If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

TOOLES CONTRACTING GROUP, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

October 3, 2019

v No. 345182

Washtenaw Circuit Court

WASHTENAW COUNTY ROAD 

COMMISSION,

LC No. 17-000765-CZ

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In this suit brought pursuant to Michigan’s Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 

15.231 et seq., plaintiff, Tooles Contracting Group, LLC, claims to appeal by right the trial 

court’s order denying its motion for an order compelling defendant, Washtenaw County Road 

Commission, to pay its attorney fees. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in 

several respects when it denied the motion for attorney fees as the prevailing party in a FOIA 

action. However, we conclude that we lack jurisdiction to address the merits of plaintiff’s claim 

of appeal by right. Instead, given the procedural posture of this case, we treat the appeal as an 

application for leave to appeal and grant leave for the sole and limited purpose of vacating the 

order denying the motion for attorney fees. We remand this case for resolution of the parties’ 

competing motions for summary disposition and any further relief that may be warranted. 

I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff, a minority-owned construction business, submitted a bid to defendant to 

construct a new service center in January 2017. Although plaintiff submitted the lowest bid, the 

contract was awarded to another contractor. In March 2017, plaintiff’s counsel filed a FOIA 

request with defendant. The request for documents was identified in nine different paragraphs. 

Defendant eventually acknowledged the request, noted that the cost to gather the material would 

exceed $50, and requested that plaintiff pay 50% of the cost before receipt. However, defendant 

did not provide materials in response to paragraph five because they allegedly did not exist and 

did not address the material request in paragraph six. 
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Ultimately, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging that defendant violated the requirements of 

FOIA and moved for summary disposition, alleging that defendant’s violation of the statute was

undisputed. Defendant also moved for summary disposition, alleging that the evidence 

demonstrated that it did not improperly withhold documents and that plaintiff did not comply 

with FOIA procedure regarding contesting payment of a fee. In the interim, plaintiff obtained 

documentation through a FOIA request directed to the Michigan Department of Transportation 

(MDOT), and claimed that the documents received from MDOT demonstrated that defendant 

failed to comply with FOIA. On the contrary, defendant asserted that it was not apparent from 

the initial FOIA request that plaintiff sought the documents delivered by MDOT, and MDOT had 

to seek clarification of the request before delivering the documents. Although the parties 

appeared for oral argument before the trial court, it did not render a decision but took the crossmotions for summary disposition under advisement. 

Despite the fact that a ruling on the dispositive motions was not obtained, plaintiff moved 

for an award of its attorney fees. At a hearing on the attorney fee motion, plaintiff restated its 

claim that the undisputed evidence showed that defendant violated FOIA in several ways, which 

led to the present litigation. For that reason, it claimed that it was entitled to $97,726.78 in 

attorneys’ fees. Initially, the trial court indicated that it would conduct an evidentiary hearing on 

the fees. However, the trial court recognized that it had never ruled on the cross-motions for 

summary disposition, but nevertheless denied the attorney fee motion and instructed the parties 

to file a claim of appeal with this Court. Even though the trial court never resolved the merits of 

the case, it characterized its order as a “final order” and closed the case.

II. JURISDICTION

“[T]his Court’s jurisdiction of an appeal as of right from a circuit court is limited to final 

judgments or final orders.” McCarthy & Assoc, Inc v Washburn, 194 Mich App 676, 678; 488 

NW2d 785 (1992). Pursuant to MCR 7.203(A)(1), this Court has jurisdiction over appeals of 

right “by an aggrieved party” from “a final judgment or final order” of the circuit court. A final 

judgment or order is defined, in relevant part, to be the “first order that disposes of all the claims 

and adjudicates the rights and liabilities of all the parties . . . .” MCR 7.202(6)(a)(i).

Both parties moved for summary disposition before the trial court. Additionally, both 

parties argued, in relevant part, that the facts were undisputed and that each was entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. But, the trial court did not render any decision on the crossmotions, and instead, took the motions under advisement. Plaintiff did not wait for a disposition 

of the motions, but instead, moved for an award of attorney fees, contending that it succeeded in 

the litigation. Initially, the parties appeared for an evidentiary hearing to address attorney fees, 

but the trial court held that it would not render an award unless directed to do so by this Court. 

