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Filed 5/27/14 P. v. Moreno CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

DANIEL JESUS MORENO,

Defendant and Appellant.

E057972

(Super.Ct.No. FSB053258)

O P I N I O N

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Duke D. Rouse, 

Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice 

pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part and reversed in part with 

directions.

Kevin D. Sheehy, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.
2

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, 

and Peter Quon, Jr. and Anthony Da Silva, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

I. INTRODUCTION AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant Daniel Jesus Moreno got into an argument with Tami Potter, a former 

probation officer with the County of San Bernardino (the County). When Potter pushed 

defendant in the chest, defendant stabbed Potter with a knife, killing her.1 Defendant was 

charged with first degree murder. 

To support possible defenses and lesser offenses, defendant filed a Pitchess2

motion to obtain documents and information regarding Potter from the County. The trial 

court denied the request without conducting an in camera review of the requested 

materials. A jury convicted defendant as charged.

We conditionally reversed that conviction in People v. Moreno, supra, 192 

Cal.App.4th 692, and directed the trial court to conduct an in camera review of the 

requested documents, order the disclosure of relevant information, allow defendant an 

opportunity to demonstrate prejudice, and order a new trial if there was a reasonable 

probability the outcome would have been different had the information been disclosed. 

(Id. at pp. 703, 711-712.) 

 

1

 A summary of the evidence produced at trial is set forth in People v. Moreno

(2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 692 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two]. We do not set forth the underlying 

facts here because they are not necessary for our analysis. 

2

 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess).
3

On July 29, 2011, the trial court held an in camera proceeding to review 

documents produced in response to defendant’s Pitchess motion. Carol Greene, deputy 

county counsel for the County, appeared “on behalf of the probation department.” No 

one else from the County appeared and no one was placed under oath. In addition to 

Greene and the trial judge, a court clerk and court reporter were present.

The court did not ask Greene whether she was the custodian of the records, did not 

inquire about the County’s efforts to locate responsive documents, and did not ask 

whether the County withheld any responsive documents for any reason. Indeed, the only 

question asked of Greene was, at the outset of the hearing, “So what do we have here?” 

Greene responded by referring to a “cover memo” from the probation department to her 

regarding the production of documents. This memo, which is not part of our record, 

purportedly sets forth how “the documents were organized by category of where they 

came from, [Potter’s] personnel file, disciplinary investigations, things of that nature.” 

The court reviewed the documents as Greene occasionally interjected to identify the 

names of files and state her belief as to the general nature of the documents. The court 

described the contents of files for the record in general terms, usually in two or three 

sentences.

3

The court identified two areas of discoverable material. The first is Potter’s 1994 

arrest in Arizona for the assault of her then-boyfriend. The court ordered the County to 

 

3

 For example, regarding one file, the court stated: “It’s a packet where there’s an 

allegation of unprofessional conduct with another probation officer. It was not sustained. 

Basically a raising of words.”
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provide the defense with police reports regarding that incident and a document that 

appears to have been prepared by Potter in which she explains the prior arrest as part of 

her 1997 application for employment with the County. The second is a 1999 incident and 

County probation department disciplinary proceeding against Potter. Defendant was 

provided with the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of witnesses regarding that 

incident. 

The reporter’s transcript of the in camera proceeding was ordered sealed. It 

appears that the court returned the documents to Greene without retaining any copies for 

the record. No log or index of the documents was created. 

In December 2011, defendant filed a “supplemental motion” for additional 

information and documents regarding the 1999 incident. The motion was based on the 

argument that the defense needed more information regarding that incident because some 

of the witnesses could not be located while others would not speak with defense 

investigators. The County opposed the motion. Following a hearing, the court denied the 

motion.

In April 2012, defendant moved for a new trial based on evidence of the 1994 

assault. Following a hearing, the court denied the motion, stating: “I do not believe that, 

based upon the evidence at the trial, plus this new proffered evidence that there is a 

reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different . . . .” 

On appeal, defendant contends that the court erred in failing to grant his 

supplemental Pitchess motion and by denying his motion for new trial. Defendant also 
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requests that we independently review the record regarding the in camera review to 

determine the adequacy of the proceeding. The Attorney General does not oppose this 

request. 

