# Patent

## Title
Dynamic licensing for applications and plugin framework for virtual network systems

## Abstract

A dynamic licensing method, implemented in an integrated system, includes, responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system; determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system; receiving an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided with the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and decrypting the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session key and determining whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
The present patent/application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/110,192, filed on Jan. 30, 2015, and entitled “DYNAMIC LICENSING FOR APPLICATIONS AND PLUGIN FRAMEWORK FOR VIRTUAL NETWORK SYSTEMS,” the contents of which are incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates generally to computer and networking systems and methods. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to dynamic licensing for applications and a plugin framework for virtual network systems such as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Networks are evolving towards virtualization much like server platforms have Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept that proposes using Information Technology (IT) virtualization related technologies to virtualize entire classes of network node functions into building blocks that may be connected, or chained, to create communication services. A virtualized network function, or VNF, may include one or more virtual machines running different software and processes, on top of industry standard high volume servers, switches and storage, or even cloud computing infrastructure, instead of having proprietary hardware appliances for each network function. Exemplary VNFs can include access routers, firewalls, Layer 2/3 encryption, Wide Area Network (WAN) optimization, and the like.
There are many challenges involved in deploying and operating a cloud-based NFV platform. Virtualization and dynamic “on-demand” services create new challenges for traditional use of license keys to enforce entitlement. For example, in NFV or other virtual systems, virtualization makes it easy to “copy, distribute and run” valuable assets, VNFs have a transient lifecycle, not typically locked to a physical host, and having keys available at the right time and place drives administrative costs for a global distributed cloud system, such as a NFV infrastructure.
Also, with respect to NFV, vendors providing NFV systems will have relationships with partners who ultimately need to integrate with a vendor NFV platform. Conventionally, VNF vendors have been selling their VNF products directly to service providers or end users. There is a need for third-party integration and bundling of VNF products together to reduce operational expenses, engineering expenses, service definition and fulfillment time and the like. It would be advantageous to have a pluggable framework for a cloud-based NFV system that allowed integration of VNF products to provide a diverse catalog of VNF services in an integrated manner.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
In an exemplary embodiment, a dynamic licensing method is described, implemented in an operating environment including one or more third-party applications, an integrated system offering and enabling execution of the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications through the integrated system. The dynamic licensing method includes, responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system; receiving an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and decrypting the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys and determining whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results. The system can offer the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure the one or more third-party applications from different vendors.
The dynamic licensing method can further include executing the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The dynamic licensing method can further include determining fraudulent use of the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host. The integrated system can be adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application. The one or more third-party applications can include at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework. The integrated system can include a multi-domain orchestrator.
In another exemplary embodiment, an integrated system is described adapted to operate in an environment including one or more third-party applications, the integrated system offering and enabling execution of the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications through the integrated system. The integrated system can include a network interface communicatively coupled to the one or more end users; a processor communicatively coupled to the network interface; and memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to, responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determine a license key, for the third-party application, using a public key associated with the integrated system, receive an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system, and decrypt the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys to determine whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results.
The integrated system can offer the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure the one or more third-party applications from different vendors. The memory storing instructions that, when executed, can further cause the processor to execute the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The memory storing instructions that, when executed, can further cause the processor to determine fraudulent use of the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host. The integrated system can be adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application. The one or more third-party applications can include at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework. The integrated system can include a multi-domain orchestrator.
In a further exemplary embodiment, an operating environment for one or more end users to operate one or more third-party applications includes an integrated system adapted to offer and enable execution of the one or more third-party applications; and a system adapted to provide the one or more third-party applications to the integrated system, wherein responsive to an end user request for a third-party application through the integrated system, the integrated system is adapted to determine a license key, for the third-party application, using a public key associated with the integrated system, receive an encrypted validation result from the system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system, and decrypt the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys to determine whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a modular plugin framework architecture;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a functional structure of the modular plugin framework;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are block diagrams of a general Producer/Consumer service model;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a model for high availability within the Virtual Network Function Manager (VNFM);
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of activities performed to develop a plugin;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are listings of code for an example service registration and lookup respectively;
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a sequence of using a plugin to setup cloud-init data;
FIGS. 10 and 11 are flow charts of pre-requisite steps for dynamic licensing;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an operating environment for using a dynamic licensing process;
FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a dynamic licensing process in the operating environment;
FIG. 14 is a diagram of typical VNF and/or plugin evolution;
FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrates a server, which can be used to realize various aspects of the dynamic licensing for applications and a plugin framework for virtual network systems; and
FIG. 16 is a network diagram of an operating environment for the modular plugin framework architecture and/or the dynamic licensing process.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
In various exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure relates to dynamic licensing for applications and a plugin framework for virtual network systems such as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and the like. The foregoing describes the dynamic licensing for applications and the plugin framework in the context of NFV. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the dynamic licensing for applications contemplates operation in any distributed environment.
A dynamic licensing method, implemented in an integrated system, includes responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system; receiving an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided with the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and decrypting the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session key and determining whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results.
A Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) system configured to integrate third-party Virtual Network Functions (VNF) through a plugin framework, includes one or more servers configured to operate a plugin framework with Application Programming Interfaces (API) to one or more third-party VNFs; wherein the NFV system is an integrated system to end users providing a catalog of VNF services based on the one or more third-party VNFs included therein; and wherein the plugin framework manages service mediation between the NFV system and the one or more third-party VNFs and element interfaces for management of the one or more third-party VNFs.
The dynamic licensing for applications has the following requirements—prevent running a new VNF (or any other Virtual Function (VF) or application) instance outside a cloud system environment; Prevent running an existing snapshot (of a VNF, VF, or application) outside the cloud system environment; enable partner runtime code to detect and block unauthorized use; address the scaling costs associated with managed block license key administration within an agile on-demand service fulfillment model; and provide revenue assurance through a combination of usage auditing and postpaid charging.
The plugin framework for virtual network systems enables third-party integration of VNF functions into an NFV cloud system. Integration typically involves the following activities: development of a plugin to extend the NFV cloud system to control and manage a specific make/model of VNF; providing VNF package information sufficient for the vendor to onboard a VNF into the NFV cloud system; and updating a VNF to conform to the NFV cloud system license entitlement controls.
In the foregoing description, the following terms, acronyms, and/or abbreviations are used:











