# Patent

## Title
Intelligence gathering and analysis using a question answering system

## Abstract

Mechanisms are provided for identifying and evaluating hypothetical ontological links in an ontology and outputting intelligence information. An ontology is received that comprises a plurality of information concept objects and one or more actual links between the information concept objects. An indication of a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated is received. One or more natural language questions are generated for processing by a Question Answering (QA) system pipeline based on at least an identification of a type of the selected information concept object. The one or more natural language questions are processed to generate answer results and a score for the hypothetical ontological link is calculated based on the answer results. Intelligence information associated with the hypothetical ontological link is output based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link.

## Background
BACKGROUND
The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method and more specifically to mechanisms for intelligence gathering and analysis using a question answering system.
With the increased usage of computing networks, such as the Internet, humans are currently inundated and overwhelmed with the amount of information available to them from various structured and unstructured sources. However, information gaps abound as users try to piece together what they can find that they believe to be relevant during searches for information on various subjects. To assist with such searches, recent research has been directed to generating Question and Answer (QA) systems which may take an input question, analyze it, and return results indicative of the most probable answer to the input question. QA systems provide automated mechanisms for searching through large sets of sources of content, e.g., electronic documents, and analyze them with regard to an input question to determine an answer to the question and a confidence measure as to how accurate an answer is for answering the input question.
Examples, of QA systems are Siri® from Apple®, Cortana® from Microsoft®, and the WatsonTM system available from International Business Machines (IBM®) Corporation of Armonk, N.Y. The WatsonTM system is an application of advanced natural language processing, information retrieval, knowledge representation and reasoning, and machine learning technologies to the field of open domain question answering. The WatsonTM system is built on IBM's DeepQATM technology used for hypothesis generation, massive evidence gathering, analysis, and scoring. DeepQATM takes an input question, analyzes it, decomposes the question into constituent parts, generates one or more hypothesis based on the decomposed question and results of a primary search of answer sources, performs hypothesis and evidence scoring based on a retrieval of evidence from evidence sources, performs synthesis of the one or more hypothesis, and based on trained models, performs a final merging and ranking to output an answer to the input question along with a confidence measure.
SUMMARY
In one illustrative embodiment a method is provided, in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory, for identifying and evaluating hypothetical ontological links in an ontology and outputting intelligence information. The method comprises receiving, by the data processing system, an ontology comprising a plurality of information concept objects and one or more actual links between the information concept objects. The method further comprises receiving, by the data processing system, an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated. The hypothetical ontological link is a potential link that is not already present as an actual link in the ontology. The method also comprises automatically generating, by the data processing system, one or more natural language questions for processing by a Question Answering (QA) system pipeline based on at least an identification of a type of the selected information concept object. Moreover, the method comprises processing, by the QA system pipeline, the one or more natural language questions to generate answer results and calculating, by the data processing system, a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results. In addition, the method comprises outputting, by the data processing system, intelligence information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link.
In other illustrative embodiments, a computer program product comprising a computer useable or readable medium having a computer readable program is provided. The computer readable program, when executed on a computing device, causes the computing device to perform various ones of, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment.
In yet another illustrative embodiment, a system/apparatus is provided. The system/apparatus may comprise one or more processors and a memory coupled to the one or more processors. The memory may comprise instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform various ones of, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of, the following detailed description of the example embodiments of the present invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention, as well as a preferred mode of use and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of one illustrative embodiment of a question/answer creation (QA) system in a computer network;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example data processing system in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments are implemented;
FIG. 3 illustrates a QA system pipeline for processing an input question in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 4 is an example block diagram illustrating the primary operational elements of a hypothetical ontological link identification and evaluation engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 5 shows an example of hypothetical ontological link question generation with regard to an information concept of a person in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 6 shows an example of hypothetical ontological link question generation with regard to a location information concept in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 7 is an example diagram illustrating a graphical representation of a simplified ontology having actual links between information concepts and a hypothetical ontological link for investigation by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments;
FIG. 8 is an example diagram illustrating the example simplified ontology of FIG. 7 with scoring of the hypothetical ontological link in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 9 is an example diagram illustrating a graphical output of a modified ontology generated in response to the scoring of the hypothetical ontological link in accordance with one illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 10 is an example diagram illustrating an example scenario for evaluating various characteristics of links for categorizing a link hypothetical ontological link between information concept entities; and
FIG. 11 is a flowchart outlining an example operation for identifying and evaluating hypothetical ontological links in an ontology in accordance with one illustrative embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The illustrative embodiments provide mechanisms for intelligence gathering and analysis using a Question Answering (QA) system. Intelligence gathering and analysis tasks often center around identifying and evaluating correspondence between instances of concepts, such as people, places, events, property, etc. described in an ontology using information obtained from various data sources. For example, intelligence gathering and analysis tasks may attempt to determine whether a person A knows a person B, whether person A was involved in event C, or the like. Generally, such intelligence gathering and analysis may have assistance from computing systems to assist in the gathering and analysis operations, but the determination of the ontological relationships between concepts is still much a manual process requiring human intervention to generate such ontological relationships. This can be time consuming and haphazard since the human analyst must first identify possible ontological relationships and then sift through information and find evidence that supports or refutes the ontological relationships.
For example, assume that a human analyst is investigating a crime and is building a profile of the crime which involves identifying a number of information concepts including suspects, a witness, and an incident, e.g., a robbery at location A. In order to build this profile and investigate the crime, the analyst first acquires and enters the information about these information concepts, along with any known correlations between these information concepts, into a database. The analyst now asks himself/herself a number of questions about additional links such as:

    
    
        1) Does the suspect known the witness?
        2) Was the suspect involved in other similar incidents in the past?
        3) Does the suspect have accomplices?
        4) Has the witness witnessed similar incidents in the past?

In order to answer such questions, the human analyst must search information sources, read and appraise the content of the information sources to identify evidence, evaluate the evidence to determine its veracity, gather additional evidence from individuals directly, from locations directly, or the like, to answer these questions. It can be seen that this would be a time consuming process that often times requires a degree of expertise in intelligence gathering and analysis to know the correct questions to ask and the ways in which to gather and analyze the information to answer these questions.

    
    


