NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CHRISTAL MOSTEIRO, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

ZACHARY SIMMONS, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 22-16780 

D.C. No. 

2:19-cv-00593-MCE-DB 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Morrison C. England, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

Submitted August 21, 2023**

San Francisco, California

Before: BUMATAY, KOH, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

Dissent by: Judge BUMATAY

Zachary Simmons appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss 

Christal Mosteiro’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action.1

 Simmons moved to dismiss on the 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

1 The district court certified its order for interlocutory appeal under 28 

U.S.C. § 1292(b), and we granted permission for Simmons to appeal.

FILED

SEP 5 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

ground that the action was time-barred by the statute of limitations, arguing that 

Mosteiro was not entitled to tolling under California Civil Procedure Code 

§ 352.1(a) because her claims accrued while she was a pre-trial detainee in county 

jail. Our review is de novo, Aragon v. Federated Department Stores, Inc., 750 

F.2d 1447, 1449–50 (9th Cir. 1985), and we affirm.

1. Adhering to our precedent in Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 

801 (9th Cir. 1994), we conclude that § 352.1(a) extends to a pre-trial detainee in 

county jail who is held in continuous custody. Section 352.1(a) tolls the statute of 

limitations when an individual is “imprisoned on a criminal charge, or in execution 

under the sentence of a criminal court for a term less than for life.” Elliott

considered “whether being continuously incarcerated prior to arraignment 

constitutes being ‘imprisoned on a criminal charge’ within the meaning of” 

§ 352(a)(3), the predecessor statute to the current § 352.1(a).2

 25 F.3d at 802. 

Concluding that it does, Elliott held that § 352(a)(3) “covers all post-arrest 

custody,” so long as a plaintiff was in continuous custody from when his claim 

accrued. Id. at 803.

2 There is no difference between the two statutes that is material to this case

because § 352.1(a) “utiliz[es] the same statutory wording” at issue here. Brooks v. 

Mercy Hosp., 204 Cal. Rptr. 3d 289, 293 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016). The only 

distinction is that § 352.1(a) added the phrase “not to exceed two years,” thereby 

limiting tolling to two years. Id. at 291, 293. Thus, California courts have looked 

to interpretations of § 352 in construing § 352.1(a). Id. at 290, 293.
3 

After Elliott, however, one California Court of Appeal held that § 352.1(a)

applies solely to plaintiffs “serving a term of imprisonment in the state prison,” not 

to pre-trial detainees in county jail. Austin v. Medicis, 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d 528, 531 

(Cal. Ct. App. 2018). To reach that conclusion, Austin relied on the statute’s 

legislative history, which it turned to after finding the statutory language 

ambiguous. Id. at 538. Austin rejected Elliott in a passing footnote, observing 

only that, because Elliott “predated the enactment of [§] 352.1,” it “did not have 

the benefit of the legislative findings on this subject.” Id. at 537 n.4.

“When interpreting state law, federal courts are bound by decisions of the 

state’s highest court.” Vestar Dev. II, LLC v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 249 F.3d 958, 

960 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). Where, as here, there is no applicable

California Supreme Court decision, we “must predict how the highest state court 

would decide the issue using intermediate appellate court decisions, decisions from 

other jurisdictions, statutes, treatises, and restatements as guidance.” Id. (citation 

omitted). “However, where there is no convincing evidence that the state supreme 

court would decide differently, a federal court is obligated to follow the decisions 

of the state’s intermediate appellate courts.” Id. (citation omitted); see also TMobile USA Inc. v. Selective Ins. Co. of Am., 908 F.3d 581, 586 (9th Cir. 2018) 

(“An intermediate state appellate court decision is a datum for ascertaining state 

law which is not to be disregarded by a federal court unless it is convinced by other 
4 

persuasive data that the highest court of the state would decide otherwise.”

