NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 22-2363

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CRYSTAL DAWN WEIMER

v.

COUNTY OF FAYETTE, PENNSYLVANIA; 

OFFICE OF THE FAYETTE COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY; 

NANCY VERNON, in her official and individual capacities; 

RONALD HAGGERTY, JR.; 

THOMAS CESARIO; 

THOMAS W. PATTON; 

BEVERLY ASHTON, in their individual capacities; 

CITY OF CONNELLSVILLE

Thomas Cesario, 

Appellant

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On Appeal from the District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil No. 2:17-cv-1265)

Magistrate Judge: Honorable Maureen P. Kelly

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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a):

October 20, 2023

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Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, PHIPPS and CHUNG, Circuit Judges

(Filed: November 2, 2023)
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OPINION*

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CHAGARES, Chief Judge.

Defendant Thomas Cesario appeals from the District Court’s denial of his motion 

for summary judgment based on qualified immunity and state-law official immunity. 

Plaintiff Crystal Weimer alleged that Cesario, the retired lead investigator in the murder 

for which Weimer was prosecuted, is liable for malicious prosecution and related claims

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Pennsylvania law. Because the District Court erred as a 

matter of law on whether a clearly established right existed and whether Cesario was 

entitled to official immunity under Pennsylvania law, we will reverse the District Court’s 

order in part.

1

I.

We write primarily for the parties and recite only the facts essential to our 

decision.

2

 Crystal Weimer spent more than eleven years in prison for the murder of 

Curtis Haith. In 2001, police found Haith beaten and shot in the face, lying dead on the 

sidewalk in front of his apartment. Cesario led the initial investigation of Haith’s murder. 

Cesario and his team, including officer Ronald Haggerty, Jr., obtained blood and hair

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 The District Court’s rulings in the same order with respect to other defendants are not 

the subject of this appeal. 

2 Our previous opinion resolved immunity issues with respect to only District Attorney 

Nancy Vernon. See Weimer v. Cnty. of Fayette, 972 F.3d 177 (3d Cir. 2020). This 

opinion recounts the facts essential to Cesario’s appeal. 
3

samples from Haith and discovered drug-related evidence inside his apartment. They 

interviewed people who had attended parties with Haith earlier that evening, including 

Weimer, who had given Haith a ride at some point that evening. Police observed that 

Weimer had injuries to her face and foot and was wearing clothes that looked muddy and 

bloody. Weimer provided her clothes to the police for forensic testing. Early testing 

showed that the blood on Weimer’s clothes was consistent with Haith’s. Cesario 

obtained a search warrant to obtain samples of Weimer’s blood.3 

Meanwhile, police conducted other witness interviews and collected information 

about potential suspects. Cesario provided District Attorney Vernon updates of the 

evidence gathered as to Weimer, but not other suspects or leads such as information 

related to Haith’s drug activity. In September 2002, Cesario retired from the 

Connellsville Police Department. No charges had been filed against Weimer; in fact, 

Cesario believed there was no probable cause to charge anyone for the Haith murder. 

Haggerty took over as lead investigator upon Cesario’s retirement. Haggerty 

requested assistance from the Pennsylvania State Police cold case squad. A member of 

the squad noticed a bite mark on Haith’s hand from his autopsy photograph. Haggerty

obtained a report from a forensic odontologist opining that Weimer’s dental mold 

matched the bite mark on Haith. Haggerty also interviewed several other individuals, 

3 DNA testing revealed that the blood on Weimer’s clothes did not match Haith and that 

no biological evidence connected Weimer to the crime scene. It is unclear whether 

Cesario learned of these test results before he retired. Compare Appendix (“App.”) 14 

(District Court finding that he did), with Appellee Br. 7 (Weimer claiming that the test 

occurred after Cesario retired). In any event, adoption of the District Court’s finding 

makes no difference to the outcome here. 
4

including Thomas Beal, Conrad Blair, and Joseph Stenger, who provided information 

tying Weimer to the murder. 