The illustrative embodiments provide mechanisms for automatically identifying hypothetical ontological relationships between information concepts based on automated analysis of evidential support for these hypothetical ontological relationships found in association with existing actual ontological relationships and information concepts. These ontological relationships are hypothetical in nature in that there is no direct evidence explicitly specifying the ontological relationship exists. For example, there may not be any direct evidence that suspect A knows suspect B, but there may be circumstantial or indirect evidence that supports this hypothetical ontological relationship that suspect A knows suspect B. For example, there may be evidence that suspect A knows suspect C, suspect B knows suspect D, and suspect D has been seen in the company of suspect C at the same location. From this circumstantial evidence, one may determine that suspect D and suspect C know each other and since suspect D knows suspect B and suspect A knows suspect C, there is some amount of evidence that gives a probability that suspect A may know suspect B. By identifying possible hypothetical ontological relationships, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiment assist the human analyst who may not have identified those possible relationships and may inform the analyst of other, previously not thought of, hypothesis about the situation being analyzed.
In identifying hypothetical ontological relationships between instances of defined information concepts, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may determine, from an initial set of valid ontological relationships or links between specified instances of information concepts (e.g., people, places, things, events, etc.), the hypothetical ontological relationships (or links) that are to be investigated, e.g., for each instance of an information concept, pairing of instances of information concepts, or a designated subset of instances of information concepts, one or more hypothetical ontological relationships are generated of one or more relationship types (link types). Having identified a hypothetical ontological relationship to investigate, through analysis of other evidence associated with the various instances of information concepts and specifying various other types of ontological relationships between the instances of information concepts, indirect or inferential evidential support (e.g., circumstantial evidence) for the hypothetical ontological relationship is identified and evaluated. Based on such identification and evaluation of indirect or inferential support, one or more scores or measures of confidence in the hypothetical ontological relationship are calculated. These scores may then be used to evaluate whether or not the hypothetical ontological relationship is likely to be an actual ontological relationship and a corresponding output to the human analyst is generated.
The mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, in a question answering (QA) system, such as the IBM WatsonTM QA system available from International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation of Armonk, N.Y. In such an embodiment, the QA system is configured to implement the intelligence gathering and analysis mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments so as to identify and evaluate hypothetical ontological relationships or links between instances of pre-defined information concepts (persons, places, things, events, etc.) in an ontology. With the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, instances of information concepts are designated and then, based on a set of valid ontological relationships or links in an ontology, a set of questions related to hypothetical ontological relationships between instances of information concepts are generated and processed via the QA system. This set of questions may be determined based on an initial user input into the QA system designating the one or more instances of information concepts of interest and a particular type of hypothetical ontological relationship that is to be evaluated, e.g., does person A know person B? Alternatively, the hypothetical ontological relationship and instances of information concepts of interest may be automatically identified from an analysis of an ontology and determination of possible hypothetical relationships between instances of information concepts specified in the ontology, e.g., identifying instances of information concepts that do not have actual ontological relationships and, based on types of the instances of information concepts and actual links of the instances of information concepts with other instances of information concepts, and the types of these links, what other types of ontological links are likely to be present even though they are not explicitly included in the existing ontology.
The set of questions for investigating the hypothetical ontological relationship may be chosen based on the information concept type(s), ontological relationship type (link type), and the like. The questions may be selected by an automated engine that has been trained using machine learning techniques to identify the type of questions to be asked when the ontological relationship being investigated involves certain information concept types and link types, e.g., for information concepts of a “person” type and a link type of “knows” a set of questions is selected that includes the questions, is person A related to person B? does person A work with person B? does person A live close to person B? did person A go to a same school as person B?, etc. In such a machine learning technique, an initial set of questions for a particular combination of information concept type and link type may be set manually and may be evaluated over time through automated mechanisms to add to or remove questions from the set based on user feedback, identification of a particular question's relative contribution to a higher or lower score for a hypothetical ontological relationship, etc. These questions may be formulated as a set of templates that may be customized to the particular information concepts of interest, e.g., a template of “Does Person A live with Person B?” may be customized to “Does John Smith live with Mary Stewart?”
It should be appreciated that in this situation, the human analyst need only input or select the instances of information concepts of interest (hereafter referred to simply as “information concepts”) and an overall theory or ontological relationship that the analyst wishes to evaluate, e.g., “John Smith (information concept A—person) committed (ontological relationship) the robbery (information concept B—event) of Al's Electronics (information concept C—location)” or more simply “John Smith (information concept A) knows (ontological relationship) Mary Stewart (information concept B).” In other illustrative embodiments, a more open ended intelligence gathering approach is facilitated where the human analyst need only specify an information concept of interest and ask the system to identify all ontological relationships of a particular type with this information concept, e.g., “I want to know all of John Smith's (information concept) acquaintances (ontological relationship).” Based on the specification of an information concept and a hypothetical ontological relationship type, the system automatically retrieves the set of questions (and templates) corresponding to that information concept type and hypothetical ontological relationship type, and evaluates the questions via the QA system.
In evaluating the automatically generated set of questions, the QA system analyzes one or more corpora of evidential data to generate candidate answers to the question and identifies evidence supporting and/or refuting the hypothetical ontological relationship (hereafter referred to as “hypothetical links”) between information concepts corresponding to the question being answered. For example, if the question is whether person A knows person B, then evidence from the corpora may be evaluated to determine a confidence associated with an answer of “yes” person A knows person B, and evidence to determine a confidence associated with an answer of “no” person A does not know person B. The results of these evaluations of the corpus of evidence to support/refute different hypothetical links may be used to update the ontology to replace hypothetical links with actual links when the confidence of an answer meets or exceeds a predetermined criterion.
Before beginning the discussion of the various aspects of the illustrative embodiments in more detail, it should first be appreciated that throughout this description the term “mechanism” will be used to refer to elements of the present invention that perform various operations, functions, and the like. A “mechanism,” as the term is used herein, may be an implementation of the functions or aspects of the illustrative embodiments in the form of an apparatus, a procedure, or a computer program product. In the case of a procedure, the procedure is implemented by one or more devices, apparatus, computers, data processing systems, or the like. In the case of a computer program product, the logic represented by computer code or instructions embodied in or on the computer program product is executed by one or more hardware devices in order to implement the functionality or perform the operations associated with the specific “mechanism.” Thus, the mechanisms described herein may be implemented as specialized hardware, software executing on general purpose hardware, software instructions stored on a medium such that the instructions are readily executable by specialized or general purpose hardware, a procedure or method for executing the functions, or a combination of any of the above.
The present description and claims may make use of the terms “a”, “at least one of”, and “one or more of” with regard to particular features and elements of the illustrative embodiments. It should be appreciated that these terms and phrases are intended to state that there is at least one of the particular feature or element present in the particular illustrative embodiment, but that more than one can also be present. That is, these terms/phrases are not intended to limit the description or claims to a single feature/element being present or require that a plurality of such features/elements be present. To the contrary, these terms/phrases only require at least a single feature/element with the possibility of a plurality of such features/elements being within the scope of the description and claims.
In addition, it should be appreciated that the following description uses a plurality of various examples for various elements of the illustrative embodiments to further illustrate example implementations of the illustrative embodiments and to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. These examples are intended to be non-limiting and are not exhaustive of the various possibilities for implementing the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present description that there are many other alternative implementations for these various elements that may be utilized in addition to, or in replacement of, the examples provided herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The illustrative embodiments may be utilized in many different types of data processing environments. For purposes of the following description of illustrative embodiments, it will be assumed that the data processing environment used to implement the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, or with which the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are associated, is a Question Answering (QA) data processing system environment with the question answering logic being provided via a trained QA system, such as the IBM WatsonTM QA system available from IBM Corporation of Armonk, N.Y. While a QA system will be used as an example for describing the illustrative embodiments, it should be appreciated that any knowledge system which operates on a corpus of evidence to support/refute ontological relationships between information concepts in an ontology may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the illustrative embodiments. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the following description of a QA system is only intended to present examples and is not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which aspects or embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
FIGS. 1-3 are directed to describing an example Question Answering (QA) system (also referred to as a Question/Answer system or Question and Answer system), methodology, and computer program product with which the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented. As will be discussed in greater detail hereafter, the illustrative embodiments are integrated in, augment, and extend the functionality of these QA mechanisms with regard to identifying hypothetical links between information concepts within an ontology, evaluating those hypothetical links between information concepts with regard to supporting evidence from one or more corpora, and generating an output of the results of such evaluations so as to inform a user of potential links between information concepts and/or updates to the ontology.
Thus, it is important to first have an understanding of how question and answer creation in a QA system is implemented before describing how the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are integrated in and augment such QA systems. It should be appreciated that the QA mechanisms described in FIGS. 1-3 are only examples and are not intended to state or imply any limitation with regard to the type of QA mechanisms with which the illustrative embodiments are implemented. Many modifications to the example QA system shown in FIGS. 1-3 may be implemented in various embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
As an overview, a Question Answering system (QA system) is an artificial intelligence application executing on data processing hardware that answers questions pertaining to a given subject-matter domain presented in natural language. The QA system receives inputs from various sources including input over a network, a corpus of electronic documents or other data, data from a content creator, information from one or more content users, and other such inputs from other possible sources of input. Data storage devices store the corpus of data. A content creator creates content in a document for use as part of a corpus of data with the QA system. The document may include any file, text, article, or source of data for use in the QA system. For example, a QA system accesses a body of knowledge about the domain, or subject matter area, e.g., financial domain, medical domain, legal domain, etc., where the body of knowledge (knowledgebase) can be organized in a variety of configurations, e.g., a structured repository of domain-specific information, such as ontologies, or unstructured data related to the domain, or a collection of natural language documents about the domain.
Content users input questions to the QA system which then answers the input questions using the content in the corpus of data by evaluating documents, sections of documents, portions of data in the corpus, or the like. When a process evaluates a given section of a document for semantic content, the process can use a variety of conventions to query such document from the QA system, e.g., sending the query to the QA system as a well-formed question which are then interpreted by the QA system and a response is provided containing one or more answers to the question. Semantic content is content based on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation, or connotation. In other words, semantic content is content that interprets an expression, such as by using Natural Language Processing.
As will be described in greater detail hereafter, the QA system receives an input question, parses the question to extract the major features of the question, uses the extracted features to formulate queries, and then applies those queries to the corpus of data. Based on the application of the queries to the corpus of data, the QA system generates a set of hypotheses, or candidate answers to the input question, by looking across the corpus of data for portions of the corpus of data that have some potential for containing a valuable response to the input question. The QA system then performs deep analysis on the language of the input question and the language used in each of the portions of the corpus of data found during the application of the queries using a variety of reasoning algorithms. There may be hundreds or even thousands of reasoning algorithms applied, each of which performs different analysis, e.g., comparisons, natural language analysis, lexical analysis, or the like, and generates a score. For example, some reasoning algorithms may look at the matching of terms and synonyms within the language of the input question and the found portions of the corpus of data. Other reasoning algorithms may look at temporal or spatial features in the language, while others may evaluate the source of the portion of the corpus of data and evaluate its veracity.