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

Convincing evidence exists that the California Supreme Court, in 

interpreting § 352.1(a), would not follow Austin. First, Austin’s reasoning 

contravened fundamental rules of statutory interpretation under California law. Cf. 

Curtis v. Irwin Indus., Inc., 913 F.3d 1146, 1155 (9th Cir. 2019) (concluding that 

there was “no reason” that the California Supreme Court would reject California 

Court of Appeal decisions that “provided a reasonable statutory interpretation”). 

“Statutory interpretation under California law begins with the words themselves, 

giving them ‘their plain and commonsense meaning . . . .’” Herrera v. Zumiez, 

Inc., 953 F.3d 1063, 1071 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Murphy v. Kenneth Cole Prods., 

Inc., 155 P.3d 284, 289 (Cal. 2007)).

In concluding that § 352.1(a) is ambiguous, Austin considered only the word

“imprisoned,” disregarding not just the phrase in which it is used (“imprisoned on 

a criminal charge”), but the immediately following clause in the same sentence

(“or in execution under the sentence of a criminal court”). See 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 

538. However, that this single word “isolated from its context is susceptible of 

more than one meaning” does not render it ambiguous. Foster-Gardner, Inc. v. 

Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 959 P.2d 265, 272 (Cal. 1998) (citation omitted). “[I]t is 

a ‘fundamental principle of statutory construction (and, indeed, of language itself) 
5 

that the meaning of a word cannot be determined in isolation, but must be drawn 

from the context in which it is used.’” Super. Ct. v. Pub. Emp. Rels. Bd., 241 Cal. 

Rptr. 3d 554, 577 (Cal. Ct. App. 2018) (quoting Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 

129, 132 (1993)). California courts may not “delet[e]” or “read[] out” terms that 

the Legislature inserted. Golden State Boring & Pipe Jacking, Inc. v. Orange 

Cnty. Water Dist., 49 Cal. Rptr. 3d 447, 453 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006) (emphasis 

omitted). “In the construction of a statute, . . . the office of the Judge is simply to 

ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to . . . 

omit what has been inserted.” Id. (quoting Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 1858). Rather, 

the court must “giv[e] significance to every word, phrase, sentence, and part of an 

act.” City of San Jose v. Super. Ct., 389 P.3d 848, 853 (Cal. 2017) (citation 

omitted). As such, Austin’s construction of § 352.1(a) violated these rules by 

failing to interpret the phrase “imprisoned on a criminal charge” as a whole and in 

context.

By contrast, Elliott recognized that the phrase “imprisoned on a criminal 

charge” plainly encompasses pre-trial detention, referring to imprisonment “prior 

to conviction.” 25 F.3d at 802 n.2. Elliott’s interpretation of “criminal charge” 

accords with its “usual and ordinary meaning.” Turner v. Victoria, 532 P.3d 1101, 

1106 (Cal. 2023). When § 352.1(a) was enacted, Black’s Law Dictionary defined 

“charge” as “[i]n a criminal case, the specific crime the defendant is accused of 
6 

committing. Accusation of a crime by a formal complaint, information or 

indictment.” Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990); see also Black’s Law 

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining “charge” as “[a] formal accusation of an 

offense as a preliminary step to prosecution . . . [a]lso termed criminal charge”).

This ordinary understanding of “criminal charge” also comports with 

California case law interpreting this phrase. Applying § 352.1(a), the California 

Court of Appeal recognized that a plaintiff could “fac[e] criminal charges while 

released on bail,” holding that such status does not constitute imprisonment under 

the statute. Maddox v. Lake, 2015 WL 4571550, at *4 (Cal. Ct. App. July 29, 

2015) (emphasis added).3

 Similarly, in the context of another tolling statute, 

California Government Code § 945.3, the California Court of Appeal interpreted 

“criminal charge” to mean an “accusatory pleading” that precedes judgment and 

sentence. McAlpine v. Super. Ct., 257 Cal. Rptr. 32, 35, 37 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989). 