The record on appeal includes the sealed reporter’s transcript of the July 29, 2011,

in camera hearing. Because the documents produced at that hearing were not included in 

our record and the court’s description of the documents is insufficient for appellate 

review, we issued an order directing the trial court to hold a hearing to settle the record 

by having Greene, as counsel for the County, provide to the trial court copies of the 

documents that were reviewed in camera on July 29, 2011. We further ordered the court 

to certify that the documents produced by Greene were the same documents the court 

reviewed at the in camera hearing and to “transmit to this court in a confidential envelope 

a copy of the settled record of the items reviewed by the [court] at the in camera hearing 

held July 29, 2011.”

The court held a hearing to settle the record on March 25, 2014. Greene was 

present. The hearing was not transcribed. A minute order regarding the hearing states: 

“Court certifies that the confidential items produced by . . . Greene are the same 

confidential documents provided and reviewed by the Court at the in camera hearing held 

on 07/29/2011 and the record is settled.”4

 

4 This court thereafter received from the superior court an unsealed box of 

documents labeled “Tammy Potter Files - Copies for Carol Greene’s Review July 2011.” 

A sheet of paper taped to the top of the box states that its “SUBJECT” is Potter and that 

the box was delivered by Holly Benton of the “Probation Department” to Carole Greene. 

Nothing on the box refers to this case, the trial court’s Pitchess proceedings, the hearing 

[footnote continued on next page]
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For the reasons set out below, we conclude that the failure to administer an oath to 

a custodian of records at the in camera hearing necessitates a second conditional reversal 

of the judgment. Upon remand, the court should be guided by the principles set forth in 

People v. Mooc (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216 (Mooc) and its progeny with respect to the in 

camera hearing and the creation of an adequate record for appellate review. Because we 

believe the record is inadequate to review the merits of defendant’s substantive claims, 

we do not address them in this appeal.

II. DISCUSSION

Subject to certain exclusions and limitations, a defendant is entitled to discover a 

peace officer’s confidential personnel records that contain information relevant to the 

defendant’s defense. (People v. Gaines (2009) 46 Cal.4th 172, 179.) This right, 

established in Pitchess and subsequently codified in Evidence Code sections 1043

through 1045, is “based on the ‘fundamental proposition that [an accused] is entitled to a 

fair trial and an intelligent defense in light of all relevant and reasonably accessible 

information.’ [Citation.]” (City of Santa Cruz v. Municipal Court (1989) 49 Cal.3d 74, 

84.) The statutory scheme “carefully balances two directly conflicting interests: the 

peace officer’s just claim to confidentiality, and the criminal defendant’s equally 

compelling interest in all information pertinent to his defense.” (Ibid.) 

 

[footnote continued from previous page]

to settle the record, or the confidential nature of the enclosed documents. Nor was it 

accompanied by any record of the trial court’s March 25, 2014, certification.
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To obtain discovery, the defendant must file a motion, supported by affidavits, 

“showing good cause for the discovery or disclosure sought, setting forth the materiality 

thereof to the subject matter involved in the pending litigation and stating upon 

reasonable belief that the governmental agency identified has the records or information 

. . . .” (Evid. Code, § 1043, subd. (b)(3); see Warrick v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th 

1011, 1019.) If good cause is shown, the trial court then reviews the records in camera to 

determine if any are relevant to the proposed defense. (Evid. Code, § 1045, subd. (b); 

People v. Gaines, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 179.) 

The manner in which the in camera hearing is conducted was addressed in Mooc, 

supra, 26 Cal.4th 1216: “When a trial court concludes a defendant’s Pitchess motion 

shows good cause for discovery of relevant evidence contained in a law enforcement 

officer’s personnel files, the custodian of the records is obligated to bring to the trial court 

all ‘potentially relevant’ documents to permit the trial court to examine them for itself. 

[Citation.] . . . Documents clearly irrelevant to a defendant’s Pitchess request need not be 

presented to the trial court for in camera review. But if the custodian has any doubt 

whether a particular document is relevant, he or she should present it to the trial court. 