The scores obtained from the various reasoning algorithms indicate the extent to which the potential response is inferred by the input question based on the specific area of focus of that reasoning algorithm. Each resulting score is then weighted against a statistical model. The statistical model captures how well the reasoning algorithm performed at establishing the inference between two similar passages for a particular domain during the training period of the QA system. The statistical model is used to summarize a level of confidence that the QA system has regarding the evidence that the potential response, i.e. candidate answer, is inferred by the question. This process is repeated for each of the candidate answers until the QA system identifies candidate answers that surface as being significantly stronger than others and thus, generates a final answer, or ranked set of answers, for the input question.
As mentioned above, QA systems and mechanisms operate by accessing information from a corpus of data or information (also referred to as a corpus of content), analyzing it, and then generating answer results based on the analysis of this data. Accessing information from a corpus of data typically includes: a database query that answers questions about what is in a collection of structured records, and a search that delivers a collection of document links in response to a query against a collection of unstructured data (text, markup language, etc.). Conventional question answering systems are capable of generating answers based on the corpus of data and the input question, verifying answers to a collection of questions for the corpus of data, correcting errors in digital text using a corpus of data, and selecting answers to questions from a pool of potential answers, i.e. candidate answers.
Content creators, such as article authors, electronic document creators, web page authors, document database creators, and the like, determine use cases for products, solutions, and services described in such content before writing their content. Consequently, the content creators know what questions the content is intended to answer in a particular topic addressed by the content. Categorizing the questions, such as in terms of roles, type of information, tasks, or the like, associated with the question, in each document of a corpus of data allows the QA system to more quickly and efficiently identify documents containing content related to a specific query. The content may also answer other questions that the content creator did not contemplate that may be useful to content users. The questions and answers may be verified by the content creator to be contained in the content for a given document. These capabilities contribute to improved accuracy, system performance, machine learning, and confidence of the QA system. Content creators, automated tools, or the like, annotate or otherwise generate metadata for providing information useable by the QA system to identify these question and answer attributes of the content.
Operating on such content, the QA system generates answers for input questions using a plurality of intensive analysis mechanisms which evaluate the content to identify the most probable answers, i.e. candidate answers, for the input question. The most probable answers are output as a ranked listing of candidate answers ranked according to their relative scores or confidence measures calculated during evaluation of the candidate answers, as a single final answer having a highest ranking score or confidence measure, or which is a best match to the input question, or a combination of ranked listing and final answer.
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of one illustrative embodiment of a question/answer creation (QA) system 100 in a computer network 102. One example of a question/answer generation which may be used in conjunction with the principles described herein is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0125734, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The QA system 100 is implemented on one or more computing devices 104 (comprising one or more processors and one or more memories, and potentially any other computing device elements generally known in the art including buses, storage devices, communication interfaces, and the like) connected to the computer network 102. The network 102 includes multiple computing devices 104 in communication with each other and with other devices or components via one or more wired and/or wireless data communication links, where each communication link comprises one or more of wires, routers, switches, transmitters, receivers, or the like. The QA system 100 and network 102 enables question/answer (QA) generation functionality for one or more QA system users via their respective computing devices 110-112. Other embodiments of the QA system 100 may be used with components, systems, sub-systems, and/or devices other than those that are depicted herein.
The QA system 100 is configured to implement a QA system pipeline 108 that receive inputs from various sources. For example, the QA system 100 receives input from the network 102, a corpus of electronic documents 106, QA system users, and/or other data and other possible sources of input. In one embodiment, some or all of the inputs to the QA system 100 are routed through the network 102. The various computing devices 104 on the network 102 include access points for content creators and QA system users. Some of the computing devices 104 include devices for a database storing the corpus of data 106 (which is shown as a separate entity in FIG. 1 for illustrative purposes only). Portions of the corpus of data 106 may also be provided on one or more other network attached storage devices, in one or more databases, or other computing devices not explicitly shown in FIG. 1. The network 102 includes local network connections and remote connections in various embodiments, such that the QA system 100 may operate in environments of any size, including local and global, e.g., the Internet.
In one embodiment, the content creator creates content in a document of the corpus of data 106 for use as part of a corpus of data with the QA system 100. The document includes any file, text, article, or source of data for use in the QA system 100. QA system users access the QA system 100 via a network connection or an Internet connection to the network 102, and input questions to the QA system 100 that are answered by the content in the corpus of data 106. In one embodiment, the questions are formed using natural language. The QA system 100 parses and interprets the question, and provides a response to the QA system user, e.g., QA system user 110, containing one or more answers to the question. In some embodiments, the QA system 100 provides a response to users in a ranked list of candidate answers while in other illustrative embodiments, the QA system 100 provides a single final answer or a combination of a final answer and ranked listing of other candidate answers.
The QA system 100 implements a QA system pipeline 108 which comprises a plurality of stages for processing an input question and the corpus of data 106. The QA system pipeline 108 generates answers for the input question based on the processing of the input question and the corpus of data 106. The QA system pipeline 108 will be described in greater detail hereafter with regard to FIG. 3.
In some illustrative embodiments, the QA system 100 may be the IBM WatsonTM QA system available from International Business Machines Corporation of Armonk, N.Y., which is augmented with the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments described hereafter. As outlined previously, the IBM WatsonTM QA system receives an input question which it then parses to extract the major features of the question, that in turn are then used to formulate queries that are applied to the corpus of data. Based on the application of the queries to the corpus of data, a set of hypotheses, or candidate answers to the input question, are generated by looking across the corpus of data for portions of the corpus of data that have some potential for containing a valuable response to the input question. The IBM WatsonTM QA system then performs deep analysis on the language of the input question and the language used in each of the portions of the corpus of data found during the application of the queries using a variety of reasoning algorithms. The scores obtained from the various reasoning algorithms are then weighted against a statistical model that summarizes a level of confidence that the IBM WatsonTM QA system has regarding the evidence that the potential response, i.e. candidate answer, is inferred by the question. This process is be repeated for each of the candidate answers to generate ranked listing of candidate answers which may then be presented to the user that submitted the input question, or from which a final answer is selected and presented to the user. More information about the IBM WatsonTM QA system may be obtained, for example, from the IBM Corporation website, IBM Redbooks, and the like. For example, information about the IBM WatsonTM QA system can be found in Yuan et al., “Watson and Healthcare,” IBM developerWorks, 2011 and “The Era of Cognitive Systems: An Inside Look at IBM Watson and How it Works” by Rob High, IBM Redbooks, 2012.
In accordance with the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, the QA system 100 operates in conjunction with, or may have integrated into the QA system 100, a hypothetical ontological link identification and evaluation engine 150 to evaluate an ontology of information concepts, identify other hypothetical ontological links that could possibly exist within the ontology, and then evaluate those hypothetical ontological links to determine the amount of evidential support for or against those hypothetical ontological links being valid actual ontological links. In doing so, the hypothetical ontological link identification and evaluation engine 150 operates on an ontology data structure 160 that specifies a plurality of instances of information concept entities of the same or various different types and their known ontological links of the same or various types.
The ontology 160 is analyzed and evaluated to determine the possibly hypothetical ontological links between information concept entities. A hypothetical ontological link is then evaluated to determine the type(s) of information concept entities associated with the hypothetical link and the type(s) of the hypothetical link between the information concept entities. The type(s) of information concept entities and hypothetical link are used to retrieve one or more sets of questions for evaluating the hypothetical ontological link. These questions are then submitted to the QA system 100 for evaluation against the evidence provided in the corpus or corpora to thereby generate candidate answers to the questions and determine a confidence in these candidate answers. The confidence in the candidate answers serves to provide a measure of evaluation for the hypothetical ontological link with regard to whether the hypothetical ontological link is more or less likely to be an actual ontological link within the ontology even though the ontology did not originally include that link explicitly. The operation for identifying hypothetical ontological links and evaluating them will be described in greater detail hereafter.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example data processing system in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments are implemented. Data processing system 200 is an example of a computer, such as server 104 or client 110 in FIG. 1, in which computer usable code or instructions implementing the processes for illustrative embodiments of the present invention are located. In one illustrative embodiment, FIG. 2 represents a server computing device, such as a server 104, which implements a QA system 100 and QA system pipeline 108 augmented to include the additional mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments described hereafter.
In the depicted example, data processing system 200 employs a hub architecture including north bridge and memory controller hub (NB/MCH) 202 and south bridge and input/output (I/O) controller hub (SB/ICH) 204. Processing unit 206, main memory 208, and graphics processor 210 are connected to NB/MCH 202. Graphics processor 210 is connected to NB/MCH 202 through an accelerated graphics port (AGP).
In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter 212 connects to SB/ICH 204. Audio adapter 216, keyboard and mouse adapter 220, modem 222, read only memory (ROM) 224, hard disk drive (HDD) 226, CD-ROM drive 230, universal serial bus (USB) ports and other communication ports 232, and PCI/PCIe devices 234 connect to SB/ICH 204 through bus 238 and bus 240. PCI/PCIe devices may include, for example, Ethernet adapters, add-in cards, and PC cards for notebook computers. PCI uses a card bus controller, while PCIe does not. ROM 224 may be, for example, a flash basic input/output system (BIOS).
HDD 226 and CD-ROM drive 230 connect to SB/ICH 204 through bus 240. HDD 226 and CD-ROM drive 230 may use, for example, an integrated drive electronics (IDE) or serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface. Super I/O (SIO) device 236 is connected to SB/ICH 204.
An operating system runs on processing unit 206. The operating system coordinates and provides control of various components within the data processing system 200 in FIG. 2. As a client, the operating system is a commercially available operating system such as Microsoft® Windows 8®. An object-oriented programming system, such as the JavaTM programming system, may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from JavaTM programs or applications executing on data processing system 200.
As a server, data processing system 200 may be, for example, an IBM® eServerTM System P® computer system, running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX®) operating system or the LINUX® operating system. Data processing system 200 may be a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system including a plurality of processors in processing unit 206. Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed.
Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented programming system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as HDD 226, and are loaded into main memory 208 for execution by processing unit 206. The processes for illustrative embodiments of the present invention are performed by processing unit 206 using computer usable program code, which is located in a memory such as, for example, main memory 208, ROM 224, or in one or more peripheral devices 226 and 230, for example.
A bus system, such as bus 238 or bus 240 as shown in FIG. 2, is comprised of one or more buses. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any type of communication fabric or architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the fabric or architecture. A communication unit, such as modem 222 or network adapter 212 of FIG. 2, includes one or more devices used to transmit and receive data. A memory may be, for example, main memory 208, ROM 224, or a cache such as found in NB/MCH 202 in FIG. 2.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash memory, equivalent non-volatile memory, or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2. Also, the processes of the illustrative embodiments may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system, other than the SMP system mentioned previously, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Moreover, the data processing system 200 may take the form of any of a number of different data processing systems including client computing devices, server computing devices, a tablet computer, laptop computer, telephone or other communication device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or the like. In some illustrative examples, data processing system 200 may be a portable computing device that is configured with flash memory to provide non-volatile memory for storing operating system files and/or user-generated data, for example. Essentially, data processing system 200 may be any known or later developed data processing system without architectural limitation.
FIG. 3 illustrates a QA system pipeline for processing an input question in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. The QA system pipeline of FIG. 3 may be implemented, for example, as QA system pipeline 108 of QA system 100 in FIG. 1. It should be appreciated that the stages of the QA system pipeline shown in FIG. 3 are implemented as one or more software engines, components, or the like, which are configured with logic for implementing the functionality attributed to the particular stage. Each stage is implemented using one or more of such software engines, components or the like. The software engines, components, etc. are executed on one or more processors of one or more data processing systems or devices and utilize or operate on data stored in one or more data storage devices, memories, or the like, on one or more of the data processing systems. The QA system pipeline of FIG. 3 is augmented, for example, in one or more of the stages to implement the improved mechanism of the illustrative embodiments described hereafter, additional stages may be provided to implement the improved mechanism, or separate logic from the pipeline 300 may be provided for interfacing with the pipeline 300 and implementing the improved functionality and operations of the illustrative embodiments.
