RENDERED: APRIL 1, 2022; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2021-CA-0171-MR

DAVID CIOCHETTY AND ROBIN 

CIOCHETTY APPELLANTS 

v. 

APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JOHN R. GRISE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CI-01397

FOUNTAIN TRACE HOMEOWNERS’

ASSOCIATION, INC. AND STEVE 

NELSON, D/B/A PROVIDENCE 

HOMES APPELLEES 

AND

NO. 2021-CA-0177-MR

STEVE NELSON, D/B/A 

PROVIDENCE HOMES APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JOHN R. GRISE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CI-01397
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FOUNTAIN TRACE HOMEOWNERS’

ASSOCIATION, INC.; DAVID 

CIOCHETTY; AND ROBIN 

CIOCHETTY APPELLEES 

AND

NO. 2021-CA-0243-MR

FOUNTAIN TRACE HOMEOWNERS’

ASSOCIATION, INC. CROSS-APPELLANT 

v. 

CROSS-APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JOHN R. GRISE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 18-CI-01397

DAVID CIOCHETTY; ROBIN 

CIOCHETTY; AND STEVE NELSON, 

D/B/A PROVIDENCE HOMES CROSS-APPELLEES 

OPINION

REVERSING AND REMANDING

**   **  **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: David and Robin Ciochetty (“the Ciochettys”) appeal 

from the September 13, 2019 and November 5, 2020 orders of the Warren Circuit 

Court. Steve Nelson, d/b/a Providence Homes (“Nelson”) appeals from the same. 
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Fountain Trace Homeowners’ Association, Inc. (“Fountain Trace”) cross-appeals. 

After careful review and consideration of the parties’ oral arguments, we reverse 

and remand for entry of an order consistent with this Opinion.

BACKGROUND

The Ciochettys own property in the Fountain Trace subdivision in 

Bowling Green, Kentucky. Properties in Fountain Trace are subject to various 

deed restrictions. In 2018, the Ciochettys planned to construct an addition to their 

home in Fountain Trace with Nelson acting as their contractor for the project. On 

June 27, 2018, the Ciochettys sent Barry Cummings (“Cummings”), the Chairman 

of the Fountain Trace Architectural Review Committee (“ARC”), an email stating 

the following:

I understand you are on the [ARC]. Attached is the 

exterior view of our addition to our house; we are adding 

bedrooms, and an office, and a garage, plus added a 

storage room and a laundry room (our existing one looks 

like a broom closet). Our builder is Steve Nelson of 

Providence Homes; he has been given a copy of the 

[Fountain Trace] restrictive covenants, plus the separate 

ones for Fountain Trace Estates. Exterior building 

materials will match the existing structure, adding approx. 

3100 sq. feet. He is taking care of permits and inspections. 

I combined the lots into one soon after we moved in 2006.

The existing structure on the exterior front view ends at 

the shuttered window; because of the length; we are 

adding a secondary front door, per fire code.
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Record (“R.”) at 333. Attached to the email was a one-page document depicting 

the front exterior of the addition. The image contained no notations as to the size, 

height, depth, elevation, or floorplan of the addition. No additional details, images, 

plans, or blueprints were attached to the email or given to the ARC at that time. 

Neither Cummings nor any other member of the ARC responded to the email. 

Thereafter, Nelson commenced construction of the addition for the 

Ciochettys. On September 6, 2018, after construction had begun, Cummings sent 

the Ciochettys an email on behalf of the ARC demanding they cease construction 

because “the requisite plans and specifications have not been submitted for review 

to or approved by the Architectural Committee of Fountain Trace Homeowners 

Association, as required by Article III, Section One of the Declaration of 

Restrictive Covenants for Fountain Trace.” Id. at 335. Cummings requested the 

Ciochettys send the ARC the relevant blueprints, elevations, and detailed 

specifications. On the same day, David Ciochetty responded to Cummings’ email 

by sending him the blueprints for the addition to “satisfy the Article III provision.” 

