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ARS Home Pacific West Area Tucson, Arizona Carl Hayden Bee Research Center People





- Full Staff Listing
- Anderson Lab
- Carroll Lab
- Corby-Harris Lab
- DeGrandi-Hoffman Lab
- Meikle Lab
- Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- Mona Chambers
- Henry Graham
- Emily Watkins de Jong
- Research Areas Overview
- Varroa Overview

Gloria  DeGrandi-Hoffman    Research Leader Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman /ARSUserFiles/2537/1.png **Professional Preparation** Institution                                     Major                     Degree                  Year Pennsylvania State University             Biology                   B.S.                      1975 Pennsylvania State University             Entomology            M.S.                      1980 Michigan State University                   Entomology            Ph.D.                     1983 **Employment/Professional Experience** 2002- present        Research Leader & Location Coordinator, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ. 1999- present        Adjunct Scientist, Dept. of Entomology and Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 1985- 2002            Research Entomologist & Lead Scientist, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ. 1990-present         Member of the Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. **Honors and Awards** - Entomology Society of America, North Central Branch, J.H. Comstock Outstanding Graduate Student Award, 1983 - Eastern Apiculture Society, Outstanding Graduate Student Award, 1983 - Eugenia MacDaniel Outstanding Teaching Award, Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State University, 1983 - Election to International Bee Research Society Council, Cardiff, England, 1995 - USDA Secretary’s Award for Public Service for creating a WWW page to transfer technology about honey bees and pollination, 1996 - Western Apiculture Society Award for Outstanding Service to Beekeeping, 1997 - Eastern Apicultural Society J.I. Hambleton Award for Outstanding Research, 1998 - PWA - EEO Award for innovation leading to the development of a program to use beekeeping to teach career goals in science to young Native Americans, 1998 - Election to Publication Council, Entomological Society of America, 2001-2003 - Outstanding College of Agriculture Alumnus, Pennsylvania State University, 2007 - Federal Laboratory Consortium Award for Outstanding Technology Transfer- West and Mid-Continent Region, 2011 - USDA-ARS Outstanding Technology Transfer Award, 2011 - Alumni Fellow - Pennsylvania State University, 2011 - USDA-ARS-Pacific West Area Scientist of the Year, 2018 - Outstanding Alumni- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 2019 **Current Research Areas** Mathematical modelling Honey bee nutrition Varroa population dynamics and control Effects of fungicides on queen development, worker physiology, and colony survival Overwintering colonies in cold storage  Publications(Clicking on the reprint iconReprint Icon  will take you to the publication reprint.)Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging rewards in sunflowers: effect of floral traits on visitation and variation in pollen quality-(Peer Reviewed Journal)Warmer autumns and winters could reduce honey bee overwintering 
survival with potential risks for pollination services-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Rajagopalan, K., Hoffman, G.D., Pruett, M., Jones, V., Corby-Harris, V.L., Pireaud, J., Curry, R., Hopkins, B., Northwood, T. 2024. Warmer autumns and winters could reduce honey bee overwintering survival with potential risks for pollination services. Scientific Reports. 14. Article 5410. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55327-8.The survival and growth of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies overwintered in cold storage: the effects of time and colony location-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Corby-Harris, V.L., Graham, R., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Chambers, M.L., Snyder, L.A. 2023. The survival and growth of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies overwintered in cold storage: the effects of time and colony location. Journal of Economic Entomology. 116(4):1078-1090. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad103.Impacts of seasonality and parasitism on honey bee population dynamics-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Chen, J., Rodriguez Rincon, J., Hoffman, G.D., Fewell, Harrison, J., Kang, Y. 2023. Impacts of seasonality and parasitism on honey bee population dynamics. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 87. Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-023-01952-2.The challenge of balancing fungicide use and pollinator health-(Literature Review) Fisher II, A., Hoffman, G.D., Liao, L., Tadei, R., Harrison, J. 2023. The challenge of balancing fungicide use and pollinator health. Advances in Insect Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2023.01.002.Mediating a host cell signaling pathway linked to the overwinter mortality offers a promising therapeutic approach for improving bee health-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Zhang, Y., Liu, A., Huang, S., Evans, J.D., Cook, S.C., Palmer-Young, E., Corona, M.V., Alburaki, M., Liu, G., Han, R., Li, W., Hao, Y., Li, J., Gilligan, T., Smith-Pardo, A.H., Banmeke, O., Posada-Florez, F.J., Gao, Y.H., Hoffman, G.D., Xie, H., Chen, Y. 2022. Mediating a host cell signaling pathway linked to the overwinter mortality offers a promising therapeutic approach for improving bee health. Journal of Advanced Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.011.Seasonal variability in physiology and behavior affect the impact of fungicide exposure on honey bee (Apis mellifera) health-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Fisher, A., Glass, J.R., Ozturk, C., DesJardins, N., Raka, Y., Hoffman, G.D., Smith, B.H., Fewell, J.H., Harrison, J.F. 2022. Seasonal variability in physiology and behavior affect the impact of fungicide exposure on honey bee (Apis mellifera) health. Environmental Pollution. 