As shown in FIG. 3, the QA system pipeline 300 comprises a plurality of stages 310-380 through which the QA system operates to analyze an input question and generate a final response. In an initial question input stage 310, the QA system receives an input question that is presented in a natural language format. That is, a user inputs, via a user interface, an input question for which the user wishes to obtain an answer, e.g., “Who are Washington's closest advisors?” In response to receiving the input question, the next stage of the QA system pipeline 300, i.e. the question and topic analysis stage 320, parses the input question using natural language processing (NLP) techniques to extract major features from the input question, and classify the major features according to types, e.g., names, dates, or any of a plethora of other defined topics. For example, in the example question above, the term “who” may be associated with a topic for “persons” indicating that the identity of a person is being sought, “Washington” may be identified as a proper name of a person with which the question is associated, “closest” may be identified as a word indicative of proximity or relationship, and “advisors” may be indicative of a noun or other language topic.
In addition, the extracted major features include key words and phrases classified into question characteristics, such as the focus of the question, the lexical answer type (LAT) of the question, and the like. As referred to herein, a lexical answer type (LAT) is a word in, or a word inferred from, the input question that indicates the type of the answer, independent of assigning semantics to that word. For example, in the question “What maneuver was invented in the 1500s to speed up the game and involves two pieces of the same color?,” the LAT is the string “maneuver.” The focus of a question is the part of the question that, if replaced by the answer, makes the question a standalone statement. For example, in the question “What drug has been shown to relieve the symptoms of ADD with relatively few side effects?,” the focus is “drug” since if this word were replaced with the answer, e.g., the answer “Adderall” can be used to replace the term “drug” to generate the sentence “Adderall has been shown to relieve the symptoms of ADD with relatively few side effects.” The focus often, but not always, contains the LAT. On the other hand, in many cases it is not possible to infer a meaningful LAT from the focus.
Referring again to FIG. 3, the identified major features are then used during the question decomposition stage 330 to decompose the question into one or more queries that are applied to the corpora of data/information 345 in order to generate one or more hypotheses. The queries are generated in any known or later developed query language, such as the Structure Query Language (SQL), or the like. The queries are applied to one or more databases storing information about the electronic texts, documents, articles, websites, and the like, that make up the corpora of data/information 345. That is, these various sources themselves, different collections of sources, and the like, represent a different corpus 347 within the corpora 345. There may be different corpora 347 defined for different collections of documents based on various criteria depending upon the particular implementation. For example, different corpora may be established for different topics, subject matter categories, sources of information, or the like. As one example, a first corpus may be associated with healthcare documents while a second corpus may be associated with financial documents. Alternatively, one corpus may be documents published by the U.S. Department of Energy while another corpus may be IBM Redbooks documents. Any collection of content having some similar attribute may be considered to be a corpus 347 within the corpora 345.
The queries are applied to one or more databases storing information about the electronic texts, documents, articles, websites, and the like, that make up the corpus of data/information, e.g., the corpus of data 106 in FIG. 1. The queries are applied to the corpus of data/information at the hypothesis generation stage 340 to generate results identifying potential hypotheses for answering the input question, which can then be evaluated. That is, the application of the queries results in the extraction of portions of the corpus of data/information matching the criteria of the particular query. These portions of the corpus are then analyzed and used, during the hypothesis generation stage 340, to generate hypotheses for answering the input question. These hypotheses are also referred to herein as “candidate answers” for the input question. For any input question, at this stage 340, there may be hundreds of hypotheses or candidate answers generated that may need to be evaluated.
The QA system pipeline 300, in stage 350, then performs a deep analysis and comparison of the language of the input question and the language of each hypothesis or “candidate answer,” as well as performs evidence scoring to evaluate the likelihood that the particular hypothesis is a correct answer for the input question. As mentioned above, this involves using a plurality of reasoning algorithms, each performing a separate type of analysis of the language of the input question and/or content of the corpus that provides evidence in support of, or not in support of, the hypothesis. Each reasoning algorithm generates a score based on the analysis it performs which indicates a measure of relevance of the individual portions of the corpus of data/information extracted by application of the queries as well as a measure of the correctness of the corresponding hypothesis, i.e. a measure of confidence in the hypothesis. There are various ways of generating such scores depending upon the particular analysis being performed. In generally, however, these algorithms look for particular terms, phrases, or patterns of text that are indicative of terms, phrases, or patterns of interest and determine a degree of matching with higher degrees of matching being given relatively higher scores than lower degrees of matching.
Thus, for example, an algorithm may be configured to look for the exact term from an input question or synonyms to that term in the input question, e.g., the exact term or synonyms for the term “movie,” and generate a score based on a frequency of use of these exact terms or synonyms. In such a case, exact matches will be given the highest scores, while synonyms may be given lower scores based on a relative ranking of the synonyms as may be specified by a subject matter expert (person with knowledge of the particular domain and terminology used) or automatically determined from frequency of use of the synonym in the corpus corresponding to the domain. Thus, for example, an exact match of the term “movie” in content of the corpus (also referred to as evidence, or evidence passages) is given a highest score. A synonym of movie, such as “motion picture” may be given a lower score but still higher than a synonym of the type “film” or “moving picture show.” Instances of the exact matches and synonyms for each evidence passage may be compiled and used in a quantitative function to generate a score for the degree of matching of the evidence passage to the input question.
Thus, for example, a hypothesis or candidate answer to the input question of “What was the first movie?” is “The Horse in Motion.” If the evidence passage contains the statements “The first motion picture ever made was ‘The Horse in Motion’ in 1878 by Eadweard Muybridge. It was a movie of a horse running,” and the algorithm is looking for exact matches or synonyms to the focus of the input question, i.e. “movie,” then an exact match of “movie” is found in the second sentence of the evidence passage and a highly scored synonym to “movie,” i.e. “motion picture,” is found in the first sentence of the evidence passage. This may be combined with further analysis of the evidence passage to identify that the text of the candidate answer is present in the evidence passage as well, i.e. “The Horse in Motion.” These factors may be combined to give this evidence passage a relatively high score as supporting evidence for the candidate answer “The Horse in Motion” being a correct answer.
It should be appreciated that this is just one simple example of how scoring can be performed. Many other algorithms of various complexities may be used to generate scores for candidate answers and evidence without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
In the synthesis stage 360, the large number of scores generated by the various reasoning algorithms are synthesized into confidence scores or confidence measures for the various hypotheses. This process involves applying weights to the various scores, where the weights have been determined through training of the statistical model employed by the QA system and/or dynamically updated. For example, the weights for scores generated by algorithms that identify exactly matching terms and synonym may be set relatively higher than other algorithms that are evaluating publication dates for evidence passages. The weights themselves may be specified by subject matter experts or learned through machine learning processes that evaluate the significance of characteristics evidence passages and their relative importance to overall candidate answer generation.
The weighted scores are processed in accordance with a statistical model generated through training of the QA system that identifies a manner by which these scores may be combined to generate a confidence score or measure for the individual hypotheses or candidate answers. This confidence score or measure summarizes the level of confidence that the QA system has about the evidence that the candidate answer is inferred by the input question, i.e. that the candidate answer is the correct answer for the input question.
The resulting confidence scores or measures are processed by a final confidence merging and ranking stage 370 which compares the confidence scores and measures to each other, compares them against predetermined thresholds, or performs any other analysis on the confidence scores to determine which hypotheses/candidate answers are the most likely to be the correct answer to the input question. The hypotheses/candidate answers are ranked according to these comparisons to generate a ranked listing of hypotheses/candidate answers (hereafter simply referred to as “candidate answers”). From the ranked listing of candidate answers, at stage 380, a final answer and confidence score, or final set of candidate answers and confidence scores, are generated and output to the submitter of the original input question via a graphical user interface or other mechanism for outputting information.
The illustrative embodiments utilize the QA system of FIGS. 1-3 to answer questions for evaluating a hypothetical ontological link. As such, the QA system pipeline 300 may be utilized to receive an input question regarding the hypothetical ontological link and evaluate the input question against the corpus 347 or corpora 345 to generate candidate answers and evidential support for/against the candidate answers. The candidate answers and their evidential support are used to generate a final answer to the question and corresponding confidence value. The final answers to each of the questions presented for a particular hypothetical ontological link are then used to generate a confidence score for the hypothetical ontological link itself through a link scoring operation. Multiple types of hypothetical ontological links between the same information concepts may be aggregated along with their corresponding confidence scores to determine an aggregate score for the hypothetical link between the information concepts as a whole, e.g., hypothetical ontological links of types “person A calls person B”, “person A meets with person B,” “person A texts with person B” and the like may be combined to determine a value for the overall hypothetical ontological link that “person A knows person B” or “person A is an acquaintance of person B.” This aggregate score for the overall hypothetical ontological link between the information concepts may be used to determine whether the hypothetical ontological link is an actual link that should be represented within the ontology.
FIG. 4 is an example block diagram illustrating the primary operational elements of a hypothetical ontological link identification and evaluation engine in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 4, the primary operational elements comprise a hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410, a question generator 420, one or more hypothetical link evaluation pipelines 430, a link scoring and analyzer engine 440, and ontology modification engine 450. The hypothetical ontological link engine 410 operates on an ontology data structure 460 that comprises information concept objects 462 and links 464 between information concept objects. These information concept objects 462 and links 464 have associated attributes including a type with the type being one of a plurality of pre-defined types, e.g., a person, a place, a type of thing, a type of event, etc. Types may be specified at any desired granularity depending upon the particular implementation.
The hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 operates automatically through analysis of the ontology 460 to determine possible hypothetical ontological links between information concept objects 462 of the ontology 460, i.e. links that are not present in the actual links 464 of the ontology 460 but may have a likelihood of existing in actuality and may be added to the ontology 460. In automatically identifying such hypothetical ontological links, the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 is configured with logic to evaluate various types of information concept objects 462, their actual links 464, and determine through inference other types of links that may exist.
For example, the logic of the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 may analyze the links (also referred to herein as “relationships”) between an information concept object for “John Smith” and other individuals, events, locations, and the like, specified as other information concept objects 462 in the ontology 460. For example, through analysis it may be determined that John Smith knows Jane Jones. In addition, the information concept objects 462 with which the John Smith object has a link may be analyzed to determine links 464 that they have to other information concept objects 462. For example, it may be determined that Jane Jones knows Carl Carter. Further analysis may determine that John Smith does not have a link to Carl Carter and thus, since John Smith knows Jane Jones, and Jane Jones knows Carl Carter, but there is no indication that John Smith knows Carl Carter, there is a possibility that John Smith knows Carl Carter but this is not reflected in the ontology 460. As a result, the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 may generate a hypothetical ontological link between John Smith and Carl Carter for further evaluation. It should be appreciated that this can be done with any types of information concept objects 462, any combination of types of information concept objects, and for any types of links between any combination of one or more types of information concept objects.
Alternatively, a user may provide a manual input of one or more information concept objects of interest and a type of link associated with the one or more information concept objects of interest and/or with other information concept objects in the ontology 460. The manual input may be a free-form input from the user via a user interface, a selection of one or more information concept objects of interest from a representation of the ontology 460 via a user interface, a selection of one or more link types from a listing of pre-defined link types, or the like. For example, a user may manually input an identifier of an information concept object 462 corresponding to “John Smith” and an identifier of a type of link of “acquaintances.” In response, the logic of the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 determines the hypothetical links of the specified type between the information concept object 462 corresponding to John Smith and other information concept objects 462 having a type that correlates with the type of the hypothetical links, e.g., a link type of “acquaintances” corresponds to information concept objects of a “person” type whereas a link type of “goes to” or “frequents” may correspond to information concept objects of a “place” type. All of the possible hypothetical ontological links of the specified type associated with the identified information concept object(s) are identified using the ontology 460.
It should be appreciated that the hypothetical ontological link may be a generic link between information concepts indicating that there is some link between the information concepts but without a specific type or category. Based on the information concepts that are being linked, however, it may be determined that the hypothetical ontological link is likely one of a plurality of types and each possible sub-link type may be evaluated using the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. For example, a link between person A and person B is likely of a generic type “knows.” However, there may be many ways that person A may know person B and each possible way would need to be explored to determine whether person A knows person B. For example, person A may be “related to” person B, person A may “work with” person B, person A may “be an acquaintance of” person B, person A may have “called” person B, etc. Each of these types of interactions represent types of links between person A and person B which together indicate whether person A knows person B in some capacity. Each of these types of links may be evaluated and the combination of the evaluations may be used to ultimately determine whether person A knows person B. Similar hypothetical ontological links and sub-links may exist for other generic types of links between information concepts in an ontology 460.