Id. at 336. Within his message, David also takes responsibility by stating, “this is 

my fault; go easy on our builders.” Id. The blueprints provided detailed 

information regarding the proposed construction. In addition to having a second 

front entrance, the blueprints indicated the addition would contain a dining room, 

kitchen, family room, two master suites, an additional bedroom and bathroom, and 
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a laundry room, as well as a two-car garage, lawnmower garage, additional storage 

space, and two covered porches. The addition was planned to total 4,557 square 

feet. 

After reviewing information and documentation provided by the 

Ciochettys and Nelson, the ARC declined the request for approval of the addition 

on September 14, 2018. The ARC determined the addition violated the 

neighborhood’s restrictive covenants, including Article III, Section I, 

as they are not in harmony with the intended design of 

Fountain Trace Subdivision and Section II of Fountain 

Trace Subdivision, and are not in harmony with the 

external design and location in relation to the surrounding 

structures and topography. The proposed construction is 

also two houses and more than a single family dwelling, 

as prohibited by Article IV Section One of the Declaration 

of Restrictive Covenants of Fountain Trace[.]

Id. at 343. The Ciochettys were given thirty days to remove the partiallyconstructed addition from their property.

Article III, Section I of Fountain Trace’s restrictive covenants states

No building, fence, wall, pool, or other structure 

(including a detached garage) shall be commenced, 

erected or maintained upon the Properties, nor shall any 

exterior addition to or change in alteration therein be made 

until the plans and specifications showing the nature, kind,

shape, height, materials, and location of the same shall 

have been submitted to and approved in writing as to 

harmony of external design and location in relation to 

surrounding structures and topography by the Developer. 

The Developer shall, at its sole discretion, retain the right 

to disapprove building plans that it does not feel are in 
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harmony with the intended design of the Subdivision. 

Such disapproval may follow even though submitted plans 

meet all other requirements and guidelines, including 

square footage minimums, as outlined below. After 

Developer shall have conveyed title to all Lots, the 

architectural control shall be vested in the Association, or 

in an architectural committee composed of three (3) or 

more members of the association appointed by the 

Association. In the event said Developer, Association, or 

Association’s designated committee, as the case may be, 

fails to approve or disapprove such design and location 

within thirty (30) days after said plans and specifications 

have been submitted to it, approval will not be required 

and the Article will be deemed to have been fully complied 

with. The Developer, or after the delivery of architectural 

control to the Association or its architectural committee, 

said Association or committee, may vary the established 

building lines, in its sole discretion, where such variance 

is not in conflict with applicable zoning regulations. No 

building shall be constructed except in accordance with 

the plans and specifications approved by the developer or 

the association.

Id. at 247-48.

The Ciochettys filed a complaint in the Warren Circuit Court seeking 

a declaratory judgment that they had complied with the neighborhood’s restrictive 

covenants and were authorized to proceed with construction. Nelson later 

intervened in the lawsuit. 

The parties filed cross-motions for partial summary judgment 

regarding whether the Ciochettys’ June 27, 2018 email was an adequate 

submission to the ARC under Article III, Section I. In its September 13, 2019 

order, the circuit court granted the Ciochettys’ motion for partial summary 
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judgment, finding their email was “near the bare minimum of what [was] required 

to trigger a response” from the ARC. Id. at 356. In reference to the attached 

exterior drawing, the court found “[t]his attachment contained no scale as to the 

height of the addition. However, many details can be inferred from the exterior 

view because it shows a front door and the edge of the Ciochettys’ existing house. 

For some reason unknown to this [c]ourt, the Ciochettys’ chose not to send the 

builder’s plans that they apparently then possessed.” Id. at 349. The court further 

determined “[t]he plain meaning of ‘plans and specifications’ in the restrictive 

covenants required the Ciochettys disclose what they disclosed in the email to Mr. 

Cummings.” Id. at 355-56. The court concluded that, while the Ciochettys could 

proceed with construction because the ARC failed to respond to their submission 

within thirty days, they were limited to building what was disclosed in the June 27, 

2018 email. Id. at 356.

Thereafter, the parties attempted mediation and, when that was 

unsuccessful, the circuit court scheduled a hearing to determine whether the 

Ciochettys’ addition, as it was constructed, was in conformity with the June 27, 

2018 email and the court’s prior order. The primary issue before the court was 

how “square footage” was defined and calculated under the restrictive covenants. 

