CORRECTED 2020 IL App (1st) 182491

No. 1-18-2491 

Opinion filed April 7, 2020 

SECOND DIVISION

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON, INC., f/k/a Ryerson Inc. 

and Ryerson Tull, Inc., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY OF 

AMERICA, TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY 

COMPANY OF AMERICA, and ILLINOIS NATIONAL 

INSURANCE COMPANY OF ILLINOIS, 

Defendants 

(Travelers Property Casualty Company of America, 

Defendant-Appellee.) 

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Appeal from the 

Circuit Court of 

Cook County 

No. 14 CH 10787 

The Honorable 

Rodolfo Garcia and 

Raymond W. Mitchell, 

Judges Presiding. 

PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court, 

with opinion. 

Justices Lavin and Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 The plaintiff, Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., formerly known as Ryerson Inc., and Ryerson 

Tull, Inc. (Ryerson), filed this lawsuit against its insurance companies, Travelers Indemnity 

Company of America, Travelers Property Casualty Company of America (Travelers), and Illinois 
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National Insurance Company of Illinois (Illinois National).1 This case involves two underlying 

lawsuits in which Ryerson was sued and tendered defense of the suit to Travelers, but the two suits 

are otherwise unrelated. The first underlying lawsuit was filed in federal court in the Western 

District of Oklahoma under the caption Champagne Metals v. Ken-Mac Metals, Inc., No. CIV-02-

528-C (W.D. Okla.) (Champagne Metals suit). Ryerson alleged in this case that Travelers had a 

duty to defend it in the Champagne Metals suit, which Travelers breached. It also sought relief 

under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2014)). Ryerson appeals 

the trial court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of Travelers on the allegations concerning 

the duty to defend and the dismissal of the corresponding section 155 claim. The second underlying 

lawsuit was filed in the circuit court of Cook County and was the subject of this court’s order in 

Hoffman v. Crane, 2014 IL App (1st) 122793-U (Hoffman suit). Ryerson alleged in this case that 

Travelers committed breach of contract, violated section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 

ILCS 5/155 (West 2014)), and violated the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act 

(815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2014)) (Consumer Fraud Act) in the handling of its defense of 

Ryerson in the Hoffman suit, and it appeals from the trial court’s dismissal of those counts. For 

the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 A. Champagne Metals Suit 

1 The captions of both the initial complaint and the first amended verified complaint identify the 

defendants as “Travelers Indemnity Company of America, Travelers Property Casualty Company of 

America, et al., and Illinois National Insurance Company of Illinois.” It does not appear that “et al.” was 

intended to refer to additional parties beyond these three named defendants, as there is not set forth in the 

body of either of these pleadings the name of any other party against whom relief is sought. See 735 ILCS 

5/2-401(c) (West 2018). Also, it appears from the record that Travelers Indemnity Company of America 

may have been incorrectly named, but in any event the company is now known as Travelers Property 

Casualty Company of America. 
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¶ 4 In 2002, Champagne Metals sued Ryerson and six other defendants who were competitors of 

Champagne Metals in the metal service center industry. Ryerson and its codefendants had been in 

the industry for many decades, but Champagne Metals had been in business for only about six 

years when it filed its complaint alleging that Ryerson and the other defendants were engaging in 

conspiratorial conduct aimed at keeping it out of the industry. The complaint contained a count for 

violation of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (2000)), a count for violation of the Oklahoma 

Antitrust Reform Act (Okla. Stat. tit. 79, § 201 et seq. (2002)), and a count for the common law 

tort of interference with business or contractual relations. It is this common law tort count that 

Ryerson alleges in this case triggered Travelers’ duty to defend it, as all allegations of the 

underlying complaint were incorporated into that count. 

¶ 5 The underlying compliant alleged that Ryerson and its codefendants acted “to deny 

Champagne Metals a relationship” with the six leading aluminum mills in North America (i.e., the 

suppliers of the metal service centers), which Champagne Metals needed to compete in the relevant 

market. It alleged that Ryerson and the codefendants engaged in an agreement, understanding, and 

concerted action that included “expressing disapproval to certain aluminum mills of any intent, 

plan, or consideration to add Champagne Metals as a distributor or to sell aluminum to Champagne 

Metals,” “threatening certain aluminum mills that Defendants will take business away from the 

mills if Champagne Metals is designated as a distributor for the mills or if the mills sell aluminum 

to Champagne Metals,” and “expressing disapproval to and threatening Pechiney and 

Commonwealth for selling aluminum to Champagne Metals.” It alleged that this conspiracy caused 

four of the aluminum mills to refuse to designate Champagne Metals as a distributor, leaving it 

with the ability to buy products from only two of the North American aluminum mills (Pechiney 

and Commonwealth), neither of which manufactured all of the products that Champagne Metals 
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needed to compete in the industry. It alleged that the conduct by Ryerson and its codefendants 

caused injury to Champagne Metals by foreclosing it from competing for business in the relevant 

market and causing it to lose business. It additionally alleged that “customers have determined not 

to purchase aluminum products from Champagne Metals because of Defendants’ conduct and 

because of the concern that Defendants will put Champagne Metals out of business.” 

¶ 6 The underlying complaint also contained a paragraph that alleged the following: 

“In the alternative, under rule of reason analysis, Defendants’ unlawful conduct 

demonstrates competitive injury in that any arguable prospective benefits resulting from 

the conduct are clearly outweighed by its anticompetitive effects. For instance, Defendants 

each have a long history in the metals business and wield substantial power in the relevant 

market. As a result of said conspiracy, which is generally known in the industry, upon 

information and belief, other potential service centers have been deterred from entering the 

relevant market. In fact, upon information and belief, an officer of one of the Defendants 

stated that Champagne Metals is the biggest mistake in the last 30 years of his career, and 

that if he had known about Champagne Metals on the day it started, he would have stopped 

it from entering the market. Thus, as a result of said conspiracy, competition in the relevant 

market has been injured.” 

The count for interference with business or contractual relations alleged that Champagne Metals 

had business and contractual relationships with original equipment manufacturers, other 

customers, and aluminum mills and that the defendants maliciously and wrongfully interfered with 

those relationships, thereby causing injury and damages to Champagne Metals. 

¶ 7 According to Travelers, Ryerson did not tender the Champagne Metals suit for defense or 

indemnification until May 6, 2004. In a letter to Ryerson dated June 28, 2004, Travelers informed 
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Ryerson that it had no obligation to defend or indemnify Ryerson against the allegations of the 

Champagne Metals suit. It is undisputed that Travelers never filed a declaratory judgment action 

concerning the propriety of its denial, and it did not defend Ryerson under a reservation of rights. 

¶ 8 On June 15, 2004, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ryerson and the 

other defendants on Champagne Metals’ claims. See Champagne Metals v. Ken-Mac Metals, Inc., 

No. CIV-02-528-C, 2004 WL 7318834 (W.D. Okla. June 15, 2004). In its order, the district court 

addressed the evidence presented by Champagne Metals that Ryerson had participated in a 

conspiracy, which included evidence of Ryerson’s representatives’ “complaints to Commonwealth 

about its relationship with Champagne Metals.” Id. at *17. In setting forth this evidence, the court 

referenced a statement attributed by a Commonwealth employee to Ryerson’s representative Phil 

Wylie, that “Mr. Wiley reiterated his belief that [Champagne Metals] did not meet the distributor 

criteria.” Id. Concluding that Ryerson’s complaints were consistent with its independent business 

interests, the district court stated, “Wylie may just as likely have been commenting on the 

likelihood that other service centers were equally concerned about Champagne Metals when he 

said that Commonwealth risked losing potential customers because of that relationship.” Id. at *18.

¶ 9 Champagne Metals appealed the district court’s granting of summary judgment against the 

defendants, and on August 7, 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 

reversed the district court’s decision. See Champagne Metals v. Ken-Mac Metals, Inc., 458 F.3d 

1073 (10th Cir. 2006). On May 13, 2009, an order was filed in the district court reflecting that the 

parties had reached a settlement and the case was being dismissed.

¶ 10 Following the conclusion of the Hoffman suit (in which Travelers was defending Ryerson), 

Ryerson filed this action in which it sought in count I a declaratory judgment that Travelers had a 

duty to defend it against the underlying allegations of the Champagne Metals suit, that it had 
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breached that duty, and that it should be estopped from asserting any policy defenses to coverage 

based on that breach. In count II, Ryerson asserted a claim for breach of contract based on the 

same conduct by Travelers. In count VII of its first amended complaint, Ryerson asserted that it 

was entitled to a remedy under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 

2014)) based on Travelers’ conduct with respect to the Champagne Metals suit. 

¶ 11 The trial court dismissed count VII on the basis that it was not filed within the applicable 

statute of limitations. It granted a motion for summary judgment in favor of Travelers on counts I 

and II, concluding that under the policy at issue Travelers owed no duty to defend Ryerson in the 

Champagne Metals suit. Ryerson timely appeals these orders of the trial court. 