311. Article 120010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120010.Simulating the effects of pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies with BeePop+-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Garber, K., Hoffman, G.D., Curry, R., Minucci, J., Dawson, D.E., Douglass, C., Milone, J., Purucker, S.T. 2022. Simulating the effects of pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies with BeePop+. Ecologies. 3(3):275-291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies3030022.Review on mathematical modeling of honeybee population dynamics-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Chen, Y., Hoffman, G.D., Ratti, V., Kang, Y. 2021. Review on mathematical modeling of honeybee population dynamics. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering (MBE) Journal. 18(6):9606-9650. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021471.The active ingredients of a mitotoxic fungicide negatively affect pollen consumption and worker survival in laboratory-reared honey bees (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Fisher, A., Cogley, T., Ozturk, C., Hoffman, G.D., Smith, B., Kaftanoglu, O., Fewell, J., Harrison, J. 2021. The active ingredients of a mitotoxic fungicide negatively affect pollen consumption and worker survival in laboratory-reared honey bees (Apis mellifera). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 226. Article 112841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112841.A common fungicide, Pristine®, impairs olfactory associative learning
performance in honey bees (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Desjardins, N., Fisher, A., Ozturk, C., Fewell, J., Hoffman, G.D., Harrison, J., Smith, B. 2021. A common fungicide, Pristine®, impairs olfactory associative learning performance in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Environmental Pollution. 288. Article 117720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117720.A common fungicide, Pristine®, impairs olfactory associative learning performance in honey bees (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Desjardins, N., Fisher, A., Ozturk, C., Fewell, J., Hoffman, G.D., Harrison, J., Smith, B. 2021. A common fungicide, Pristine®, impairs olfactory associative learning performance in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Environmental Pollution. 288. Article 117720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117720.Inferring pesticide toxicity to honey bees from a field-based feeding study using a colony model and Bayesian inference-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Minucci, J.M., Curry, R., Hoffman, G.D., Douglass, C., Garber, K., Purucker, T.S. 2021. Inferring pesticide toxicity to honey bees from a field-based feeding study using a colony model and Bayesian inference. Ecological Applications. 31(8). Article e02442. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2442.Field cross-fostering and in vitro rearing demonstrate negative effects of both larval and adult exposure to a widely used fungicide in honey bees (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Fisher Ii, A., Hoffman, G.D., Smith, B., Ozturk, C., Kaftanoglu, O., Fewell, J., Harrison, J. 2021. Field cross-fostering and in vitro rearing demonstrate negative effects of both larval and adult exposure to a widely used fungicide in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 217. Article 112251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112251.RNA interference-mediated knockdown of genes encoding spore wall proteins confers protection against Nosema ceranae infection in the European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera-(Peer Reviewed Journal) He, N., Zhang, Y., Duan, X., Li, J., Huang, W., Evans, J.D., Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Huang, S. 2022. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of genes encoding spore wall proteins confers protection against Nosema ceranae infection in the European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. Microorganisms. 9(3):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030505.The importance of time and place: Nutrient composition and utilization of seasonal pollens by European honey bees (Apis mellifera  L.-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Corby-Harris, V.L., Carroll, M.J., Toth, A., Gage, S., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Graham, R.H., Chambers, M.L., Meador, C., Obernesser, B. 2021. The importance of time and place: Nutrient composition and utilization of seasonal pollens by European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Insects. 12(3). Article 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12030235.Consumption of field-realistic doses of a widely used mito-toxic
fungicide reduces thorax mass but does not negatively impact flight
capacities of the honey bee (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Glass, J.R., Fisher, A., Fewell, J.H., Hoffman, G.D., Ozturk, C., Harrison, J.F. 2021. Consumption of field-realistic doses of a widely used mito-toxic fungicide reduces thorax mass but does not negatively impact flight capacities of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Environmental Pollution. 274. Article 116533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116533.Transferrin-mediated iron sequestration suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling Nosema disease in the honey bee, Apis mellifera-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Rodriguez-Garcia, C., Heerman, M.C., Cook, S.C., Evans, J.D., Hoffman, G.D., Banmeke, O.A., Zhang, Z., Huang, S., Hamilton, M.C., Chen, Y. 2021. Transferrin-mediated iron sequestration suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling Nosema disease in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PLoS Pathogens. 17(2):e1009270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009270.Population dynamics of Varroa mite and honeybee: Effects of parasitism