The circuit court heard testimony from Cummings, the Ciochettys, and Liz Nelson, 

a representative of Providence Homes. The court permanently enjoined the 
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Ciochettys from constructing the addition as planned because it did not conform 

with the email. The court found the Ciochettys were limited to building 3,100 

square feet in total and ordered the removal of a retaining wall they failed to 

disclose in their email. Id. at 497. The circuit court denied the Ciochettys’ motion 

to alter, amend, or vacate the order. 

This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Because summary judgments involve no fact finding, this Court will 

review the [trial] court’s decision de novo.” Isaacs v. Sentinal Insurance Company 

Limited, 607 S.W.3d 678, 681 (Ky. 2020) (citation omitted). Summary judgment 

is appropriate only where, “as a matter of law, it appears that it would be 

impossible for the respondent to produce evidence at the trial warranting a

judgment in his favor and against the movant.” Id. at 680 (citation omitted). The 

record must be viewed in the light most favorable to the respondent with all doubts

resolved in his favor. Id. at 680-81 (citation omitted). 

We also review a trial court’s interpretation of restrictive covenants de 

novo. KL & JL Investments, Inc. v. Lynch, 472 S.W.3d 540, 544 (Ky. App. 2015) 

(citation omitted). Under de novo review, we owe no deference to the trial court’s 

interpretation. Id. (citations omitted). 
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ANALYSIS

On appeal, the Ciochettys argue: (1) the circuit court erred in its 

interpretation of Article III, Section I of the restrictive covenants; (2) the circuit

court incorrectly interpreted the definition of “square footage” as it relates to the 

addition; (3) the circuit court incorrectly found their addition did not conform with 

their June 27, 2018 email; and (4) the circuit court’s permanent injunction was

arbitrary and capricious. Nelson joins the Ciochettys in their arguments regarding 

the definition of “square footage” and the court’s permanent injunction on 

construction of the addition. On cross-appeal, Fountain Trace argues, in part, the 

June 27, 2018 email was insufficient under Article III, Section I to require a 

response from the ARC.

We will first address whether the Ciochettys’ June 27, 2018 email 

qualified as a submission under Article III, Section I necessitating a response from 

the ARC. This is an issue of construction of the restrictive covenants.

In the past, Kentucky courts strictly construed restrictive covenants, 

resolving any doubt as to the grantor’s intent against the enforcement of the 

covenant. KL & JL Investments, 472 S.W.3d at 545 (citation omitted). However, 

this approach has evolved, and we no longer apply the rule of strict construction. 

Id. (citation omitted). We now view restrictive covenants as “protection[s] to the 

property owner and the public.” Id. (citation omitted). 
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“[R]estrictive covenants are to be construed according to their plain 

language.” Hensley v. Gadd, 560 S.W.3d 516, 521 (Ky. 2018). “Parties are bound 

by the clear meaning of the language used, the same as any other contract.” Id. at 

522 (citation omitted). Every part of the restrictive covenant, like any other 

instrument, shall be given meaning and effect when possible. Id. (citing 

McFarland v. Hanley, 258 S.W.2d 3, 5 (Ky. 1953)). 

Where there is ambiguity, restrictive covenants must be construed 

according to the intention of the parties which can be ascertained from the context 

of the instrument. Parrish v. Newbury, 279 S.W.2d 229, 233 (Ky. 1955). “Often 

the surrounding circumstances and the object which the covenant was designed to 

accomplish, which may be revealed in part by a general scheme or plan of 

development, are important considerations where the meaning is doubtful.” Id. 

However, where there is no ambiguity, courts cannot refashion the restriction to 

create ambiguity where none exists. Hensley, 560 S.W.3d at 522 (citation 

omitted). 

We must first consider the plain meaning of the relevant terms used in 

Article III, Section I. The restriction, in pertinent part, states 

[n]o . . . structure . . . shall be commenced, erected, or 

maintained upon the Properties, nor shall any exterior 

addition to or change in alteration therein be made until 

the plans and specifications showing the nature, kind, 

shape, height, materials, and location of the same shall 

have been submitted to and approved in writing as to 
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harmony of external design and location in relation to 

surrounding structures and topography by the Developer.