¶ 12 B. Hoffman Suit 

¶ 13 The underlying facts of the Hoffman suit are set forth in greater detail in this court’s order in 

Hoffman, 2014 IL App (1st) 122793-U. The case arose from a June 21, 2002, collision involving 

a tractor-trailer driven by Dorlan Crane and an automobile driven by Nancy Hoffman, in which 

her daughter was a passenger. Id. ¶ 4. Ryerson was the producer of steel coils that Crane had been 

hauling at the time of the collision. Id. On June 30, 2003, Ryerson was named as a defendant on 

the basis that Crane had been acting as Ryerson’s agent when the collision occurred. Id. The 

plaintiffs’ theory of liability against Ryerson was that it was engaged in a joint venture with 

Crane’s employer and a logistics company and that Crane was acting as its agent. Id. ¶ 6. Ryerson 

tendered the suit for defense, and both Travelers, as its primary insurer, and Illinois National, as 

its excess insurer, became involved in Ryerson’s defense of that suit. Ryerson’s policy limits under 

its pertinent policy with Travelers was $2 million, and it had an additional $25 million in 

commercial umbrella liability coverage with Illinois National. On February 10, 2012, a jury 

returned a verdict in favor of the Hoffman plaintiffs and against Ryerson and its codefendants in 
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the amount of $27,672,152. Id. ¶ 25. 

¶ 14 According to the pertinent counts of Ryerson’s first amended complaint in this case (counts 

III, V, and VIII), unspecified problems arose in the handling of the defense in the trial court by 

Tressler, LLP (Tressler), who defended Ryerson from 2003 to 2010. Travelers then agreed, at the 

insistence of Illinois National, that the law firm of Patton & Ryan substitute as defense counsel on 

behalf of Tressler. Patton & Ryan advised Travelers that the potential verdict range was between 

$8 million to $15 million, and the Hoffman plaintiffs’ settlement demand was $17 million. During 

this time, Travelers offered no more than $250,000 toward settlement. The case went to trial in 

February 2012. However, John Patton, who had been the lead trial attorney for Ryerson from the 

Patton & Ryan law firm, was engaged in a different trial and did not appear or participate in the 

full trial of the Hoffman case. As stated above, a verdict in excess of $27 million was issued. 

Posttrial motions were timely filed. 

¶ 15 On February 28, 2012, Charles Patitucci, who handled this claim on behalf of Illinois 

National,

2 spoke to Pam Kasbohm, who handled the claim on behalf of Travelers, about which law 

firm would act as lead appellate counsel for Travelers. Illinois National’s choice was Clausen 

Miller, but Travelers wanted Pretzel & Stouffer. According to Patitucci’s notes of this 

conversation, which are attached as an exhibit to the first amended complaint, Kasbohm told him 

that one of the reasons that Travelers wanted Pretzel & Stouffer was because “they have a very 

2 The record reflects that an entity called “Chartis” handled the claim on behalf of Illinois National, 

and that both are American International Group (AIG) companies. Although some allegations and 

correspondence refer to or involve Chartis and AIG, for simplicity in this order we refer to them always to 

Illinois National. We further note that all of Ryerson’s claims in this case against Illinois National were 

dismissed pursuant to settlement, and therefore we set forth the allegations concerning Illinois National 

only to the extent they involve Ryerson’s allegations against Travelers. 
No. 1-18-2491 

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large book of business in the Chicago area that deals with agency[3] and they want to ensure that 

this case is defended with [attorneys] they are familiar and comfortable with.” 

¶ 16 On June 18, 2012, Illinois National sent a reservation of rights letter to Ryerson “in light of 

recent developments in the Hoffman lawsuit.” It cited a joint venture limitation endorsement in 

Ryerson’s policy with Illinois National that, it contended, might apply to reduce the available 

policy limits to less than $25 million.

¶ 17 On June 20, 2012, attorneys on behalf of Illinois National sent to Travelers a letter, again 

insisting that “Clausen Miller serve as lead post-trial and appellate counsel in the Hoffman 

Lawsuit.” The letter pointed out that “Travelers may have a duty to defend, but that duty does not 

trump [Illinois National’s] right to control the handling of a case where the liability greatly exceeds 

the limits of the Travelers Policy.” It also threatened that Travelers was jeopardizing Ryerson’s 

duty of cooperation under its policy with Illinois National. On July 26, 2012, the attorneys for 

Illinois National followed up with a second letter reiterating their position. On August 6, 2012, an 

attorney for Travelers responded to the attorneys for Illinois National that Travelers’ policy gave 

Travelers the “ ‘right and duty’ to defend Ryerson in this matter” and Illinois National had no 

corresponding right until the applicable limits of underlying insurance was exhausted, which was 

not the case.

¶ 18 On August 17, 2012, Illinois National’s attorneys sent a letter to Ryerson and Travelers 

informing them that Illinois National had “no obligation to pay the premium for an appeal bond, 

to procure an appeal bond, or to pay interest accruing on the judgment in the Hoffman Lawsuit.” 

It stated that the Illinois National policy “assumes no obligation regarding appeal bonds unless 

3 This reference to “agency” apparently refers to one of the issues involved in the appeal of the 

underlying case, whether Ryerson as a shipper of a product could be held liable on an agency theory for the 

actions of a driver. See Hoffman, 2014 IL App (1st) 122793-U, ¶¶ 30-39. 
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[Illinois National] has ‘assume[d] the defense’ of the claim or suit, which it has not done.” It further 

referenced the policy’s joint venture limitation endorsement as an additional reason why it “will 

not be posting the Illinois National Policy for security in lieu of a bond on any appeal in the 

Hoffman Lawsuit.” It stated that the obligations to procure and pay premiums for appeal bonds 

“fall entirely to Ryerson itself or to Travelers.” 

¶ 19 On August 28, 2012, the trial court denied the posttrial motions of Ryerson and its 

codefendants, granted a motion to stay enforcement of the judgment through September 24, 2012, 

and continued the case to September 26, 2012, for the setting of the amount of appeal bond. On 

September 26, 2012, the trial court set the amount of the appeal bond at $37 million, granted 

Ryerson and the other defendants an extension of time through October 18, 2012, to present appeal 

bonds or other security, and stayed execution of the judgment until that date. 

¶ 20 At some point prior to September 27, 2012, Ryerson hired independent coverage counsel. On 

that date, one of Ryerson’s coverage attorneys sent a letter to the attorneys representing Illinois 

National, asserting that Illinois National’s post-verdict reservation of rights was inconsistent with 

the provisions of its policy and its obligations of good faith to its insured. The letter further asserted 

that as long as Illinois National intended to keep Ryerson guessing about whether it was covered 

for its full $25 million policy limits, “Ryerson will not turn over control of the defense of the 

postjudgment proceedings and appeal to [Illinois National].” The letter continued, “At this point, 

Ryerson has the committed $2 million from Travelers without strings, as [Illinois National]

improperly now tries to attach, so it will be for Ryerson and Travelers to decide how to proceed.” 

¶ 21 On October 16, 2012, the trial court granted another extension, staying the execution of the 

judgment to November 8, 2012. On November 7, 2012, a motion was presented on behalf of 

Ryerson to approve the insurance policies of Travelers and Illinois National as bond and to stay 
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execution of the judgment pending appeal. Attached to that motion were affidavits of 

representatives of Travelers and Illinois National confirming that the respective policies were 

applicable to and did together cover the liability of Ryerson for the remainder of the judgment 

entered against it, along with postjudgment interest. The trial court granted this motion. 

¶ 22 Ryerson alleges that, after the verdict until November 7, 2012, it “could not get straight 

answers” from Travelers or Illinois National about which insurer controlled its defense, which law 

firm would be handling its defense, the insurers’ respective responsibilities for postjudgment 

interest, the insurers’ respective responsibilities for securing an appeal bond, and how Ryerson 

was being protected by the two insurance companies while they were engaged in disputes between 

themselves. It alleges that from August 2012 until November 2012, it faced the prospect of having 

its bank accounts frozen and assets seized if an appropriate appeal bond was not secured. It alleges 

that obtaining an appeal bond on its own would cost it “in excess of $20 million in premium” or, 

with a letter of credit, it would have been required to post $22 million and pay nearly a quarter of 

a million dollars in handling costs. Ryerson also alleges that during this time, it was engaged in a 

major company debt refinancing that was adversely impacted by the two insurers’ conduct, which 

required it to engage various professional advisors regarding the adverse effect of its need to 

expend such substantial sums on an appeal bond and potential open liability. It alleges that it was 

required to obtain its own coverage counsel to deal with the two insurance companies and ensure 

that they properly complied with the obligations they owed to Ryerson. It alleges that it needed to 

retain the law firm of Mayer Brown L.L.P. as independent counsel as to the defense to protect 

Ryerson’s interests postjudgment and for appeal while the two insurers disputed over the defense 

and their respective obligations. 

