1 is the human wild type amino acid sequence corresponding to Jak1 (residues 1-1154):








   1 MQYLNIKEDC NAMAFCAKMR SSKKTEVNLE APEPGVEVIF YLSDREPLRL GSGEYTAEEL



 


  61 CIRAAQACRI SPLCHNLFAL YDENTKLWYA PNRTITVDDK MSLRLHYRMR FYFTNWHGTN


 


 121 DNEQSVWRHS PKKQKNGYEK KKIPDATPLL DASSLEYLFA QGQYDLVKCL APIRDPKTEQ


 


 181 DGHDIENECL GMAVLAISHY AMMKKMQLPE LPKDISYKRY IPETLNKSIR QRNLLTRMRI


 


 241 NNVFKDFLKE FNNKTICDSS VSTHDLKVKY LATLETLTKH YGAEIFETSM LLISSENEMN


 


 301 WFHSNDGGNV LYYEVMVTGN LGIQWRHKPN VVSVEKEKNK LKRKKLENKH KKDEEKNKIR


 


 361 EEWNNFSYFP EITHIVIKES VVSINKQDNK KMELKLSSHE EALSFVSLVD GYFRLTADAH


 


 421 HYLCTDVAPP LIVHNIQNGC HGPICTEYAI NKLRQEGSEE GMYVLRWSCT DFDNILMTVT


 


 481 CFEKSEQVQG AQKQFKNFQI EVQKGRYSLH GSDRSFPSLG DLMSHLKKQI LRTDNISFML


 


 541 KRCCQPKPRE ISNLLVATKK AQEWQPVYPM SQLSFDRILK KDLVQGEHLG RGTRTHIYSG


 


 601 TLMDYKDDEG TSEEKKIKVI LKVLDPSHRD ISLAFFEAAS MMRQVSHKHI VYLYGVCVRD


 


 661 VENIMVEEFV EGGPLDLFMH RKSDVLTTPW KFKVAKQLAS ALSYLEDKDL VHGNVCTKNL


 


 721 LLAREGIDSE CGPFIKLSDP GIPITVLSRQ ECIERIPWIA PECVEDSKNL SVAADKWSFG


 


 781 TTLWEICYNG EIPLKDKTLI EKERFYESRC RPVTPSCKEL ADLMTRCMNY DPNQRPFFRA


 


 841 IMRDINKLEE QNPDIVSEKK PATEVDPTHF EKRFLKRIRD LGEGHFGKVE LCRYDPEGDN


 


 901 TGEQVAVKSL KPESGGNHIA DLKKEIEILR NLYHENIVKY KGICTEDGGN GIKLIMEFLP


 


 961 SGSLKEYLPK NKNKINLKQQ LKYAVQICKG MDYLGSRQYV HRDLAARNVL VESEHQVKIG


 


1021 DFGLTKAIET DKEYYTVKDD RDSPVFWYAP ECLMQSKFYI ASDVWSFGVT LHELLTYCDS


 


1081 DSSPMALFLK MIGPTHGQMT VTRLVNTLKE GKRLPCPPNC PDEVYQLMRK CWEFQPSNRT


 


1141 SFQNLIEGFE ALLK






SEQ ID NO: 2 is the human wild type nucleotide sequence corresponding to Jak1 (nucleotides 1-5053), wherein the underscored bolded “ATG” denotes the beginning of the open reading frame:








   1 tgcagacagt gcgggcctgc gcccagtccc ggctgtcctc gccgcgaccc ctcctcagcc



 


  61 ctgggcgcgc gcacgctggg gccccgcggg gctggccgcc tagcgagcct gccggtcgac


 


 121 cccagccagc gcagcgacgg ggcgctgcct ggcccaggcg cacacggaag tgcgcttctc


 


 181 tgaagtagct ttggaaagta gagaagaaaa tccagtttgc ttcttggaga acactggaca


 


 241 gctgaataaa tgcagtatct aaatataaaa gaggactgca atgccatggc tttctgtgct


 


 301 aaaatgagga gctccaagaa gactgaggtg aacctggagg cccctgagcc aggggtggaa


 


 361 gtgatcttct atctgtcgga cagggagccc ctccggctgg gcagtggaga gtacacagca


 


 421 gaggaactgt gcatcagggc tgcacaggca tgccgtatct ctcctctttg tcacaacctc


 


 481 tttgccctgt atgacgagaa caccaagctc tggtatgctc caaatcgcac catcaccgtt


 


 541 gatgacaaga tgtccctccg gctccactac cggatgaggt tctatttcac caattggcat


 


 601 ggaaccaacg acaatgagca gtcagtgtgg cgtcattctc caaagaagca gaaaaatggc


 


 661 tacgagaaaa aaaagattcc agatgcaacc cctctccttg atgccagctc actggagtat


 


 721 ctgtttgctc agggacagta tgatttggtg aaatgcctgg ctcctattcg agaccccaag


 


 781 accgagcagg atggacatga tattgagaac gagtgtctag ggatggctgt cctggccatc


 


 841 tcacactatg ccatgatgaa gaagatgcag ttgccagaac tgcccaagga catcagctac


 


 901 aagcgatata ttccagaaac attgaataag tccatcagac agaggaacct tctcaccagg


 


 961 atgcggataa ataatgtttt caaggatttc ctaaaggaat ttaacaacaa gaccatttgt


 


1021 gacagcagcg tgtccacgca tgacctgaag gtgaaatact tggctacctt ggaaactttg


 


1081 acaaaacatt acggtgctga aatatttgag acttccatgt tactgatttc atcagaaaat


 


1141 gagatgaatt ggtttcattc gaatgacggt ggaaacgttc tctactacga agtgatggtg


 


1201 actgggaatc ttggaatcca gtggaggcat aaaccaaatg ttgtttctgt tgaaaaggaa


 


1261 aaaaataaac tgaagcggaa aaaactggaa aataaacaca agaaggatga ggagaaaaac


 


1321 aagatccggg aagagtggaa caatttttct tacttccctg aaatcactca cattgtaata


 


1381 aaggagtctg tggtcagcat taacaagcag gacaacaaga aaatggaact gaagctctct


 


1441 tcccacgagg aggccttgtc ctttgtgtcc ctggtagatg gctacttccg gctcacagca


 


1501 gatgcccatc attacctctg caccgacgtg gcccccccgt tgatcgtcca caacatacag


 


1561 aatggctgtc atggtccaat ctgtacagaa tacgccatca ataaattgcg gcaagaagga


 


1621 agcgaggagg ggatgtacgt gctgaggtgg agctgcaccg actttgacaa catcctcatg


 


1681 accgtcacct gctttgagaa gtctgagcag gtgcagggtg cccagaagca gttcaagaac


 


1741 tttcagatcg aggtgcagaa gggccgctac agtctgcacg gttcggaccg cagcttcccc


 


1801 agcttgggag acctcatgag ccacctcaag aagcagatcc tgcgcacgga taacatcagc


 


1861 ttcatgctaa aacgctgctg ccagcccaag ccccgagaaa tctccaacct gctggtggct


 


1921 actaagaaag cccaggagtg gcagcccgtc taccccatga gccagctgag tttcgatcgg


 


1981 atcctcaaga aggatctggt gcagggcgag caccttggga gaggcacgag aacacacatc


 


2041 tattctggga ccctgatgga ttacaaggat gacgaaggaa cttctgaaga gaagaagata


 


2101 aaagtgatcc tcaaagtctt agaccccagc cacagggata tttccctggc cttcttcgag


 


2161 gcagccagca tgatgagaca ggtctcccac aaacacatcg tgtacctcta tggcgtctgt


 


2221 gtccgcgacg tggagaatat catggtggaa gagtttgtgg aagggggtcc tctggatctc


 


2281 ttcatgcacc ggaaaagcga tgtccttacc acaccatgga aattcaaagt tgccaaacag


 


2341 ctggccagtg ccctgagcta cttggaggat aaagacctgg tccatggaaa tgtgtgtact


 


2401 aaaaacctcc tcctggcccg tgagggcatc gacagtgagt gtggcccatt catcaagctc


 


2461 agtgaccccg gcatccccat tacggtgctg tctaggcaag aatgcattga acgaatccca


 


2521 tggattgctc ctgagtgtgt tgaggactcc aagaacctga gtgtggctgc tgacaagtgg


 


2581 agctttggaa ccacgctctg ggaaatctgc tacaatggcg agatcccctt gaaagacaag


 


2641 acgctgattg agaaagagag attctatgaa agccggtgca ggccagtgac accatcatgt


 


2701 aaggagctgg ctgacctcat gacccgctgc atgaactatg accccaatca gaggcctttc


 


2761 ttccgagcca tcatgagaga cattaataag cttgaagagc agaatccaga tattgtttca


 


2821 gaaaaaaaac cagcaactga agtggacccc acacattttg aaaagcgctt cctaaagagg


 


2881 atccgtgact tgggagaggg ccactttggg aaggttgagc tctgcaggta tgaccccgaa


 


2941 ggggacaata caggggagca ggtggctgtt aaatctctga agcctgagag tggaggtaac


 


3001 cacatagctg atctgaaaaa ggaaatcgag atcttaagga acctctatca tgagaacatt


 


3061 gtgaagtaca aaggaatctg cacagaagac ggaggaaatg gtattaagct catcatggaa


 


3121 tttctgcctt cgggaagcct taaggaatat cttccaaaga ataagaacaa aataaacctc


 


3181 aaacagcagc taaaatatgc cgttcagatt tgtaagggga tggactattt gggttctcgg


 


3241 caatacgttc accgggactt ggcagcaaga aatgtccttg ttgagagtga acaccaagtg


 


3301 aaaattggag acttcggttt aaccaaagca attgaaaccg ataaggagta ttacaccgtc


 


3361 aaggatgacc gggacagccc tgtgttttgg tatgctccag aatgtttaat gcaatctaaa


 


3421 ttttatattg cctctgacgt ctggtctttt ggagtcactc tgcatgagct gctgacttac


 


3481 tgtgattcag attctagtcc catggctttg ttcctgaaaa tgataggccc aacccatggc


 


3541 cagatgacag tcacaagact tgtgaatacg ttaaaagaag gaaaacgcct gccgtgccca


 


3601 cctaactgtc cagatgaggt ttatcaactt atgaggaaat gctgggaatt ccaaccatcc


 


3661 aatcggacaa gctttcagaa ccttattgaa ggatttgaag cacttttaaa ataagaagca


 


3721 tgaataacat ttaaattcca cagattatca agtccttctc ctgcaacaaa tgcccaagtc


 


3781 attttttaaa aatttctaat gaaagaagtt tgtgttctgt ccaaaaagtc actgaactca


 


3841 tacttcagta catatacatg tataaggcac actgtagtgc ttaatatgtg taaggacttc


 


3901 ctctttaaat ttggtaccag taacttagtg acacataatg acaaccaaaa tatttgaaag


 


3961 cacttaagca ctcctccttg tggaaagaat ataccaccat ttcatctggc tagttcacca


 


4021 tcacaactgc attaccaaaa ggggattttt gaaaacgagg agttgaccaa aataatatct


 


4081 gaagatgatt gcttttccct gctgccagct gatctgaaat gttttgctgg cacattaatc


 


4141 atagataaag aaagattgat ggacttagcc ctcaaatttc agtatctata cagtactaga


 


4201 ccatgcattc ttaaaatatt agataccagg tagtatatat tgtttctgta caaaaatgac


 


4261 tgtattctct caccagtagg acttaaactt tgtttctcca gtggcttagc tcctgttcct


 


4321 ttgggtgatc actagcaccc atttttgaga aagctggttc tacatggggg gatagctgtg


 


4381 gaatagataa tttgctgcat gttaattctc aagaactaag cctgtgccag tgctttccta


 


4441 agcagtatac ctttaatcag aactcattcc cagaacctgg atgctattac acatgctttt


 


4501 aagaaacgtc aatgtatatc cttttataac tctaccactt tggggcaagc tattccagca


 


4561 ctggttttga atgctgtatg caaccagtct gaataccaca tacgctgcac tgttcttaga


 


4621 gggtttccat acttaccacc gatctacaag ggttgatccc tgtttttacc atcaatcatc


 


4681 accctgtggt gcaacacttg aaagacccgg ctagaggcac tatggacttc aggatccact


 


4741 agacagtttt cagtttgctt ggaggtagct gggtaatcaa aaatgtttag tcattgattc


 


4801 aatgtgaacg attacggtct ttatgaccaa gagtctgaaa atctttttgt tatgctgttt


 


4861 agtattcgtt tgatattgtt acttttcacc tgttgagccc aaattcagga ttggttcagt


 


4921 ggcagcaatg aagttgccat ttaaatttgt tcatagccta catcaccaag gtctctgtgt


 


4981 caaacctgtg gccactctat atgcactttg tttactcttt atacaaataa atatactaaa


 


5041 gactttacat gca






The polypeptide sequence of human Jak 2 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3. The nucleotide sequence of human Jak 2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4. Sequence information related to Jak 2 is accessible in public databases by GenBank Accession numbers NP_004963 (for protein) and NM_004972.3 (for nucleic acid).
SEQ ID NO: 3 is the human wild type amino acid sequence corresponding to Jak2 (residues 1-1132):








   1 MGMACLTMTE MEGTSTSSIY QNGDISGNAN SMKQIDPVLQ VYLYHSLGKS EADYLTFPSG



 


  61 EYVAEEICIA ASKACGITPV YHNMFALMSE TERIWYPPNH VFHIDESTRH NVLYRIRFYF


 


 121 PRWYCSGSNR AYRHGISRGA EAPLLDDFVM SYLFAQWRHD FVHGWIKVPV THETQEECLG


 


 181 MAVLDMMRIA KENDQTPLAI YNSISYKTFL PKCIRAKIQD YHILTRKRIR YRFRRFIQQF


 


 241 SQCKATARNL KLKYLINLET LQSAFYTEKF EVKEPGSGPS GEEIFATIII TGNGGIQWSR


 


 301 GKHKESETLT EQDLQLYCDF PNIIDVSIKQ ANQEGSNESR VVTIHKQDGK NLEIELSSLR


 


 361 EALSFVSLID GYYRLTADAH HYLCKEVAPP AVLENIQSNC HGPISMDFAI SKLKKAGNQT


 


 421 GLYVLRCSPK DFNKYFLTFA VERENVIEYK HCLITKNENE EYNLSGTKKN FSSLKDLLNC


 


 481 YQMETVRSDN IIFQFTKCCP PKPKDKSNLL VFRTNGVSDV PTSPTLQRPT HMNQMVFHKI


 


 541 RNEDLIFNES LGQGTFTKIF KGVRREVGDY GQLHETEVLL KVLDKAHRNY SESFFEAASM


 


 601 MSKLSHKHLV LNYGVCVCGD ENILVQEFVK FGSLDTYLKK NKNCINILWK LEVAKQLAWA


 


 661 MHFLEENTLI HGNVCAKNIL LIREEDRKTG NPPFIKLSDP GISITVLPKD ILQERIPWVP


 


 721 PECIENPKNL NLATDKWSFG TTLWEICSGG DKPLSALDSQ RKLQFYEDRH QLPAPKWAEL


 


 781 ANLINNCMDY EPDFRPSFRA IIRDLNSLFT PDYELLTEND MLPNMRIGAL GFSGAFEDRD


 


 841 PTQFEERHLK FLQQLGKGNF GSVEMCRYDP LQDNTGEVVA VKKLQHSTEE HLRDFEREIE


 


 901 ILKSLQHDNI VKYKGVCYSA GRRNLKLIME YLPYGSLRDY LQKHKERIDH IKLLQYTSQI


 


 961 CKGMEYLGTK RYIHRDLATR NILVENENRV KIGDFGLTKV LPQDKEYYKV KEPGESPIFW


 


1021 YAPESLTESK FSVASDVWSF GVVLYELFTY IEKSKSPPAE FMRMIGNDKQ GQMIVFHLIE


 


1081 LLKNNGRLPR PDGCPDEIYM IMTECWNNNV NQRPSFRDLA LRVDQIRDNM AG






SEQ ID NO: 4 is the human wild type nucleotide sequence corresponding to Jak2 (nucleotides 1-5285), wherein the underscored bolded “ATG” denotes the beginning of the open reading frame:








   1 ctgcaggaag gagagaggaa gaggagcaga agggggcagc agcggacgcc gctaacggcc



 


  61 tccctcggcg ctgacaggct gggccggcgc ccggctcgct tgggtgttcg cgtcgccact


 


 121 tcggcttctc ggccggtcgg gcccctcggc ccgggcttgc ggcgcgcgtc ggggctgagg


 


 181 gctgctgcgg cgcagggaga ggcctggtcc tcgctgccga gggatgtgag tgggagctga


 


 241 gcccacactg gagggccccc gagggcccag cctggaggtc gttcagagcc gtgcccgtcc


 


 301 cggggcttcg cagaccttga cccgccgggt aggagccgcc cctgcgggct cgagggcgcg


 


 361 ctctggtcgc ccgatctgtg tagccggttt cagaagcagg caacaggaac aagatgtgaa


 


 421 ctgtttctct tctgcagaaa aagaggctct tcctcctcct cccgcgacgg caaatgttct


 


 481 gaaaaagact ctgcatggga atggcctgcc ttacgatgac agaaatggag ggaacatcca


 


 541 cctcttctat atatcagaat ggtgatattt ctggaaatgc caattctatg aagcaaatag


 


 601 atccagttct tcaggtgtat ctttaccatt cccttgggaa atctgaggca gattatctga


 


 661 cctttccatc tggggagtat gttgcagaag aaatctgtat tgctgcttct aaagcttgtg


 


 721 gtatcacacc tgtgtatcat aatatgtttg ctttaatgag tgaaacagaa aggatctggt


 


 781 atccacccaa ccatgtcttc catatagatg agtcaaccag gcataatgta ctctacagaa


 


 841 taagatttta ctttcctcgt tggtattgca gtggcagcaa cagagcctat cggcatggaa


 


 901 tatctcgagg tgctgaagct cctcttcttg atgactttgt catgtcttac ctctttgctc


 


 961 agtggcggca tgattttgtg cacggatgga taaaagtacc tgtgactcat gaaacacagg


 


1021 aagaatgtct tgggatggca gtgttagata tgatgagaat agccaaagaa aacgatcaaa


 


1081 ccccactggc catctataac tctatcagct acaagacatt cttaccaaaa tgtattcgag


 


1141 caaagatcca agactatcat attttgacaa ggaagcgaat aaggtacaga tttcgcagat


 


1201 ttattcagca attcagccaa tgcaaagcca ctgccagaaa cttgaaactt aagtatctta


 


1261 taaatctgga aactctgcag tctgccttct acacagagaa atttgaagta aaagaacctg


 


1321 gaagtggtcc ttcaggtgag gagatttttg caaccattat aataactgga aacggtggaa


 


1381 ttcagtggtc aagagggaaa cataaagaaa gtgagacact gacagaacag gatttacagt


 


1441 tatattgcga ttttcctaat attattgatg tcagtattaa gcaagcaaac caagagggtt


 


1501 caaatgaaag ccgagttgta actatccata agcaagatgg taaaaatctg gaaattgaac


 


1561 ttagctcatt aagggaagct ttgtctttcg tgtcattaat tgatggatat tatagattaa


 


1621 ctgcagatgc acatcattac ctctgtaaag aagtagcacc tccagccgtg cttgaaaata


 


1681 tacaaagcaa ctgtcatggc ccaatttcga tggattttgc cattagtaaa ctgaagaaag


 


1741 caggtaatca gactggactg tatgtacttc gatgcagtcc taaggacttt aataaatatt


 


1801 ttttgacttt tgctgtcgag cgagaaaatg tcattgaata taaacactgt ttgattacaa


 


1861 aaaatgagaa tgaagagtac aacctcagtg ggacaaagaa gaacttcagc agtcttaaag


 


1921 atcttttgaa ttgttaccag atggaaactg ttcgctcaga caatataatt ttccagttta


 


1981 ctaaatgctg tcccccaaag ccaaaagata aatcaaacct tctagtcttc agaacgaatg


 


2041 gtgtttctga tgtaccaacc tcaccaacat tacagaggcc tactcatatg aaccaaatgg


 


2101 tgtttcacaa aatcagaaat gaagatttga tatttaatga aagccttggc caaggcactt


 


2161 ttacaaagat ttttaaaggc gtacgaagag aagtaggaga ctacggtcaa ctgcatgaaa


 


2221 cagaagttct tttaaaagtt ctggataaag cacacagaaa ctattcagag tctttctttg


 


2281 aagcagcaag tatgatgagc aagctttctc acaagcattt ggttttaaat tatggagtat


 


2341 gtgtctgtgg agacgagaat attctggttc aggagtttgt aaaatttgga tcactagata


 


2401 catatctgaa aaagaataaa aattgtataa atatattatg gaaacttgaa gttgctaaac


 


2461 agttggcatg ggccatgcat tttctagaag aaaacaccct tattcatggg aatgtatgtg


 


2521 ccaaaaatat tctgcttatc agagaagaag acaggaagac aggaaatcct cctttcatca


 


2581 aacttagtga tcctggcatt agtattacag ttttgccaaa ggacattctt caggagagaa


 


2641 taccatgggt accacctgaa tgcattgaaa atcctaaaaa tttaaatttg gcaacagaca


 


2701 aatggagttt tggtaccact ttgtgggaaa tctgcagtgg aggagataaa cctctaagtg


 


2761 ctctggattc tcaaagaaag ctacaatttt atgaagatag gcatcagctt cctgcaccaa


 


2821 agtgggcaga attagcaaac cttataaata attgtatgga ttatgaacca gatttcaggc


 


2881 cttctttcag agccatcata cgagatctta acagtttgtt tactccagat tatgaactat


 


2941 taacagaaaa tgacatgtta ccaaatatga ggataggtgc cctggggttt tctggtgcct


 


3001 ttgaagaccg ggatcctaca cagtttgaag agagacattt gaaatttcta cagcaacttg


 


3061 gcaagggtaa ttttgggagt gtggagatgt gccggtatga ccctctacag gacaacactg


 


3121 gggaggtggt cgctgtaaaa aagcttcagc atagtactga agagcaccta agagactttg


 


3181 aaagggaaat tgaaatcctg aaatccctac agcatgacaa cattgtaaag tacaagggag


 


3241 tgtgctacag tgctggtcgg cgtaatctaa aattaattat ggaatattta ccatatggaa


 


3301 gtttacgaga ctatcttcaa aaacataaag aacggataga tcacataaaa cttctgcagt


 


3361 acacatctca gatatgcaag ggtatggagt atcttggtac aaaaaggtat atccacaggg


 


3421 atctggcaac gagaaatata ttggtggaga acgagaacag agttaaaatt ggagattttg


 


3481 ggttaaccaa agtcttgcca caagacaaag aatactataa agtaaaagaa cctggtgaaa


 


3541 gtcccatatt ctggtatgct ccagaatcac tgacagagag caagttttct gtggcctcag


 


3601 atgtttggag ctttggagtg gttctgtatg aacttttcac atacattgag aagagtaaaa


 


3661 gtccaccagc ggaatttatg cgtatgattg gcaatgacaa acaaggacag atgatcgtgt


 


3721 tccatttgat agaacttttg aagaataatg gaagattacc aagaccagat ggatgcccag


 


3781 atgagatcta tatgatcatg acagaatgct ggaacaataa tgtaaatcaa cgcccctcct


 


3841 ttagggatct agctcttcga gtggatcaaa taagggataa catggctgga tgaaagaaat


 


3901 gaccttcatt ctgagaccaa agtagattta cagaacaaag ttttatattt cacattgctg


 


3961 tggactatta ttacatatat cattattata taaatcatga tgctagccag caaagatgtg


 


4021 aaaatatctg ctcaaaactt tcaaagttta gtaagttttt cttcatgagg ccaccagtaa


 


4081 aagacattaa tgagaattcc ttagcaagga ttttgtaaga agtttcttaa acattgtcag


 


4141 ttaacatcac tcttgtctgg caaaagaaaa aaaatagact ttttcaactc agctttttga


 


4201 gacctgaaaa aattattatg taaattttgc aatgttaaag atgcacagaa tatgtatgta


 


4261 tagtttttac cacagtggat gtataatacc ttggcatctt gtgtgatgtt ttacacacat


 


4321 gagggctggt gttcattaat actgttttct aatttttcca tagttaatct ataattaatt


 


4381 acttcactat acaaacaaat taagatgttc agataattga ataagtacct ttgtgtcctt


 


4441 gttcatttat atcgctggcc agcattataa gcaggtgtat acttttagct tgtagttcca


 


4501 tgtactgtaa atatttttca cataaaggga acaaatgtct agttttattt gtataggaaa


 


4561 tttccctgac cctaaataat acattttgaa atgaaacaag cttacaaaga tataatctat


 


4621 tttattatgg tttcccttgt atctatttgt ggtgaatgtg ttttttaaat ggaactatct


 


4681 ccaaattttt ctaagactac tatgaacagt tttcttttaa aattttgaga ttaagaatgc


 


4741 caggaatatt gtcatccttt gagctgctga ctgccaataa cattcttcga tctctgggat


 


4801 ttatgctcat gaactaaatt taagcttaag ccataaaata gattagattg ttttttaaaa


 


4861 atggatagct cattaagaag tgcagcaggt taagaatttt ttcctaaaga ctgtatattt


 


4921 gaggggtttc agaattttgc attgcagtca tagaagagat ttatttcctt tttagagggg


 


4981 aaatgaggta aataagtaaa aaagtatgct tgttaatttt attcaagaat gccagtagaa


 


5041 aattcataac gtgtatcttt aagaaaaatg agcatacatc ttaaatcttt tcaattaagt


 


5101 ataaggggtt gttcgttgtt gtcatttgtt atagtgctac tccactttag acaccatagc


 


5161 taaaataaaa tatggtgggt tttgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg


 


5221 tgttatttat acaaaactta aaatacttgc tgttttgatt aaaaagaaaa tagtttctta


 


5281 cttta






The polypeptide sequence of human Jak 3 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 109. The nucleotide sequence of human Jak 3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 110. Sequence information related to Jak 3 is accessible in public databases by GenBank Accession numbers NP_000206 (for protein) and NM_000215 (for nucleic acid). JAK3 is a downstream signaling partner of the IL-2 receptor common gamma chain, which is shared with the IL-2, -4, -7, -9, -15, and -21 receptors.
SEQ ID NO: 109 is the human wild type amino acid sequence corresponding to Jak3 (residues 1-1124):








   1 MAPPSEETPL IPQRSCSLLS TEAGALHVLL PARGPGPPQR LSFSFGDHLA EDLCVQAAKA



 


  61 SGILPVYHSL FALATEDLSC WFPPSHIFSV EDASTQVLLY RIRFYFPNWF GLEKCHRFGL


 


 121 RKDLASAILD LPVLEHLFAQ HRSDLVSGRL PVGLSLKEQG ECLSLAVLDL ARMAREQAQR


 


 181 PGELLKTVSY KACLPPSLRD LIQGLSFVTR RRIRRTVRRA LRRVAACQAD RHSLMAKYIM


 


 241 DLERLDPAGA AETFHVGLPG ALGGHDGLGL LRVAGDGGIA WTQGEQEVLQ PFCDFPEIVD


 


 301 ISIKQAPRVG PAGEHRLVTV TRTDNQILEA EFPGLPEALS FVALVDGYFR LTTDSQHFFC


 


 361 KEVAPPRLLE EVAEQCHGPI TLDFAINKLK TGGSRPGSYV LRRSPQDFDS FLLTVCVQNP


 


 421 LGPDYKGCLI RRSPTGTFLL VGLSRPHSSL RELLATCWDG GLHVDGVAVT LTSCCIPRPK


 


 481 EKSNLIVVQR GHSPPTSSLV QPQSQYQLSQ MTFHKIPADS LEWHENLGHG SFTKIYRGCR


 


 541 HEVVDGEARK TEVLLKVMDA KHKNCMESFL EAASLMSQVS YRHLVLLHGV CMAGDSTMVQ


 


 601 EFVHLGAIDM YLRKRGHLVP ASWKLQVVKQ LAYALNYLED KGLPHGNVSA RKVLLAREGA


 


 661 DGSPPFIKLS DPGVSPAVLS LEMLTDRIPW VAPECLREAQ TLSLEADKWG FGATVWEVFS


 


 721 GVTMPISALD PAKKLQFYED RQQLPAPKWT ELALLIQQCM AYEPVQRPSF RAVIRDLNSL


 


 781 ISSDYELLSD PTPGALAPRD GLWNGAQLYA CQDPTIFEER HLKYISQLGK GNFGSVELCR


 


 841 YDPLGDNTGA LVAVKQLQHS GPDQQRDFQR EIQILKALHS DFIVKYRGVS YGPGRQSLRL


 


 901 VMEYLPSGCL RDFLQRHRAR LDASRLLLYS SQICKGMEYL GSRRCVHRDL AARNILVESE


 


 961 AHVKIADFGL AKLLPLDKDY YVVREPGQSP IFWYAPESLS DNIFSRQSDV WSFGVVLYEL


 


1021 FTYCDKSCSP SAEFLRMMGC ERDVPALCRL LELLEEGQRL PAPPACPAEV HELMKLCWAP


 


1081 SPQDRPSFSA LGPQLDMLWS GSRGCETHAF TAHPEGKHHS LSFS






SEQ ID NO: 110 is the human wild type nucleotide sequence corresponding to Jak3 (nucleotides 1-5449), wherein the underscored bolded “ATG” denotes the beginning of the open reading frame:








   1 cacacaggaa ggagccgagt gggactttcc tctcgctgcc tcccggctct gcccgccctt



 


  61 cgaaagtcca gggtccctgc ccgctaggca agttgcactc atggcacctc caagtgaaga


 


 121 gacgcccctg atccctcagc gttcatgcag cctcttgtcc acggaggctg gtgccctgca


 


 181 tgtgctgctg cccgctcggg gccccgggcc cccccagcgc ctatctttct cctttgggga


 


 241 ccacttggct gaggacctgt gcgtgcaggc tgccaaggcc agcggcatcc tgcctgtgta


 


 301 ccactccctc tttgctctgg ccacggagga cctgtcctgc tggttccccc cgagccacat


 


 361 cttctccgtg gaggatgcca gcacccaagt cctgctgtac aggattcgct tttacttccc


 


 421 caattggttt gggctggaga agtgccaccg cttcgggcta cgcaaggatt tggccagtgc


 


 481 tatccttgac ctgccagtcc tggagcacct ctttgcccag caccgcagtg acctggtgag


 


 541 tgggcgcctc cccgtgggcc tcagtctcaa ggagcagggt gagtgtctca gcctggccgt


 


 601 gttggacctg gcccggatgg cgcgagagca ggcccagcgg ccgggagagc tgctgaagac


 


 661 tgtcagctac aaggcctgcc tacccccaag cctgcgcgac ctgatccagg gcctgagctt


 


 721 cgtgacgcgg aggcgtattc ggaggacggt gcgcagagcc ctgcgccgcg tggccgcctg


 


 781 ccaggcagac cggcactcgc tcatggccaa gtacatcatg gacctggagc ggctggatcc


 


 841 agccggggcc gccgagacct tccacgtggg cctccctggg gcccttggtg gccacgacgg


 


 901 gctggggctg ctccgcgtgg ctggtgacgg cggcatcgcc tggacccagg gagaacagga


 


 961 ggtcctccag cccttctgcg actttccaga aatcgtagac attagcatca agcaggcccc


 


1021 gcgcgttggc ccggccggag agcaccgcct ggtcactgtt accaggacag acaaccagat


 


1081 tttagaggcc gagttcccag ggctgcccga ggctctgtcg ttcgtggcgc tcgtggacgg


 


1141 ctacttccgg ctgaccacgg actcccagca cttcttctgc aaggaggtgg caccgccgag


 


1201 gctgctggag gaagtggccg agcagtgcca cggccccatc actctggact ttgccatcaa


 


1261 caagctcaag actgggggct cacgtcctgg ctcctatgtt ctccgccgca gcccccagga


 


1321 ctttgacagc ttcctcctca ctgtctgtgt ccagaacccc cttggtcctg attataaggg


 


1381 ctgcctcatc cggcgcagcc ccacaggaac cttccttctg gttggcctca gccgacccca


 


1441 cagcagtctt cgagagctcc tggcaacctg ctgggatggg gggctgcacg tagatggggt


 


1501 ggcagtgacc ctcacttcct gctgtatccc cagacccaaa gaaaagtcca acctgatcgt


 


1561 ggtccagaga ggtcacagcc cacccacatc atccttggtt cagccccaat cccaatacca


 


1621 gctgagtcag atgacatttc acaagatccc tgctgacagc ctggagtggc atgagaacct


 


1681 gggccatggg tccttcacca agatttaccg gggctgtcgc catgaggtgg tggatgggga


 


1741 ggcccgaaag acagaggtgc tgctgaaggt catggatgcc aagcacaaga actgcatgga


 


1801 gtcattcctg gaagcagcga gcttgatgag ccaagtgtcg taccggcatc tcgtgctgct


 


1861 ccacggcgtg tgcatggctg gagacagcac catggtgcag gaatttgtac acctgggggc


 


1921 catagacatg tatctgcgaa aacgtggcca cctggtgcca gccagctgga agctgcaggt


 


1981 ggtcaaacag ctggcctacg ccctcaacta tctggaggac aaaggcctgc cccatggcaa


 


2041 tgtctctgcc cggaaggtgc tcctggctcg ggagggggct gatgggagcc cgcccttcat


 


2101 caagctgagt gaccctgggg tcagccccgc tgtgttaagc ctggagatgc tcaccgacag


 


2161 gatcccctgg gtggcccccg agtgtctccg ggaggcgcag acacttagct tggaagctga


 


2221 caagtggggc ttcggcgcca cggtctggga agtgtttagt ggcgtcacca tgcccatcag


 


2281 tgccctggat cctgctaaga aactccaatt ttatgaggac cggcagcagc tgccggcccc


 


2341 caagtggaca gagctggccc tgctgattca acagtgcatg gcctatgagc cggtccagag


 


2401 gccctccttc cgagccgtca ttcgtgacct caatagcctc atctcttcag actatgagct


 


2461 cctctcagac cccacacctg gtgccctggc acctcgtgat gggctgtgga atggtgccca


 


2521 gctctatgcc tgccaagacc ccacgatctt cgaggagaga cacctcaagt acatctcaca


 


2581 gctgggcaag ggcaactttg gcagcgtgga gctgtgccgc tatgacccgc taggcgacaa


 


2641 tacaggtgcc ctggtggccg tgaaacagct gcagcacagc gggccagacc agcagaggga


 


2701 ctttcagcgg gagattcaga tcctcaaagc actgcacagt gatttcattg tcaagtatcg


 


2761 tggtgtcagc tatggcccgg gccgccagag cctgcggctg gtcatggagt acctgcccag


 


2821 cggctgcttg cgcgacttcc tgcagcggca ccgcgcgcgc ctcgatgcca gccgcctcct


 


2881 tctctattcc tcgcagatct gcaagggcat ggagtacctg ggctcccgcc gctgcgtgca


 


2941 ccgcgacctg gccgcccgaa acatcctcgt ggagagcgag gcacacgtca agatcgctga


 


3001 cttcggccta gctaagctgc tgccgcttga caaagactac tacgtggtcc gcgagccagg


 


3061 ccagagcccc attttctggt atgcccccga atccctctcg gacaacatct tctctcgcca


 


3121 gtcagacgtc tggagcttcg gggtcgtcct gtacgagctc ttcacctact gcgacaaaag


 


3181 ctgcagcccc tcggccgagt tcctgcggat gatgggatgt gagcgggatg tccccgccct


 


3241 ctgccgcctc ttggaactgc tggaggaggg ccagaggctg ccggcgcctc ctgcctgccc


 


3301 tgctgaggtt cacgagctca tgaagctgtg ctgggcccct agcccacagg accggccatc


 


3361 attcagcgcc ctgggccccc agctggacat gctgtggagc ggaagccggg ggtgtgagac


 


3421 tcatgccttc actgctcacc cagagggcaa acaccactcc ctgtcctttt catagctcct


 


3481 gcccgcagac ctctggatta ggtctctgtt gactggctgt gtgaccttag gcccggagct


 


3541 gcccctctct gggcctcaga ggccttatga gggtcctcta cttcaggaac acccccatga


 


3601 cattgcattt gggggggctc ccgtggcctg tagaatagcc tgtggccttt gcaatttgtt


 


3661 aaggttcaag acagatgggc atatgtgtca gtggggctct ctgagtcctg gcccaaagaa


 


3721 gcaaggaacc aaatttaaga ctctcgcatc ttcccaaccc cttaagccct ggccccctga


 


3781 gtttcctttt ctgtctctct ctttttattt tttttatttt tatttttatt tttgagacag


 


3841 agcctcgctc tgttacccag ggtggagtgc agtggtgcga tctcggctca gtgcaacctc


 


3901 tgcttcccag gttcaagcga ttctcctgcc tcagcctccc gagtagctgg gattacaggt


 


3961 gtgcaccacc acacccggct aatttttttt atttttaata gagatgaggt ttcaccatga


 


4021 tggccaggct gatctcgaac tcctaacctc aagtgatcct cccacctcag cctcccaaag


 


4081 tgttggaata ataggcatga gccactgcac ccaggctttt ttttttttaa atttattatt


 


4141 attattttta agagacagga tcttgctacg ttgcccaggc tggtcttgaa ctcctgggct


 


4201 acagtgatcc tcctgcctta tcctcctaaa tagctgggac tacagcacct agttttgagt


 


4261 ttcctgtctt atttccaatg gggacattca tgtagctttt tttttttttt tttttttgag


 


4321 acggagtctc gctctgtcgc ccaggctgga gtacagtggc gcaatctagg ctcactgcaa


 


4381 gctccgcctc ctgggttcac accattctct cgcctcagcc tcccaagtag ctgggactac


 


4441 aggcgcccgc caccacaccc ggctaatttt ttgtattttt agtagagacg gggtttcacc


 


4501 ttgttagcca ggatggtttc catctcctga cctcgtgatc tgcccgtctc ggcctcccaa


 


4561 agtgctggga ttacaggcat gagccactgc gcccggccct catgtagctt taaatgtatg


 


4621 atctgacttc tgctccccga tctctgtttc tctggaggaa gccaaggaca agagcagttg


 


4681 ctgtggctgg gactctgcct tttaggggag cccgtgtatc tctttgggat cctgaaaggg


 


4741 ggcaggaaag gctggggtcc cagtccaccc taatggtatc tgagtgtcct agggcttcag


 


4801 ttttcccacc tgtccaatgg gaccctttct gtcctcaccc tacaaggggc acaaagggat


 


4861 gacaccaaac ctggcaggaa cttttcacgc aatcaaggga aggaaaggca ttcctggcag


 


4921 agggaacagc atgccaagcg tgagaaggct cagagtaagg aggttaagag cccaagtatt


 


4981 ggagcctaca gttttgcccc ttccatgcag tgtgacagtg ggcaagttcc tttccctctc


 


5041 tgggtctcag ttctgtcccc tgcaaaatgg tcagagctta ccccttggct gtgcagggtc


 


5101 aactttctga ctggtgagag ggattctcat gcaggttaag cttctgctgc tcctcctcac


 


5161 ctgcaaagct tttctgccac ttttgcctcc ttggaaaact cttatccatc tctcaaaact


 


5221 ccagctacca catccttgca gccttccctc atataccccc actactactg tagccctgtc


 


5281 cttccctcca gccccactct ggccctgggg ctggggaagt gtctgtgtcc agctgtctcc


 


5341 cctgacctca gggttccttg ggggctgggc tgaggcctca gtacagaggg ggctctggaa


 


5401 atgtttgttg actgaataaa ggaattcagt ggaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa






The polypeptide sequence of human Stat 1 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5. The nucleotide sequence of human Stat 1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6. Sequence information related to Stat 1 is accessible in public databases by GenBank Accession numbers ADA59516 (for protein) and GU211347.1 (for nucleic acid).
SEQ ID NO: 5 is the human wild type amino acid sequence corresponding to Stat1 (residues 1-750):








  1 MSQWYELQQL DSKFLEQVHQ LYDDSFPMEI RQYLAQWLEK QDWEHTANDV SFATIRFHDL



 


 61 LSQLDDQYSR FSLENNFLLQ HNIRKSKRNL QDNFQEDPIQ MSMIIYSCLK EERKILENAQ


 


121 RFNQAQSGNI QSTVMLDKQK ELDSKVRNVK DKVMCIEHEI KSLEDLQDEY DFKCKTLQNR


 


181 EHETNGVAKS DQKQEQLLLK KMYLMLDNKR KEVVHKIIEL LNVTELTQNA LINDELVEWK


 


241 RRQQSACIGG PPNACLDQLQ NWFTIVAESL QQVRQQLKKL EELEQKYTYE HDPITKNKQV


 


301 LWDRTFSLFQ QLIQSSFVVE RQPCMPTHPQ RPLVLKTGVQ FTVKLRLLVK LQELNYNLKV


 


361 KVLFDKDVNE RNTVKGFRKF NILGTHTKVM NMEESTNGSL AAEFRHLQLK EQKNAGTRTN


 


421 EGPLIVTEEL HSLSFETQLC QPGLVIDLET TSLPVVVISN VSQLPSGWAS ILWYNMLVAE


 


481 PRNLSFFLTP PCARWAQLSE VLSWQFSSVT KRGLNVDQLN MLGEKLLGPN ASPDGLIPWT


 


541 RFCKENINDK NFPFWLWIES ILELIKKHLL PLWNDGCIMG FISKERERAL LKDQQPGTFL


 


601 LRFSESSREG AITFTWVERS QNGGEPDFHA VEPYTKKELS AVTFPDIIRN YKVMAAENIP


 


661 ENPLKYLYPN IDKDHAFGKY YSRPKEAPEP MELDGPKGTG YIKTELISVS EVHPSRLQTT


 


721 DNLLPMSPEE FDEVSRIVGS VEFDSMMNTV






SEQ ID NO: 6 is the human wild type nucleotide sequence corresponding to Stat1 (nucleotides 1-2353), wherein the underscored bolded “ATG” denotes the beginning of the open reading frame:








   1 gtgctgtgcg tagctgctcc tttggttgaa tccccaggcc cttgttgggg cacaaggtgg



 


  61 caggatgtct cagtggtacg aacttcagca gcttgactca aaattcctgg agcaggttca


 


 121 ccagctttat gatgacagtt ttcccatgga aatcagacag tacctggcac agtggttaga


 


 181 aaagcaagac tgggagcaca ctgccaatga tgtttcattt gccaccatcc gttttcatga


 


 241 cctcctgtca cagctggatg atcaatatag tcgcttttct ttggagaata acttcttgct


 


 301 acagcataac ataaggaaaa gcaagcgtaa tcttcaggat aattttcagg aagacccaat


 


 361 ccagatgtct atgatcattt acagctgtct gaaggaagaa aggaaaattc tggaaaacgc


 


 421 ccagagattt aatcaggctc agtcggggaa tattcagagc acagtgatgt tagacaaaca


 


 481 gaaagagctt gacagtaaag tcagaaatgt gaaggacaag gttatgtgta tagagcatga


 


 541 aatcaagagc ctggaagatt tacaagatga atatgacttc aaatgcaaaa ccttgcagaa


 


 601 cagagaacac gagaccaatg gtgtggcaaa gagtgatcag aaacaagaac agctgttact


 


 661 caagaagatg tatttaatgc ttgacaataa gagaaaggaa gtagttcaca aaataataga


 


 721 gttgctgaat gtcactgaac ttacccagaa tgccctgatt aatgatgaac tagtggagtg


 


 781 gaagcggaga cagcagagcg cctgtattgg ggggccgccc aatgcttgct tggatcagct


 


 841 gcagaactgg ttcactatag ttgcggagag tctgcagcaa gttcggcagc agcttaaaaa


 


 901 gttggaggaa ttggaacaga aatacaccta cgaacatgac cctatcacaa aaaacaaaca


 


 961 agtgttatgg gaccgcacct tcagtctttt ccagcagctc attcagagct cgtttgtggt


 


1021 ggaaagacag ccctgcatgc caacgcaccc tcagaggccg ctggtcttga agacaggggt


 


1081 ccagttcact gtgaagttga gactgttggt gaaattgcaa gagctgaatt ataatttgaa


 


1141 agtcaaagtc ttatttgata aagatgtgaa tgagagaaat acagtaaaag gatttaggaa


 


1201 gttcaacatt ttgggcacgc acacaaaagt gatgaacatg gaggagtcca ccaatggcag


 


1261 tctggcggct gaatttcggc acctgcaatt gaaagaacag aaaaatgctg gcaccagaac


 


1321 gaatgagggt cctctcatcg ttactgaaga gcttcactcc cttagttttg aaacccaatt


 


1381 gtgccagcct ggtttggtaa ttgacctcga gacgacctct ctgcccgttg tggtgatctc


 


1441 caacgtcagc cagctcccga gcggttgggc ctccatcctt tggtacaaca tgctggtggc


 


1501 ggaacccagg aatctgtcct tcttcctgac tccaccatgt gcacgatggg ctcagctttc


 


