FILED

February 24, 1998

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

OCTOBER 1997 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE, * C.C.A. No. 03C01-9702-CR-00081

*

Appellee, * HAMBLEN COUNTY

*

VS. * Hon. James E. Beckner, Judge

*

DWIGHT D. WINN, * (Certified question of law)

*

Appellant. *

For Appellant: For Appellee:

Paul G. Whetstone John Knox Walkup 

502 North Jackson Street Attorney General and Reporter

Morristown, TN 37814

Michael J. Fahey, II

Assistant Attorney General

425 Fifth Avenue North 

Second Floor, Cordell Hull Building

Nashville, TN 37243

Victor Vaughn

Assistant District Attorney General

510 Allison Street

Morristown, TN 37814

OPINION FILED:__________________

REVERSED AND REMANDED

GARY R. WADE, JUDGE
2

OPINION

The defendant, Dwight D. Winn, pled guilty to simple possession of

marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor, reserving a certified question of law for appeal.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2)(i). The trial court imposed a sentence of eleven months

and twenty-nine days and fined the defendant two hundred fifty dollars. 

In this appeal, the defendant asserts that the trial court should have

sustained his motion to suppress. Initially, the defendant asserts that the law

enforcement officer had no basis to frisk him at the sobriety checkpoint. Secondly,

the defendant questions whether the officer had probable cause to remove the

contents of his rear pants pocket under the "plain feel" doctrine. We must reverse

the judgment of the trial court and remand the cause to the trial court.

On March 23, 1996, Officer Phil Hurst, who by then had worked for the

DUI enforcement unit of the Morristown Police Department almost five years, began

a random DUI checkpoint on Highway 25-E at approximately 10 p.m. Later, when

the defendant stopped at the checkpoint and provided his driver's license, Officer

Hurst noticed he had “watery or glassy type eyes" and "seemed a little confused." 

When asked his destination, the defendant replied “Mississippi Alabama.” Officer

Hurst suspected the defendant might be under the influence and directed him to

stop his vehicle for further investigation. 

Officer Hurst, who described the defendant as cooperative and able to

operate his vehicle without difficulty, conducted a frisk as soon as the defendant

stepped outside his car. When he "ran across a bundle" in the defendant's left rear

pocket, the officer concluded the bundle was like marijuana he "had felt before in

the past ...." The officer then removed the substance from the defendant's pocket,
3

arrested him and inventoried his vehicle. Later, while at the police department, the

defendant performed sobriety tests satisfactorily. There were no charges for driving

under the influence.

While Officer Hurst testified that the basis for his suspicions was the

defendant’s "impaired driving," he acknowledged that he had not seen the

defendant drive in an unusual manner. He conceded that he had not obtained

consent for the frisk.

The officer denied that race was the basis for his further investigation

of the defendant, who is African-American. He recalled on the same evening,

asking a Caucasian female, whom he did not frisk, to pull her vehicle to the side for

further investigation. Although he admitted that he did not frisk everyone before

conducting sobriety tests, Officer Hurst thought that the better practice was to do so

in each instance.

At the time of the hearing, the defendant, a thirty-four-year-old

Morristown resident, had been an employee of Lear Seating for fourteen years. He

testified that as he approached the checkpoint, an officer directed him to the side of

the roadway, requested his driver's license, and asked if he had been drinking or 

had any empty containers in the car. The defendant replied in the negative and told

the officer that he had just awoken and was traveling to his aunt's funeral in

"Alabama Mississippi." He claimed that when Officer Hurst asked for clarification,

he answered "Alabama via Mississippi" so that he could pick up his cousin along the

way. The defendant recalled consenting to a search of his vehicle and stepping out

of his car. Officer Hurst, without any prior indication of his intentions, searched his

front pockets. The defendant explained that he pushed the officer's hands away
4

because he did not think the officer had any reason to search. He acquiesced only

when the officer became more forceful. The officer removed several items, such as

business cards and chapstick, from his front pockets then searched a rear pocket,

where he found the marijuana.