Such practice is consistent with the premise of Evidence Code sections 1043 and 1045 

that the locus of decisionmaking is to be the trial court, not the prosecution or the 

custodian of records. The custodian should be prepared to state in chambers and for the 

record what other documents (or category of documents) not presented to the court were 

included in the complete personnel record, and why those were deemed irrelevant or 
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otherwise nonresponsive to the defendant’s Pitchess motion. A court reporter should be 

present to document the custodian’s statements, as well as any questions the trial court 

may wish to ask the custodian regarding the completeness of the record. [Citation.]” (Id.

at pp. 1228-1229.)

As for creating a record for appellate review, the Mooc court continued: “The trial 

court should then make a record of what documents it examined before ruling on the 

Pitchess motion. Such a record will permit future appellate review. If the documents 

produced by the custodian are not voluminous, the court can photocopy them and place 

them in a confidential file. Alternatively, the court can prepare a list of the documents it 

considered, or simply state for the record what documents it examined. Without some 

record of the documents examined by the trial court, a party’s ability to obtain appellate 

review of the trial court’s decision, whether to disclose or not to disclose, would be 

nonexistent. Of course, to protect the officer’s privacy, the examination of documents 

and questioning of the custodian should be done in camera in accordance with the 

requirements of Evidence Code section 915, and the transcript of the in camera hearing 

and all copies of the documents should be sealed.” (Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1229, 

fn. omitted.)

In response to a concern that the responding agency might not provide the trial 

court all potentially relevant evidence, the Mooc court noted “that criminal defendants are 

protected by the fact that a representative of the custodian of records is placed under oath 
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before responding to a trial court’s questions during the in camera inspection of records.” 

(Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 1229-1230, fn 4.) 

The failure to administer the oath to a custodian of record was addressed more 

fully in People v. White (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1333 (White). In White, the defendant 

filed a Pitchess motion to discover information regarding a California Men’s Colony 

correctional officer. (Id. at pp. 1336-1337.) After finding that the defendant made the 

requisite showing of good cause, the court held an in camera hearing. (Id. at p. 1337.) At 

the hearing, two custodians of records—a litigation coordinator for the California Men’s 

Colony and a personnel supervisor—were present, as well as a deputy attorney general. 

(Id. at pp. 1337-1338.) In response to questions from the court, the personnel supervisor 

explained that “‘[w]e did do a thorough search of all the different files that can be kept on 

an employee at our institution.’” (Id. at p. 1338.) With the help of the litigation 

coordinator, the trial court then went through each document in the file. (Ibid.) The 

court concluded that no documents needed to be turned over to the defendant. (Ibid.)

On appeal, the White court stated that the trial court “made a clear and detailed 

record of the contents of the file that was presented for its review. [Citation.] Moreover, 

the court did not abuse its discretion in finding that [the defendant] was not entitled to 

discover any of the documents contained in the file.” (White, supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1338.) Nevertheless, the court concluded that the judgment must be conditionally 

reversed because the trial court failed to administer the oath to the two custodians of 

record. (Id. at p. 1339.) The court explained: “[A]dministering the oath to the 
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custodians of records who testify at Pitchess hearings is necessary to establish the 

accuracy and veracity of the custodians’ representations regarding the completeness of 

the record submitted for the court’s review. [Citation.] The integrity of the custodian’s 

testimony in this regard is also necessary to ensure that ‘the locus of decisionmaking’ at 

the hearing ‘is to be the trial court, not the prosecution or the custodian of records.’ 

[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1340, quoting Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1229.) 