1561 agaagtgctg agttggcagt tttcttctgt caccaaaaga ggtctcaatg tggaccagct


 


1621 gaacatgttg ggagagaagc ttcttggtcc taacgccagc cccgatggtc tcattccgtg


 


1681 gacgaggttt tgtaaggaaa atataaatga taaaaatttt cccttctggc tttggattga


 


1741 aagcatccta gaactcatta aaaaacacct gctccctctc tggaatgatg ggtgcatcat


 


1801 gggcttcatc agcaaggagc gagagcgtgc cctgttgaag gaccagcagc cggggacctt


 


1861 cctgctgcgg ttcagtgaga gctcccggga aggggccatc acattcacat gggtggagcg


 


1921 gtcccagaac ggaggcgaac ctgacttcca tgcggttgaa ccctacacga agaaagaact


 


1981 ttctgctgtt actttccctg acatcattcg caattacaaa gtcatggctg ctgagaatat


 


2041 tcctgagaat cccctgaagt atctgtatcc aaatattgac aaagaccatg cctttggaaa


 


2101 gtattactcc aggccaaagg aagcaccaga gccaatggaa cttgatggcc ctaaaggaac


 


2161 tggatatatc aagactgagt tgatttctgt gtctgaagtt cacccttcta gacttcagac


 


2221 cacagacaac ctgctcccca tgtctcctga ggagtttgac gaggtgtctc ggatagtggg


 


2281 ctctgtagaa ttcgacagta tgatgaacac agtatagagc atgaattttt ttcatcttct


 


2341 ctggcgacag ttt






The polypeptide sequence of human Stat 2 is depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7. The nucleotide sequence of human Stat 2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. Sequence information related to Stat 2 is accessible in public databases by GenBank Accession numbers AAA98760 (for protein) and U18671.1 (for nucleic acid).
SEQ ID NO: 7 is the human wild type amino acid sequence corresponding to Stat2 (residues 1-851):








  1 MAQWEMLQNL DSPFQDQLHQ LYSHSLLPVD IRQYLAVWIE DQNWQEAALG SDDSKATMLF



 


 61 FHFLDQLNYE CGRCSQDPES LLLQHNLRKF CRDIQPFSQD PTQLAEMIFN LLLEEKRILI


 


121 QAQRAQLEQG EPVLETPVES QQHEIESRIL DLRAMMEKLV KSISQLKDQQ DVFCFRYKIQ


 


181 AKGKTPSLDP HQTKEQKILQ ETLNELDKRR KEVLDASKAL LGRLTTLIEL LLPKLEEWKA


 


241 QQQKACIRAP IDHGLEQLET WFTAGAKLLF HLRQLLKELK GLSCLVSYQD DPLTKGVDLR


 


301 NAQVTELLQR LLHRAFVVET QPCMPQTPHR PLILKTGSKF TVRTRLLVRL QEGNESLTVE


 


361 VSIDRNPPQL QGFRKFNILT SNQKTLTPEK GQSQGLIWDF GYLTLVEQRS GGSGKGSNKG


 


421 PLGVTEELHI ISFTVKYTYQ GLKQELKTDT LPVVIISNMN QLSIAWASVL WFNLLSPNLQ


 


481 NQQFFSNPPK APWSLLGPAL SWQFSSYVGR GLNSDQLSML RNKLFGQNCR TEDPLLSWAD


 


541 FTKRESPPGK LPFWTWLDKI LELVHDHLKD LWNDGRIMGF VSRSQERRLL KKTMSGTFLL


 


601 RFSESSEGGI TCSWVEHQDD DKVLIYSVQP YTKEVLQSLP LTEIIRHYQL LTEENIPENP


 


661 LRFLYPRIPR DEAFGCYYQE KVNLQERRKY LKHRLIVVSN RQVDELQQPL ELKPEPELES


 


721 LELELGLVPE PELSLDLEPL LKAGLDLGPE LESVLESTLE PVIEPTLCMV SQTVPEPDQG


 


781 PVSQPVPEPD LPCDLRHLNT EPMEIFRNCV KIEEIMPNGD PLLAGQNTVD EVYVSRPSHF


 


841 YTDGPLMPSD F






SEQ ID NO: 8 is the human wild type nucleotide sequence corresponding to Stat2 (nucleotides 1-18648), wherein the underscored bolded “ATG” denotes the beginning of the open reading frame:








    1 tcaagatcag cctgggcaac atggcgaaac cccgtctcta caataaatac aaaaaaatta



 


   61 tcctggcgga gttatgcacg ttgtagtccc aactacctgg gaggctgagg cgggagaatc


 


  121 acctgagcct gggaggtcga ggctgcagcg agccgagatc ggccgctgca ttccagcctg


 


  181 ggtgacagag cgagaccatg tctcaaaaaa taaaaattaa aaaaaaattg ttttcattac


 


  241 ctcagccctc ctcttcctat cccaaggcgt cgaaattccg gtcccacccc ttcccatgga


 


  301 gcccttggcg tctccaggct cctcaagcta gtttcggttc cgggctcacg cgcgggttct


 


  361 cgaaaatcag ctgtttcagt cttgggctag tccactaatt ggactcctcc cctcgtagaa


 


  421 agtgcctact tgaacttctc caccaatcgc tgaagctgca ggtgtggttt cggctcagct


 


  481 tgtcccgccc tggcggaggg gcggagttgc ggcggcgcca gtgagctcgc agtctgggaa


 


  541 gggcttgact gaatggcagc cagtgtcggg gtggcggctg ggaatggggg ccgctccgga


 


  601 cttccgctgc caactacaag ggggcgggtc cgaggggggt tagccgaagt tgtaggcggg


 


  661 gcgcgaggtt ctagtacccg agctcatact agggacggga agtcgcgacc agagccattg


 


  721 gagggcgcgg ggactgcaac cctaatcagg tacgggccct gagagggtgt gctggggtag


 


  781 gggtgggggt gagagtgaga gttcctccga gggaagggcg actggcccag gggttacccc


 


  841 ctggagaggg tagcttcctt ccccagattg aaataggagc tgtcgcctgc tcggtcctcg


 


  901 atcttcttct gtccagccta tctccctaac cctaatgccc ctctcccaaa actgccctgc


 


  961 agcttccgag acccggaatc tggcattgtt atgttggttc ggtatctgac gtttttccct


 


 1021 ctgctctgca ttatttttta tcttcaccaa aaaacgatgt tcaaagatag ataaatctaa


 


 1081 aaacaaagat agataaatct attacccttg tttcgtaaaa agtataagct actgaaagat


 


 1141 gaaacgattg cctaaggtca cacacaaaat tcagttcatt tcagaaaagc ttcttgagtg


 


 1201 caaaatatgt gcctaagaat gagagataat gagaaaaaat tgtttcagcc ccttaacctc


 


 1261 agtgtttgca atccatttgg ggagaccagg ttttttgttt ttgttttcat atttgaatct


 


 1321 ttgctgactt gctcctttaa tatcagacac ttaaatcctc agatgggact catcatattt


 


 1381 tttttgagat ggaatcttca ctatgttgct caagcttggt ctgcaactcc tggctcaagc


 


 1441 catcctctcg tcttgttggg cctctcgtct tgtgggcctg cacaaagtgc tgggattaca


 


 1501 ggcatgagcc attcatgccc tgggcgcacc ttggattgcg atgtgtgtgt gttgtgaagc


 


 1561 tttttttttt ggtatcataa aagcaataca gatacatagt tttaaaaatc aagcagctac


 


 1621 taaaagagtt aaaatgaaaa tagcccctcc caatccctcc cttgttcctg ctggaggtag


 


 1681 aaaggcagct gatgttattc atgttagtag aagactctcc caccccaagc atttctcttt


 


 1741 attttgtaat aaaatcatgt gaccttttta gaccacaaat atgcatgaat tctgttctgt


 


 1801 taggctcagg ctgcaacaag ataagtttca gtttcctaaa tagacaccag ctggcagtga


 


 1861 gcagggaaca gtggggagaa agatgcatgg gacagcctgc ttggtgacag gcaaaaaccg


 


 1921 gtttgttgtt cttttagaga cagagtcttg ctttgtcacc caggctggag tgtagtgatg


 


 1981 tgatctctgc ttactgcaac cctgcctctg ggtacaagcc attctcctgc ctcagcctct


 


 2041 tgagtagctg ggattacagg caacaatttt aagtgaagtg aagtttcagg atctcgagca


 


 2101 aagttgtata acctataatc atattcaaga ttcacaggtc ataaacgtgt catattcttg


 


 2161 ggattgagcg acccattgca cagcatttag atgtgcttct agaatggagc tcctccttcc


 


 2221 tatatggagg gcagtttata tggtgtactt acctgaccac caaaaagatt tggctctaaa


 


 2281 aaagcttcag gtggccgggc atggtggttc acccctgtaa tccagcactt tgggaggcag


 


 2341 gtgggcagat cacctgaggt cagaagttca gacagctgga catatggtga aacctcatct


 


 2401 ctactaaaaa tacaaaaatt agactgggca tggtagtggg cgcctgtaat cccagctagt


 


 2461 cgggaggctg aggcaggaga atcccttcaa ctcggacggc agagtttgca gtgaggccga


 


 2521 gatcgtgtca ctgcagtcca gcctgggtga cagagcaaga ctccatctca aaaaaagtaa


 


 2581 aaaaaaaaaa aagaaaaaaa aaagcttcag agccagcagg gatcatgctg taataaatac


 


 2641 ttaacatcaa cactgatctt taaatgcttt agcacaatca aatataaata acaaacacac


 


 2701 acataaatgc aaaataaatg aattagggag atagatgaaa taagattgtg gaaatagtaa


 


 2761 tgtttgttaa agctggatgg tgatccttgt actattcact ctactctagt gtgtatttga


 


 2821 aaattaccat taggctggtt atggtggctc atgcctgtta atcccggcat tttggaaggc


 


 2881 tgaggcaggc ggattacttg agctcaggag tttagagtct gcctgggcaa catggcaaaa


 


 2941 tcccatctct acaaaaaatt agctggcatg atggcacact cctgtagtcc cagctccttg


 


 3001 aggggctgag gcagagaatg gcttgaacct gagaggctaa agctgcagtg agccaagatc


 


 3061 atgccactgc actccagcct gggtgaccaa gtgagaccct gtctcaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa


 


 3121 aaaaagaaaa gaaaattccc attaaagcac aaaggcccac ttattgaagc tattaaaata


 


 3181 caggttgggg ccggctgggc atcgcgtcac gcctgtaatc ccagcacttt ggaaggccga


 


 3241 ggtaggcgag tcacgagttc aggagatcga gaccatcctg gctaacacgg tgaaacccca


 


 3301 tctctactaa aaatacaaaa aaaaaaatca gccgggcatg gtggcgggag cctatagtcc


 


 3361 cagctactcg ggaggctgag gcaggagaat ggcatgagcc cgggaggcgg agcttgcagt


 


 3421 gagccaaaat cacaccactg cactccagcc tgggcaacag atcgagactc catctgaaga


 


 3481 aaaaaaaaat acaggttggg accacagtgg ctcatgcctg taatcctagt actttgggag


 


 3541 tccgaagtag gtggatcacc tgaggtcagg actttgagac cagcctggcc aacatggcaa


 


 3601 aaccccatct ctactaaaaa atatacaaaa attagctggg cgtggtggtg ggtgcctgta


 


 3661 atcccagcta ctcaggaggc tgaggcagaa gaatcacaac aaccaggggg atggtggttg


 


 3721 caatgagcca agatcatctc cacttcactc cggcccaggc aaaagagtga gagtcatctt


 


 3781 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaata cagattaggc attcctaatc tgaaaaattt


 


 3841 ggctccaaaa tgctccagtc gagcatttcc tttgagtgtc atgtgggtgc tcaaaaagtt


 


 3901 agatttttgg accattttca gatttcagag ttttggatta gggatgctcg actggtaagt


 


 3961 aatcgagata ttccaaaaat ctggacaaat ctgaaatcca aaatgcttgg aatagcagat


 


 4021 actcaactgg tagcactccc tggaagaata tgcaccaaac tgatagcagt ggttaccttc


 


 4081 tggtgaggag gggaaagaac caagattagc agtaggatca acatatattt taatgttttc


 


 4141 tgtattttta ttacttgtat aatttaaaca ttttaaatta gtaataatga acaatcatga


 


 4201 aactatggat gatttagtcc agcaaaatat ccaattggga accctcatcc ttctgcagag


 


 4261 cccaaatggc gcagtgggaa atgctgcaga atcttgacag cccctttcag gatcagctgc


 


 4321 accagcttta ctcgcacagc ctcctgcctg tggacattcg acagtacttg gctgtctgga


 


 4381 ttgaagacca gaactggtga ggccttcagg aagttggggg aatgaaaaag gtggccttcc


 


 4441 acttctgggc ccccgggatc ctggaatcat taatggcagg aaggggttgg aaagcctcag


 


 4501 gactacagta acactgcaga gacactaata cttcttattc ctggtcccag gcaggaagct


 


 4561 gcacttggga gtgatgattc caaggctacc atgctattct tccacttctt ggatcagctg


 


 4621 aactatgagt gtggccgttg cagccaggac ccagagtcct tgttgctgca gcacaatttg


 


 4681 cggaaattct gccgggacat tcaggtactt ggaacggttg ggagtgatgg ggtagcactg


 


 4741 ggagcagagc atagaggagt aaggtttgga gaatagaata gtacctggag gtggcaaggg


 


 4801 agacgggaac aaatgtgggg aaaggaggac agagtctgga cttggggaat cactagcaga


 


 4861 gagaagggtt gcatatacgt gacactgttg ggaggatgct atggtgaaaa gacaaagggc


 


 4921 taagaacccc gaaggaggag gaaatactgt ggacattggt ggggagggtc tagggcaata


 


 4981 ggtcattgag agtggttgaa ttggatcaat cctttctgtt tacctttctg ttagcccttt


 


 5041 tcccaggatc ctacccagtt ggctgagatg atctttaacc tccttctgga agaaaaaaga


 


 5101 attttgatcc aggctcagag ggcccaattg gtgaggacaa ttcagtggta atgttggaaa


 


 5161 ctcctgaagt agagaggaac catggaaagg actcagggag ttgtctcaga acaggatccc


 


 5221 cccgacatcc tgtggtataa tttcaggcct gaacttaagg catgaaaggc cagagttaaa


 


 5281 acgtgctcag agcctctttt ttcaggaaca aggagagcca gttctcgaaa cacctgtgga


 


 5341 gagccagcaa catgagattg aatcccggat cctggattta agggctatga tggaggttag


 


 5401 tagatgtggt aggagttagg gttgacagtg ttcagcctaa cacctccctg agaagcagcc


 


 5461 tcatcggggt cctctcccct ctgcagaagc tggtaaaatc catcagccaa ctgaaagacc


 


 5521 agcaggatgt cttctgcttc cgatataaga tccaggccaa aggtaggaag cacattgagg


 


 5581 ggctggagaa agataagtgc ctgctgagaa gccggagctg gaagtgaaca ggagaaagct


 


 5641 ccgatgagca gtagtcactg tcagacacac cccactgact acagtcctgc tgccgtgcaa


 


 5701 agctggaatc gtgctttgtg gaggctgagc tggaggtgac agctgagaga cagtaaattg


 


 5761 ttgaggaaat gcatggaaaa ctaacagtgt tttatttgag ggggtgtctg gtccaagatg


 


 5821 accacttcag aatttgcctg gagggtccca caggtgcctg tgctttgctt ggtttccctt


 


 5881 tcttcctccg ccacaaaatt cctccttcct gactctgact gagaccccag tcaggaagga


 


 5941 gaggaaagaa cccctggact gactcctgtt cccaccatcc agggaagaca ccctctctgg


 


 6001 acccccatca gaccaaagag cagaagattc tgcaggaaac tctcaatgaa ctggacaaaa


 


 6061 ggagaaaggt gggaggcagc agaacagaac atgtgggcaa caaggacctg aaaaaatgag


 


 6121 ggatgttggg aaccctggta atctagcgct ggcttctttc tttcttcatc cccagttggg


 


 6181 tggtggaggg tgaaagggag agatgctcaa cactcacatt atctctttcc caggaggtgc


 


 6241 tggatgcctc caaagcactg ctaggccgat taactaccct aatcgagcta ctgctgccaa


 


 6301 agttggagga gtggaaggcc cagcagcaaa aagcctgcat cagagctccc attgaccacg


 


 6361 ggttggaaca gctggagaca tggtgagagg taccacccca accctcgtcc tcgccatgcg


 


 6421 ctgtgatttg taagttgcag tgccctgcat atagcaagag atactgttct ctatttgtct


 


 6481 ctgctcccca gaatagagcc ctgctccctg cctgactgca gctctattct gcctcctcag


 


 6541 cctcaccacg cagggaagcc cagaagtccc agtctccttc agggaaagga atgaattaac


 


 6601 ccacaatctg gttttgcttc ttttttttaa tcacccagaa atatatatat atgtattttt


 


 6661 tttttactgc aacgaataca atgacaagaa aggaagggaa ggaaggaagg aagagaaaat


 


 6721 tacctattac ctagcttatt aaacaaaaat ggaatcatat tgtccatact attttgaaat


 


 6781 ccatggggtt ttttttaagc ttaacagtat tttatatata tatatatata tatatatata


 


 6841 tatatatata tatatatata tatatttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt ttttgagacg


 


 6901 gagtctctct ctgttccctg gctggcggag cggagtcggc acgatctcag ctcactgcaa


 


 6961 cttccaactc ccacggttca agccaattct cctgtctcag cctcccgagc ctgggattac


 


 7021 caggcacaca ccagcctggc tagttttttt gattttttag tagagacgat gtttctccat


 


 7081 gttggccagg ctggtctcaa actcctgact tcaggtgatc cacccaactt gggctcccaa


 


 7141 agtgctggga ttacaggcgt gacgaccatg cccggccaac agtatattat atttatccat


 


 7201 gttatttctt atgtccacac aacagtcccc tatatggtgg taacataatt taattaatga


 


 7261 actcctattt tcagctattt aggttatttt caatttcttg ttaccttttg ccaggaaacg


 


 7321 tatattttat ggtaattata ttgtgttgta gaaaaatcac tagtctagtc caacttgctt


 


 7381 gaaaaatagc tactttttaa ctattttctc atttaaaaat ttattataat ttagtctttt


 


 7441 agaaatatac caggccaggc atggcgtctc atgcctgtta tcctagtact ttggaaggct


 


 7501 gaggacggag gatcacttca gtcttggggt ttgagaccag cccgggaaac ataacaagac


 


 7561 cccatctcta caaaaaaaaa aaattgtttt taattaggca tgtccgacac agtggctcac


 


 7621 acatgtggcc agcactgtgg gaaggccaag gtgggtggat cacttgaggg tcaggagttc


 


 7681 aagaccagcc tggccaatgt ggtgaaaccc catctctact aaaaatacaa aaatttgcca


 


 7741 ggtgtggtgg cgcatgcctg tattcccagc tactcaggag gctaaggcag gaaatcactt


 


 7801 gaactcggag gcagaggttg cagtgagctg tgacaatgcc actgtactcc agcctgggtg


 


 7861 acagagcgag ctccgtctca aaaaaaaaaa aaaaagatta ggcatggtgg cacacgcctg


 


 7921 tagaccctag ctactcagga ggctgaggtg ggaggattgc ttgagcccag gtgttggagg


 


 7981 ctgcagtgag ccatgattat accactgtag tccagcctgg acaacagaac gagaccctgt


 


 8041 ctctaaaagt atatatgtac acataccata atacccagct actgaggagg ctgaggcaga


 


 8101 aagagtgctt gagtccagga gtttgatgtc agcctgagca atatagcaag accctcacct


 


 8161 cttaaaaaaa tttaaagtag attaaaaaaa taccacaatt gctcaggtag attaaaaaaa


 


 8221 taccacaatt gctcaggtag attattgaaa aacaggcata tagtacttat ggtacaggac


 


 8281 cagcatgcat gcatgcatgc attgattgat tgattgattg attgattgag acagggtctc


 


 8341 tctctgtctc ccaggctgga gtgcctggcc ttaagtgatc tgcccacctt tgcttcccaa


 


 8401 agtgctgaga ttacaggtgt gagccaccat gtcagctggc gaggcttttt aaaagatagt


 


 8461 tccaagtgtt acagctcttt taggatttgt ctagcaggct ttcaggtttt tgccagaaac


 


 8521 cacccccacc cccaccaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaagata tgtacaagtt cccagatagt


 


 8581 gttcccaact gaatctattt ctcatgtgta gtgtatggtt gttttcctgt caccacattg


 


 8641 ctgattatta ttatttttaa ttatagagac agtaaagtac agtagttaaa aatgtgagtt


 


 8701 ggggctgggt gcagtggctc acacctgtaa tcccagcact ttgggaggcc aaggtgggcg


 


 8761 gatcacctga ggtcaggagt tcaagaccag cttggccaac atggcaaaac cccgtctcga


 


 8821 ctaaaaatat atatatataa gttagccggg cgtggtggca acattacctg taatcccagc


 


 8881 tactcgggag gccaacaggc aggagaatct cttgaatcca ggaggtggag gttgcagtga


 


 8941 gccagatcac accattgcac tccagcctgg atgacaagag agtgagactg tctaaaaaaa


 


 9001 aaaaacaaag tgtgagttgt acaatgagac tgcctgggat cacatacaag cttcatccct


 


 9061 tactagttgt attgacccta aagcaagtca ctaacctttc tgtgccctcc agttttatca


 


 9121 tctgtaatgt ggggaaaata atagtacctg cctcagaggg ttgttttgag gattaaatgc


 


 9181 attaatatgt ggaaagggct taatataagt tgtacatagc atatgaaaac tgttatgtta


 


 9241 aatctattag cagttttata tgtgaaaata gctttgattt tcatttcttg gattatgaat


 


 9301 catgttgaat aatcctttat atgcttcctg gattcttttt ttttcttccc cccagtcagt


 


 9361 ttctgactct tctcatattt atagagagat cttggaacct ggatggggga atccaggaaa


 


 9421 ctcatggatt ccttcttcct gaattttatc acccaggttc acagctggag caaagctgtt


 


 9481 gtttcacctg aggcagctgc tgaaggagct gaagggactg agttgcctgg ttagctatca


 


 9541 ggatgaccct ctgaccaaag gggtggacct acgcaacgcc caggtcacag agttgctaca


 


 9601 gcgtctgctc cacaggtcta gaggccaggc aggaaccctg ggggaaagaa ggaacaaggg


 


 9661 aagccattct tacacatact gagctatata ttctctccac acctctctct cctcgagcct


 


 9721 ttgtggtaga aacccagccc tgcatgcccc aaactcccca tcgacccctc atcctcaaga


 


 9781 ctggcagcaa gttcaccgtc cgaacaaggt tggcattcca gaactcattc ccacttcctt


 


 9841 tttccaaccc tgccactgtg tattttctgg ctttacagct actgcccact cttggctttt


 


 9901 tcagtctttc ctgaatctcc ctacctcgtt gataccccat cgtcctcttt ttcaaacacc


 


 9961 tagcctatac aaaagccgac tccgaccaca tttccctata ccccttgact tccccaggct


 


10021 gctggtgaga ctccaggaag gcaatgagtc actgactgtg gaagtctcca ttgacaggta


 


10081 aattggagca ggtgaagggt ggccaggaca cgggctgctg gggtggagga gatactcact


 


10141 cttcacaaca gggccctagg gctatatcct tcctccttcc aatcctacct cacagaaatt


 


10201 ataattcatt tcttttgttg aacacttact ttgtgacatg cagcatgtca gctactcatt


 


10261 taattgtcac accaacccca tgaataaact attaccagtg cactgtacaa acaaagatac


 


10321 aggcttagag agactgatta catctcttct caaggccaca tagctagtga gctcaagtcg


 


10381 ggtttgaacc gaggtctgtc tgatcccaaa gacgaaactc ctaacttcca tactcttttg


 


10441 cccaatgatt ttttttaaat ttatttcttt tcaggaatcc tcctcaatta caagggtagg


 


10501 tgcttgacaa ggacactgca aacatctgta cagtgtatga cctgcagaac cgggggattt


 


10561 gggaaatgga caaagggaga tggcgagatc tgaaatggaa gtggaacttc agtttttttt


 


10621 ttttctgctg agtttttaca ataattccat tccttgtctc catgtatctt cctcctggaa


 


10681 cagcttccgg aagttcaaca ttctgacttc aaaccagaaa actttgaccc ccgagaaggg


 


10741 gcagagtcag ggtttgattt gggactttgg ttacctggta agaatagttt gtgacctatg


 


10801 cttttattac tatttttatt ttttcgagac ggagtctcac tctgtccccc aggctggagt


 


10861 gcagtggtgc catcttggct cacaggaacc tccgccctcc ccggttcaag caattcttct


 


10921 gtctcagcct cctgagtacg tagagctata ggcagcacac caccatgccc ggctaatttt


 


10981 tgtattttta gtagagatag ggtttcacca tattggtcgg gctggtctcg aactcctgac


 


11041 ctcaggtgat ccgacccgcc tcagcctccc aaagtgctgg gatcacaggc atgagccacc


 


11101 atagctggcc tgcttttagt ccaaaggaac aggggttggg ggaagttccc agggcttgag


 


11161 aggtcttgaa gccaaacagg ggttccaggg agactagggt gcccactctg gcattttctc


 


11221 tccttccctt caattcacag actctggtgg agcaacgttc aggtggttca ggaaagggca


 


11281 gcaataaggt gagatctgga cagaggactc gaggcagggg gagcttgcca aagagccttc


 


11341 tgatgactat gtctttgcct gtcccagagg ggccactagg tgtgacagag gaactgcaca


 


11401 tcatcagctt cacggtcaaa tatacctacc agggtctgaa gcaggagctg aaagtgagtg


 


11461 aaaatggagg gcaaggagag agaaagcagc tttggaagaa ggcataagaa ggggataaac


 


11521 agaagcctct tggggagggt tagcactcct ttcctctaac aaatacctgc agctagaaac


 


11581 atcacatccc tctctgtgac tcctgtcttc tccccacaca cggacaccct ccctgtggtg


 


11641 attatttcca acatgaacca gctctcaatt gcctgggctt cagttctctg gttcaatttg


 


11701 ctcagcccaa accttcaggt aggggagtgg ggccgacagg tcccggcgcg agagcagggg


 


11761 tgtggaagct tggtgtgata ggttgcttct gagccagcct acactgctcc cacccctgca


 


11821 gaaccagcag ttcttctcca acccccccaa ggccccctgg agcttgctgg gccctgctct


 


11881 cagttggcag ttctcctcct atgttggccg aggcctcaac tcagaccagc tgagcatgct


 


11941 gagaaacaag ctgttcggta cagatttcct tttctctcag cctttcccca gccttagtct


 


12001 tttctgtccc tctgtcctat ctatcccagg acccctggct tccctcacat atctgtggct


 


12061 atctgtccca cagggcagaa ctgtaggact gaggatccat tattgtcctg ggctgacttc


 


12121 actaaggtaa ctccctgaat cctgtggagc tgctggatct agccccacat tccaaatact


 


12181 ggccttccca cgtgccctcc ttccctacac cagaggcaac tcctcagctt ttgctacctt


 


12241 tccattcctc cagcgagaga gccctcctgg caagttacca ttctggacat ggctggacaa


 


12301 aattctggag ttggtacatg accacctgaa ggatctctgg aatgatgggt aaggccttgg


 


12361 tcacccttcc ctcatgggct tgtgcttccg ggcttgagag tggagtctct gcaccctcac


 


12421 gtggcaagca gggagagaga gcaaagcacg gtgcaggcca cgtctcctca catttgttaa


 


12481 gaataataag gccgggtgtg gtggctcaca cctgtaatcc cagcactttg ggaggccgag


 


12541 gcgggcggat catgaggtca ggagatcgag accatcctgg ctaacacggt gaaaccccgt


 


12601 ctctactcta aaaatacaaa aaattagccg ggcgtggagg cagacaccct gtagtcccag


 


12661 ctactcagga ggctgaggca ggaaaatggc gtgaacctgg gagatggagc ttgcagtgag


 


12721 ccgagattgc gtcactgccc tccagccttg gggtgacgta gcaagactcc gtctcaaaaa


 


12781 aaaaaaaaaa aaacaaccaa taatagccat aaacagtgtt tttgtgaagc actcctacat


 


12841 tccagagctt gatgggtgct cttcattaat tctctcatct catccttaca accatgctga


 


12901 gtggtgggtt ttgccagctt catttcatgt gaggaaactg agtttcagag aagttaaaga


 


12961 acttacccaa gggacacagt tgatattcaa atccaggcct atgtgactcc aagcccatgc


 


13021 tctttccacc acactgccta ccaacttgtg tagcatttgg cttttaaaag tgctattcat


 


13081 gaccaggcac gatggctcac gccttgtaat cccagcattt tgggaggccg aggtgggtgg


 


13141 atcacctgag gtcaggagtt tgagaccagc ctggccaaca tggcgaaacc ccatctctat


 


13201 taaaaataca aaaattagcc gggtgtggtg gtgggcgcct gtaatcccag ctactcagga


 


13261 ggctgaggag gagaatcgct tgaatttagg agagaaggtt acagtgagcc aagatcgtgc


 


13321 cattgcactc cagcctgggt gacagagcaa gactctgtct caaaacaaaa ccaaaaaaaa


 


13381 gtgctatttg tggccaggcg tggttgctca tgcctgtaat cctagcattt ttggggaggc


 


13441 tgaggagtac agatcacttg agcccaggag ttcaaaacta ccctgggcca cgtggtgaaa


 


13501 ccccaaaccc cgtctctacg aaaaatacaa aagttagcca ggatgggtgg tgtgcacctg


 


13561 tggtcccagc tactctggag gctgagaggt ggggaagatt gcttgagccc gggaggtcga


 


13621 ggtggcagtg agctgtgatc atgccactat tctccagcct gggtgacaga atacaccctg


 


13681 tctccctgtc tcccagaaaa aaaaaaaagt gctgttcatc tgtgtgatct cactgaatct


 


13741 tcgtacttca aaccctcgga aggtggctat tgtcagcaaa gtgaagtgac ttgtaaaaga


 


13801 taaaaaaaag ctaagtggca gggcttggtc caaagcctgg attccaaacc tgggctgttt


 


13861 ctccatacaa ggggagcagg gaggcagggg cctggggggg cagggtgttg ggcggtgtca


 


13921 cacgtgacac actgtgctcc agacgcatca tgggctttgt gagtcggagc caggagcgcc


 


13981 ggctgctgaa gaagaccatg tctggcacct ttctactgcg cttcagtgaa tcgtcagaag


 


14041 ggggcattac ctgctcctgg gtggagcacc aggatgatgg tagctgctct gccctgccat


 


14101 tcccacagcc tctcctttct gcctggctct cctctggccc ctctgcctgc cttgcttcgc


 


14161 tggctctgaa ctgaatgctc agtggtttgg gactgggcag ccagagagtc agagagctcc


 


14221 aaggcccggc ctcttccctc aagcccgcct gttcctgcat tcactctcca gacaaggtgc


 


14281 tcatctactc tgtgcaaccg tacacgaagg aggtgctgca gtcactcccg ctgactgaaa


 


14341 tcatccgcca ttaccagttg ctcactgagg agaatatacc tgaaaaccca ctgcgcttcc


 


14401 tctatccccg aatcccccgg gatgaagctt ttgggtgcta ctaccaggag aaaggtggga


 


14461 atcgttgaca tacttcattg ctagattgca gagatctacc agacatccat agatcccact


 


14521 ccttccttta aagcatggga aaactgatat ctagaggaat taagggattc gtccatggga


 


14581 tactgctggt tactatgggg atgagactgc caggaccatc tgcactaggg gaaaacctca


 


14641 ggctatatgt ctggcccact gatcttctct gcttcttgta tatgttcctc acagttaatc


 


14701 tccaggaacg gaggaaatac ctgaaacaca ggctcattgt ggtctctaat agagtgagat


 


14761 atgaactgtt cattcatcct ccctaatcct tattggctct gcttcagtga atcgtcaaaa


 


14821 gggggcatta ccttctcctg ggtggagcac caggatgatg gtcagctgct ctgccctgcc


 


14881 attcccacag cctctccttt ctgccttctc ctaagctgcc cctattccag tctccccagc


 


14941 cttccctccc tcctagcccc actctagttt tttctggttc tagtctctcc tatctcatat


 


15001 ttttctgctg ccatccttag gttgtctcca caggggtttc tggataataa tgatcataat


 


15061 cactggtgtt aaggggtacc tacttgatgc aagcatggag cttttttttt ttccagacag


 


15121 ggttttgttc tgtcgcccag gctggagtgc agtggtgtga tcctggctca ctgcagcctc


 


15181 gacctcctga gctcaagcaa tacaggcatg catcaccaaa ctcagctaat tttttttgta


 


15241 ttttttgtag agatggggtc ttaccatgtt gacgcatcag gctgttctga actcctggac


 


15301 tcaagcaatc cacccacctt ggcctcccaa aagtcaggga ttacaggcgt gcgaccacac


 


15361 cccgcatata tatatttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttgagac agggtctctg


 


15421 ttatccaggc tggagttgca gtggataata tgactacgag ccttgaccta ggggttgaag


 


15481 caatgctcct gcctcagcca ccaagtgctg agactacagg cacacgccaa tctacactca


 


15541 atcacactca gctaattttt taaatttttt gtagggatgg ggtatcactg tgtttgccca


 


15601 ggctggtctt gaactcctgg cctcaagcag tctcctgcct tggcctccca aattgccggg


 


15661 attgtaggaa tgagccatgg cacttggctg ggggatagaa tttttttttt tttttttttt


 


15721 tttttttttt ttgagacagt ctcactctca ttgcccgggc tggagtgcag tggtgcaatt


 


15781 tcagctcact gcaacctctg cctcccaggc tcaagcaatt ctcctgcctc agcctataga


 


15841 gtagctggga ttacaggcga gcgccaccca tgcctggtta atttttgttt tttttttgag


 


15901 acagagtctc gccctgttgc ccaggctgga gtgcagtggc acgatctcag ctcactgcaa


 


15961 cctctgcctc ccaggctcaa gcaattctcc tgcctcagcc tcctgagtac tgggactaca


 


16021 agcgcgcaca accaccacac ctggtaattt ttgtattttt agtagagaca gggttttacc


 


16081 atattggcca ggctggtctc aaactcctga cctcatgatc cgacccacct tggcctccca


 


16141 aagtgcaggg attacaggcg tgagcctctg cacccggcct aacttttgta tttttagtag


 


16201 aaacagggtt tcaccatgtt ggccaggctg gtcatgagct cctggcctca agtgatctgc


 


16261 ccgcctcagc ctcccaaagt gcttggatta caggtgtgag ccacctggcc tgagagttta


 


16321 ttatgcgcca ggcactaggc aaatggtttg catttatttt ctcattttat tgaatctaca


 


16381 aaatagtcct gtgaagtaaa cactgttact gttttcagct aaggaactgg atttagagta


 


16441 gtcaagtttt gtacctaagg tacgtggcta atgatacagg tctgttagat tccgtagccc


 


16501 tgattttaac caccctactg cctctcaaga attactaggt attgttctca tttatagatg


 


16561 ataaatctga ggctcagaaa agttaggcca cttgcctaag gtcccccagc caggattcaa


 


16621 actccaggag gcctgattcc aaacccatgc tctttagccc tccgccctac tgccttctta


 


16681 gactagcttc tgcttattct accattcctg atttcatttg aaccactgag ccctgcccct


 


16741 ttgtctgtct ttgggtatcc aggcaggtgg atgaactgca acaaccgctg gagcttaagc


 


16801 cagagccaga gctggagtca ttagagctgg aactagggct ggtgccagag ccagagctca


 


16861 gcctggactt agagccactg ctgaaggcag ggctggatct ggggccagag ctagagtctg


 


16921 tgctggagtc cactctggag cctgtgatag agcccacact atgcatggta tcacaaacag


 


16981 tgccagagcc agaccaagga cctgtatcac agccagtgcc agagccagat ttgccctgtg


 


17041 atctgagaca tttgaacact gagccaatgg aaagtaagtg atgagatgga gtggcacaca


 


17101 ttccctttcc tacctcttct ccctctccca ttacagaaaa agctgaactc caagctcctc


 


17161 attggagaga ggtccatctg tgattccttt ttttaggaat tacacatgcc ttcccccacc


 


17221 tccctgctct ttcatcccac aagttcccac tcaggctctt cccaggcctt tcctgccatc


 


17281 ctccctccct tgggctgctg ggttgggaac tcctaactaa gatcggggcc tcacttttct


 


17341 ctctggatta cctagtcttc agaaactgtg taaagattga agaaatcatg ccgaatggtg


 


17401 acccactgtt ggctggccag aacaccgtgg atgaggttta cgtctcccgc cccagccact


 


17461 tctacactga tggacccttg atgccttctg acttctagga accacatttc ctctgttctt


 


17521 ttcatatctc tttgcccttc ctactcctca tagcatgata ttgttctcca aggatgggaa


 


17581 tcaggcatgt gtcccttcca agctgtgtta actgttcaaa ctcaggcctg tgtgactcca


 


17641 ttggggtgag aggtgaaagc ataacatggg tacagagggg acaacaatga atcagaacag


 


17701 atgctgagcc ataggtctaa ataggatcct ggaggctgcc tgctgtgctg ggaggtatag


 


17761 gggtcctggg ggcaggccag ggcagttgac aggtacttgg agggctcagg gcagtggctt


 


17821 ctttccagta tggaaggatt tcaacatttt aatagttggt taggctaaac tggtgcatac


 


17881 tggcattggc cttggtgggg agcacagaca caggatagga ctccatttct ttcttccatt


 


17941 ccttcatgtc taggataact tgctttcttc tttcctttac tcctggctca agccctgaat


 


18001 ttcttctttt cctgcagggg ttgagagctt tctgccttag cctaccatgt gaaactctac


 


18061 cctgaagaaa gggatggata ggaagtagac ctctttttct taccagtctc ctcccctact


 


18121 ctgcccccta agctggctgt acctgttcct cccccataaa atgatcctgc caatctaatg


 


18181 tgagtgtgaa gtttgcacac tagtttatgc tacctagtct ccactttctc aatgcttagg


 


18241 agacagatca ctcctggagg ctggggatgg taggattgct ggggattttt ttttttttaa


 


18301 agagggtctc actctgttgc ccaggctaga gtgcaatggt gcaatcacag ctcactgcag


 


18361 cctcaacctc ctgggttcaa gcaatcctcc tacctcagcc tcctgggtag ctagcaccat


 


18421 ggcatcgcca ccatgcccta tttttttttt ttaaagacag ggtcttgcta tattgcccag


 


18481 gctggtcttg aactgggctc aagtgatcct cacgccttgc ctcccaaagt gctgggatta


 


18541 taggcatgag ccactgtgct tggccaggat tttttttttt ttttttttga gatggagttt


 