with age structure and seasonality-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Messan, K., Rodriguez Messan, M., Chen, J., Hoffman, G.D., Kang, Y. 2020. Population dynamics of Varroa mite and honeybee: Effects of parasitism with age structure and seasonality. Ecological Modelling. 440. Article 109359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109359.Can supplementary pollen feeding reduce varroa mite and virus levels and improve honey bee colony survival?-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, Gloria D., Corby-Harris, Vanessa L., Chen, Yanping, Graham, Henry, Chambers, Mona L., Watkins De Jong, Emily E., Ziolkowski, Nicholas F., Kang, Yun, Gage, Stepanhie L., Deeter, Megan E., Simone-Finstrom, Michael, De Guzman, Lilia, I. 2020. Can supplementary pollen feeding reduce varroa mite and virus levels and improve honey bee colony survival?. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 82:455-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00562-7.Pollen alters amino acid levels in the honey bee brain and this relationship changes with age and parasitic stress-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Gage, S.L., Calle, S.N., Jacobson, N.N., Carroll, M.J., Hoffman, G.D. 2020. Pollen alters amino acid levels in the honey bee brain and this relationship changes with age and parasitic stress. Frontiers in Nutrition. 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00231.Effects of diets containing different concentrations of pollen and pollen substitutes on physiology, Nosema burden, and virus titers in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Watkins de Jong, E.E., Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Graham, R.H., Ziolkowski, N.F. 2019. Effects of diets containing different concentrations of pollen and pollen substitutes on physiology, Nosema burden, and virus titers in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Apidologie. 50:845-858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-019-00695-8.The economics of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) management and overwintering strategies for colonies used to pollinate almonds-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Graham, R.H., Ahumada, F., Smart, M., Ziolkowski, N.F. 2019. The economics of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) management and overwintering strategies for colonies used to pollinate almonds. Journal of Economic Entomology. 112(6):2524-2533. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz213.Pollen reverses decreased lifespan, altered nutritional metabolism, and suppressed immunity in honey bees (Apis mellifera) treated with antibiotics-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Li, J., Heerman, M.C., Evans, J.D., Li, W., Rodriguez-Garcia, C., Hoffman, G.D., Zhao, Y., Huang, S., Li, Z., Hamilton, M.C., Chen, Y. 2019. Pollen reverses decreased lifespan, altered nutritional metabolism, and suppressed immunity in honey bees (Apis mellifera) treated with antibiotics. Journal of Experimental Biology. 222:jeb202077. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202077.The dynamics of deformed wing virus titer and host defensive gene expression after varroa mite parasitism in honey bees, Apis mellifera-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Zhao, Y., Heerman, M.C., Peng, W., Evans, J.D., Rose, R., Hoffman, G.D., Simone-Finstrom, M., Li, J., Li, Z., Cook, S.C., Su, S., Rodriguez-Garcia, C., Banmeke, O.A., Hamilton, M.C., Chen, Y. 2019. The dynamics of deformed wing virus titer and host defensive gene expression after varroa mite parasitism in honey bees, Apis mellifera. Insects. 10(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10010016.Transcriptional response of honey bee to differential nutritional status and Nosema infection-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Azzouz-Olden, F., Hoffman, G.D., Hunt, A. 2018. Transcriptional response of honey bee to differential nutritional status and Nosema infection. BMC Genomics. 19:628. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-5007-0.Smoke conditions affect the release of the venom droplet accompanying sting extension in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Gage, S.L., Ahumada, F., Rivera, A.M., Graham, R.H., Hoffman, G.D. 2018. Smoke conditions affect the release of the venom droplet accompanying sting extension in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Insect Science. 18(4):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey073.Connecting the nutrient composition of seasonal pollens with changing nutritional needs of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Gage, S.L., Corby-Harris, V.L., Carroll, M.J., Chambers, M.L., Graham, R.H., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Calle, S.N., Meador, C.A., Snyder, L.A., Ziolkowski, N.F. 2018. Connecting the nutrient composition of seasonal pollens with changing nutritional needs of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Journal of Insect Physiology. 109:114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.07.002.Sensitivity analyses for simulating pesticide impacts on honey bee colonies-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Kuan, A., Hoffman, G.D., Curry, R., Garber, K., Kanarek, A., Snyder, M., Wolfe, K., Purucker, S. 2018. Sensitivity analyses for simulating pesticide impacts on honey bee colonies. Ecological Modelling. 