Term
Meaning







Cooperative
Integration of a VNF into a NFV cloud system may be governed by a


Development
CDA between the vendor and a VNF Partner.


Agreement (CDA)


Element
Within this document, the term “element” is most commonly used to



refer to an external system that a plugin may communicate with. For



example, instances of VNFs and instances of EMSs are each example of



“elements”.


Element Management
An EMS performs management functions for one or more elements.


System (EMS)
These functions are most often in support of fault, configuration,



accounting, performance, and/or security management. (FCAPS).


Network Functions
NFV is the principle of separating network functions from the hardware


Virtualization (NFV)
they run on by using virtual hardware abstraction.


Network Functions
The NFVO is a function that deploys, operates, manages, and


Virtualization
coordinates VNFs.


Orchestrator (NFVO)


Statement of Work
Over the term of a CDA one or more SoWs may be created to define the


(SoW)
work necessary to integrate one or more VNFs into the NFV cloud



system.


Virtual Network
The VNF Manager is responsible for the lifecycle management of VNF


Function Manager
instances.


(VNFM)


VNF Catalog
A set of VNF packages. The VNF Market has a master catalog, and



each director has a VNF catalog, which is a subset of the master catalog.


Virtual Network
A network function built for a deployment on a virtual network function


Function (VNF)
infrastructure.


VNF Instance
A run-time instantiation of the VNF software, resulting from



completing the instantiation of its VNFCs and the connectivity between



them, using the VNF deployment and operational information captured



in the VNFD, as well as additional run-time instance-specific



information and constraints


VNF Package
The combination of a VNF and its associated metadata.


VNF Plugin
A bundle of executable software automating configuration and



management tasks for a VNF instance.


NFV cloud system
An NFV solution, including all associated hardware and software.


Director
The Director is the orchestration and management portion of the NFV



cloud system. The Director can be referred to as a “NFV OS (Operating



System)” or “NFV platform”.


VNF Market
The VNF Market contains the master catalog of VNFs distributed by the



NFV cloud system.