18601 ctctcttgtt gtccaggctg gagtgcaatg gtgtgatccg gggaattc






Protein variants can include amino acid sequence modifications. For example, amino acid sequence modifications fall into one or more of three classes: substitutional, insertional or deletional variants. Insertions can include amino and/or carboxyl terminal fusions as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Insertions ordinarily will be smaller insertions than those of amino or carboxyl terminal fusions, for example, on the order of one to four residues. Deletions are characterized by the removal of one or more amino acid residues from the protein sequence. These variants ordinarily are prepared by site-specific mutagenesis of nucleotides in the DNA encoding the protein, thereby producing DNA encoding the variant, and thereafter expressing the DNA in recombinant cell culture.
Nucleic acid sequences comprising a gene, such as a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 gene, that encodes a polypeptide can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods known in the art. Alternatively, a polypeptide, such as a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2, can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 polypeptides can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.
As used herein, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 “molecule” can be a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide that exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity, or a polypeptide or peptidomimetic that exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity. For example, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can include the human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein, or a variant thereof, such as a fragment thereof, that exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity. Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity can encompass signaling events by way of type I cytokine receptors (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21) that use the common gamma chain (γc). For example, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity can be a signal transduced in response to its activation via tyrosine phosphorylation by interleukin receptors.
The nucleic acid can be any type of nucleic acid, including genomic DNA, complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic or semi-synthetic DNA, as well as any form of corresponding RNA. For example, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can comprise a recombinant nucleic acid encoding human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein. In one embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can comprise a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid created artificially (such as by assembling, cutting, ligating or amplifying sequences). A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can be double-stranded. A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can be single-stranded. The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 molecules of the invention can be obtained from various sources and can be produced according to various techniques known in the art. For example, a nucleic acid that is a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can be obtained by screening DNA libraries, or by amplification from a natural source. The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 molecules can be produced via recombinant DNA technology and such recombinant nucleic acids can be prepared by conventional techniques, including chemical synthesis, genetic engineering, enzymatic techniques, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule that is a nucleic acid. Another example of a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule is a fragment of a nucleic acid, wherein the fragment exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity. A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule of this invention also encompasses variants of the human nucleic acid encoding the Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein, or variants of the human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 proteins that exhibit Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity. A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can also include a fragment of the human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide that exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity. A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can encompass a fragment of the human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein that exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2 activity.
A Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can also encompass Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 ortholog genes, which are genes conserved among different biological species such as humans, dogs, cats, mice, and rats, that encode proteins (for example, homologs (including splice variants), mutants, and derivatives) having biologically equivalent functions as the human-derived protein (such as a Jak3 protein). Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 orthologs include any mammalian ortholog of Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 inclusive of the ortholog in humans and other primates, experimental mammals (such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs), mammals of commercial significance (such as horses, cows, camels, pigs and sheep), and also companion mammals (such as domestic animals, e.g., rabbits, ferrets, dogs, and cats).
The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and Stat 2 variants can comprise, for instance, naturally-occurring variants due to allelic variations between individuals (e.g., polymorphisms), mutated alleles related to alopecia areata, or alternative splicing forms. In one embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule is a nucleic acid variant of the nucleic acid having the sequence shown in herein, wherein the variant has a nucleotide sequence identity to a corresponding sequence disclosed herein of about 65%, about 75%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In one embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule encompasses any portion of about 8 consecutive nucleotides of a corresponding sequence disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the fragment can comprise about 15 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides, or about 30 nucleotides of a corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments include all possible nucleotide lengths between about 8 and 100 nucleotides, for example, lengths between about 15 and 100, or between about 20 and 100.
The invention further provides for nucleic acids that are complementary to a nucleic acid encoding a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein. Such complementary nucleic acids can comprise nucleic acid sequences, which hybridize to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein under stringent hybridization conditions. Non-limiting examples of stringent hybridization conditions include temperatures above 30° C., above 35° C., in excess of 42° C., and/or salinity of less than about 500 mM, or less than 200 mM. Hybridization conditions can be adjusted by the skilled artisan via modifying the temperature, salinity and/or the concentration of other reagents such as SDS or SSC.
In one embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule comprises a protein or polypeptide encoded by a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 nucleic acid sequence, such as the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the polypeptide can be modified, such as by glycosylations and/or acetylations and/or chemical reaction or coupling, and can contain one or several non-natural or synthetic amino acids. An example of a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence disclosed herein. In another embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can be a fragment of a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein. For example, the Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule can encompass any portion of about 8 consecutive amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. The fragment can comprise about 10 amino acids, a least about 20 amino acids, about 30 amino acids, about 40 amino acids, a least about 50 amino acids, about 60 amino acids, or about 75 amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between about 8 and 100 about amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and 100 amino acids, between about 15 and 100 amino acids, between about 20 and 100 amino acids, between about 35 and 100 amino acids, between about 40 and 100 amino acids, between about 50 and 100 amino acids, between about 70 and 100 amino acids, between about 75 and 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and 100 amino acids.
In certain embodiments, the Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule includes variants of the human Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein (comprising the corresponding sequence disclosed herein). Such variants can include those having at least from about 46% to about 50% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 50.1% to about 55% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 55.1% to about 60% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, or having from about 60.1% to about 65% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having from about 65.1% to about 70% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 70.1% to about 75% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 75.1% to about 80% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 80.1% to about 85% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 85.1% to about 90% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 90.1% to about 95% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 95.1% to about 97% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, or having at least from about 97.1% to about 99% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein.
Techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence are well known, for example M13 primer mutagenesis and PCR mutagenesis. Amino acid substitutions can be single residues, but can occur at a number of different locations at once. In one non-limiting embodiment, insertions can be on the order of about from 1 to about 10 amino acid residues, while deletions can range from about 1 to about 30 residues. Deletions or insertions can be made in adjacent pairs (for example, a deletion of about 2 residues or insertion of about 2 residues). Substitutions, deletions, insertions, or any combination thereof can be combined to arrive at a final construct. The mutations cannot place the sequence out of reading frame and should not create complementary regions that can produce secondary mRNA structure. Substitutional variants are those in which at least one residue has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place.
Substantial changes in function or immunological identity are made by selecting residues that differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site or (c) the bulk of the side chain. The substitutions that can produce the greatest changes in the protein properties will be those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, e.g. seryl or threonyl, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g. leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl; (b) a cysteine or proline is substituted for (or by) any other residue; (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g., lysyl, arginyl, or histidyl, is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e.g., glutamyl or aspartyl; or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g., phenylalanine, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain, e.g., glycine, in this case, (e) by increasing the number of sites for sulfation and/or glycosylation.
There can be minor variations in the amino acid sequences of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein for each of Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, and/or Stat 2. The variations in the amino acid sequence can be when the sequence maintains about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99% identity to the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. For example, conservative amino acid replacements can be utilized. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains, wherein the interchangeability of residues have similar side chains.
Genetically encoded amino acids are generally divided into families: (1) acidic amino acids are aspartate, glutamate; (2) basic amino acids are lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar amino acids are alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, and (4) uncharged polar amino acids are glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. The hydrophilic amino acids include arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamate, histidine, lysine, serine, and threonine. The hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. Other families of amino acids include (i) a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains, such as serine and threonine; (ii) a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains, such as asparagine and glutamine; (iii) a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; (iv) a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; and (v) a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains, such as cysteine and methionine. Useful conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine valine, glutamic-aspartic, and asparagine-glutamine.
For example, the replacement of one amino acid residue with another that is biologically and/or chemically similar is known to those skilled in the art as a conservative substitution. For example, a conservative substitution would be replacing one hydrophobic residue for another, or one polar residue for another. The substitutions include combinations such as, for example, Gly, Ala; Val, Ile, Leu; Asp, Glu; Asn, Gln; Ser, Thr; Lys, Arg; and Phe, Tyr. Substitutional or deletional mutagenesis can be employed to insert sites for N-glycosylation (Asn-X-Thr/Ser) or O-glycosylation (Ser or Thr). Deletions of cysteine or other labile residues also can be desirable. Deletions or substitutions of potential proteolysis sites, e.g. Arg, is accomplished for example by deleting one of the basic residues or substituting one by glutaminyl or histidyl residues.
In another embodiment, the Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule encompasses a peptidomimetic which exhibits Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 activity. A peptidomimetic is a small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide that can arise from modification of an existing peptide in order to protect that molecule from enzyme degradation and increase its stability, and/or alter the molecule's properties (e.g., modifications that change the molecule's stability or biological activity). These modifications involve changes to the peptide that cannot occur naturally (such as altered backbones and the incorporation of non-natural amino acids). Drug-like compounds can be developed from existing peptides. A peptidomimetic can be a peptide, partial peptide, or non-peptide molecule that mimics the tertiary binding structure or activity of a selected native peptide or protein functional domain (e.g., binding motif or active site). These peptide mimetics include recombinantly or chemically modified peptides.
In one embodiment, a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule comprising the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, variants of such, or fragments thereof, can be modified to produce peptide mimetics by replacement of one or more naturally occurring side chains of the 20 genetically encoded amino acids (or D amino acids) with other side chains. This can occur, for instance, with groups such as alkyl, lower alkyl, cyclic 4-, 5-, 6-, to 7-membered alkyl, amide, amide lower alkyl, amide di(lower alkyl), lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy and the lower ester derivatives thereof, and with 4, 5-, 6-, to 7-membered heterocyclics. For example, proline analogs can be made in which the ring size of the proline residue is changed from 5 members to 4, 6, or 7 members. Cyclic groups can be saturated or unsaturated, and if unsaturated, can be aromatic or non-aromatic. Heterocyclic groups can contain one or more nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulphur heteroatoms. Examples of such groups include the furazanyl, ifuryl, imidazolidinyl imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl (e.g. morpholino), oxazolyl, piperazinyl (e.g. 1-piperazinyl), piperidyl (e.g. 1-piperidyl, piperidino), pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl (e.g. 1-pyrrolidinyl), pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiomorpholinyl (e.g. thiomorpholino), and triazolyl. These heterocyclic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Where a group is substituted, the substituent can be alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, oxygen, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. Peptidomimetics can also have amino acid residues that have been chemically modified by phosphorylation, sulfonation, biotinylation, or the addition or removal of other moieties. For example, peptidomimetics can be designed and directed to amino acid sequences encoded by a Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 molecule comprising the corresponding sequence disclosed herein.
A variety of techniques are available for constructing peptide mimetics with the same or similar desired biological activity as the corresponding native but with more favorable activity than the peptide with respect to solubility, stability, and/or susceptibility to hydrolysis or proteolysis (see, e.g., Morgan & Gainor, Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 24, 243-252, 1989). Certain peptidomimetic compounds are based upon the amino acid sequence of the peptides of the invention. Peptidomimetic compounds can be synthetic compounds having a three-dimensional structure (i.e. a peptide motif) based upon the three-dimensional structure of a selected peptide. The peptide motif provides the peptidomimetic compound with the desired biological activity, wherein the binding activity of the mimetic compound is not substantially reduced, and is often the same as or greater than the activity of the native peptide on which the mimetic is modeled. Peptidomimetic compounds can have additional characteristics that enhance their therapeutic application, such as increased cell permeability, greater affinity and/or avidity and prolonged biological half-life. Peptidomimetic design strategies are readily available in the art (see, e.g., Ripka & Rich (1998) Curr. Op. Chem. Biol. 2:441-452; Hruby et al. (1997) Curr. Op. Chem. Biol. 1:114-119; Hruby & Balse, (2000) Curr. Med. Chem. 9:945-970).
Cell Transfection
A eukaryotic expression vector can be used to transfect cells in order to produce proteins encoded by nucleotide sequences of the vector. Mammalian cells (such as isolated cells from the hair bulb; for example dermal sheath cells and dermal papilla cells) can contain an expression vector (for example, one that contains a gene encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide) via introducing the expression vector into an appropriate host cell via methods known in the art.
A host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed polypeptide encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post-translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.
An exogenous nucleic acid can be introduced into a cell via a variety of techniques known in the art, such as lipofection, microinjection, calcium phosphate or calcium chloride precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, or electroporation. Electroporation is carried out at approximate voltage and capacitance to result in entry of the DNA construct(s) into cells of interest (such as cells of the end bulb of a hair follicle, for example dermal papilla cells or dermal sheath cells). Other transfection methods also include modified calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene precipitation, liposome fusion, and receptor-mediated gene delivery.
Cells that will be genetically engineered can be primary and secondary cells obtained from various tissues, and include cell types which can be maintained and propagated in culture. Non-limiting examples of primary and secondary cells include epithelial cells (for example, dermal papilla cells, hair follicle cells, inner root sheath cells, outer root sheath cells, sebaceous gland cells, epidermal matrix cells), neural cells, endothelial cells, glial cells, fibroblasts, muscle cells (such as myoblasts) keratinocytes, formed elements of the blood (e.g., lymphocytes, bone marrow cells), and precursors of these somatic cell types.
Vertebrate tissue can be obtained by methods known to one skilled in the art, such a punch biopsy or other surgical methods of obtaining a tissue source of the primary cell type of interest. In one embodiment, a punch biopsy or removal can be used to obtain a source of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, or mesenchymal cells (for example, hair follicle cells or dermal papilla cells). In another embodiment, removal of a hair follicle can be used to obtain a source of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, or mesenchymal cells (for example, hair follicle cells or dermal papilla cells). A mixture of primary cells can be obtained from the tissue, using methods readily practiced in the art, such as explanting or enzymatic digestion (for examples using enzymes such as pronase, trypsin, collagenase, elastase dispase, and chymotrypsin). Biopsy methods have also been described in United States Patent Application Publication 2004/0057937 and PCT application publication WO 2001/32840, and are hereby incorporated by reference.
Primary cells can be acquired from the individual to whom the genetically engineered primary or secondary cells are administered. However, primary cells can also be obtained from a donor, other than the recipient, of the same species. The cells can also be obtained from another species (for example, rabbit, cat, mouse, rat, sheep, goat, dog, horse, cow, bird, or pig). Primary cells can also include cells from an isolated vertebrate tissue source grown attached to a tissue culture substrate (for example, flask or dish) or grown in a suspension; cells present in an explant derived from tissue; both of the aforementioned cell types plated for the first time; and cell culture suspensions derived from these plated cells. Secondary cells can be plated primary cells that are removed from the culture substrate and replated, or passaged, in addition to cells from the subsequent passages. Secondary cells can be passaged one or more times. These primary or secondary cells can contain expression vectors having a gene that encodes a protein of interest (for example, a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat1 or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide).
Cell Culturing
Various culturing parameters can be used with respect to the host cell being cultured. Appropriate culture conditions for mammalian cells are well known in the art (Cleveland W L, et al., J Immunol Methods, 1983, 56(2): 221-234) or can be determined by the skilled artisan (see, for example, Animal Cell Culture: A Practical Approach 2nd Ed., Rickwood, D. and Hames, B. D., eds. (Oxford University Press: New York, 1992)). Cell culturing conditions can vary according to the type of host cell selected. Commercially available medium can be utilized. Non-limiting examples of medium include, for example, Minimal Essential Medium (MEM, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.); Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM, Sigma); Ham's F10 Medium (Sigma); HyClone cell culture medium (HyClone, Logan, Utah); RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma); and chemically-defined (CD) media, which are formulated for various cell types, e.g., CD-CHO Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
The cell culture media can be supplemented as necessary with supplementary components or ingredients, including optional components, in appropriate concentrations or amounts, as necessary or desired. Cell culture medium solutions provide at least one component from one or more of the following categories: (1) an energy source, usually in the form of a carbohydrate such as glucose; (2) all essential amino acids, and usually the basic set of twenty amino acids plus cysteine; (3) vitamins and/or other organic compounds required at low concentrations; (4) free fatty acids or lipids, for example linoleic acid; and (5) trace elements, where trace elements are defined as inorganic compounds or naturally occurring elements that can be required at very low concentrations, usually in the micromolar range.
The medium also can be supplemented electively with one or more components from any of the following categories: (1) salts, for example, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate; (2) hormones and other growth factors such as, serum, insulin, transferrin, and epidermal growth factor; (3) protein and tissue hydrolysates, for example peptone or peptone mixtures which can be obtained from purified gelatin, plant material, or animal byproducts; (4) nucleosides and bases such as, adenosine, thymidine, and hypoxanthine; (5) buffers, such as HEPES; (6) antibiotics, such as gentamycin or ampicillin; (7) cell protective agents, for example pluronic polyol; and (8) galactose. In one embodiment, soluble factors can be added to the culturing medium.
The mammalian cell culture that can be used with the present invention is prepared in a medium suitable for the type of cell being cultured. In one embodiment, the cell culture medium can be any one of those previously discussed (for example, MEM) that is supplemented with serum from a mammalian source (for example, fetal bovine serum (FBS)). In another embodiment, the medium can be a conditioned medium to sustain the growth of epithelial cells or cells obtained from the hair bulb of a hair follicle (such as dermal papilla cells or dermal sheath cells). For example, epithelial cells can be cultured according to Barnes and Mather in Animal Cell Culture Methods (Academic Press, 1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In a further embodiment, epithelial cells or hair follicle cells can be transfected with DNA vectors containing genes that encode a polypeptide or protein of interest (for example, a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide). In other embodiments of the invention, cells are grown in a suspension culture (for example, a three-dimensional culture such as a hanging drop culture) in the presence of an effective amount of enzyme, wherein the enzyme substrate is an extracellular matrix molecule in the suspension culture. For example, the enzyme can be a hyaluronidase. Epithelial cells or hair follicle cells can be cultivated according to methods practiced in the art, for example, as those described in PCT application publication WO 2004/044188 and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0272150, or as described by Harris in Handbook in Practical Animal Cell Biology: Epithelial Cell Culture (Cambridge Univ. Press, Great Britain; 1996; see Chapter 8), which are hereby incorporated by reference.
A suspension culture is a type of culture wherein cells, or aggregates of cells (such as aggregates of DP cells), multiply while suspended in liquid medium. A suspension culture comprising mammalian cells can be used for the maintenance of cell types that do not adhere or to enable cells to manifest specific cellular characteristics that are not seen in the adherent form. Some types of suspension cultures can include three-dimensional cultures or a hanging drop culture. A hanging-drop culture is a culture in which the material to be cultivated is inoculated into a drop of fluid attached to a flat surface (such as a coverglass, glass slide, Petri dish, flask, and the like), and can be inverted over a hollow surface. Cells in a hanging drop can aggregate toward the hanging center of a drop as a result of gravity. However, according to the methods of the invention, cells cultured in the presence of a protein that degrades the extracellular matrix (such as collagenase, chondroitinase, hyaluronidase, and the like) will become more compact and aggregated within the hanging drop culture, for degradation of the ECM will allow cells to become closer in proximity to one another since less of the ECM will be present. See also International PCT Publication No. WO2007/100870, which is incorporated by reference.
Cells obtained from the hair bulb of a hair follicle (such as dermal papilla cells or dermal sheath cells) can be cultured as a single, homogenous population (for example, comprising DP cells) in a hanging drop culture so as to generate an aggregate of DP cells. Cells can also be cultured as a heterogeneous population (for example, comprising DP and DS cells) in a hanging drop culture so as to generate a chimeric aggregate of DP and DS cells. Epithelial cells can be cultured as a monolayer to confluency as practiced in the art. Such culturing methods can be carried out essentially according to methods described in Chapter 8 of the Handbook in Practical Animal Cell Biology: Epithelial Cell Culture (Cambridge Univ. Press, Great Britain; 1996); Underhill C B, J Invest Dermatol, 1993, 101(6):820-6); in Armstrong and Armstrong, (1990) J Cell Biol 110:1439-55; or in Animal Cell Culture Methods (Academic Press, 1998), which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Three-dimensional cultures can be formed from agar (such as Gey's Agar), hydrogels (such as matrigel, agarose, and the like; Lee et al., (2004) Biomaterials 25: 2461-2466) or polymers that are cross-linked. These polymers can comprise natural polymers and their derivatives, synthetic polymers and their derivatives, or a combination thereof. Natural polymers can be anionic polymers, cationic polymers, amphipathic polymers, or neutral polymers. Non-limiting examples of anionic polymers can include hyaluronic acid, alginic acid (alginate), carageenan, chondroitin sulfate, dextran sulfate, and pectin. Some examples of cationic polymers, include but are not limited to, chitosan or polylysine. (Peppas et al., (2006) Adv Mater. 18: 1345-60; Hoffman, A. S., (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 43: 3-12; Hoffman, A. S., (2001) Ann NY Acad Sci 944: 62-73). Examples of amphipathic polymers can include, but are not limited to collagen, gelatin, fibrin, and carboxymethyl chitin. Non-limiting examples of neutral polymers can include dextran, agarose, or pullulan. (Peppas et al., (2006) Adv Mater. 18: 1345-60; Hoffman, A. S., (2002) Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 43: 3-12; Hoffman, A. S., (2001) Ann NY Acad Sci 944: 62-73).
Cells suitable for culturing according to methods of the invention can harbor introduced expression vectors, such as plasmids. The expression vector constructs can be introduced via transformation, microinjection, transfection, lipofection, electroporation, or infection. The expression vectors can contain coding sequences, or portions thereof, encoding the proteins for expression and production. Expression vectors containing sequences encoding the produced proteins and polypeptides, as well as the appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements, can be generated using methods well known to and practiced by those skilled in the art. These methods include synthetic techniques, in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination which are described in J. Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y. and in F. M. Ausubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
Obtaining and Purifying Polypeptides
A polypeptide molecule encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 gene, or a variant thereof, can be obtained by purification from human cells expressing a protein or polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 gene via in vitro or in vivo expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide; or by direct chemical synthesis.
Detecting Polypeptide Expression.
Host cells which contain a nucleic acid encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide, and which subsequently express a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 gene, can be identified by various procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein. For example, the presence of a nucleic acid encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments of nucleic acids encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide. In one embodiment, a fragment of a nucleic acid of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 gene can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive nucleotides of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive nucleotides, at least about 15 consecutive nucleotides, at least about 20 consecutive nucleotides, or at least about 30 consecutive nucleotides of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments can include all possible nucleotide lengths between about 8 and about 100 nucleotides, for example, lengths between about 15 and about 100 nucleotides, or between about 20 and about 100 nucleotides. Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 gene to detect transformants which contain a nucleic acid encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1, or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide.
Protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of a polypeptide encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide are well established. Non-limiting examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on a polypeptide encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
Labeling and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and can be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Methods for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to nucleic acid sequences encoding a protein, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2, include, but are not limited to, oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, and/or magnetic particles.
Expression and Purification of Polypeptides.
Host cells transformed with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2, can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. Expression vectors containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2, can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble polypeptide molecules encoded by a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, or a variant thereof, through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound a polypeptide molecule encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or a variant thereof.
Other constructions can also be used to join a gene sequence encoding a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 polypeptide to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitate purification of soluble proteins. Such purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.). Including cleavable linker sequences (i.e., those specific for Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.)) between the purification domain and a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene also can be used to facilitate purification. One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene and 6 histidine (SEQ ID NO:111) residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene.
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 polypeptide can be purified from any human or non-human cell which expresses the polypeptide, including those which have been transfected with expression constructs that express a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. A purified Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be separated from other compounds which normally associate with a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods practiced in the art. Non-limiting methods include size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis.
Chemical Synthesis.
Nucleic acid sequences comprising a gene, such as a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, that encodes a polypeptide can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods known in the art. Alternatively, a polypeptide, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2, can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 polypeptides can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule. In one embodiment, a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence that comprises a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive nucleotides of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the fragment can comprise at least about 10 nucleotides, at least about 15 nucleotides, at least about 20 nucleotides, or at least about 30 nucleotides of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments include all possible nucleotide lengths between about 8 and about 100 nucleotides, for example, lengths between about 15 and about 100 nucleotides, or between about 20 and about 100 nucleotides.
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 fragment can be a fragment of a protein, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2. For example, the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 fragment can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, a least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, at least about 70 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between about 8 and 100 about amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids.
A synthetic peptide can be substantially purified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The composition of a synthetic polypeptide of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing. Additionally, any portion of an amino acid sequence comprising a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
Identifying Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 Modulating Compounds
The invention provides methods for identifying compounds which can be used for controlling and/or regulating hair growth (for example, hair density) or hair pigmentation in a subject. Since the invention has provided the identification of the genes listed herein as genes associated with a hair loss disorder, the invention also provides methods for identifying compounds that modulate the expression or activity of a gene and/or protein of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2. In addition, the invention provides methods for identifying compounds which can be used for the treatment of a hair loss disorder. The invention also provides methods for identifying compounds which can be used for the treatment of hypotrichosis (for example, hereditary hypotrichosis simplex (HHS)). Non-limiting examples of hair loss disorders include: androgenetic alopecia, Alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis. The methods can comprise the identification of test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides (such as antibodies or fragments thereof), small molecules, nucleic acids (such as siRNA or antisense RNA), or other agents) that can bind to a polypeptide molecule encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the biological activity of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or its expression, and subsequently determining whether these compounds can regulate hair growth in a subject or can have an effect on symptoms associated with the hair loss disorders in an in vivo assay (i.e., examining an increase or reduction in hair growth).
As used herein, a “Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound” refers to a compound that interacts with a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or polypeptide and modulates its activity and/or its expression. The compound can either increase the activity or expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. Conversely, the compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. The compound can be a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 agonist or a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 antagonist (e.g., a Jak1 inhibitor, a Jak2 inhibitor, a Stat1 inhibitor, or a Stat2 inhibitor). Some non-limiting examples of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds include peptides (such as peptide fragments comprising a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, or antibodies or fragments thereof), small molecules, and nucleic acids (such as siRNA or antisense RNA specific for a nucleic acid comprising a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene). Agonists of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be molecules which, when bound to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, increase or prolong the activity of the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 agonists include, but are not limited to, proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, or any other molecule which activates a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. Antagonists of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be molecules which, when bound to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein decrease the amount or the duration of the activity of the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. Antagonists include proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, small molecules, or any other molecule which decrease the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein.
The term “modulate,” as it appears herein, refers to a change in the activity or expression of a gene or protein of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2. For example, modulation can cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein.
In one embodiment, a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be a peptide fragment of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein that binds to the protein. For example, the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 polypeptide can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, at least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England). The Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 peptide fragments can be isolated from a natural source, genetically engineered, or chemically prepared. These methods are well known in the art.
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be a protein, such as an antibody (monoclonal, polyclonal, humanized, chimeric, or fully human), or a binding fragment thereof, directed against a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. An antibody fragment can be a form of an antibody other than the full-length form and includes portions or components that exist within full-length antibodies, in addition to antibody fragments that have been engineered. Antibody fragments can include, but are not limited to, single chain Fv (scFv), diabodies, Fv, and (Fab)2, triabodies, Fc, Fab, CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, combinations of CDR's, variable regions, tetrabodies, bifunctional hybrid antibodies, framework regions, constant regions, and the like (see, Maynard et al., (2000) Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2:339-76; Hudson (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:395-402). Antibodies can be obtained commercially, custom generated, or synthesized against an antigen of interest according to methods established in the art (Janeway et al., (2001) Immunobiology, 5th ed., Garland Publishing). In one embodiment, an antibody or binding fragment thereof is directed against SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7. Antibodies can be obtained commercially, custom generated, or synthesized against an antigen of interest according to methods established in the art (Janeway et al., (2001) Immunobiology, 5th ed., Garland Publishing). For example, antibodies directed to Jak 1, Jak2, Stat1, or Stat2 can be obtained commercially from Abcam, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Abnova Corp., BD Biosciences, Antigenix America Inc., etc. Human antibodies directed to either Jak1, Jak2, Stat1, or Stat2 (such as monoclonal, humanized, or chimeric antibodies) can be useful antibody therapeutics for use in humans.
Inhibition of RNA encoding a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can effectively modulate the expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene from which the RNA is transcribed. Inhibitors are selected from the group comprising: siRNA; interfering RNA or RNAi; dsRNA; RNA Polymerase III transcribed DNAs; ribozymes; and antisense nucleic acids, which can be RNA, DNA, or an artificial nucleic acid.
Antisense oligonucleotides, including antisense DNA, RNA, and DNA/RNA molecules, act to directly block the translation of mRNA by binding to targeted mRNA and preventing protein translation. For example, antisense oligonucleotides of at least about 15 bases and complementary to unique regions of the DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be synthesized, e.g., by conventional phosphodiester techniques (Dallas et al., (2006) Med. Sci. Monit. 12(4):RA67-74; Kalota et al., (2006) Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 173:173-96; Lutzelburger et al., (2006) Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 173:243-59). Antisense nucleotide sequences include, but are not limited to: morpholinos, 2′-O-methyl polynucleotides, DNA, RNA and the like.
siRNA comprises a double stranded structure containing from about 15 to about 50 base pairs, for example from about 21 to about 25 base pairs, and having a nucleotide sequence identical or nearly identical to an expressed target gene or RNA within the cell. The siRNA comprise a sense RNA strand and a complementary antisense RNA strand annealed together by standard Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. The sense strand comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is substantially identical to a nucleic acid sequence contained within the target miRNA molecule. “Substantially identical” to a target sequence contained within the target mRNA refers to a nucleic acid sequence that differs from the target sequence by about 3% or less. The sense and antisense strands of the siRNA can comprise two complementary, single-stranded RNA molecules, or can comprise a single molecule in which two complementary portions are base-paired and are covalently linked by a single-stranded “hairpin” area. See also, McMnaus and Sharp (2002) Nat Rev Genetics, 3:737-47, and Sen and Blau (2006) FASEB J., 20:1293-99, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The siRNA can be altered RNA that differs from naturally-occurring RNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and/or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations can include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the siRNA or to one or more internal nucleotides of the siRNA, or modifications that make the siRNA resistant to nuclease digestion, or the substitution of one or more nucleotides in the siRNA with deoxyribo-nucleotides. One or both strands of the siRNA can also comprise a 3′ overhang. As used herein, a 3′ overhang refers to at least one unpaired nucleotide extending from the 3′-end of a duplexed RNA strand. For example, the siRNA can comprise at least one 3′ overhang of from 1 to about 6 nucleotides (which includes ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides) in length, or from 1 to about 5 nucleotides in length, or from 1 to about 4 nucleotides in length, or from about 2 to about 4 nucleotides in length. For example, each strand of the siRNA can comprise 3′ overhangs of dithymidylic acid (“TT”) or diuridylic acid (“uu”).
siRNA can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector (for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,504 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,896, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference). Exemplary methods for producing and testing dsRNA or siRNA molecules are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0173478 to Gewirtz, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0072204 to Hannon et al., and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0018176 to Reich et al., the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
In one embodiment, an siRNA directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be generated against any one of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6 or 8. In another embodiment, an siRNA directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising a Jak1 gene can comprise any one of the sequences listed in Table 1. In another embodiment, an siRNA directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising a Stat1 gene can comprise any one of the sequences listed in Table 2. In another embodiment, an siRNA directed to a human nucleic acid sequence comprising a Jak3 gene can comprise any one of the sequences listed in Table 3.
In another embodiment, the siRNA directed to Jak1 is listed in Table 1.







TABLE 1







 siRNA SEQUENCES for Jak1


(SEQ ID NOS: 9-32, respectively,


in order of appearance)












CCACATAGCTGATCTGAAA


 



CGGGAAGCCTTAAGGAATA


 



CTGAAGAGAAGAAGATAAA


 



ACAAGAAGGATGAGGAGAA


 



CCAAGAAGACTGAGGTGAA


 



CAGAATACGCCATCAATAA


 



GCACAGAAGACGGAGGAAA


 



GCGATATATTCCAGAAACA


 



TGAGCTACTTGGAGGATAA


 



GAGTGAACACCAAGTGAAA


 



CAAGAAGGATGAGGAGAAA


 



CGGGAAGAGTGGAACAATT


 



GCATTAACAAGCAGGACAA


 



TTTGGAAAGTAGAGAAGAA


 



GGAAAGTAGAGAAGAAAAT


 



GGAACCACGCTCTGGGAAA


 



TGATTGAGAAAGAGAGATT


 



ACATTACGGTGCTGAAATA


 



GGGAAGAGTGGAACAATTT


 



AGAATATCATGGTGGAAGA


 



GGAAATGTGTGTACTAAAA


 



ATGAGAACATTGTGAAGTA


 



CACAGAAGACGGAGGAAAT


 



GCTGGTGGCTACTAAGAAA










(SEQ ID NOS: 33-58,


respectively, in


order of appearance)












TCTGAAGAGAAGAAGATAA


 



GCAAGAATGCATTGAACGA


 



AAGAAAGATTGATGGACTT


 



AAAATAAACTGAAGCGGAA


 



ATGAGGAAATGCTGGGAAT


 



AAAGAAAGATTGATGGACT


 



GGACTTAGCCCTCAAATTT


 



ACACTGGACAGCTGAATAA


 



CTGAATAAATGCAGTATCT


 



AAGAATGCATTGAACGAAT


 



CCAGTAACTTAGTGACACA


 



TTAACAAGCAGGACAACAA


 



GGGAGCAGGTGGCTGTTAA


 



AAATCGAGATCTTAAGGAA


 



GGAAATGGTATTAAGCTCA


 



CCAGAATGTTTAATGCAAT


 



GGACAAGCTTTCAGAACCT


 



ACACATAATGACAACCAAA


 



GCTTGGAGGTAGCTGGGTA


 



CAGCAGAGGAACTGTGCAT


 



CCAGAAACATTGAATAAGT


 



CTGAAATATTTGAGACTTC


 



GTACAGAATACGCCATCAA


 



GCACCGACTTTGACAACAT


 



GAGAAGAAGATAAAAGTGA


 



GGAAATTCAAAGTTGCCAA









In another embodiment, the siRNA directed to Stat 1 is listed in Table 2.







TABLE 2







 siRNA SEQUENCES for Jak1


(SEQ ID NOS: 59-81, respectively,


in order of appearance)












AGAAAGAGCTTGACAGTAA


 



AGGAATTGGAACAGAAATA


 



CAGCATAACATAAGGAAAA


 



TCAGAAATGTGAAGGACAA


 



GGCAAAGAGTGATCAGAAA


 



GCACAGTGATGTTAGACAA


 



AGTCATGGCTGCTGAGAAT


 



GTATAGAGCATGAAATCAA


 



GGTTATGTGTATAGAGCAT


 



GAAAGGAAGTAGTTCACAA


 



GATGTGAATGAGAGAAATA


 



ACAGAGAACACGAGACCAA


 



AAGATGTGAATGAGAGAAA


 



AGGACAAGGTTATGTGTAT


 



CCTGATTAATGATGAACTA


 



ACACAAAAGTGATGAACAT


 



GCAATTGAAAGAACAGAAA


 



CGAGAGCTGTCTAGGTTAA


 



GAACATGACCCTATCACAA


 



AGACAAACAGAAAGAGCTT


 



GGACAAGGTTATGTGTATA


 



TGACAATAAGAGAAAGGAA


 



GGAAGTAGTTCACAAAATA










(SEQ ID NOS: 82-108,


respectively, in


order of appearance)












TGAAATTGCAAGAGCTGAA


 



AGAAATACACCTACGAACA


 



CCCTAAAGGAACTGGATAT


 



GGAGGAATTGGAACAGAAA


 



CCTAAAGGAACTGGATATA


 



AGCGTAATCTTCAGGATAA


 



TCTGAAGGAAGAAAGGAAA


 



GGAAGATTTACAAGATGAA


 



TGGCAAAGAGTGATCAGAA


 



AGAGAAAGGAAGTAGTTCA


 



TAATAGAGTTGCTGAATGT


 



TGGAGGAATTGGAACAGAA


 



AGTTGAGACTGTTGGTGAA


 



GATAAAGATGTGAATGAGA


 



CATCGTTACTGAAGAGCTT


 



TGAAGTATCTGTATCCAAA


 



GCACAAGGTGGCAGGATGT


 



TGTCACAGCTGGATGATCA


 



GAAAGAGCTTGACAGTAAA


 



TCAAGAGCCTGGAAGATTT


 



TGGAAGATTTACAAGATGA


 



ATGAACTAGTGGAGTGGAA


 



TGAGACTGTTGGTGAAATT


 



TTGCAAGAGCTGAATTATA


 



GGATTTAGGAAGTTCAACA


 



GGAACTTGATGGCCCTAAA


 



GGAACTGGATATATCAAGA









In another embodiment, the siRNA directed to Jak3 is listed in Table 3.







TABLE 3 





siRNA SEQUENCES for Jak3


siRNA sequences

















TCAACTATCTGGAGGACAA (SEQ ID NO: 112)


 



AGACAGAGGTGCTGCTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 113)


 



GGTCCTTCACCAAGATTTA (SEQ ID NO: 114)


 



CCTGGATCCTGCTAAGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 115)


 



CGATCTTCGAGGAGAGACA (SEQ ID NO: 116)


 



GGACAGACAACCAGATTTT (SEQ ID NO: 117)


 



GGAAGCTGCAGGTGGTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 118)


 



CCCAATACCAGCTGAGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 119)









RNA polymerase III transcribed DNAs contain promoters, such as the U6 promoter. These DNAs can be transcribed to produce small hairpin RNAs in the cell that can function as siRNA or linear RNAs that can function as antisense RNA. The Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can contain ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, synthetic nucleotides, or any suitable combination such that the target RNA and/or gene is inhibited. In addition, these forms of nucleic acid can be single, double, triple, or quadruple stranded. (see for example Bass (2001) Nature, 411, 428 429; Elbashir et al., (2001) Nature, 411, 494 498; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/44895, WO 01/36646, WO 99/32619, WO 00/01846, WO 01/29058, WO 99/07409, WO 00/44914).
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be a small molecule that binds to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein and disrupts its function, or conversely, enhances its function. Small molecules are a diverse group of synthetic and natural substances generally having low molecular weights. They can be isolated from natural sources (for example, plants, fungi, microbes and the like), are obtained commercially and/or available as libraries or collections, or synthesized. Candidate small molecules that modulate a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be identified via in silico screening or high-through-put (HTP) screening of combinatorial libraries (e.g., see Potyrailo et al., (2011) ACS Comb Sci. 13(6):579-633; Mensch et al., (2009) J Pharm Sci. 98(12):4429-68; Schnur (2008) Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 11(3):375-80; and Jhoti (2007) Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc. (3):169-85, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties). Most conventional pharmaceuticals, such as aspirin, penicillin, and many chemotherapeutics, are small molecules, can be obtained commercially, can be chemically synthesized, or can be obtained from random or combinatorial libraries as described below (Werner et al., (2006) Brief Funct. Genomic Proteomic 5(1):32-6).
Non-limiting examples of Jak1/Jak2 inhibitors include: AG490 (Caceres-Cortes, Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2008 October; 8(7):717-22); CYT387 (Pardanani et al., Leukemia. 2009 August; 23(8):1441-5; Monaghan et al., Leukemia. 2011 Jul. 26. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.175. [Epub ahead of print]); SB1518 (William et al., J Med Chem. 2011 Jul. 14; 54(13):4638-58; Hart et al., Leukemia. 2011 June 21. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.148. [Epub ahead of print]); LY3009104 (INCB28050) (Incyte and Lilly); TG101348 (Wernig et al., Cancer Cell. 2008 April; 13(4):311-20; Pardanani et al., J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar. 1; 29(7):789-96); and BMS-911543 (Purandare et al., Leukemia. 2011 Oct. 21. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.292. [Epub ahead of print]), each of the references of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
JAK1/2 inhibitors in clinical development include a) INCB018424, topical and oral; 5 nM activity (Incyte); b) CEP-701 (Cephalon); and c) TG101348.




JAK3 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials in humans for the treatment of acute kidney transplant rejection and rheumatoid arthritis. Non-limiting examples of Jak3 inhibitors include: Janex 1 (WHI-P131) (Changelian et al., (2008) Blood, 111(4):2155-7); Uckun ey al., (1999) Clin Cancer Res. 5(10):2954-62; Uckun et al., (2010) Arzneimittelforschung. 60(4):218-25), PF-956980 (Sigma Product # PZ0151 (St. Louis, Mo., sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/productisigma/pz0151 ?lang=en®ion=US)); Changelian et al., (2008) Blood, 111(4):2155-7), WHI-P154 (Calbiochem Product #420104-5MG (San Diego, Calif., emdbiosciences.com)); Changelian et al., (2008) Blood, 111(4):2155-7), VX-509 (oral from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge Mass.; Fleischmann et al. (2011) Arthritis Rheum, 63:LB3; Fleischmann et al., (2012) Curr Opin Rheumatol. February 18, PMID: 22357358), JAK3 Inhibitor IV (ZM-39923) Calbiochem Product #420121-10MG (San Diego, Calif., emdbiosciences.com, WO1998022103), NSC114792 (Kim et al., (2010) Mol Cancer. 2010, 9:36), tofacitinib (CP690550) (Changelian et al., (2008) Blood, 111(4):2155-7; Vijayakrishnan et al. (2011) Trends Pharmacol Sci. 32(1):25-34; Fleischmann et al., (2012) Curr Opin Rheumatol. February 18, PMID: 22357358), and 8348 (topical and oral from Rigel Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco Calif.; Deuse et al., (2008) Transplantation. 85(6):885-92; Vijayakrishnan et al. (2011) Trends Pharmacol Sci. 32(1):25-34), each of the references of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Structures of JAK3 inhibitors useful for the invention include a) Janex 1, oral and topical; b) PF-956980, i.v. infusion; c) WHI-P154; d) ZM-39923; e) NSC114792; f) tofacitinib (CP690550), oral.