¶ 23 Ryerson alleges that Travelers, despite its insistence on controlling the defense on appeal, 
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took no steps from February 14, 2012, until November 7, 2012, to secure an appeal bond or other 

security for Ryerson and instead maintained that it was responsible only for premiums toward an 

appeal bond of $2 million. It alleges that Travelers knew that Illinois National, as the excess 

insurer, would not assist Ryerson with an appeal bond or with the payment of any appeal bond 

premiums or other security unless and until Travelers tendered its $2 million limits to Illinois 

National and turned over control of Ryerson’s defense. Ryerson alleges that, absent the posting of 

an approved appeal bond or other appropriate and approved security, it was exposed to imminent 

proceedings to attach its assets for over $27 million. 

¶ 24 Ryerson alleges that Travelers had a duty to disclose conflicts to it and to ameliorate those 

conflicts to ensure that it was providing a proper and effective defense, including by paying the 

fees of independent defense counsel chosen by Ryerson. Its complaint cites Perma-Pipe, Inc. v. 

Liberty Surplus Insurance Corp., 38 F. Supp. 3d 890 (N.D. Ill. 2014), for the principle that a 

“ ‘conflict arises from the relation of the policy limit to the insured’s potential liability’ including 

any ‘non-trivial probability’ of exposure to the insured.” Ryerson alleges that Travelers’ defense 

of Ryerson was ineffective because Travelers was essentially defending only its own $2 million 

policy limits and its “very large book of business” on other agency accounts while leaving Ryerson 

exposed for over $25 million excess of Travelers’ policy limits and to attachment proceedings on 

Ryerson’s assets under the judgment. 

¶ 25 Ryerson also alleges that Travelers was aware that, after the verdict in the Hoffman case, 

Illinois National had “attempted to ‘reserve rights’ to disavow a portion of the Hoffman judgment, 

such that Ryerson also was separately exposed to potential uninsured liability above Travelers’ 

limits, but Travelers still did not cede control of the Hoffman defense, tender its $2 million in 

policy limits, or take other necessary measures to protect Ryerson.” It alleges that, from February 
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14, 2012, to late October or early November 2012, Travelers never tendered its $2 million limits, 

advised Ryerson of its right to independent counsel or agreed to pay for such counsel, or otherwise 

ceded control of Ryerson’s defense to Illinois National. It alleges that instead, Travelers sought to 

make Ryerson a “guinea pig” for purposes of Travelers’ other business interests while 

simultaneously attempting to insulate Travelers from the adverse consequences or have Ryerson 

improperly bear the huge financial payout. 

¶ 26 Ryerson’s first amended complaint then contains the following final paragraph of its count 

III for breach of contract: 

“Travelers breached both its duty to defend and duty to indemnify Ryerson by 

failing to provide Ryerson with an effective defense during the course of the Hoffman suit 

including the need to change defense counsel multiple times and mid-case, assigning a 

second defense counsel whose lead trial attorney failed to appear to conduct the full 

Hoffman trial and abdicated at the eleventh hour, not keeping Ryerson apprised of all 

important developments during the course of the Hoffman litigation (with reports and other 

key communications routinely only being provided to insurer representatives and not to 

Ryerson), and ultimately causing a judgment of over $27 million to be entered against 

Ryerson on February 14, 2012. Travelers further breached its duties to defend and 

indemnify post-judgment by improperly insisting on controlling Ryerson’s defense for its 

[Traveler’s] own financial self-interests which were placed ahead of Ryerson’s interests as 

the policyholder to be protected (and notwithstanding Travelers owing a fiduciary duty 

toward Ryerson). This was done without advising Ryerson of Traveler’s ‘conflicts of 

interests.’ Travelers also breached its dual duties by failing to undertake any genuine effort 

toward resolution other than a pre-trial (certain to be rejected) token $250,000 amount. 
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Travelers then continued its intransigence posttrial, despite the over $27 million judgment. 

Travelers refused to undertake discussions even at the direction of the trial court, and from 

February 14, 2012 until November 7, 2012 withheld the tender of its $2 million policy 

limits (with the over $27 million judgment looming over Ryerson’s head and for which 

Ryerson stood legally liable) while Ryerson ultimately was forced to secure, retain, and 

pay for its own independent defense counsel (for which Travelers should have been paying) 

and take steps to try to mitigate the exposures, liability, and losses that Ryerson faced 

because of Travelers’ breaches. Included in the harm caused to Ryerson were the costs, 

fees, and expenses incurred to try to secure a $37 million bond, as Travelers’ breaches left 

Ryerson exposed to imminent attachment proceedings against its assets. Ryerson suffered 

other resulting expenses, losses, fees, and costs, including as to Ryerson’s then occurring 

major debt refinancing and public offering of which Travelers was aware and forewarned, 

but nevertheless disregarded (Ryerson’s ongoing business and financing having been 

impacted by the abrupt need to disclose, and secure, the very large $37 million amount that 

properly was to be covered by the insurers as was only belatedly and finally done on 

November 7, 2012, but which from February 2012 to November 7, 2012 had been 

obstructed by Travelers and its breaches of its duties to Ryerson). By not discharging its 

duties and obligations to Ryerson throughout the Hoffman suit, and instead botching, 

concealing, undermining, prejudicing, refusing, and otherwise failing to take necessary 

action until November 7, 2012, Travelers breached its duties and policy obligations to 

Ryerson and caused Ryerson’s resulting, foreseeable, and recoverable damages and losses 

as a consequence of said breaches for which Travelers is liable to Ryerson.” 

¶ 27 Count V of Ryerson’s first amended complaint alleges that it is entitled to relief under 
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section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2014)). Count V incorporates 

all of the allegations above. It then engages in a lengthy discussion of legal arguments made by 

Travelers in a brief from an unrelated case that Travelers filed in federal court in the Eastern 

District of Pennsylvania, which we need not set forth. Finally, it alleges that Travelers engaged in 

vexatious and unreasonable conduct by “stalling and not responding to a stipulation to have 

Ryerson dismissed” from other coverage litigation arising from the Hoffman suit. See Lincoln 

General Insurance Co. v. Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., No. 1:14-cv-8446, 2015 WL 3819215

(N.D. Ill. June 18, 2015)). 

¶ 28 Count VIII of Ryerson’s first amended complaint alleges that Travelers’ conduct violated the 

Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2014)). Count VIII again incorporates the 

allegations of all counts that precede it. It alleges that after the verdict was entered against Ryerson, 

Travelers falsely misrepresented to it that Travelers’s $2 million policy limits had been committed 

to protect Ryerson, that the interest of Travelers and Ryerson were completely aligned, and that 

Illinois National was the sole source of obstruction and detriment to Ryerson because Illinois 

National was uninterested in an offer of Travelers’s policy limits and only wanted Travelers to 

continue to fund a defense that Illinois National could control. It alleges that Travelers’ senior 

counsel sent a misleading and untruthful letter to the attorneys for Illinois National rejecting case 

law (apparently a reference to Nandorf, Inc. v. CNA Insurance Cos., 134 Ill. App. 3d 134 (1985)), 

that where a conflict of interest exists, “it would be improper for the insurer to retain control of the 

litigation, and that the insurer was required to pay for independent counsel.” It alleges this 

statement is misleading given the conflicts of interest that existed between Travelers and Ryerson. 

Ryerson alleged that it relied on Travelers’s false statements, misrepresentations, and improper 

concealment of critical information, including subsequently when Ryerson incorrectly informed 
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Illinois National that “Ryerson has the committed $2 million from Travelers without strings,” as 

Ryerson said this when believing incorrectly that its interests were aligned with Travelers. Count 

VIII also alleges that Travelers concealed from Ryerson that Illinois National had repeatedly asked 

Travelers whether it was going to offer its policy limits and Travelers repeatedly declined to do so 

as late as October 7, 2012. It alleges that, during meetings in the days that followed among 

representatives of Ryerson, Travelers, and Illinois National, Travelers “continued to convey and 

to dupe Ryerson that supposedly all of the blame and improper conduct belonged with Illinois 

National alone,” never revealing the full extent of Travelers’s own serious misconduct. 

¶ 29 Travelers moved to dismiss counts III, V, and VIII of the first amended complaint. The trial 

court dismissed count III on the basis that the contractual duty to defend and indemnify were not 

breached where Travelers defended Ryerson throughout the lawsuit and paid its coverage limits 

on Ryerson’s behalf. It noted that Ryerson was ultimately fully protected when the two policies 

were put up as an appeal bond. It stated that Ryerson could not bring “the equivalent of a 

malpractice cause of action against the insurance company because they didn’t provide effective 

defense counsel, or you’re in disagreement with the outcome.” It dismissed count V on a similar 

basis, reasoning that section 155 of the Insurance Code is not a “quasi malpractice” statute “that 

provides all insureds a cause of action whenever there are deficiencies alleged against the insurer 

in the course of the insurer providing a duty to defend.” It dismissed count VIII on the basis that 

the facts alleged could never support relief under the Consumer Fraud Act. In doing so, it denied 

the plaintiff’s oral request to file a second amended complaint. The plaintiff appeals these rulings 

of the trial court. 