376:15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.02.010.Nosema parasitism in honey bees (Apis mellifera) impacts olfactory learning and memory and neurochemistry-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Gage, S.L., Kramer, C., Calle, S.N., Carroll, M.J., Heien, M., Hoffman, G.D. 2018. Nosema parasitism in honey bees (Apis mellifera) impacts olfactory learning and memory and neurochemistry. Journal of Experimental Biology. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161489.New evidence showing that the destruction of gut bacteria by antibiotic treatment could increase the honeybee's vulnerability to Nosema infection-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Li, J., Evans, J.D., Li, W., Zhao, Y., Hoffman, G.D., Huang, S., Li, Z., Hamilton, M.C., Chen, Y. 2017. New evidence showing that the destruction of gut bacteria by antibiotic treatment could increase the honeybee's vulnerability to Nosema infection. PLoS One. 12(11):e0187505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187505.Sublethal effects of pesticides on queen rearing success-(Book / Chapter)Are dispersal mechanisms changing the host-parasite relationship and increasing the virulence of Varroa destructor [Acari:Varroidae] in managed honey bee [Hymenoptera: Apidae] colonies?-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Ahumada, F., Graham, R.H. 2017. Are dispersal mechanisms changing the host-parasite relationship and increasing the virulence of Varroa destructor [Acari:Varroidae] in managed honey bee [Hymenoptera: Apidae] colonies?. Environmental Entomology. 46(4):737-746. doi:10.1093/ee/nvx077.Population growth of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in colonies of Russian and unselected honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) stock as related to numbers of foragers with mites-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Ahumada, F., Danka, R.G., Chambers, M.L., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Hidalgo, G. 2017. Population growth of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in colonies of Russian and unselected honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) stock as related to numbers of foragers with mites. Journal of Economic Entomology. 110:809-815. doi:10.1093/jee/tox069.Migration effects on population dynamics of the honeybee-mite interactions-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Messen, K., Hoffman, G.D., Castillo-Chavez, C., Kang, Y. 2017. Migration effects on population dynamics of the honeybee-mite interactions. Mathematical Modeling of Natural Phenomena. 12(2):84-115. https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/201712206.Honey bee gut microbial communities are robust to the fungicide Pristine® consumed in pollen-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Corby-Harris, V.L., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Chambers, M.L., Hidalgo, G. 2016. Honey bee gut microbial communities are robust to the fungicide Pristine® consumed in pollen. Apidologie. doi:10.1007/s13592-016-0478-y.The effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa destructor on the survival and health of European honey bees, Apis mellifera-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Abbo, P.M., Kawasaki, J.K., Hamilton, M.C., Cook, S.C., Hoffman, G.D., Li, W., Lie, J., Chen, Y. 2016. The effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa destructor on the survival and health of European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Insect Science. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12335.Disease dynamics of honeybees with Varroa destructor as parasite and
virus vector-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Kang, Y., Blanco, K., Davis, T., Wang, Y., Hoffman, G.D. 2016. Disease dynamics of honeybees with Varroa destructor as parasite and virus vector. Mathematical Biosciences. 275:71-92.Population growth of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee colonies is affected by the number of foragers with mites-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Ahumada, F., Zazueta, V.E., Chambers, M.L., Hidalgo, G., Watkins De Jong, E.E. 2016. Population growth of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee colonies is affected by the number of foragers with mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology. doi: 10.1007/s10493-016-0022-9.The fungicide Pristine® inhibits mitochondrial function in vitro
but not flight metabolic rates in honey bees-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Nath, R., Campbell, J., Gadau, J., Fox, T., Hoffman, G.D., Harrison, J. 2015. The fungicide Pristine® inhibits mitochondrial function in vitro but not flight metabolic rates in honey bees. Journal of Insect Physiology. 86:11-16.Effects of oral exposure to fungicides on honey bee nutrition and immunity-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Watkins De Jong, E.E., Chambers, M.L., Hidalgo, G. 2015. Effects of oral exposure to fungicides on honey bee nutrition and immunity. Journal of Economic Entomology. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov251.Honey bee colonies provided with natural forage have lower pathogen loads and higher overwinter survival than those fed protein supplements-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Rivera, R., Carroll, M.J., Chambers, M.L., Hidalgo, G., Watkins De Jong, E.E. 2015. Honey bee colonies provided with natural forage have lower pathogen loads and higher overwinter survival than those fed protein supplements. Apidologie. doi: 10.1007/s13592-015-0386-6.Nutrition, immunity and viral infections in honey bees-(Review Article) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y. 2015. Nutrition, immunity and viral infections in honey bees. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 10:170-176.Mixed infections illustrate virulence differences between host-specific bee pathogens-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Klinger, E.G., Vojvodic, S., Hoffman, G.D., Welker, D., James, R.R. 2015. Mixed infections illustrate virulence differences between host-specific bee pathogens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 129:28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.0.Methods for comparing beebread made by Africanized and European honey bees and the effects on hemolymph protein titers-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Eckholm, B., Huang, M. 2015. Methods for comparing beebread made by Africanized and European honey bees and the effects on hemolymph protein titers. Journal of Visualized Experiments. doi: 10.3791/52448.Honey bee (Apis mellifera) intracolonial genetic diversity influences worker nutritional status-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Eckholm, B.J., Huang, M.H., Anderson, K.E., Mott, B.M., Hoffman, G.D. 2014. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) intracolonial genetic diversity influences worker nutritional status. Apidologie. doi: 10.1007/s13592-014-0311-4.Israeli acute paralysis virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis and implications for honey bee health and Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Chen, Y., Pettis, J.S., Corona, M.V., Chen, W., Spivak, M., Visscher, K.P., Hoffman, G.D., Boncristiani, H., Zhao, Y., Vanengelsdorp, D., Delaplane, K., Solter, L., Drummond, F., Kramer, M.H., Lipkin, I.W., Palacios, G., Hamilton, M.C., Smith Jr, I.B., Huang, S., Zheng, H., Li, J., Zhang, X., Zhou, A., Wu, L., Zhou, J., Lee, M.L., Teixeira, E.W., Li, Z., Evans, J.D., Li, C. 2014. Israeli acute paralysis virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis and implications for honey bee health and Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). PLoS Pathogens. 10 (7):e1004261. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004261.Population dynamics of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in commercial honey bee colonies and implications for control-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Ahumada, F., Curry, R., Probasco, G., Schantz, L. 2014. Population dynamics of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in commercial honey bee colonies and implications for control. Experimental and Applied Acarology. DOI 10.1007/s10493-014-9821-z.Bigger is better:  honey bee colonies as distributed information-gathering systems-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Donaldson-Matasci, M., Hoffman, G.D., Dornhaus, A. 2013. Bigger is better:  honey bee colonies as distributed information-gathering systems. Journal of Animal Behavior. 85(3), 585-592.The effects of pesticides on queen rearing and virus titers in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Simonds, R. 2013. The effects of pesticides on queen rearing and virus titers in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Insects. 4(1), 71-89.doi:10.3390/insects4010071. http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/4/1/71Are agrochemicals present in high fructose corn syrup fed to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)?-(Research Notes)A comparison of bee bread made by Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera) and its effects on hemolymph protein titers-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Eckholm, B., Huang, M.H. 2012. A comparison of bee bread made by Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera) and its effects on hemolymph protein titers. Apidologie. 44:52-63 DOI:10.1007/s13592-012-0154-9.The effects of beta acids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.)on mortality of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Ahumada, F., Probasco, G., Shantz, L. 2012. The effects of beta acids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.)on mortality of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology. 58:407-421. DOI:10.1007/s10493-012-9593-2.New meta-analysis tools reveal common transciptional regulatory basis for multiple determinants of behavior-(Peer Reviewed Journal)Viral dynamics of persistent and acute virus infections in honey bees-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Di Prisco, G., Zhang, X., Pennacchio, F., Caprio, E., Li, J., Evans, J.D., Hoffman, G.D., Hamilton, M.C., Chen, Y. 2011. Viral dynamics of persistent and acute virus infections in honey bees. Viruses. 3:2425-2441.Heptanone Gels Using an Aryl Glycolipid-(Abstract Only)An emerging paradigm of colony health: Microbial balance of the honey bee and hive (Apis mellifera)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Anderson, K.E., Eckholm, B., Mott, B.M., Sheehan, T.H., Hoffman, G.D. 2011. An emerging paradigm of colony health: Microbial balance of the honey bee and hive (Apis mellifera). Insectes Sociaux. 58:431-444. DOI 10.1007/s00040-011-0194-6.Honey Bee Health:  The Potential Role of Microbes-(Book / Chapter) Hoffman, G.D., Eckholm, B., Anderson, K.E. 2012. Honey bee health:  The potential role of microbes. In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors.  Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. 1-12.The Critical Transition Temperature (CTT) of Chalkbrood Fungi Ascosphaera apis and Ascosphaera aggregata, and its Significance for Disease Incidence-(Book / Chapter) Yoder, J.A., Heydinger, D.J., Hedges, B.Z., Sammataro, D., Hoffman, G.D. 2012. The critical transition temperature (CTT) of chalkbrood fungi Ascosphaera apis and Ascosphaera aggregata, and its significance for disease incidence. In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors. Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. 131-134.Impact of Orchard Fungicide Spraying on Lowering the Amount of Symbiotic Fungi in Bee Bread and Its Implications for Reduced Colony Resistance-(Book / Chapter) Yoder, J.A., Condon, M.R., Heydinger, D.J., Hedges, B.Z., Sammataro, D., Finley-Short, J.V., Hoffman, G.D., Olson, E. 2012. Fungicides reduce symbiotic fungi in bee bread and the beneficial fungi in colonies. In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors. Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. 193-214.Introduction-(Book / Chapter) Hoffman, G.D. 2012. Introduction. In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors.  Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. xv-xviii.Differences Among Commonly Sprayed Orchard Fungicides in Targeting the Beneficial Fungi Associated with Honey Bee Colony and Bee Bread Provisions (In Vitro)-(Book / Chapter) Yoder, J.A., Hedges, B.Z., Heydinger, D.J., Sammataro, D., Hoffman, G.D. 2012. Differences among commonly sprayed orchard fungicides in targeting the beneficial fungi associated with honey bee colony and bee bread provisions (in vitro). In: Sammataro, D. and Yoder, J., editors.  Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. p. 181-192.Molecular gels-based controlled release devices for pheromones-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Jadhav, S.R., Chiou, B., Wood, D.F., Hoffman, G.D., Glenn, G.M., John, G. 2011. Molecular gels-based controlled release devices for pheromones. Soft Materials. 7:864-867. DOI: 10.1039/c0sm00878h.Why Supplemental Protein Feeding Can Help Reduce Colony Losses-(Trade Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y. 2010. Why Supplemental Protein Feeding Can Help Reduce Colony Losses. American Bee Journal. 150:1157-1160.Intracolonial genetic diversity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies increases pollen foraging efficiency-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Eckholm, B.J., Anderson, K.E., Weiss, M., Hoffman, G.D. 2011. Intracolonial genetic diversity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies increases pollen foraging efficiency. Behavioral Ecology-Sociobiology. 65:1037-1044.Pollination Ecology: Overview of Pollination and the Foraging Behavior of Honey Bees-(Book / Chapter)The Effect of Diet on Protein Concentration, Hypopharyngeal Gland Development and Virus Load in Worker Honey ees (Apis mellifera L.)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Chen, Y., Huang, E., Huang, M.H. 2010. The effect of diet on protein concentration, hypopharyngeal gland development and virus load in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Insect Physiology, 56:1184-1191. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.017Mating frequencies of Africanized honey bees in the southwestern United States-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Tarpy, D., Caren, J.R., Delaney, D.A., Sammataro, D., Finley, J.V., Loper, G., Hoffman, G.D. 2010. Mating frequencies of Africanized honey bees in the southwestern United States. Journal of Apiculture Research. Vol. 49(4):302-310.Honey Bee Aggression Supports a Link Between Gene Regulation and Behavioral Evolution-(Proceedings) Alaux, C., Sinha, S., Hasadsri, L., Hunt, G.J., Guzman-Novoa, E., Hoffman, G.D., Uribe-Rubio, J., Rodriguez-Zas, S., Robinson, G.E. 2009. Honey bee aggression supports a link between gene regulation and behavioral evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(36): 15400-15405. doi:10.1073pnas.0907043106.Africanized honey bees are slowere learners than their European counterparts-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Couvillon, M.J., Hoffman, G.D., Gronenberg, W. 2010. Africanized honey bees are slower learners than their European counterparts. Naturwissenschaften. 97:153-160.The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies Part-3:  Where Do We Go From Here?-(Trade Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Vreeland, R., Sammataro, D., Alarcon Jr, R.N. 2009. The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies Part-3:  Where Do We Go From Here?. American Bee Journal 149:755-757.The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies Part-2:  Factors Affecting the Microbial Community in Honey Bee Colonies-(Trade Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Alarcon Jr, R.N., Sammataro, D. 2009. The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies Part-2:  Factors Affecting the Microbial Community in Honey Bee Colonies. American Bee Journal 149(6):583-584.The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies-(Trade Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Sammataro, D., Alarcon Jr, R.N. 2009. The Importance of Microbes in Nutrition and Health of Honey Bee Colonies. American Bee Journal 149:583-584.Fungicides Can Reduce Pollination Potential-(Other) Alarcon Jr, R.N., Hoffman, G.D., Wardell, G. 2009. Fungicides Can Reduce Pollination Potential. Western Farm Press. Vol 31(7) pp. 17 & 21.Comparisons of the queen volatile compounds of instrumentally inseminated versus naturally mated honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Huang, M.H., Hoffman, G.D., Le Blanc, B.W. 2009. Comparisons of the queen volatile compounds of instrumentally inseminated versus naturally mated honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens. Apidologie 40:464-471.Cyclodextrins as Carriers of Monterpenes into the Hemolymph of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) for Integrated Pest Management-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Le Blanc, B.W., Boue, S.M., Hoffman, G.D., Deeby, T.A., Mccready, H.D., Loeffelmann, K.L. 2008. Cyclodextrins as Carriers of Monterpenes into the Hemolymph of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) for Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(18), 