Non-limiting examples of JAK inhibtors (for example, Type I and Type II Jak Inhibitors) are discussed in O'Shea and Plenge (Immunity, 2012 Apr. 20; 36(4):542-50), LaFave and Levine (Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012 November; 33(11):574-82), Kontzias et al, (Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012 August; 12(4):464-70), Norman (Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2012 October; 22(10):1233-49), and Wilson (Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2010 May; 20(5):609-23), each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Non-limiting examples of Stat inhibitors include: WP-1034 (Faderl et al., Anticancer Res. 2005 May-June; 25(3B):1841-50), fludarabine (Fludara, Berlex, Calif.), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and Hyperforin. Other compounds directed to Jak/Stat signaling are described in Ivanenkov et al., Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011 January; 11(1):55-78, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Knowledge of the primary sequence of a molecule of interest, such as a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, and the similarity of that sequence with proteins of known function, can provide information as to the inhibitors or antagonists of the protein of interest in addition to agonists. Identification and screening of agonists and antagonists is further facilitated by determining structural features of the protein, e.g., using X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and other techniques for structure determination. These techniques provide for the rational design or identification of agonists and antagonists.
Test compounds, such as Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds, can be screened from large libraries of synthetic or natural compounds (see Wang et al., (2007) Curr Med Chem, 14(2):133-55; Mannhold (2006) Curr Top Med Chem, 6 (10):1031-47; and Hensen (2006) Curr Med Chem 13(4):361-76). Numerous means are currently used for random and directed synthesis of saccharide, peptide, and nucleic acid based compounds. Synthetic compound libraries are commercially available from Maybridge Chemical Co. (Trevillet, Cornwall, UK), AMRI (Albany, N.Y.), ChemBridge (San Diego, Calif.), and MicroSource (Gaylordsville, Conn.). A rare chemical library is available from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available from e.g. Pan Laboratories (Bothell, Wash.) or MycoSearch (N.C.), or are readily producible. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means (Blondelle et al., (1996) Tib Tech 14:60).
Methods for preparing libraries of molecules are well known in the art and many libraries are commercially available. Libraries of interest in the invention include peptide libraries, randomized oligonucleotide libraries, synthetic organic combinatorial libraries, and the like. Degenerate peptide libraries can be readily prepared in solution, in immobilized form as bacterial flagella peptide display libraries or as phage display libraries. Peptide ligands can be selected from combinatorial libraries of peptides containing at least one amino acid. Libraries can be synthesized of peptoids and non-peptide synthetic moieties. Such libraries can further be synthesized which contain non-peptide synthetic moieties, which are less subject to enzymatic degradation compared to their naturally-occurring counterparts. For example, libraries can also include, but are not limited to, peptide-on-plasmid libraries, synthetic small molecule libraries, aptamer libraries, in vitro translation-based libraries, polysome libraries, synthetic peptide libraries, neurotransmitter libraries, and chemical libraries.
Examples of chemically synthesized libraries are described in Fodor et al., (1991) Science 251:767-773; Houghten et al., (1991) Nature 354:84-86; Lam et al., (1991) Nature 354:82-84; Medynski, (1994) BioTechnology 12:709-710; Gallop et al., (1994) J. Medicinal Chemistry 37(9):1233-1251; Ohlmeyer et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10922-10926; Erb et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422-11426; Houghten et al., (1992) Biotechniques 13:412; Jayawickreme et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1614-1618; Salmon et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11708-11712; PCT Publication No. WO 93/20242, dated Oct. 14, 1993; and Brenner et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5381-5383.
Examples of phage display libraries are described in Scott et al., (1990) Science 249:386-390; Devlin et al., (1990) Science, 249:404-406; Christian, et al., (1992) J. Mol. Biol. 227:711-718; Lenstra, (1992) J. Immunol. Meth. 152:149-157; Kay et al., (1993) Gene 128:59-65; and PCT Publication No. WO 94/18318.
In vitro translation-based libraries include but are not limited to those described in PCT Publication No. WO 91/05058; and Mattheakis et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9022-9026.
As used herein, the term “ligand source” can be any compound library described herein, or tissue extract prepared from various organs in an organism's system, that can be used to screen for compounds that would act as an agonist or antagonist of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. Screening compound libraries listed herein [also see U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0009163, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety], in combination with in vivo animal studies, functional and signaling assays described below can be used to identify Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds that regulate hair growth or treat hair loss disorders.
Screening the libraries can be accomplished by any variety of commonly known methods. See, for example, the following references, which disclose screening of peptide libraries: Parmley and Smith, (1989) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 251:215-218; Scott and Smith, (1990) Science 249:386-390; Fowlkes et al., (1992) BioTechniques 13:422-427; Oldenburg et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5393-5397; Yu et al., (1994) Cell 76:933-945; Staudt et al., (1988) Science 241:577-580; Bock et al., (1992) Nature 355:564-566; Tuerk et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6988-6992; Ellington et al., (1992) Nature 355:850-852; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,096,815; 5,223,409; and 5,198,346, all to Ladner et al.; Rebar et al., (1993) Science 263:671-673; and PCT Pub. WO 94/18318.
Small molecule combinatorial libraries can also be generated and screened. A combinatorial library of small organic compounds is a collection of closely related analogs that differ from each other in one or more points of diversity and are synthesized by organic techniques using multi-step processes. Combinatorial libraries include a vast number of small organic compounds. One type of combinatorial library is prepared by means of parallel synthesis methods to produce a compound array. A compound array can be a collection of compounds identifiable by their spatial addresses in Cartesian coordinates and arranged such that each compound has a common molecular core and one or more variable structural diversity elements. The compounds in such a compound array are produced in parallel in separate reaction vessels, with each compound identified and tracked by its spatial address. Examples of parallel synthesis mixtures and parallel synthesis methods are provided in U.S. Ser. No. 08/177,497, filed Jan. 5, 1994 and its corresponding PCT published patent application WO95/18972, published Jul. 13, 1995 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,171 granted Jan. 27, 1998 and its corresponding PCT published patent application W096/22529, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In one non-limiting example, non-peptide libraries, such as a benzodiazepine library (see e.g., Bunin et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4708-4712), can be screened. Peptoid libraries, such as that described by Simon et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9367-9371, can also be used. Another example of a library that can be used, in which the amide functionalities in peptides have been permethylated to generate a chemically transformed combinatorial library, is described by Ostresh et al. (1994), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11138-11142.
Computer modeling and searching technologies permit the identification of compounds, or the improvement of already identified compounds, that can modulate the expression or activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. Having identified such a compound or composition, the active sites or regions of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be subsequently identified via examining the sites to which the compounds bind. These sites can be ligand binding sites and can be identified using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X-ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found.
The three dimensional geometric structure of a site, for example that of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, can be determined by known methods in the art, such as X-ray crystallography, which can determine a complete molecular structure. Solid or liquid phase NMR can be used to determine certain intramolecular distances. Any other experimental method of structure determination can be used to obtain partial or complete geometric structures. The geometric structures can be measured with a complexed ligand, natural or artificial, which can increase the accuracy of the active site structure determined.
Other methods for preparing or identifying peptides that bind to a target are known in the art. Molecular imprinting, for instance, can be used for the de novo construction of macromolecular structures such as peptides that bind to a molecule. See, for example, Kenneth J. Shea, Molecular Imprinting of Synthetic Network Polymers: The De Novo synthesis of Macromolecular Binding and Catalytic Sites, TRIP Vol. 2, No. 5, May 1994; Mosbach, (1994) Trends in Biochem. Sci., 19(9); and Wulff, G., in Polymeric Reagents and Catalysts (Ford, W. T., Ed.) ACS Symposium Series No. 308, pp 186-230, American Chemical Society (1986). One method for preparing mimics of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound involves the steps of: (i) polymerization of functional monomers around a known substrate (the template) that exhibits a desired activity; (ii) removal of the template molecule; and then (iii) polymerization of a second class of monomers in, the void left by the template, to provide a new molecule which exhibits one or more desired properties which are similar to that of the template. In addition to preparing peptides in this manner other binding molecules such as polysaccharides, nucleosides, drugs, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, steroids, lipids, and other biologically active materials can also be prepared. This method is useful for designing a wide variety of biological mimics that are more stable than their natural counterparts, because they are prepared by the free radical polymerization of functional monomers, resulting in a compound with a nonbiodegradable backbone. Other methods for designing such molecules include for example drug design based on structure activity relationships, which require the synthesis and evaluation of a number of compounds and molecular modeling.
Screening Assays
Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 Modulating Compounds.
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be a compound that affects the activity and/or expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein in vivo and/or in vitro. Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can be agonists and antagonists of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, and can be compounds that exert their effect on the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein via the expression, via post-translational modifications, or by other means.
Test compounds or agents which bind to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the activity or the expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, can be identified by two types of assays: (a) cell-based assays which utilize cells expressing a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or a variant thereof on the cell surface; or (b) cell-free assays, which can make use of isolated Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins. These assays can employ a biologically active fragment of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, full-length proteins, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be obtained from any suitable mammalian species (e.g., human, rat, chick, xenopus, equine, bovine or murine). The assay can be a binding assay comprising direct or indirect measurement of the binding of a test compound. The assay can also be an activity assay comprising direct or indirect measurement of the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein. The assay can also be an expression assay comprising direct or indirect measurement of the expression of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences or a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. The various screening assays can be combined with an in vivo assay comprising measuring the effect of the test compound on the symptoms of a hair loss disorder or disease in a subject (for example, androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, or alopecia universalis), loss of hair pigmentation in a subject, or even hypotrichosis.
An in vivo assay can also comprise assessing the effect of a test compound on regulating hair growth in known mammalian models that display defective or aberrant hair growth phenotypes or mammals that contain mutations in the open reading frame (ORF) of nucleic acid sequences comprising a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene that affects hair growth regulation or hair density, or hair pigmentation. In one embodiment, controlling hair growth can comprise an induction of hair growth or density in the subject. Here, the compound's effect in regulating hair growth can be observed either visually via examining the organism's physical hair growth or loss, or by assessing protein or mRNA expression using methods known in the art.
Assays for screening test compounds that bind to or modulate the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can also be carried out. The test compound can be obtained by any suitable means, such as from conventional compound libraries. Determining the ability of the test compound to bind to a membrane-bound form of the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be accomplished via coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the test compound to the cell expressing a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be measured by detecting the labeled compound in a complex. For example, the test compound can be labeled with 3H, 14C, 35S, or 125I, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope can be subsequently detected by direct counting of radioemmission or by scintillation counting. Alternatively, the test compound can be enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.
Cell-based assays can comprise contacting a cell expressing Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 with a test agent and determining the ability of the test agent to modulate (such as increase or decrease) the activity or the expression of the membrane-bound molecule. Determining the ability of the test agent to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 molecule can be accomplished by any method suitable for measuring the activity of such a molecule, such as monitoring downstream signaling events (e.g., You et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 December; 1150:300-10; Posadas et al., Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009 January; 5(1):9-17; Korhonen et al., Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009 April; 104(4):276-84; Vital et al., Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2006 December; 2(4):365-75; Malek and Castro, Immunity. 2010 Aug. 27; 33(2):153-65; Cheng et al., Immunol Rev. 2011 May; 241(1):63-76; Lanier, Nat Immunol. 2008 May; 9(5):495-502; Lowell, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011 Mar. 1; 3(3). pii: a002352; Mócsai et al., Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 June; 10(6):387-402; Bradshaw, Cell Signal. 2010 August; 22(8):1175-84; Ivanenkov et al., Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011 January; 11(1):55-78; Himpe et al., Biofactors. 2009 January-February; 35(1):76-81, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties).
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or the target of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be immobilized to facilitate the separation of complexed from uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins. Binding of a test compound to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or a variant thereof, or interaction of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a test compound, can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix (for example, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical; St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates).
A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, or a variant thereof, can also be immobilized via being bound to a solid support. Non-limiting examples of suitable solid supports include glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads). Any method known in the art can be used to attach a polypeptide (or polynucleotide) corresponding to Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 or a variant thereof, or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, or passive absorption.
The expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can also be monitored. For example, regulators of the expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein can be identified via contacting a cell with a test compound and determining the expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell. The expression level of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell in the presence of the test compound is compared to the protein or mRNA expression level in the absence of the test compound. The test compound can then be identified as a regulator of the expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein based on this comparison. For example, when expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell is statistically or significantly greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator/enhancer of expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell. The test compound can be said to be a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound (such as an agonist).
Alternatively, when expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell is statistically or significantly less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the compound is identified as an inhibitor of the expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell. The test compound can also be said to be a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound (such as an antagonist). The expression level of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 mRNA nucleic acid sequences in the cell in cells can be determined by methods previously described.
For binding assays, the test compound can be a small molecule which binds to and occupies the binding site of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, or a variant thereof. This can make the ligand binding site inaccessible to substrate such that normal biological activity is prevented. Examples of such small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules. In binding assays, either the test compound or a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label (for example, alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase). Detection of a test compound which is bound to a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can then be determined via direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product.
Determining the ability of a test compound to bind to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein also can be accomplished using real-time Biamolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) [McConnell et al., 1992, Science 257, 1906-1912; Sjolander, Urbaniczky, 1991, Anal. Chem. 63, 2338-2345]. BIA is a technology for studying biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants (for example, BIACORETM). Changes in the optical phenomenon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.
To identify other proteins which bind to or interact with a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein and modulate its activity, a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be used as a bait protein in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (Szabo et al., 1995, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5, 699-705; U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317), according to methods practiced in the art. The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
Functional Assays.
Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, or a variant thereof. Activity can be measured after contacting a purified Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, a cell membrane preparation, or an intact cell with a test compound. A test compound that decreases the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or 100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, for example an antagonist. A test compound that increases the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, for example an agonist.
Treatment and Prevention
The invention also provides a method for treating or preventing a hair-loss disorder in a subject. In one embodiment, the method comprises detecting the presence of an alteration in a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene in a sample from the subject, the presence of the alteration being indicative of a hair-loss disorder, or the predisposition to a hair-loss disorder, and, administering to the subject in need a therapeutic treatment against a hair-loss disorder. The therapeutic treatment can be a drug administration (for example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a siRNA directed to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 nucleic acid). In one embodiment, the therapeutic molecule to be administered comprises a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, comprising at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 93%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% of the amino acid sequence of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, and exhibits the function of decreasing expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. This can restore the capacity to initiate hair growth in cells derived from hair follicles or skin. In another embodiment, the therapeutic molecule to be administered comprises a nucleic acid sequence comprising a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene that encodes a polypeptide, comprising at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 93%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% of the nucleic acid sequence of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein, and encodes a polypeptide with the function of decreasing expression of a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, thus restoring the capacity to initiate hair growth in cells derived from hair follicle cells or skin.
The alteration can be determined at the level of the DNA, RNA, or polypeptide. Optionally, detection can be determined by performing an oligonucleotide ligation assay, a confirmation based assay, a hybridization assay, a sequencing assay, an allele-specific amplification assay, a microsequencing assay, a melting curve analysis, a denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) assay (for example, see Jones et al, (2000) Hum Genet., 106(6):663-8), or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the detection is performed by sequencing all or part of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or by selective hybridization or amplification of all or part of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. A Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene specific amplification can be carried out before the alteration identification step.
An alteration in a chromosome region occupied by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be any form of mutation(s), deletion(s), rearrangement(s) and/or insertions in the coding and/or non-coding region of the locus, alone or in various combination(s). Mutations can include point mutations. Insertions can encompass the addition of one or several residues in a coding or non-coding portion of the gene locus. Insertions can comprise an addition of between 1 and 50 base pairs in the gene locus. Deletions can encompass any region of one, two or more residues in a coding or non-coding portion of the gene locus, such as from two residues up to the entire gene or locus. Deletions can affect smaller regions, such as domains (introns) or repeated sequences or fragments of less than about 50 consecutive base pairs, although larger deletions can occur as well. Rearrangement includes inversion of sequences. The alteration in a chromosome region occupied by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can result in amino acid substitutions, RNA splicing or processing, product instability, the creation of stop codons, frame-shift mutations, and/or truncated polypeptide production. The alteration can result in the production of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene with altered function, stability, targeting or structure. The alteration can also cause a reduction, or even an increase in protein expression. In one embodiment, the alteration in the chromosome region occupied by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can comprise a point mutation, a deletion, or an insertion in a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or corresponding expression product. In another embodiment, the alteration can be a deletion or partial deletion of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. The alteration can be determined at the level of the DNA, RNA, or polypeptide.
In another embodiment, the method can comprise detecting the presence of altered RNA expression. Altered RNA expression includes the presence of an altered RNA sequence, the presence of an altered RNA splicing or processing, or the presence of an altered quantity of RNA. These can be detected by various techniques known in the art, including sequencing all or part of the RNA or by selective hybridization or selective amplification of all or part of the RNA. In a further embodiment, the method can comprise detecting the presence of altered expression of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. Altered polypeptide expression includes the presence of an altered polypeptide sequence, the presence of an altered quantity of polypeptide, or the presence of an altered tissue distribution. These can be detected by various techniques known in the art, including by sequencing and/or binding to specific ligands (such as antibodies).
Various techniques known in the art can be used to detect or quantify altered gene or RNA expression or nucleic acid sequences, which include, but are not limited to, hybridization, sequencing, amplification, and/or binding to specific ligands (such as antibodies). Other suitable methods include allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO), oligonucleotide ligation, allele-specific amplification, Southern blot (for DNAs), Northern blot (for RNAs), single-stranded conformation analysis (SSCA), PFGE, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), gel migration, clamped denaturing gel electrophoresis, denaturing HLPC, melting curve analysis, heteroduplex analysis, RNase protection, chemical or enzymatic mismatch cleavage, ELISA, radio-immunoassays (RIA) and immuno-enzymatic assays (IEMA). Some of these approaches (such as SSCA and CGGE) are based on a change in electrophoretic mobility of the nucleic acids, as a result of the presence of an altered sequence. According to these techniques, the altered sequence is visualized by a shift in mobility on gels. The fragments can then be sequenced to confirm the alteration. Some other approaches are based on specific hybridization between nucleic acids from the subject and a probe specific for wild type or altered gene or RNA. The probe can be in suspension or immobilized on a substrate. The probe can be labeled to facilitate detection of hybrids. Some of these approaches are suited for assessing a polypeptide sequence or expression level, such as Northern blot, ELISA and RIA. These latter require the use of a ligand specific for the polypeptide, for example, the use of a specific antibody.
Sequencing.
Sequencing can be carried out using techniques well known in the art, using automatic sequencers. The sequencing can be performed on the complete Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or on specific domains thereof, such as those known or suspected to carry deleterious mutations or other alterations.
Amplification.
Amplification is based on the formation of specific hybrids between complementary nucleic acid sequences that serve to initiate nucleic acid reproduction. Amplification can be performed according to various techniques known in the art, such as by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand displacement amplification (SDA) and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA). These techniques can be performed using commercially available reagents and protocols. Useful techniques in the art encompass real-time PCR, allele-specific PCR, or PCR-SSCP. Amplification usually requires the use of specific nucleic acid primers, to initiate the reaction. Nucleic acid primers useful for amplifying sequences from a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or locus are able to specifically hybridize with a portion of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene locus that flank a target region of the locus, wherein the target region is altered in certain subjects having a hair-loss disorder. In one embodiment, amplification can comprise using forward and reverse PCR primers comprising nucleotide sequences of the corresponding sequence disclosed herein.
The invention provides for a nucleic acid primer, wherein the primer can be complementary to and hybridize specifically to a portion of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 coding sequence (e.g., gene or RNA) altered in certain subjects having a hair-loss disorder. Primers of the invention can be specific for altered sequences in a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or RNA. By using such primers, the detection of an amplification product indicates the presence of an alteration in a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or the absence of such gene. Primers can also be used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in or around a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene locus; SNPs can comprise a single nucleotide change, or a cluster of SNPs in and around a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. Examples of primers of this invention can be single-stranded nucleic acid molecules of about 5 to 60 nucleotides in length, or about 8 to about 25 nucleotides in length. The sequence can be derived directly from the sequence of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. Perfect complementarity is useful to ensure high specificity; however, certain mismatch can be tolerated. For example, a nucleic acid primer or a pair of nucleic acid primers as described above can be used in a method for detecting the presence of or a predisposition to a hair-loss disorder in a subject.
Amplification methods include, e.g., polymerase chain reaction, PCR (PCR PROTOCOLS, A GUIDE TO METHODS AND APPLICATIONS, ed. Innis, Academic Press, N.Y., 1990 and PCR STRATEGIES, 1995, ed. Innis, Academic Press, Inc., N.Y., ligase chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Wu, Genomics 4:560, 1989; Landegren, Science 241:1077, 1988; Barringer, Gene 89:117, 1990); transcription amplification (see, e.g., Kwoh, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173, 1989); and, self-sustained sequence replication (see, e.g., Guatelli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874, 1990); Q Beta replicase amplification (see, e.g., Smith, J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1477-1491, 1997), automated Q-beta replicase amplification assay (see, e.g., Burg, Mol. Cell. Probes 10:257-271, 1996) and other RNA polymerase mediated techniques (e.g., NASBA, Cangene, Mississauga, Ontario); see also Berger, Methods Enzymol. 152:307-316, 1987; Sambrook; Ausubel; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202; Sooknanan, Biotechnology 13:563-564, 1995. All the references stated above, an throughout the description, are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Selective Hybridization.
Hybridization detection methods are based on the formation of specific hybrids between complementary nucleic acid sequences that serve to detect nucleic acid sequence alteration(s). A detection technique involves the use of a nucleic acid probe specific for wild type or altered gene or RNA, followed by the detection of the presence of a hybrid. The probe can be in suspension or immobilized on a substrate or support (for example, as in nucleic acid array or chips technologies). The probe can be labeled to facilitate detection of hybrids. For example, a sample from the subject can be contacted with a nucleic acid probe specific for a wild type Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or an altered Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, and the formation of a hybrid can be subsequently assessed. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting simultaneously the sample with a set of probes that are specific, respectively, for a wild type Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene and for various altered forms thereof. Thus, it is possible to detect directly the presence of various forms of alterations in a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene in the sample. Also, various samples from various subjects can be treated in parallel.
According to the invention, a probe can be a polynucleotide sequence which is complementary to and can specifically hybridize with a (target portion of a) Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or RNA, and that is suitable for detecting polynucleotide polymorphisms associated with alleles of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene (or genes) which predispose to or are associated with a hair-loss disorder. Useful probes are those that are complementary to a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, RNA, or target portion thereof. Probes can comprise single-stranded nucleic acids of between 8 to 1000 nucleotides in length, for instance between 10 and 800, between 15 and 700, or between 20 and 500. Longer probes can be used as well. A useful probe of the invention is a single stranded nucleic acid molecule of between 8 to 500 nucleotides in length, which can specifically hybridize to a region of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or RNA that carries an alteration. For example, the probe can be directed to a chromosome region occupied by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene.
The sequence of the probes can be derived from the sequences of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene and RNA as provided herein. Nucleotide substitutions can be performed, as well as chemical modifications of the probe. Such chemical modifications can be accomplished to increase the stability of hybrids (e.g., intercalating groups) or to label the probe. Some examples of labels include, without limitation, radioactivity, fluorescence, luminescence, and enzymatic labeling.
A guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in e.g., Sambrook, ed., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd Ed.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2001; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1997; Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I. Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation, Tijssen, ed. Elsevier, N.Y., 1993.
Specific Ligand Binding
As discussed herein, alteration in a chromosome region occupied by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or alteration in expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, can also be detected by screening for alteration(s) in a sequence or expression level of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. Different types of ligands can be used, such as specific antibodies. In one embodiment, the sample is contacted with an antibody specific for a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene and the formation of an immune complex is subsequently determined. Various methods for detecting an immune complex can be used, such as ELISA, radioimmunoassays (RIA) and immuno-enzymatic assays (IEMA).
For example, an antibody can be a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, as well as fragments or derivatives thereof having substantially the same antigen specificity. Fragments include Fab, Fab′2, or CDR regions. Derivatives include single-chain antibodies, humanized antibodies, or poly-functional antibodies. An antibody specific for a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can be an antibody that selectively binds such a polypeptide, namely, an antibody raised against a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene or an epitope-containing fragment thereof. Although non-specific binding towards other antigens can occur, binding to the target polypeptide occurs with a higher affinity and can be reliably discriminated from non-specific binding. In one embodiment, the method can comprise contacting a sample from the subject with an antibody specific for a wild type or an altered form of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, and determining the presence of an immune complex. Optionally, the sample can be contacted to a support coated with antibody specific for the wild type or altered form of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. In one embodiment, the sample can be contacted simultaneously, or in parallel, or sequentially, with various antibodies specific for different forms of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, such as a wild type and various altered forms thereof.
Gene Therapy and Protein Replacement Methods
Delivery of nucleic acids into viable cells can be effected ex vivo, in situ, or in vivo by use of vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or a retrovirus), or ex vivo by use of physical DNA transfer methods (e.g., liposomes or chemical treatments). Non-limiting techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use of liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, DEAE-dextran, and the calcium phosphate precipitation method (See, for example, Anderson, Nature, supplement to vol. 392, no. 6679, pp. 25-20 (1998)). Introduction of a nucleic acid or a gene encoding a polypeptide of the invention can also be accomplished with extrachromosomal substrates (transient expression) or artificial chromosomes (stable expression). Cells can also be cultured ex vivo in the presence of therapeutic compositions of the present invention in order to proliferate or to produce a desired effect on or activity in such cells. Treated cells can then be introduced in vivo for therapeutic purposes.
Nucleic acids can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. A number of viruses have been used as gene transfer vectors, including papovaviruses, e.g., SV40 (Madzak et al., 1992), adenovirus (Berkner, 1992; Berkner et al., 1988; Gorziglia and Kapikian, 1992; Quantin et al., 1992; Rosenfeld et al., 1992; Wilkinson et al., 1992; Stratford-Perricaudet et al., 1990), vaccinia virus (Moss, 1992), adeno-associated virus (Muzyczka, 1992; Ohi et al., 1990), herpesviruses including HSV and EBV (Margolskee, 1992; Johnson et al., 1992; Fink et al., 1992; Breakfield and Geller, 1987; Freese et al., 1990), and retroviruses of avian (Biandyopadhyay and Temin, 1984; Petropoulos et al., 1992), murine (Miller, 1992; Miller et al., 1985; Sorge et al., 1984; Mann and Baltimore, 1985; Miller et al., 1988), and human origin (Shimada et al., 1991; Helseth et al., 1990; Page et al., 1990; Buchschacher and Panganiban, 1992). Non-limiting examples of in vivo gene transfer techniques include transfection with viral (e.g., retroviral) vectors (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety) and viral coat protein-liposome mediated transfection (Dzau et al., Trends in Biotechnology 11:205-210 (1993), incorporated entirely by reference). For example, naked DNA vaccines are generally known in the art; see Brower, Nature Biotechnology, 16:1304-1305 (1998), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chen, et al., 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells that produce the gene delivery system.
For reviews of gene therapy protocols and methods see Anderson et al., Science 256:808-813 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,252,479, 5,747,469, 6,017,524, 6,143,290, 6,410,010 6,511,847; and U.S. Application Publication Nos. 2002/0077313 and 2002/00069, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. For additional reviews of gene therapy technology, see Friedmann, Science, 244:1275-1281 (1989); Verma, Scientific American: 68-84 (1990); Miller, Nature, 357: 455-460 (1992); Kikuchi et al., J Dermatol Sci. 2008 May; 50(2):87-98; Isaka et al., Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2007 September; 4(5):561-71; Jager et al., Curr Gene Ther. 2007 August; 7(4):272-83; Waehler et al., Nat Rev Genet. 2007 August; 8(8):573-87; Jensen et al., Ann Med. 2007; 39(2):108-15; Herweijer et al., Gene Ther. 2007 January; 14(2):99-107; Eliyahu et al., Molecules, 2005 Jan. 31; 10(1):34-64; and Altaras et al., Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2005; 99:193-260, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Protein replacement therapy can increase the amount of protein by exogenously introducing wild-type or biologically functional protein by way of infusion. A replacement polypeptide can be synthesized according to known chemical techniques or can be produced and purified via known molecular biological techniques. Protein replacement therapy has been developed for various disorders. For example, a wild-type protein can be purified from a recombinant cellular expression system (e.g., mammalian cells or insect cells-see U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,757 to Desnick et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,884 and 6,458,574 to Selden et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,609 to Calhoun et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,666 to Miyamura et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,725 to Selden et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,600 to Rasmussen et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,838 to Rasmussen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,680 to Ginns et al.), human placenta, or animal milk (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,045 to Reuser et al.), or other sources known in the art. After the infusion, the exogenous protein can be taken up by tissues through non-specific or receptor-mediated mechanism.
A polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene can also be delivered in a controlled release system. For example, the polypeptide can be administered using intravenous infusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transdermal patch, liposomes, or other modes of administration. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (see is Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61 (1983); see also Levy et al., Science 228:190 (1985); During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351 (1989); Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 71:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533 (1990)).
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration for Therapy
Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds of the invention can be administered to the subject once (e.g., as a single injection or deposition). Alternatively, Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can be administered once or twice daily to a subject in need thereof for a period of from about two to about twenty-eight days, or from about seven to about ten days. Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can also be administered once or twice daily to a subject for a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 times per year, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds of the invention can be co-administrated with another therapeutic. Where a dosage regimen comprises multiple administrations, the effective amount of the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds administered to the subject can comprise the total amount of gene product administered over the entire dosage regimen.
Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can be administered to a subject by any means suitable for delivering the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds to cells of the subject, such as the dermis, epidermis, dermal papilla cells, or hair follicle cells. For example, Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 proteins and Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can be administered by methods suitable to transfect cells. Transfection methods for eukaryotic cells are well known in the art, and include direct injection of the nucleic acid into the nucleus or pronucleus of a cell; electroporation; liposome transfer or transfer mediated by lipophilic materials; receptor mediated nucleic acid delivery, bioballistic or particle acceleration; calcium phosphate precipitation, and transfection mediated by viral vectors.
The compositions of this invention can be formulated and administered to reduce the symptoms associated with a hair-loss disorder by any means that produces contact of the active ingredient with the agent's site of action in the body of a subject, such as a human or animal (e.g., a dog, cat, or horse). They can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic active ingredients or in a combination of therapeutic active ingredients. They can be administered alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
A therapeutically effective dose of Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can depend upon a number of factors known to those or ordinary skill in the art. The dose(s) of the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds can vary, for example, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject or sample being treated, further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable, and the effect which the practitioner desires the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds to have upon the nucleic acid or polypeptide of the invention. These amounts can be readily determined by a skilled artisan. Any of the therapeutic applications described herein can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, a mammal such as a dog, a cat, a cow, a horse, a rabbit, a monkey, a pig, a sheep, a goat, or a human.
Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the invention can be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. The therapeutic compositions of the invention can be formulated for a variety of routes of administration, including systemic and topical or localized administration. Techniques and formulations generally can be found in Remmington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (20th Ed., 2000), the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. For systemic administration, an injection is useful, including intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous. For injection, the therapeutic compositions of the invention can be formulated in liquid solutions, for example in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution. In addition, the therapeutic compositions can be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are characterized as being at least sterile and pyrogen-free. These pharmaceutical formulations include formulations for human and veterinary use.
According to the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can comprise any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Any conventional media or agent that is compatible with the active compound can be used. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
The invention also provides for a kit that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound identified using the screening assays of the invention packaged with instructions for use. For modulators that are antagonists of the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, or which reduce the expression of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for promoting the loss of hair on the body surface of a mammal (for example, arms, legs, bikini area, face).
For Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compounds that are agonists of the activity of a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 protein or increase the expression of one or more proteins encoded by Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 genes, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for regulating hair growth. In one embodiment, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hair loss disorders. In a further embodiment, the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for restoring hair pigmentation. For example, administering an agonist can reduce hair graying in a subject.
A pharmaceutical composition containing a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be administered in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed herein. Such pharmaceutical compositions can comprise, for example antibodies directed to polypeptides encoded by genes comprising a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene, or variants thereof, or agonists and antagonists of a polypeptide encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene. The compositions can be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which can be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. The compositions can be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, examples of useful preparation methods are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
In some embodiments, the Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 modulating compound can be applied via transdermal delivery systems, which slowly releases the active compound for percutaneous absorption. Permeation enhancers can be used to facilitate transdermal penetration of the active factors in the conditioned media. Transdermal patches are described in for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,713; U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,456; U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,213; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,168; U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,561; U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,346; U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,189; U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,899; U.S. Pat. No. 5,088,977; U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,240; U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,110; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,475.
Various routes of administration and various sites of cell implantation can be utilized, such as, subcutaneous or intramuscular, in order to introduce the aggregated population of cells into a site of preference. Once implanted in a subject (such as a mouse, rat, or human), the aggregated cells can then stimulate the formation of a hair follicle and the subsequent growth of a hair structure at the site of introduction. In another embodiment, transfected cells (for example, cells expressing a protein encoded by a Jak 1, Jak 2, Jak3, Stat 1 or Stat 2 gene are implanted in a subject to promote the formation of hair follicles within the subject. In further embodiments, the transfected cells are cells derived from the end bulb of a hair follicle (such as dermal papilla cells or dermal sheath cells). Aggregated cells (for example, cells grown in a hanging drop culture) or transfected cells (for example, cells produced as described herein) maintained for 1 or more passages can be introduced (or implanted) into a subject (such as a rat, mouse, dog, cat, human, and the like).
“Subcutaneous” administration can refer to administration just beneath the skin (i.e., beneath the dermis). Generally, the subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person. The interface between the subcutaneous and muscle layers can be encompassed by subcutaneous administration.
This mode of administration can be feasible where the subcutaneous layer is sufficiently thin so that the factors present in the compositions can migrate or diffuse from the locus of administration and contact the hair follicle cells responsible for hair formation. Thus, where intradermal administration is utilized, the bolus of composition administered is localized proximate to the subcutaneous layer.
Administration of the cell aggregates (such as DP or DS aggregates) is not restricted to a single route, but can encompass administration by multiple routes. For instance, exemplary administrations by multiple routes include, among others, a combination of intradermal and intramuscular administration, or intradermal and subcutaneous administration. Multiple administrations can be sequential or concurrent. Other modes of application by multiple routes will be apparent to the skilled artisan.
In other embodiments, this implantation method will be a one-time treatment for some subjects. In further embodiments of the invention, multiple cell therapy implantations will be required. In some embodiments, the cells used for implantation will generally be subject-specific genetically engineered cells. In another embodiment, cells obtained from a different species or another individual of the same species can be used. Thus, using such cells can require administering an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of the implanted cells. Such methods have also been described in United States Patent Application Publication 2004/0057937 and PCT application publication WO 2001/32840, and are hereby incorporated by reference.
Inhibitors
Cytokines are produced to activate neighboring cells to communicate danger signals to one another and spread and amplify the inflammatory response. Over the years, it was learned how to both neutralize these cytokines with blocking antibodies and inhibit their signaling in responding cells by small molecule protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors FDA approved drugs exist for both approaches, e.g., IL-2 and TNF blocking antibodies and the small orally available molecule GleevecTM that blocks cytokine signaling. Whenever possible, the center will pursue topical small molecule formulations that should improve efficacy while limiting systemic toxicity (improved therapeutic indexes) encouraging clinical evaluation in AA of other small molecule inhibitors in the biopharmaceutical pipeline.
To block signaling of cytokine receptors, topical/oral JAK1/2 inhibitor (Incyte), which has already demonstrated safety and efficacy in patients with psoriaisis and RA, can be used. Similarly, topical and/or oral JAK3 inhibitors as described herein (e.g., tofacitinib (CP690550), R348 and VX-509), which have demonstrated preliminary safety and efficacy in patients with RA, can be used.
The inhibitors can comprise peptides (such as antibodies or fragments thereof), small molecules, nucleic acids (such as siRNA or antisense RNA), or other agents) that can bind to a polypeptide molecule encoded by a gene of interest and/or molecules that have an inhibitory effect on the biological activity of a protein of interest or its expression.
As used herein, a “Jak 1 inhibitor” refers to a compound that interacts with a Jak1 gene or a Jak1 protein or polypeptide and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Jak 1.
In one embodiment, a Jak 1 inhibitor can be a peptide fragment that binds a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, the fragment can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, at least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England).
As used herein, a “Jak 2 inhibitor” refers to a compound that interacts with a Jak 2 gene or a Jak 2 protein or polypeptide and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Jak 2.
In one embodiment, a Jak 2 inhibitor can be a peptide fragment that binds a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, the fragment can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 3. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, at least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 3. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England).
As used herein, a “Jak 3 inhibitor” can be a compound that interacts with a Jak 3 gene, or a Jak 3 protein or polypeptide, and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Jak 3. In one embodiment, a Jak3 inhibitor can be a Jak3 modulating compound.
In one embodiment, a Jak 3 inhibitor can be a peptide fragment that binds a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 109. For example, the fragment can encompass any portion of about 8 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 109. The fragment can comprise about 10 consecutive amino acids, about 20 consecutive amino acids, about 30 consecutive amino acids, about 40 consecutive amino acids, about 50 consecutive amino acids, about 60 consecutive amino acids, or about 75 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 109. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England).
An inhibitor of the invention can be a protein, such as an antibody (monoclonal, polyclonal, humanized, chimeric, or fully human), or a binding fragment thereof, directed against a polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO: 109. An antibody fragment can be a form of an antibody other than the full-length form and includes portions or components that exist within full-length antibodies, in addition to antibody fragments that have been engineered. Antibody fragments can include, but are not limited to, single chain Fv (scFv), diabodies, Fv, and (Fab′)2, triabodies, Fc, Fab, CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, combinations of CDR's, variable regions, tetrabodies, bifunctional hybrid antibodies, framework regions, constant regions, and the like (see, Maynard et al., (2000) Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2:339-76; Hudson (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:395-402). Antibodies can be obtained commercially, custom generated, or synthesized against an antigen of interest according to methods established in the art (see Roland E. Kontermann and Stefan Dübel (editors), Antibody Engineering, Vol. I & II, (2010) 2nd ed., Springer; Antony S. Dimitrov (editor), Therapeutic Antibodies: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), (2009), Humana Press; Benny Lo (editor) Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), (2004) Humana Press, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties).
As used herein, a “Stat 1 inhibitor” refers to a compound that interacts with a Stat 1 gene or a Stat 1 protein or polypeptide and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Stat 1.
In one embodiment, a Stat 1 inhibitor can be a peptide fragment that binds a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 5. For example, the fragment can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 5. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, at least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 5. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England).
As used herein, a “Stat 2 inhibitor” refers to a compound that interacts with a Stat 2 gene or a Stat 2 protein or polypeptide and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Stat 2.
In one embodiment, a Stat 2 inhibitor can be a peptide fragment that binds a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 7. For example, the fragment can encompass any portion of at least about 8 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 7. The fragment can comprise at least about 10 consecutive amino acids, at least about 20 consecutive amino acids, at least about 30 consecutive amino acids, at least about 40 consecutive amino acids, at least about 50 consecutive amino acids, at least about 60 consecutive amino acids, or at least about 75 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 7. Fragments include all possible amino acid lengths between and including about 8 and about 100 amino acids, for example, lengths between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, between about 15 and about 100 amino acids, between about 20 and about 100 amino acids, between about 35 and about 100 amino acids, between about 40 and about 100 amino acids, between about 50 and about 100 amino acids, between about 70 and about 100 amino acids, between about 75 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 80 and about 100 amino acids. These peptide fragments can be obtained commercially or synthesized via liquid phase or solid phase synthesis methods (Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: a Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, England).
As used herein, a “Jak/Stat inhibitor” refers to a compound that interacts with a Jak1/Jak2/Jak3/Stat1/Stat2 gene or a Jak1/Jak2/Jak3/Stat1/Stat2 protein or polypeptide and inhibits its activity and/or its expression. The compound can decrease the activity or expression of a protein encoded by Jak1/Jak2/Jak3/Stat1/Stat2.
An inhibitor of the invention can be a protein, such as an antibody (monoclonal, polyclonal, humanized, chimeric, or fully human), or a binding fragment thereof, directed against a polypeptide encoded by the corresponding sequence disclosed herein. An antibody fragment can be a form of an antibody other than the full-length form and includes portions or components that exist within full-length antibodies, in addition to antibody fragments that have been engineered. Antibody fragments can include, but are not limited to, single chain Fv (scFv), diabodies, Fv, and (Fab′)2, triabodies, Fc, Fab, CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, combinations of CDR's, variable regions, tetrabodies, bifunctional hybrid antibodies, framework regions, constant regions, and the like (see, Maynard et al., (2000) Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2:339-76; Hudson (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:395-402). Antibodies can be obtained commercially, custom generated, or synthesized against an antigen of interest according to methods established in the art (Janeway et al., (2001) Immunobiology, 5th ed., Garland Publishing).
An inhibitor of the invention can also be a small molecule that binds to a protein and disrupts its function. Small molecules are a diverse group of synthetic and natural substances generally having low molecular weights. They can be isolated from natural sources (for example, plants, fungi, microbes and the like), are obtained commercially and/or available as libraries or collections, or synthesized. Candidate small molecules that modulate a protein can be identified via in silico screening or high-through-put (HTP) screening of combinatorial libraries. Most conventional pharmaceuticals, such as aspirin, penicillin, and many chemotherapeutics, are small molecules, can be obtained commercially, can be chemically synthesized, or can be obtained from random or combinatorial libraries (Werner et al., (2006) Brief Funct. Genomic Proteomic 5(1):32-6). In some embodiments, the agent is a small molecule that binds, interacts, or associates with a target protein or RNA. Such a small molecule can be an organic molecule that, when the target is an intracellular target, is capable of penetrating the lipid bilayer of a cell to interact with the target. Small molecules include, but are not limited to, toxins, chelating agents, metals, and metalloid compounds. Small molecules can be attached or conjugated to a targeting agent so as to specifically guide the small molecule to a particular cell.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration for Therapy
An inhibitor or agonist of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration, for example the inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
According to the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can comprise any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Any conventional media or agent that is compatible with the active compound can be used. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Any of the therapeutic applications described herein can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, a mammal such as a dog, a cat, a cow, a horse, a rabbit, a monkey, a pig, a sheep, a goat, or a human.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed herein. Such pharmaceutical compositions can comprise, for example antibodies directed to polypeptides. The compositions can be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which can be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. The compositions can be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CREMOPHOR EMTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyetheylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it can be useful to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the inhibitor (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody or small molecule) or agonist of the invention in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, examples of useful preparation methods are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
The dosage administered can be a therapeutically effective amount of the composition sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of alopecia areata, and can vary depending upon known factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the active ingredient and its mode and route of administration; age, sex, health and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms; kind of concurrent treatment, frequency of treatment and the effect desired.
In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered Jak3 modulating compound (e.g., a compound described herein that is directed to Jak3, such as a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor) is about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight.
In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered Jak3 modulating compound (e.g., a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor) is about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.
In other embodiments, the administered Jak3 modulating compound (e.g., a compound described herein that is directed to Jak3, such as a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor), can be administered as a topical cream. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered Jak3 modulating compound (such as a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor) is present at a concentration of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, or about 3.0%. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered Jak3 modulating compound (such as a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor) is present at a concentration of about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or of about 10%.
In some embodiments, the Jak3 modulating compound (e.g., a compound described herein that is directed to Jak3, such as a small molecule JAK3 inhibitor), can be co-administered with a second JAK inhibitor (such as a JAK1/2 inhibitor). In one embodiment, the JAK1/2 inhibitor can be administered as a topical cream. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered small molecule JAK1/2 inhibitor is present at a concentration of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, or about 3.0%. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the administered JAK1/2 inhibitor is present at a concentration of about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or of about 10%.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50-Therapeutic agents that exhibit large therapeutic indices are useful. Therapeutic compositions that exhibit some toxic side effects can be used.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific substances and procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention, and are covered by the following claims.
All publications and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, as if each individual publication or reference were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Publications and references cited herein are not admitted to be prior art.
EXAMPLES
Examples are provided below to facilitate a more complete understanding of the invention. The following examples illustrate the exemplary modes of making and practicing the invention. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to specific embodiments disclosed in these Examples, which are for purposes of illustration only, since alternative methods can be utilized to obtain similar results.
Example 1
Interferon γ has been shown to be a target in murine AA (see Nakamura, et al. 2008, Am J Pathol, 172(3): 650-658; see also Freyschmidt-Paul et al., Br J Dermatol., 155(3):515-521; see also Gilhar et al., Journal Invest. Dermatol., 124(1):288-289). In human AA, AA PBMCs show Th1 skewing, AA skin shows IFN signature and GWAS genes (SOCS/IFN-g/).but also IL-2/6/13/21/26.
The interferon γ pathway (FIG. 7) induces NKG2DL in target HF cells, enhances antigen presentation by DCs, promotes Th1 cellular autoimmunity and augments NK and CTL mediated-cytolysis.
JAK1/2 inhibitors in clinical development include a) INCB018424, topical and oral; 5 nM activity (Incyte); b) CEP-701 (Cephalon); and c) TG101348.











TABLE 4







INCB18424-203: Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events


in Descending Order (all casualties) (oral delivery


is considered an acceptable profile)














Vehicle
Active



Medra Preferred Term

(n = 50)
(n = 149)
















Application site irritation, pruritus
7
(14.0)
14
(9.3)



Nasopharyngitis
1
(2.0)
10
(6.7)



Upper respiratory tract infection
3
(6.0)
10
(6.7)



Sinusitis
1
(2.0)
6
(4.0)



Back Pain
0
(0.0)
5
(3.4)



Headache
2
(0.0)
4
(2.7)



Influenza
2
(4.0)
4
(2.7)



Abdominal pain
0
(0.0)
3
(2.0)





Six SAEs, none treatment related: prostate ca, prolonged hospitalization for cholecystitis, cholelithiasis (1.5%); herniated disc repair, coronary occlusion16 with hx ASHD (0.5%). CVA (vehicle)






Clinical programs in AA include the following:
Mild-Moderate AA:
Phase 2/3 Psoriasis and oral Phase 3 Myelofibrosis, using a topical JAK inhibitor
A population-based cohort evaluated cases ascertained through National Alopecia Areata Registry vs. controls ascertained through New York City Cancer project. They were matched for Northern European ancestry using AIMS.
Cases:
n=1080 (Alopecia Universalis=482; Alopecia Totalis=120; Alopecia Areata Transient=176; Alopecia Areata Patchy=302)
Controls:
n=1053
FIG. 9 presents a Genomewide Association Study (GWAS) in alopecia areata.







TABLE 5







List of Genes implicated in AA.














Stongest
Maximum





association
odds


Region
Gene
Function
(pvalue)
ratio





2q33.2
CTLA4
T-cell proliferation
3.55 × 10−13
1.44



ICOS
T-cell proliferation
4.33 × 10−08
1.32


4q27
IL21/IL2
T-, B- and NK-cell
4.27 × 10−08
1.34




proliferation




6q25.1
ULBP6
NKG2D activating
4.49 × 10−19
1.65




ligand





ULBP3
NKG2D activating
4.43 × 10−17
1.52




ligand




9q31.1
STX17
premature hair graying
3.60 × 10−07
1.33


10p15.1
IL2RA
T-cell proliferation
1.74 × 10−12
1.41



(CD25)





11q13
PRDX5
antioxidant enzyme
4.14 × 10−07
1.33


12q13
Eos
T-cell proliferation
3.21 × 10−08
1.34



(IKZF4)






ERBB3
epidermal growth
1.27 × 10−07
1.34




factor receptor




6p21.32
MICA
NKG2D activating
1.19 × 10−07
1.44


(HLA)

ligand





NOTCH4
T-cell differentiation
1.03 × 10−08
1.61



BTNL2
T-cell proliferation
2.11 × 10−26
2.70



HLA-DRA
Antigen presentation
2.93 × 10−31
2.62



HLA-DQA1
Antigen presentation
3.60 × 10−17
2.15



HLA-DQA2
Antigen presentation
1.38 × 10−35
5.43



HLA-DQB2
Antigen presentation
1.73 × 10−13
1.60



HLA-DOB
Antigen presentation
2.07 × 10−08
1.72
















TABLE 6







Common Cause Model of Skin Autoimmune Diseases. See also


http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies (for psoriasis) and Jin et al., 2010, NEJM, 362: 1686-


1697.











Type I diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease (CeD), multiple sclerosis (MS), system lupus erythematosus (SLE), Graves disease (GD), psoriasis (PS), Generalized Vitiligo (GV).













TABLE 7







Common Cause Model of Skin Autoimmune Diseases. See


also http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies (for psoriasis)


and Jin et al., 2010, NEJM, 362: 1686-1697.













Stongest
Maximum





association
odds
Involved in other


Region
Gene
(pvalue)
ratio
autoimmune disease





2q33.2
CTLA4
3.55 × 10−13
1.44
T1D, RA, CeD, MS,






SLE, GD



ICOS
4.33 × 10−08
1.32
T1D, RA, CeD, MS,






SLE, GD


4q27
IL21/IL2
4.27 × 10−08
1.34
T1D, RA, CeD, PS


6q25.1
ULBP6
4.49 × 10−19
1.65
none



ULBP3
4.43 × 10−17
1.52
none


9q31.1
STX17
3.60 × 10−07
1.33
none


10p15.1
IL2RA
1.74 × 10−12
1.41
T1D, MS, GD, GV



(CD25)





11q13
PRDX5
4.14 × 10−07
1.33
MS


12q13
Eos
3.21 × 10−08
1.34
T1D, SLE



(IKZF4)






ERBB3
1.27 × 10−07
1.34
T1D, SLE


6p21.32
MICA
1.19 × 10−07
1.44
T1D, RA, CeD, UC,


(HLA)



PS, SLE



NOTCH4
1.03 × 10−08
1.61
T1D, RA, MS



C6orf10
1.45 × 10−16
2.36
T1D, RA, PS, GV



BTNL2
2.11 × 10−26
2.70
T1D, RA, UC, CD,






SLE, MS, GV



HLA-DRA
2.93 × 10−31
2.62
T1D, RA, CeD, MS,






GV



HLA-DQA1
3.60 × 10−17
2.15
T1D, RA, CeD, MS,






SLE, PS, CD, UC,






GD, GV



HLA-DQA2
1.38 × 10−35
5.43
T1D, RA



HLA-DQB2
1.73 × 10−13
1.60
RA



HLA-DOB
2.07 × 10−08
1.72





Type I diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease (CeD), multiple sclerosis (MS), system lupus erythematosus (SLE), Graves disease (GD), psoriasis (PS), Generalized Vitiligo (GV).













TABLE 8







List of Genes implicated in AA. Black circles indicate genes that affect NKG2D;


gray circles indicate genes that affect T-cell regulation; black circles with star indicate


genes that affect end organs















Common pathways with other autoimmune diseases, including NK ligands in the target organs include the following:

    
    
        In RA, synoviocytes aberrantly express MIC ligands, leading to autoreactive T cell stimulation.
        In Celiac disease, MIC ligands are overexpressed in the gut epithelium during active disease.
        In Type 1 diabetes, Islet cells in prediabetic NOD mice express RAE-1 ligand.
        The aberrant expression of NK activating ligands in genetically predisposed individuals can induce or exacerbate disease.
    
    


Candidate pathways in AA that present new opportunities for therapy include the following:

    
    
        Members of the costimulatory receptor family, which have complementary effects on T cell activation, and their balance controls the overall outcome of immune and autoimmune responses.
        Genes which enhance the NK cell cytotoxic response; triggers T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines; and induces CD4(+) T cells to differentiate into Th17 cells.
        Genes which pivotal role in regulating the adaptive immune system by controlling the survival and proliferation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are required for the maintenance of immune tolerance.
        Activating receptors expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, NK1.1 (+) T cells, and T cells. NKG2D ligands include MHC class I chain-related (MIC)A, MICB.
    
    


Candidate compounds for treatment of AA include compounds directed to Jak/Stat signaling are described in Ivanenkov et al., Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011 January; 11(1):55-78. which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Example 2
The following genetic studies will be performed:

    
    
        A replication study with another 1000 AA patients
        Deep sequencing of candidate regions
        Collection of 10,000 patients
        Common Genetic Studies T1D, CeO and AA
        An immunology study using NK activating ligands will be performed using ULBP3, ULBP6
        
            inducible transgenics, new mouse models.
        
        
    
    









TABLE 9







Genes with Nominal Significance on the GWAS studies















Count of
Min p-
Min p-






SNPs
value
value


Gene
Mb
<1 × 10−4
observed
imputed
Autoimmune Reports
GO classification










Chromosome 2













HDAC4
240.03
1
8.10E−05
5.59E−05

inflammatory








response







Chromosome 3












CACNA2D3
55.02
1
7.28E−05
1.47E−05
CeD







Chromosome 5













IL13
132.02
2
1.87E−06

Asthma
immune response







Chromosome 6













HLA-G
29.94
1
1.07E−04
4.54E−06
RA, MS, SLE, PS, T1D, Asthma,
immune response


HLA-A
30.01
1
1.00E−04
2.72E−05
MS, T1D, PS, GD, Asthma, Vitilago
immune response


MICB
31.59
2
1.89E−05
1.97E−05
MS, T1D, UC, RA, CeD, Asthma
immune response


TAP2
32.91
1
6.42E−06
1.28E−05
T1D, RA, SLE, PS, GD
immune response







Chromosome 7













IL6
22.72
2
7.72E−05
4.84E−05
RA, T1D, CeD
inflammatory








response


CHCHD3
132.44
1
3.07E−05
2.02E−05
CeD







Chromosome 8












CSMD1
3.02
1
8.65E−05
8.38E−05
CeD, MS, PS







Chromosome 12













IFNG
66.84
1
1.55E−05
1.29E−05
CeD, T1D, RA, MS, SLE, PS, GD,








Asthma


IL26
66.87
2
7.18E−05
6.45E−05
MS, Asthma
immune response







Chromosome 16












KIAA0350
11.11
6
1.77E−05
1.15E−05
T1D, MS, Thyroid Disease


(CLEC16A)


SOCS1
11.24
2
1.16E−05
8.66E−06
CeD, T1D, Asthma







Chromosome 18












ANKRD12
9.25
2
3.59E−05
1.55E−05



PTPN2
12.80
1
4.09E−06
3.38E−07
CD, T1D
















TABLE 10







Pathway analysis of nominal genes (see


http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/)









Category
Term
Genes





hsa05332
Graft-versus-host disease
IL6, IFNG, HLA-A,




HLA-DMA, HLA-G


hsa04612
Antigen processing and
HSPA1L, TAP2, HLA-A,



presentation
HLA-DMA, HLA-G


hsa04630
Jak-STAT signaling pathway
SPRY2, IL6, SOCS1,




IFNG, IL26, IL13


hsa05330
Allograft rejection
IFNG, HLA-A, HLA-DMA,




HLA-G


hsa04940
Type I diabetes mellitus
IFNG, HLA-A, HLA-DMA,




HLA-G


hsa04650
Natural killer cell
MICB, IFNG, HLA-A,



mediated cytotoxicity
HLA-G


hsa05320
Autoimmune thyroid disease
HLA-A, HLA-DMA, HLA-G


hsa05416
Viral myocarditis
HLA-A, HLA-DMA, HLA-G


hsa04060
Cytokine-cytokine receptor
IL6, IFNG, IL26, IL13



interaction









Example 3—Study Samples, Genotyping, Quality Control and Population Stratification
Alopecia areata (AA) is a major medical problem and is the most prevalent autoimmune disease in the US (Table 11), affecting approximately 4.6 million people, including males and females across all ethnic groups, with a lifetime risk of 1.7% (Kyriakis K P, Paltatzidou K, Kosma E, Sofouri E, Tadros A, Rachioti E. Alopecia areata prevalence by gender and age. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 23:572-3, 2009). Additionally, AA represents the second most common form of human hair loss, second only to androgenetic alopecia, and causes significant disfigurement and psychological distress to affected individuals (FIG. 1). AA affects more individuals than most other autoimmune diseases combined, including lupus erythematosus (LE), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Table 11).







