IN THE 

## A RIZONA 

## C OURT OF 

## A PPEALS
D IVISION O NE

J OELLE M ., Appellant
,

v.

DE PARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, L.M., Appellees

.
No. 1 CA- JV 18 -0079

A ppeal from the Superior Court in Mohave County No. S8015JD201700080 The Honorable Douglas Camacho
, Judge Pro Tempore

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

The Stavris Law Firm PLLC , Phoenix By Alison Stavris Counsel for Appellant

A rizona Attorney General’s Office
, Mesa By Lauren J. Lowe C ounsel for Appellee Department of Child Safety

Moh ave County Attorney’s Office, Kingman By Bobbie Shin Counsel for Appellee L.M. FILED 11-6-2018JOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

2 OPINION
Judge David D. Weinzweig delivered the decision of the Court, in which Presiding Judge Kenton D. Jones and Judge Peter B. Swann joined.

W E I N Z W E I G , Judge:

¶1 Joelle M. (“Mother”) appeals from the superior court’s order finding her daughter, L.M., dependent based upon medical ne glect. Mother ’s argument against the finding of neglect fails to account for L.M.’s unique needs. We hold the superior court must consider a child’s unique needs in a dependency action to protect the child’s best interest and meaningful ly assess the parent’s willingness and ability to supply proper and effective parental care and control. Because the record supports the dependency finding, we a ffirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 This is a child dependency action. Mother and Lucas M. (“Father”) are the biological parents of L.M., who was born healthy in Nevada in 2011. A t two months old
, L.M. was rushed to the hospital with life

- threatening brain injuries. Father was later convicted in Nevada of abusing his daughter and sentenced to prison. 1 L.M. suffered severe and irreversible brain damage. She now endures dozens of chronic and debilitating disorders, including encephalopathy, spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and epilepsy. She requires a wheel chair and is legally blind ; cannot feed h erself or communicate, except for a few nonverbal cues ; bears a perpetual high risk for seizures, vomiting, choking and aspiration ; and gains nourishment from a continuous 24

- hour feed delivered from a battery

- powered feeding machine

. L.M. needs full

- time care and attention for her very survival

. ¶3 Mother and L.M. later moved to Arizona. The Arizona Department of Child Safety (“ DCS ”) first learned about L.M. in July 2017
, when she was a part

- time student in a special education program for

1 Father was released from prison in September 2016. The superior court found L.M. dependent as to Father. Father was not living with Mother or L.M. during the events giving rise to this dependency and his whereabouts are unknown.JOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

3 “[m]edica lly fragile children.” The school year had just begun and DCS received anonymous complaints to its hotline that Mother had neglected to provide the school with a n operational feeding machine, thus preventing school officials from providing L.M. with nouri shment , hydrat ion and medication

. School officials had trouble reaching Mother and it took several hours for her to deliver a feeding machine or power cord , even though she lived only minutes from the school

. And when Mother did arrive, DCS records report that she was “ usually . . . out of it” and had trouble “ keeping her eyes open.” Mother later conceded she used methamphetamine “on occasion” while L.M. was at school.

¶4 The record indicates that Mother was indifferent and uncaring at times . S chool of ficials alert ed Mother that L.M. was vomiting uncontrollably and directed her to retrieve her daughter. Mother did not arrive for more than two hours after receiv ing the news

. L.M. then returned to school after a brief one

- week absence with a large red sore on her neck

. The baseball

- sized blotch was shiny, moist and had a strong, foul odor. School officials contacted Mother, who did not respond for hours . Mother later downplayed the blotch
, even question ing whether someone had altered pictures of the sore to make it look worse

. ¶5 The school nurse also expressed concern about Mother’s care and maintenance of L.M.’s medical equipment. Mother did not provide clean and sterile supplies for the feeding machine
, forcing the nurse to reuse the same tubes and b ags, increas ing the risk of infection

