ALD-190 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 14-4149

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JOHNNY LYNN BAKER,

Appellant

v.

WARDEN FORT DIX FCI

__________________________________ 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. Civ. No. 1-14-cv-05438)

District Judge: Renee M. Bumb

__________________________________

Submitted for Possible Summary Action 

Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

May 7, 2015

Before: RENDELL, CHAGARES and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

(Filed: June 2, 2015)

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OPINION*

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PER CURIAM

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

Johnny Lynn Baker appeals from an order of the District Court dismissing his 

petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 for lack of jurisdiction. 

For the reasons that follow, we will summarily affirm.

Following a jury trial, Baker was convicted in the United States District Court for 

the Eastern District of Virginia of possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B).1 Baker was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 108 

months. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the criminal judgment, see

United States v. Baker, 2009 WL 3698577 (4th Cir. November 6, 2009). Baker then filed 

a motion to vacate sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the sentencing court, 

alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. His motion was denied on the merits, see

United States v. Baker, 2011 WL 3841690 (E.D. Va. August 30, 2011), but the 

sentencing court granted him a certificate of appealability. The Court of Appeals for the 

Fourth Circuit then affirmed the denial of his § 2255 motion, see United States v. Baker, 

477 F. App’x 144 (4th Cir. 2012).

At issue in this appeal, Baker, who is confined at the Federal Correctional 

Institution at Fort Dix, New Jersey, filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. In it, 

he contended that (1) he is actually innocent of interstate possession of child pornography 

in that Congress exceeded its Commerce Clause authority in enacting 18 U.S.C. § 2252A; 

 

1 Baker exchanged emails over the internet with a United States Postal Inspector who was 

acting in an undercover capacity as a purveyor of child pornography. After Baker agreed 

to receive a package at his Virginia address, his home was searched pursuant to a 

warrant. He then was indicted and his trial followed the denial of his suppression motion.
3

and (2) under Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), he is actually innocent of 

the sentencing enhancements imposed in his case for obstruction of justice and engaging 

in a pattern of activity involving the sexual abuse or exploitation of a minor, 

enhancements that were neither submitted to the jury nor proved beyond reasonable 

doubt. In an order entered on September 5, 2014, the District Court dismissed the § 2241 

petition for lack of jurisdiction, holding that a federal prisoner generally must use 28 

U.S.C. § 2255 to collaterally attack his conviction or sentence; that he may seek relief 

under § 2241 if the remedy provided by § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective to test the 

legality of his detention; but that, although § 2255 has a “safety valve,” it has not been 

applied in this circuit except where the prisoner has had no prior opportunity to challenge 

his conviction for actions deemed to be non-criminal by an intervening change in the law, 

which is not the case here.

Baker appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. A certificate of 

appealability is not required here. See Burkey v. Marberry, 556 F.3d 142, 146 (3d Cir. 

2009) (certificate of appealability not required to appeal from denial of § 2241 petition). 

Our Clerk advised Baker that his appeal was subject to summary action under Third Cir. 

LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6. 

We will summarily affirm the order of the District Court because no substantial 

question is presented by this appeal, Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6. As 

explained by the District Court, a § 2255 motion is inadequate and ineffective for 

challenging a conviction where the conduct that forms the basis for the conviction has 

been deemed not criminal and the prisoner has had no prior opportunity to raise his 
4

challenge, In re: Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 1997), but Baker’s claims do not 

fall under the § 2255 “safety valve.” Baker did not contend that, as a result of a Supreme 

Court decision issued after he filed his first § 2255 motion, the conduct for which he was 

convicted is now not criminal and that he had no prior opportunity to raise his challenge. 

His argument concerning the constitutionality of his conviction under the Commerce 

Clause was available to him on direct appeal in 2009, and he does not contend that there 

have been any changes in the law since that time, or since is § 2255 motion, relating to 

the specific conduct at issue here.2 See generally United States v. Malloy, 568 F.3d 166, 

179 (4th Cir. 2009) (surveying sister circuits and holding that constitutionality of federal 

child pornography statute extends even to intrastate possession or production so long as 

intrastate activities are part of class of activities that have substantial effect on interstate 

commerce). Accordingly, he may not resort to a § 2241 petition. The case cited by 

Baker, United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), was decided well before his 

direct appeal and § 2255 motion, and, in any event, concerns not the federal child 

pornography statute but whether Congress had authority under the Commerce Clause to 

enact a civil remedy under the Violence Against Women Act, 42 U.S.C. § 13981.

In addition, Alleyne is merely an extension of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 

466 (2000). In Apprendi, the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior 

conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory 

 

2 The Postal Inspector arranged a controlled delivery by mailing child pornography to 

Baker’s Virginia address, but Baker refused delivery. The Government was nevertheless 

still able to obtain a search warrant, which led to the discovery of images on Baker’s 

computer, among other evidence.
5

maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. 

at 490. In Alleyne, the Supreme Court held that the same rule also applies to “facts that 

increase mandatory minimum sentences.” 133 S. Ct. at 2163. In Okereke v. United 

States, 307 F.3d 117, 121 (3d Cir. 2002), we held that prisoners may not resort to § 2241 

petitions to raise Apprendi arguments, and that rule applies as well to Alleyne

arguments.3

For the foregoing reasons, we will summarily affirm the order of the District Court 

dismissing Baker’s § 2241 petition for lack of jurisdiction. 

 

3 Alleyne also is not retroactive to cases on collateral review, United States v. Reyes, 755 

F.3d 210, 212-13 (3d Cir. 2014), and it, therefore, does not provide a basis for an 

appellate court to authorize a second § 2255 motion, see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2).