R. at 247 (emphasis added). The circuit court’s determination that “the plain 

meaning of ‘plans and specifications’ in the restrictive covenants required the 

Ciochettys disclose what they disclosed in the email” is insufficient. 

Neither “plans” nor “specifications” are defined in Kentucky case law 

or Black’s Law Dictionary. The plain meaning of “plan” is “a drawing or diagram 

drawn on a plane: such as (a) a top or horizontal view of an object” or “(b) a largescale map of a small area[.]” Plan, MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY, 

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plan (last visited Feb. 1, 2022). 

Furthermore, “specification” is defined as “a detailed precise presentation of 

something or of a plan or proposal for something – usually used in plural[.]” 

Specification, MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/specification (last visited Feb. 1, 2022). Most importantly, 

specification requires explicit and detailed statements. Specifying, MERRIAMWEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/specifying

(last visited Feb. 1, 2022). 

While the terms “plans” and “specifications” alone may appear vague

as to the specific information required of submissions to the ARC, the remaining 

text of Article III, Section I provides clarity. The section explains precisely what 

must be identified in writing by the party seeking approval from the ARC. Such a 
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party must provide a drawing or diagram and detailed precise presentation of the 

structure’s “nature, kind, shape, height, materials, and location.” Taken together

and giving the terms their plain meaning, there is no ambiguity as to the minimum 

requirements of Article III, Section I. 

Herein, the Ciochettys’ June 27, 2018 email fails to meet those 

minimum requirements. Neither the one-page drawing of the front exterior of the 

addition nor the text of the email included sufficiently detailed information. Most 

importantly, neither the email nor the attachment provided sufficient information 

as to the shape or height of the addition. The email also makes no mention of the 

retaining wall which was constructed as part of the addition. The Ciochettys 

themselves conceded that the June 27, 2018 email was lacking in specificity when 

they responded to Cummings’ September 6, 2018 email by sending him the 

blueprints “to satisfy the Article III provision” of the restrictive covenants. R. at 

336. 

Because the Ciochettys’ June 27, 2018 email did not meet the 

minimum requirements for submissions made under Article III, Section I, the ARC 

was not required to respond to their request. On this basis, the portion of Article 

III, Section I allowing a party to proceed with construction if no decision is made 

by the ARC within thirty days does not apply. The Ciochettys did not have 

authorization to begin construction. On remand, the circuit court shall enter an 
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order granting summary judgment in favor of Fountain Trace and permanently 

enjoining the Ciochettys from building the addition as currently designed. Nothing 

in this Opinion prohibits the Ciochettys from resubmitting modified plans and 

specifications to ARC for approval. Without approval, the addition must be 

removed in its entirety. 

We note that best practice would be for the ARC to respond in a 

timely manner to any submission made by a resident regardless of the adequacy of 

the submission. Additionally, if the ARC does not respond to their submission, it 

would be prudent for the Ciochettys to follow up with ARC before making a 

substantial investment in a construction project without approval. 

As our decision on the inadequacy of the Ciochettys’ email 

submission is determinative of these appeals, we need not address the parties’ 

remaining arguments.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we reverse and remand the September 13, 

2019 and November 5, 2020 orders of the Warren Circuit Court for entry of orders

consistent with this Opinion.

ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS/

CROSS-APPELLEES DAVID & 

ROBIN CIOCHETTY:

Matthew J. Baker

Bowling Green, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT STEVE 

NELSON D/B/A PROVIDENCE 

HOMES:

David F. Broderick

R. Taylor Broderick

Bowling Green, Kentucky

ORAL ARGUMENT FOR 

APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEES 

DAVID & ROBIN CIOCHETTY:

Matthew J. Baker

Bowling Green, Kentucky

ORAL ARGUMENT FOR 

APPELLANT STEVE NELSON 

D/B/A/ PROVIDENCE HOMES:

Brandon T. Murley

Bowling Green, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLEE/

CROSS-APPELLANT FOUNTAIN 

TRACE HOMEOWNERS’ 

ASSOCIATION, INC.:

Tad T. Pardue

Ian A. Loos

Bowling Green, Kentucky

ORAL ARGUMENT FOR 

APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT 

FOUNTAIN TRACE 

HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, 

INC.:

Ian A. Loos

Bowling Green, Kentucky