Whether using the automatic identification of hypothetical ontological links from analysis of the ontology 460 or using the manual entry of such hypothetical ontological links of interest, the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 outputs the hypothetical ontological links 412 and information concept objects 414 of these hypothetical ontological links to the question generator 420. Thus, for example, a user may input that the user wishes to know if person A knows person B in the ontology 460. From this input, the hypothetical ontological link identification engine 410 determines, based on configured logic and associated data structures, that there are a set of hypothetical ontological links 412 that correspond to the particular types of information concepts (person A and person B) that should be evaluated, e.g., person A is related to person B, person A works with person B, person A is acquainted with person B, etc. Each of these hypothetical ontological links 412 is input to the question generator 420 to generate a set of questions for each hypothetical ontological link 412.
The question generator 420 identifies the types of the information concept objects 414 and hypothetical ontological links 412. For a particular hypothetical ontological link 412, the question generator 420 retrieves a corresponding set of hypothetical link question templates for that particular hypothetical ontological link type and/or a combination of that particular hypothetical ontological link type and the types of the specified information concept objects 414, from the hypothetical link question template database 422. For example, if the hypothetical ontological link type is “know” and the information concept objects 414 include a particular person or person, a set of question templates for the hypothetical ontological link type may be retrieved. The question templates may then be populated with information regarding the selected information concept objects and/or other information concept objects of a particular type within the ontology 460. For example, if a question template is of the type “Does <person A> know <person B>?” this template may be populated with the selected information concept object 414 for “John Smith” as “<person A>” with the information concept objects for other persons in the ontology 460 being used to populate the second variable field of “<person B>” such that multiple actual questions of this same template type are generated and evaluated, e.g., “Does John Smith know Mary Adams?”, “Does John Smith know Paul Portage?”, etc. Moreover, multiple templates may be retrieved and each may be the source for generating a set of questions for different combinations of information concept objects that may be evaluated by the question answering system. For example, in addition to the above template, a second template of the type “What type of relationship does <person A> have with <person B>?” may also be retrieved and used to generate a set of questions for evaluation.
The sets of questions 424 may then be output to one or more hypothetical ontological link evaluation pipelines 430. The hypothetical ontological link evaluation pipelines 430 may each comprise a QA system pipeline 432, such as the QA system pipeline 300 in FIG. 3, which is used to evaluate questions input to the QA system pipeline 432. Each QA system pipeline 432 may be trained for processing particular types of hypothetical ontological links and the question generator 420 may route the output questions 424 to the appropriate QA system pipeline 432 of the hypothetical ontological link evaluation pipelines 430, e.g., a first QA system pipeline may be trained to evaluate hypothetical ontological links of a sub-type of “is related to” while another second QA system pipeline may be trained to evaluate hypothetical ontological links of the sub-type “acquaintance”, etc.
The QA system pipelines 432 evaluate the input questions against one or more corpora 470 in the manner previously described above with regard to FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 4, the one or more corpora 470 may comprise data of different types and from different sources that provide evidence for evaluating relationships between information concept objects 462 in the ontology 460. In one illustrative embodiment, these sources of information provide annotated call logs, social website data, electronic communication data, position determination system data (GPS, cellular network triangulation information, etc.), crime investigation data, criminal record data, and the like. There may be different corpora for different QA system pipelines 432 such that not all of the QA system pipelines 432 may access the same set of data in the corpora, e.g., one QA system pipeline may utilize telephone records in the corpora while another does not and instead utilizes position determination system data as part of its corpora. The one or more corpora 470 may be evaluated by the QA system pipeline 432 to generate answers to the input questions that are indicative of whether a particular hypothetical ontological link is more or less likely to be an actual ontological link in the ontology 460. In addition, the evidence in support of, or refuting, the answer (collectively referred to herein as “supporting evidence”) to the input questions may be maintained in association with the answer for further evaluation by the link scoring and analyzer engine 440 as described hereafter.
That is, the QA system pipelines 432 output answers 434 to the input questions, the corresponding confidence scores 436 associated with the answers, and supporting evidence 438 to the link scoring and analyzer engine 440. The link scoring and analyzer engine 440 combines the confidence scores of the answers to generate a base score for the hypothetical ontological link. In addition, the link scoring and analyzer engine 440 may comprise additional logic for analyzing features of the supporting evidence for each of the answers to the input questions to thereby adjust these base scores based on the results of this additional analysis. For example, when performing link scoring, the link scoring and analyzer engine 440 may evaluate the time of day in the supporting evidence represent an interaction of the information concepts that supports a hypothetical ontological links 412, a duration of the interaction, a frequency of the interactions, whether the information concepts were co-located, a type of activity involved in the interactions, a direction of the interaction (e.g. person A called person B or person B called person A), and the like. Thus, for example, if supporting evidence shows that John Smith called Jane Jones at 9 p.m. on Tuesday, it can be deduced that John Smith and Jane Jones have a more personal relationship than just a work relationship since the time of the call was after work hours. As another example, if the time of the call is greater than a predetermined threshold amount of time, e.g., 20 minutes, then it may be determined that the relationship is of a greater level of personal relationship than if the duration were only 5 minutes. Moreover, if John Smith and Jane Jones call each other more than a predetermined number of times within a prescribed time interval and at times of the day that were after work hours, then it can be determined that there is closer relationship between the persons than if the calls were more infrequent and during working hours. Furthermore, if there is supporting evidence that John Smith and Jane Jones were both located in the same location frequently and at times of day that were after work hours, and for relatively long periods of time, it can be determined that John Smith and Jane Jones have a personal relationship with one another. This information may be used to categorize the type of hypothetical ontological link between the information concepts, e.g., a link of “knows” may be associated with two information concepts but may be further classified into a class of “acquaintance” as a category of the hypothetical ontological link of “knows.”
As noted above, in some instances a hypothetical ontological link between information concepts in the ontology 460 may comprise a plurality of sub-links of different types, e.g., person A knows person B may comprise sub-links of person A calls person B, person A is related to person B, person A works with person B, etc. For each such sub-link separate link scores may be generated by the link scoring and analyzer engine 440. The link scoring and analyzer engine 440 may aggregate these scores for the sub-links to generate a score for the overall hypothetical ontological link. Thus, a first score for person A calling person B may be generated, a second score for person A being related to person B may be generated, a third score for person A working with person B may be generated, and these scores may be combined in accordance with a determined formula or mathematical algorithm, e.g., a decaying sum or the like, to generate an overall score for the hypothetical ontological link that person A knows person B.
The score for the overall hypothetical ontological link 442 is output to the ontology modification engine 450 which then determines whether to modify the ontology 460 based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link 442. In determining whether to modify the ontology 460, the ontology modification engine 450 may compare the score of a hypothetical ontological link to a threshold to determine if the score meets or exceeds the threshold, i.e. if there is sufficient evidence and confidence in the hypothetical ontological link as being an actual link between the information concepts to warrant addition of the hypothetical ontological link as an actual link in the ontology 460. If the score meets or exceeds the threshold, then the ontology modification engine 450 may update the ontology 460 to include the hypothetical ontological link as an actual link in the ontology 460. Evidence in support of the addition of this link may be maintained throughout this process, e.g., evidence obtained from search and analysis of the information content from the one or more corpora 470 when answering the questions associated with the hypothetical ontological link, and may be associated with the newly added link in the ontology. This evidence may be used to evaluate the support and reasoning for the addition of the link to the ontology 460 as well as provide insight into other links of the ontology 460.
Just as hypothetical links between information concepts may be identified by identifying sub-links and scoring them to identify a score for the link as a whole, a reverse approach may also be utilized to classify or categorize a hypothetical ontological link into a category of the particular type of hypothetical ontological link. For example, a hypothetical ontological link may have a general type of “knows” between two person information concepts. However, as noted above, there may be many different ways that person A “knows” person B such that the particular “knows” relationship may be categorized. For example, person A may have a personal relationship with person B, an acquaintance relationship, a professional relationship, etc. Scoring of the hypothetical ontological link may take into consideration various characteristics of the evidence used to generate the score for the hypothetical ontological link including, for example, time of day of communications, location, type of location (e.g., personal residence, business location, etc.), duration of engagements (e.g., lives, works, plays, patronizes), types of activity at the location, e.g., credit card charges, work activities, etc. All of this information may be analyzed and scored to generate a score for various classifications of the hypothetical ontological link to thereby determine that, while the hypothetical ontological link may be generally that person A “knows” person B, the category of this “knows” relationship is either personal, acquaintance, professional or the like. Similar types of categorizations of various other types of hypothetical ontological links may likewise be made based on other types of characteristics of the hypothetical ontological links.
A user may be presented with notifications of the identification and evaluation of hypothetical ontological links, and may be presented with a representation 482 of the updated ontology 460, via a graphical user interface 480. The user may interact with the ontology 460, such as via graphical user interface elements or the like, to drill down into the evidence associated with various links of the ontology 460. This provides greater insight to the user of the reasoning for certain links and provides a basis upon which additional hypothetical links may be evaluated. For example, having determined that a person John Smith knows Carl Carter through the mechanisms previously described, additional types of hypothetical ontological links may be evaluated by the user, e.g., the user may then request that the system of the illustrative embodiments evaluate hypothetical ontological links between Carl Carter and a particular event, e.g., a robbery of Al's Electronics, since it may be known that John Smith is a suspect in the event and the link to Carl Carter indicates a possibility that Carl Carter may have also been involved in the event.
Thus, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments provide the ability to automatically identify and evaluate hypothetical ontological links between information concepts. This provides a tool for analysts to explore possible links between information concepts as well as allows the system to automatically inform analysts of possible links between information concepts that the analysts may not have previously contemplated. In addition, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments provide identification and evaluation of hypothetical ontological links so as to give insight to analysts as to additional types of hypothetical ontological links to investigate.
As noted above, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments evaluate the hypothetical ontological links to generate a score for the hypothetical ontological links which represent a measure of confidence or evidential support for the hypothetical ontological link being an actual link between information concepts in the ontology. The scoring takes into consideration the characteristics of the particular hypothetical ontological link including the type of the link the particular information concepts that are the subjects of the link, and the like. Evidence supporting or refuting the link is found in the corpus by processing a set of questions corresponding to these extracted features of the hypothetical ontological link to generate queries that are applied against the corpus to find evidence from the corpus that matches the queries. The resulting evidence is used to generate answers to the questions. In addition, in some illustrative embodiments, the evidence is collected for further evaluation when scoring the hypothetical ontological links. That is, the evidence gathered by the QA system pipeline is further provided to the link scoring and analyzer engine 440 for evaluation. The link scoring and analyzer engine 440 not only combines the results of the answers generated from the various questions in the set of questions, but may further analyze the evidence with regard to various characteristics, e.g., timing of the evidence, locations corresponding to the evidence, activities associated with the evidence, and the like, to thereby categorize the type of the hypothetical ontological link so as to more specifically identify the type of link between the information concepts, e.g., person A “knows” person B on a “personal” basis or “professional” basis.
To better illustrate the operation of the illustrative embodiments with regard to question generation for hypothetical ontological links, example scenarios are provided in FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrating hypothetical ontological link question generation in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. FIG. 5 shows an example of hypothetical ontological link question generation with regard to an information concept of a person, John, with the hypothetical ontological link being investigated being of the type “acquaintances.” As a result of this input, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments determine that for the “acquaintance” type of hypothetical ontological link, associated with a person information concept, three possible hypothetical ontological sub-links are present including John calling another person information concept, John knowing another person information concept, and John visiting a particular location associated with another person information concept.
Corresponding question templates for these types of sub-links are retrieved based on the type of the sub-links and the type of the information concept, i.e. person information concept: John. Thus, for the combination of the sub-link type “know” and the person information concept, the question templates “Does <Person A> know <Person B>?” and “What type of relationship does <Person A> have with <Person B>?” where Person A is John and Person B is other person information concepts within the ontology, e.g., person information concepts Paul and Mary in the depicted example. Thus, instances of these questions are generated for each of the person information concepts Paul and Mary and submitted to a corresponding QA system pipeline for evaluation.