. ¶6 The matter reached a breaking point in September 2017

. Mother again sent L.M. to school with no feeding machine and later delivered a feed ing machine that broke down , leaving L.M. without nourishment for hours. Sc hool and DCS officials unsuccessfully tried to reach Mother

. DCS took L.M. into care

. ¶7 DCS filed a dependency petition based on Mother ’s failure to provide proper and effective parental care and control
, A.R.S. § 8

- 201(15)(a)(i), but continued its efforts to return L.M. to Mother’s care. Mother ultimately agreed to a safety plan, which provided that L.M. would live with her maternal grandmother and Mother until Mother passed 12 consecutive drug tests for methamphetamine “without any missed or diluted sampl es in a month” and enrolled in counseling services to cope with stress. Mother breached the safety plan agreement . S he failed and missed several drug tests for methamphetamine

.JOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

4 ¶8 The court held a dependency hearing in January 2018 , where it heard testimony from Mother, t he DCS investigator and the DCS case manager . It also considered testimony from an earlier Rule 51 hearing

. The
court found L.M. dependent because she ha d no parent willing or able to exercise the proper and effective parental car e and control she require d

. A .R.S. § 8 -201(15)(a)(i)

. Mother appealed

. We have jurisdiction under Article 6, Section 9 of the Arizona Constitution, A.R.S. §§ 8- 235(A), 12

- 2101 (A)(1) and Arizona Rule of Procedure for the Juvenile Court 103(A).

DISCUSSION

¶9 We review the superior court ’s dependency order for an abuse of discretion
, Shella H. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Child Safety , 239 Ariz. 47, 50, ¶ 13 (App. 2016)
, and accept its findings of fact unless clearly erroneous
, Michael M. v. Ariz

. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. , 217 Ariz. 230, 233, ¶ 10 (App. 2007). This court affirm s a finding of dependency unless it is supported by no reasonable evidence. Shella H. , 239 Ariz. at 50, ¶ 13.

¶10 A dependent child includes one “[i ]n need of proper and effective parental care and control and who has no parent or guardian willing to exercise or capable of exercising suc h care and control.” A.R.S. § 8- 201(15)(a)(i). Our primary concern is the child’s best interest. Ariz. Dep’t of Ec on. Sec. v. Superior Court , 178 Ariz. 236, 239 (App. 1994 ).

¶11 Mother argues the evidence presented at the dependency hearing was insufficient to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that L.M. wa s dependent. See A.R.S. § 8 -844 (C)(1)(a)(iii) (requiring cou rt to find child dependent if the allegations of the dependency petition are true by a preponderance of the evidence). She asserts that she “has brought the child to the hospital as well as medical appointments on numerous occasions.”

¶12 W e reject Mother’s argument t o the extent she asserts the superior court should examine and decide whether a child is dependent based on the needs of typical child ren and the abilities of typical parent s

. The superior court does not use a general, unitary standard of equal application to all children and parents in determining whether a particular child is dependent . The court must instead consider the discrete and special needs of the particular child , both to protect the child’s best interest and meaningfully ass ess the parent’s willingness and ability to provide proper and effective parental care and control for that child. See A.R.S. § 8

- 201(15)(a)(i).

¶13 We are mindful that the minimal standard of parental care and control is far more extensive for special

- needs children than for healthyJOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

5 children , but the statutory definition of “dependent child” frames a child

specific inquiry that turns on whether a particular child is receiving “ proper and effective parental care and control” from a parent who is “willing to

ex ercise or capable of exercising such care and control.” A.R.S. § 8

- 201(15)(a)(i) (emphasis added ); see also A.R.S. § 8

- 845(B) (child

- specific focus continues at disposition, where the court must consider “the health and safety of the child as a paramount c oncern”) ; Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 45(B) (noting admissible “reports” are to address topics “appropriate to the hearing,” including “[t]he services provided to meet the child’s needs” and “special education services”) . Th is is a variable standard
, necessarily tethered to the child’s medical condition and individual needs. Cf