TABLE 11







Automimmune Disease Prevalence










Autoimmune Disease
Rate per 100,000






Alopecia Areata
1700



Psoriasis
 696-1527



Rheumatoid arthritis
310-800



Type 1 diabetes
227-355



Multiple sclerosis
177-358



Systemic lupus erythematosus
 34-150









In stark contrast to these other conditions, research into the pathogenesis and the development of innovative therapies in AA has lagged far behind. This can be due in part to the perception that AA is merely a cosmetic disorder. In reality, AA carries one of the highest burdens among any skin diseases, particularly among children and adolescents whose self-image is so closely linked to their appearance (Bickers D R, Lim H W, Margolis D, Weinstock M A, Goodman C, Faulkner E, Gould C, Gemmen E, Dall T; American Academy of Dermatology Association; Society for Investigative Dermatology. The burden of skin diseases: 2004 a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 55:490-5, 2006).
Despite its high prevalence, there are no evidence-based treatments for AA. A comprehensive Cochrane analysis assessment of seventeen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving a total of 540 participants found no proven treatment of AA (Delamere F M, Sladden M M, Dobbins H M, Leonardi-Bee J. Interventions for alopecia areata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2:CD004413, 2008). Each trial included from 6 to 85 participants and assessed a range of interventions that included topical and oral corticosteroids, topical cyclosporin, photodynamic therapy and topical minoxidil. Overall, none of the interventions showed significant treatment benefit in terms of hair growth when compared with placebo. It was concluded that, few, (if any), treatments for AA are proven to be effective. No RCTs on the use of diphencyprone, dinitrochlorobenzene, intralesional corticosteroids or dithranol were found, although these drugs are commonly used for the treatment of AA. Similarly, although topical corticosteroids and minoxidil are widely prescribed and appear to be safe, there is no convincing evidence that they are beneficial in the long-term. Most trials have been poorly reported and/or are so small that any important clinical benefits are inconclusive. These observations underscore the importance of defining the genetic basis of AA and determining its pathogenesis, so that rational therapeutic approaches can be developed and translational research can begin.
Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Jak/Stat Targeting in Alopecia Areata
The NKG2D receptor (NKG2D), functions to eliminate cells emitting danger signals and dysregulation of this recognition process often leads to development of autoimmunity. The influences of JAK and NF-kb inhibition will be pursued, where, without being bound by theory, NKG2DL expression will be inhibited at the transcriptional level. INCB18424, a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor (po/topical), is in Phase II Clinical Trials for Myeloproliferative/Myelofibrosis Disorders and in Psoriasis.







TABLE 12





Small Molecule Inhibitors of Jak1/Jak2


Small molecules



















JAK1/JAK2
PTKi: ATP-Binding
Interferon
Topical
Phase II/


Inhibitor
Cleft Competitive
Signaling

Psoriasis


(INCB1S424)
Antagonist









GWAS studies revealed a number of risk loci shared by with other forms of autoimmunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type I diabetes (T1D), celiac disease (CeD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis (PS), in particular, CTLA-4, IL2/IL2RA, IL21 and genes critical to Treg maintenance.
A genetic basis of AA provide avenues of exploration for therapies based on the underlying mechanisms of AA. Such therapies will focus not only on T cell subsets and mechanisms common to other forms of autoimmunity, but also on unique mechanisms that involve signaling pathways of Jak 1/Jak2 and downstream effectors.
The origin of autoimmunity in AA can reside in the hair follicle itself. The studies herein are focused on defining putative danger signals in the hair follicle that contribute to the pathogenesis of AA. Pathogenic alleles that reside within the MHC, which can contribute to immune dysregulation driving the pathogenesis of AA, will also be identified. This can be due in part to the importance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the presentation of danger signals as neoantigens to the immune system.
The mechanisms of Jak 1/Jak2 signaling will be investigated, and the importance of Jak 1/Jak2/Stat1/Stat2 interactions as drivers of disease induction will be evaluated. Pharmacologic approaches interrupting the Jak 1/Jak2/Stat1/Stat2 signaling will be pursued.
C3H IFN-γ deficient mice are protected from AA development. It is shown that IFNs are capable of upregulating NKG2DL in cultured human dermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Further NKG2D-cross-linking induces IFN-γ production by innate NK, NKT and γδ T cells, thus creating a potential positive feedback loop, driving adaptive autoreactive immunity. Thus adoptive transfer and antibody depletion/blockade experiments will define the NKG2D-bearing cells involved.
Pharmacologic interventions aimed at interruption of the CD8 NKG2D axis will be examined. Interfering with the upregulation of NKG2DL or the activation of NKG2D-bearing cells are both rational approaches that will be pursued. It is shown that the IFN→JAK/STAT pathway can induce NKG2DL expression.
Whether the IFN→JAK/STAT pathway is pivotal to NKG2DL induction in normal and diseased skin will be assessed. The IFN JAK/STAT signaling pathway can be effectively inhibited with topical JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors, including an agent that has had early clinical success in Psoriasis. If the Type I interferon response underlies NKG2D ligand upregulation, JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors can block this induction, as well as block the IFN-gamma dependent components of the adaptive immune response.
References


    1. Safavi K H, Muller S A, Suman V J, Moshell A N, Melton L J, 3rd. Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70:628-33.
    2. Jelinek J E. Sudden whitening of the hair. Bull N Y Acad Med 1972; 48:1003-13.
    3. Ito T, Ito N, Saatoff M, et al. Maintenance of hair follicle immune privilege is linked to prevention of NK cell attack. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2008; 128:1196-206.
    4. Todes-Taylor N, Turner R, Wood G S, Stratte P T, Morhenn V B. T cell subpopulations in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11:216-23.
    5. Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, et al. Transfer of alopecia areata in the human scalp graft/Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mouse system is characterized by a TH1 response. Clin Immunol 2003; 106:181-7.
    6. Gilhar A, Shalaginov R, Assy B, Serafimovich S, Kalish R S. Alopecia areata is a T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune disease: lesional human T-lymphocytes transfer alopecia areata to human skin grafts on SCID mice. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999; 4:207-10.
    7. Zoller M, McElwee K J, Engel P, Hoffmann R. Transient CD44 variant isoform expression and reduction in CD4(+)/CD25(+) regulatory T cells in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2002; 118:983-92.
    8. McElwee K J, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, et al. Transfer of CD8(+) cells induces localized hair loss whereas CD4(+)/CD25(−) cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells blockade disease onset in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2005; 124:947-57.
    9. Ito T, Meyer K C, Ito N, Paus R. Immune privilege and the skin. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2008; 10:27-52.
    10. McDonagh A J, Tazi-Ahnini R. Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27:405-9.
    11. van der Steen P, Traupe H, Happle R, Boezeman J, Strater R, Hamm H. The genetic risk for alopecia areata in first degree relatives of severely affected patients. An estimate. Acta Derm Venereol 1992; 72:373-5.
    12. Jackow C, Puffer N, Hordinsky M, Nelson J, Tarrand J, Duvic M. Alopecia areata and cytomegalovirus infection in twins: genes versus environment? J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:418-25.
    13. Martinez-Mir A, Zlotogorski A, Gordon D, et al. Genomewide scan for linkage reveals evidence of several susceptibility loci for alopecia areata. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:316-28.
    14. Nakamura et al., 2008, Controlled Delivery of T-box21 Small Interfering RNA Ameliorates Autoimmune Alopecia (Alopecia Areata) in a C3H/HeJ Mouse Model, Am J Pathol., 172(3): 650-658.
    15. Freyschmidt-Paul, K. J. McElwee, R. Hoffmann1, J. P. Sundberg, M. Vitacolonna, S. Kissling, M. Zöller, 2006, Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol., 155(3):515-21.
    16. Gilhar A., Kam Y., Assy B. and Kalish R., 2005, Alopecia areata induced in C3H/HeJ mice by interferon-gamma: evidence for loss of immune privilege, Journal Invest. Dermatol., 124(1):288-9.
    17. Wong et al., 2005, Inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase signaling cascade for asthma, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 5(3):264-71.
    18. Mourich and Iverson, 2009, Splicing in the immune system: Potential targets for therapeutic intervention by antisense-mediated alternative splicing, Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 11(2): 124-132.
    19. Jin et al., 2010, Variant of TYR and Autoimmunity Susceptibility Loci in Generalized Vitiligo, NEJM, 362:1686-1697.


Example 4
Specific autoimmune mechanisms underlying Alopecia Areata (AA) have remained obscure and therefore clinical investigation of AA has historically lagged behind other autoimmune diseases. Despite the large number of new biotherapeutics available for clinical evaluation in autoimmunity, intralesional or systemic steroids remain the standard of care and only two small randomized clinical trials have been published in the last decade. The insights provided by the discovery of GWAS genes provide a roadmap for closing this gap, by investigating GWAS-identified immunological pathways both for mechanistic and therapeutic relevance.
Identify Effective, Clinically-Relevant, Therapies in Mouse Models of Alopecia Areata.
In the normal state, hair follicles (HF) represent an immuneprivileged (IP) sanctuary, expressing little or no classical HLA class I molecules. In active AA, the IP status is lost, since HLA class I expression and NKG2D ligand expression are markedly upregulated. Given the strong genetic association of NKG2D ligand loci with human AA, without being bound by theory, aberrant NKG2DL upregulation and persistent NKG2D activation on immune effector cells drives inflammatory AA initiation and progression. Without being bound by theory, in AA, as for Celiac Disease, IL-I5 can drive CD8 T cell effector differentiation enabling promiscuous “NK-type” CD8 cytotoxicity. Indeed, the local HF IL-15/NKG2DL inflammatory signals are accompanied by a dense infiltrate of CD8+ T cells expressing NK markers, likely the critical AA immune effectors responsible for IFNγ production and HF cytotoxicity. These collective observations, made in both the human and mouse, invite therapeutic evaluation.
The therapeutic potential of blocking NK-like reprogramming and cytotoxicity by interfering with relevant cytokines (IFN-γ□ and relevant immunoreceptor signaling pathways (NKG2D). A graft model of alopecia in which all grafted C3H mice develop AA in a timely manner, within 12 weeks, will be used. This greatly accelerates drug screening since evaluation of prevention/reversal of spontaneous disease in C3H/HeJ is otherwise impractical given the late onset (>6 months of age) and low cumulative incidence (15%). Both small molecule approaches, that have the advantage of potential topical delivery, and biotherapeutic proteins (antibodies) that have superior biologic specificity, will be evaluated. The overarching goals are to use biotherapeutics to establish critical immune pathways that might be targeted by more clinically tenable, small molecule topical approaches.
Identify Disease-Associated AA Biomarkers and their Reversal with Effective Therapy in C3H mice.
Approaches using GWAS and transcriptional profiling, for example, as well as approaches using immunostains and FACs of T cell subsets, for example, have been taken to identify several pathogenic AA biomarkers in the skin and blood of AA mice. These mouse studies will continue to inform developing a translational biomarker platform in human AA. In the skin, the studies in alopecic C3H/Hej mice demonstrated that IFN-induced genes are dramatically upregulated, including the chemokines CXCL9-11, which are likely responsible for recruitment of a dense infiltrate of HF-associated IFN-γ-producing CXCR3+ NKG2D-bearing CD8 T effectors. Spectratype data provide striking evidence that these circulating NKG2D+ CD8 T effectors are bona fide autoantigen-driven effector T cells that increase with disease progression. Temporal assessment of these serologic, cutaneous and cellular biomarkers in mice during treatment will enable one to identify dynamic, mechanistically important, prescient inflammatory biomarkers that predict therapeutic outcome and inform clinical biomarker discovery/utilization.
Preclinical Validation of Targeted Approaches Using AA Human Tissues Ex Vivo.
To expedite clinical development of treatments that demonstrate “proof-of-concept” in the AA mouse model, human AA tissues will be used for target validation and correlative studies. The “crawl-outs” system will provide a convenient ex vivo human bioassay to validate that agents that reverse mouse AA translate to the human, effectively inhibiting human AA T cell survival/expansion/function.
Just as the human DNA from thousands of alopecic subjects provided GWAS genes and unique insight into the human disease, human tissues, blood and skin from AA subjects will be used to continue to interrogate these genetically implicated immune pathways ultimately for therapeutic utility. Conceptually, the mouse model of alopecia areata this human pursuit, providing the pre-clinical testing grounds for therapeutic approaches in alopecia areata.
Autoimmune diseases affect an estimated 23 million individuals in the US (1) and although the prevalence of AA is not established, it is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases (2, 3). In 1999-2000, there were an estimated 2.4 million office visits for AA, half of which by patients in their 20s and 30s. AA causes significant disfigurement and psychological distress to affected individuals and carries one of the highest burdens among any skin diseases, particularly among children and adolescents whose self-image is so closely linked to their appearance (4). At present, the prognosis of AA is unpredictable and there is no definitive treatment. Current therapies include steroids and topical immune therapy, and induce durable remissions in only one third of patients (5, 6). Despite its high prevalence, a comprehensive Cochrane analysis assessment concluded that there are no evidence-based treatments for AA (7).
In stark contrast to other autoimmune conditions, research into the pathogenesis and the development of innovative therapies in AA has lagged far behind. In the era of targeted immunological therapies, only two clinical studies evaluating protein biotherapeutics in AA have been reported (8, 9) (both targeting T cell trafficking). In part this has been due to the limited understanding of specific AA immune pathways that would prompt evaluation of rational therapeutic approaches. Based on new understanding of the genetic and pathogenic basis of AA pre-clinical proof-of-concept data that will prompt clinical evaluation of rational therapeutic approaches in this disease will be obtained.
The GWAS (10) study revealed a number of risk loci shared by with other forms of autoimmunity, such as RA, TID, celiac disease (CeD), SLE, MS and PS, in particular, CTLA4, IL2/IL2RA, IL21, NKG2D Ligands and genes critical to Treg function (Eos). The genetic commonality with RA, T1D, and CeD is especially noteworthy in light of the pathogenic significance of the expression of an NK ligand in the end organ (synovium, islet, gut and skin), and the involvement of the NKG2DL/NKG2D pathway in the pathogenesis of each of these three diseases (11, 14). One advantage of immunotherapeutic studies in the skin is the relative ease of access of the target organ. Thus, the studies herein examining the skin can provide important insight into NKG2D and IL-15 triggered CD8 cytotoxicity, IFN-triggered injury, etc., that impact the understanding of these other related human diseases in which the target organ is not accessible. Indeed positive studies in any one of these autoimmune diseases that share a common cause can serve as the basis for common treatments.
Specific autoimmune mechanisms underlying AA have remained obscure beyond the prevailing view that it is the result of T cell mediated attack of the hair follicle. In the normal state, hair follicles represent an immuneprivileged (IP) sanctuary (15-17), expressing little or no classical HLA class I molecules and instead express the inhibitory HLA ligands HLA-E and HLA-G, thus simultaneously avoiding immune recognition by class I restricted CD8 cells while negatively regulating NK cells, that might otherwise react to “missing self” (16, 18-21). In active AA, the IP status of the normal hair follicle is not operative, since HLA class I expression is markedly upregulated. Previous studies have noted both CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltrates surround the hair follicle in alopecic areas of skin in the mouse and human (22, 23). Indeed transfer of total T cells, but not B cells or sera, can transfer disease from an alopecic mouse or human to a normal WT (24) or SCID mouse (25), implicating effector T cells as the pathogenic cells. However molecular mediators of site-specific inflammation have not been previously identified. Guided by the GWAS findings and previous immunobiological studies, new insight into this common autoimmune disorder is provided, that will lead to the development of innovative, rationally targeted treatments to fill the unmet needs of patients with AA.
AA Immunological Pathways Identified by GWAS Studies
The most highly-significant genetic loci found associated with alopecia areata are shown in Table 13. These seminal studies have been validated in a confirmatory study in a distinct population. Underlined genes are HF expressed genes while bold genes are genes expressed in immune cells. Overall, many susceptible loci are shared by other tissue-specific autoimmune states, with Type I diabetes exhibiting the most striking overlap (right column). The commonality with RA, T1D and CeD is particularly noteworthy, as NKG2D has been shown to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of each of these three diseases (11-14). Thus insight in any one of these disease/model systems is likely to shed light on common pathogenic pathways shared by multiple autoimmune states. The most highly significant alleles identified (other than HLA) were four NKG2D ligands (UBLP-3/UBLP-6/MICA/MICB in Bold italics) and one inhibitory ligand (HLA-G). The NKG2D receptor (NKG2D), functions to eliminate cells emitting danger signals and dysregulation of this recognition process often leads to development of autoimmunity (26). Other HF expressed genes that contribute to risk include HLA, antigen processing genes (TAP) and PRDX/STX17.







TABLE 13





Genetic loci associated with AA.



















2q33.2
CTLA4
Inhibits
3.6 × 10−13
T1D, RA, CeD,




costim

MS, SLE, GD



ICOS
T-cell costim
4.3 × 10−08
T1D, RA, CeD,






MS, SLE


4q27
IL21
NK function/
4.3 × 10−08
T1D, RA, CeD,




Th17

PS



IL2
T-cell./Treg
3.0 × 10−04
T1D, RA, CD,




prolif.

MS, CD, SLE,






PS, GD


6q25.1
ULBP6
NKG2D ligand
4.5 × 10−19
None



ULBP3
NKG2D ligand
4.4 × 10−17
None


9q31.1
STX17
hair graying
3.6 × 10−07
None


10p15
IL2RA
T-cell
1.7 × 10−12
T1D, MS, GD




prolif./Treg




11q13
PRDX5
antiox enz
4.1 × 10−07
MS


12q13
Eos
T-reg
3.2 × 10−08
T1D, SLE




programming




6p21.3
MICA
NKG2D
1.2 × 10−07
T1D, RA, CeD,


(HLA)

ligand

UC, PS, SLE



NOTCH4
Hematopoiesis
1.0 × 10−08
T1D, RA, MS



BTNL2
T cell
2.1 × 10−26
T1D, RA, UC,




costim.

CD, SLE, MS



HLA-DRA
Ag
2.9 × 10−31
T1D, RA, CeD,




presentation

MS



HLA-DQA1
Ag
3.6 × 10−17
T1D, RA, CeD,




presentation

MS, SLE, S,






CD UC, GD



HLA-DQA2
Ag
1.4 × 10−35
T1D, RA




presentation





HLA-DQB2
Ag
1.7 × 10−13
RA




presentation





HLA-DOB
Ag
2.1 × 10−08
SLE




presentation




 5
IL-13
Th2
1.9 × 10−06
Asthma




polarization




 6
HLA-G
NKG2A
1.0 × 10−04
RA, MS, SLE,




inhibition

PS, T1D,






Asthma,



HLA-A
Ag
1.0 × 10−04
MS, T1D, PS,




presentation

GD, Asthma,






Vitiligo



MICB
NKG2D
1.9 × 10−05
MS, T1D, UC,




ligand

RA, CeD,






Asthma



TAP2
Ag
6.4 × 10−06
T1D, RA, SLE,




presentation

PS, GD


 7
IL6
Inflammation
7.7 × 10−05
RA, T1D, CeD


12
IFNG
Th1/inflamm.
1.5 × 10−05
CD, T1D, RA,






MS, SLE, PS,






GD, Asthm



IL26
T
7.2 × 10−05
MS, Asthma




polarization




16
CLEC16A
C-type lectin
1.8 × 10−05
T1D, MS, GD




receptor





SOCS1
JAK/STAT inh
1.2 × 10−05
CeD, T1D,






Asthma


18
PTPN2
phosphatase
4.2 × 10−06
CeD, T1D









IFN-γ production by activated NKG2D-bearing CD8 effectors can reverse immunologic privilege and perpetuate the inflammatory loop.
IFN-γ related pathways can be undermined with existing therapeutics under clinical investigation, expediting the path to translation. Over the last ten years, several small molecule inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKi) have been successfully developed clinically both for oral and topical delivery. PTKi approaches will be pursued to blocking CD8 mediated inflammatory responses in AA, namely inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling, responsible for cytokine responsiveness, downstream of the CD8 effector cytokine IFN-γ.
Identify Clinically-Relevant Therapies Targeting Effector T Cell Responses in Alopecic Mice.
Using immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis of total cellular populations from AA skin, CD8+NKG2D+ T cells were found infiltrating the hair follicle (FIG. 17) and expanded in AA but not normal skin (FIG. 18 and FIG. 4A). Furthermore AA mice exhibit cutaneous lymphadenopathy, at least in part due to dramatic systemic expansion of the CD8+NKG2D+ population, in both the AA cutaneous lymph node and in the blood, representing fully 6+/−1% of total LN cells are 2.4+/−1.3% of total PBMCs, each more than ten-fold higher than that seen in normal C3H mice. These CD8+NKG2D+ T cells are potently cytotoxic against HF dermal sheath cells (FIG. 21). Further immunophenotypic analysis of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells revealed that this population expressed the T memory marker CD44+ and multiple “NK markers”, including DX5, NKG2A/C/E, and NKp46 (FIG. 19).
To provide proof that the circulating CD8+NKG2D+ population represented the bona fide “AA-specific” effector population, without being bound by theory, the CD8+NKG2D+ T cells found in the lymph node can express a similar TCR repertoire to the total T cells found infiltrating AA skin. FIG. 20 shows that CD8+NKG2D− lymph node populations exhibit a normal distribution of CDR lengths, a pattern reflective of an unrestricted polyclonal T cell population. In contrast, the TCR repertoire of skin T cells are highly restricted with nearly all Vβ family members dominated by a small number of CDR lengths, indicative of an oligoclonal population of antigen-driven T cells. CD8+NKG2D+ T cells from the cutaneous lymph node cells are also highly restricted and show a strikingly similar pattern with total cutaneous T cells.
These data confirm that CD8+NKG2D+ T cells contain most of the oligoclonal T cell populations found in the skin. Moreover the evidence for the expansion of common oligoclonal T cells in the skin and lymph node argues against the possibility that these LN populations (or even markers) are expanded/activated as a reactive process to inflammatory events. For instance, Treg cells (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) are also increased in numbers in AA lymph nodes, however, this is likely a reactive process, since their spectratype is diverse and unlike those present in the skin. Note that some TCR/clones are found in skin but not in draining cutaneous lymph nodes, e.g., Vβ10. These likely include CD4+ T cell populations found in AA skin but not present in the sorted CD8+ LN fraction. These data establish that the CD8+NKG2D+ T cells are the pathogenic NKG2D+ effectors in mouse AA, establishing a parallel of the mouse model to human AA.
Pre-Clinical AA Model to Establish Proof of Concept for Therapeutic Approaches In Vivo
C3H/HeJ Skin Graft Model:
The C3H/HeJ mouse model for alopecia areata has been studied since it was first reported this model in 1994 (29, 30, 31). While other mouse models for alopecia areata were found (32), this model remains the most studied and used in the field today. Having done a variety of drug trials with this model over the years (33), a variety of protocols have been optimized (34).
Full thickness skin grafting from alopecic C3H/HeJ mice to 2-3 month-old unaffected C3H/HeJ female mice results in patchy alopecia within 10 weeks of grafting in all recipients, progressing to generalized alopecia at 20 weeks. A variety of comprehensive and efficient histological scoring systems are employed building on the traditional training of histopathologists where the adjective used in descriptions (normal, 0; mild, 1; moderate, 2; severe, 3; and extreme, 4) are converted to a numerical value for importation into a relational database (Mouse Disease Information System [or MoDIS]: research.jax.org/faculty/sundberg/registration.php) (35, 36). This database is exportable via Excel for importation into a statistical analysis or other software program. Alopecia areata is graded based on severity, location of inflammatory cells, types and relative numbers of inflammatory cells (granulocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes), follicular dystrophy, etc. Molecular RNA and protein biomarkers will be incorporated in this panel, and generation and analysis of this multiple variable database will be done.
Protocol#1:
In the prevention setting, recipient mice will be treated beginning the first week after grafting.
Protocol#2:
For treatment, grafted mice with early-established AA will be treated to reverse AA progression.
Agents will first be examined in the prevention model. Agents that successfully prevent AA will then move forward for secondary evaluation in the setting of established disease, while those that fail the first test will be discarded, permitting entry of other innovative approaches. The following are the initial therapeutic approaches, both specific biologics and small molecules, chosen for preclinical evaluation.
Small molecule JAK protein tryosine kinase inhibitors (PTKis) that target activation pathways involved in the T effector response will be tested. These PTKis are already in Phase III clinical trials easing translation and potential clinical development of “NK-type” T cell-targeted topicals.
Therapeutic Interventions with Small Molecule PTKi Interventions
Topical delivery has obvious advantages in limiting systemic exposures and toxicities. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that small molecule PTKi delivery in cream can overcome the skin barrier and achieve effective local concentrations in the dermis with limited systemic exposure (78). Key PTKs pivotal to effector T responses in AA will be targeted, namely the cytokine IFNγ.
Targeting IFNs with Jak1/2 Inhibitors:
Interferons are an attractive therapeutic target in AA since they likely participate at several steps in the inflammatory response; including eliminating HF immunologic privilege and inducing the cellular inflammatory response. Interferons upegulate several relevant pro-inflammatory molecules in the hair follicle end organ, including NKG2DL, adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1), antigenic processing/presentation (TAP1/2, LMP, proteosome, MHCI and II) and moreover drive the immune effector response (increased Th1-type responses, DC activation and IFN-γ-mediated cytotoxicity). In the C3H-HeJ mouse model of AA, IFN-γ is required for pathogenesis (89, 90) and administration of interferon-γ accelerates disease (91). Importantly, administration of IFN-γ neutralizing antibodies reverses AA pathogenesis in the C3H-HeJ mouse (92, 93). Likewise, in the human, alopecia areata has been noted in several series as a side-effect of Type I interferon therapy (94-104) and transcriptional profiles of human AA skin have noted a Type I IFN response in lesional biopsies (105) and Th1 skewing and elevated IFN-response cytokines/chemokines in the peripheral blood (FIGS. 22, 23) (106-110) and reviewed in (111). T cells obtained from AA skin biopsy explants were uniformly CD8+NKG2D+ cells and when stimulated produced IFN-γ (FIG. 21A) but not IL-4 or IL-17. In stark contrast, the majority of T cells obtained from normal skin explants are CD4+ (112, 113). The situation is similar in AA mice, IFN-γ producing CD8 T cells are expanded in the cutaneous lymph node (FIGS. 19, 21). In the skin, our transcriptional profiling studies of total skin isolated from lesional vs. non-lesional C3H skin has identified an interferon response as the dominant signature with 17 of the top 20 upregulated genes being interferon response genes (FIG. 22). Indeed, IFNs upregulate NKG2DL expression on hair follicle targets, closing an IFN-mediated pathogenic circle, in which IFN-γ made by CD8 effectors drive the HF NKG2D ligands that lead to CD8+NKG2D+ activation.
Clinical JAK1/2 Inhibitors:
Both blocking antibodies (114, 115) and small molecule PTK is are under clinical development targeting the IFN response in autoimmunity. IFN induced STAT1/2 activation is mediated by Jak 1/Jak2/Tyk kinases and clinical data have emerged using oral Jak 1/Jak2 PTK is in several autoimmune conditions, including RA and psoriasis. Topical therapies have the added advantage of an improved therapeutic index limiting the potential for systemic immunosuppression. INCB018424 inhibits Jak1 and Jak2 (IC50=1 nM) and is the only topical JAK inhibitor (78) currently in clinical investigation and its safety profile to date has been acceptable. Proof-of-concept with oral delivery has been demonstrated in a Jak-dependent disease (myelofibrosis) (116) and in a dermatological disease driven by local cytokine production (psoriasis models) (78). In psoriasis subjects, topical INCB018424 induced rapid clinical responses and normalization of cutaneous Th1/Th17 cytokine responses (unpublished data from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00820950). Taken together, topical INCB018424 is a safe intervention predicted to have efficacy in Alopecia Areata, an inflammatory state dominated by an IFN-signature.
Approach: Protocol #1: Systemic Delivery of INCB018424:
Twice daily (90 mg/kg) orogastric gavage provides good systemic exposure given the t1/2, half-life of 3-6 hours in the rodent. In this manner we can assess if JAK1/2 inhibition prevents AA progression.
Protocol #2: Topical delivery of INCB018424 (1.5%):
Reversal of patchy AA by topical JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor. Daily topical treatment (78) will begin to new affected patchy areas in grafted mice that begin to emerge 6-10 weeks after grafting. Topical treatment can be restricted to specific areas of mouse skin by appropriate bandaging to prevent systemic exposures from grooming, licking etc. Importantly, by treating affected areas we can assess the clinically relevant question of whether topical exposure can reverse AA progression.
Identification of Murine Biomarkers of AA Disease Activity that Inform Clinical Investigation
The identification of immunological events that accompany treatment outcome in these pre-clinical studies, is important, both to validate the proposed mechanism of action and to provide useful biomarkers that will inform potential clinical evaluation of these same therapies in AA patients. Since in clinical evaluation, biospecimens will be limited to blood and skin samples, the focus will be on mouse biomarkers in the mouse that are easily sampled from these sites. Approaches using GWAS and transcriptional profiling, for example, as well as approaches using immunostains and FACs of T cell subsets, for example, have been taken to identify several pathogenic biomarkers in the skin and blood of AA mice. The studies in alopecic C3H/HeJ mice have already identified several skin biomarkers upregulated in AA, such as IFN-induced genes (FIG. 22). Spectratype data (FIG. 20) has provided striking evidence that these circulating NKG2D+ CD8 T effectors are bona fide autoantigen-driven effector T cells. Temporal assessment of these serologic, cutaneous and cellular biomarkers in mice, with and without treatment, will enable one to identify dynamic, mechanistically important, prescient inflammatory biomarkers that predict therapeutic outcome and inform clinical biomarker discovery/utilization.
Cellular Biomarkers of Circulating Immune Effectors in AA:
“NK-type” CD8 T cells are expanded in the skin, blood and lymph node in AA mice and are a valuable tool to investigate pathogenesis. Moreover, the cellular subset appears directly relevant to the human disease.
Spectratype-Based Imunomonitoring:
NK-type CD8 T cells will be identified in AA mice in the circulation by flow cytometry of 50 μl of whole blood (FIG. 18). The total numbers and spectratype of this CD8+NKG2D+ sorted T cell subset, will be assessed every three weeks after grafting to monitor the evolution of clonal dominance/epitope spreading within a single mouse. Spectratype analysis will be used to confirm that immunophenotypic loss of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells is due to treatment-related elimination of the circulating alopecic T cell clones. This non-invasive immunomonitoring approach will be used to follow mice on all treatments. For instance, 3 weeks of treatment treatment with the JAK1/2 inhibitor INCB018424 did not. Without being bound by theory, JAK1/2 inhibitors are expected to abrogate the downstream inflammatory consequences of T cell derived effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17) in the target tissue.
Immune “Proteomic” Signatures in Serum:
Cytokines and chemokines in the serum are a reflection of the inflammatory milieu in the target organ. The data in the human demonstrate elevations of several cytokines and chemokine some of which correlate with disease activity (for instance IL-8), extending the observations of prior studies (106, 107, 109). Consistent with our overall findings implicating IL-15 and IFN-γ in AA pathogenesis, it is seen that IFN-γ and the well-known IFN-γ inducible chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10) are upregulated in human AA sera. Functionally relevant inflammatory cytokine/chemokine biomarkers will be identified in the sera from AA mice using a multianalyte approach (LUMINEXTM platform). The advantage of biomarker development in the mouse, besides genetic homogeneity, is the relative ease of longitudinal studies to identify biomarkers that occur early or late in disease progression and conversely with treatment response. At the RNA level, C3H mouse skin IFN microarrays demonstrated that both Type I IFNs (IFNα1-3, ε□ and type II IFN (IFN-γ□ were upregulated as well several IFN-associated chemokines (CXCL9-11, CCL5). Cytokine/chemokines production will be examined in sera using custom multianalyte LUMINEXTM assay (R&D), comprehensively addressing serum levels of 9 chemokines (CCL2-5, CCL11, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11) and 14 cytokines (IFNα, IFNγ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, TNF, GM-CSF). We will include antibody pairs to detect serum levels of NKG2DLs (117) and IL-15Rα.
Transcriptional Profiling of Skin:
In human AA, published studies of small series of patients have noted a Type I IFN response in lesional biopsies (105) and Th1 skewing and elevated IFN-response cytokines/chemokines in the peripheral blood (106-110) and reviewed in (111). These data are mirrored in the analysis of the C3H mouse. Transcriptional profiling of RNA isolated from alopecic mouse skin revealed a dominant IFN response. 18 of the top 21 upregulated genes in AA skin were IFN response genes, which was confirmed by real-time PCR (FIG. 22). The upregulation of the IFN-response genes CXCL9-11 are notable since the CD8+NKG2D+ cells also uniformly express their shared chemokine receptor, CXCR3, a receptor upregulated on short-lived immune effectors (118-120). These chemokines are also upregulated in the sera of human AA subjects and thus can be a functionally relevant AA skin biomarker in the skin (mRNA) and in the blood (protein). Work in this area will continue, building a database of skin RNA signatures collected before and during ongoing treatment, that can be used to tailor treatment plans and as early indicators of treatment response. Towards these goals, parallel studies will be performed in the mouse with both intralesional steroids and CTLA4-Ig, as well as with therapeutic interventions, to provide a transcriptional profile database that will be useful in cross-referencing the human treatment studies (comparative genomic analysis between studies and for potential clinical development of more novel approaches).
Human Subjects
Skin biopsies from the scalp will be collected from a minimum of 100 Alopecia Areata patients and approximately 100 controls. The subject population will consist of AA patients and unaffected control subjects receiving hair transplantation. Approval for collection of these samples underwent expedited review/exemption since they are discarded tissue. A protocol for collection of scalp biopsies from AA patients is in preparation. A minimum of 100 AA subjects will be recruited, but collection of greater than 100 will be beneficial and increase the power of this approach.
In order to achieve maximum homogeneity among samples for generating the expression interactome, hair follicles will be collected exclusively from middle aged Caucasian male subjects with AA, since the matching control donors are most commonly from this group. Therefore, despite the fact that AA shows no ethnic or gender predilection, the AA patients will be selected to match in age and gender to the controls for the purpose of this study (middle aged Caucasian males). Patients with active disease (ie: with some remaining hair follicles) will also be selected so that they can be efficiently microdissected.
Vertebrate Animals
Young C3H/HeJ mice (2-3 months) and retired breeders showing visible hair loss will be acquired from Jackson Labs. The animals will be kept under standard conditions in the animal facilities.
The mice will be administered drugs or antibodies by either systemic injections or topically. For topical applications, the mice skin will be shaved on the dorsal surface with electric clippers. One week after shaving, mice will receive topical application of the chemicals dissolved in acetone or 10% v/v in propylene glycol as vehicles. Injections will be given either intraperitonealy or subcutaneously. The dosage as well as frequency of administration will be followed as per established protocols. The mice will be monitored daily for signs of distress throughout the duration of treatment.
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Example 5
Alopecic effector T cells were identified in the lymph node and blood of alopecic mice using spectratyping of flow sorted cells. A blood-based assay was developed to monitor these alopecic T cells during treatment. Cytotoxic assays have been developed for evaluating functional components of the hair follicle (HF) interactions with CTLs, in both human and mice.
Using human biospecimens obtained from AA subjects, it was demonstrated that circulating T cells express high levels of NKG2D and primary T cells obtained from the skin are dominated by a CD8+NKG2D+ IFN-γ producing cells establishing parallels between the mouse and human disease.
Immunophenotyping and Skin Immunobiology
To study pathways in biospecimens requires analysis of heterogeneous cell populations in the skin and in the blood. In the clinical investigation of human autoimmunity, alopecia areata provides a unique opportunity because of the accessibility of the end-organ enabling study/isolation of the pathogenic immune effectors in their relevant microenvironment. Analytic tools and personnel required will be provided for optimal study of these precious end-organ skin biospecimens, and their cellular/serological counterparts in the blood obtained from the same individual.
Preparation and Analysis of Biospecimens:
The following will be provided to assist in the analysis of blood:

    i) Multianalyte cytokine/chemokine analysis from serum samples.
    ii) Flow cytometric immunophenotyping, including cytokine analysis of human PBMCs from AA subjects.
    iii) Flow sorting for downstream applications using T cell subsets (RNA profiling, spectratyping).


The following will be provided to assist in the analysis of skin:

    
    
        i) Preparation/analysis of viable cellular fractions of both primary hair follicle and T cell components for functional (cytotoxicity) and analytic studies (T cell cloning, spectratyping).
        ii) Immunostaining and transcriptional profiling of whole skin
        iii) Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of dermal lymphocytes from human and mouse AA skin.

Scientific Experiments

    
    