The trial court ruled as follows on the motion to suppress:

When the defendant exited the automobile to

perform the field sobriety tests, the officer conducted a

pat-down. Terry allows a person [] detain[ed] under

articulable, reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to be

patted down .... The pat-down would have to be before

the field sobriety tests were given because that's the

point at which danger would be to the officer. If an officer

w[ere] negligent enough to intend to conduct a pat-down

subsequent to a field sobriety check ... this defendant

wasn't, but if he was one of those that had a weapon in

his pocket, the officer would probably be dead by the

time field sobriety tests were over with. So the only

sensible time to make a Terry pat-down is when the

defendant would first leave the vehicle....

The next question is, in his search for weapons,

when he felt this thing in the defendant's pocket that felt,

under his training ... and experience ... like a package of

marijuana ... and you certainly have exigent

circumstances then, and the search is appropriate....

So from all those facts and circumstances, I

believe the state can sustain its position in making the

detention and the subsequent pat-down and search. 

And the motion to suppress must be overruled.

Our scope of review is limited. A trial court's findings of fact are

conclusive on appeal unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. State v. Odom,

928 S.W.2d 18 (Tenn. 1996); State v. Tate, 615 S.W.2d 161, 162 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1981); Graves v. State, 512 S.W.2d 603, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1973); see Tenn. R.

Crim. P. 12(e). Yet, this court must conduct a de novo review of the trial court's

application of law to fact. State v. Ray Anthony Bridges, ___ S.W.2d ___, No.

02S01-9606-CC-00053, slip op. at 4 (Tenn., at Jackson, Dec. 31, 1997); State v.
5

Wayne Lee Yeargan, ___ S.W.2d ___, No. 01S01-9604-CC-00080, slip op. at 5

(Tenn., at Nashville, Nov. 24, 1997). 

Initially, both the state and federal constitutions protect individuals from

unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, §

7. An automobile stop constitutes a "seizure." See Michigan Dep't of State Police v.

Sitz, 496 U.S. 444, 450, 110 S. Ct. 2481, 2485 (1990); State v. Pully, 863 S.W.2d

29, 30 (Tenn. 1993). Sobriety checkpoints have been upheld as constitutional

intrusions if operated under previously determined guidelines that limit the law

enforcement officer's discretion and also limit intrusions into areas protected by the

Fourth Amendment. State v. Downey, 945 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tenn. 1997); see Sitz,

496 U.S. at 455, 110 S. Ct. at 2488. In Terry, the United States Supreme Court

ruled as follows: 

We merely hold today that where a police officer ...

reasonably [ ] conclude[s] ... that criminal activity may be

afoot and that the persons with whom he is dealing may

be armed and presently dangerous ... and where nothing

in the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel his

reasonable fear for ... safety, he is entitled for [ ]

protection ... to conduct a carefully limited search ... to

discover weapons....

392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1884-85 (1968). The Fourth Amendment permits a

protective frisk where a law enforcement officer has reasonable suspicion that the

suspect is armed. Id. at 27, 88 S. Ct. at 1883; Hughes v. State, 588 S.W.2d 296,

304 (Tenn. 1979). Reasonable suspicion is suspicion which is supported by specific

and articulable facts. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S. Ct. 690,

695 (1981). These facts may stem from information provided by other law

enforcement personnel, agencies or citizens; it may be derived from known patterns

of criminal behavior or gleaned from the officer's experience. Bridges, slip op. at 10.
1See e.g., Unite d Sta tes ex rel. R ichardso n v. Rundle, 461 F.2d 860 (3d Cir. 1972)

(robber y); People v. Myles, 50 Cal. Ap p. 3d 423 , 123 Ca l. Rptr. 348 ( 1975) (b urglary); People v.

Shackelford, 546 P.2d 964 (C olo. 1976 ) (rape); United States v. Kikumura , 918 F.2d 1084 (3d Cir.

1990) (a ssault with a weap on); State v. Gilchrist, 299 N.W .2d 913 ( Minn. 19 80) (hom icide); United

State s v. Sinclair, 983 F.2d 598 (4th Cir. 1993) (drug trafficking). 

2

See, e.g., State v. Thomas , 542 A.2d 912 (N .J. 1988) (posse ssion of mariju ana); W hitten v.

United States, 396 A.2d 208 (D .C. App . 1978) (s hoplifting); State v. Fales, 540 A.2d 1120 (Me. 1988)

(driving under the influence).