Plugin Framework Architecture

Referring to FIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a modular plugin framework 10 architecture. The plugin framework 10, for the NFV cloud system, can be based on the Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) modular framework 12 shown. Plugins can be implemented and packaged as OSGi bundles which run atop the Apache Felix OSGi container. By definition, OSGi runs within a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and plugins use Java to integrate with the plugin framework. However, large parts of plugins can be implemented using languages other than Java, if desired.
Referring to FIG. 2, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a functional structure of the modular plugin framework 10. The modular plugin framework 10 can be contained within the VNF Manager (VNFM) server of the Director.
The modular plugin framework 10 defines the set of services available to plugins to integrate into the Director runtime environment. Plugins access services via interfaces defined by an Application Programming Interface (API) layer. The API layer is exported by the plugin framework and imported by all plugins.
Each Partner Plugin provides the following general functions;
Plugin Interface: interfaces interacting with the API,
Service Mediation: performs all business logic, data transformation and/or state management for VNFs,
Element Interface: provides interfaces for management of VNFs using Partner specific protocols and management models.
As a minimum, the Plugin Interface layer must be implemented in Java. Service Mediation and Element interface layers may be implemented using other languages as long as the plugin bundle includes all required libraries. The plugin framework 10 makes no assumption about the protocols or information models used to interact with a VNF. Plugin developers can decide upon the interfaces used to manage and control a VNF and are free to access a VNF directly and/or via an Element Management System (EMS).
A single plugin can manage an arbitrary number of VNF models and instances. Each VNF make/model is associated to a single plugin based upon the value of the pluginID field of the VNF package. A VNF Market onboarding process allocates a unique pluginID to each certified plugin and binds it to a package. Details of plugin naming are described herein.
Services
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a general Producer/Consumer service model. All services are registered with the OSGi container service registry and interact using a Consumer/Producer design pattern. The general Producer/Consumer service model is shown in FIG. 3. A consumer service typically calls interfaces implemented by producer services after first looking up the producer service in the service registry.
A more specific example of the Producer/Consumer relationship is illustrated in FIG. 4. This example shows the interactions occurring as part of the orchestration of a VNF. The steps are as follows:
1. At plugin activation time all services are registered with the OSGi Service Registry. This is done in the “start” method of the plugin class implementing the org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator interface.
2. NFV orchestration notifies the Core Lifecycle Management consumer service that a VNF has been deployed and started.
3. Given the plugin id of the VNF package, the consumer service uses the OSGi Service Registry to look up the Lifecycle Management producer service of the plugin associated with the VNF package.
4. The Core plugin Lifecycle Management consumer service invokes the “doPostStart( )” method of the class implementing the VnfLcmInterface interface of the producer service.
5. The Service Producer performs any and all accesses to the VNF instance that has just started. Not shown in FIG. 4, the Service Producer is free to call other producer services to get information prior to accessing the VNF instance.
Services are summarized in Table 2.










TABLE 2






Core





Framework


Service
Producer?
Service Name
Description







Plugin Life
No
N/A
Manages the installation and


Cycle Services


activation of plugins. Each plugin





must implement





org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator





interface to register services it





implements with the OSGi





Service Registry. The core





framework plugin implements





and registers most services as





“Producer” services.


License Key
Yes
LicenseManagementServiceImpl
Provides services for license key


Management


allocation/de-allocation.


Services


Communication
Yes
CommunicationServiceImpl
Provides services for connectivity


Services


to instances of VNFs.


Data Access
Yes
DataAccessServiceImpl
Provides services for persistent


Services


high availability storage of plugin





state data.


VNF Life Cycle
No
VnfLcmService Impl
Provides services for managing


Management


VNF instance life cycle. Partner


Services


plugins implement this service as





a “Producer” service.





The core plugin on behalf of





service orchestration calls the





interfaces provided by the VNF





Life Cycle Management Service





for a given Partner plugin. For





example, the core plugin calls





“doPreStart” and “doPostStart”





interfaces following deployment





and before and after VM startup





respectively.


Logging
Yes

The Logging Service uses


Service


facilities of the OSGi framework.





Provides a service based upon





Log4j for plugins to log messages





into the consolidated set of log





files for the Director.