Pathogenic HF-specific cellular subsets in the peripheral blood of AA subjects will be identified. To this end, spectratype analysis will be used as a tool to identify circulating human alopecic T cells populations, as was done for the mouse model, by matching the spectratype found in total skin T cells with the spectratypes of specific sorted peripheral blood T cell subsets in the peripheral blood obtained from the same patients.
Th1-predominance in human AA will be established and the rationale and biomarker platform for Th1-targeted therapies will be developed. Therapeutic targeting of disease-specific Th-pathways has succeeded in other human skin inflammatory diseases, most notably in psoriasis a prototypical Th17 disease. There is substantial data in the AA animal model for AA as a predominant Th1 disease. The Th-profile of infiltrating dermal AA T cells and relevant circulating T cell subsets in the blood will be addressed using a multi-prong approach, including multianalyte, RNA profiling, immunstaining and intracellular flow cytometric analysis from the skin and blood.
An integrative approach to translational research begins with basic studies identifying targetable pathways in AA, then testing these pathways therapeutically in preclinical models, longitudinal biomarker assessment in clinical trials and pursuing population-based research based on genetic studies. The pre-clinical therapeutic effects of interventions will be evaluated in the grafted AA mouse models, treatment effects on the inflammatory responses will be assessed in the skin and blood and human biospecimens will be provided for validation of human relevance in ex vivo studies.
Monitoring the pathogenic interactions between immune cells and target cells in the skin in humans requires sophisticated processing and analysis of primary human tissues and blood.
Flow cytometry has become the primary tool for the identification of cell populations according to specific parameters, and is therefore employed by an ever-growing number of biomedical scientists.
The immunobiology of the skin presents specific characteristics and challenges; the special architecture of the tissue including its barrier functions, its associated unique immune cell populations and its close proximity/interactions with microbial flora, and the practical difficulties of isolating infiltrating lymphocytes, are all part of the complexities needed to be understood in the approach to immunological diseases of the skin. Services that provide assistance with tissue processing and staining, as well as cell isolation, and essential to insuring high quality consistent results are available.
Flow cytometry is a tool for clinical investigators and a working knowledge of its use is required for all translational immunologists. Four flow cytometers, including two workhorse instruments (FACs CANTOTM and FACs CALIBERTM) a 6-laser LSR IITM and a 4-laser BD INFLUXTM are available. The LSR IITM and BD INFLUXTM have been designed to have comparable lasers/detectors to facilitate transition from analysis to preparative sorting. The LSR IITM is equipped with 6 lasers, capable of detecting in total 19 colors simultaneously providing versatility to detect both fluorescent proteins (mBanana, GFP, BFP, RFP/dsRed, mCherry mRasberry) and fluorescent dyes/chemical fluorochromes. LSR IITM can analyze diverse cell types within heterogeneous cell populations from tissues using a wide array of organic and inorganic fluorochromes. These additional fluorescent parameters allow detection of coordinated functional events in specific cell types in mixed populations (e.g. intracellular IFN-gamma, IL-10 production and phosphoprotein detection in T cell populations from cutaneous tissues and draining lymph nodes). The basic LSR IITM instrument is equipped with three lasers; blue (488 nm), red (633 nm), violet (405 nm). The custom designed LSR IITM contains in addition, three additional lasers permitting up to 20-color detection and a 96-well plate reader. “Leave one out” 10-color panel designs for T cell subsets (for example, Tregs), B cells and monocyte have been designed to take advantage of the 100 W yellow-green 594 laser which has exquisite sensitivity for “red” ALEXATM 594. Thus, investigators may adopt a “leave-one out” design to sensitively examine expression for a specific marker of interest by staining with ALEXATM 594 conjugated antibodies.
Quality:
Panel development for immunophenotyping lymphocyte populations in human peripheral blood and other experiments will be conducted. Because of the capacity of the 6 laser system of the LSR IITM, a common “easy-to use” set of colors that can be used without the need for compensation was established. The ability to do a 5/6-color experiment without the need for fluorescent compensation gives increased data resolution as the fluorochromes as far apart from each other in the spectrum, and excited independently by each laser line. This allows for the ability of populations to clearly separate, something that is rare when compensation is applied. The current selected fluorochrome combination is DAPI (gated on the DAPI negative cells) Pacific Blue, FITC, PE, ALEXA FLUORTM 594 and APC, however other combinations of fluors are currently being tested and used. This 5-flourochrome set serves as the base platform for panels, to which additional fluorochromes can be added. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the use of 5 flurochromes was shown simultaneously without the need for compensation. C57BL/6 splenocytes were stained with CD8 Pacific Blue, CD3 FITC, CD45R (B220) PE, CD11b Bio+Streptavidin ALEXA FLUORTM 594, and CD4 APC.
Maintenance and Quality Control for Skin Immunobiology:
The procedure used for the isolation of lymphocytes from skin biopsies has been adapted from a method developed by Clark and Kupper (2) in which biopsies are culture on 3-dimensional tantalum-coated cellfoam matrices to promote migration of T cells from the biopsies. Of each isolated cell populations a minor fraction will be used for CD45/CD3 staining to assess the number of leucocytes/T lymphocytes by flow cytometry prior to further studies or cryopreservation. For re-use, the matrices will be soaked for 30 min in 10% bleach, then rinsed in water and transferred into a solution of ENZYTETM enzyme cleaner (Decon Labs). The matrices will be left in this solution on a hot plate with stirrer for 24 hrs, rinsed with distilled water and let dry before autoclaving.
Whole skin analytic techniques (e.g., immunostaining) will be provided. The following will be provided: 1) critical expertise in skin immunobiology for the preparation/analysis of viable cellular fractions of both primary hair follicles and cutaneous T cells; 2) biomarker development capabilities for clinical biospecimens including multianalyte analysis (LUMINEXTM) and transcriptional profiling of precious clinical biospecimens (skin and blood from subjects enrolled in clinical trials). The tools to investigate biological processes and monitor the inflammatory AA mechanisms in pre-clinical and clinical samples from both the blood and the AA target end organ, the skin will be provided.
Capabilities in microarray data analysis and storage, sequence and pathway analysis are available for the studies herein, and extend all the way to the most recent algorithms for regulatory network reverse engineering. A number of widely-used databases are created and maintained. In addition, all important sequence and structure databases are maintained centrally. This allows direct large-scale searches, if need be using custom algorithms and cluster computing. Many of the research methods developed are packaged into software applications and computational services, freely available to the scientific community (c2b2.columbia.edu/page.php?pageid=10).
The following services are available:
1. Immunomonitoring:
a. Multianalyte Cytokine & Chemokine Analysis from Serum Samples
Two approaches are available: a) The multiplex bead based immunoassays systems (e.g. CBA/FLOWCYTOMIXTM) provides multiple analytes that allow 10 or more cytokines/chemokines to be assessed on a single read of a small volume (50 μl) sample. The LSR IITM 96 well high throughput capacity provides ease of use combined with efficiency. Software (“snap-to” gating) is available in house for data analysis. A multiplex bead-based assay system will also be developed to quantify soluble human and murine NKG2DL in the sera, for which specific antibody sets are commercially available. b) Multiplex analysis using the LUMINEXTM platform is available in the CTSA for analysis of commercially available mouse and human cytokine and chemokine arrays (FIG. 24). The LUMINEXTM assays are provided on a fee-for-service basis, with reagents purchased by the user. Once an AA serum biomarker platform bulk purchase of selected analytes will enable cost-savings.
Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping
It has been established using multiparameter flow that CD8+NKG2D+ cells dominate the dermal leukocyte population harvested from the skin of mice with spontaneous alopecia (FIG. 25). To address the human situation, flow panels have been developed to define quantitative alterations in any of 30 PBMC subsets focusing on NK and CD4 and CD8 T cell populations using 3 FACS tubes (T cell subset tube, NK-marker tube for CD4, CD8 and NK cells and a third non-T cell tube); Lineage Markers: CD3, CD4, CD8α, CD8β, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, CD64; T cell subset Markers: CD45Ra, CD45Ro, CD56, CD62L, CCR7, CD127, FoxP3, Helio; Cutaneous Chemokine Receptor Analysis: CCR4, CCR8, CCR10, CLA, E and P-selectin; NK immunoreceptor family members: Inhibitory: KIR/CD158, CD94/NKG2A, LILR/ILT, LAIR1 NKR-P1 Activatory: NKp46, NKp30, NKp44, NKG2C, NKG2D. In the initial evaluation of PBMCs from four AA subjects, increased NKG2D expression was observed on CD56+CD8+ T cells and NK cells, but not on CD4+ T cells (FIG. 26).
Cytokine Analysis:
Activation of freshly isolated buffy coat peripheral T cells with PMA/ionomycin will drive cytokine production by circulating memory T cells. After a 4 hour incubation with brefeldin, cells are cell surface marker stained, fixed and permeabilized prior to intracellular staining for IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-4, IL-17, and FOXP3/helios. These cytokines/transcription factors together with the surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD56, CD62L, NKG2D, CD45Ra, CD45Ro, CLA/CCR4 will delineate the fraction of Th1/Th2/Th17/Tregs in the total and cutaneous CD4/CD8 naïve and memory T cell compartment and their expression of NKG2D. Without being bound by theory, using a LSRII, which enables multi-parametric testing from a single tube, 2-4 million PBMCs will be more than sufficient for this analysis. This will leave enough PBMCs (>20 million cells) from a 30 ml blood draw to provide for other goals.
Flow Sorting for Downstream Applications Using T Cell Subsets
The goal is to provide potential alopecic T cells for downstream functional analysis. For example, flow sorted T cell subsets will be provided for RNA profiling, for instance, transcriptional profiling of NK-type T cells. For biomarker studies, honing in on the appropriate cellular subset will improve the resolution of the analysis, which will otherwise be diluted by the presence of RNA from the mixed heterogenous PBMC population.
Studies in the AA mouse indicate that the alopecic T cells (FIG. 24), are recirculating and can be readily found and isolated from the blood and cutaneous lymph nodes. More than 5 million CD8+NKG2D+ T cells can be isolated by flow sorting from the cutaneous lymph nodes of a single mouse. This is an impressive number of fresh primary “pathogenic” T cells for downstream study and is a substantial improvement on the cell yields one can expect to recover from “crawl-outs” from alopecic skin. The identification of pathogenic T cell subsets in the blood of AA subjects human AA subjects is a scientific goal. Flow isolated T cell subsets will be provided for downstream applications including biomarker studies, functional studies and spectratyping to provide evidence for immuopathogenic relevance of specific T cells subsets.
i) Spectratype Analysis of TCR Repertoire
Spectratyping or TCR β-chain length distribution analysis of RNA from tissues or phenotypically separated lymphocyte subsets provides a qualitative portrait of the TCR clonotype utilization/repertoire of the infiltrating T cells. In recent years this technique has been used by others (5-7) as a highly sensitive and accurate method to delineate the proportion of clonally expanded T cells in a sample. Oligoclonality, evidence of expansion of subsets of T cells with restricted TCRs is indicative of antigenic drive in inflammatory processes and can be used as a first step to identify pathogenic T cell clones. Since each TCR rearrangement varies in CDR3 length in multiples of three nucleotides, heterogeneity of CDR3 length within a population of T cells can be used as a measure of TCR diversity. The principle of this technique is to PCR amplify the cDNA obtained from a T cell population using an upstream specific Vβ family member primers and a downstream constant region primer that together span the CDR3 region made by combinatorial and junctional VDJ joining. The PCR products are then fluorochrome-labelled in a primer extension (“run-off”) reaction using a fluorescently labeled constant region primer. The products are then run on the ABI PRISM 3700 DNA analyzer. With Gene Mapper software the size of the peaks corresponding to discrete CDR3 lengths can be displayed and analyzed (FIGS. 20 and 27). The data are exported and compared to reference polyclonal repertoires, and measures of oligoclonality such as the Hamming distance are calculated. The area of the peaks in each histogram reflects the expression frequency of each CDR3 length within each family. A predominance of clonal expansions in the skin indicates a primary role for dermal antigens in driving disease and will enable focused investigation of pathogenic T cells. In contrast a polyclonal repertoire of unexpanded clones will indicate recruitment by non-clonally specific chemokine receptors. Comparisons of the TCR repertoire in non-lesional skin and blood of the same individuals will indicate whether clonally expanded skin resident T cell populations might also be found in the circulation. Similarly sorted T cell subsets can be used for source RNA material for repertoire analysis. For instance, FIGS. 20 and 27 demonstrates that in C3H mice an oligoclonal population is found in the lesional skin, a repertoire that is also over-represented in NKG2D positive but not negative CD8 lymph node populations. These data confirm that CD8+NKG2D+ T cells contain most (but not all) of the oligoclonal T cell populations found in the skin. Note that some TCR/clones are found in skin but not in draining cutaneous lymph nodes, e.g., Vβ10. These likely include CD4+ T cell populations found in AA skin but not present in the sorted CD8+ LN fraction. This approach provides powerful evidence for “antigen-drive”, and combined with flow sorting as shown here, identifies pathogenic T cell subsets amongst populations of cells.
This evidence of clonal sharing or oligoclonality will be investigated and validated in mouse and human samples at the level of clonotype resolution by preparing bacterial libraries of the PCR products using topoisomerase-based cloning, and sequencing the TCR β-chain of resulting clones in a high throughput manner using 96-well based techniques as described (5-7). Usually 48 or 96 clones are selected and sequenced for each PCR product. The sequences are exported and aligned in GENEIOUSTM and the fine structure of VDJ element usage and joining is determined using Vquest. This allows definitive identification of shared clones and lymphocyte trafficking in different regions, as well as precise enumeration of the clonotypic composition of a sample. Furthermore, clonotypic TCRs can be used for gene transduction studies to generate T cells and retrogenic mice expressing alopecic TCRs. This effort can also lead to development of “humanized” transgenic TCR models of alopecia using transgenically expressed human alopecic TCRs in HLA02 transgenic mice.
ii) Transcriptional Biomarkers of Circulating Immune Cells
A transcriptional signature marking aggressive, drug refractory Lupus can be identified within the CD8 T cell compartment, but not when using RNA of total PBMCs (8) Thus combining flow sorting with transcriptional profiling greatly powers the analytic capacity. In alopecia areata the pathogenic cellular subset in the appears to be CD8+NKG2Dhi T cells that envelop the hair follicle and may be of pathogenic relevance broadly in autoimmunity (9) including both celiac disease (4, 10), Type I diabetes (11) and rheumatoid arthritis (12-14). Transcriptional profiling of these cells in celiac disease (4, 10) previously described an NK-like transcriptional programming of these cells that will be similarly assessed in sort-purified circulating and skin-derived CD8 T cells. It will be important to specifically address the transcriptional profiles of these cellular populations to identify biological pathways central to these cells.
Epigenetically regulated autoimmune genes using ILLUMINATM-based genomic approaches were identified and DNA was obtained from sorted autoimmune human T cells from patients with Type I diabetes, alopecia areata and celiac disease. Hypermethylation of the promoter regions that downregulate the expression of important immunoregulatory genes including CD3, PD-1 and FasL was identified.
iii) Cellular Immunology
Flow cytometryic analysis of activated PBMCs can be used for intracellular cytokine analysis and or signaling activation of phosphorylated proteins. Classic antigen specific, mitogenic or mixed lymphocyte responses can be appreciated with CFSE-stained T cells or with thymidine incorporation. Available equipment includes a cell harvester and Microbeta/Trilux plate reader (for thymidine based proliferation and chromium release cytotoxicity assays), ELISA plate readers/washers, ELISPOT readers.
Skin Immunobiology
Preparation of primary hair follicle and T cell components for functional (cytotoxicity), preparative (T cell cloning) and analytic studies (spectratyping, RNA profiling). Biopsy specimens from AA patients on study are precious, with immunostaining and transcriptional profiling studies taking the highest priority given the feasibility and informative power of these two approaches. Routinely human scalp skin is procured from control individuals (hair transplant donors) to establish primary cultures of individual cellular populations within the skin and hair follicle.
a) Culture of T Cells and Hair Follicle Components, Hair Follicle Organ Culture and Skin Organ Culture.
i) HF Targets:
Human scalp skin procured from control or AA affected individuals will be used to establish primary cultures of individual cellular populations within the skin and hair follicle (FIG. 28) to study the regulation of NKG2DL in primary HF populations and to evaluate HF populations as targets in CTL assays. Interfollicular skin will be dispase treated to separate the epidermal and dermal components and enzymatically processed to establish primary cultures of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The hair follicles will be microdissected to separate the mesenchymal components and further used to culture dermal sheath cells (DSC) and dermal papilla cells (DPC). Serum free hair follicle organ culture established in the laboratory modeled after protocols from Kondo and Philpott et al (15) (FIG. 30) will be used to routinely culture individual follicles from control individuals, as well as lesional (when possible) and control skin from AA patients. The follicles are cultured in serum free growth conditions and show normal anagen growth for 7-10 days, followed by catagen entry and disintegration of the matrix (16). For cytotoxicity assays, the follicles will be transferred to media which sustains cytotoxic T-Cells or NK cells (MYELOCULTTM, Stemcell Technologies) for 4-8 hrs. The skin explants maintain normal skin architecture, as well as the immune microenvironment, and will be used for functional studies (17).
ii) T Cell Effectors:
Isolation of sufficient numbers of T cells from enzymatically digested/dispersed human skin can be difficult; however cultured T cells were expanded using the dermal crawl-out approach developed by Clark (2). Skin explants have been used to expand the resident T-cell population of the skin by culturing the explants on cell foam matrices for 3 weeks in IMDM containing 20% FCS, IL-2 and IL-15. This technique yields 0.3-3.0×106 T cells per 4 mm biopsy enabling immunophenotyping, T cell cloning, Th-profiling, and other downstream applications (e.g., transcriptional profiling, cytotoxicity and other functional assays). For AA patients on intervention trials, if sufficient T cells are obtained after three weeks of expansion (>1×106) they will be divided, with half the population used for RNA isolation/profiling and the other half used for flow immunophenotyping/Th profiling. If the yields are less than 1×106 total cells, studies will be limited to RNA profiling. For AA patients that are not on study, there will be more latitude for using crawl-out T cells and autologous HF targets for alternative functional studies, including for instance cytolyic assays and studies with antibody blockade/small molecules. As an example of the ability to analyse rare clinical populations of T cells, FIG. 29 illustrates a T cell ‘crawl-out” assay, in which cultured human dermis obtained from punch skin biopsies are used as source material for flow cytometric analysis.
Note that T cells obtained from AA skin biopsies are oligoclonal IFN-γ□ producing CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in striking contrast to the expected polyclonal CD4 population seen in crawl-outs from normal skin (2, 18).
b.) Interaction of the Skin and the Immune Components in Alopecia Areata Models
Established protocols are available for assessing skin-immune interactions for the studies herein. Primary cultured cells, as well as organ-cultured follicles, can be used as targets using cytotoxic T cells from control or patient peripheral blood lymphocytes, or those derived from the skin (FIG. 29). The immune effector cells can be co-cultured with CFSE-labeled target cells/hair follicles and the cytolysis will be measured colorimetrically by LDH release, or alternatively, the dead cells will be stained with 7-AAD and the cell numbers counted by flow cytometry. These assays can be used to determine molecular requirements for the interaction of immune effectors and HF targets, including cytotoxicity. For instance as shown here, cytotoxicity required NKG2D engagement and prior sensitization of targets with cytokines/TLR ligands known to upregulate NKG2DL transcription and surface expression.
Evaluation of Skin Biomarkers of Pathogenesis: Immunostaining and Transcriptional Profiling
AA shows high correlation with several autoimmune disorders, making the hair follicle a highly accessible organ in which to study basic mechanisms of autoimmunity. There has been substantial interest in identifying early surrogate biological markers of pathogenesis. As such, AA represents a model system for biomarker development which may have relevance to a broad range of diseases. The following biomarkers are currently used to monitor AA development and response to treatment both in humans and in mice.
a) Immunohistochemical Staining for Lymphocytic Infiltration.
AA is associated with the presence of intrafollicular, and parafollicular immune infiltrate. For immunohistochemistry, tissue will be either fixed in 10% formalin in PBS for 8 hours at room temperature and stored in 70% ethanol for paraffin sections or embedded directly in CRYOMATRIXTM (Shandon, Waltham, Mass.) on dry ice for frozen sections which are stored at −80° C.
Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks are cut into 8-m sections, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is carried out for histological studies. Frozen tissue is also sectioned to a thickness of 8 □μm and fixed in 4%: Sections are stained with fluorescence-labeled secondary antibodies and immunofluorescence imaging carried out using Zeiss Axioskop microscope. Basic immunohistological/fluorescent staining will include staining with primary antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8. As an example of the immunostains, evidence that MHC I and II and ICAM-1 are massively upregulated in alopecic HFs which are associated with a dense CD8 dominated infiltrate is provided (FIG. 31).
b) Isolation of Total Skin RNA and Quantitative PCR for Inflammatory Markers.
The human and mouse skin will be tested for elevation of inflammatory gene transcripts already defined, including IFN-response genes, and gene signatures to be defined, including “NK-type” CD8 T cell transcripts. Total RNA will be extracted from skin using an RNeasy purification kit (Qiagen). DNase-treated total RNA will be reverse-transcribed using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
RT-PCR shall be performed using SYBRTM Green Master Mix and an ABI PRISM 7000TM Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). GAPDH and -actin will be used as internal normalization control genes.
One of the goals of the studies herein is to establish the phenotype of circulating AA effector populations by matching spectratypes of sorted peripheral blood AA T cell subsets with those found in total skin T cells from the same patient. Flow cytometric sorting techniques will be combined with spectratype analysis to identify pathogenic T cells in the circulation of AA patients. This same approach was used in the mouse model to show that CD8+NKG2D+ lymph node cells contain the majority of the T cell clones found in alopecic skin. In AA subjects, the TCR repertoire will be compared in lesional and non-lesional skin and blood of the same individuals to identify whether clonally expanded skin resident T cell populations are also be found in the circulation. By progressive refinement of the sort criteria to isolate source RNA material from circulating T cell subsets one should be able to (at least partially) match the TCR repertoire found in total skin from the same patient and in this way identify the immunophenotypic markers of pathogenic CD4 and CD8 T cells. Identification of pathogenic T cell subsets will be enormously valuable for monitoring clinical studies, refining biomarker development and would provide unique cellular materials for bedside-to-bench studies of pathogenesis.
Another goal of the studies herein is to establish the Th profile of AA T cells infiltrating the dermis and circulating in the peripheral blood. Pathogenic AA T cell Effector Differentiation/Cytokine Profile: Therapeutic targeting of specific Th-pathways has succeeded in other human skin inflammatory diseases, most notably in psoriasis a prototypical Th17 disease. There is substantial data in the AA animal model for AA as a predominant Th1 disease (19-23). To establish Th1-predominance in humans and develop the rationale and biomarker platform for Th1-targeted therapies, the Th-profile of infiltrating dermal AA T cells and relevant circulating T cell subsets in the blood will be addressed using a multi-prong approach including multianalyte, RNA profiling, immunostaining and intracellular flow cytometric analysis from the skin and blood. Refining the immunophenotypic markers for AA CD4 and CD8 T cells will of course allow detection of Th-profiles of the potential alopecic-specific T cells amongst the polyclonal circulating population.
Although transcriptional profiling of AA lesions from a small series of subjects are indicative of Th1-type skewing (24), without being bound by theory, AA is not “one disease”. The common occurrence in AA subjects of co-morbid immune conditions that reflect both an underlying Th2 or Th1/17 bias that predisposes to diseases with common pathogenic pathways. including hypersensitivity (25) (dermatitis) and other autoimmune conditions (26-33) (see studies described herein) suggests that there may be a Th2-type AA as well as a Th1 or Th17 type of AA. Thus it is important to identify functional T cell responses in PBMCs from the periphery and from AA lesional tissue explants from a large number of patients that might identify subsets of AA with different Th profiles and to correlate these immune function biomarker parameters with the presence or absence of the relevant SNPs.
The T cell immunophenotype of peripheral T cells and lesional T cells will be assessed. 50 AA patients and 50 normal controls will be studied from the GWAS, with attached clinical history. Assessment of Th-profiles of total circulating T cells is straight forward but multi-parametric flow will be applied to T cell subsets for more granular assessment, as aided ultimately by definition of immunophenotypic markers of AA pathogenic populations. Isolation of sufficient numbers of T cells from enzymatically digested/dispersed human skin can be difficult, and maybe altered by culture conditions. Correlation will be performed with transcriptional profiling using whole skin approaches and microdissected skin samples to describe the cytokine profile within the follicular sheath infiltrate as well as from infiltrates in the interfollicular epithelium.
Human Subjects
Skin biopsies from the scalp will be collected from normal subjects consist of AA patients and unaffected control subjects receiving hair transplantation. Additional biopsies will be obtained from subjects on clinical trials.
The sources of research material will be scalp skin biopsies from AA patients and controls. RNA from small tissue samples, including microdissected hair follicle compartments are routinely obtained. Tissue biopsies from AA patients and controls will be provided.
Vertebrate Animals
Young C3H/HeJ mice (2-3 months) and retired breeders showing visible hair loss will be acquired from Jackson Labs. The mice strains established by each participating principle investigator will be housed in their respective animal housing suites. Mice will be given free access to water and pellet diet (5010 rodent diet, LabDiet, PMI Nutrition International).
Primary cell culture for individual skin and follicle components as well as hair/skin organ cultures will be established for wild-type and transgenic or knock-out mice. These studies also involve hair follicle and skin tissue characterization. The mice will be euthanised by CO2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation, a veterinary-approved and widely recommended method. It is the quickest and most humane method that is not associated with any pain or stress for the animals. Mice will be shaved on the dorsal surface with electric clipper and then skin tissue will be dissected out. The isolation scheme of individual cellular components of the skin and hair follicle as well the T-cells isolation from skin explants is described in FIGS. 25, 28 and 29. Skin Samples will also be embedded in OCT and paraffin. In addition to skin, spleen and thymus will also be dissected from the animals and further used for flow cytometry. Serum from the animals will also be collected by tail bleeding and used for cytokine profiling.
References


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Example 6
In vivo pre-clinical studies of blocking Jak 1/Jak2 was performed using the INCB018424 Jak 1/Jak2 inhibitor in the grafted animal model of the disease, C3H-HeJ mice. 0/5 mice developed alopecia after treatment with INCB018424, whereas 2/5 placebo treated mice developed AA.
Example 7—Mouse Transplant Model for Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases and manifests as nonscarring hair loss. The course of the disease is unpredictable, and there are currently no consistently efficacious treatments available. Although research into disease pathogenesis and the development of targeted therapies are lacking, the creation of a mouse transplant model with a high incidence of disease has opened up new avenues of preclinical experimentation.
Several lines of evidence support the potential efficacy of JAK3 inhibitors in the treatment of AA: (1), a recently completed genome-wide association study of AA identified a number of gene-associated loci with immunological relevance, including those for IL-2/IL-2RA and IL-21; (2) initial findings in a preclinical mouse model suggested disruption of IL-15/IL-15R signaling ameliorates the disease; and (3) data indicate that T cells, dependent on IL-7 and IL-15 for survival, mediate the disease in the mouse model and in humans.
We therefore assessed the efficacy of JAK3 inhibition on the development of alopecia in a preclinical mouse model. Alopecic C3H/HeJ skin grafts were transplanted onto unaffected C3H/HeJ mouse recipients and subsequently treated with a JAK3 inhibitor administered by osmotic pump, vehicle administered by osmotic pump, or PBS injections. While 4/4 PBS-treated and 2/2 vehicle-pump treated mice developed alopecia by six weeks following transplantation, 0/5 mice treated with the JAK3 inhibitor developed alopecia. Microarray analysis of skin, immunohistochemical stains of skin for T cell infiltrate, and serum marker assessments demonstrated decreased inflammatory profiles in mice treated with JAK3 inhibitors. In total, our findings suggest JAK3 inhibitors may be an effective treatment in patients with AA.
Example 8—Targeting the Immune Effector Response in AA
Specific autoimmune mechanisms underlying Alopecia Areata (AA) have remained obscure and therefore clinical investigation of AA has historically lagged behind other autoimmune diseases.
Identify Effective, Clinically Relevant, Therapies in Mouse Models of Alopecia Areata.
In both human AA and in the AA mouse model, local hair follicle (HF) IL-15/NKG2DL upregulation was identified as key inflammatory signals that recruit/activate CD8+ T cells, likely the critical AA immune effectors responsible for IFN-gamma (γ) production and hair follicle (HF) cytotoxicity. These observations provided the rationale for the studies to therapeutically target the IL-15/NKG2D.
It has been shown that the IL-15 pathway can be blocked using JAK3 protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PTKi).
Small Molecule PTKi Prevents AA.
5 mice were treated systemically with tofacitinib (CP-69055; 10 mg/kg/day within an Alzet pump). Tofacitinib is a JAK3 inhibitor known to inhibit IL-15 signaling in human whole blood assays. None of the treated mice developed alopecia areata or cutaneous lymphadenopathy, whereas untreated mice manifested both AA and associated cutaneous lymphadenopathy (FIG. 32). Topical delivery approaches will be pursued for AA reversal in the mouse model that has the major benefit of an improved therapeutic index for clinical development.
Identify Disease-Associated AA Biomarkers and their Reversal with Effective Therapy in C3H Mice.
Cellular, inflammatory, and molecular biomarkers have been assessed in treated mice. Targeted therapy with tofacitinib eliminated the pathogenic CD8+NKG2Dhi cells from both the skin and the cutaneous draining lymph nodes and moreover down-regulated inflammatory biomarkers in the skin, including MHC molecules and the AA-associated IFN signature (FIG. 33). HF NKG2DL expression was reduced although not completely eliminated (e.g. H60 expression by immunostain) (FIGS. 33 and 34), indicating H60 upregulation as a proximal event.
Transcriptional profiling analysis of treated vs. untreated skin shows abrogation of the cutaneous IFN-signature with treatment. These murine transcriptional profiles will be integrated computationally with transcriptional profiles obtained from human skin biopsies from untreated alopecic subjects to identify candidate dynamic human biomarkers that are associated with patchy stable disease vs. progressive disease vs. alopecia universalis.
Interpretation of PTKi Targeted Approaches.
PTKi's vary greatly in their selectivity of their target kinases. For tofacitinib, JAK sensitivity is greater for JAK3>JAK1>>JAK2 (IC50 is 28-50 nM, 140-180 nM, 1000-5000 nM, in whole blood assays, respectively). In the treated mice, tofacitinib serum levels would be 30-40 nM, and potential impacts will be assessed on both JAK1 and 3 activity. For ruxolitinib (a JAK1/2 inhibitor), sensitivity is JAK2>JAK1>>JAK3 (IC50 is 3.3 nM, 2.8 nM, and 428 nM for in vitro kinase inhibition, respectively). Pharmacodynamic JAK inhibition in the mouse is likely to be transient since ruxolitinib dosing is once daily and the half-life in rodents is 3-6 hours.
For example, a Jak3 inhibitor can exert selective inhibition activity of its JAK3 target at about 10 nM, about 15 nM, about 20 nM, about 25 nM, about 30 nM, about 35 nM, about 40 nM, about 45 nM, about 50 nM, or at about 55 nM. A Jak3 inhibitor can also exert selective inhibition activity of its JAK3 target at about 60 nM, about 65 nM, about 70 nM, about 75 nM, about 80 nM, about 85 nM, about 90 nM, about 95 nM, about 100 nM, about 105 nM, about 110 nM, about 115 nM, about 120 nM, about 125 nM, about 130 nM, or at about 135 nM.
For example, a Jak3 inhibitor can also exert inhibition activity of its JAK3 target, while also able to promiscuously exert inhibition activity of a JAK1 target, at about 140 nM, about 145 nM, about 150 nM, about 155 nM, about 160 nM, about 165 nM, about 170 nM, about 175 nM, about 180 nM, about 185 nM, about 190 nM, about 195 nM, about 200 nM, about 205 nM, about 210 nM, about 215 nM, about 220 nM, or at about 225 nM.
For example, a Jak3 inhibitor can also exert inhibition activity of its JAK3 target at about 250 nM, about 300 nM, about 350 nM, about 400 nM, about 450 nM, about 500 nM, about 650 nM, about 700 nM, about 750 nM, about 800 nM, about 850 nM, about 900 nM, or at about 950 nM.
For example, a Jak3 inhibitor can also exert inhibition activity of its JAK3 target, while also able to promiscuously exert inhibition activity of a JAK2 target, at about 1000 nM, about 1250 nM, about 1500 nM, about 1750 nM, about 2000 nM, about 2250 nM, about 2500 nM, about 2750 nM, about 3000 nM, about 3250 nM, about 3500 nM, about 3750 nM, about 4000 nM, about 4250 nM, about 4500 nM, about 4750 nM, about 5000 nM, about 5250 nM, about 5500 nM, about 5750 nM, about 6000 nM, about 6250 nM, about 6500 nM, about 6750 nM, about 7000 nM, about 7250 nM, about 7500 nM, about 7750 nM, or at about 8000 nM.
For example, a Jak1/2 inhibitor can exert selective inhibition activity of its JAK1 and/or JAK2 target at about 0.5 nM, about 1.0 nM, about 1.5 nM, about 2.0 nM, about 2.5 nM, about 3.0 nM, about 3.5 nM, about 4.0 nM, about 4.5 nM, about 5.0 nM, about 5.5 nM, 6.0 nM, about 6.5 nM, about 7.0 nM, about 7.5 nM, about 8.0 nM, about 8.5 nM, about 9.0 nM, about 9.5 nM, or about 10.0 nM. For example, a Jak1/2 inhibitor can exert selective inhibition activity of its JAK1 and/or JAK2 target at about 15 nM, about 20 nM, about 25 nM, about 30 nM, about 35 nM, about 40 nM, about 45 nM, about 50 nM, about 55 nM, about 60 nM, about 65 nM, about 70 nM, about 75 nM, about 80 nM, about 85 nM, about 90 nM, about 95 nM, about 100 nM, about 150 nM, about 200 nM, about 250 nM, about 300 nM, about 350 nM, or at about 400 nM.
For example, a Jak 1/2 inhibitor can also exert inhibition activity of its JAK1 and/or JAK2 target, while also able to promiscuously exert inhibition activity of a JAK3 target, at about 425 nM, about 450 nM, about 475 nM, about 500 nM, about 525 nM, about 550 nM, about 575 nM, about 600 nM, about 625 nM, about 650 nM, about 675 nM, about 700 nM, about 725 nM, about 750 nM, about 775 nM, about 800 nM, about 825 nM, about 850 nM, about 875 nM, about 900 nM, about 925 nM, about 950 nM, about 975 nM, or at about 1000 nM.
To activate a Jak protein target in the skin, the skin should be penetrated at about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3 mm, about 3.5 mm, or at about 4 mm. Depending on the depth of penetration, the concentration of a JAK inhibitor, such as a JAK1/2 inhibitor or a JAK3 inhibitor, can range from about 25 nM to about 5000 nM. At the higher concentration ranges, one JAK inhibitor can elicit an inhibitory effect not only of its target but also of other JAK proteins.
Integration of Human and Mouse Gene Expression Profiles.
The ribbon plots shown in FIG. 35 depict microarray data of normalized skin expression profiles of select genes from mice treated with 13 weeks of the JAK3 inhibitor CP690550 and PBS control. Briefly, after 13 weeks of treatment with the JAK3 inhibitor, skin was harvested and subjected to microarray analysis and compared with that of mice treated with PBS. The data show treatment-related elimination of the IFN-response chemokines and markers of CD8 cytotoxic effectors. Expression arrays from mouse and human will be integrated to compare expression profiles and eventually response to treatment.
Example 9—Systemic Treatment with JAK3i
“NK-type” CD8ατ+ T cells are massively expanded in alopecic skin and draining LNs, and are required for T cell mediated transfer implicating this cytotoxic cell subset as the likely pathogenic effectors.
IL-15 is a key cytokine responsible for inducing CD8 T effectors in vitro. Moreover, IL-15 is produced by intestinal epithelial cells and is a known precipitant of CD8 cytotoxicity in celiac disease.
Alopecia areata is marked by IL-15/IL-15Ra upregulation in the human and murine hair follicle and implicates this cytokine as an end-organ trigger of CD8-mediated autoreactivity in AA.
Systemic IL-15 blockade with a small molecule JAK3 PTKi effectively prevented alopecia areata, eliminating expansion of the pathogenic NK-type CD8 population and ablating the inflammatory signature in the skin. FIG. 53 shows reversal of established disease with topical therapies.
Example 10—Cellular Identity of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Alopecia Areata Defines a Therapeutic Strategy
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease resulting in an immune attack on the hair follicle1. Although T cells have been implicated in the disease process, the pathways underlying their activation had not been determined. Prior to the GWAS study, the genetic basis of AA was largely undefined. Unexpectedly, a region of strong association was identified within the ULBP gene cluster on chromosome 6q25.1, encoding activating ligands of the natural killer cell receptor, NKG2D, which had never before been implicated in an autoimmune disease. Guided by the GWAS studies implicating NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL)3, here ‘NK-type’ CD8+ T cells were identified as the dominant effectors, which are both necessary and sufficient for disease induction. Global transcriptional profiling of mouse and human AA skin revealed striking signatures indicative of a robust IFNγ response and the presence of a cytotoxic T cell infiltrate.
Using the graft model of C3H/HeJ mouse skin to transfer AA, disease prevention can be recapitulated when treating at the time of grafting, as well as reversal of established disease by allowing grafted mice to first lose their hair. Systemically-administered pharmacological inhibitors of the JAK3 protein tyrosine kinases eliminated the IFN-signature and prevented the development of AA, and topical administration reversed established disease. Notably, these effects were durable up to 3 months after cessation of therapy. These findings illustrate the power of GWAS studies in uncovering new disease mechanisms, which have rapidly translated into new therapeutic opportunities in AA.
AA is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss and, histologically, by infiltrating T cells surrounding the hair follicle bulb, the so-called “swarm of bees1,2. Previous studies have shown that transfer of total T cells (but not B cells or sera), can confer the disease in human xenograft models as well as the C3H/HeJ mouse model4,5. However, the identity of the specific pathogenic T cell subsets in either human or mouse AA has not yet been defined.
Guided by a previous GWAS study, which identified ULBP3/6 as the most highly significant non-HLA risk locus in AA (p=2×10−20)3, a focus has been centered on establishing NKG2DLs as potential “danger signals” in the disease process. Upregulation of ULBP3 has previously shown in human AA hair follicles, associated with a dense infiltrate of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells3. Here, the role of these cells in AA immunopathogenesis, as well as a target for potential therapeutic intervention, was investigated.
To determine the mechanistic importance of these cells in pathogenesis, the C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA was used, in which spontaneous disease develops with  ̃15% incidence between 6 and 12 months of age, and the graft-transfer C3H model was used, in which grafts from affected animals can transfer disease to 100% of C3H/HeJ recipients in 8-12 weeks time7. Lesional skin biopsies revealed that CD8+NKG2D+ T cells infiltrate the epithelial layers of the hair follicle that overexpress the NKG2DLs H60 and Rae-1, analogous to the situation in human AA (FIG. 54A-B and FIG. 58A-B). Flow cytometric examination of the CD45+ leukocyte population in the skin identified a striking expansion of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells (FIG. 54D). Other cell types, including CD4+ T cells were present in much smaller numbers (FIG. 58C). C3H/HeJ mice exhibit striking cutaneous lymphadenopathy (FIG. 54C) with increased total cellularity and, as noted in the skin, a dramatic expansion of a CD8+NKG2D+ cell population not present in disease-free C3H/HeJ mice (FIG. 54C-D).
The immunophenotype of the skin-infiltrating CD8+ T cells were similar to the CD8+NKG2D+ population found in the cutaneous lymph nodes: CD8ab+ effector memory T cells (CD8hi CD44h1 CD62Llow CD103+) bearing several NK immunoreceptors, including CD49b and NKG2A/C/E (FIG. 54E and FIG. 58D). These ‘NK-type’ CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of IFNg and exhibited NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity against ex vivo expanded syngeneic dermal sheath target cells (FIG. 54F). Gene expression analysis of the CD8+NKG2D+ T cells isolated from alopecic C3H/HeJ lymph node cells using RNAseq demonstrated a transcriptional profile characteristic of effector CTLs as defined by the ImmGen Consortium8-10 and identified several additional “NK-specific” transcripts (FIG. 54G and FIG. 59 and Table 14).







TABLE 14







Differentially expressed genes in CD8+NKG2D+ memory


T cells vs. CD8+NKG2D− memory T cells isolated from


cutaneous lymph nodes obtained from alopecic mice. RNAseq


was performed on cRNA made isolated from flow-sorted cells


(BD influx) from total cutaneous lymph nodes from two alopecic mice.