As in White, the trial court in this case failed to administer the oath to a custodian 

of records. We agree with the holding of White that the omission requires conditional 

reversal. Moreover, in this case, not only was the oath not administered to Greene—the 

County’s only representative at the hearing—but there is nothing in the record to 

establish that Greene was qualified to be a custodian of the records she provided to the 

court. The qualifications of such a custodian of records is suggested by the Mooc court’s 

observation that the “custodian should be prepared to state in chambers and for the record 

what other documents (or category of documents) not presented to the court were 

included in the complete personnel record, and why those were deemed irrelevant or 

otherwise nonresponsive to the defendant’s Pitchess motion.” (Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th 

at p. 1229; see also People v. Guevara (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 62, 68-69 [custodian may 

need to “explain his or her decision to withhold” documents]; People v. Wycoff (2008) 

164 Cal.App.4th 410, 414-415 [same].) Thus, in the context of a Pitchess hearing, the 

custodian of records should be someone with knowledge regarding the agency’s 

possession, custody, or control of documents responsive to the Pitchess request and the 
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agency’s efforts to collect such documents, and who determines which documents are 

produced to the court.

Here, it does not appear from our record that Greene was the kind of custodian of 

records contemplated by Mooc and its progeny. It appears from the transcript of the in 

camera hearing that Greene, a deputy county counsel, did little more than deliver a box of 

documents that had been given to her along with a “cover memo from probation”

describing the organization of the documents. During the hearing, Greene recited the 

names of files (which are apparent from the files themselves) and, as to some files, what 

she “believe[d]” the documents to be. There is nothing in the record to suggest that 

Greene had any knowledge regarding the location or maintenance of the probation 

department’s records, participated in the search for documents, or was involved in any 

decisions as to what to include in the production. Significantly, the court asked no 

questions of Greene regarding such matters or sought to determine whether any 

responsive documents were withheld.

5

 Upon remand, the court should make such 

inquiries to an appropriate custodian of records.6

 

5

 In People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, a sworn custodian of records 

produced a single potentially responsive document to the court during an in camera 

Pitchess hearing. (Id. at p. 646.) The trial court did not ask the custodian whether there 

were other documents in the personnel files that the custodian deemed nonresponsive. 

The Supreme Court held that the failure to make that inquiry was not reversible error in 

part because the in camera Pitchess hearing in that case predated the court’s “guidance in 

Mooc concerning what steps ought to be taken to ensure an ideal record.” (People v. 

Fuiava, supra, at p. 648.) The court expressly declined to “address whether a failure to 

require that a custodian of records state for the record what documents were deemed 

nonresponsive, occurring after our decision in Mooc, would constitute reversible error.” 

(Id. at p. 648, fn. 6.) In the present case, we, too, need not decide that question because 

[footnote continued on next page]
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The failure to administer an oath to a custodian of records at the in camera 

Pitchess hearing compels us to conditionally reverse the judgment and direct that a new 

in camera hearing take place. At that hearing, the court should ensure that a custodian or 

custodians of records is present and make the appropriate inquiries regarding the 

production of documents. The court should further ensure that the confidentiality of the 

documents is maintained and the record is preserved for appellate review.7

III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is conditionally reversed. Upon remand, the trial court shall hold a 

new in camera hearing on defendant’s Pitchess motion in accordance with the principles 

and procedures described in Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th 1216, its progeny, and this opinion. 

If the trial court’s inspection reveals no additional discoverable information, the trial 

court must reinstate the judgment of conviction and sentence. If the inspection reveals 

 

[footnote continued from previous page]

reversal is required by the failure to administer the oath. (See White, supra, 191 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1339.) 

6 Finally, we note our concern about the manner in which the documents were 

provided to this court. As described above, documents arrived at our court in an 

unsealed, vaguely-marked box without reference to the confidential nature of its contents, 

the hearing to settle the record, or the court’s certification that the documents are the 

same documents produced at the Pitchess hearing. These circumstances create 

uncertainty as to whether the documents that arrived at our court are the documents 

reviewed at the July 2011 Pitchess hearing or produced at the hearing to settle the record 

in March 2014. 

7

 In light of the incomplete and inadequate record for reviewing defendant’s more 

substantive contentions on appeal, we decline to address them on the merits. If a further 

appeal is necessary, defendant may raise these issues at that time.
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additional discoverable information, the trial court must order disclosure, allow defendant 

a further opportunity to demonstrate prejudice, and order a new trial if there is a 

reasonable probability the outcome would have been different had the information been 

disclosed. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

KING

J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST

Acting P. J.

MILLER

J.