See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“W hen denying relief, the court m ay hand down an opinion but 1

is not required to do so.”); TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4 (distinguishing opinions and m em orandum opinions).

NUMBER 13-07-00748-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

IN RE: FROST NATIONAL BANK

On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Yañez

1

Relator, Frost National Bank (“Frost”), brings this petition for writ of mandamus

contesting the trial court’s denial of its motion to compel arbitration. We conditionally grant

the petition for writ of mandamus as stated herein.

I. Background

Real parties in interest, Goldbloom Development, Ltd., and Carlos Almaguer, M.D.,

planned to construct an office building in Hidalgo County for Dr. Almaguer’s use in his

medical practice. They obtained a construction loan from Frost. In conjunction with the
2

loan, they executed an arbitration agreement which provided, in part, as follows:

Upon written request of either Lender or Borrower, any controversy or claim

between or among the parties hereto including but not limited to those arising

out of or relating to the Loan, any of the loan documents or any related

agreements or instruments executed in connection with the Loan (the “Loan

Documents”), including any claim based on or arising from an alleged tort,

shall be determined by binding arbitration in accordance with the Federal

Arbitration Act . . . . Any party to this Agreement may bring an action,

including a summary or expedited proceeding, to compel arbitration of any

controversy or claim to which this agreement applies in any court having

jurisdiction over such action . . . . 

Real parties retained an architect and contractor and commenced construction. Disputes

arose regarding the construction project, and ultimately, real parties brought suit against

their contractor, architect, and subcontractors. This dispute was ultimately ordered to

arbitration. 

While the dispute was ongoing, real parties made monthly payments to Frost

pursuant to their loan agreement. They also renewed their arbitration agreement with

Frost. Nevertheless, they ultimately brought suit against Frost for negligent

misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud relating to the construction project

at issue herein.

II. Standard of Review

A writ of mandamus will issue to correct a clear abuse of discretion when there is

no adequate remedy by appeal. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992).

A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as

to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law or if it clearly fails to correctly analyze or

apply the law. In re Ford Motor Co., 165 S.W.3d 315, 317 (Tex. 2005). The relator has

the burden to establish that the trial court abused its discretion. See id. If a trial court

erroneously denies a party's motion to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act

(“FAA”), the movant has no adequate remedy at law and is entitled to a writ of mandamus.
3

In re Nexion Health at Humble, Inc., 173 S.W.3d 67, 69 (Tex. 2005); Service Corp. Int'l v.

Lopez (In re Serv Corp.), 162 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.)

(consolidated appeal and original proceeding).

III. Validity and Scope of the Arbitration Agreement

A party seeking to compel arbitration by a writ of mandamus must establish the

existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate under the FAA and show that the claims in

dispute are within the scope of the agreement. In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826

(Tex. 2007) (per curiam); In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex.

2005) (orig. proceeding). In determining the validity of agreements to arbitrate which are

subject to the FAA, we generally apply state-law principles governing the formation of

contracts. In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 676 (Tex. 2006) (citing First

Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). Whether a valid arbitration

agreement exists is a legal question subject to de novo review. In re D. Wilson Constr.

Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). If the trial court finds there is a

valid agreement to arbitrate, the burden shifts to the party opposing arbitration to prove his

defenses. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003). 

Once a valid agreement to arbitrate has been established, the court must then

determine whether the nonmovants’ claims fall within the scope of the arbitration clause.

In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 753 (Tex. 2001). To determine whether an

existing arbitration agreement covers a party’s claims, a court must “focus on the

complaint’s factual allegations rather than the legal causes of action asserted.” Id. at 754.