GeneSymbol
FC













Gstm5
63.99



Gzma
52.13



Ifitm1
44.81



Cx3cr1
38.24



Sprn
35.20



Tjp1
34.76



Igsf5
32.13



Tmem132e
31.71



Cmklr1
30.91



5430421N21Rik
30.69



Csf1
29.97



Olfr60
28.79



4933431E20Rik
27.87



Metrnl
27.44



Epdr1
27.43



Cd244
27.22



Gpr141
26.45



Ccr1
26.17



Ccr8
23.75



Pkd2
23.23



Lgals3
22.66



Esm1
21.59



AI661453
20.69



Sema6d
20.58



Tmem171
19.13



Havcr2
19.01



Rasgrf1
18.32



Bean1
18.25



Adora3
18.13



Itga1
17.66



Tpbg
17.52



Gzmb
17.43



Gpr44
17.11



Stk32c
16.81



Bcar1
16.72



Cntn1
16.70



Slc38a8
16.65



Adam8
16.15



Usp44
15.85



B4galnt4
15.50



Cass4
14.94



Galr3
14.86



Ifitm2
14.77



Rimbp2
14.64



Fam171b
14.02



Srxn1
13.78



Ptger3
13.70



Lrat
13.48



Trpm6
13.43



Lrrn2
13.17



Arnt2
13.06



Yap1
13.04



Anxa1
12.85



Gpr56
12.78



Rai14
12.59



Lypd3
12.52



Gm5127
12.23



Pdgfrb
12.13



Tktl1
11.87



Gzmk
11.63



Olfr525
11.61



AF529169
11.57



Olfr523
11.48



Selm
11.43



Sema4c
11.25



Ppp2r2c
11.12



Fxyd4
11.09



Sept5
11.07



Styk1
11.04



Myadm
10.84



Wnt10b
10.65



Fgl2
10.61



Gcnt4
10.59



Emp1
10.44



Cacng8
10.38



Car5b
10.36



Ly6g5b
10.32



Lmna
10.16



Vipr2
10.08



Ptpn5
10.01



Plekhf1
9.92



Il13
9.87



9430020K01Rik
9.87



Klrk1
9.80



Itsn1
9.65



Ret
9.62



Itgae
9.58



Col6a3
9.50



Nbea
9.41



Rab27b
9.41



Clec12a
9.36



Mgat3
9.35



Zfp57
9.30



S100a4
9.27



AI414108
9.22



Trim58
9.19



Irak3
9.18



Gpr34
9.15



Mt3
9.04



AW555464
9.02



Perp
9.00



Ace
8.94



Tmeff2
8.92



Slc35f3
8.81



Dyrk3
8.81



Nxnl2
8.72



Galnt3
8.67



Cish
8.63



Vash1
8.58



Klre1
8.58



Dmrt2
8.56



Wnt9a
8.48



Dusp14
8.43



Dmd1
8.29



St6galnac2
8.26



Slc41a2
8.26



Cdh1
8.22



Tead1
8.09



Msc
8.05



Ttc39c
8.01



Slc27a6
7.94



Hlx
7.85



Mid2
7.73



Plod2
7.70



Prkcc
7.68



Ptgs1
7.63



6430571L13Rik
7.60



Specc1
7.55



Prss16
7.53



Fam129b
7.49



Spns3
7.49



Lonrf3
7.45



Fat4
7.41



Nphs2
7.39



Cpd
7.34



Cdkn2a
7.26



Il17rd
7.14



Nebl
7.12



Src
7.10



Scn1b
7.07



Sccpdh
7.04



Igsf9b
7.03



Crispld2
7.02



Plscr4
7.01



Tmigd1
6.96



Camk2n1
6.95



Trat1
6.87



Mtap6
6.85



Qpct
6.85



Thsd7b
6.82



Tceal3
6.76



Nlrp12
6.75



2010002N04Rik
6.70



Lat2
6.68



Susd2
6.61



Ptprj
6.61



P2ry14
6.56



Csgalnact1
6.55



Klri2
6.54



1700001C19Rik
6.48



Spp1
6.43



Hlf
6.41



Gpx8
6.39



a
6.37



Rtn4r
6.31



Lamc1
6.25



Kndc1
6.23



Slc22a15
6.19



Id2
6.15



Tnfsf13b
6.14



Elovl4
6.13



5830411N06Rik
6.04



Plxnd1
6.00



Vstm2a
5.98



Rora
5.96



Il2
5.93



Klrc1
5.92



Tesc
5.86



Cd40lg
5.84



Glis2
5.84



Mt1
5.83



Mdfic
5.82



P2ry2
5.73



Hpse
5.72



Ttc16
5.70



Kitl
5.66



Arhgef25
5.65



Foxf2
5.62



Kir3dl2
5.56



Unc79
5.52



Aim1l
5.47



Rgag4
5.44



Pygl
5.41



Efcab6
5.39



Htra3
5.39



Card10
5.39



Nek6
5.38



6720401G13Rik
5.36



Fam131b
5.36



Grb14
5.34



Pde1c
5.33



Pld1
5.31



Gipc2
5.30



8430427H17Rik
5.30



Gabarapl1
5.29



Olfr527
5.28



Tenc1
5.27



Snx7
5.27



Rgs8
5.25



Slc16a7
5.24



Alcam
5.23



Tmbim1
5.23



Nefl
5.22



Pdcd1
5.21



2810030E01Rik
5.21



Abhd3
5.19



Clnk
5.18



Nlrp1b
5.14



Cav2
5.13



Aff2
5.12



Kbtbd13
5.10



Ppap2a
5.07



Gm14718
5.06



Pde4a
5.03



Cnga2
4.95



Acvrl1
4.92



Mapkapk3
4.92



Ccr2
4.87



Hip1
4.84



Pkp2
4.83



Nap1l3
4.83



Gorasp1
4.82



Zfp651
4.82



Hmga2-ps1
4.81



Tceal1
4.81



Atp1a2
4.81



2200002K05Rik
4.81



Mmp2
4.77



Ankrd35
4.77



Klrc2
4.77



Ptgfrn
4.74



Ildr1
4.66



Ptpn3
4.64



5031425F14Rik
4.62



2510009E07Rik
4.58



Emilin2
4.58



2900026A02Rik
4.57



Cd101
4.54



9030425E11Rik
4.52



1500009L16Rik
4.50



Cdh17
4.48



Clec5a
4.48



Dnahc9
4.47



Gpr25
4.45



Ifng
4.44



Socs2
4.42



Pard3
4.42



Nhsl2
4.41



Layn
4.40



Csf2
4.35



Crybb3
4.30



Cxcr6
4.30



Zeb2
4.27



Prkar2b
4.27



Fam70a
4.26



Gdpd5
4.23



Gm8773
4.22



Fbn1
4.20



Itgax
4.20



Rbpj
4.17



Cxcl13
4.15



Tmem2
4.14



Tmem205
4.14



Klrc3
4.13



Gcnt1
4.13



Zc3h12c
4.12



Mir1199
4.09



Ermn
4.08



Agap1
4.07



1810033B17Rik
4.07



Klf8
4.06



4831426I19Rik
4.06



Ninl
4.06



Fbxo44
4.04



Rab39b
4.03



Tspan2
4.02



Adrb1
4.00



Spns2
3.98



Osbpl3
3.97



Rapsn
3.96



Dhrs9
3.94



Mboat2
3.90



Pparg
3.90



Clip4
3.89



Apol9a
3.88



Marveld2
3.86



Capn5
3.86



Ranbp17
3.86



Ncam1
3.85



Ctnnd2
3.85



Slc25a24
3.85



Palm
3.84



Fcer1g
3.79



Gzmc
3.78



Prdm1
3.78



Scn8a
3.75



Fkbp9
3.72



Gstt1
3.71



Adssl1
3.71



Prrg4
3.71



Kir3dl1
3.70



Ssbp2
3.67



Swap70
3.67



Trp73
3.67



Il12rb2
3.66



Phka1
3.66



Xcr1
3.65



Stau2
3.64



9130019P16Rik
3.63



Clec7a
3.63



6430531B16Rik
3.63



Marco
3.62



Sulf2
3.61



Reep1
3.61



Anxa4
3.61



Procr
3.60



Slc40a1
3.60



Tnfrsf8
3.59



Matk
3.56



Cysltr2
3.56



Smtn
3.55



Rasl11b
3.54



Amph
3.52



Cysltr1
3.52



Klri1
3.52



B4galt2
3.51



Mlf1
3.49



B4galt4
3.49



Slc4a11
3.47



Htra1
3.47



Ebf1
3.44



Mpp2
3.44



Ica1
3.44



Tigit
3.43



Lzts1
3.43



Epha3
3.43



Mrgpre
3.43



Vdr
3.42



Npnt
3.41



D630039A03Rik
3.40



Rapgef3
3.37



Cnksr1
3.37



Napsa
3.37



E030011O05Rik
3.37



1700019E19Rik
3.37



Ncald
3.37



Ccl8
3.36



Dhrs3
3.36



Ppap2b
3.36



Gas2l1
3.36



St3gal2
3.35



Phactr2
3.34



Rasd1
3.34



Mafa
3.33



Olfr433
3.33



L1cam
3.31



Pik3r6
3.31



C1qa
3.31



Fgd1
3.30



Gm17745
3.30



Apol9b
3.30



Cmtm7
3.29



Bicd1
3.29



Rgs2
3.29



Nos1ap
3.29



Bcl2a1d
3.29



Eif4e3
3.28



Sgtb
3.28



Fut7
3.28



Kif19a
3.27



Mtmr7
3.27



Fam114a1
3.27



Sdc4
3.27



Farp1
3.26



Fbxl21
3.25



Ccrl2
3.25



H1fx
3.24



Eif2c4
3.24



Ube216
3.23



Gpr68
3.23



4930544D05Rik
3.23



Hrh4
3.22



Ryr1
3.22



9030418K01Rik
3.22



Acot11
3.22



Pon3
3.22



Serpine2
3.20



Ly6a
3.20



Lrrn3
3.19



B3galt5
3.19



Ankrd29
3.19



Ccl1
3.19



Serpina3f
3.19



St14
3.15



Dscam
3.14



Fam129a
3.14



Med12l
3.14



1300014I06Rik
3.13



Rnf216
3.13



St3gal5
3.13



Slc35e4
3.12



Rab3il1
3.12



Tmem176a
3.12



Syngr3
3.12



Il9r
3.12



Lrrk2
3.11



Zfp532
3.11



Ache
3.10



Wipf3
3.09



Cdkn1a
3.09



Ccdc136
3.08



Epn2
3.07



Fam167a
3.07



Syp
3.07



Spry2
3.06



Tiam1
3.06



Gnaq
3.05



Armcx6
3.05



Raph1
3.05



F730043M19Rik
3.05



Lag3
3.05



Wscd1
3.04



Dkkl1
3.04



Zfp839
3.04



Armcx1
3.03



Zkscan16
3.03



1700009P17Rik
3.02



Nkd1
3.01



Cdkn2b
3.01



Igfbp6
3.01



Dlg2
3.01



Plscr1
3.00



Cacna1i
3.00



Ckm
3.00



Kcnmb4
3.00



Arhgap8
2.99



Gspt2
2.99



Foxd2
2.98



Vat1l
2.98



Bfsp2
2.98



Prrt2
2.98



Wbscr17
2.98



Car13
2.98



Muc20
2.97



Bzrap1
2.96



Frem2
2.96



Fcer2a
2.96



Chn2
2.95



Blk
2.95



Kcnk5
2.95



Mpzl1
2.95



Aplp1
2.95



Tlr4
2.95



H2-DMb2
2.95



Lyn
2.94



Meis2
2.94



Camk1
2.93



Pacsin3
2.93



Tub
2.93



Cebpd
2.93



Gm5111
2.92



Fasl
2.92



Lpcat2
2.91



Mybpc2
2.90



Sytl3
2.90



H2-Eb2
2.90



Hdac11
2.89



Slc43a3
2.89



Klf12
2.89



Blnk
2.89



Atp2b4
2.88



Faim3
2.88



C1qc
2.88



Epb4.1l3
2.87



Ms4a1
2.87



Prr51
2.86



Fcrla
2.86



Ell3
2.86



Prdx4
2.85



Adcy9
2.85



Pbx3
2.85



Chmp4c
2.84



Osbpl1a
2.84



Apbb1
2.84



Cd79a
2.84



Slc6a8
2.83



Zcchc14
2.83



5730416F02Rik
2.83



Gm9199
2.82



Ern1
2.82



Lxn
2.82



Armc2
2.82



Cr2
2.82



Ptpn13
2.81



Bcl11a
2.81



Scd1
2.81



Chst3
2.80



Gcnt2
2.80



Lyl1
2.80



Itga2
2.79



Scn4a
2.78



Ccl5
2.78



March1
2.76



Siglecg
2.76



Islr
2.76



Spib
2.76



Ndrg1
2.75



Tex15
2.75



Rgs1
2.74



5031414D18Rik
2.74



Frmd4b
2.74



Ankrd6
2.74



Bcar3
2.74



Rhbdf1
2.72



Slco4a1
2.72



Capg
2.71



H2-DMb1
2.71



Hhex
2.71



Postn
2.71



Myo1e
2.71



Il15
2.70



Soat2
2.69



Casp1
2.69



Itga3
2.69



Rtn1
2.68



Sema6b
2.68



Ciita
2.68



Haao
2.68



Atf6
2.68



Kcng1
2.67



Ptk7
2.67



Kdelc2
2.67



Cd180
2.67



Rhbdl3
2.66



Cd86
2.66



Naip5
2.66



Slc15a3
2.65



BC013712
2.65



Cd74
2.64



C77080
2.64



Fam43a
2.63



S100a6
2.63



Lmo2
2.63



Col8a2
2.63



Celf5
2.63



Lhfpl4
2.63



Col1a1
2.62



Ppap2c
2.62



Ccl3
2.62



Rasgrp3
2.62



Klhl30
2.62



Clu
2.62



Cd19
2.61



Syk
2.61



Cpne7
2.61



Rasgef1b
2.61



Gm11435
2.60



Vpreb3
2.60



Lhx2
2.58



Cybb
2.58



Mapk8ip1
2.58



Hck
2.57



1110046J04Rik
2.57



Fam59a
2.57



Stx11
2.56



Btk
2.56



H1f0
2.56



Vav3
2.56



F2rl2
2.55



Hspa2
2.55



Slc29a4
2.55



Tubb4a
2.54



Arsb
2.54



Trim7
2.54



Mef2c
2.54



Asb14
2.54



2010001M09Rik
2.54



Ehd2
2.54



Itpripl2
2.53



Ifitm3
2.53



Zfp941
2.53



Pax5
2.53



Cd24a
2.52



Arhgef40
2.51



Rab30
2.51



H2-Eb1
2.50



Serpinb6a
2.50



Kynu
2.50



Klra7
2.48



Maf
2.48



Fcgr2b
2.48



H2-Ea-ps
2.47



Crip3
2.47



Abhd4
2.47



Fcrl1
2.47



Egln3
2.47



Kif15
2.46



H2-Ab1
2.46



Jazf1
2.46



Dennd5a
2.46



Hgfac
2.45



Rtp3
2.45



9130206I24Rik
2.45



Cited2
2.45



Sult4a1
2.45



Gls2
2.44



Cd80
2.44



Tmem176b
2.44



Vcam1
2.44



Ptms
2.43



Tmem154
2.43



Ccl4
2.43



Rgs16
2.42



Pawr
2.42



Wdfy4
2.42



Olfm1
2.42



H2-Aa
2.42



Stac2
2.41



IL18
2.40



Fam164a
2.40



Phlda3
2.39



Ctnnal1
2.39



Tnfsf10
2.39



Cubn
2.38



Abi2
2.38



2410004P03Rik
2.38



Trim36
2.38



Bmf
2.37



Adap1
2.36



Rarg
2.36



Tmem151a
2.36



Ly6d
2.36



Irf5
2.35



Bhlhe40
2.35



Zfp608
2.34



Fam184a
2.33



Mafb
2.33



Coch
2.32



Gpr179
2.32



Ffar1
2.32



H2-Ob
2.32



Nav2
2.32



Srpk3
2.31



Cd209b
2.31



Arhgef12
2.31



Arvcf
2.31



Serpina3g
2.30



Ppp1r3f
2.30



Cdc25c
2.30



Tmem159
2.30



Atcay
2.30



Sept4
2.29



Cacna1e
2.29



Plxna1
2.29



Fzd6
2.29



Zcchc24
2.29



Ttbk1
2.28



Cd40
2.28



Atp6v0a1
2.28



Gnao1
2.27



Gsg2
2.27



Dock5
2.26



Tlr9
2.26



Fbxo6
2.26



2410022L05Rik
2.26



Ltbp4
2.25



Ncf2
2.25



Cela1
2.25



Ncr1
2.25



Irf4
2.25



Bank1
2.24



Ell2
2.23



1190002F15Rik
2.23



Unc5b
2.23



Bspry
2.23



D17H6S56E-3
2.23



Chst2
2.23



Slc41a3
2.22



Ctla2b
2.22



Gas2l3
2.22



Casp4
2.22



Dcxr
2.21



Ndrg4
2.21



Muc1
2.21



Lass6
2.21



Pls3
2.21



Dok3
2.20



Carhsp1
2.20



Ppfibp1
2.20



Stxbp1
2.20



Ctsh
2.20



Edaradd
2.20



Galnt10
2.20



Prr5
2.19



Rcbtb2
2.19



Pik3c2b
2.19



Nqo2
2.19



Fbxo30
2.18



Mki67
2.17



Prnp
2.17



Ahr
2.16



C030034L19Rik
2.16



Lgals1
2.16



Gm11110
2.15



Jup
2.15



Fam20a
2.15



Sfpi1
2.15



Lrfn4
2.14



Cdkn2c
2.14



Crybg3
2.14



Trerf1
2.14



Dok4
2.14



Cdk6
2.13



S1pr3
2.13



Rxra
2.13



Cd163l1
2.12



Pwwp2b
2.12



1700017B05Rik
2.12



2310010M20Rik
2.12



Nek2
2.12



Lix1l
2.12



Ggta1
2.11



Rorc
2.11



Fosb
2.11



Rimkla
2.11



Txlnb
2.10



Smox
2.10



Tcf4
2.10



Fgd2
2.10



Cd300lf
2.10



Map3k13
2.10



Neil3
2.09



Optn
2.09



A930038C07Rik
2.09



Klra5
2.08



Cyp4f18
2.08



Akap17b
2.08



2700081O15Rik
2.07



Pcyox1l
2.07



Cd226
2.07



Aurkb
2.07



St6galnac6
2.06



Mfge8
2.06



Slamf1
2.06



Zdhhc2
2.06



Bag2
2.05



Gpr55
2.05



Dip2a
2.05



BC064078
2.05



S1pr5
2.05



Mlkl
2.04



Arap3
2.04



Ctla2a
2.04



Gypc
2.04



Ccdc88a
2.04



Serpinb1a
2.03



Fam19a3
2.03



Cdk1
2.03



Trib1
2.01



Gadd45b
2.01



Pfn2
2.01



Klrd1
2.01



Trp53i11
2.01



Cd22
2.00



Mtss1
2.00



Adam19
2.00



Nusap1
2.00



Hk3
0.50



Pak1
0.50



Irgc1
0.50



Zfp296
0.50



Il6st
0.50



Oas2
0.49



Il6ra
0.49



Ctsf
0.49



Lef1
0.49



Gm4951
0.49



Gpr133
0.49



Olfr1033
0.49



Bambi-ps1
0.48



Gtf2ird1
0.48



Dtx1
0.48



Maml3
0.47



Plaur
0.47



Id3
0.47



Tnfrsf25
0.47



Susd4
0.47



Wfikkn2
0.47



4921525O09Rik
0.46



Klra3
0.46



1110032F04Rik
0.46



Car12
0.46



Pard6g
0.46



Slc7a4
0.46



Lrp12
0.46



Spats2l
0.45



Dleu7
0.45



Cacna2d4
0.45



Dst
0.45



Osbpl6
0.45



Tmem108
0.44



4930417O13Rik
0.44



Angptl2
0.44



Adam6b
0.44



Lrrc9
0.44



2310042E22Rik
0.44



Lars2
0.44



Ankrd55
0.44



Ly6k
0.43



Kazn
0.43



Dapl1
0.43



Slc16a5
0.43



Unc13a
0.42



Gpr113
0.42



Siglech
0.42



Olig3
0.42



Ksr2
0.42



Card9
0.42



Rasip1
0.42



Dlc1
0.41



Gm19705
0.41



Syde2
0.41



Actn1
0.41



Epx
0.41



Mir5109
0.41



Gpr83
0.40



Neb
0.40



Sall2
0.40



Fam5b
0.40



Prickle1
0.40



Nme4
0.40



Lif
0.40



Auts2
0.39



Col6a4
0.39



Ccdc164
0.39



Apol11b
0.39



Plac8
0.39



Kcnf1
0.38



Gm15708
0.38



Wnt5b
0.38



Plat
0.38



Nmnat2
0.38



4933440M02Rik
0.38



Dcaf12l1
0.38



Nacc2
0.38



She
0.37



Snord69
0.37



Mical3
0.37



Cox6a2
0.36



Dmbt1
0.36



Aldh1l1
0.36



Scarna6
0.36



Lrp3
0.35



Car11
0.35



Il1r2
0.35



Atp6v1g3
0.35



Clec9a
0.34



Slc6a9
0.34



Tnni3
0.34



Gpr125
0.34



Ikzf2
0.34



Slc7a10
0.33



Lman1l
0.33



A430105I19Rik
0.33



Eng
0.32



Snora17
0.32



Gria4
0.32



Fgfr1
0.32



BC048644
0.31



D830046C22Rik
0.31



Hs6st2
0.31



Hoxa5
0.31



Alpl
0.30



Pgpep1l
0.30



Adam6a
0.29



Hoxa3
0.29



Fam110b
0.28



Padi1
0.28



Serpina9
0.28



Igfbp4
0.28



Pdzk1ip1
0.27



Fzd1
0.27



4930546C10Rik
0.27



Foxp3
0.26



Hoxa6
0.26



Hoxa7
0.26



Edn3
0.26



Btc
0.26



Myl10
0.26



Hoxa1
0.25



Dnahc7a
0.24



Mira
0.24



Pcdhga10
0.24



Lrrc3b
0.23



Slc4a4
0.23



Rprl3
0.23



Shc2
0.22



Expi
0.22



Shisa2
0.22



Gm12709
0.22



Fbln2
0.21



Sec1
0.21



C85492
0.21



Lamc3
0.21



Dbx1
0.20



Atp1b1
0.20



Nek5
0.19



Actg2
0.19



Dntt
0.17



Nrg2
0.17



Sostdc1
0.14



Trnp1
0.14



Lama1
0.14



Rprl2
0.13



0610012H03Rik
0.12



Lrrc32
0.10









To evaluate the requirement of these ‘NK-type’ CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis, an adoptive transfer approach was used. Cytotoxic CD8+NKG2D+ cells transferred alone, as well as total lymph node cells, were both able to give rise to AA in five recipients, whereas lymph node populations depleted of NKG2D+ cells were unable to transfer disease (FIG. 54H). Not only are ‘NK-type’ CD8+NKG2D+ T cells the dominant cell type in the dermal infiltrate, but, moreover, they are both necessary and sufficient for T cell mediated transfer of alopecia areata.
Using comparative genomics in order to characterize the transcriptional landscape of AA lesional skin from C3H/HeJ mice as well as humans with AA, AFFYMETRIXTM profiling was first performed of whole skin from C3H/HeJ mice with spontaneous AA versus unaffected C3H/HeJ skin (FIG. 55A, top panel and FIG. 60). In parallel, human skin was similarly profiled from perilesional biopsies of active disease in five AA patients versus normal controls (Tables 15-17).







TABLE 15







Differentially expressed genes in the skin of alopecic


female C3H/HeJ mice vs. skin obtained from age-matched


female C3H/HeJ mice without alopecia (n = 3 per group).