6

The defendant argues that Officer Hurst was not justified in the frisk

because a suspicion for driving under the influence would not allow the officer to

infer use of a weapon. In Hughes v. State, 588 S.W.2d 296, 304, 309 (Tenn. 1979),

overruled on other grounds by State v. Leveye, 796 S.W.2d 948 (Tenn. 1990), our

supreme court, in ruling that the frisk was not warranted, placed importance on both

the nature of the suspected offense and the reasonableness of the belief that the

suspect was armed:

In Terry, the suspected criminal activity was preparation

for an armed robbery; here it was a mere possessory

offense. In Terry, the pat-down was validated on the

basis of a founded fear of the possession of weapons;

here, again, it was a possessory offense with no

suspicion that [the] defendant was going armed.

A frisk has been upheld as reasonable when the suspected crime might typically

involve the use of a weapon; for example, a suspicion of robbery, burglary, rape,

assault with a weapon, homicide, and large scale narcotics trafficking might allow an

officer to reasonably infer that a weapon might be in the possession of the suspect.1

When, however, the likely crime does not involve a weapon, "other circumstances"

must be present to justify a Terry frisk. Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 74, 88 S.

Ct. 1889, 1907 (1968) (Harlan, J., concurring)).2 Because a suspected driver under

the influence would not likely fall into the category of those who would be expected

to be armed, this court must consider examples of "other circumstances":

[A] characteristic bulge in the suspect's clothing;

observation of an object in the pocket which might be a

weapon; an otherwise inexplicable sudden movement

toward a pocket or other place where a weapon could be

concealed; an otherwise inexplicable failure to remove a
7

hand from a pocket; backing away by the suspect under

circumstances suggesting he was moving back to give

himself time and space to draw a weapon; awareness

that the suspect had previously been engaged in serious

criminal conduct; awareness that the suspect had

previously been armed; [and] discovery of a weapon in

the suspect's possession....

LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 9.5(a) (3d ed. 1996 & Supp. 1997) (footnotes and

citations omitted); accord State v. Sanders, 435 S.E.2d 842 (N.C. App. 1993) (Terry

frisk of driver stopped at roadblock was justified when driver provided no license or

registration, admitted he was not owner of car, and had a bulge in front pocket the

size of two fists); State v. Tilton, 561 N.W.2d 660 (S.D. 1997) (Terry frisk justified for

vehicle passenger stopped at sobriety checkpoint who was hostile and

uncooperative, had suspicious bulge in his pocket, and refused to remove his hands

from his pockets).

The state's position is that law enforcement officers are justified in

conducting a protective frisk of a suspect because vehicle stops subject officers to

heightened danger. The state argues that the officer acted upon a reasonable,

articulable suspicion in conducting the frisk based on the following facts: (1) that the

defendant had glassy eyes; (2) that his response to a question about his destination

was a "little confused"; and (3) that he attempted to push away the officer's initial

attempt to search. In support of its position, the state argues that Michigan v. Long,

463 U.S. 1032, 103 S. Ct. 3469 (1983), controls. In that case, the United States

Supreme Court made the following observation: 

[I]nvestigative detentions involving suspects in vehicles

are especially fraught with danger to police.... In

Pennsylvania v. Mimms we held that police may order

persons out of an automobile during a stop for a traffic

violation, and may frisk those persons for weapons if

there is a reasonable belief that they are armed and

dangerous....

Id. at 1047-48, 103 S. Ct. at 3480 (citations omitted)(emphasis added). 
8

In our view, Long is distinguishable from these circumstances. Initially,

the issue in Long was whether the officers could expand the Terry frisk to the

vehicle, not whether the frisk of his person was justified. Id. at 1037, 103 S. Ct. at

3474. Secondly, the behavior of the suspect and the presence of a weapon in the

vehicle were determinative. Id. at 1051, 103 S. Ct. at 3482. Prior to the stop, the

officers had observed the car travel erratically and in excess of the speed limit

before swerving into a ditch. When Long stepped out of his vehicle, he left the door

ajar. He then failed to respond to requests by officers for license and registration

information and he appeared to be under the influence. It was only when Long

turned toward the vehicle and the officers who followed observed a hunting knife in

the floorboard of the front seat that the frisk took place. Id. at 1035-37, 103 S. Ct. at

3473-74.