¶ 30 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 31 A. Champagne Metals Suit 
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¶ 32 With respect to the Champagne Metals suit, Ryerson’s primary argument on appeal is the 

trial court erred in finding that Travelers did not have a duty to defend Ryerson in that suit. Our 

review is de novo, as this issue was decided on summary judgment and the construction of an 

insurance policy presents a question of law. Valley Forge Insurance Co. v. Swiderski Electronics, 

Inc., 223 Ill. 2d 352, 360 (2006). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue 

as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 

5/2-1005(c) (West 2018). 

¶ 33 To determine whether an insurer has a duty to defend its insured in a lawsuit, the court must 

compare the facts alleged in the underlying complaint to the relevant provisions of the insurance 

policy. Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d at 363. If the underlying complaint alleges facts within 

or potentially within the coverage of the policy, the insurer is obligated to defend its insured even 

if those allegations are groundless, false, or fraudulent. General Agents Insurance Co. of America, 

Inc. v. Midwest Sporting Goods Co., 215 Ill. 2d 146, 155 (2005). An insurer may not justifiably 

refuse to defend an action against its insured unless it is clear from the face of the underlying 

complaints that the allegations fail to state facts that bring the case within, or potentially within, 

the policy’s coverage. Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d at 363. Moreover, if the underlying 

complaints allege several theories of recovery against the insured, the duty to defend arises even 

if only one such theory is within the potential coverage of the policy. General Agents Insurance, 

215 Ill. 2d at 155. 

¶ 34 We construe the underlying complaints liberally in favor of the insured. Id. If the words used 

in the policy, given their plain and ordinary meaning, are unambiguous, they will be applied as 

written. Valley Forge Insurance, 223 Ill. 2d at 363. We give little weight to the legal label that 

characterizes the underlying allegations. Instead, we determine whether the alleged conduct 
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arguably falls within at least one of the categories of wrongdoing listed in the policy. Illinois State 

Bar Ass’n Mutual Insurance Co. v. Cavenagh, 2012 IL App (1st) 111810, ¶ 14. The duty to defend 

does not require that the complaint allege or use language affirmatively bringing the claims within 

the scope of the policy. Id. The question of coverage does not hinge on the draftsmanship skills or 

whims of the plaintiff in the underlying action. American Economy Insurance Co. v. Holabird & 

Root, 382 Ill. App. 3d 1017, 1022 (2008). The threshold for a pleading to give rise to the duty to 

defend is low. Id. at 1023. 

¶ 35 The Travelers policy at issue provides in pertinent part that Travelers “will pay those sums 

that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘personal injury’ *** to 

which this insurance applies,” that it “will have the right and duty to defend the insured against 

any ‘suit’ seeking those damages,” and that it “will have no duty to defend the insured against any 

‘suit’ seeking damages for ‘personal injury’ *** to which this insurance does not apply.” The 

policy provides that “ ‘[p]ersonal injury’ means injury, other than ‘bodily injury,’ arising out of 

one or more of the following offenses: *** Oral or written publication of material that slanders or 

libels a person or organization or disparages a person’s or organization’s goods, products or 

services.”

¶ 36 Ryerson argues on appeal that Travelers had a duty to defend it in the suit filed against it by 

Champagne Metals. It argues that, when liberally construed and under federal standards of notice 

pleading, the underlying complaint contains allegations that Ryerson made disparaging statements 

about the services of Champagne Metals, a covered offense under the policy’s definition of 

“personal injury.” It cites the factual allegation in the underlying complaint accusing Ryerson of 

“ ‘expressing disapproval to certain aluminum mills of any intent, plan, or consideration to add 

Champagne Metals as a distributor or to sell aluminum to Champagne Metals.’ ” It argues that this 
No. 1-18-2491 

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allegation that it expressed “disapproval” is synonymous with an allegation of disparagement. It 

further cites the allegations that Champagne Metals was injured and lost business as a result of this 

conduct, specifically the allegation that customers have determined not to purchase aluminum 

products from Champagne Metals because of the underlying defendants’ conduct. And it cites to 

the allegation that “ ‘an officer of one of the Defendants stated that Champagne Metals is the biggest 

mistake in the last 30 years of his career,’ ” which Ryerson characterizes as “[a]n example of these 

disapproving statements about Champagne Metals and its distributor services.” 

¶ 37 For its part, Travelers argues that the underlying complaint does not state even a potential 

claim of disparagement because it does not allege that any false statement was made, it does not 

allege that a statement was made about the goods, products, or services of Champagne Metals, and 

it does not allege that any statement was made to the buying public. Travelers argues that, to the 

contrary, the underlying complaint alleged that Ryerson and its codefendants pressured aluminum 

suppliers not to sell products to Champagne Metals, which curtailed its ability to do business. It 

further alleges that the underlying complaint cannot be construed to allege injury “arising out of” 

any disparaging statement or publication. 

¶ 38 To constitute a covered offense within the terms of the policy at issue, we would have to find, 

under the theory advanced by Ryerson, that the underlying complaint potentially alleges an “injury 

*** arising out of *** [o]ral or written publication of material that *** disparages a[n] *** 

organization’s goods, products or services.” The word “disparages” is not defined in the policy. 

This court has defined disparagement as “ ‘words which criticize the quality of one’s goods or 

services.’ ” Green4All Energy Solutions, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2017 IL App 

(1st) 162499, ¶ 26 (quoting Lexmark International, Inc. v. Transportation Insurance Co., 327 Ill. 

App. 3d 128, 140 (2001)). “ ‘To qualify as disparagement, there must be statement[s] about a 
No. 1-18-2491 

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competitor’s goods which [are] untrue or misleading and [are] made to influence or tend to 

influence the public not to buy.’ ” Id. (quoting Lexmark International, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 140). 

“To qualify as disparagement, ‘[t]he statement (1) must be about a competitor’s goods or services,

(2) must be untrue or misleading, and (3) must have been made to influence or tend to influence 

the public not to buy those goods or services.’ ” Id. ¶ 27 (quoting Pekin Insurance Co. v. Phelan, 

343 Ill. App. 3d 1216, 1220 (2003)). 

¶ 39 We find that the underlying complaint does not allege injury arising out of any statement or 

publication that “disparages” the goods, products, or services of Champagne Metals. The first 

allegation that Ryerson cites, which it contends constitutes a covered allegation of disparagement, 

alleges in its entirety as follows: 

“The aforesaid conspiracy consists of an agreement, understanding, and concerted 

action among the Defendants to include and coerce aluminum mills (suppliers) to deny 

Champagne Metals a relationship needed to compete, the substantial terms of which are: 

a) expressing disapproval to certain aluminum mills of any intent, plan, or 

consideration to add Champagne Metals as a distributor or to sell aluminum to 

Champagne Metals.” 

However, this allegation is not alleging that Ryerson or any coconspirator made a statement about 

the goods, products, or services of Champagne Metals. Rather, the “disapproval” expressed to the 

aluminum mills was of the prospect that they would do business with a new competitor in the 

industry, by adding Champagne Metals as a distributor or by selling aluminum to it. The 

disapproval expressed was not about the goods, products, or services of Champagne Metals. 

¶ 40 The other example Ryerson cites of an allegation of a disparaging statement about 

Champagne Metals and its distributor services is the allegation that “an officer of one of the 
No. 1-18-2491 

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Defendants stated that Champagne Metals is the biggest mistake in the last 30 years of his career.”

Again, however, this is not an allegation about a statement concerning the goods, products, or 

services of Champagne Metals. This statement appears in the context of an allegation that the 

defendants’ conduct is injurious to competition in the relevant market. See supra ¶ 6. The 

allegation refers to the fact that the defendants “each have a long history in the metals business 

and wield substantial power in the relevant market,” and that as a result of a conspiracy among 

them that is well known in the industry, other potential competitor service centers have been 

deterred from entering the market. It then alleges, “[i]n fact, upon information and belief, an officer 

of one of the Defendants stated that Champagne Metals is the biggest mistake in the last 30 years 

of his career, and that if he had known about Champagne Metals on the day it started, he would 

have stopped it from entering the market.” Its context makes it evident that this statement refers to 

the “mistake” of allowing a new competitor, Champagne Metals, to enter the market, and in not 

stopping it from doing so when it first began operating. It is not referring to the goods, products, 

or services of Champagne Metals as being a “mistake.”

¶ 41 Ryerson argues that these allegations in the underlying complaint are no less suggestive of 

the potential for coverage than those that gave rise to an insurer’s duty to defend in Phelan.

4 The 

policy in Phelan provided coverage for advertising injuries, which were defined to include oral or 

written statements that disparage an organization’s goods, products, or services. Phelan, 343 Ill. 