Consequently, “criminal charges are ‘pending’ for purposes of [§] 945.3 until the 

date of judgment and sentence.” Id. at 37. 

In addition, Austin deviates from the “cardinal” rule that “a construction of a 

3 Although Maddox is an unpublished decision, “we may consider 

unpublished state decisions, even though such opinions have no precedential 

value,” in determining whether Austin “accurately represents California law.” 

Emps. Ins. of Wausau v. Granite State Ins. Co., 330 F.3d 1214, 1220 n.8 (9th Cir. 

2003); see also Magadia v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 999 F.3d 668, 681 n.12 (9th 

Cir. 2021) (“Although these decisions are unpublished with no precedential value, 

we may still consider them to interpret California law.”).
7 

statute which makes some words surplusage is to be avoided.” City of Huntington 

Park v. Super. Ct., 41 Cal. Rptr. 2d 68, 72 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995); see also Brennon 

B. v. Super. Ct., 513 P.3d 971, 989 (Cal. 2022) (“We seek to avoid interpretations 

that render any language surplusage.” (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted)). Austin’s interpretation of “imprisoned on a criminal charge” to mean

only a “term of imprisonment in the state prison,” 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 542, would 

render superfluous the very next phrase in the same sentence: “in execution under 

the sentence of a criminal court for a term less than for life,” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 

§ 352.1(a). Cf. People v. Saibu, 120 Cal. Rptr. 3d 84, 90 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011) 

(recognizing a definition of “term of imprisonment” as one that “must refer to the 

actual sentence imposed by the court” (quoting People v. Riolo, 655 P.2d 723, 725 

(Cal. 1983))). Indeed, as Elliott reasoned, Austin’s reading of “imprisoned on a 

criminal charge” to exclude pre-trial detainees would make the statute “selfcontradictory, since it refers to being held ‘on a criminal charge,’ i.e., prior to 

conviction.” Elliott, 25 F.3d at 802 n.2. “It is the second phrase, ‘in execution 

under sentence of a criminal court,’ that covers post-conviction incarceration, i.e., 

confinement in an actual prison.” Id. 

Moreover, that the two phrases are connected by the disjunctive “or” further 

supports Elliott’s conclusion that they must “be given separate meanings.” Reiter 

v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330, 339 (1979); see also In re E.A., 234 Cal. Rptr. 3d 
8 

346, 356 (Cal. Ct. App. 2018) (“The plain and ordinary meaning of the word ‘or,’

when used in a statute, is to designate separate, disjunctive categories. The word 

‘or’ suggests alternatives.” (cleaned up)). 

For all these reasons, § 352.1(a) is not ambiguous. “If there is no ambiguity 

in the language, we presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain 

meaning of the statute governs.” Sprint Telephony PCS, L.P. v. Bd. of 

Equalization, 189 Cal. Rptr. 3d 673, 681 (Cal. App. Ct. 2015) (citation omitted)

(emphasis omitted). Because “[r]esort to legislative history is appropriate only

where statutory language is ambiguous,” id. (citation omitted), Austin’s reliance on 

the statute’s legislative history to resolve any apparent ambiguity was unwarranted, 

see 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 592.

Even so, Austin failed to consider another prevailing purpose behind the 

tolling statute, as recognized by Bledstein v. Superior Court, 208 Cal. Rptr. 428

(Cal. Ct. App. 1984). There, the California Court of Appeal held that § 352 

applied to a plaintiff who was imprisoned in a federal prison and then transferred 

to a federal halfway house.4

 Id. at 430, 439. In so holding, the court recognized 

4 Austin’s holding that § 352.1(a) applies only to state prison inmates is at 

odds with Bledstein. To be sure, in Bledstein, the plaintiff’s claim accrued after he 

began serving his sentence, 208 Cal. Rptr. at 441, so the court was construing the 

clause “in execution under the sentence of a criminal court,” id. at 439–40. By 

contrast, Austin purported to address only the phrase “imprisoned on a criminal 

charge.” 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 542. In any event, if, as Austin found, the legislative 

history demonstrates that tolling was intended only to apply to state prison inmates,
9 

that “with respect to retaining a tolling provision for prisoners, it would appear . . . 

the Legislature was motivated at least in part by a recognition of the practical, as 

well as the legal, difficulties prisoners face in instituting and prosecuting suits.” 