Similar to the above, question templates for the combination of the sub-link type “call” and the person information concept are retrieved. In the depicted example, this results in question templates of “Does <Person A> call <Person B>?” and “Does <Person B> call <Person A>?” For the combination of sub-link type “visit” and the person information concept, the question templates “Does <Person A> visit <Location A>?” and “How likely is <Person A> to visit <Location A>?” are retrieved. With these question templates, the Location A variable is replaced with locations present in the ontology, such as Times Square in the depicted example.
It should be noted that in the tables shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the “route” column refers to the type of analysis required, e.g., simple or scenario. A simple analysis looks for direct evidential support for the particular type of link, e.g., direct evidence is likely to exist for answering the question “Does John call Mary?” in the form of telephone records or the like. However, other types of questions may require a more complex scoring and evidential support analysis to determine the answer to the question, e.g., the question “What type of relationship does John have with Mary?” will require that a variety of different evidence and characteristics of the evidence be evaluated to answer this question. Questions requiring more complex scoring and analysis are referred to as having a “scenario” route whereas questions that will likely have direct evidence for answering the question in the corpus are referred to as having a “simple” route.
FIG. 6 shows an example of hypothetical ontological link question generation with regard to an information concept of a location, Times Square. All valid hypothetical ontological links associated with the location and other information concepts in the ontology will be investigated and evaluated by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments in response to the selection of the location information concept of Times Square. In this case, having selected an information concept that has the type of a “location”, various hypothetical ontological links between the location information concept and other information concepts are identified. In this depicted example, various hypothetical ontological links between the location and person information concepts are identified, e.g., a “visit” link, a “live” link, a “work” link, and a “call” link.
Corresponding question templates for these types of hypothetical ontological links are retrieved based on the type of the links and the type of the information concept, i.e. location information concept: Times Square. Thus, for the combination of the link type “work” and the location information concept, the question templates “Does <Person A> work in <Location A>?” and “Who are the people that work in <Location A>?” where Location A is Time Square and Person A is other person information concepts within the ontology, e.g., person information concepts John, Paul and Mary in the depicted example. Thus, instances of these questions are generated for each of the location information concept and person information concepts John, Paul and Mary, where appropriate, and submitted to a corresponding QA system pipeline for evaluation, e.g., a first instance of “Does John work in Times Square?” and a second instance of “Does Mary work in Time Square?” may be generated and evaluated by the QA system pipeline.
Similarly, question templates for the combination of the hypothetical ontological link type “call” and the person information concepts are retrieved. In the depicted example, this results in question templates of “Does <Person A> call <Person B> in <Location A>?” and “Does <Person B> call <Person A> in <Location A>?” For the combination of hypothetical ontological link type “visit” and the person information concept, the question templates “Does <Person A> visit <Location A>?” and “How likely is <Person A> to visit <Location A>?” are retrieved. Moreover, for the hypothetical ontological link type of “live,” the question template of “Who are the people currently living in <Location A>?” is retrieved and used to submit a question to the QA system pipeline for evaluation.
It should be appreciated that in these examples shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the questions are received from the question set database or repository that stores sets of questions in association with one or more information concept types and/or hypothetical ontological link types. Thus, for a hypothetical ontological link type of “location” there may be multiple sets of questions associated with this link type with each set being associated with a different type of information concept, e.g., a set of questions for person information concepts, a set of questions for event information concepts, etc. These sets of questions may be presented as templates that have variables or fields that are populated with the actual information from the selection of information concept and hypothetical ontological link type by the user or automated hypothetical ontological link identification engine, and/or information from the information concept objects and actual link objects in the ontology.
FIGS. 7-10 are provided hereafter to further illustrate the operation of the one illustrative embodiment of the present invention with regard to a particular scenario. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 7-10 utilize a simplified ontology for purposes of illustration. In actuality, ontologies may be very complex having many different information concepts and linkages between information concepts that are identified and evaluated using the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. FIGS. 7-10 are only intended to be examples and are not intended to state or imply any limitation with regard to the manner in which the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may be employed.
FIG. 7 is an example diagram illustrating a graphical representation of a simplified ontology having actual links between information concepts and a hypothetical ontological link for investigation by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. As shown in FIG. 7, the ontology 700 comprises a plurality of information concept objects 702-714 of various types including locations, persons, and events. Various ontological links 716-728 exist between these information concept objects. This ontology 700 may be pre-constructed based on information already entered into the system to build the ontology 700 by specifying the various information concept objects 702-714 and their attributes as well as the ontological links 716-728 and their attributes including link type.
In the depicted example ontology 700, the person 704 “John” lives 716 at the location 702 “East Street London.” The person 704 “John” also is an employee 718 at the location 706 “Acme”. In addition, the person 708 “Paul” is also an employee 720 at the location 706 “Acme”.
It is further noted that in this ontology 700, call events 712 and 714 are indicated. It can be seen from the ontology 700 that the person 708 “Paul” was involved with the person 704 “John” in an event 712 which was a telephone call. The event 712 may have various attributes specifying the date and time of the call, duration of the call, the direction of the call (who called whom), and the like. This leads to links 722 and 724 between the persons 704 and 708 with the event 712. Similarly, another person 710 “Mary” was involved in the event 714 with the person 708 “Paul” leading to links 726 and 728.
With this ontology 700 as a starting point, assume that an analyst wants to know whether the person 704 “John” knows the person 710 “Mary.” It should be noted that, in the ontology 700, there is no pre-existing link between John 704 and Mary 710. Therefore, without investigating the hypothetical ontological link between John 704 and Mary 710, the ontology 700 on its face indicates that John 704 does not know Mary 710. Thus, the analyst may input to the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, a selection or specification of the person 704 “John” and a selection or specification of the person 710 “Mary”. The analyst may also specify that the hypothetical ontological link 730 that is being asked about is of the type “knows.” As a result, various possible sub-links between John 704 and Mary 710 may be identified as being sub-links of the hypothetical ontological link 730, e.g., call link, visits link, knows link, works with link, etc. For each of these possible sub-links a set of question templates may be retrieved to evaluate using appropriately trained QA system pipelines. For simplicity, it is assumed that the questions in the question set 740 that are submitted to the trained QA system pipeline include the questions “Does John know Mary?”, “What type of relationship does John have with Mary?”, “Does John work with Mary?”, and “Does John call Mary?”
These questions are submitted to the QA system pipelines and the answers to these questions, the confidence scores, and the underlying supporting evidence is returned. This information is provided to a link scoring and analysis engine which evaluates the evidence and answers and generates a score for the sub-link. For example, one feature of the hypothetical ontological link between John 704 and Mary 710 is whether John 704 calls or is called by Mary 710. Through evaluation of the question “Does John call Mary?” it may be determined that while John 704 does not directly call Mary 710, John 704 does call Paul 708 directly and that Paul 708 calls Mary 710 directly at approximately the same time, duration, and on multiple occasions. This information may be collected by searching through the corpus to find who John does call, and then find out who the persons that John calls, in turn call. Correlating the telephone records in the corpus for such calls, the system may determine that at approximately the same time on a plurality of occasions, there was a call from John to Paul at approximately the same time and duration as a call from Paul to Mary. This is an indication that while two separate phone calls are logged in the corpus, they may in fact have been a single telephone conference conducted between John, Paul, and Mary. Thus, while the answer to the question “Does John call Mary?” may be “no” with a high confidence from analysis of the direct evidence within the corpus since there is no explicit evidence of an actual call directly from John to Mary, additional analysis by the link scoring and analyzer engine may determine that there is circumstantial evidence that supports a change in the scoring of the sub-link that John calls Mary.
Similarly, analysis of the question “Does John work with Mary?” may result in an answer of “no” since Mary does not have a link to the Acme location 706 indicating that Mary is an employee of Acme. However, there may be evidence in the corpus that Mary visited the Acme location 706 at some time thereby indicating a stronger possibility that John knows Mary. Other similar evidence showing connections between John and Mary, or John with other information concepts to which Mary has a connection as well, in the evidence of the corpus, may be evaluated and used to generate a supporting evidence score for the various sub-links for the hypothetical ontological link that John know Mary 730.
Thus, the link scoring and analyzer engine is configured with logic for looking at various characteristics of the supporting evidence in the corpus to determine if there is circumstantial evidence within the corpus that supports or refutes the sub-links and the hypothetical ontological link. Each of the evaluations of these characteristics may be combined to generate scores for the sub-links and then the scores for the sub-links may be combined to generate a score for the hypothetical ontological link 730 between John 704 and Mary 710 indicating that John 704 knows 730 Mary 710.
FIG. 8 is an example diagram illustrating the example simplified ontology of FIG. 7 with example scoring of the hypothetical ontological link in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As with FIG. 7 above, it should be appreciated that while these examples make reference to “calls”, these are only examples and are not intended to state or imply any limitation as to the types of interactions between information concepts that may be investigated and evaluated using the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. For example, rather than concentrating on call logs and information about telephone calls between persons as shown in the examples of FIGS. 7 and 8, other types of communications may be similarly evaluated by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, e.g., chat sessions, instant messaging, electronic mail messaging, or the like. Any type of communication correspondence that can have characteristics that may be evaluated by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may be the subject of the analysis performed by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments. Similarly, for other types of information concepts, any type of relationship having characteristics that may be analyzed and evaluated using the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments is intended to be within the spirit and scope of the illustrative embodiments.
As shown in FIG. 8, through analysis of the supporting evidence retrieved when answering the questions associated with the sub-links, the link scoring and analysis engine determines various scores of the sub-links. For example, a first sub-link 810 may indicate that John calls Mary or Mary calls John. Through analysis of the telephone records in the corpus, it may be determined that John calls Paul and Paul calls Mary at the same time such that there is a moderate degree of likelihood that John is in fact indirectly calling Mary. Based on various characteristics of the evidence, e.g., time, frequency, duration, etc. of these calls, the numerical score for this link may be relatively high or low. For example, if such instances of indirect calling occur frequently, at a same or similar time, and last a same or similar duration, or above a predetermined duration, then a higher score indicative of John calling Mary is generated. If the frequency, time, and duration are relatively low, e.g., this has happened only once in the supporting evidence, then the score for the link indicative of John calling Mary will be relatively lower.
A second sub-link 820 may represent a relationship between John and Mary. Supporting evidence indicative of a work relationship, e.g. working at the same location, a family relationship, e.g., Mary is married to Paul and Paul is John's brother, or other types of evidence indicative of a friend, family, co-worker, or other type of relationship may be evaluated to generate a score for this second sub-link 810. If there is little or no supporting evidence for a relationship of one of these types between John and Mary, then the score will be relatively low while if there is strong evidence of a relationship, e.g., a marriage certificate, ancestry information, birth certificate, etc., then the score will be relatively high.
A third sub-link 830 may represent co-location of John and Mary. For example, supporting evidence may be provided that John is often seen at the same location as Mary. For example, if the supporting evidence shows that John was present at Acme 706 at the same time as Mary on a number of occasions, then there is a relatively higher score that John and Mary are often co-located. However, if there is relatively little or no evidence that shows that John and Mary are present at Acme 706 at the same time, then the score for this link may be relatively low.
For purposes of the depicted example, it is assumed that through analysis of telephone records in the corpus to identify supporting evidence for answering the question “Does John call Mary?” that strong evidence is found that, at least through an indirect manner via events 712 and 714, that John does call Mary and thus, a score of 0.80 is attributed to sub-link 810. Similarly, through analysis of the corpus, e.g., employment records, birth certificates, marriage certificates, tax records, or any other source of information indicative of family, friend, co-worker, etc., relationships, it may be determined that there is a relatively low amount of evidence indicating that John and Mary have some sort of direct relationship and thus, the score for sub-link 820 is 0.20. Moreover, through analysis of the corpus, e.g., GPS data, cellular network data, and the like, it may be determined that there is a relatively moderate amount of evidence indicating that John and Mary have been present at the same location at approximately the same time and thus, the score for sub-link 830 may be 0.50.
These scores may be combined using any suitable calculation, with each other and/or with the confidence scores generated by the answering of the questions by the QA system pipeline, to generate a confidence score for the hypothetical ontological link 730 as a whole. For example, a weighted function of the confidence scores of the answers to the various questions, as well as the scores of the sub-links, may be utilized in which the weights for the various components of the calculation may be learned through training and machine learning or by way of human intervention to set the weights. For example, higher weights may be given to sub-links directed to actual relationships (family, friends, co-workers) between the persons, e.g., sub-link 820, with relatively lower weights being given to sub-links directed to co-location. Similarly, different weights may be given to the confidence scores of answers to different types of questions in the set of questions. Thus, for example, one may calculate an aggregate confidence score for the hypothetical ontological link 730 using the above scores for the sub-links 810-830 utilizing the following mathematical relationships:




  
    
      
        
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In this relationship, n is the number of times a connection/link between information concept A and B are initiated, i is a particular link number, j is a number of link scores, and f(ki) is the link score for link i.

To further explain this relationship, assume that d is a duration of the interaction or connection/link between information concept A and information concept B, with n being the number of times the connection/link is initiated. Further assume that 1 is the type of interaction or connection/link, s is the simultaneous occurrence of the connection/link, t is the time of day, r is the direction of the connection/link from information concept A to information concept B (e.g., a call), and c is the direction of the connection/link from information concept B to information concept A (e.g., a callback). A duration score f(ds)=d*f(t), where f(t) is a normalizing function based on the connection/link type 1 and the time of day t.
Let Ti be the time of day assigned value, where Ti is designated based on ranges in the day, e.g., 7-12 a.m. (morning) value=5; 12-5 p.m. (afternoon) value=6; 5-9 p.m. (evening) value=8; 9 p.m.-12 a.m. (night) value=12; 12 a.m.-7 a.m. (early morning) value=15. Let f(lt) be a factor based on the link type 1 for time of day t. This is pulled from a mapping table. For example, for a link type 1=Telephone call, the following f(lt) factors may be utilized:

    f(lt)=0.25 where t is morning
    f(lt)=0.40 where t is afternoon
    f(lt)=1.20 where t is evening
    f(lt)=1.7 where t is night
    f(lt)=2.0 where t is early morning


The normalizing function f(t) may be set equal to the value of Ti*f(lt). In this example, the direction of interaction score f(i)=sum of r (0.25 load factor)+Sum of c (1.25 load factor when callback).
Using these relations, a link score may be determined as the sum of the number of connections/links, normalized by the time of day per link type, plus the sum of the duration score and the sum of the simultaneous occurrence score, normalized by the link type factor, plus the number of connections/links per direction normalized by the link type factor, plus the direction interaction score:
Link Score f(k)=(Sum of n)/f(t)+[f(ds)+Sum of s]/f(lt)+Sum of r/[2*f(lt)]+f(i), also written as equation (2) below:

(Σn)/f(t)+[f(ds)+Σs]/f(lt)+(Σr)/(2*f(lt))+f(i)  (2)

Now, letting j be the number of link scores and f(k) be each link score, aggregating the link scores, e.g., (\sum f(k))/j, one obtains the aggregate of the links as noted above in equation (1).
FIG. 9 is an example diagram illustrating a graphical output of a modified ontology generated in response to the scoring of the hypothetical ontological link in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 9, due to a comparison of the aggregate confidence score for the hypothetical ontological link 730 to a pre-determined threshold indicative of a minimum confidence score (e.g., 0.6) for inclusion of the hypothetical ontological link 730 as an actual link in the ontology 700, the hypothetical ontological link 730 is converted to an actual link 910 in the modified or updated ontology 900. The resulting ontology 900 may be presented to a user via a graphical user interface or other output indicating the ontology 900 and providing a user interface through which a user may view the supporting evidence and features of the various links between information concept objects in the ontology 900. Thus, for example, a user may select the newly added link 910 and be presented with information 920 indicating the aggregate confidence score for the link 910, the component scores that were used to generate the aggregate confidence score, as well as user interface elements for viewing the supporting evidence 930 or at least statistics regarding the supporting evidence 930 giving rise to the various components of the aggregate confidence score. In the depicted example, the user selects the “calls” sub-link, e.g., by selecting the GUI box next to the sub-link, and selects the “View Evidence” GUI button to view the supporting evidence 930 that shows a listing of calls and their attributes, e.g., time of day, duration, direction of call, etc., that provide supporting evidence for the scoring of the sub-link “calls”. It should be appreciated that various and multiple levels of drilling down into the data used as a basis for generating the new link 910 may be provided.
As mentioned above, a hypothetical ontological link may be comprised of a plurality of sub-links of various types. In addition the evidence supporting these various types of sub-links and hypothetical ontological links may provide additional evidence for categorizing the links into one of a plurality of different categories for the particular type of link. Taking the “relationship” sub-link 820 discussed above, the result of the evaluation of this sub-link 820 may indicate that there is a relationship between John and Mary, for example. However, in addition to simply determining that there is a relationship, the type of relationship may also be determined and used to categorize the sub-link 820. For example, the relationships may be of various categories such as “co-worker”, “family”, or “friend” and various types of evidence may be used to evaluate the likelihood that the relationship is one of these various categories. The category may then be associated with the sub-link 820 and the hypothetical ontological link 730 such that the category may be presented to the user along with the ontology, such as when the user drills down into the characteristics of the link 910 to see the underlying supporting evidence, confidence scores, and the like. For example, the user may click on the link 910 and be presented with information about sub-links 810-830. Amongst this sub-link information may be the categories associated with these sub-links, e.g., relationship link 820 is a family relationship between John and Mary due to supporting evidence including a marriage certificate between Mary and Paul and ancestry information indicating that Paul is the brother of John.
It should be noted that various types of circumstantial evidence may be evaluated to determine a category of a link or sub-link. The evaluation of the combination of this circumstantial evidence may give rise to a final determination as to the category of the like from amongst a plurality of possible categories.
FIG. 10 is an example diagram illustrating an example scenario for evaluating various characteristics of links for categorizing a link hypothetical ontological link between information concept entities. As shown in FIG. 10, through analysis of a corpus of evidence information when investigating a hypothetical ontological link between Fred and Wilma, it may be determined that there are 40 instances in the corpus of evidential information where Fred 1010 calls Wilma 1020 and 130 instances of Wilma 1020 calling Fred 1010. In addition, the evidence may indicate that the average duration of calls from Fred 1010 to Wilma 1020 is approximately 25 minutes. Similarly, the average duration of calls from Wilma 1020 to Fred 1010 30 minutes. Moreover, it may be determined through analysis of the evidence in the corpus that Fred 1010 calls Wilma 1020 during the day 32 times but calls Wilma 1020 during the nighttime only 8 times. Furthermore, it may be determined that Wilma 1020 calls Fred 1010 during night time hours 60 times and during daytime hours 70 times.
The evidence may be scored to determine a likelihood that the relationship between Fred and Wilma is either a family relationship, co-worker relationship, or a friend (acquaintance) relationship, i.e. the evidence may be scored to determine a category of the hypothetical ontological link between Fred and Wilma. The scoring may look at the pattern of evidence to evaluate the nature of the evidence. For example, since it appears that Wilma calls Fred approximately the same amount of times during day and nighttime hours, Fred calls Wilma mostly during the day, that there is relatively frequent calls between Fred and Wilma, and that the calls last approximately the same amount of time going either direction, that more likely the relationship between Fred and Wilma is one of a friend or acquaintance. If the occurrence of calls from Wilma to Fred mostly happened during the daytime hours it may be more indicative of a family relationship. Other types of patterns may be evaluated to identify other types of categories of relationships between persons. For example, in some illustrative embodiments, call patterns at a fixed scheduled time, day and duration may be determined to indicate a professional relationship type, including evaluations as to whether the call patterns are present during the day time, or day time of at least one of the participant's time zones. A frequent sporadic, lengthy duration for a call is likely indicative of a personal relationship type, especially if some of those calls is outside the normal work hours for the information concepts. Short or long very infrequent calls or communications during normal hours and weekends may be indicative of acquaintances, where “infrequent” may be once every two to three weeks or a month depending on the information concepts involved. Essentially, any definable pattern that may be identified in the evidence may be correlated with a particular category of link between information concepts. The resulting category identification may then be associated with the corresponding link or sub-link and returned with results when evaluating the hypothetical ontological link.
Thus, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments provide facilities for identifying hypothetical ontological links, evaluating these hypothetical ontological links with regard to evidence provided within one or more corpora, and modifying an ontology based on the evaluation of the hypothetical ontological links. In addition, notifications of the results of such evaluations may be presented to a user so that the user is informed of newly discovered relationships between information concepts within an ontology for use in determining areas of further investigation.
The mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments may be implemented in many different domains. In some illustrative embodiments, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented in the domain of intelligence gathering and crime investigation. For example, law enforcement personnel may utilize the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments to input an ontology representing one or more events, locations, suspects, witnesses, known associates of suspects and witnesses, weapons used during the crime, tools used during the crime, or any other information concept that represents information about the crime under investigation. The resulting ontology may then be used as a source of input to the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments for the law enforcement personnel to investigate various theories or scenarios regarding the crime to thereby identify hypothetical ontological links between the information concepts in the ontology, e.g., suspect A committed the robbery of Al's Electronics. From the theory or scenario, various possible sub-links of the hypothetical ontological link of suspect A committing the robbery of Al's Electronics, may be identified and used as a basis for selecting sets of questions to be submitted to the QA system pipelines for evaluation. Moreover, characteristics of the information concept objects themselves may be utilized, e.g., questions regarding the robbery of an electronics store may have different templates than questions regarding the cyber-robbery of a bank since physical assets are generally the target in the former and electronic assets are the target in the latter.
The questions may be evaluated based on a large corpus or set of corpora representing various sources of information useful for criminal investigations. This is a wide range of possible information sources including criminal records, residency information, location information, communication information, bank records, vehicle registration and location information, or any other source of information that a criminal investigator may generally look to for gathering information about persons, locations, or events associated with a crime. Based on evaluation of the questions using the evidence information obtained from the one or more corpora, various links between information concepts, e.g., suspects, witnesses, locations, events, etc., may be identified and scored. These links may then be evaluated to determine an aggregate score for the hypothetical ontological link that suspect A committed the robbery of Al's Electronics. The result of this evaluation may be notified to the criminal investigator along with a graphical user interface representing the ontology that allows the criminal investigator to drill down into the supporting evidence and scores associated with the links, sub-links, and the like. Moreover, the categorization of the links may also be viewed. Thus, for example, it may not have been previously known that suspect A is related to witness B and thus, now that it is known through evaluation by the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments, the statements made by witness B may be brought into question as to their veracity.
Other uses and implementations of the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present description. Any implementation of the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments to identify and evaluate a hypothetical ontological link in a given ontology is intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a flowchart outlining an example operation for identifying and evaluating hypothetical ontological links in an ontology in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 11, the operation starts with the receipt of an ontology (step 1110). The ontology may be built using any suitable data input mechanism for defining information concept objects and their associations (or links). For example, a graphical user interface may be provided that provides one or more interfaces through which a user may define various types of information concept objects, e.g., persons, places, things, events, etc., and various types of linkages between information concept objects.
An indication of at least one of an information concept object and a type of hypothetical ontological link to be investigated is received (step 1120). This indication may be received via user input or through an automated mechanism that analyzes the ontology and identifies possible hypothetical ontological links for further evaluation. For example, in one illustrative embodiment, the user may be presented with a graphical representation of the ontology and may select one or more information concept objects from the graphical representation of the ontology for use in evaluating hypothetical ontological links associated with the selected one or more information concept objects. Moreover, the user may select, such as from a menu of options, the type of hypothetical ontological link associated with the one or more information concept objects that the user wishes to further investigate or evaluate. Alternatively, an automated mechanism may determine these inputs through analysis and determination of probabilities of linkages between information concept objects based on the actual linkages present in the ontology, e.g., if person A has a link to person B and person B has a link to person C, then there is a probability that person A is also linked to person C in some way.
The types of the identified information concept object(s) and hypothetical ontological link are determined (step 1130) and one or more sets of question templates are retrieved from the question template database or repository based on the determined types (step 1140). It should be noted that in retrieving the one or more sets of question templates, the hypothetical ontological link may be correlated to one or more sub-links having their own identifiable types and a separate set of question templates may be retrieved for each of the sub-links. Thus, for example, if the hypothetical ontological link is of the type “knows”, then sub-links of “calls”, “visits,” “knows”, “is related to”, and the like may be identified and corresponding sets of question templates retrieved.
The fields of the question templates are populated with information from the ontology to generate instances of the question templates which are then submitted to appropriately trained QA system pipelines for answer generation, confidence measure calculation, and supporting evidence retrieval (step 1150). The resulting answers to the questions, their confidence measures, and supporting evidence are received (step 1160) and evaluated to generate scores for each of the sub-links (if any) of the hypothetical ontological link (step 1170). An aggregate confidence score for the hypothetical ontological link is then calculated based on the scores for each of the sub-links (if any) (step 1180). The aggregate confidence score is compared to a predetermined threshold to determine if modification of the ontology is warranted (step 1190) and if so, then the ontology is modified or updated to reflect that the hypothetical ontological link is an actual link within the ontology (step 1200) and appropriate notification and user interface output is generated for the user to interact with a representation of the modified ontology to obtain additional information regarding the hypothetical ontological link and its place within the ontology (step 1210). The operation then terminates.
As noted above, it should be appreciated that the illustrative embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In one example embodiment, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented in software or program code, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