Concurrency

Plugins execute within a multi-threaded environment. Threads are allocated and managed by the OSGi container and supporting Java libraries. A thread is allocated to each request initiated by a Director application (e.g. NFV Orchestration). Threads generally execute in a synchronous “run to completion” fashion. Where a plugin has long duration exchanges with external elements, it is at the discretion of the plugin developer to decide whether to block a thread or implement their own asynchronous transaction tracking.
When a plugin shares internal state between threads, the plugin is responsible for implementing appropriate locking mechanisms to guarantee thread safety. Plugins can assume thread safety for all producer services provided by the plugin framework. Where a plugin requires background threads, the plugin is responsible for creating and managing threads within a High Availability (HA) environment.
High Availability
Referring to FIG. 5, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a model for high availability within the VNFM. The plugin framework is contained within each VFNM server instance. Plugins must implement the “start” and “stop” methods of the org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator interfaces to support high availability. Plugins on the Active VNFM of a HA cluster are “started” by the plugin framework via the org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator.start method. Plugins on the Passive VNFM of a HA cluster are “stopped” by the plugin framework via their implementation of the org.osgi.framework.BundleActivator.stop method.
The Director HA infrastructure will ensure that all plugin data persisted using the DataAccessInterface of the plugin framework API is propagated to the Passive VNFM within a cluster. All other plugin state data is not propagated from active to passive VNFM by the plugin framework.
Plugin Development
Referring to FIG. 6, in an exemplary embodiment, a flow chart illustrates activities performed to develop a plugin. The vendor supports its partners and can help with many of these activities either directly or indirectly by providing access to useful resources and documentation.
A generalized service name format can be defined to enable consistent service registration and lookup. The general format is

    
    
        <pluginID>.<serviceName>

Where, pluginID: Is a unique string assigned by the vendor. Unsigned 3rd party (e.g. Operator developed) plugins may be developed which must avoid overlap of vendor administered plugin IDs. Such plugins must include the literal string “private” as the suffix to their pluginID. For example “com.acme.plugin.private”; and serviceName: As summarized in Table 2 above.

Service Registration and Lookup

    
    


Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, in an exemplary embodiment, code is shown for an example service registration. Each plugin must register service producers it provides to consumers within the OSGi service registry. The example in FIG. 7 shows a plugin registering its implementation of Vnf life cycle manager service. In this example, the code registers an implementation of the VnfLcmService called com.ciena.matrix.plugin.VnfLcmServiceImpl.
The example in FIG. 8 shows a plugin looking up producer services provided with the core plugin. Note that the plugin ID for the main Ciena plugin is com.ciena.matrix.plugin and each service name from Table 2 is merged to form the service name to lookup.
Use Cases—Setup Cloud-Init Data
Referring to FIG. 9, in an exemplary embodiment, a flow diagram illustrates a sequence of using a plugin to setup cloud-init data. Cloud-init (see cloudinit.readthedocs.org/en/latest/) is a popular and well-supported service used to initialize Linux systems within cloud environments. The VNF life cycle manager uses the—user-data argument of the OpenStack nova boot (see docs.openstack.org/cli-reference/content/novaclient_commands.html#novaclient_subcommand_boot) command to pass cloud-init data to a VNF.
The sequence in FIG. 9 shows how a plugin sets up cloud-init data to be passed to a VNF. In this sequence, the plugin's implementation of the VnfLcmService.doPreStart method sets the cloud-init data into the OperationStatus passed back to a LifeCycleManager. The LifeCycleManager co-ordinates populating the data into the nova boot command for the VM running the VNF. The cloud-init information shown in FIG. 9 is provided as a simple example. The cloud-init mechanism is very flexible with many options for system initialization. As an alternative example, a plugin could bundle a text file containing a static configuration for a VNF, which the plugin could open and pass the contents to a VM as an argument to the nova boot—user-data option.
Dynamic License Key Creation and Validation
Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, in an exemplary embodiment, flow charts illustrate pre-requisite steps for dynamic licensing. Virtualization and dynamic “on-demand” services create new challenges for traditional use of license keys to enforce entitlement. For example;
Virtualization makes it easy to “copy, distribute and run” valuable assets,
VNFs have a transient lifecycle, not typically locked to a physical host,
Having keys availability in the right time and place drives administrative costs for a global distributed NFVI,
In response to these new challenges, the present disclosure has devised a dynamic license key generation and validation scheme conforming to the following requirements;
Prevent running a new VNF instance outside a vendor's environment;
Prevent running an existing VNF snapshot outside a vendor's environment;
Enable partner runtime code to detect and block unauthorized use;
Address the scaling costs associated with Managed Block license key administration within an agile on-demand service fulfillment model; and
Provide revenue assurance through a combination of usage auditing and postpaid charging
Under the dynamic license key creation and validation scheme, the vendor shares a Public/Private key pair with partners during onboarding as shown in FIG. 10. Partners implement an algorithm according to the vendor's specifications within both their plugin and VNF prior to final certification test and onboarding. Again, the dynamic licensing is described with reference to integrating VNF products into a NFV cloud system, but this process could equally be used in any software application delivery system, such as the app store from Apple, Google Play from Google, and the like.
The sub-process labeled “Development and Build Process” in FIG. 10 includes the plugin and VNF development work needed to realize the sequence shown in FIG. 11.
Numbered call outs shown in FIG. 11 refer to the processing sequence below.
1) The sequence begins when the plugin framework calls the “doPostStart( )” method of a plugins implementation of the VnfLcmService. This call indicates a VM hosting the VNF is starting, and it is time to compute and validate a key prior to running the VNFs application.