Weimer was arrested in January 2004 and charged with Haith’s murder. At this 

point, Cesario had been retired for more than a year and had no personal involvement in 

the charging decision. After a judge dismissed those charges for insufficient evidence, 

Weimer was charged again, and this time her case went to trial. A jury found her guilty 

of third-degree criminal conspiracy and third-degree homicide. She was sentenced to 

fifteen to thirty years in prison. Weimer’s convictions were ultimately vacated based on 

recanted testimonies, and all charges against her were dismissed with prejudice. 

Weimer brought suit against Cesario alleging, as relevant here, malicious 

prosecution, civil rights conspiracy, and supervisory liability under section 1983, and 

malicious prosecution under Pennsylvania law. Cesario moved for summary judgment 

based on qualified immunity from the section 1983 claims and official immunity under 

Pennsylvania statute from the state-law claim. The District Court found disputed facts in 

the record and concluded that Cesario was not entitled to immunity from any of these 

claims.4 Cesario timely appealed. 

4 With the parties’ consent, Magistrate Judge Maureen P. Kelly conducted the 

proceedings in this matter. We refer to the Magistrate Judge as the District Court 

throughout this opinion. 
5

II.

A.

We must first consider whether we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal. In 

Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 311 (1995), the Supreme Court held that “a district 

court’s order denying a defendant’s motion for summary judgment [i]s an immediately 

appealable ‘collateral order’” where “the issue appealed concerned, not which facts the 

parties might be able to prove, but, rather, whether or not certain given facts showed a 

violation of ‘clearly established’ law.” (citation omitted). Here, Cesario appeals only the 

District Court’s “legal conclusion” that he was not entitled to qualified immunity based 

on its view of the record. ECF No. 13 at 11. We therefore have jurisdiction to review 

this question of law. Lozano v. New Jersey, 9 F.4th 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2021).

We also have jurisdiction to review the denial of Cesario’s state immunity 

defense. We have determined that “a denial of state immunity is an appealable final 

order under the collateral order doctrine,” El v. City of Pittsburgh, 975 F.3d 327, 334 (3d 

Cir. 2020), so long as “the state has conferred an underlying substantive immunity from 

suits arising from the performance of official duties,” Rivas v. City of Passaic, 365 F.3d 

181, 193 (3d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). In other words, we can review the denial of 

state immunity when the nature of that immunity is “immunity from suits, rather than 

mere immunity from liability.” In re City of Phila. Litig., 49 F.3d 945, 957 (3d Cir. 

1995). The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has held that immunity under the 

Pennsylvania Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act (“PSTCA”) — which Cesario 

invokes — is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability.” Dorsey v. 
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Redman, 96 A.3d 332, 344 (Pa. 2014) (citation omitted). Thus, we have jurisdiction to 

review the state immunity issue.

B.

We turn now to the merits. “Qualified immunity protects government officials 

performing discretionary functions ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their 

conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a 

reasonable person would have known.’” Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287 (3d Cir. 

2014) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). The PSTCA grants 

official immunity to municipal employees acting in good faith within the scope of their 

official duties. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8546. We hold that Cesario is entitled to qualified 

immunity from Weimer’s section 1983 claims as well as official immunity from

Weimer’s state-law malicious prosecution claim. We will examine each immunity 

defense in turn.5

1.

Cesario argues that the District Court erred in denying him qualified immunity 

from Weimer’s section 1983 malicious prosecution claim. We agree because any right 

that Cesario’s action (or inaction) may have violated was not clearly established in 2002. 

The District Court framed the right in question as “[t]he right to be free from 

prosecutions on criminal charges that lack probable cause.” App. 35 (citing Donahue v. 

5 We exercise plenary review of an order denying qualified immunity at the summary 

judgment stage. Goodwin v. Conway, 836 F.3d 321, 326 n.16 (3d Cir. 2016). We review 

a state-law official immunity ruling under the same standard. LaVerdure v. Cnty. of 

Montgomery, 324 F.3d 123, 125 (3d Cir. 2003).
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Gavin, 280 F.3d 371, 380 (3d Cir. 2002)). But the Supreme Court has “repeatedly told 

courts . . . not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Mullenix v. 

Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (citation omitted). This level of specificity “is especially 

important in the Fourth Amendment context, where the Court has recognized that ‘[i]t is 

sometimes difficult for an officer to determine how the relevant legal doctrine . . . will 

apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.’” Id. (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 

U.S. 194, 205 (2001)). A more appropriate framework in this case is whether it was 

clearly established in 2002 that an officer is liable for malicious prosecution for failing to 

disclose potentially exculpatory evidence or investigative leads to the prosecutor before 

any charging decision has been made. 

The District Court did not identify any appellate authority from 2002 or earlier to 

show a clearly established right in this context. Our decision in Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 

F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2014), offers too little, too late. There, we ruled that “[i]f the officers 

influenced or participated in the decision to institute criminal proceedings, they can be 

liable for malicious prosecution.” Id. at 297 (citing Sykes v. Anderson, 625 F.3d 294, 

308–09, 317 (6th Cir. 2010)). Not only did we decide Halsey well after 2002, but in that 

case we also declined to delineate the extent to which police officers’ actions could 

subject them to a claim for malicious prosecution. See id. at 297 n.22 (declining to 

prescribe “how strong the connection must be between a police officer’s misconduct and 

the defendant’s eventual prosecution for the officer to be liable in a malicious prosecution 

action,” but noting that it sufficed that the officer’s misconduct in supplying the 

prosecutor a false confession “was a significant cause of the prosecution”). 
8

We fail to see how any reasonable officer in Cesario’s position would know that

his investigatory conduct would significantly cause Weimer’s prosecution without 

probable cause, when it is undisputed that Cesario retired in 2002 without probable cause 

to charge Weimer and that numerous developments occurred in the years between his 

retirement and Weimer’s eventual arrest and prosecution. Put another way, the law in 

2002 did not place the constitutional significance of Cesario’s conduct “beyond debate.” 

Weimer, 972 F.3d at 192 (quoting Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 779 (2014)). 

Cesario is thus entitled to qualified immunity from Weimer’s section 1983 malicious 

prosecution and conspiracy claims. See Black v. Montgomery Cnty., 835 F.3d 358, 372 

n.14 (3d Cir. 2016) (“Because the District Court reasoned that [the plaintiff] could not 

succeed on her underlying Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution or Fourteenth 

Amendment due process claims, it correctly determined that she could not succeed on her 

conspiracy claims.”). 

We reach the same conclusion with respect to Weimer’s section 1983 supervisory 

liability claim. A government official is liable only for his own conduct — respondeat 

superior or vicarious liability will not do. Argueta v. U.S. Immigr. & Customs Enf’t, 643 

F.3d 60, 71 (3d Cir. 2011). Neither Weimer nor the District Court identified any clearly 

established law as of 2002 requiring a supervising officer (Cesario) to ensure that a 

subordinate (Haggerty) exhaust all potential investigative leads and report them to the 

prosecutor before any charging decision has been made. Cesario is accordingly entitled 

to qualified immunity from this claim.
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2.

Finally, we conclude that Cesario is entitled to official immunity under the 

PSTCA. The District Court determined that Cesario was not entitled to official immunity 

under the PSTCA because the record supported a finding that he engaged in “willful 

misconduct,” thus abrogating his official immunity under the PSTCA. “‘Willful 

misconduct,’ as used in [the PSTCA], requires evidence that the defendants actually 

knew that their conduct was illegal.” Sameric Corp. of Del. v. City of Philadelphia, 142 

F.3d 582, 600–01 (3d Cir. 1998) (citing Renk v. City of Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289, 293–

94 (Pa. 1994)). In this case, even if Cesario engaged in misconduct, the District Court

did not identify any facts in the record showing that Cesario “actually knew that [his] 

conduct was illegal.” Id. at 601. Thus, Cesario is entitled to official immunity from the 

state-law malicious prosecution claim. 

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the portion of the District Court’s order 

denying Cesario summary judgment on Weimer’s section 1983 and state-law claims.