## Claims

1. A method, in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory, for identifying and evaluating hypothetical ontological links in an ontology and outputting information, the method comprising:
receiving, by the data processing system, an ontology comprising a plurality of information concept objects and one or more actual links between the information concept objects;
receiving, by the data processing system, an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated, wherein the hypothetical ontological link is a potential link that is not already present as an actual link in the ontology;
automatically generating, by the data processing system, one or more natural language questions for processing by a Question Answering (QA) system pipeline based on at least an identification of a type of the selected information concept object;
processing, by the QA system pipeline, the one or more natural language questions to generate answer results;
calculating, by the data processing system, a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results; and
outputting, by the data processing system, information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link, wherein calculating a score for the hypothetical ontological link comprises:
calculating a score for each answer result in the generated answer results;
generating a weighted score for each of the answer results; and
combining the weighted scores for each of the answer results to generate the score for the hypothetical ontological link.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated comprises receiving a user selection of an information concept object from the ontology and an input of a hypothetical ontological link type associated with the selected information concept object.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
automatically identifying, by the data processing system, the hypothetical ontological link to be evaluated based on the indication of at least a selected information concept object.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein automatically generating one or more natural language questions for processing by the QA system pipeline comprises:
retrieving one or more question templates, corresponding to a type of the selected information concept object and a type of the hypothetical ontological link, from a question template database; and
generating the one or more natural language questions as instances of the one or more question templates.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results comprises calculating the score based on an evaluation of evidential support for and against the hypothetical ontological link being an actual link between the selected information concept and another information concept, in at least one corpus of evidence data.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
classifying the hypothetical ontological link into one of a plurality of classifications for a type of the hypothetical ontological link, based on an evaluation of evidential support for the hypothetical ontological link.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected information concept object is a data representation of one of a person, a location, an event, or a physical object, and wherein the hypothetical ontological link is a data representation of a relationship between the selected information concept object and another information concept object of a same or different type.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein outputting information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link comprises updating the ontology to include the hypothetical ontological link, as an actual link corresponding to the hypothetical ontological link, in the ontology between the selected information concept object and another information concept object in the ontology, in response to the score for the hypothetical ontological link meeting or exceeding a predetermined criterion.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the actual link corresponding to the hypothetical ontological link, comprises at least one of a corresponding link type from a plurality of possible link types, a link category, from a plurality of possible link categories, associated with the corresponding link type, and the score for the hypothetical ontological link.

10. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having a computer readable program stored therein, wherein the computer readable program, when executed on a data processing system, causes the data processing system to:
receive an ontology comprising a plurality of information concept objects and one or more actual links between the information concept objects;
receive an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated, wherein the hypothetical ontological link is a potential link that is not already present as an actual link in the ontology;
automatically generate one or more natural language questions for processing by a Question Answering (QA) system pipeline based on at least an identification of a type of the selected information concept object;
process, by the QA system pipeline, the one or more natural language questions to generate answer results;
calculate a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results; and
output information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to calculate a score for the hypothetical ontological link at least by:
calculating a score for each answer result in the generated answer results;
generating a weighted score for each of the answer results; and
combining the weighted scores for each of the answer results to generate the score for the hypothetical ontological link.

11. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to receive an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated at least by receiving a user selection of an information concept object from the ontology and an input of a hypothetical ontological link type associated with the selected information concept object.

12. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to:
automatically identify the hypothetical ontological link to be evaluated based on the indication of at least a selected information concept object.

13. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to automatically generate one or more natural language questions for processing by the QA system pipeline at least by:
retrieving one or more question templates, corresponding to a type of the selected information concept object and a type of the hypothetical ontological link, from a question template database; and
generating the one or more natural language questions as instances of the one or more question templates.

14. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to calculate a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results at least by calculating the score based on an evaluation of evidential support for and against the hypothetical ontological link being an actual link between the selected information concept and another information concept, in at least one corpus of evidence data.

15. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to:
classify the hypothetical ontological link into one of a plurality of classifications for a type of the hypothetical ontological link, based on an evaluation of evidential support for the hypothetical ontological link.

16. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the selected information concept object is a data representation of one of a person, a location, an event, or a physical object, and wherein the hypothetical ontological link is a data representation of a relationship between the selected information concept object and another information concept object of a same or different type.

17. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the computer readable program further causes the data processing system to output information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link at least by updating the ontology to include the hypothetical ontological link, as an actual link corresponding to the hypothetical ontological link, in the ontology between the selected information concept object and another information concept object in the ontology, in response to the score for the hypothetical ontological link meeting or exceeding a predetermined criterion.

18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the actual link corresponding to the hypothetical ontological link, comprises at least one of a corresponding link type from a plurality of possible link types, a link category, from a plurality of possible link categories, associated with the corresponding link type, and the score for the hypothetical ontological link.

19. An apparatus comprising:
a processor; and
a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory comprises instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
receive an ontology comprising a plurality of information concept objects and one or more actual links between the information concept objects;
receive an indication of at least a selected information concept object for which a hypothetical ontological link is to be evaluated, wherein the hypothetical ontological link is a potential link that is not already present as an actual link in the ontology;
automatically generate one or more natural language questions for processing by a Question Answering (QA) system pipeline based on at least an identification of a type of the selected information concept object;
process, by the QA system pipeline, the one or more natural language questions to generate answer results;
calculate a score for the hypothetical ontological link based on the answer results; and
output information associated with the hypothetical ontological link based on the score for the hypothetical ontological link, wherein the instructions further cause the processor to calculate a score for the hypothetical ontological link at least by:
calculating a score for each answer result in the generated answer results,
generating a weighted score for each of the answer results; and
combining the weighted scores for each of the answer results to generate the score for the hypothetical ontological link.