2) The plugin requests the VNF to compute a “License Key” using a partner specific message (shown as “License Status” in FIG. 11. In response, the VNF computes a “License Key” following the steps shown in the “Compute Key” block of FIG. 11. More specifically, a “Session Key” is allocated and combined with “Host Info” and encrypted using the Ciena provided Public Key to form the “License Key”. The “License Key” is returned to the plugin by the VNF. Please note that “Host Info” is specific to a deployed instance of a VNF and is the shared information known to both the VNF and the Director.

3) The plugin looks up a LicenseManagementService and calls the validateDynamicLicense method to validate the “License Key.” The LicenseManagement Service will validate the License Key according to the flow shown in the “License Validation” block of FIG. 11. It then encrypts the result of validation and returns this value to the calling plugin.

4) The plugin passes the encrypted result to the VNF using a partner specific message (shown as a “Run” message in FIG. 11). Using the processing sequence shown in the “Run Decision” block of FIG. 11 the VNF decrypts the license key validation result using the previously allocated session key and makes the decision to run based on the run result.

5) The VNF responds with the status of its run decision which the plugin returns to the LifeCycleManager service of the plugin framework.

Dynamic Licensing Process

Referring to FIG. 12, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates an operating environment 200 for using a dynamic licensing process. The operating environment 200 includes one or more third-party applications 202; an integrated system 204 in which the third-party applications 202 are offered, used, etc.; and one or more end users 206 use the one or more third-party applications 202 through the integrated system 204. Also, the integrated system 204, while a single system, can be operated by a service provider and provided by a vendor. The operating environment 200 applies to the VNF functionality described herein, but can also apply to any software delivery system—cloud-bases, Software-as-a-Service, etc. For the VNF functionality, the third-party applications 202 can be individual VNF products, the integrated system 204 can be the cloud NFV system, and the end users 206 can be using the individual VNF products. In another exemplary embodiment, the third-party applications 202 can be any software applications, the integrated system 204 can be the app store, Google Play, etc., and the end users 206 can be using the software applications. Any other similar structure is contemplated. The goal of the dynamic licensing process is to compensate properly owners of the one or more third-party applications 202 for use by the end users 206.
Referring to FIG. 13, in an exemplary embodiment, a flow chart illustrates a dynamic licensing process 210 in the operating environment 200. The dynamic licensing process 210 includes an end user requesting a third-party application creating a need to compute and validate a key prior to running the application (step 212) and determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system (step 214). Next, a system associated with the third-party application validates the license key using a private key and software provided with the integrated system, and the system returns encrypted validation results to the third-party application (step 216). Finally, the third-party application returns the encrypted validation results to the integrated system which decrypts the encrypted validation results using the previously allocated session key and makes the decision to run based on the result (step 218).
In an exemplary embodiment, the dynamic licensing process 210 is implemented in an operating environment including one or more third-party applications, an integrated system offering and executing the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications through the integrated system. The dynamic licensing process 210 can include, responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system; receiving an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and decrypting the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys and determining whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results.
The integrated system can offer the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure the one or more third-party applications from different vendors. The dynamic licensing process 210 can include executing the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The dynamic licensing process 210 can include determining the fraudulent use of the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host. The integrated system can be adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application. The one or more third-party applications can include at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework. The integrated system can include a multi-domain orchestrator.
In another exemplary embodiment, an integrated system adapted to operate in an environment includes one or more third-party applications, the integrated system offering and executing the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications through the integrated system. The integrated system can include a network interface communicatively coupled to the one or more end users; a processor communicatively coupled to the network interface; and memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to, responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determine a license key, for the third-party application, using a public key associated with the integrated system; receive an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application that validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and decrypt the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys to determine whether to run the third-party application based on the validation results.
The integrated system offers the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure the one or more third-party applications from different vendors. The memory storing instructions that, when executed, can further cause the processor to execute the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The memory storing instructions that, when executed, can further cause the processor to determine the fraudulent use of the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system. The one or more third-party applications can include Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host. The integrated system can be adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application. The one or more third-party applications can include at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework. The integrated system can include a multi-domain orchestrator.
Compatibility and Life Cycle Management
To manage compatibility between the plugin framework and partner plugins, a version management scheme is defined. When updating either a plugin or a VNF, partners communicate the changes to the vendor of the integrated system and follow the rules for use of a version field. Partners control and manage compatibility between Plugins and Elements using their own compatibility rules. Having said that, consideration must be given to cloud NFV system requirements for plugin compatibility. More specifically, those requirements are: a cloud NFV system may simultaneously support multiple deployed instances of the same VNF with different versions. Due to OSGi container constraints, only 1 version of a plugin with a unique plugin id may be installed in the cloud NFV system at any given time. Thus, when a plugin update is introduced, and the plugin cannot support all prior versions of supported VNFs, a new plugin with a new plugin Id need be created and installed. As an example, the evolution of a Partners VNF and associated plugins is shown in FIG. 14.
Plugins use a consistent version identification scheme. The version is defined within the OSGi Bundle-Version element of the plugin bundle manifest file when packaging a plugin into a bundle. It is mandatory that all plugins provide a meaningful version formatted as:

    
    
        Major.Minor.Micro.Qualifier (e.g. 1.0.1.201501121900)

where,

    
    


Major is an integer value representing the major version of the plugin. Partners should increment this sub-field when significant new functionality is introduced in a Plugin update.
Minor is an integer value representing the minor version of the plugin. Partners should increment this sub-field when minor new functionality is introduced in a Plugin update. The Minor field should be reset to zero any time the Major field is incremented.
Micro is an integer value representing the micro version of the plugin. Partners should increment this sub-field when defects are addressed in a Plugin update. The Micro field should be reset to zero any time the Major or Minor field is incremented.
Qualifier is a string identifying a specific plugin build. It is recommended this field encode the date/time of the build formatted as YYYYMMDDHHmm
When looking up plugin services at runtime, the plugin framework enforces a plugin compatibility policy. The plugin framework validates the version of a plugin is greater than or equal to the Minimum Plugin Version from the VNF package prior to interacting with the plugin. All version subfields are considered during validation in order of precedence going from Major to Micro subfields. The Qualifier field is not considered during the validation.

Server

Referring to FIG. 15, in an exemplary embodiment, a block diagram illustrates a server 300, which can be used to realize various aspects of the dynamic licensing for applications and a plugin framework for virtual network systems. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more servers 300 can form the integrated system 204, execute the one or more third-party applications 202, and execute applications for the end user 206. The server 300 can be a digital computer that, in terms of hardware architecture, generally includes a processor 302, input/output (I/O) interfaces 304, a network interface 306, a data store 308, and memory 310. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that FIG. 15 depicts the server 300 in an oversimplified manner, and a practical embodiment may include additional components and suitably configured processing logic to support known or conventional operating features that are not described in detail herein. The components (302, 304, 306, 308, and 310) are communicatively coupled via a local interface 312. The local interface 312 can be, for example, but not limited to, one or more buses or other wired or wireless connections, as is known in the art. The local interface 312 can have additional elements, which are omitted for simplicity, such as controllers, buffers (caches), drivers, repeaters, and receivers, among many others, to enable communications. Further, the local interface 312 can include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications among the aforementioned components.
The processor 302 is a hardware device for executing software instructions. The processor 302 can be any custom made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor among several processors associated with the server 300, a semiconductor-based microprocessor (in the form of a microchip or chip set), or generally any device for executing software instructions. When the server 300 is in operation, the processor 302 is configured to execute software stored within the memory 310, to communicate data to and from the memory 310, and to generally control operations of the server 300 pursuant to the software instructions. The I/O interfaces 304 can be used to receive user input from and/or for providing system output to one or more devices or components. User input can be provided via, for example, a keyboard, touchpad, and/or a mouse. System output can be provided via a display device and a printer (not shown). I/O interfaces 304 can include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a small computer system interface (SCSI), a serial ATA (SATA), a fibre channel, Infiniband, iSCSI, a PCI Express interface (PCI-x), an infrared (IR) interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, and/or a universal serial bus (USB) interface.
The network interface 306 can be used to enable the server 300 to communicate on a network, such as the Internet, the WAN 101, the enterprise 200, and the like, etc. The network interface 306 can include, for example, an Ethernet card or adapter (e.g., 10BaseT, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 GbE) or a wireless local area network (WLAN) card or adapter (e.g., 802.11a/b/g/n). The network interface 306 can include address, control, and/or data connections to enable appropriate communications on the network. A data store 308 can be used to store data. The data store 308 can include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and the like)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, and the like), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the data store 308 can incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. In one example, the data store 308 can be located internal to the server 300 such as, for example, an internal hard drive connected to the local interface 312 in the server 300. Additionally, in another embodiment, the data store 308 can be located external to the server 300 such as, for example, an external hard drive connected to the I/O interfaces 304 (e.g., SCSI or USB connection). In a further embodiment, the data store 308 can be connected to the server 300 through a network, such as, for example, a network attached file server.
The memory 310 can include any of volatile memory elements (e.g., random access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc.)), nonvolatile memory elements (e.g., ROM, hard drive, tape, CDROM, etc.), and combinations thereof. Moreover, the memory 310 can incorporate electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other types of storage media. Note that the memory 310 can have a distributed architecture, where various components are situated remotely from one another, but can be accessed by the processor 302. The software in memory 310 can include one or more software programs, each of which includes an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. The software in the memory 310 includes a suitable operating system (O/S) 314 and one or more programs 316. The operating system 314 essentially controls the execution of other computer programs, such as the one or more programs 316, and provides scheduling, input-output control, file and data management, memory management, and communication control and related services. The one or more programs 316 may be configured to implement the various processes, algorithms, methods, techniques, etc. described herein.