8565-8573.Comparisons of Pollen Substitute Diets for Honey bees: Consumprion Rates by Colonies and Effects on Brood and Adult Populations-(Other) Hoffman, G.D., Wardell, G., Ahumada-Secura, F., Rinderer, T.E., Danka, R.G., Pettis, J.S. 2008. Comparisons of Pollen Substitute Diets for Honey bees: Consumprion Rates by Colonies and Effects on Brood and Adult Populations. Journal of Apicultural Research 47:265-270.Brains and brain components in African and European honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) - a volumetric comparison-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hoffman, G.D., Lucas, T., Gronenberg, W., Caseman, D.L. 2008. Brains and brain components in African and European honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) - a volumetric comparison. Journal of Apicultural Research 47:281-285.Outcrossed Cottonseed and Adventitious Bt Plants in Arizona Refuges-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Hueberger, S., Yafuso, C, DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Tabashnik, B.  2008.  Outcrossed cottonseed and adventitious Bt plants in Arizona refuges.  Environmental Biosafety Research 7:87-96.Queen Replacement in African and European Honey Bee Colonies with and without Afterswarms-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S.S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G.  2008.  Queen replacement in African and European honey bee colonies with and without afterswarms.  Insect Sociaux 55:79-85.Do Honey Bees Increase Sunflower See Yields?-(Trade Journal) Hoffman, G.D. 2008. Do honey bees increase sunflower seed yields?. American Bee Journal. (148):155-156.CONTROLLED RELEASE OF VOLATILE LIQUIDS USING STARCH GEL MATRICES AND FILMS-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Glenn, G.M., Klamczynski, A., Shey, J., Chiou, B., Holtman, K.M., Hoffman, G.D., Wood, D.F. 2007. Controlled release of volatile liquids using starch gel matrices and films. Polymers for advanced technologies. 18 (8): 636:642.  (2007)THE INFLUENCE OF SEASON AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ON ACCEPTANCE RATES OF INTRODUCED EUROPEAN HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) QUEENS INTO EUROPEAN AND AFRICANIZED COLONIES-(Peer Reviewed Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Gilley, D., Hooper, J.  The influence of season and volatile compounds on the acceptance of introduced European honey bee (Apis mellifera) Queens into European and Africanized colonies.  Apidologie 38:230-237.  2007.EFFECTS OF HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) FORAGING ON SEED SET IN SELF-FERTILE SUNFLOWERS (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Chambers, M.  2006. Effects of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Foraging on Seed Set in Self-fertile Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.).  Environ. Entomol. 35(4): 1103-1108.THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE: A CASE STUDY OF A BIOLOGICAL INVASION-(Trade Journal) Schneider, S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Smith, D., Tarpy, D.  The African Honey Bee: A Case Study of a Biological Invasion. Bee Culture. 2006. Vol. 134, No. 4. 21-24.Permeability of starch gel matrices and select films to solvent vapors-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Glenn, G.M., Klamczynski, A., Ludvik, C.N., Shey, J., Imam, S.H., Chiou, B., Mchugh, T.H., Orts, W.J., Wood, D.F., Hoffman, G.D., Offeman, R.D. 2006. Permeability of starch gel matrices and select films to solvent vapors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54(9):3297-3304.VOLATILE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY LIVE EUROPEAN HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) QUEENS-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Gilley, D.C., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Hooper, J.E.  Volatile compounds produced by live European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) queens.  J. Insect. Physiol. 52: 520-527.  2006.THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF VARROA MITES IN HONEY BEE COLONIES: PART 1 - THE VARROA POP PROGRAM-(Trade Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry, R.  The population dynamics of Varroa mites in honey bee colonies: Part I - The VARROAPOP program.  Amer. Bee J.  2005.  Vol. 145(7):592-595.THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF VARROA MITES IN HONEY BEE COLONIES: PART 2 - WHAT THE COMPUTER MODEL REVEALS-(Trade Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry. R. Simulated population dynamics of Varroa mites in honey bee colonies: Part II - What the VARROAPOP model reveals. Amer. Bee J. 2005. Vol. 145(8): 629-632.THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF VARROA MITES IN HONEY BEE COLONIES:  PART 3 - HOW BEEKEEPING PRACTICES COULD AFFECT VARROA POPULATIONS-(Trade Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry, R.  The population dynamics of Varroa mites in honey bee colonies: Part III - How beekeeping practices could affect Varroa populations.  Amer. Bee J.  2005.  Vol. 145(9):709-710.MECHANISMS THAT FAVOR THE CONTINUITY OF THE AFRICAN HONEYBEE GENOME IN THE AMERICAS-(Proceedings) Schneider, S.S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G.  Mechanisms that favor the continuity of the African honeybee genome in the Americas. Proc. 8th IBRA Intl. Conf. Tropical Bees and VI Encontro sobre Abelhas, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. 2004. pp. 232-240.DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERMORPH BETWEEN A WORKER AND QUEEN IN AFRICAN HONEY BEES APIS MELLIFERA SCUTELLATA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)-(Peer Reviewed Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Chambers, M., Hooper, J.E., Schneider, S.S.  