App. 3d at 1219. The underlying complaint alleged that the insured, a hair salon owner, had falsely 

told customers that the underlying plaintiff Imaginations on Hair, Inc. (Imaginations), which was 

4 Ryerson also relies extensively upon a nonprecedential order of this court entered under Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 23(b) (eff. Apr. 1, 2018). Its citation to this nonprecedential order is inappropriate. An 

order entered under Rule 23(b) “is not precedential and may not be cited by any party except to support 

contentions of double jeopardy, res judicata, collateral estoppel or law of the case.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) 

(eff. April 1, 2018). Ryerson does not contend that the order falls within one of these exceptions. 
No. 1-18-2491 

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a competitor hair salon and the insured’s former employer, was moving to a new location and 

given them the address of her new salon, had made appointments for Imaginations’ customers at 

her new salon, and had told customers that Imaginations was closing. Id. at 1218. The court found 

that these allegations alleged the offense of disparagement within the coverage of the policy. Id.

at 1221. It found that the insured’s statements were about Imaginations’ services, in that they 

implied that Imaginations was ceasing its services and leaving its current location. Id. It found that 

the statements were alleged to be untrue and misleading by the underlying complaint Id. And it 

found that the statements were made to induce customers not to use Imaginations’ services in the 

future, by suggesting that they would be unavailable. Id. 

¶ 42 We find the allegations at issue in this case to be readily distinguishable from those of Phelan. 

In Phelan, the court found that the alleged statements pertained to the services of a competitor by 

falsely implying that the competitor was going to cease providing those services soon. In this case, 

as discussed above, the statements in the underlying complaint relied upon by Ryerson are not 

statements about the services of Champagne Metals. There is nothing in the underlying complaint 

alleging statements that were false or misleading. Although the statements may have been intended 

to induce the aluminum mills not to do business with Champagne Metals, they did not purport to 

do so on the basis that they were untrue or misleading statements about its services. 

¶ 43 Ryerson argues that the title of the third count of the underlying compliant, interference with 

business or contractual relations, is a state law claim that is recognized under Oklahoma law to be 

the same as a disparagement claim. See Yousuf v. Cohlmia, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1279, 1286 (N.D. 

Okla. 2010) (“the tort of interference with business relationships is also known as disparagement”). 

Travelers responds that, although courts have recognized that it is possible for a tortious 

interference claim to be based on a disparaging statement, this does not mean that tortious 
No. 1-18-2491 

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interference and disparagement are always the same thing. See id. at 1286-87 (“policy language 

referencing ‘the offense’ of ‘the publication of ... other defamatory or disparaging material’ is 

broad enough to support coverage of certain claims for intentional inference with contract or 

business relations” (emphasis added)). We agree with Travelers. Here we are dealing with a policy 

that provides coverage for injury arising out of the publication of material that disparages an 

organization’s goods, products, or services. As discussed above, the count in the underlying 

complaint for interference with business or contractual relations did not allege that Champagne 

Metals suffered injury arising out of a statement that disparaged its goods, products, or services. 

Therefore, although we do not disagree that a claim for inference with business or contractual 

relations could be based on a disparaging statement about a competitor’s goods, products, or 

services and therefore within the coverage of the policy, that is not the situation in this case. 

¶ 44 Ryerson further contends that this court should consider, in its analysis of whether a duty to 

defend existed, certain statements that were included by the district court in its order granting 

summary judgment and certain statements in the deposition of Larry Hull in the underlying case. 

These were not alleged in the underlying complaint. As part of the district court’s order setting 

forth the evidence about whether Ryerson had participated in a conspiracy, it referenced a 

statement attributed by a Commonwealth employee to Ryerson representative Wylie during an 

“ ‘impassioned discussion’ about Champagne Metals,” in which “Mr. Wiley reiterated his belief 

that [Champagne Metals] did not meet the distributor criteria.” See Champagne Metals, 2004 WL 

7318834, at *17. Ryerson also cites Hull’s deposition testimony that “people have taken shots at” 

Champagne Metals, “in a point where we couldn’t service the account or we weren’t able to do 

it.” Asked to elaborate, Hull stated that when Champagne Metals was trying to do business with 

Acme Engineering, Ryerson “expressed that we couldn’t do the business and if they gave it to us 
No. 1-18-2491 

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we would fail doing the business.” 

¶ 45 Travelers contends that it would be inappropriate for this court to rely on these statements 

because they are outside of the allegations of the underlying compliant. We agree. We 

acknowledge Ryerson’s argument that a court may, under certain circumstances, look beyond the 

allegations of the underlying compliant to determine whether an insurer has a duty to defend. Pekin 

Insurance Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill. 2d 446, 459 (2010). A court is not required to “ ‘wear judicial 

blinders and may look beyond the complaint at other evidence appropriate to a motion for summary 

judgment.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 460-61 (quoting Holabird & Root, 382 Ill. 

App. 3d at 1032). However, while a court is permitted to consider information outside the 

complaint when determining a duty to defend, doing so remains an exception to the general rule 

that the duty to defend is determined from the factual allegations of an underlying compliant. Pekin 

Insurance Co. v. Precision Dose, Inc., 2012 IL App (2d) 110195, ¶¶ 36-37, 41. 

¶ 46 We see no reason to consider the statements by Wiley or Hull as bearing on the duty to 

defend. The district court’s summary judgment order does not discuss Wiley’s statement in any 

way that indicates that, notwithstanding the allegations of the complaint, Champagne Metals 

actually sought to impose liability on the basis that Wiley’s statement was disparaging to the goods, 

products, or services of Champagne Metals or that Champagne Metals’ injury arose out of this. 

The district court set forth Wiley’s statement in its discussion that the complaints made to 

Commonwealth about its relationship with Champagne Metals were evidence that Ryerson 

participated in a conspiracy. The statement’s purported relevance was that it was anticompetitive 

in nature, not that it was disparaging. Likewise, there is no indication that Champagne Metals 

actually sought to impose liability on Ryerson based on the isolated statement from Hull’s 

deposition. Thus, we see no reason why these statements from outside the complaint should be 
No. 1-18-2491 

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considered in our analysis of the duty to defend in this case. 

¶ 47 For the above reasons, we hold that the trial court correctly determined that Travelers did not 

have a duty to defend Ryerson in the Champagne Metals case under the policy at issue. We 

therefore affirm the trial court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of Travelers on count I 

for declaratory judgment and count II for breach of contract involving the Champagne Metals suit. 

¶ 48 Our conclusion that Travelers had no duty to defend Ryerson against the allegations of the 

Champagne Metals suit renders moot the question of whether a remedy could be imposed on 

Travelers under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2014)) for its 

conduct relative to the Champagne Metals suit. Where, as here, no coverage is owed under the 

policy, there can be no finding that the insurer acted vexatiously or unreasonably with respect to 

the claim. Rhone v. First American Title Insurance Co., 401 Ill. App. 3d 802, 815 (2010); Martin 

v. Illinois Farmers Insurance, 318 Ill. App. 3d 751, 764 (2000) (insurer “cannot be liable for 

section 155 relief where no benefits are owed”); see also Green4All Energy Solutions, 2017 IL 

App (1st) 162499, ¶ 37. Thus, even though the trial court dismissed the claim seeking relief under 

section 155 on the basis that it was not filed within the statute of limitations, we need not address 

this issue as liability could not be imposed under section 155 in any event. 

¶ 49 B. Hoffman Suit 

¶ 50 With respect to the Hoffman suit, Ryerson’s argument on appeal is that the trial court erred 

in dismissing with prejudice the counts of its first amended complaint alleging breach of contract 

(Count III), requesting a remedy under section 155 of the Insurance Code (count V), and alleging

violations of the Consumer Fraud Act (count VIII). Although Travelers moved for dismissal under 

both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 

2014)), it appears that the trial court dismissed each count under section 2-615. A motion to dismiss 
No. 1-18-2491 

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under section 2-615 attacks the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Green v. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d 478, 

491 (2009). The critical inquiry is whether the allegations of the complaint, when construed in the 

light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to establish a cause of action upon which relief 

may be granted. Vitro v. Mihelcic, 209 Ill. 2d 76, 81 (2004). All facts apparent from the face of the 

pleadings, including the exhibits attached thereto, are considered. Green, 234 Ill. 2d at 491. A court 

considering such a motion accepts as true all well-pleaded facts in the compliant and all reasonable 

inferences that may be drawn from those facts. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 

429 (2006). We apply de novo review to an order granting a motion to dismiss under section 2-

615. Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d 223, 228 (2003). 

¶ 51 1. Count III for Breach of Contract 

¶ 52 On appeal, Ryerson focuses its argument concerning breach of contract on the existence of a 

conflict of interest between it and Travelers. It argues that, based on the existence of this conflict, 

Travelers breached its duty to defend by failing to advise Ryerson of its right to hire independent 

counsel at Traveler’s expense. Although we find Ryerson’s argument to be less than precisely 

clear, we discern its argument to be that a conflict of interest arose postjudgment because Travelers 

was essentially defending only its own $2 million policy limits and its “large book of business” in 

other accounts that would benefit from a favorable appellate decision on the issue of agency 

involved in that case. Travelers did so, Ryerson contends, while leaving Ryerson exposed to the 

potential attachment of its assets, based on the fact that Illinois National was refusing to commit 

to fully protecting Ryerson until Travelers ceded it control of the defense. 

¶ 53 The contract provision allegedly breached is Traveler’s contractual duty to defend Ryerson. 