When the ruling was reduced to writing, the trial court declared that the order denying attorney 

fees was a final order that disposed of all the claims. However, this Court is not bound by the 

trial court’s characterization of its order as a final order or judgment. See, e.g., McCarthy & 

Assoc, Inc, 194 Mich App at 679-680. Rather, this Court must independently determine whether 

it has jurisdiction, even if the parties themselves do not challenge jurisdiction. See Clohset v No 
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Name Corp (On Remand), 302 Mich App 550, 560; 840 NW2d 375 (2013). And, on this record, 

the trial court did not enter a final judgment or order. See MCR 7.202(6)(a)(i).1 Nevertheless, to 

the extent that we do not have jurisdiction to hear this appeal as of right, we shall treat it as on 

leave granted. See MCR 7.216(A)(7); Waatti & Sons Electric Co v Dehko, 230 Mich App 582, 

585; 584 NW2d 372 (1998).

III. ANALYSIS

This Court is an error correcting court, and we generally do not address unpreserved 

issues. Burns v Detroit (On Remand), 253 Mich App 608, 615; 660 NW2d 85 (2002). 

Additionally, this Court will not consider hypothetical issues, reach the merits of issues that are 

not ripe for review, or issue advisory opinions. See People v Hart, 129 Mich App 669, 674; 341 

NW2d 864 (1983); Rozankovich v Kalamazoo Spring Corp (On Rehearing), 44 Mich App 426, 

428; 205 NW2d 311 (1973). In light of these rules, we decline to consider the merits of the case. 

Although we treat this appeal as an application, we only grant it for the limited purpose of 

vacating the order appealed from and remanding to the trial court to address the merits of the 

dispositive motions and whether additional relief arises from the ruling. 

IV. REMAND BEFORE DIFFERENT JUDGE

Plaintiff also submits that, if this Court remands this case, it should remand it to a 

different judge because the trial judge’s rulings and statements demonstrate that he would have 

difficulty putting aside his previously expressed views.

This Court has the inherent authority to remand a case to a different judge. See MCR 

7.216(A)(7); Sparks v Sparks, 440 Mich 141, 163; 485 NW2d 893 (1992); see also People v 

Evans, 156 Mich App 68, 71-72; 401 NW2d 312 (1986). This Court may exercise its discretion 

to remand to a different judge if it concludes that “the original judge would have difficulty in 

putting aside previously expressed views or findings, if reassignment is advisable to preserve the 

appearance of justice, and if reassignment will not entail excessive waste or duplication.” Bayati 

v Bayati, 264 Mich App 595, 603; 691 NW2d 812 (2004). More specifically, the requesting 

party must demonstrate that the judge “would be unable to rule fairly on remand given his [or 

her] past comments or expressed views.” Id.

In this case, the trial court did express its view that plaintiff was not actually interested in 

obtaining information or resolving the dispute, but appeared to be “more interested in running up 

a bill.” But it also indicated that it would abide by this Court’s decision if this Court were to 

disagree with its ruling. The record also does not support the conclusion that the trial court held 

 1 MCR 7.202(6)(a)(iv) also defines “final judgment or “final order” as “a postjudgment order 

awarding or denying attorney fees and costs under MCR 2.403, 2.405, 2.625 or other law or 

court rule,” but the attorney fee denial in this case was not rendered postjudgment because a

judgment on the merits never transpired. 
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a bias against plaintiff or its lawyers.2 The trial court is familiar with the litigation and the acts 

of the parties’ lawyers and is in a better position to address the parties’ motions on remand. 

Moreover, remand to a different judge would entail some degree of waste and duplication of 

effort. See id. On this record, we decline to exercise our discretion to remand this case to a 

different judge. See Sparks, 440 Mich at 163.

Vacated and remanded for the trial court to resolve the competing motions for summary 

disposition and any other further proceedings that may be necessary. We do not retain 

jurisdiction. We further order that neither party may tax costs. See MCR 7.219(A).

/s/ Michael J. Riordan 

/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly 

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron 

 2 Rather, the record reflects frustration by the trial judge because plaintiff, the entity that bore the 

burden of proving that attorney fees were incurred and reasonable, Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 

131, 165-166; 693 NW2d 825 (2005), filed a request for attorney fees that completely redacted 

the description of the service rendered. Yet, plaintiff, as the fee applicant, had the burden of 

supporting its claim with evidentiary support. Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 532; 751 NW2d 

472 (2008).