Federal policy embodied in the FAA favors agreements to arbitrate, and courts must

resolve any doubts about an arbitration agreement's scope in favor of arbitration. Id. at

753. If the arbitration agreement encompasses the claims and the party opposing
4

arbitration has failed to prove its defenses, the trial court has no discretion but to compel

arbitration and stay its own proceedings. Id. at 753-54; D.R. Horton, Inc. v. Brooks, 207

S.W.3d 862, 866-67 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.); Feldman/Matz

Interests, L.L.P. v. Settlement Capital Corp., 140 S.W.3d 879, 883 (Tex. App.–Houston

[14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

Real parties in interest do not deny the existence of the arbitration agreements at

issue herein. We conclude that Frost has established a valid agreement to arbitrate with

the real parties in interest. We also conclude that the real parties’ claims against Frost fall

squarely within the broad, “catch-all” scope of the arbitration provision, which applies to

“any controversy or claim between or among the parties,” including but not limited to those

arising out of or relating to the loan, any of the loan documents or related agreements or

instruments executed in connection with the loan, and any claim based on or arising from

an alleged tort.” See D. Wilson Constr. Co.., 196 S.W.3d at 783.

Because an order denying arbitration must be upheld if it is proper on any basis

considered by the trial court, we will next consider real parties’ alleged defenses to the

agreement. See In re H.E. Butt Grocery Co., 17 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tex. App.–Houston

[14th Dist.] 2000, orig. proceeding); City of Alamo v. Garcia, 878 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex.

App.–Corpus Christi 1994, no writ).

IV. Defenses

Real parties in interest contend that the trial court did not err in refusing to compel

arbitration because the agreement to arbitrate was not enforceable. Specifically, real

parties argue that Frost waived the right to arbitrate because it failed to commence

arbitration within sixty days of filing its motion to compel arbitration. The arbitration

agreement at issue provides that:
5

All arbitration hearings will be commenced within sixty (60) days of the

written request for arbitration, and if the arbitration hearing is not commenced

within sixty (60) days, the party that requested arbitration shall have waived

its election to arbitrate.

Issues related to the meeting of conditions precedent to arbitration, including time limits,

notice, and laches, are matters pertaining to procedural arbitrability. See In re Pisces

Foods, L.L.C., 228 S.W.3d 349, 352 (Tex. App.–Austin 2007, orig. proceeding); In re R &

R Pers. Specialists of Tyler, Inc., 146 S.W.3d 699, 704 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2004, orig.

proceeding); In re Neutral Posture, Inc., 135 S.W.3d 725, 728 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st

Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding); see also Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, 537 U.S. 79,

84-86 (2002). Matters of procedural arbitrability are to be determined at arbitration. W.

Dow Hamm III Corp. v. Millennium Income Fund, L.L.C., 237 S.W.3d 745, 754 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, orig. proceeding & no pet.); Pisces, 228 S.W.3d at 352; R

& R Pers. Specialists, 146 S.W.3d at 704.

In this case, real parties contend that Frost failed to timely institute a demand for

arbitration and thus waived its right to do so. This argument fails because, as discussed

above, whether the condition precedent has been satisfied is not a question for the court

to decide; it is a question for the arbitrator. See Pisces, 228 S.W.3d at 352.

Real parties further argue that Frost waived its right to arbitration because it included

a venue provision in the arbitration agreement and moved to transfer venue pursuant to

that provision:

Borrowers agree, the mere filing of a Motion to Transfer Venue does not

waive arbitration. But the issue in this case is not whether the filing of a

Motion to Transfer Venue waives arbitration. But, 1.) the filing for change of

and 2.) the intentional waiver of venue are two distinct issues and therefore

all of the Realtor’s [sic] authorities are distinguishable from the cases brought

before this court. 

(Emphasis in the original). We disagree. A motion to transfer venue, without more, does
6

not waive a motion to compel arbitration. See Granite Constr. Co. v. Beaty, 130 S.W.3d

362, 367 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 2004, no pet.); see also L & L Kempwood I v. Omega

Builders, Inc., No. 13-99-00522-CV, 2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 476, at *5-6 (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi Jan. 20, 2000, orig. proceeding) (not designated for publication) (“A defendant who

concludes that a case has been filed in an improper venue should be entitled to request

transfer to a proper venue and ask for arbitration from the court in the proper venue,

without waiving the right to arbitration in the process.”). 