Ordinarily, an insurer’s duty to defend its insured includes the right to control the defense, which 

allows insurers to protect their financial interest in the outcome of the litigation. Xtreme Protection 
No. 1-18-2491 

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Services, LLC v. Steadfast Insurance Co., 2019 IL App (1st) 181501, ¶ 19 (citing Illinois Masonic 

Medical Center v. Turegum Insurance Co., 168 Ill. App. 3d 158, 163 (1988)). A limited exception 

to this rule exists where a conflict of interest arises between the insurer and insured. Williams v. 

American Country Insurance Co., 359 Ill. App. 3d 128, 137-38 (2005). Where a conflict exists, 

the insured, rather than the insurer, is entitled to assume control of the defense of the underlying 

action. Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 168 Ill. App. 3d at 163. If this occurs, the insurer satisfies 

its obligation to defend by reimbursing the insured for the cost of defense provided by independent 

counsel selected by the insured. Standard Mutual Insurance Co. v. Lay, 2014 IL App (4th) 110527-

B, ¶ 35 (citing Maryland Casualty Co. v. Peppers, 64 Ill. 2d 187, 198-99 (1976)).

¶ 54 One situation in which a conflict may exist giving rise to an insured’s right to independent 

counsel paid for by the insurer is where the insurer is obligated to provide defenses to multiple 

insureds who have adverse interests. Illinois Municipal League Risk Management Ass’n v. Seibert, 

223 Ill. App. 3d 864, 872 (1992) (citing Murphy v. Urso, 88 Ill. 2d 444, 452-53 (1981)). Another 

is a situation in which proof of certain facts in the underlying action would shift liability from the 

insurer to the insured. Id. at 873 (citing Maryland Casualty, 64 Ill. 2d at 197, and Thornton v. Paul, 

74 Ill. 2d 132, 152 (1978)); American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. W.H. McNaughton Builders, 

Inc., 363 Ill. App. 3d 505, 511 (2006) (“if, in the underlying suit, insurer-retained counsel would 

have the opportunity to shift facts in a way that takes the case outside the scope of policy coverage, 

then the insured is not required to defend the underlying suit with insurer-retained counsel”).

¶ 55 Ryerson has not cited any case from the reviewing courts of this state recognizing a conflict 

in a situation similar to that of this case that has been found to give rise to the right to independent 

counsel. Rather, Ryerson argues that Travelers committed the same breach of the duty to defend 

that the federal district court found was a breach of contract in Perma-Pipe, the case cited in its 
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first amended complaint. In that case, the insured was a pipe manufacturer that was sued by a 

university seeking damages in excess of $40 million. Perma-Pipe, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 892. The 

insured’s policy limits were $1 million per occurrence and $2 million aggregate. Id. Initially, the 

insurer agreed to defend the insured in the lawsuit under a reservation of rights. Id. Because this 

reservation caused a conflict of interest between the parties, the insured selected independent 

counsel to handle its defense. Id. Several months later, the insurer withdrew its reservation of rights 

and sought to substitute defense counsel selected by the insurer. Id. at 892-93. The insured 

contended that a conflict still existed due to the possibility of a judgment or settlement far in excess 

of the insured’s policy limits and that this conflict should enable it to continue to be represented 

by its counsel of choice at the insurer’s expense. Id. at 893. When the insurer refused to agree, the 

insured sued for breach of contract. Id. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of 

the insured, finding that a conflict existed and that the insurer breached its duty to defend by 

refusing to pay for independent counsel of the insured’s choosing. Id. at 896. In explaining the 

basis for its conclusion that a conflict existed, the district court stated: 

“ ‘The usual conflict of interest involves the insurance company’s denying coverage . . ., 

but the principle is the same when the conflict arises from the relation of the policy limit 

to the insured’s potential liability . . .’ R.C. Wegman [Construction] Co. v. Admiral 

[Insurance] Co., 629 F.3d 724, 729 (7th Cir. 2011). In other words, because an insurer’s 

exposure is capped by the policy limit, it may decide to try claims exceeding the limit, 

hoping that the resulting liability, if any, will be less, despite the risk that its insured could 

be found liable for an amount far greater than the limit. Id. at 728. Thus, the Wegman court 

said, a conflict exists when there is ‘a nontrivial probability’ of an excess judgment in the 

underlying suit. Id. at 730.” Id. at 895. 
No. 1-18-2491 

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¶ 56 We disagree that Perma-Pipe mandates the finding that a conflict of interest existed in this 

case. As no conflict existed, Travelers did not breach its contractual duty to defend by failing to 

advise Ryerson of its right to hire independent counsel at Traveler’s expense. The policy at issue 

in this case gave Travelers “the right and duty to defend” any suit seeking covered damages and 

provided that Travelers “may investigate and settle any claim or ‘suit’ as we consider appropriate.” 

This is not a case where Travelers defended multiple insureds with interests adverse to one another 

or defended Ryerson under a reservation of rights. Travelers provided Ryerson with defense 

counsel at all stages of the litigation and appeal. We see no basis to conclude that Travelers had 

any interest in providing Ryerson with anything less than a vigorous defense of all allegations 

against it. See Nandorf, 134 Ill. App. 3d at 137 (“In determining whether a conflict of interest 

exists, Illinois courts have considered whether, in comparing the allegations of the complaint to 

the policy terms, the interest of the insurer would be furthered by providing a less-than-vigorous 

defense to those allegations.”). The fact that Travelers had an interest in creating favorable 

precedent that would be useful in other cases involving its insureds does not negate the fact that 

Ryerson fully shared its interests in prevailing on appeal. Ryerson cites no contractual or legal 

authority that Travelers owed it a duty under these circumstances to tender its $2 million primary 

policy limits to Illinois National prior to the appeal. As Travelers had the duty to defend Ryerson 

in this litigation, it had the corresponding right to control the defense also. See Xtreme Protection 

Services, 2019 IL App (1st) 181501, ¶ 19. 

¶ 57 As a federal district court decision, Perma-Pipe is not binding authority on this court. See

Wilson v. County of Cook, 2012 IL 112026, ¶ 30. To the extent it stands for the proposition that “a 

conflict exists when there is ‘a nontrivial probability’ of an excess judgment in the underlying 

suit,” thereby entitling an insured to retain independent defense counsel at the insurer’s expense, 
No. 1-18-2491 

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we do not agree. See Perma-Pipe, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 895 (quoting R.C. Wegman Construction Co. 

v. Admiral Insurance Co., 629 F.3d 724, 730 (7th Cir. 2011)). It is axiomatic that many cases 

involve a “nontrivial probability” of a judgment in excess of the applicable policy limits that the 

insured could be personally responsible to pay. After all, the minimum policy limits required on 

an automobile liability policy in this state is only $25,000 (625 ILCS 5/7-203 (West 2018)), but 

the jurisdictional minimum value that a personal injury case must have to be filed in the law 

division of the circuit court of Cook County is $30,000 (see Cook County Cir. Ct. G.O.

1.2,2.1(a)(1)(i) (Sep. 15, 2017)). However, this fact alone does not trigger a conflict of interest 

entitling the insured to hire an independent defense attorney paid for by the insurer. See 14 Steven 

Plitt, et al., Couch on Insurance § 202:30 (3d ed. 2009) (“The fact that the damages requested by 

the plaintiff in the underlying tort litigation exceed the limits of the insurance policy does not 

generally amount to a conflict of interest sufficient to require appointment of independent 

counsel.”). Although it is appropriate and proper to inform the insured of the possibility of an 

excess judgment and to advise the insured to consult independent counsel regarding excess 

liability, it would not be at the insurer’s expense. See Allstate Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 639 A.2d 

652, 659 (Md. 1994). 

¶ 58 Informing the insured of the possibility of an excess judgment appears to have been the point 

of Wegman, the Seventh Circuit case upon which the district court in Perma-Pipe relied. In 

Wegman, an insured against whom a $2 million judgment had been entered appealed the dismissal 

of a complaint alleging that its insurer breached the implied contractual duty of good faith when, 

despite its knowledge of the underlying plaintiff’s significant injuries and $6 million settlement 

demand, it failed to warn the insured of the possibility of a judgment in excess of the insured’s $1 

million policy limits. Wegman, 629 F.3d at 725-27. If its insurer had done so, the insured alleged
No. 1-18-2491 

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that it would have made a timely claim for coverage under a $10 million excess policy it had with 

a different insurer. Id. at 727. The insured alleged that when it first learned of the possibility of an 

excess judgment a few days prior to trial, its excess carrier denied its claim as untimely. Id. The 

Seventh Circuit noted that at oral argument the insurer’s attorney stated that, as the underlying 

case involved multiple codefendants, the insurer had been gambling that it could minimize the 

insured’s liability below the 25% threshold at which it would be jointly liable for all the plaintiff’s 

damages. Id. at 728 (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-1117 (West 2010)). The court noted that “[w]hen a 

potential conflict of interest between insured and insurer arises, the insurance company’s duty of 

good faith requires it to notify the insured.” Id. at 729. It went on to state that this principle applies 

“when the conflict arises from the relation of the policy limit to the insured’s potential liability.” 