Description of an intermorph between a worker and queen in African honey bees Apis mellifera scutellata (Hymenoptera: Apidae).  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2004. 97:1299-1305.DESCRIPTION AND VALIDATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF VARROA MITE (VARROA DESTRUCTOR) AND HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) POPULATION DYNAMICS-(Peer Reviewed Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry, R.  Description and Validation of a Mathematical Model of Varroa Mite (Varroa destructor) and Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Population Dynamics. 2004.  Internat. J. Acarol. 2004. Vol. 30, No. 3.NEST USURPATION BY AFRICAN HONEY BEES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S.S., Deeby, T., Gilley, D.C. and DeGrandi-Hoffman, G.  Seasonal nest usurpation of European colonies by African swarms in Arizona, USA.  Insect. Soc. 51:359-364. 2004.TESTING A COMBINATION OF CONTROL TACTICS TO MANAGE THE VARROA DESTRUCTOR MITE(ACARI: VARROIDAE) LEVELS IN HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) COLONIES-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Sammataro, D., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Ostiguy, O., Wardell, G., Finley, J. Testing a combination of control strategies to manage Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) population levels in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. 2004. Inter. J. Acarology 30:71-76.THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEY BEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPE-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S. S., Leamy, L. J., Lewis, L. A., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G.  The influence of hybridization between African and European honeybees, Apis mellifera, on asymmetries in wing size and shape. 2003. Evolution 57(10). pp. 2350-2364.PATRILINE COMPOSITION OF WORKER POPULATIONS IN HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA   L.) COLONIES HEADED BY QUEENS INSEMINATED WITH AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN DRONES-(Peer Reviewed Journal) DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Tarpy, D. A., Schneider, S. S.  Patriline composition of worker populations in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies headed by queens inseminated with semen from African and European drones. 2003. Apidologie 34, 111-120.THE INFLUENCE OF PATERNITY ON VIRGIN QUEEN SUCCESS IN HYBRID COLONIES OF   EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN HONEY BEES APIS MELLIFERA-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S. S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African honeybees. 2003. Animal Behaviour 65:883-892.THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO A SUCCESSFUL BIOLOGICAL INVASION-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S. S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Smith, D. R. The African honey bee: Factors contributing to a successful biological invasion. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2004. 49:351-376.THE INFLUENCE OF WORKER BEHAVIOR AND PATERNITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND      EMERGENCE OF HONEY BEE QUEENS-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Schneider, S. S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. The influence of worker behavior and paternity on the development and emergence of honey bee queens. 2002. Insectes Sociaux 49, 306-314.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF RECIPIENTS BY WORKERS PERFORMING      VIBRATION SIGNALS IN COLONIES OF THE HONEY BEE APIS MELLIFERA-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Lewis, L. A., Schneider, S. S., DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. Factors influencing the selection of recipients by workers performing vibration signals in colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. 2002. Animal Behaviour 63, 361-367.HONEY BEE QUEEN PRODUCTION: TIGHT GENES OR TOO MUCH FOOD?-(Popular Publication)INSIGHTS ON BEMISIA POPULATION DYNAMICS FROM SIMULATIONS WITH THE          BIOCONTROL-WHITEFLY MODEL-(Abstract Only)BIOCONTROL-WHITEFLY: A WHITEFLY, PARASITE, AND PREDATOR POPULATION DYNAMICSMODEL-(Peer Reviewed Journal)  ProjectsQuantifying and Reducing Colony Losses from Nutritional, Pathogen/Parasite, and Pesticide Stress by Improving Colony Management PracticesIn-House Appropriated (D)Accession Number:438749Nutritional Analysis of Pollen from Bee Pollinated PlantsInteragency Reimbursable Agreement (I)Accession Number:442675Colonies in Cold Storage by Examining Relationships among Brood Rearing, Fat Body Metrics & Hours in Cluster to Predict Formation of Winter BeesInteragency Reimbursable Agreement (I)Accession Number:444478Nutritional Analysis of Pollen from Bee Pollinated PlantsInteragency Reimbursable Agreement (I)Accession Number:444736Apiary Sites for USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center (CHBRC), Research Honey Bee ColoniesNon-Funded Cooperative Agreement (N)Accession Number:438053Contribution of Tallow to Honey Bee Colony NutritionReimbursable Cooperative Agreement (R)Accession Number:442897Creating Linux and WWW Versions of the VARROAPOP ProgramNon-Assistance Cooperative Agreement (S)Accession Number:439083  ARS News ArticlesitemCoordinated Research Aims To Improve Honey Bee HealthitemWhat Makes a Mean Bee Stay Mean?itemNew Tool Improves Beekeepers' Overwintering Odds and Bottom LineitemUSDA's Agricultural Research Service Honors Scientists of the YearitemPollens to Fit A Honey Bee’s Every SeasonitemBees Abuzz Over RapiniitemScience Detectives Investigate a 'Mitey' Big ProblemitemUSDA's Agricultural Research Service Announces Scientist of the Year and Other AwardsitemHelping Honey Bees Make It Through Winter With Early Cold Storage


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