Finally, real parties contend that Frost waived its right to compel arbitration because

it requested a continuance of real parties’ application for a temporary restraining order;

agreed to an extension of the temporary restraining order; defended real parties’ request

for a temporary injunction; filed an “untimely” motion to transfer venue; filed a motion to

quash a deposition; responded to requests for disclosure; and filed a motion to dismiss

based on a forum selection clause in the contract.

A party waives the right to arbitrate by substantially invoking the judicial process to

the other party’s detriment or prejudice. In re Fleetwood Homes of Tex., L.P., 257 S.W.3d

692, 694 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding). Waiver is a legal question for the court based on

the totality of the circumstances, and asks whether a party has substantially invoked the

judicial process to an opponent’s detriment, the latter term meaning inherent unfairness

caused by “a party’s attempt to have it both ways by switching between litigation and

arbitration to its own advantage.” See id. (quoting Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580,

597 (Tex. 2008)). Waiver must be decided on a case-by-case basis, and courts should

look to the totality of the circumstances involved. We consider factors such as when the

movant knew of the arbitration clause, how much discovery has been conducted, who

initiated it, whether it related to the merits rather than arbitrability or standing, how much
7

of it would be useful in arbitration, and whether the movant sought judgment on the merits.

Perry Homes, 258 S.W.3d at 592. 

In the instant case, real parties brought suit against Frost on July 13, 2007 and

obtained a temporary restraining order. Before answering the lawsuit, Frost agreed to

extend the temporary restraining order in exchange for a continuance on real parties’

motion for a temporary injunction. On August 1, Frost then answered the suit with a motion

to dismiss based on a forum selection clause. Less than one week later, Frost amended

its motion to alternatively seek a venue transfer, and further filed its motion to compel

arbitration. We resolve any doubts that we have regarding waiver in favor of arbitration.

Nw. Constr. Co. v. Oak Partners, L.P., 248 S.W.3d 837, 847 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2008,

pet. denied). Considering the above in addition to the totality of the circumstances, we

disagree that Frost waived its right to compel arbitration because it has not substantially

invoked the judicial process. Moreover, real parties have failed to allege and prove that

they have been prejudiced by Frost’s actions. Fleetwood Homes of Tex., L.P., 257 S.W.3d

at 694. Accordingly, we conclude that the record does not provide the trial court with

discretion to find Frost waived its right to arbitration.

In their response to the petition for writ of mandamus, real parties also contend that

the arbitration clause was unconscionable. Real parties argue that they were put in a dire

financial situation by the lender, then offered a “bailout” consisting of a six-month

moratorium of interest-only payments “which amounted to a Band-Aid on a mortal wound.”

First, real parties’ argument ignores the fact that they signed an arbitration agreement at

the inception of the project, prior to the time that construction problems arose and litigation

ensued. Second, this argument was not presented to the trial court and is thus waived

herein. See Bielamowicz v. Cedar Hill Indep. Sch. Dist., 136 S.W.3d 718, 721 (Tex.
8

App.–Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (stating that arguments not made to the trial court are

waived).

In their response to the petition for writ of mandamus, real parties also reference

“several other defenses including prejudice to the enforcement of the arbitration agreement

itself.” These defenses were not presented to the trial court and are not further discussed

or supported with argument and authority herein, and accordingly, we need not address

them. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1, 52.3, 52.4.

V. Conclusion

The trial court abused its discretion in refusing to compel the underlying proceeding

to arbitration. Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and

direct the trial court to compel arbitration in this matter. We are confident that the trial court

will comply and our writ will issue only if it does not. 

 

 LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ,

Justice

 

Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed

this 7th day of November, 2008.