Id. It stated that at that point, an insured would have the option of hiring an independent attorney 

at the insurer’s expense. Id. The court went on to address and reject the insurer’s argument that it 

had no duty to notify the insured of a potential conflict of interest, only an actual one, stating: 

“[The insurer] misunderstands ‘conflict of interest.’ The term doesn’t mean that the 

conflicted party is engaged in conduct harmful to another party. It means that their interests 

are divergent, which creates a potential for such harm. The conflict in this case arose when 

[the insurer] learned that an excess judgment (and therefore a settlement in excess of the 

policy limits, as judgment prospects guide settlement) was a nontrivial probability in [the 

underlying] suit.” (Emphases added.) Id. at 730. 

It ultimately reversed the district court’s dismissal of the insured’s complaint. Id. at 731. 

¶ 59 The Seventh Circuit then issued an opinion on denial of the insurer’s petition for rehearing. 

R.C. Wegman Construction Co. v. Admiral Insurance Co., 634 F.3d 371 (7th Cir. 2011). In that 

opinion, the court disagreed with the insurer’s characterization of its holding as being that “ ‘where 
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there is a possibility of a verdict in excess of policy limits, there is a conflict of interest between 

the insurer and the insured.’ ” Id. at 371. The court noted that its finding of a conflict was based 

on the facts of the case as alleged in the complaint. Id. at 372. It reiterated that 

“when faced with the likelihood of an excess judgment[,] instead of notifying Wegman and 

allowing it to negotiate its own settlement, or at least notify its excess-insurance carrier, 

Admiral’s lawyer gambled on obtaining a reduction in damages, on the basis of Illinois’s 

joint-and-several liability statute, that would bring the damages award against Wegman 

below Admiral’s policy limit.” Id. 

“Admiral’s gamble created a conflict of interest that entitled Wegman to choose its own attorney 

to represent its interests, yet Admiral failed to warn Wegman of what it was doing.” Id. 

¶ 60 This case does not involve concerns similar to those involved in Wegman. It is undisputed 

that prior to the verdict, Ryerson was aware that the potential verdict and settlement value of the 

case exceeded the limits of Travelers’s $2 million primary policy. Ryerson’s excess insurer, 

Illinois National, was timely notified of the case and participated in Ryerson’s defense. Further, 

by the time the alleged conflict arose, Ryerson was aware that the amount of the verdict exceeded 

the limits of Travelers’s policy. Therefore, this is not a situation in which Travelers was 

“gambling” on reducing Ryerson’s damages at trial or appeal to an amount within the primary

policy limits without informing Ryerson about the possibility that the verdict amount could exceed 

those limits and that Ryerson could be responsible for paying the amount in excess of those limits. 

This situation did not give rise to a conflict of interest entitling Ryerson to independent defense 

counsel that would be paid for by Travelers. 

¶ 61 We further recognize that, as a matter of law, Ryerson’s assets were never actually exposed 

to attachment, despite its concerns that they could be. Following the verdict, Ryerson’s attorneys 
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filed timely posttrial motions, which had the effect of staying enforcement of the judgment until 

those motions were resolved. 735 ILCS 5/2-1202(d) (West 2012). Further, Ryerson’s attorneys 

successfully procured extensions on the enforcement of the judgment pending appeal and on the 

deadline for filing an appeal bond until such bond was successfully secured. In its ruling dismissing 

the breach of contract count, the trial court stated that, to the extent that the parties were not in 

agreement as to their obligation to tender their insurance policies for purposes of appeal bond, they 

could have presented the issue to the trial court for resolution. However, the parties were able to 

resolve this dispute on their own, and both insurance policies were ultimately committed in 

satisfaction of the appeal bond. The fact that there was for some time a dispute about the insurers’ 

respective obligations does not amount to a breach of contract by Travelers, even if getting to this 

resolution required some involvement or expense on the part of Ryerson. 

¶ 62 As noted above, Ryerson’s argument concerning the dismissal of the breach of contract count 

focuses almost entirely on the existence of a conflict of interest between it and Travelers. Ryerson 

does, however, point out that count III of the amended complaint “incorporated all of the prior 

allegations and exhibits of the original complaint and then expended on them with great additional 

detail in paragraphs 104(a)-104(z) with additional exhibits and documentary support.” We 

acknowledge that count III does appear to allege that Travelers breached the contract through a 

myriad of other conduct that Ryerson does not discuss or argue on appeal. (See supra ¶ 26.) 

However, we decline to consider whether any of these other factual allegations could support a 

cause of action for breach of contract, because Ryerson has not set forth in its brief any reasoned 

argument on this point. “[A] reviewing court is not simply a depository into which a party may 

dump the burden of argument and research.” People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v. E.R.H. 

Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 56. A court of review is entitled to have the issues clearly 
No. 1-18-2491 

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defined and to be cited pertinent authority. Id. A point not argued or supported by citation to 

relevant authority fails to satisfy the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. 

May 25, 2018) and results in forfeiture. E.R.H. Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 56.5

¶ 63 For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of count III of the first amended 

complaint alleging breach of contract with respect to the Hoffman suit. 

¶ 64 2. Count V Under Section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code 

¶ 65 Ryerson next argues that the trial court erred in dismissing Count V of its first amended 

complaint, which sought relief under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code based on the 

actions of Travelers concerning the Hoffman suit. See 215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2014). That statute 

provides in pertinent part as follows: 

“(1) In any action by or against a company wherein there is in issue the liability of a 

company on a policy or policies of insurance or the amount of the loss payable thereunder, 

or for an unreasonable delay in settling a claim, and it appears to the court that such action 

or delay is vexatious and unreasonable, the court may allow as part of the taxable costs in 

the action reasonable attorney fees, other costs, plus an amount not to exceed any one of 

the following amounts: 

(a) 60% of the amount which the court or jury finds such party is entitled to 

recover against the company, exclusive of all costs; 

(b) $60,000; 

(c) the excess of the amount which the court or jury finds such party is entitled 

5 Our comments concerning forfeiture apply with equal force to the points not argued by Ryerson 

concerning counts V and VIII. Ryerson’s brief points out that both of those counts include and incorporate 

all of the factual allegations, supporting documents, and exhibits of the counts that precede them. Both of 

these counts thus consist of well over 125 paragraphs of allegations. However, we confine our analysis to 

the specific arguments made by Ryerson in its brief on appeal. 
No. 1-18-2491 

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to recover, exclusive of costs, over the amount, if any, which the company offered 

to pay in settlement of the claim prior to the action.” Id. § 155(1). 

“The statute provides an extracontractual remedy to policyholders whose insurer’s refusal to 

recognize liability and pay a claim under a policy is vexatious and unreasonable.” Cramer v. 

Insurance Exchange Agency, 174 Ill. 2d 513, 520 (1996). It is intended to penalize vexatious delay 

or the rejection of legitimate claims by insurance companies. Estate of Price v. Universal Casualty

Co., 334 Ill. App. 3d 1010, 1012 (2002). Its purpose is to discourage the insurer from using its 

superior financial position to profit at the insured’s expense. Id. at 1016. A trial court must consider 

the totality of the circumstances when determining whether an insurer’s conduct violates section 

155. Mohr v. Dix Mutual County Fire Insurance Co., 143 Ill. App. 3d 989, 998 (1986). 

¶ 66 On appeal, Ryerson contends that it properly pled a claim under section 155 based on 

Travelers’s having deliberately misled and deceived it, including about its conflicts of interests 

whereby Travelers placed its own financial interests ahead of ensuring that its policyholder was 

promptly and fully protected. It argues that Travelers improperly strung it along with 

representations that Travelers was aligned with and working for Ryerson toward reaching a 

resolution, when in reality Travelers was engaged in vexatious and unreasonable delay, which 

forced Ryerson to hire coverage counsel and expend substantial resources to secure Travelers’s 

compliance. Ryerson argues that Travelers’s conduct left it exposed to the threat of a $27 million 

judgment and to the attachment and liquidation of its bank accounts and assets. Ryerson contends 

that “there is no reason that Travelers could not, and did not, timely and properly tender its $2 

million policy limits in February 2012, before Ryerson had to incur such fees and costs.” It further 

argues that 

“no reason exists for Travelers having improperly delayed *** until November 7, 2012, 
No. 1-18-2491 

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before it finally tendered its $2 million policy limits and provided a sworn affidavit that its 

policy limits in fact provided full coverage and also covered the portion of the postjudgment interest through the time that Travelers’ $2 million limits were actually turned 

over to Illinois National.” 

¶ 67 As we discussed concerning count III for breach of contract, no conflict of interest arose 

between Ryerson and Travelers based on Travelers’s decision to retain control of the postjudgment 

and appellate defense of Ryerson, rather than tendering its policy limits to Illinois National. Thus, 

relief under section 155 cannot be based in any way upon Travelers having failed to inform 

Ryerson about a conflict of interest or the notion that Travelers was not aligned with and working 

for Ryerson. Moreover, Ryerson never actually faced uninsured postjudgment exposure, despite 

the fact that for a period of time its insurers were disputing their postjudgment obligations under 

the contracts. 