. Matter of Appeal In Cochise Cty. Juvenile Action No. 5666 -J , 133 Ariz. 157, 160 (1982) (recognizing in child dependency context that no “rigid definition” exists for “neglect” or “what is necessary” for a child’s well

- being); In re Pima County, Juvenile Action No. J -31853 , 18 Ariz. App. 219 (“The expression ‘neglect’ has no fixed meaning, but varies as the context of circumstances changes.”). 2

¶14 On this record
, we affirm the superior court ’s dependency finding. L.M. is a special

- needs child whose precarious medical condition demands proper and effective parental care and control. Her medical needs

are uniquely onerous, complex and pressing. She requires round

- the

- clock medical care and r elies exclusively on others to meet her basic needs. She requires an attentive and meticulous caregiver to guard against an ever

present slate of mortal risks, including aspiration, choking, infections and falls.

¶15 The court received ample evidence that Mot her lack ed the capacity and vigilance to safeguard L.M. by securing and ensuring the uninterrupted care and undivided attention she requires

. To begin, t he
court found Mother was “currently abusing methamphetamine ,” which was “especially concerning because of [L.M.]’s serious medical challenges.” Despite Mother’s assurances that methamphetamine enhanced rather than impaired her parental prowess , a DCS case manager testified that “parents under the influence of methamphetamine tend to neglect their children,” “forget to feed them” and “forget that they have needs.” The court determined that Mother ’s methamphetamine abuse placed L.M. at great peril and she was “ unable to properly care for ” her medically

- fragile daughter. Given L.M.’s heightened medi cal needs, Mother’s substance

2 Arizona courts have likewise reco gnized the fact

- specific nature of a parent’s duty to provide “medical care as may be required .” No. 5666 -J , 133 Ariz. at 160 (emphasis added).JOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

6 abuse might have satisfied the dependency standard alone, but the court pointed to still more evidence.

¶16 The record indicated that Mother was unreliable, unresponsive and careless at times . She failed to demonstrate an appropr iate level of diligence and concern

. She neglected to equip school officials with a feeding machine, the singular device they needed to feed, hydrate and medicate her daughter. She ignored or forgot about many of her daughter’s doctor appointments and ne glected to follow up with a neurology specialist for several months, despite being instruct ed to do so

. She also ignored warning s and occasionally fed L.M. orally
, despite a high risk of aspiration and choking , which the court described as evidence of Mother “choosing to do things the way she want[ed] to even if advised not to do it by medical providers.” S he failed to notice and then minimized a foul

- smelling, baseball

- sized red sore on L.M.’s neck. S he also neglected to maintain L.M.’s medical equip ment, increasing the risk of infection.

¶17 Nor did Mother spring into action when informed that L.M. was ill or needed a feeding machine . She instead waited hours to tackle the se emergenc ies , leaving L.M. without basic nourishment and parental

care for exten ded periods. School officials, a nurse and DCS witnesses explained that Mother was hard to reach . S he did not answer her phone and her voicemail was too full to accept additional messages. The school

nurse opined that L.M. was harmed by Mother’s unresponsiveness.

¶18 We are unpersuaded by Mother’s attempt to direct us to more favorable evidence for her position. She asks us to reweigh the evidence presented to the superior court, ignoring or discounting the weight of adverse evidence, which we will n ot do. Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep’t Econ. Sec.
, 203 Ariz. 278, 282 , ¶ 12 (App. 2002) . We defer to the superior court , which heard and weighed the evidence, observed the parties and witnesses, gauged credibility and resolved questions of fact. Jennifer S. v. Dep’t of Child Safety , 240 Ariz. 282, 286-87, ¶ 16 (App. 2016).

¶19 In sum, L.M. depends upon a heightened level of uninterrupted care for her very survival , but Mother has proven unwilling or unable to grasp the complexities and demands of caring for her daug hter

. L.M. is thus dependent as to Mother.JOELLE M. v. DCS, L.M. Opinion of the Court

7 CONCLUSION

¶20 We affirm the superior court’s dependency finding

.