Id. at 441 (cleaned up). 

In contrast to Austin, Elliott took this purpose into account, explaining that 

“disability statutes are meant to protect those who are incapable of protecting 

themselves: they apply to prisoners in recognition of their more limited ability to 

investigate their claims, to contact lawyers and to avail themselves of the judicial 

process.” Elliott, 25 F.3d at 803 (cleaned up). “For tolling purposes, there is little 

difference between being incarcerated pre-arraignment, pre-conviction or postconviction: none of these forms of custody affords the prisoner a change in status 

with regard to his disability.” Id.; see also id. at 802–03 (concluding that “[a] 

person held in police custody prior to arraignment is faced with the same 

limitations as someone in custody after arraignment” and “the purpose of disability 

statutes would be ill-served by creating an arbitrary distinction between pre- and 

post-arraignment incarceration”). 

In sum, considering “all available data,” T-Mobile USA Inc., 908 F.3d at 586 

(citation omitted), we conclude that there is convincing evidence that the 

then Bledstein’s extension of the statute to federal prisoners in federal halfway 

houses contradicts Austin’s conclusion. Notably, Austin does not explain this 

incongruity with Bledstein.
10 

California Supreme Court would interpret § 352.1(a) differently than Austin. 

Consequently, “[w]e continue to believe that [Elliott] . . . rightly predicts what the 

California Supreme Court will hold.” Owen ex rel. Owen v. United States, 713 

F.2d 1461, 1466 (9th Cir. 1983).

5

2. Under Elliott, Mosteiro’s claims were tolled by § 352.1(a) because they 

accrued while Mosteiro was a pre-trial detainee in county jail, and she was in 

continuous custody from that time until her release from imprisonment. The

district court therefore correctly held that Mosteiro’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action was 

timely.

AFFIRMED.

5 Contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, comity and federalism do not mean 

abdication. Decisions of the California Court of Appeal bind neither other panels 

of that court nor us. See Muniz v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 738 F.3d 214, 219 (9th 

Cir. 2013). A California Court of Appeal’s interpretation of a state statute “may 

afford guidance as to how the California Supreme Court would interpret [the 

statute],” but it “does not control our interpretation.” Am. Tower Corp. v. City of 

San Diego, 763 F.3d 1035, 1047 (9th Cir. 2014). Thus, Austin does not relieve us 

of “our duty” as a federal court “to predict how the highest state court would 

decide the issue.” In re Kekauoha-Alisa, 674 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2012).

Equally wrong is the dissent’s claim that we must defer to Austin even if it 

rests on a flawed statutory interpretation. Our court has squarely rejected that 

view. In American Tower Corp., we held that “the text of the statute is ‘persuasive 

data’ that the California Court of Appeal misinterpreted” a statute. 763 F.3d at 

1047. In that case, like here, the California Court of Appeal’s interpretation 

“read[] out” a statutory phrase, violating the canon against surplusage. Id. at 1048. 

As a result, “[w]e d[id] not believe the California Supreme Court would do the 

same and therefore reject[ed] [the California Court of Appeal’s] interpretation.” 

Id. We do no more in this case.
Mosteiro v. Simmons, No. 22-16780

Bumatay, J., dissenting:

We face an interesting question here. When considering a question of 

California law, do we follow our own precedent on the question even if it conflicts 

with a more recent interpretation of the law by a California intermediate appeal 

court? As a matter of comity and federalism, we ordinarily follow an appellate state 

court’s interpretation of state law. Because this case doesn’t present unusual 

circumstances, I would do so here.