Affy_ID
GeneSymbol
FC














1419762_at
Ubd
135.60



1418652_at
Cxcl9
74.98



1417898_a_at
Gzma
56.37



1419697_at
Cxcl11
53.33



1418930_at
Cxcl10
37.58



1419042_at
Iigp1
34.65



1418776_at
Gbp8
33.06



1418126_at
Ccl5
27.95



1419043_a_at
Iigp1
25.36



1438676_at
Gbp6
25.11



1423467_at
Ms4a4b
23.27



1453196_a_at
Oasl2
23.06



1419060_at
Gzmb
21.74



1417141_at
Igtp
21.08



1435639_at
2610528A11Rik
20.88



1423555_a_at
Ifi44
20.58



1417292_at
Ifi47
18.63



1425394_at
BC023105
18.43



1420549_at
Gbp1
17.81



1417793_at
Irgm2
17.25



1435906_x_at
Gbp2
15.15



1450033_a_at
Stat1
14.48



1418825_at
Irgm1
14.46



1444078_at
Cd8a
14.23



1422812_at
Cxcr6
13.98



1427747_a_at
Lcn2
13.89



1420699_at
Clec7a
13.82



1418240_at
Gbp2
13.32



1450783_at
Ifit1
13.13



1418392_a_at
Gbp3
12.61



1424305_at
Igj
12.53



1434380_at
Gbp7
12.51



1424865_at
Pyy
12.17



1422588_at
Krt6b
12.07



1434046_at
AA467197
11.98



1418580_at
Rtp4
11.29



1419709_at
Stfa3
11.04



1425156_at
Gbp7
10.72



1449254_at
Spp1
10.61



1440481_at
Stat1
10.53



1449153_at
Mmp12
10.18



1424921_at
Bst2
9.80



1429947_a_at
Zbp1
9.65



1456907_at
Cxcl9
9.62



1421075_s_at
Cyp7b1
8.74



1451777_at
Ddx60
8.72



1421688_a_at
Ccl1
8.65



1421074_at
Cyp7b1
8.56



1419604_at
Zbp1
8.51



1419714_at
Cd274
8.41



1427102_at
Slfn4
8.40



1424761_at
Fam115c
8.26



1419135_at
Ltb
8.24



1450034_at
Stat1
7.98



1425832_a_at
Cxcr6
7.98



1420915_at
Stat1
7.67



1438037_at
Herc6
7.62



1448436_a_at
Irf1
7.61



1448932_at
Krt16
7.12



1435710_at
AI661384
7.10



1451564_at
Parp14
7.08



1452614_at
Bcl2l15
7.00



1417256_at
Mmp13
6.88



1447541_s_at
Itgae
6.79



1432026_a_at
Herc6
6.70



1434372_at
AW112010
6.62



1459913_at
Tnfsf10
6.51



1451426_at
Dhx58
6.51



1452405_x_at
Trav9d-3
6.44



1429570_at
Mlkl
6.41



1444064_at
Samhd1
6.28



1451860_a_at
Trim30a
6.23



1453080_at
Apol7a
6.22



1420380_at
Ccl2
6.12



1434438_at
Samhd1
6.11



1450696_at
Psmb9
6.06



1451537_at
Chi3l1
5.99



1450165_at
Slfn2
5.88



1424727_at
Ccr5
5.83



1421256_at
Gzmc
5.80



1448162_at
Vcam1
5.80



1453913_a_at
Tap2
5.79



1418191_at
Usp18
5.73



1425005_at
Klrc1
5.65



1439680_at
Tnfsf10
5.64



1433935_at
AU020206
5.51



1426113_x_at
Trav9d-3
5.51



1422415_at
Ang2
5.44



1460245_at
Klrd1
5.41



1426971_at
Uba7
5.34



1443698_at
Xaf1
5.32



1418131_at
Samhd1
5.26



1419591_at
Gsdmc
5.20



1416897_at
Parp9
5.11



1417244_a_at
Irf7
5.08



1449216_at
Itgae
5.06



1448632_at
Psmb10
5.06



1439825_at
Dtx31
5.02



1416714_at
Irf8
5.00



1425917_at
H28
4.99



1447621_s_at
Tmem173
4.93



1425396_a_at
Lck
4.88



1418536_at
H2-Q7
4.84



1449025_at
Ifit3
4.75



1436649_at
Ikzf3
4.75



1425947_at
Ifng
4.71



1417172_at
Ube2l6
4.70



1438855_x_at
Tnfaip2
4.70



1422962_a_at
Psmb8
4.69



1421186_at
Ccr2
4.66



1418204_s_at
Aif1
4.61



1421911_at
Stat2
4.57



1450753_at
Nkg7
4.55



1450424_a_at
IllSbp
4.53



1450403_at
Stat2
4.52



1452565_x_at
LOC641050
4.44



1441054_at
Apol8
4.43



1449328_at
Ly75
4.39



1422601_at
Serpinb9
4.39



1422177_at
Il13ra2
4.39



1426170_a_at
Cd8b1
4.38



1460603_at
Samd9l
4.37



1448754_at
Rbp1
4.31



1417822_at
D17H6S56E-5
4.28



1435208_at
Dtx3l
4.26



1418649_at
Egln3
4.26



1422160_at
H2-T24
4.23



1456064_at
AI504432
4.21



1449184_at
Pglyrp1
4.19



1438498_at
Zmynd15
4.19



1449195_s_at
Cxcl16
4.11



1439034_at
Spn
4.10



1450678_at
Itgb2
4.10



1437176_at
Nlrc5
4.09



1458299_s_at
Nfkbie
4.07



1421262_at
Lipg
4.06



1426039_a_at
Alox12e
4.05



1429184_at
Gvin1
4.05



1448380_at
Lgals3bp
4.04



1436576_at
Fam26f
4.01



1453939_x_at
Gm9706
3.99



1434457_at
Sp100
3.98



1425295_at
Ear11
3.97



1425065_at
Oas2
3.97



1449846_at
Ear2
3.97



1450582_at
H2-Q5
3.96



1440926_at
Flt1
3.94



1457140_s_at
Rassf10
3.91



1455500_at
Rnf213
3.90



1426970_a_at
Uba7
3.89



1448452_at
Irf8
3.88



1451673_at
Cd8a
3.88



1437929_at
Dact2
3.86



1426774_at
Parp12
3.84



1418648_at
Egln3
3.82



1437811_x_at
Cotl1
3.78



1428420_a_at
1200009I06Rik
3.78



1417961_a_at
Trim30a
3.77



1425225_at
Fcgr4
3.74



1421812_at
Tapbp
3.74



1451905_a_at
Mx1
3.72



1441752_at
Art3
3.69



1448301_s_at
Serpinb1a
3.69



1436172_at
Gm20559
3.68



1418133_at
Bcl3
3.67



1418655_at
B4galnt1
3.66



1417821_at
D17H6S56E-5
3.66



1417171_at
Itk
3.63



1460227_at
Timp1
3.61



1455161_at
AI504432
3.61



1421228_at
Ccl7
3.60



1434905_at
Ndufa412
3.60



1460218_at
Cd52
3.60



1460437_at
Cyth4
3.54



1430005_a_at
Batf2
3.53



1450188_s_at
Lipg
3.53



1419698_at
Cxcl11
3.52



1439790_at
Serpinb9
3.51



1419413_at
Ccl17
3.51



1421009_at
Rsad2
3.50



1436838_x_at
Cotl1
3.50



1455269_a_at
Coro1a
3.50



1422828_at
Cd3d
3.49



1440866_at
Eif2ak2
3.47



1420437_at
Ido1
3.45



1439814_at
Atp8b4
3.44



1441706_at
Dscaml1
3.44



1421322_a_at
Irf9
3.43



1427076_at
Mpeg1
3.43



1435454_a_at
BC006779
3.41



1444619_x_at
Psmb8
3.40



1444350_at
Slfn10-ps
3.39



1425335_at
Cd8a
3.38



1450484_a_at
Cmpk2
3.38



1435832_at
Lrrc4
3.38



1424067_at
Icam1
3.37



1416318_at
Serpinb1a
3.37



1445897_s_at
Ifi35
3.35



1450291_s_at
Ms4a4c
3.34



1416273_at
Tnfaip2
3.34



1453304_s_at
Ly6e
3.33



1418770_at
Cd2
3.32



1434067_at
AI662270
3.32



1428735_at
Cd69
3.31



1424965_at
Lpxn
3.31



1455393_at
Cp
3.31



1429567_at
Rassf10
3.30



1436905_x_at
Laptm5
3.30



1428485_at
Car12
3.28



1456211_at
Nlrp10
3.28



1438531_at
A730054J21Rik
3.26



1449175_at
Gpr65
3.25



1424923_at
Serpina3g
3.24



1417995_at
Ptpn22
3.23



1440990_at
Kif26b
3.20



1420338_at
Alox15
3.18



1419300_at
Flt1
3.17



1419128_at
Itgax
3.16



1426872_at
Fcgbp
3.15



1425336_x_at
H2-K1
3.15



1448759_at
Il2rb
3.14



1419178_at
Cd3g
3.11



1420412_at
Tnfsf10
3.11



1433465_a_at
AI467606
3.11



1418203_at
Pmaip1
3.11



1430208_at
Krt42
3.09



1421628_at
Il18r1
3.08



1417620_at
Rac2
3.08



1454850_at
Tbc1d10c
3.07



1439221_s_at
Cd40
3.07



1438658_a_at
S1pr3
3.06



1426278_at
Ifi27l2a
3.06



1429692_s_at
Gch1
3.04



1458148_at
Nlrc3
3.03



1440927_x_at
Apol11b
3.03



1436236_x_at
Cotl1
3.03



1448940_at
Trim21
3.02



1421217_a_at
Lgals9
3.02



1451756_at
Flt1
3.01



1455048_at
Igsf3
3.01



1435560_at
Itgal
3.01



1425719_a_at
Nmi
2.99



1439956_at
Ms4a6b
2.98



1436562_at
Ddx58
2.98



1422632_at
Ctsw
2.98



1436472_at
Slfn9
2.98



1427013_at
Car9
2.98



1449361_at
Tbx21
2.98



1426025_s_at
Laptm5
2.97



1438052_at
A130071D04Rik
2.97



1426276_at
Ifih1
2.97



1456890_at
Ddx58
2.96



1416295_a_at
Il2rg
2.94



1434873_a_at
Acap1
2.93



1456103_at
Pml
2.93



1418678_at
Has2
2.92



1420697_at
Slc15a3
2.91



1436058_at
Rsad2
2.90



1425294_at
Slamf8
2.90



1459151_x_at
Ifi35
2.90



1418991_at
Bak1
2.89



1439068_at
Erap1
2.89



1424617_at
Ifi35
2.89



1417189_at
Psme2
2.89



1451544_at
Tapbpl
2.88



1419412_at
Xcl1
2.88



1419539_at
Irx4
2.88



1452592_at
Mgst2
2.87



1420774_a_at
4930583H14Rik
2.86



1440169_x_at
Ifnar2
2.86



1420499_at
Gch1
2.85



1416002_x_at
Cotl1
2.85



1423754_at
Ifitm3
2.84



1416942_at
Erap1
2.84



1449169_at
Has2
2.83



1419609_at
Ccr1
2.83



1449591_at
Casp4
2.81



1436598_at
Icos
2.81



1427381_at
Irg1
2.81



1419879_s_at
Trim25
2.81



1449143_at
Rtp4
2.80



1449839_at
Casp3
2.78



1426599_a_at
Slc2a1
2.78



1452117_a_at
Fyb
2.77



1434773_a_at
Slc2a1
2.77



1450378_at
Tapbp
2.76



1419561_at
Ccl3
2.76



1427007_at
Sash3
2.76



1422706_at
Pmepa1
2.76



1427892_at
Myo1g
2.75



1451335_at
Plac8
2.73



1425974_a_at
Trim25
2.72



1426600_at
Slc2a1
2.67



1418826_at
Ms4a6b
2.67



1430244_at
4921509J17Rik
2.66



1457664_x_at
C2
2.65



1416564_at
Sox7
2.65



1433466_at
AI467606
2.65



1425801_x_at
Cotl1
2.64



1435945_a_at
Kcnn4
2.63



1434268_at
Adar
2.63



1420353_at
Lta
2.63



1418741_at
Itgb7
2.62



1416246_a_at
Coro1a
2.62



1422280_at
Gzmk
2.61



1421596_s_at
H28
2.60



1415834_at
Dusp6
2.60



1438364_x_at
Ang4
2.60



1439819_at
AU015263
2.60



1451755_a_at
Apobec1
2.59



1416296_at
Il2rg
2.59



1439276_at
Adar
2.59



1417495_x_at
Cp
2.59



1453352_at
Atp10b
2.58



1437478_s_at
Efhd2
2.58



1434366_x_at
C1qb
2.58



1417185_at
Ly6a
2.58



1443858_at
Trim12c
2.58



1417494_a_at
Cp
2.58



1427746_x_at
H2-K1
2.57



1421034_a_at
Il4ra
2.56



1422005_at
Eif2ak2
2.56



1455000_at
Gpr68
2.56



1415803_at
Cx3cl1
2.55



1422782_s_at
Tlr3
2.55



1416097_at
Lrrc4
2.54



1460651_at
Lat
2.53



1427325_s_at
Akna
2.53



1425603_at
Tmem176a
2.49



1439595_at
Tcra
2.49



1424041_s_at
C1s
2.49



1418718_at
Cxcl16
2.48



1456061_at
Gimap8
2.47



1417056_at
Psme1
2.46



1418981_at
Casp12
2.46



1421211_a_at
Ciita
2.46



1449235_at
Fasl
2.45



1449265_at
Casp1
2.44



1424383_at
Tmem51
2.44



1425405_a_at
Adar
2.43



1425902_a_at
Nfkb2
2.42



1452817_at
Smyd3
2.42



1416871_at
Adam8
2.42



1457917_at
Lck
2.42



1449127_at
Selplg
2.42



1416514_a_at
Fscn1
2.42



1439773_at
Ly6e
2.41



1436223_at
Itgb8
2.41



1454268_a_at
Cyba
2.41



1451821_a_at
Sp100
2.41



1444242_at
Slco2a1
2.40



1415983_at
Lcp1
2.40



1418293_at
Ifit2
2.39



1420671_x_at
Ms4a4c
2.39



1450534_x_at
H2-K1
2.39



1418077_at
Trim21
2.39



1417496_at
Cp
2.38



1435415_x_at
Marcksl1
2.37



1451320_at
Arhgap8
2.37



1427041_at
BC013712
2.36



1422139_at
Plau
2.36



1441768_at
9430051O21Rik
2.35



1449455_at
Hck
2.35



1421358_at
H2-M3
2.34



1436312_at
Ikzf1
2.34



1444632_at
BC064078
2.33



1450791_at
Nppb
2.33



1424927_at
Glipr1
2.33



1419764_at
CM3l3
2.33



1426093_at
Trim34a
2.33



1420515_a_at
Pglyrp2
2.33



1448061_at
Msr1
2.33



1418641_at
Lcp2
2.32



1418842_at
Hcls1
2.31



1434400_at
Tgif2
2.31



1439494_at
Slc5a9
2.30



1448757_at
Pml
2.28



1431339_a_at
Efhd2
2.28



1455581_x_at
Gm20559
2.28



1437132_x_at
Nedd9
2.27



1456307_s_at
Adcy7
2.27



1422932_a_at
Vav1
2.27



1450446_a_at
Socs1
2.27



1434068_s_at
AI662270
2.26



1416069_at
Pfkp
2.26



1421210_at
Ciita
2.26



1437785_at
Adamts9
2.25



1436230_at
Gprl14
2.25



1425119_at
Oas1b
2.25



1449310_at
Ptger2
2.25



1440721_at
5930433N17Rik
2.25



1430352_at
Adamts9
2.25



1456377_x_at
Limd2
2.25



1449991_at
Cd244
2.25



1416051_at
C2
2.25



1455132_at
Rasal3
2.24



1422124_a_at
Ptprc
2.24



1448576_at
Il7r
2.23



1421931_at
Icos
2.22



1436199_at
Trim14
2.21



1446509_at
Smox
2.20



1430148_at
Rab19
2.20



1450170_x_at
H2-D1
2.19



1439736_at
5830453J16Rik
2.19



1451567_a_at
Ifi203
2.19



1433920_at
Sema4c
2.18



1420913_at
Slco2a1
2.18



1439148_a_at
Pfkl
2.18



1452544_x_at
H2-D1
2.18



1441600_at
C920021A13
2.17



1422804_at
Serpinb6b
2.16



1453228_at
Stx11
2.15



1427682_a_at
Egr2
2.15



1428378_at
Zc3hav1
2.15



1430165_at
Stk17b
2.15



1451321_a_at
Rbm43
2.15



1457780_at
Stx11
2.15



1439764_s_at
Igf2bp2
2.14



1435913_at
B4galnt4
2.14



1449220_at
Gimap3
2.13



1456251_x_at
Tspo
2.13



1422781_at
Tlr3
2.13



1423135_at
Thy1
2.13



1424375_s_at
Gimap4
2.12



1428660_s_at
Tor3a
2.12



1439012_a_at
Dck
2.12



1441912_x_at
C2
2.12



1424704_at
Runx2
2.11



1424953_at
BC021614
2.11



1431843_a_at
Nfkbie
2.10



1417219_s_at
Tmsb10
2.10



1448160_at
Lcp1
2.10



1427352_at
Krt79
2.10



1419194_s_at
Gmfg
2.09



1460675_at
Igsf8
2.09



1426568_at
Slc2a9
2.08



1424961_at
Tapbpl
2.08



1418099_at
Tnfrsf1b
2.08



1422527_at
H2-DMa
2.08



1426554_a_at
Pgam1
2.08



1438941_x_at
Ampd2
2.08



1450648_s_at
H2-Ab1
2.07



1440165_at
Ptprc
2.07



1437724_x_at
Pitpnm1
2.07



1434364_at
Map3k14
2.06



1419537_at
Tfec
2.06



1425728_at
Gm12185
2.06



1455966_s_at
Nudt21
2.05



1419282_at
Ccl12
2.05



1420404_at
Cd86
2.05



1415765_at
Hnrnpul2
2.05



1422511_a_at
Ogfr
2.05



1425548_a_at
Lst1
2.05



1427683_at
Egr2
2.05



1453757_at
Herc6
2.04



1435331_at
Pyhin1
2.04



1419119_at
Hcst
2.03



1458229_at
Robo2
2.03



1422808_s_at
Dock2
2.03



1437213_at
Nudt21
2.02



1429831_at
Pik3ap1
2.01



1439808_at
Ipcef1
2.01



1428891_at
Parm1
2.01



1427765_a_at
Tcrb-J
2.01



1426133_a_at
Mitd1
2.00



1425016_at
Ephb2
2.00



1422562_at
Rrad
2.00



1418110_a_at
Inpp5d
2.00



1420272_at
Samhd1
2.00



1417928_at
Pdlim4
2.00



1460220_a_at
Csf1
2.00



1451828_a_at
Acsl4
2.00



1435672_at
3830612M24
1.99



1453181_x_at
Plscr1
1.99



1428767_at
Gsdmd
1.99



1436861_at
Il7
1.99



1437270_a_at
Clcf1
1.99



1419202_at
Cst7
1.98



1435529_at
Gm14446
1.98



1419810_x_at
Arhgap9
1.98



1429525_s_at
Myo1f
1.98



1437308_s_at
F2r
1.98



1419676_at
Mx2
1.98



1455019_x_at
Ckap4
1.98



1438948_x_at
Tspo
1.97



1448618_at
Mvp
1.97



1436365_at
Zbtb7c
1.97



1418464_at
Matn4
1.97



1439093_at
Hspa4l
1.97



1435193_at
A230050P20Rik
1.97



1439065_x_at
Gm13152
1.97



1423306_at
2010002N04Rik
1.97



1430658_a_at
Gsdma2
1.97



1419469_at
Gnb4
1.96



1426725_s_at
Ets1
1.96



1417288_at
Plekha2
1.96



1456586_x_at
Mvp
1.96



1426415_a_at
Trim25
1.95



1437249_at
Skap1
1.95



1433517_at
Myeov2
1.95



1425374_at
Oas3
1.95



1425681_a_at
Prnd
1.95



1436659_at
Dclk1
1.94



1446326_at
Col1a2
1.94



1435596_at
Pion
1.94



1416492_at
Ccne1
1.94



1422701_at
Zap70
1.93



1435517_x_at
Ralb
1.93



1436902_x_at
Tmsb10
1.93



1425166_at
Rbl1
1.93



1421207_at
Lif
1.93



1460134_at
9330175E14Rik
1.93



1420273_x_at
Samhd1
1.93



1443621_at
Xaf1
1.92



1425078_x_at
C130026I21Rik
1.92



1427994_at
Cd300lf
1.91



1456545_at
Il18rap
1.91



1418346_at
Insl6
1.91



1428372_at
St5
1.91



1417045_at
Bid
1.91



1433699_at
Tnfaip3
1.91



1440275_at
Runx3
1.91



1460253_at
Cmtm7
1.91



1421188_at
Ccr2
1.90



1427911_at
Tmem173
1.90



1420653_at
Tgfb1
1.90



1437643_at
Cenpj
1.90



1443687_x_at
H2-DMb2
1.90



1440299_at
E330016A19Rik
1.90



1425151_a_at
Noxo1
1.90



1441097_at
Vangl1
1.90



1449988_at
Gimap1
1.89



1427404_x_at
Gm5506
1.89



1425617_at
Dhx9
1.88



1426926_at
Plcg2
1.88



1424037_at
Itpka
1.88



1449925_at
Cxcr3
1.88



1435394_s_at
Rhoc
1.87



1453392_at
Ttc39b
1.87



1449473_s_at
Cd40
1.87



1419186_a_at
St8sia4
1.86



1455898_x_at
Slc2a3
1.86



1430447_a_at
Lair1
1.86



1418353_at
Cd5
1.85



1449425_at
Wnt2
1.85



1439114_at
Ddx60
1.85



1425084_at
Gimap7
1.85



1425819_at
Zbtb7c
1.85



1416001_a_at
Cotl1
1.84



1422704_at
Gyk
1.84



1445452_at
Traf1
1.84



1438852_x_at
Mcm6
1.84



1436423_at
Themis
1.84



1417599_at
Cd276
1.84



1421930_at
Icos
1.84



1421814_at
Msn
1.83



1419132_at
Tlr2
1.83



1448568_a_at
Slc20a1
1.83



1423602_at
Traf1
1.83



1451931_x_at
H2-L
1.82



1456836_at
Itk
1.82



1453129_a_at
Rgs12
1.82



1426454_at
Arhgdib
1.82



1451385_at
Fam162a
1.82



1419470_at
Gnb4
1.82



1435697_a_at
Cytip
1.82



1424214_at
Parm1
1.81



1458524_at
Fndc3a
1.81



1455051_at
Rnf31
1.81



1452163_at
Ets1
1.81



1448328_at
Sh3bp2
1.80



1456700_x_at
Marcks
1.80



1451784_x_at
H2-D1
1.80



1437606_at
Btbd19
1.80



1439476_at
Dsg2
1.80



1440878_at
Runx1
1.79



1453472_a_at
Slamf7
1.79



1434653_at
Ptk2b
1.79



1436708_x_at
Mcm4
1.79



1454592_at
9430012M22Rik
1.79



1433954_at
4632419I22Rik
1.78



1426315_a_at
6330416G13Rik
1.78



1451289_at
Dclk1
1.78



1443686_at
H2-DMb2
1.78



1449903_at
Crtam
1.78



1418090_at
Plvap
1.78



1460250_at
Sostdc1
1.77



1435749_at
Gda
1.77



1450269_a_at
Pfkl
1.77



1438910_a_at
Stom
1.77



1437868_at
Fam46a
1.77



1448449_at
Ripk3
1.77



1424496_at
5133401N09Rik
1.77



1438854_x_at
Pitpnm1
1.77



1424930_s_at
Fam83f
1.77



1460378_a_at
Tes
1.77



1448914_a_at
Csf1
1.76



1448659_at
Casp7
1.76



1427689_a_at
Tnip1
1.76



1428242_at
Hmha1
1.76



1455975_x_at
Rnf114
1.76



1453076_at
Batf3
1.76



1419125_at
Ptpn18
1.76



1424524_at
Dram1
1.76



1453202_at
E330016A19Rik
1.76



1428346_at
Trafd1
1.76



1451987_at
Arrb2
1.76



1417790_at
Dok1
1.76



1418244_at
Naa20
1.75



1416226_at
Arpc1b
1.75



1438634_x_at
Lasp1
1.75



1419209_at
Cxcl1
1.75



1451363_a_at
Dennd2d
1.75



1430622_at
4833423F13Rik
1.74



1447788_s_at
Tspyl3
1.74



1456310_a_at
2610002J02Rik
1.74



1455251_at
Itga1
1.74



1416750_at
Sigmar1
1.74



1421830_at
Ak4
1.74



1417346_at
Pycard
1.74



1436958_x_at
Tpm3
1.74



1434069_at
Prex1
1.74



1440249_at
Aknad1
1.74



1442849_at
Lrp1
1.74



1451174_at
Lrrc33
1.73



1451411_at
Gprc5b
1.73



1460469_at
Tnfrsf9
1.73



1452661_at
Tfrc
1.73



1430534_at
Rnase6
1.73



1456028_x_at
Marcks
1.73



1448731_at
Il10ra
1.73



1418257_at
Slc12a7
1.73



1420170_at
Myh9
1.72



1424032_at
Hvcn1
1.72



1435748_at
Gda
1.72



1451285_at
Fus
1.72



1454607_s_at
Psat1
1.72



1434089_at
Synpo
1.71



1421525_a_at
Naip5
1.71



1458415_at
Clec2e
1.71



1419721_at
Niacr1
1.71



1453328_at
2700008G24Rik
1.71



1435337_at
Tshz3
1.71



1456011_x_at
Acaa1a
1.71



1423986_a_at
Shisa5
1.71



1427386_at
Arhgef16
1.70



1443123_at
Tanc2
1.70



1418674_at
Osmr
1.70



1445588_at
Ankrd44
1.70



1424552_at
Casp8
1.70



1439261_x_at
Mitd1
1.70



1452428_a_at
B2m
1.70



1418045_at
Inpp1
1.70



1441317_x_at
Jakmip1
1.70



1436589_x_at
Prkd2
1.70



1437503_a_at
Shisa5
1.70



1421578_at
Ccl4
1.70



1435227_at
Bcl11b
1.70



1436177_at
Plekha2
1.70



1457644_s_at
Cxcl1
1.70



1429527_a_at
Plscr1
1.70



1433531_at
Acsl4
1.69



1420731_a_at
Csrp2
1.69



1438097_at
Rab20
1.69



1426239_s_at
Arrb2
1.69



1427182_s_at
D18Ertd653e
1.69



1435338_at
Cdk6
1.69



1433885_at
Iqgap2
1.69



1450852_s_at
F2r
1.69



1446507_at
Kif24
1.69



1450456_at
Il21r
1.69



1418612_at
Slfn1
1.68



1438974_x_at
Pitpnm1
1.68



1439030_at
Gmppb
1.68



1416619_at
4632428N05Rik
1.68



1441880_x_at
Tmem149
1.68



1448797_at
Elk3
1.68



1443794_x_at
Noc4l
1.68



1452289_a_at
Rnf135
1.68



1450918_s_at
Src
1.67



1420955_at
Vsnl1
1.67



1418751_at
Sit1
1.67



1447568_at
Gatc
1.67



1460700_at
Stat3
1.67



1419911_at
Coro1c
1.66



1452966_at
Bcl11b
1.66



1421550_a_at
Trim34a
1.66



1423686_a_at
Prr13
1.66



1455287_at
Cdk6
1.66



1439422_a_at
Fam132a
1.66



1416935_at
Trpv2
1.66



1436183_at
Zc3hav1
1.66



1451314_a_at
Vcam1
1.66



1417300_at
Smpdl3b
1.66



1419097_a_at
Stom
1.66



1446939_at
Trim12a
1.65



1423411_at
Rbm47
1.65



1450355_a_at
Capg
1.65



1436220_at
Zfp287
1.65



1429742_at
Rcbtb2
1.65



1455221_at
Abcg1
1.65



1438934_x_at
Sema4a
1.65



1452836_at
Lpin2
1.65



1427874_at
Rnf114
1.64



1452425_at
Tnfrsf14
1.64



1422303_a_at
Tnfrsf18
1.64



1418396_at
Gpsm3
1.64



1451462_a_at
Ifnar2
1.64



1447711_x_at
4933412E12Rik
1.64



1454757_s_at
Ifi27l1
1.64



1424246_a_at
Tes
1.64



1459872_x_at
H2-DMa
1.64



1424304_at
Tpcn2
1.64



1416695_at
Tspo
1.64



1451475_at
Plxnd1
1.64



1428727_at
Cep192
1.64



1440779_s_at
Slc5a9
1.63



1433451_at
Cdk5r1
1.63



1450531_at
H2-B1
1.63



1458601_at
8030447M02Rik
1.63



1426739_at
Donson
1.63



1423350_at
Socs5
1.63



1456467_s_at
Nlk
1.63



1447803_x_at
Capg
1.63



1453201_at
Rassf10
1.63



1438148_at
Cxcl3
1.63



1444197_at
Rinl
1.63



1428859_at
Paox
1.63



1455656_at
Btla
1.63



1455080_at
Ppp1r16b
1.63



1424857_a_at
Trim34a
1.62



1450140_a_at
Cdkn2a
1.62



1438095_x_at
Noc4l
1.62



1460231_at
Irf5
1.62



1426318_at
Serpinb1b
1.62



1427348_at
Zc3h12a
1.62



1451862_a_at
Prf1
1.62



1442944_at
C76555
1.62



1420635_a_at
Tcirg1
1.62



1435143_at
Elk3
1.62



1449623_at
Txnrd3
1.61



1458345_s_at
Colec11
1.61



1423812_s_at
Vopp1
1.61



1417561_at
Apoc1
1.61



1455818_at
4930427A07Rik
1.60



1426757_at
Ampd2
1.60



1418265_s_at
Irf2
1.60



1434185_at
Acaca
1.60



1437327_x_at
Enoph1
1.60



1456240_x_at
Cdca4
1.60



1443086_at
Alcam
1.60



1442018_at
Btg1
1.60



1418686_at
Oas1c
1.60



1441843_s_at
5230400M03Rik
1.60



1443882_at
Slc26a2
1.60



1420909_at
Vegfa
1.60



1439587_at
Lemd3
1.60



1433169_at
5830456J23Rik
1.60



1437451_at
Ecscr
1.59



1436074_at
Nfkbid
1.59



1437789_at
Birc6
1.59



1450716_at
Adamts1
1.59



1438828_at
Rapgef6
1.59



1453064_at
Etaa1
1.59



1439047_s_at
Recql
1.59



1435316_at
Psma6
1.59



1428484_at
Osbpl3
1.59



1417627_a_at
Limk1
1.59



1459884_at
Cox7c
1.59



1455660_at
Csf2rb
1.59



1448511_at
Ptprcap
1.59



1440245_at
Ccdc88b
1.59



1418587_at
Traf3
1.59



1424339_at
Oasl1
1.58



1416166_a_at
Prdx4
1.58



1427095_at
Cdcp1
1.58



1456288_at
Slfn5
1.58



1452239_at
Gt(ROSA)26Sor
1.58



1449516_a_at
Rgs3
1.58



1424829_at
A830007P12Rik
1.58



1454402_at
Zfp942
1.58



1434139_at
Parp11
1.58



1428583_at
Nufip2
1.58



1451097_at
Vasp
1.58



1458595_at
Intu
1.58



1457550_at
9530059O14Rik
1.58



1419530_at
Il12b
1.58



1447762_x_at
Car12
1.58



1417588_at
Galnt3
1.58



1437052_s_at
Slc2a3
1.58



1435084_at
C730049O14Rik
1.58



1419235_s_at
Helb
1.57



1440147_at
Lgi2
1.57



1460347_at
Krt14
1.57



1452991_at
Chd2
1.57



1429758_at
1700017B05Rik
1.57



1449508_at
Il27ra
1.57



1416087_at
Ap1s1
1.57



1438673_at
Slc4a7
1.57



1438750_at
Atrx
1.57



1423869_s_at
Txnrd3
1.57



1420692_at
Il2ra
1.57



1449227_at
Ch25h
1.57



1425241_a_at
Wsb1
1.57



1450387_s_at
Ak4
1.56



1427164_at
Il13ra1
1.56



1455084_x_at
Shmt2
1.56



1452169_a_at
Dgkz
1.56



1420505_a_at
Stxbp1
1.56



1455839_at
Uggt1
1.56



1428118_at
Lingo1
1.56



1427539_a_at
Zwint
1.56



1418271_at
Bhlhe22
1.56



1447851_x_at
Atp10a
1.56



1452837_at
Lpin2
1.56



1420171_s_at
Myh9
1.55



1439253_x_at
Prelid1
1.55



1452803_at
Glipr2
1.55



1456914_at
Slc16a4
1.55



1448202_x_at
Prelid1
1.55



1452391_at
Cxadr
1.55



1435595_at
1810011O10Rik
1.55



1452903_at
6230427J02Rik
1.55



1451110_at
Egln1
1.55



1435564_at
Neurl1b
1.55



1422489_at
Mogs
1.55



1452337_at
4930427A07Rik
1.54



1459983_at
Impa2
1.54



1432997_at
5830462P14Rik
1.54



1457304_at
D13Ertd787e
1.54



1417955_at
Ccdc71
1.54



1428034_a_at
Tnfrsf9
1.54



1439455_x_at
Capza1
1.54



1451608_a_at
Tspan33
1.54



1417878_at
E2f1
1.54



1448894_at
Akr1b8
1.54



1455067_at
Psd4
1.53



1457410_at
Arhgap5
1.53



1436848_x_at
Impa1
1.53



1436395_at
Card6
1.53



1436729_at
Afap1
1.53



1437185_s_at
Tmsb10
1.53



1428018_a_at
AF251705
1.53



1431528_at
5830427D02Rik
1.53



1425760_a_at
Pitpnm1
1.53



1418492_at
Grem2
1.53



1445201_at
Zfp53
1.53



1459894_at
Iqgap2
1.53



1438154_x_at
2610002J02Rik
1.53



1434573_at
Traf3ip3
1.53



1433739_at
Nol10
1.53



1434070_at
Jag1
1.52



1423826_at
Noc4l
1.52



1416875_at
Parvg
1.52



1447792_x_at
Gpr174
1.52



1417128_at
Plekho1
1.52



1427260_a_at
Tpm3
1.52



1416379_at
Panx1
1.52



1437239_x_at
Phc2
1.52



1451415_at
1810011O10Rik
1.52



1448713_at
Stat4
1.52



1421937_at
Dapp1
1.51



1433748_at
Zdhhc18
1.51



1454350_at
Intu
1.51



1429128_x_at
Nfkb2
1.51



1418004_a_at
Tmem176b
1.51



1423154_at
BC005537
1.51



1426677_at
Flna
1.51



1448600_s_at
Vav3
1.51



1457539_at
D10Ertd709e
1.51



1420914_at
Slco2a1
1.51



1429247_at
Anxa6
1.51



1452411_at
Lrrc1
1.51



1449619_s_at
Arhgap9
1.51



1420351_at
Tnfrsf4
1.51



1437242_at
Ttll12
1.51



1439444_x_at
Tmed10
1.50



1448933_at
Pcdhb17
1.50



1434219_at
Stim2
1.50



1455428_at
Fam53b
1.50



1419226_at
Cd96
1.50



1435169_at
A930001N09Rik
0.67



1451348_at
Deptor
0.67



1425411_at
Arl4a
0.67



1428864_at
Dusp8
0.67



1426522_at
Hadhb
0.67



1417312_at
Dkk3
0.67



1418190_at
Pon1
0.67



1454078_a_at
Gal3st1
0.66



1425145_at
Il1rl1
0.66



1417421_at
S100a1
0.66



1460192_at
Osbpl1a
0.66



1419963_at
Deptor
0.66



1415743_at
Hdac5
0.66



1435559_at
Myo6
0.66



1450395_at
Slc22a5
0.66



1428469_a_at
Dzip1
0.66



1429884_at
Srgap2
0.66



1450971_at
Gadd45b
0.66



1436344_at
C2cd2
0.66



1418921_at
Cadm3
0.65



1421471_at
Npy1r
0.65



1453571_at
Deptor
0.65



1452283_at
Rassf8
0.65



1416268_at
Ets2
0.65



1423364_a_at
Aktip
0.65



1453069_at
Pik3cb
0.65



1422838_at
Kcnu1
0.65



1433977_at
Hs3st3b1
0.65



1426010_a_at
Epb4.1l3
0.65



1455029_at
Kif21a
0.65



1460406_at
Pls1
0.65



1434581_at
2410066E13Rik
0.65



1422740_at
Tnfrsf21
0.65



1435396_at
Stxbp6
0.65



1419688_at
Gpc6
0.65



1418658_at
Fam82b
0.65



1419457_at
Rgnef
0.65



1443904_at
Fads6
0.65



1425186_at
Lmbrd1
0.65



1450286_at
Npr3
0.65



1425037_at
Fgd4
0.64



1437871_at
Pgm5
0.64



1416774_at
Wee1
0.64



1458129_at
Rora
0.64



1433460_at
Ttc7b
0.64



1451200_at
Kif1b
0.64



1448320_at
Stim1
0.64



1452309_at
Cgnl1
0.64



1454824_s_at
Mtus1
0.64



1415981_at
Herpud2
0.64



1419505_a_at
Ggps1
0.64



1457686_at
Akap17b
0.63



1437149_at
Slc6a6
0.63



1437661_at
AU021092
0.63



1443906_at
Cd55
0.63



1451714_a_at
Map2k3
0.63



1435693_at
Mall
0.63



1451563_at
Emr4
0.63



1452333_at
Smarca2
0.63



1428835_at
Myh14
0.63



1433711_s_at
Sesn1
0.63



1448669_at
Dkk3
0.63



1416778_at
Sdpr
0.63



1449082_at
Mfap5
0.63



1425891_a_at
Grtp1
0.63



1418250_at
Arl4d
0.63



1458882_at
Serpinb8
0.62



1418714_at
Dusp8
0.62



1431216_s_at
Dnajc6
0.62



1426208_x_at
Plagl1
0.62



1425138_at
Guca1b
0.62



1425318_a_at
Tmem116
0.62



1423176_at
Tob1
0.62



1425515_at
Pik3r1
0.62



1455665_at
Lonrf1
0.62



1426576_at
Sgms1
0.62



1440559_at
Hmga2-ps1
0.62



1417545_at
Trpv4
0.62



1418954_at
Camkk1
0.62



1424701_at
Pcdh20
0.62



1454881_s_at
Upk3b
0.62



1419378_a_at
Fxyd2
0.62



1448926_at
Hoxa5
0.62



1437731_at
C2cd2
0.62



1436501_at
Mtus1
0.61



1450110_at
Adh7
0.61



1417013_at
Hspb8
0.61



1443969_at
Irs2
0.61



1450206_at
Dlc1
0.61



1428774_at
Gpc6
0.61



1422904_at
Fmo2
0.61



1425321_a_at
Clmn
0.61



1426743_at
Appl2
0.61



1427945_at
Dpyd
0.61



1428321_at
Eml1
0.60



1431226_a_at
Fndc4
0.60



1421848_at
Slc22a5
0.60



1428731_at
Usp54
0.60



1456939_at
Fam154b
0.60



1424408_at
Lims2
0.60



1426139_a_at
Ccrl1
0.60



1426332_a_at
Cldn3
0.60



1416823_a_at
Osbpl1a
0.60



1423994_at
Kif1b
0.60



1415904_at
Lpl
0.60



1429656_at
Rhobtb1
0.60



1421158_at
Cgnl1
0.60



1456150_at
Jhdm1d
0.60



1454604_s_at
Tspan12
0.59



1434307_at
Tmem64
0.59



1431188_a_at
Tom1
0.59



1416926_at
Trp53inp1
0.59



1423447_at
Clpx
0.59



1451782_a_at
Slc29a1
0.59



1423174_a_at
Pard6b
0.59



1436293_x_at
Ildr2
0.59



1444073_at
Maf
0.59



1447462_at
D7Wsu130e
0.59



1424280_at
Mospd1
0.59



1451270_at
Dusp18
0.59



1451207_at
Micu1
0.59



1455056_at
Lmo7
0.59



1437409_s_at
Gpr126
0.59



1436988_at
Ism1
0.58



1420718_at
Odz2
0.58



1425456_a_at
Map2k3
0.58



1450318_a_at
P2ry2
0.58



1436853_a_at
Snca
0.58



1424437_s_at
Abcg4
0.58



1426285_at
Lama2
0.58



1417962_s_at
Ghr
0.58



1455340_at
Dennd5b
0.58



1415874_at
Spry1
0.58



1435105_at
Rnf208
0.58



1428240_at
Nrxn1
0.58



1425906_a_at
Sema3e
0.58



1454926_at
Sphkap
0.58



1416316_at
Slc27a2
0.58



1434917_at
Cobl
0.57



1429778_at
Optn
0.57



1436350_at
Fam171b
0.57



1452207_at
Cited2
0.57



1428547_at
Nt5e
0.57



1426263_at
Cadm4
0.57



1429036_at
Otop3
0.57



1435763_at
Tbc1d16
0.57



1420942_s_at
Rgs5
0.57



1450974_at
Timp4
0.57



1434639_at
Klhl29
0.56



1421346_a_at
Slc6a6
0.56



1433742_at
Kank1
0.56



1435207_at
Dixdc1
0.56



1450838_x_at
Rpl37
0.56



1457671_at
Homer2
0.56



1422008_a_at
Aqp3
0.56



1415864_at
Bpgm
0.56



1437181_at
Peli2
0.56



1416072_at
Cd34
0.56



1460514_s_at
Ascl2
0.56



1420941_at
Rgs5
0.56



1423966_at
Cd99l2
0.55



1435435_at
Cttnbp2
0.55



1428336_at
Agpat4
0.55



1419458_at
Rgnef
0.55



1424567_at
Tspan2
0.55



1419491_at
Defb1
0.55



1415865_s_at
Bpgm
0.55



1422667_at
Krt15
0.55



1417355_at
Peg3
0.55



1439478_at
Acot2
0.55



1450460_at
Aqp3
0.55



1426510_at
Sccpdh
0.55



1422996_at
Acot2
0.55



1433454_at
Abtb2
0.55



1436640_x_at
Agpat4
0.55



1453008_at
Trnp1
0.55



1424392_at
Adhfe1
0.54



1417332_at
Rfx2
0.54



1419197_x_at
Hamp
0.54



1429001_at
Pir
0.54



1438496_a_at
Ddx26b
0.54



1454699_at
Sesn1
0.54



1437217_at
Ankrd6
0.54



1418412_at
Tpd52l1
0.54



1424747_at
Kif1c
0.54



1454646_at
Tcp11l2
0.54



1421040_a_at
Gsta2
0.53



1434326_x_at
Coro2b
0.53



1417027_at
Trim2
0.53



1460242_at
Cd55
0.53



1453119_at
Otud1
0.53



1420688_a_at
Sgce
0.53



1450119_at
Dst
0.53



1448119_at
Bpgm
0.53



1456481_at
Esyt3
0.53



1422168_a_at
Bdnf
0.53



1434542_at
Gpt2
0.52



1422905_s_at
Fmo2
0.52



1425809_at
Fabp4
0.52



1439549_at
Prrg3
0.52



1448416_at
Mgp
0.52



1437197_at
Sorbs2
0.52



1422619_at
Ppap2a
0.52



1436737_a_at
Sorbs1
0.52



1422620_s_at
Ppap2a
0.52



1427378_at
Krt75
0.52



1416779_at
Sdpr
0.51



1451501_a_at
Ghr
0.51



1423506_a_at
Nnat
0.51



1422974_at
Nt5e
0.51



1425761_a_at
Nfatc1
0.51



1458268_s_at
Igfbp3
0.51



1460241_a_at
St3gal5
0.50



1417028_a_at
Trim2
0.50



1456397_at
Cdh4
0.50



1434156_at
Rab11fip4
0.50



1429024_at
Rbm20
0.50



1441254_at
Pard3b
0.50



1419289_a_at
Syngr1
0.50



1422112_at
Ccbp2
0.50



1444559_at
Phtf2
0.50



1451410_a_at
Crip3
0.50



1420017_at
Tspan8
0.50



1416194_at
Cyp4b1
0.50



1434013_at
Ablim3
0.49



1419706_a_at
Akap12
0.49



1451762_a_at
Kif1b
0.49



1427371_at
Abca8a
0.49



1424007_at
Gdf10
0.49



1424155_at
Fabp4
0.48



1428357_at
2610019F03Rik
0.48



1454654_at
Dirc2
0.48



1456796_at
Snai3
0.48



1417702_a_at
Hnmt
0.48



1450738_at
Kif21a
0.48



1422007_at
Aqp3
0.48



1417014_at
Hspb8
0.47



1438422_at
Lrrc20
0.47



1417029_a_at
Trim2
0.47



1417673_at
Grb14
0.47



1428471_at
Sorbs1
0.47



1439117_at
Clmn
0.47



1427946_s_at
Dpyd
0.46



1418317_at
Lhx2
0.46



1424367_a_at
Homer2
0.46



1454691_at
Nrxn1
0.46



1419082_at
Serpinb2
0.46



1434651_a_at
Cldn3
0.46



1460569_x_at
Cldn3
0.45



1431056_a_at
Lpl
0.45



1443832_s_at
Sdpr
0.45



1451701_x_at
Cldn3
0.45



1419490_at
Fam19a5
0.45



1428792_at
Bcas1
0.45



1419492_s_at
Defb1
0.45



1424393_s_at
Adhfe1
0.44



1448978_at
Ngef
0.44



1429344_at
9.13E+15
0.44



1437637_at
Phtf2
0.44



1425826_a_at
Sorbs1
0.44



1451620_at
C1ql3
0.44



1450759_at
Bmp6
0.43



1433638_s_at
Hoxd8
0.43



1415996_at
Txnip
0.43



1448551_a_at
Trim2
0.43



1426981_at
Pcsk6
0.43



1427673_a_at
Sema3e
0.43



1451527_at
Pcolce2
0.43



1434877_at
Nptx1
0.42



1453435_a_at
Fmo2
0.42



1449621_s_at
Thsd1
0.42



1431805_a_at
Rhpn2
0.42



1449824_at
Prg4
0.41



1416129_at
Errfi1
0.41



1434628_a_at
Rhpn2
0.41



1455214_at
Mitf
0.41



1427345_a_at
Sult1a1
0.41



1418205_at
Thsd1
0.40



1419414_at
Gng13
0.40



1437840_s_at
D2hgdh
0.40



1423635_at
Bmp2
0.40



1423679_at
2810432L12Rik
0.39



1418063_at
Kera
0.39



1434667_at
Col8a2
0.39



1424649_a_at
Tspan8
0.39



1446498_at
Il20ra
0.39



1441918_x_at
Serpinb6e
0.39



1415997_at
Txnip
0.39



1431833_a_at
Hmgcs2
0.38



1418589_a_at
Mlf1
0.38



1419717_at
Sema3e
0.38



1429166_s_at
Clmn
0.38



1435459_at
Fmo2
0.38



1434669_at
Ralgps1
0.38



1431099_at
Hoxd8
0.38



1434657_at
Gls
0.37



1418595_at
Plin4
0.36



1434474_at
Abca5
0.36



1417168_a_at
Usp2
0.36



1427029_at
Htra3
0.35



1456895_at
Cd209b
0.34



1416225_at
Adh1
0.34



1454969_at
Lypd6
0.34



1456741_s_at
Gpm6a
0.34



1442226_at
Sema3e
0.33



1451478_at
Angptl7
0.33



1418706_at
Slc38a3
0.32



1436279_at
Slc26a7
0.32



1460244_at
Upb1
0.32



1459737_s_at
Ttr
0.31



1419816_s_at
Errfi1
0.31



1417765_a_at
Amy1
0.30



1446681_at
BB086117
0.30



1433837_at
8430408G22Rik
0.30



1454965_at
Fam171b
0.29



1433596_at
Dnajc6
0.29



1425357_a_at
Grem1
0.29



1455913_x_at
Ttr
0.29



1433836_a_at
8430408G22Rik
0.28



1451382_at
Chac1
0.28



1454608_x_at
Ttr
0.26



1433877_at
Fam46b
0.26



1425281_a_at
Tsc22d3
0.25



1451535_at
Il31ra
0.24



1423405_at
Timp4
0.23



1435184_at
Npr3
0.23



1437665_at
Il22ra2
0.22



1456512_at
Pdzrn4
0.22



1417788_at
Sncg
0.21



1460012_at
Wfdc3
0.20



1452543_a_at
Scgb1a1
0.19



1419332_at
Egfl6
0.19



1436643_x_at
Hamp2
0.18



1453327_at
Krt24
0.17



1456487_at
Adcy1
0.14



1449545_at
Fgf18
0.12









By comparing the corresponding lists of genes identified as differentially expressed to each other (FIG. 55A, bottom panel), three striking gene expression signatures were uncovered in this analysis. First, many of the upregulated genes in alopecic skin of both species were IFN-response genes, including the IFN-inducible chemokines CXCL 9,10 and 1111 (FIG. 55A, FIG. 60). Secondly, several key CTL-specific transcripts were identified, including CD8A and granzymes A and B (FIG. 55A).
In turn, using CTL effectors, the small molecule JAK3 inhibitor, tofacitinib (JAK3>JAK1>>JAK2 selectivity)18, was shown to block IL-15 triggered pSTAT3 activation (FIG. 55B), and inhibit CTL effector functions, including dermal sheath cell cytotoxicity (FIG. 55C), and granzyme B/IFNγ production (FIG. 55D). Thus, hair follicle production of IL-15 provides a cytokine axis that can be interrupted pharmacologically by inhibiting its signaling in immune effectors.
Next, it was determined whether the effects of IL-15 blockade could be recapitulated by intervening downstream using small molecule inhibitors of JAK3. Using tofacitinib, systemic administration of JAK3i (FIG. 56) treatment prevented the development of AA and the expansion of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in all grafted recipients. Skin of mice treated with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PTKi) showed no histological signs of inflammation and prevented the emergence of the skin ALADIN (Alopecia Areata Disease Activity Index) transcriptional signature and Gene Expression Dynamic Index (GEDI) analysis in all mice (FIG. 56).
To evaluate the efficacy of JAK3i in the clinical context of AA, it was determined whether systemic JAK3i treatment could reverse established disease by initiating therapy 7 weeks after grafting, a time point at which all mice had developed extensive AA. Importantly, systemic therapy induced hair regrowth all over the body, and likewise eliminated the expansion of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells and reversed histological markers of disease (FIG. 61), an effect that persisted 2-3 months after the cessation of treatment.
Finally, to test a more clinically convenient route of delivery, it was determined whether topical administration of PTKis could reverse long-standing alopecia areata with similar kinetics as systemic delivery. In established disease, topical tofacitinib, was highly effective in reversing disease in treated lesions (applied to back skin), and complete hair regrowth was observed within 12 weeks following topical therapy (FIG. 57A-B). Topical therapy was associated with the disappearance of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in the treated skin (FIG. 57C) and the reversal of histological markers of disease (FIG. 57D), as well as the normalization of the ALADIN transcriptional signature (FIG. 57E), and the GEDI index in all treated mice (FIG. 57F). Notably, untreated areas on the abdomen remained alopecic (FIG. 57A, middle panels), demonstrating that topical therapy was locally effective and therapeutic effects were not the result of systemic absorption. Further, these effects were durable 2-3 months after the cessation of treatment (FIG. 57A, right panels).
Taken together, the data identify CD8+NKG2D+ T cells as the immune cellular effectors responsible for autoimmune attack of the hair follicle and provide support for a model of AA pathogenesis.
Importantly, these common mechanistic underpinnings were first revealed by in the GWAS study, which placed AA squarely among this group of allied autoimmune diseases involving NKG2DL mediated recruitment of CD8 T cell effectors, including type I diabetes23,24, celiac disease16,25 and rheumatoid arthritis26. These pathways can be interrupted by small molecule inhibitors of the IL-15 downstream effector JAK kinases, the latter being particularly appealing as a topical therapeutic approach in this cutaneous disease. FDA-approved JAK inhibitors were used to show the therapeutic effect, arguing for clinical evaluation in AA with these compounds or other JAK PTKis in clinical development28.
In a very short time since the GWAS findings, not only have the specific subset of cytotoxic T cells that give rise to AA been identified, but they have successfully targeted them for elimination using clinically relevant, rational therapies selected on the basis of our mechanistic studies. The findings illustrate the power of GWAS studies in uncovering new disease pathways, and, coupled with translational approaches29, have rapidly opened a new and unexpected avenue for intervention in AA.
Methods
Mice.
7-10 week old female C57Bl.6 and C3H/HeJ mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.) were used and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions.
Transfer of Alopecia Areata Using Grafted C3H/HeJ Skin.
Normal-haired C3H/HeJ mice were grafted at 8 weeks of age (during the second telogen) with skin from a C3H/HeJ mouse that developed AA spontaneously, as described previously7. In brief, mice spontaneously affected with AA were euthanized, full thickness skin grafts of approximately 2 cm in diameter were removed and grafted to normal-haired C3H/HeJ mice. Hair loss typically began at around 4-6 weeks after grafting.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Skin and Cutaneous Lymph Nodes.
To make a single cell suspension of mouse skin, fat was removed from the overlying skin in cold PBS and then incubated in collagenase type I (2 mg/ml in PBS) at 32° C. for 75 minutes. After digestion the skin was minced in RPMI/10% fetal bovine serum, filtered through a 70 mM cell strainer, and centrifuged at 1100 g for 5 minutes. The pellet was resuspended in RPMI/10% fetal bovine serum, filtered through a 40 mM cell strainer and spun at 400 g for 5 mins. The pellet was resuspended in FACs buffer (PBS/5% BSA), DAPI to gate on live cells and staining antibodies (listed in Supplemental Data). Cutaneous lymph nodes were pooled minced in RPMI, filtered through a 40 mM cell strainer, centrifuged at 400 g for 5 minutes stained and analysed on a BD LSR II flow cytometer.
Transfer of T Cell Populations into Recipient C3H/HeJ Mice.
For positive selection of T cell populations, lymph node cells were obtained from 5 C3H/HeJ alopecic mice, stained with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-NKG2D antibodies, then sorted (BD Influx) to obtain two fractions: CD8+NKG2D+ T cells, and CD8+NKG2D− T cells. Three to five 7-week-old C3H/HeJ mice per group were injected subcutaneously with two million sorted cells of each population. For negatively selected populations, NKG2D+ cells were depleted by incubating total lymph node cells from 3 alopecic C3H/HeJ mice with biotinylated anti-NKG2D (CX5) and then with streptavidin-conjugated beads (Miltenyi) prior to removal on a Miltenyi magnetic column. Five million cells (either CD8/NKG2D-depleted or total lymph node cells) were suspended in 100 ul PBS and transferred into each of 5 mice by subcutaneous injection.
Prevention and Treatment Studies. For prevention studies, mice were treatment beginning the day of grafting (n=5-10 mice per group). For JAK3i experiments: mice were implanted subcutaneously with ALZETTM osmotic mini-pumps (pumps, model 2004, Durect Corporation) on the back of each mouse to deliver vehicle (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)300) or vehicle containing the JAK3i tofacitinib (Abmole) at 15 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks.
For topical treatment studies, grafted mice with long-standing AA (more than 8 weeks) were treated once daily for 12 weeks to affected skin on the dorsal back with vehicle (AQUAPHORTM) or vehicle containing the JAK3 inhibitor (0.5% ointment). Full-thickness skin biopsies were excised from the dorsal surface of each mouse at interim time points, and skin samples were either snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction or snap frozen in OCT for immunostaining. Hair status was examined twice weekly and hair growth index calculated as described30.
Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence.
8 mM acetone-fixed frozen mouse skin sections were air-dried and stained overnight with anti-mouse Abs (see below) at 4° C. in a moist chamber. Human hair follicles were microdissected and embedded in OCT compound prior to sectioning and staining (see below).
Primary Dermal Sheath and Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cell Culture.
Dermal sheath (DS) cells were isolated from microdissected mouse vibrissa follicles and cultured in 20% FBS DMEM with 5 ng/ml murine FGF (Pepro Tech). LAK cells were generated from splenocytes plated at 4×106 in 6-well plates with 50 nM JAK3i (tofacitinib) or 50 ng/ml murine IL-15 plus 50 nM JAK3i, and incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator for 96 hours.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays.
Determination of specific killing of target cells was performed using CFSE-labeled DS cells at targets mixed with different ratios of effector cells incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. 5% CO2 with or without neutralizing rat anti-mouse NKG2D antibody (20 ug/ml) (Biolegend, CX5). Specific lysis of DS cells was determined flow cytometrically by measuring cell death of CFSE+ DS cells using Annexin V/7-AAD.
Gene Expression Analysis in Human and Mouse Skin and T Cells.
Total RNA was isolated using the MIRNEASYTM Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA) with on-column DNA digestion using the RNase-free DNase set (Qiagen, Inc.). For RNAseq analysis CD3+CD8+CD44+NKG2D+ and CD3+CD8+CD44+NKG2D− cells were flow-sorted from lymph nodes of alopecic C3H/HeJ mice. RNA was extracted as above and prepared for RNA-seq using the TRUSEQTM RNA Sample Prep Kit v2. Samples were sequenced on the HISEQTM 2000 sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) for 50 cycles. RNA-Seq files were demultiplexed by the Rockefeller University Genomics Core Facility.
For global transcriptional profiling in mouse skin, total extracted RNA was processed using the 3′ IVT EXPRESS KITTM from AFFYMETRIXTM. Resulting biotinylated cDNA samples were hybridized to the Mouse Genome 430 2.0 gene chips and subsequently washed, stained with streptavidin-phycoerythrin, and scanned on an HP GENEARRAYTM Scanner (Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, Calif.).
For human AA samples, perilesional punch biopsies from 5 patients with patchy alopecia areata who were not undergoing local or systemic treatments were collected and compared to scalp biopsies from 5 unrelated unaffected individuals.
Extracted total RNA were reverse transcribed and amplified using the OVATIONTM RNA Amplification V2 kit (NuGEN Technologies, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.). Amplified cDNA was biotinylated with the ENCORETM Biotin Module (NuGEN Technologies) and then hybridized to the U133A Plus 2.0 gene chips.
Antibodies Used for Flow Cytometry and Immunostaining.
Flow cytometric analysis used the following anti-mouse antibodies: CD3 (17A2, Ebioscience), CD4 (GK1.5, BD), CD8α (53-6.7, BD), CD8α (YTS156.7.7, Biolegend), NKG2D (CX5, Ebioscience), NKG2A/C/E (clone 20d5, Ebioscience), CD44 (IM7, BD), CD45 (30-F11, BD), CD49b (Dx5, BD), CD62L (MEL-14, BD), CD69 (H1.2F3, BD), CD103 (2E7, eBioscience), IFNγ (XMG1.2, Ebioscience), Granzyme B (NGZB, eBioscience), Rae-1 (186107, R&D).
For immunohistochemical studies of mouse skin, 8 μM methanol-fixed frozen skin sections were stained with primary rat antibodies (Biolegend) including: anti-CD4 (clone RM4-5), anti-CD8 (clone 53-6.7), Biotin anti-MHC class I (clone 36-7.5), anti-MHC class II (clone M5/114.15.2). Biotinylated goat anti-rat IgG (Life Technologies) was used as secondary antibody. For immunofluorescence studies anti-H60 (R&D, clone 205326), anti-Pan Rae-1(R&D, clone 186107), anti-NKG2D (R&D clone 191004), anti-K71 (Abcam) primary antibody were used in immunofluorescence. ALEXA FLUORTM 488 or ALEXA FLUORTM 594-conjugated goat anti-Rat, donkey anti-Rabbit or donkey anti-Goat antibody was used as secondary antibody (Life Technologies).
Human hair follicles were microdissected and embedded in OCT compound prior to sectioning and staining. 8 μM methanol-fixed frozen sections were stained with CD8 (SCBT, C8/144B) followed by staining with Alexa Fluor 488 or Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibody (Life Technologies). All images were captured with an SDRC Zeiss Exciter Confocal Microscope.
Statistical Analysis and Quality Control of Gene Expression Signatures
RNA-Seq Analysis.
Samples were sequenced on the HiSeq 2000 sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) for 50 cycles. RNA-Seq files were demultiplexed by the Rockefeller University Genomics Core Facility. Quality control of the sample fastq files was performed using fastqc,S1. TopHat,S2 was used to map transcripts to the UCSC mm9 reference genome from iGenome. The RefSeq gene annotation packaged with this iGenome version of the UCSC mm9 were used. The htseq-count utility from the HTSeq package was used to convert TopHat barn files to counts that could be used as input for downstream analysis of differential expression with edgeR,S3. Absent genes were removed and a pseudocount of 1 was added in order to avoid division by zero in downstream analysis. EdgeR was used to identify differentially expressed genes using a matched pairs design with three biological replicates.
Microarray Analysis.
Quality Control, Preprocessing.
For the mouse cDNA samples were hybridized to the Mouse Genome 430 2.0 gene chips and subsequently washed, stained with streptavidin-phycoerythrin, and scanned on an HP GeneArray Scanner (Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, Calif.). For the human, amplified cDNA was hybridized to the U133A 2.0 gene chips.
Quality control was performed using the affyanalysisQC package from arrayanalysis.org/. AffyanalysisQC uses R/BioConductor packages: affy, affycomp, affypdnn, affyPLM, affyQCReport, ArrayTools, bioDistm biomaRt, simpleaffy, yaqcaffy to perform QC within a single script. RMA normalization,S4 was performed on each experimental group separately. Batch effect correction using ComBat was required for the prevention experiments.
Microarray preprocessing was performed using BioConductor in R. Preprocessing of the three experiments, 1) spontaneous AA mice vs. normal mice, 2) prevention mice with three treatments vs placebo and sham-operated mice, and 3) treatment mice for two treatments vs. placebo were performed separately using the same pipeline. In addition to the preprocessing that was done for the mouse skin samples, Harshlight was used to correct for image defects for the human skin samples.
Identification of Gene Signatures.
Unsupervised Analysis.
Hierarchical clustering was performed using Cluster,S5 on the 363 genes from the human 5×5 and 583 genes from the spontaneous mouse 3×3 in order that met the threshold abs(log FC)>1, unadjusted p-value <=0.05. Genes were first selected that met the threshold log FC>1, and unadjusted p-value <=0.05. Genes were median centered and normalized. Spearman rank correlation was used as the similarity measure and average linkage was used to perform row (genes) and column (sample) clustering. Visualization of the hierarchical clusters was performed with java TreeView,S6. Gene Expression Dynamic Index (GEDI) analysis was used to visualize how “metagenes” identified with a self organizing map algorithm vary across samples,S7. Metagenes are clusters of genes that show similar expression patterns across samples and that are assigned to a single pixel in a two dimensional grid. Neighboring pixels demonstrate similar expression patterns to one another.
Supervised Analysis.
Initial analysis of differential gene expression was performed on the spontaneous mouse 3×3 and the human 5×5 data sets using limma,S8. A threshold of 1.5 fold change and unadjusted p-value of 0.05.
RT-PCR Validation.
Predicted differentially expressed genes in human and mouse were confirmed using RT-PCR. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using a ratio of 2:1 random primers: Oligo (dT) primer and SUPERSCRIPTTM III RT (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qRT-PCR was performed on an ABI 7300TM machine and analyzed with ABI Relative Quantification StudyTM software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA). Primers were designed according to ABI guidelines and all reactions were performed using Power SYBRTM Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), 250 nM primers (Invitrogen) and 20 ng cDNA in a 20 μL reaction volume. Primer sequences are provided in Table 16.







TABLE 16 







RT-PCR Primers for mouse mRNA validation


studies.


Mouse RT-PCR













SEQ

SEQ


Gene
Forward Primer
ID NO:
Reverse Primer
ID NO:














Cd8a
GAGACCAGAAGAT
12
GCCTGGGACATTTG
13



TGTCGGC

CAAACA



 


Cd3d
ACTGTGTGGAGCT
14
CTGTACTGGGTATC
15



AGACTCG

TTCACG



 


Stat1
CGCAACTACAAAG
16
ATCCAGTTCGCTTA
17



TCATGGC

GGGTCG



 


Ifng
ACGGCACAGTCAT
18
GCTGATGGCCTGAT
19



TGAAAGC

TGTCTT



 


Tap1
CCTGCTTATCTTGG
20
GGTAGCACCCTCCT
21



ATGATGC

CTCTT



 


Cxcl9
ACGGAGATCAAAC
22
TTCCCCCTCTTTTG
23



CTGCCTA

CTTTTT



 


Cxcl10
ATCCACCGCTGAG
24
CCTTGAGTCCCACT
25



AGACATC

CAGAC



 


Cxcl11
TAGCCCTGGCTGC
26
ACTTTGTCGCAGCC
27



AATATCT

GTTACT



 


Irf7
GCACCCTCCTTTTC
28
GCCAAGGTGGCTGT
29



ACTGAG

AGATGT



 


Ccl5
CCCTCACCATCAT
30
GAGCACTTGCTGCT
31



CCTCACT

GGTGTA



 


H60a
TGCCTGATTCTGA
32
ATTCACTGAGCACT
33



GCCTTTTCA

GTCCATGTAGAT



 


H60b
AGGCCTTTTGGTC
34
ATGTTTTTTATCAC
35



CTGCTGAAT

CAAAATCAAGGAGT



 


H60c
AGATTTCAGTTGC
36
ACATGTGCAGCAGT
37



TGCCTCA

GGTTG









* Commercial Solaris real-time PCR system primers and probe sets AX-047904-01, AAX-047854-01, AX-047833-01, AX-049954-01, AX-042357-01 and AX-040917-00 (Thermo Scientific) were used for PCR of Rae-1a, Rae-1b, Rae-1c, Rae-1d, Rae-1e and GAPDH. Results are expressed as ‘fold increase’ in mRNA expression.








TABLE 17 







RT-PCR Primers for human mRNA validation


studies.


Mouse RT-PCR












SEQ

SEQ



Gene
ID NO:
Forward Primer
ID NO:
Reverse Primer





GZMA
38
AGATTTCTGGCATC
39
GACCATGTAGGGTC




CTCTC

TTGA


 


IL15
40
TTTCAGTGCAGGGC
41
GGGTGAACATCACT




TTCCT

TTCCC


 


STAT1
42
GCAGGTTCACCAGC
43
TGAAGATTACGCTT




TTTAT

GCTTT


 


CXCL9
44
GTAGTGAGAAAGGG
45
AGGGCTTGGGGCAA




TCGC

ATTG


 


IFNG
46
TCGGTAACTGACTT
47
TCGCTTCCCTGTTT




GAATGTCCA

TAGCTGC









The following PCR protocol was used: step 1: 50° C. for 2 min; step 2: 95° C. for 10 min; step 3: 95° C. for 15 s; step 4: 60° C. for 1 min; repeat steps 3 and 4 for 40 cycles. All samples were run in quadruplicate for three independent runs and normalized against an endogenous internal control as indicated.
ALADIN Scores.
The IFN and CTL signatures were used to develop a bivariate score statistic. Individual signature IFN and CTL scores were determined following procedures used in human SLE,S9,S10. The sets of genes selected to comprise our IFN and CTL signatures were CD8A, GZMB, and ICOS for the CTL signature, and CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, STAT1, and MX1 for the IFN signature. The scores for the prevention mice were calculated in relation to the sham mice; whereas, the scores for the topical treatment experiments were calculated relative to all the samples at week zero.
References


    1 McDonagh, A. J. & Messenger, A. G. The pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Dermatol Clin 14, 661-670 (1996).
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Example 11—Effect of JAK3 Inhibitor on the Induction of Hair Growth
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway has been implicated in several developmental processes, and most recently in stem cell maintenance, activation and differentiation. In the course of the inventor's topical treatment studies using JAK3 in the C3H/HeJ AA mouse model, it was noticed that the hairs that regrew did so with two striking features that were different from systemic administration: 1) hair regrowth was very rapid; and 2) the hair coat was darkly pigmented. Without being bound by theory, in addition to the JAK3 inhibitor eliminating pathogenic T cells from the skin, the JAK3 inhibitor also has a direct effect on the hair follicle itself, for example, via an anagen-promoting effect.
The dynamics of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway were first interrogated using a targeted RT-PCR array containing readouts of JAK-STAT signaling (FIG. 63), and compared gene expression between the telogen vs. anagen stages of the normal hair cycle (FIGS. 64-66).
This data revealed that many components of JAK-STAT signaling were upregulated in telogen and downregulated in anagen phase of the normal hair cycle, indicating that in the context of the hair cycle, JAK-STAT signaling can be associated with maintaining stem cell quiescence in telogen (FIG. 66).
To test whether inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling could therefore trigger the telogen-to-anagen transition, a topical JAK3 inhibitor was applied to test whether anagen could be induced in normal mouse skin in telogen.
Indeed, topical administration of a JAK3 inhibitor resulted in a striking anagen induction in mouse skin in telogen, compared to vehicle alone. This was associated with marked proliferation of keratinocyte matrix cells, and the induction and growth of robust pigmented anagen hairs after 1-2 weeks (see FIGS. 69-74).
This observation was compared to a positive control SAG (sonic hedgehog agonist) which is known to have the same effect, and the JAK3 inhibitor was comparable in its effect on anagen induction (FIGS. 69, 73, 74).
Without being bound by theory, these findings indicate that blockade of JAK-STAT signaling in telogen mimics in part the molecular events of anagen initiation, and can be a useful therapeutic agent for hair growth, using topical JAK inhibitors to induce telogen hairs to re-enter anagen.

## Claims

1. A method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering to the subject an effective amount of a Janus Kinase (Jak)1, Jak2, or Jak3 inhibitor, wherein said inhibitor is tofacitinib.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, hypotrichosis, or hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the alopecia areata is alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the hair loss-disorder is androgenetic alopecia.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the hair loss-disorder is alopecia areata.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of said inhibitor administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

11. A method for inducing hair growth in a subject, the method comprising topically administering to the subject an effective amount of a Jak 1, Jak2, or Jak3 inhibitor, wherein said inhibitor is tofacitinib, thereby inducing hair growth in the subject.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject suffers from a hair-loss disorder, wherein the hair-loss disorder is selected from androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, tinea capitis, hypotrichosis, and hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the alopecia areata is alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the hair loss-disorder is androgenetic alopecia.

15. The method of claim 12 wherein the hair loss-disorder is alopecia areata.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein said inhibitor is administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein said inhibitor is contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the effective amount of said inhibitor administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

21. A method of treating androgenetic alopecia in a human subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of tofacitinib.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein administering to the subject occurs in a route selected from subcutaneous injection, intra-muscular injection, intra-peritoneal injection, intravenous injection, an infusion, oral, nasal, topical, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal, transmucosal, rectal and a combination thereof.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein said tofacitinib is administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, suspension, capsule, tablet, pill, troche, nasal spray, suppository, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein said tofacitinib is contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the effective amount of said tofacitinib administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

26. The method of claim 21, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

27. The method of claim 21, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

28. The method of claim 21, wherein tofacitinib is administered with a pharmaceutical excipient.

29. A method for inducing hair growth in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of tofacitinib, thereby inducing hair growth in the subject, wherein the subject suffers from androgenetic alopecia.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein administering to the subject occurs in a route selected from subcutaneous injection, intra-muscular injection, intra-peritoneal injection, intravenous injection, an infusion, oral, nasal, topical, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal, transmucosal, rectal and a combination thereof.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein said tofacitinib is administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, suspension, capsule, tablet, pill, troche, nasal spray, suppository, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein said tofacitinib is contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

33. The method of claim 29, wherein the effective amount of said tofacitinib administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

34. The method of claim 29, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein tofacitinib is administered with a pharmaceutical excipient.

37. A method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of tofacitinib, wherein tofacitinib is contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, tinea capitis, hypotrichosis, or hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

39. The method of claim 37, wherein the alopecia areata is alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein the hair loss-disorder is androgenetic alopecia.

41. The method of claim 37, wherein the hair loss-disorder is alopecia areata.

42. The method of claim 37, wherein said topical pharmaceutical composition is selected from solution, suspension, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

43. The method of claim 37, wherein the effective amount of said tofacitinib administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

44. The method of claim 37, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

45. The method of claim 37, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

46. A method of treating a hair-loss disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, the method consisting of administering to the subject an effective amount of tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the hair-loss disorder comprises androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, tinea capitis, hypotrichosis, or hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the alopecia areata is alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the hair loss-disorder is androgenetic alopecia.

50. The method of claim 46, wherein the hair loss-disorder is alopecia areata.

51. The method of claim 46, wherein administering to the subject occurs in a route selected from subcutaneous injection, intra-muscular injection, intra-peritoneal injection, intravenous injection, an infusion, oral, nasal, topical, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal, transmucosal, rectal and a combination thereof.

52. The method of claim 46, wherein said tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients are administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, suspension, capsule, tablet, pill, troche, nasal spray, suppository, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

53. The method of claim 46, wherein said tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients are contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition, and wherein said tofacitinib is at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

54. The method of claim 46, wherein the effective amount of said tofacitinib administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

55. The method of claim 46, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

56. The method of claim 46, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.

57. A method for inducing hair growth in a subject, the method consisting of administering to the subject an effective amount of tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients, thereby inducing hair growth in the subject.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the subject suffers from a hair loss disorder selected from androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, tinea capitis, hypotrichosis, or hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the alopecia areata is alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis.

60. The method of claim 58, wherein the hair loss-disorder is androgenetic alopecia.

61. The method of claim 58, wherein the hair loss-disorder is alopecia areata.

62. The method of claim 57, wherein administering to the subject occurs in a route selected from subcutaneous injection, intra-muscular injection, intra-peritoneal injection, intravenous injection, an infusion, oral, nasal, topical, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal, transmucosal, rectal and a combination thereof.

63. The method of claim 57, wherein said tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients are administered to the subject in a pharmaceutical composition selected from solution, suspension, capsule, tablet, pill, troche, nasal spray, suppository, ointment, salve, gel, and cream.

64. The method of claim 57, wherein said tofacitinib and one or more pharmaceutical excipients are contained in a topical pharmaceutical composition, and wherein said tofacitinib is at a concentration selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%.

65. The method of claim 57, wherein the effective amount of said tofacitinib administered to the subject is selected from about 0.0001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.00075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.001 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.005 μg/kg body weight, about 0.0075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.01 μg/kg body weight, about 0.025 μg/kg body weight, about 0.05 μg/kg body weight, about 0.075 μg/kg body weight, about 0.1 μg/kg body weight, about 0.25 μg/kg body weight, about 0.5 μg/kg body weight, about 0.75 μg/kg body weight, about 1 μg/kg body weight, about 5 μg/kg body weight, about 10 μg/kg body weight, about 25 μg/kg body weight, about 50 μg/kg body weight, about 75 μg/kg body weight, about 100 μg/kg body weight, about 150 μg/kg body weight, about 200 μg/kg body weight, about 250 μg/kg body weight, about 300 μg/kg body weight, about 350 μg/kg body weight, about 400 μg/kg body weight, about 450 μg/kg body weight, about 500 μg/kg body weight, about 550 μg/kg body weight, about 600 μg/kg body weight, about 650 μg/kg body weight, about 700 μg/kg body weight, about 750 μg/kg body weight, about 800 μg/kg body weight, about 850 μg/kg body weight, about 900 μg/kg body weight, about 950 μg/kg body weight, about 1000 μg/kg body weight, about 2000 μg/kg body weight, about 3000 μg/kg body weight, about 4000 μg/kg body weight, about 5000 μg/kg body weight, about 6000 μg/kg body weight, about 7000 μg/kg body weight, about 8000 μg/kg body weight, about 95000 μg/kg body weight, or about 10,000 μg/kg body weight, about 1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.5 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg body weight, about 2.5 mg/kg body weight, about 3 mg/kg body weight, about 3.5 mg/kg body weight, about 4 mg/kg body weight, about 4.5 mg/kg body weight, about 5 mg/kg body weight, about 5.5 mg/kg body weight, about 6 mg/kg body weight, about 6.5 mg/kg body weight, about 7 mg/kg body weight, about 7.5 mg/kg body weight, about 8 mg/kg body weight, about 9.5 mg/kg body weight, about 10 mg/kg body weight, about 10.5 mg/kg body weight, about 11.0 mg/kg body weight, about 11.5 mg/kg body weight, about 12 mg/kg body weight, about 12.5 mg/kg body weight, about 13 mg/kg body weight, about 13.5 mg/kg body weight, about 14 mg/kg body weight, about 14.5 mg/kg body weight, about 15 mg/kg body weight, about 15.5 mg/kg body weight, about 16 mg/kg body weight, about 16.5 mg/kg body weight, about 17 mg/kg body weight, about 17.5 mg/kg body weight, about 18 mg/kg body weight, about 19.5 mg/kg body weight, about 20 mg/kg body weight, about 21.5 mg/kg body weight, about 22 mg/kg body weight, about 22.5 mg/kg body weight, about 23 mg/kg body weight, about 23.5 mg/kg body weight, about 24 mg/kg body weight, about 24.5 mg/kg body weight, about 25 mg/kg body weight, about 25.5 mg/kg body weight, about 26 mg/kg body weight, about 26.5 mg/kg body weight, about 27 mg/kg body weight, about 27.5 mg/kg body weight, about 28 mg/kg body weight, about 29.5 mg/kg body weight, or about 30 mg/kg body weight.

66. The method of claim 57, wherein administering occurs daily, weekly, twice weekly, monthly, twice monthly, yearly, 1 time per week, 2 times per week, 3 times per week, 4 times per week, 5 times per week, 6 times per week, 7 times per week, 8 times per week, 9 times per week, 10 times per week, 11 times per week, 12 times per week, 13 times per week, or 14 times per week.

67. The method of claim 57, wherein administering to the subject occurs for at least 1 week.