¶ 68 Further, this does not appear to be a context in which section 155 applies. One context in 

which it can apply is in “any action by or against a company wherein there is in issue the liability 

of a company on a policy or policies of insurance or the amount of the loss payable thereunder.” 

215 ILCS 5/155(1) (West 2014). As we discussed above, Ryerson cites no contractual or legal 

authority that Travelers was liable under the circumstances of this case to tender its $2 million 

primary policy limits to Illinois National at any time prior to the appeal. Absent some contractual 

or legal authority giving rise to a liability to tender its policy limits to Illinois National prior to the 

appeal, it cannot be punished for vexatious and unreasonable delay in doing so. Another context 

in which section 155 can apply is in “any action by or against a company *** for an unreasonable 

delay in settling a claim.” Id. However, we do not believe that the tendering of policy limits by a 

primary insurer to an excess insurer during the course of litigation, so the excess insurer will 
No. 1-18-2491 

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assume control of the defense from the primary insurer, constitutes “settling a claim” within the 

meaning of the statute. 

¶ 69 For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Count V of the first amended 

complaint seeking a remedy under section 155. 

¶ 70 3. Count VIII Under the Consumer Fraud Act 

¶ 71 Ryerson argues that the trial court erred in dismissing count VIII of its first amended 

complaint, which alleges that Travelers’ conduct violated the Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 

505/1 et seq. (West 2014)). The Consumer Fraud Act is a regulatory and remedial statute intended 

to protect consumers and others against fraud, unfair methods of competition, and other unfair or 

deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any form of trade or commerce. Price v. Philip Morris, 

Inc., 219 Ill. 2d 182, 233-34 (2005). The elements of a claim under the Consumer Fraud Act are

(1) a deceptive act or practice by the defendant, (2) the defendant’s intent that the plaintiff rely on 

the deception, and (3) the occurrence of the deception during a course of conduct involving trade 

or commerce. Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011 IL 110166, ¶ 62. A plaintiff’s reliance 

is not an element of a consumer fraud claim, but a valid claim must show that the consumer fraud 

proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co., 174 Ill. 2d 482, 501 (1996). 

A statutory consumer fraud claim must be pled with the same particularity and specificity as that 

required under common law fraud. Id. The Consumer Fraud Act is to be liberally construed to 

effectuate its purpose. DOD Technologies v. Mesirow Insurance Services, Inc., 381 Ill. App. 3d 

1042, 1051 (2008). 

¶ 72 Ryerson contends that it properly plead a cause of action under the Consumer Fraud Act. 

It asserts that it “pled that Travelers intentionally and repeatedly deceived Ryerson that Travelers

had properly committed and tendered its $2 million policy limits, that their interests were 
No. 1-18-2491 

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completely aligned, and that Illinois National supposedly was the actual cause of the obstruction 

and delay.” It asserts that 

“Travelers intended for Ryerson to rely on these communications, including when 

Travelers also sent to Ryerson letters exchanged between Travelers and Illinois National 

with Travelers specifically rejecting the applicability of cited Illinois appellate authority 

that Travelers had a conflict of interest as to its $2 million policy limit (that it knew hadn’t 

been tendered) against the over $27 million judgment that entitled Ryerson to insurer-paid 

independent counsel.” 

Ryerson further argues that Travelers never disclosed to it that, 

“despite repeated requests from Illinois National, Travelers never actually had in fact 

offered and tendered its $2 million limits to Illinois National from February 2012 to 

November 2012 because Travelers was more concerned about its own financial interests 

in a ‘very large book of business’ involving other agency accounts than it was about 

Ryerson being promptly and fully defended and protected from the $27 million judgment 

and the potential freezing and seizure of Ryerson’s bank accounts and assets.” 

Ryerson argues that 

“Travelers also intended and knew that Ryerson actually was relying on Travelers’ 

deception in having Ryerson divert its resources and efforts, including those of its coverage 

counsel, in a needless focus and chase after Illinois National—with Ryerson stating to 

Illinois National that Travelers had ‘committed its $2 million limits’ and that Illinois 

National was the impediment and acting wrongfully when this was untrue.” 

¶ 73 A deceptive act or practice under the Consumer Fraud Act is one

“including but not limited to the use or employment of any deception, fraud, false pretense, 
No. 1-18-2491 

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false promise, misrepresentation or the concealment, suppression or omission of any 

material fact, with intent that others rely upon the concealment, suppression or omission of 

such material fact *** in the conduct of any trade or commerce.” 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 

2014). 

Whether an act or practice is deceptive involves a consideration of all information available to the 

plaintiff at the time. Phillips v. DePaul University, 2014 IL App (1st) 122817, ¶ 44. 

¶ 74 As we discussed above, no conflict of interest existed between Travelers and Ryerson. Thus, 

any alleged misrepresentation or omission by Travelers to Ryerson involving the existence of a 

conflict of interest cannot be a deceptive act or practice under the Consumer Fraud Act. We further 

find that Ryerson’s allegation that Travelers represented that it had committed and tendered its $2 

million policy limits and that Illinois National was the actual cause of the obstruction and delay 

was not a deceptive act or practice in light of all of the information available to Ryerson. The 

exhibits attached to the original and first amended complaints, which control over the allegations 

(Bajwa v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 208 Ill. 2d 414, 431-32 (2004)), make clear that

Ryerson knew that Travelers was not tendering control of the postjudgment or appellate defense 

of the Hoffman suit to Illinois National. If Travelers had tendered its $2 million policy limits to 

Illinois National, the ultimate consequence or effect of this would have been that Illinois National 

would have assumed control of the defense. It is clear from the exhibits to the complaint that

Ryerson knew that Travelers was not allowing Illinois National to assume control of the defense, 

regardless of what Travelers led Ryerson to believe about the primary policy limits being tendered. 

¶ 75 Further, it is clear from the exhibits to the complaints that, whatever Travelers led Ryerson 

to believe about whether Illinois National (and not Travelers) was the cause of obstruction or delay, 

Illinois National was in fact taking positions to frustrate Ryerson’s goal of being fully protected 
No. 1-18-2491 

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on both an appeal bond and the excess judgment. One such exhibit is Illinois National’s letter to 

Ryerson of June 18, 2012, in which it purported to reserve its rights under the joint venture 

limitation endorsement to reduce the available policy limits to less than $25 million. Another 

exhibit is Illinois National’s attorneys’ letter to Ryerson of August 17, 2012, stating that Illinois 

National had “no obligation to pay the premium for an appeal bond, to procure an appeal bond, or 

to pay interest accruing on the judgment,” as the Illinois National policy “assumes no obligation 

regarding appeal bonds unless [Illinois National] has ‘assume[d] the defense’ of the claim or suit, 

which it has not done.” Based on the content of Illinois National’s own letters to Travelers during 

the relevant time period, we find that Travelers did not commit a deceptive act or practice by 

stating to Ryerson that Illinois National was the actual cause of obstruction and delay. 

¶ 76 Finally, Ryerson argues that the trial court erred in denying its oral request for leave to 

replead the count of its first amended complaint under the Consumer Fraud Act. The trial court 

stated that it did not believe that Ryerson could plead any set of facts that could support a claim 

under the Consumer Fraud Act. While leave to amend pleadings is liberally granted, the right to 

do so is not absolute. Richco Plastic Co. v. IMS Co., 288 Ill. App. 3d 782, 785 (1997). Among the 

factors to be considered is whether the proposed amendment would cure the defect in the pleading. 

Id. The trial court has sound discretion in determining whether leave to amend should be granted, 

and its ruling will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Id. On appeal, Ryerson fails to 

identify what proposed amendment it would make that would enable this court to determine 

whether Ryerson could cure the defects in its complaint. Further, it appears that the case continued 

in the trial court for over two years after count VIII was dismissed, and during this time, Ryerson 

never filed a formal motion for leave to amend the complaint with a proposed amended complaint 

attached. Under these circumstances, the failure to include a proposed amended complaint in the 
No. 1-18-2491 

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record on appeal results in a forfeiture of the issue. Morris v. Ameritech Illinois, 337 Ill. App. 3d 

40, 51 (2003); see also Lake County Grading Co. of Libertyville, Inc. v. Advance Mechanical 

Contractors, Inc., 275 Ill. App. 3d 452, 461 (1995) (plaintiff’s failure to include proposed 

amendment in the record provides sufficient basis for affirmance of the trial court). 

¶ 77 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 78 For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

¶ 79 Affirmed. 
No. 1-18-2491 

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No. 1-18-2491 

Cite as: Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc. v. Travelers Indemnity Co. of 

America, 2020 IL App (1st) 182491 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CH10787; the Hon. Rodolfo Garcia and the Hon. Raymond W. 

Mitchell, Judges, presiding. 

Attorneys 

for 

Appellant: 

Alan J. Martin, of Law Offices of Alan J. Martin, LLC, of 

Chicago, for appellant. 

Attorneys 

for 

Appellee: 

Michael M. Marick, W. Joel Vander Vliet, and Andrew J. 

Candela, of Skarzynski Marick & Black LLP, of Chicago, for 

appellee.