At issue is whether California’s tolling statute for prisoners, California Code 

of Civil Procedure § 352.1, applies to pre-trial detainees. Back in 1994, we held that 

it does. See Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 801 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e 

hold that [§ 352.1’s predecessor statute] tolls the limitations period when the plaintiff 

has been in continuous custody, commencing at the time of his arrest[.]”). But more 

recently, a California Court of Appeal decision went the other way. See Austin v. 

Medicis, 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d 528, 597 (Cal. Ct. App. 2018) (“We hold . . . that a wouldbe plaintiff is ‘imprisoned on a criminal charge’ within the meaning of section 352.1 

if he or she is serving a term of imprisonment in the state prison.”). And the 

California Court of Appeal’s decision was no drive-by opinion—it traces its analysis 

all the way to ancient Greece and to the English common law. Id. at 592. Since 

then, at least one other California appellate court has approved of Austin’s analysis 

FILED

SEP 5 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
in an unpublished decision. See People v. Cardoso, 2018 WL 5603538, at *4 (Cal.

Ct. App. 2018) (unpublished).

Unless we have “convincing evidence” that the California Supreme Court 

would reject an intermediate appellate court’s interpretation, “[w]e are bound to 

follow” it. In re Watts, 298 F.3d 1077, 1082-83 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Mudpie, 

Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F.4th 885, 889 (9th Cir. 2021)

(“[O]rdinarily[, we] accept the decision of an intermediate appellate court as the 

controlling interpretation of state law.” (simplified)). And we follow the state court 

interpretation even if that means we must jettison our prior interpretation of the state 

law. See Owen ex rel. Owen v. United States, 713 F.2d 1461, 1465 (9th Cir. 1983)

(“Our interpretation [of state law] was only binding in the absence of any subsequent 

indication from the California courts that our interpretation was incorrect. The recent 

decisions from the courts of appeal cast a new light on the question.” (simplified)).

And we don’t reject a state court’s interpretation of state law lightly. For 

example, we’ve declined to follow a state court’s interpretation of state law when it 

was in “plain conflict” with the decision of another state court. See Owen ex rel. 

Owen, 713 F.2d at 1465. But when we have thought it highly likely that the highest 

state court would reject the intermediate court’s statutory interpretation, we certified 

the question rather than give preference to our own interpretation. See Munson v. 

Del Taco, Inc., 522 F.3d 997, 1002 (9th Cir. 2008). But bottom line: our 
disagreement with a state court’s interpretation on “a question of state law do[es] not 

constitute convincing evidence that the state supreme court would decide an issue 

differently.” Ryman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 505 F.3d 993, 995 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007)

(simplified). “This is especially true” when the California Supreme Court, like here, 

“has refused to review the lower court’s decision.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. 

Abraio, 874 F.2d 619, 621 (9th Cir. 1989).

While I share some of the majority’s concerns with Austin’s interpretive 

moves, our role is not to substitute our own judgment for the state court’s. Even if 

we have doubts about Austin, “principles of federalism and comity weigh strongly 

in favor of following” it. Franklin v. Cmty. Reg’l Med. Ctr., 998 F.3d 867, 874 (9th

Cir. 2021). We do not stand as a court of error correction over state courts. By not 

following Austin, we “place our court in the inappropriate position of independently 

determining the meaning of California [tolling] law.” Id. And contrary to the 

majority’s view, this isn’t “abdication”; this is appropriate deference to state courts

on a state law issue. Indeed, the majority offers no limiting principle to its 

aggrandized view of when we may overrule California intermediate appellate courts: 

if we disagree, then that’s enough. But that’s not what our precedent or Constitution 

requires. 

Because the district court applied Elliot instead of Austin, I would reverse. I 

thus respectfully dissent.