Here, the trial court concluded that the frisk was reasonable because

there was a basis to suspect criminal activity; it did not, however, articulate a factual

basis for any inference that the defendant might be armed and dangerous. Unlike

the officers in Long, Officer Hurst offered no proof that he had observed a weapon

or even suspected the defendant of possessing a weapon. He observed no

suspicious bulges and acknowledged that the defendant did not act defensively until

he attempted to search his pockets. Officer Hurst had no prior knowledge of this

defendant and no basis for any suspicion of prior violence or any history of going

armed. The crime of driving under the influence does not necessarily imply the use

of a weapon. Although the hour was late, the proof offered by the state was that the

defendant was cooperative; that he provided a valid driver's license; and that he had

offered plausible explanations for the appearance of his eyes and destination. The

defendant carried luggage which was plainly visible in the back seat of his car. 

These factors tend to negate suspicion of the defendant rather than enhance it.
9

Although a detention for sobriety tests may have been warranted, Officer Hurst had

no articulate basis to frisk the defendant for weapons. His suspicion that the

defendant was under the influence turned out to be unfounded.

Where the search of a defendant was unlawful and invalid, the

exclusionary rule generally requires suppression of its fruits. Weeks v. United

States, 232 U.S. 383, 34 S. Ct. 341 (1914); Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct.

1684 (1961); Hughes v. State, 238 S.W. 588 (Tenn. 1922); State v. Patton, 898

S.W.2d 732 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 41(f). The dual purposes of

the exclusionary rule are to protect fundamental individual liberties and to deter

improper police conduct. Patton, 898 S.W.2d at 734. Because the frisk of the

defendant was an unconstitutional intrusion, we must hold that the marijuana was

unlawfully seized and should have been suppressed.

In his second issue, the defendant argues that the "bulge" in his rear

pocket was an insufficient basis for the officer to conclude that it was an illegal

substance. The state contends that the officer's search and seizure of marijuana

from the defendant is justified under the "plain feel" doctrine because the content of

the lump was immediately apparent to the officer based on his experience and

training.

In Bridges, our supreme court articulated the three requirements for

seizure of evidence under the "plain feel" doctrine: 

1) a prior valid reason exists for the intrusion, i.e., the

patdown must be permissible under Terry; 

2) the contraband is detected while the Terry search for

weapons legitimately is still in progress; and, 

3) the incriminating nature of the object perceived by the

officer's sense of touch is immediately apparent giving

the officer probable cause to believe the object is

contraband prior to its seizure.
10

Slip op. at 15 (citing Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S. Ct. 2130 (1993)). 

In Bridges, the officer felt a pill bottle in the defendant's jacket pocket while

conducting a Terry frisk. The officer testified that he immediately recognized the

bottle and "knew it was the kind that a lot of other dealers will use to keep their crack

in." Id., slip op. at 17. The court held that the officer lacked probable cause to

remove and open the container. Id., slip op. at 19. It ruled that the officer could not

have discerned the contents of the bottle from merely touching the container:

Courts should not surrender their common sense

assessment of the sensory capacities of human touch to

an officer's assertion that he or she "immediately knew"

the nature of the object touched. The officer's subjective

belief that the object is contraband is not sufficient unless

it is objectively reasonable in light of all the

circumstances known at the time of the search.

Id., slip op. at 16.

In resolving the first issue, we determined that the frisk was unjustified. 

Thus, the first requirement for seizure of evidence under "plain feel," that the frisk is

permissible under Terry, has not been satisfied. In our view, the state has also

failed to satisfy the requirement that the officer have probable cause to believe the

object is contraband. Here, as in Bridges, the officer provided no objective facts

upon which to base his determination that the bundle in the defendant's rear pocket

was contraband. The bare assertion of his subjective belief that the contents of the

bundle were "like [he] had felt before in the past that turned out to be marijuana"

was inadequate. There are also policy reasons that tend to limit the authority of the

officer in circumstances such as these. First, sobriety checkpoints are lawful but

must be conducted in such a way that minimizes discretion of officers and limits

intrusions into areas protected by the Fourth Amendment. Downey, 945 S.W.2d at

104. Second, the plain feel doctrine must be applied with "exacting limitations." 

Bridges, slip op. at 18-19. 
11

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the

evidence is ordered to be suppressed. The cause is remanded to the trial court. 

__________________________________

Gary R. Wade, Judge

CONCUR:

_______________________________

David H. Welles, Judge

_______________________________

Jerry L. Smith, Judge