Operating Environment
Referring to FIG. 16 is a network diagram of an operating environment of a network 400 for the modular plugin framework architecture and/or the dynamic licensing process. The network 400 can include a legacy network 402, a software defined Wide Area Network (WAN) 404, an NFV cloud 406, a data center 408, and the like. A network operator's infrastructure includes multiple technology layers and specialized domains such as cloud, metro, access, and core networks, represented in FIG. 16 by the legacy network 402, the software defined Wide Area Network (WAN) 404, the NFV cloud 406, and the data center 408. Creating and deploying services from end-to-end in this environment is traditionally a very manual process that entails updating multiple vendor- and domain-specific element managers, such as a NMS 419, SDN controllers, or orchestrators, such as a WAN SDN controller 412, an NFV Orchestrator (NFVO) 414, and a Data Center (DC) SDN controller 416, etc., and then integrating these changes with a back-end Operational Support System (OSS) 420. Note, in various exemplary embodiments, the NMS 410, the SDN controllers 412, 416, and the NFVO 414 can be implemented by one or more servers 300.
In addition to being complex and error-prone, this service delivery model preserves the management ‘silos’ of the legacy era, making the transformation to SDN and NFV more complex and inefficient than necessary. The network 400 can include a multi-domain orchestrator 450 to support multi-domain orchestration capabilities, providing an open software layer that eliminates management silos and enables network operators to automate end-to-end service provisioning and orchestration. In an exemplary embodiment, the multi-domain orchestrator 450 can be the integrated system 204. Leveraging open APIs and model-driven templates, the multi-domain orchestrator 450 integrates with third-party SDN controllers, such as the SDN controllers 412, 416, element/network management systems, such as the NMS 410, and orchestration platforms, such as the NFVO 414, to manage and orchestrate services including physical and virtual resources across multiple technology and vendor domains.
The multi-domain orchestrator 450 can be a modular and programmable structure that supports control of multiple technologically diverse domains: cloud, multi-layer WAN, NFV, IP/MPLS, and more. The multi-domain orchestrator 450 can utilize Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications (TOSCA)-based templates allowing for rapid network services programmability and self-service in operating the network 400. The multi-domain orchestrator 450 integrates with various SDN controllers, element/network management systems, and cloud management platforms; supports service chains including physical network elements and SDN/NFV-enabled virtual components across multiple domains; enables standardized and automated service delivery via repeatable, simplified, and auditable processes; enables delivery of compelling services such as NFV-enabled Ethernet Network-as-a-Service (NaaS); and breaks down management silos, allowing network operators to orchestrate services from end-to-end. The multi-domain orchestrator 450 streamlines the process associated with defining, creating and deploying innovative new services. By seamlessly provisioning and managing service chains including physical network elements and virtual components, the multi-domain orchestrator 450 provides more flexibility for network operators and their customers. Services can be deployed more quickly and changed in real-time rather than requiring complex, manual changes.
It will be appreciated that some exemplary embodiments described herein may include one or more generic or specialized processors (“one or more processors”) such as microprocessors; Central Processing Units (CPUs); Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): customized processors such as Network Processors (NPs) or Network Processing Units (NPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), or the like; Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); and the like along with unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) for control thereof to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the methods and/or systems described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions may be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic or circuitry. Of course, a combination of the aforementioned approaches may be used. For some of the exemplary embodiments described herein, a corresponding device such as hardware, software, firmware, and a combination thereof can be referred to as “circuitry configured or adapted to,” “logic configured or adapted to,” etc. perform a set of operations, steps, methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. as described herein for the various exemplary embodiments.
Moreover, some exemplary embodiments may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer, server, appliance, device, processor, circuit, etc. each of which may include a processor to perform functions as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), Flash memory, and the like. When stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium, software can include instructions executable by a processor or device (e.g., any type of programmable circuitry or logic) that, in response to such execution, cause a processor or the device to perform a set of operations, steps, methods, processes, algorithms, functions, techniques, etc. as described herein for the various exemplary embodiments.
Although the present disclosure has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A dynamic licensing method, implemented in an operating environment comprising one or more third-party applications, an integrated system offering and enabling execution of the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications in conjunction with the integrated system, the dynamic licensing method comprising:
responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determining a license key, for the third-party application, in the integrated system using a public key associated with the integrated system;
receiving an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application, wherein the system validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, and wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results based on the validated license key to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system; and
decrypting the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys and determining whether to run the third-party application based on the decrypted validation results.

2. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the integrated system offers the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure a plurality of third-party applications from different vendors.

3. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, further comprising:
executing the third-party application based on the validation results.

4. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining fraudulent use of the third-party application via the integrated system based on the validation results.

5. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system.

6. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host.

7. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the integrated system is adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application.

8. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework.

9. The dynamic licensing method of claim 1, wherein the integrated system comprises a multi-domain orchestrator.

10. An integrated system adapted to operate in an environment comprising one or more third-party applications, the integrated system offering and enabling execution of the one or more third-party applications, and one or more end users operating the one or more third-party applications in conjunction with the integrated system, the integrated system comprising:
a network interface communicatively coupled to devices associated with the one or more end users;
a processor communicatively coupled to the network interface; and memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to:
responsive to an end user requesting a third-party application through the integrated system, determine a license key, for the third-party application, using a public key associated with the integrated system,
receive an encrypted validation result from a system associated with the third-party application, wherein the system validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, and wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results based on the validated license key to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system, and
decrypt the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys to determine whether to run the third-party application based on the decrypted validation results.

11. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the integrated system offers the one or more third-party applications through a plugin framework adapted to auto license and auto configure a plurality of third-party applications from different vendors.

12. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the memory storing instructions that, when executed, further cause the processor to
execute the third-party application based on the validation results.

13. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the memory storing instructions that, when executed, further cause the processor to
determine fraudulent use of the third party application via the integrated system based on the validation results.

14. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are executed by the integrated system as a cloud-based system.

15. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host.

16. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the integrated system is adapted to generate dynamically the license key on-demand rather than obtaining the license key from the system associated with the third-party application.

17. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise at least two applications from different vendors, offered through the integrated system via a plugin framework.

18. The integrated system of claim 10, wherein the integrated system comprises a multi-domain orchestrator.

19. A computing system comprising a hardware processor and memory configured to execute an operating environment for one or more end users to operate one or more third-party applications, the operating environment comprising:
an integrated system adapted to offer and enable execution of the one or more third-party applications; and
a system adapted to provide the one or more third-party applications to the integrated system,
wherein responsive to an end user request for a third-party application through the integrated system, the integrated system is adapted to:
determine a license key, for the third-party application, using a public key associated with the integrated system,
receive an encrypted validation result from the system associated with the third-party application, wherein the system validates the license key using a private key and software provided by the integrated system, and wherein the system returns the encrypted validation results based on the validated license key to the third-party application which provides the encrypted validation results to the integrated system, and
decrypt the encrypted validation results using previously allocated session keys to determine whether to run the third-party application based on the decrypted validation results.

20. The computing system of claim 19, wherein the one or more third-party applications comprise Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that are not locked to a physical host.