19-170 

Gough v. Saul 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

13th day of January, two thousand twenty. 

 

PRESENT: PETER W. HALL, 

Circuit Judge, 

JED S. RAKOFF, 

 District Judge.

*

_____________________________________ 

Rachelle Gough, 

Plaintiff–Appellant, 

v. No. 19-170 

Andrew Saul, Commissioner of Social Security Administration, 

 Defendant–Appellee.

_____________________________________ 

*Judge Jed S. Rakoff, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, 

sitting by designation. Judge Robert D. Sack, originally a member of the panel, recused himself 

from consideration of this matter. The two remaining members of the panel are in agreement and 

have decided this case in accordance with Second Circuit Internal Operating Procedure 

E(b). See 28 U.S.C. § 46(d); cf. United States v. Desimone, 140 F.3d 457, 458 (2d Cir. 1998). 

For Appellant: MARK A. SCHNEIDER, Law Office of Mark A. 

Schneider, Plattsburg, NY 
2 

For Appellee: KATHRYN POLLACK, Special Assistant United States 

Attorney (Ellen E. Sovern, Acting Regional Chief 

Counsel–Region II, Office of the General Counsel, 

Social Security Administration, on the brief), for 

Grant C. Jaquith, United States Attorney for the 

Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY 

 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of 

New York (Hummel, M.J.). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is VACATED AND REMANDED. 

Plaintiff–Appellant Rachelle Gough appeals from a judgment of the U.S. District Court for 

the Northern District of New York (Hummel, M.J.1

) affirming the decision of the Commissioner 

of Social Security and dismissing Gough’s complaint. Gough challenges the Commissioner’s 

denial of disability benefits under the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 

1383(c)(3). The Commissioner's final determination was based on a finding by an Administrative 

Law Judge (“ALJ”) that Gough was not disabled under the Social Security Act. The district court 

granted the Commissioner’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissed Gough’s 

complaint. 2019 WL 162018 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2019). Gough timely appealed. We assume the 

parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues on appeal. 

“In reviewing a district court’s decision upholding a decision of the Commissioner, we 

review the administrative record de novo to determine whether there is substantial evidence 

supporting the Commissioner’s decision and whether the Commissioner applied the correct legal 

standard.” Zabala v. Astrue, 595 F.3d 402, 408 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

1

 Parties consented to direct review of this matter by a Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 636(c). 
3 

Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable 

mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Pratts v. Chater, 94 F.3d 34, 37 (2d Cir. 

1996) (quoting Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971)). We find that the ALJ erred by 

not giving adequate weight to the opinions of Gough’s treating physicians and by discrediting 

Gough’s testimony though it was consistent with her treatment records. 

“[T]he opinion of a claimant’s treating physician as to the nature and severity of the 

impairment is given ‘controlling weight’ so long as it ‘is well-supported . . . and is not inconsistent 

with the other substantial evidence in the case record.’” Burgess v. Astrue, 537 F.3d 117, 128 (2d 

Cir. 2008) (alteration omitted) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2)). An ALJ who refuses to 

accord controlling weight to the medical opinion of a treating physician must consider various 

“factors” to determine how much weight to give to the opinion. Greek v. Colvin, 802 F.3d 370, 

375 (2d Cir. 2015). Relevant factors include (i) the nature and extent of the treatment relationship; 

(ii) the evidence in support of the treating physician’s opinion; (iii) the consistency of the opinion 

with the record as a whole; and (iv) whether the opinion is from a specialist. 20 C.F.R. § 

404.1527(c).

Here, the ALJ concluded: “while the medical evidence show [sic] there are some 

limitations of function, they would not preclude all full time work.” We are hard pressed to find 

support for this conclusion in the record. Gough was either not employed or working odd jobs 

during the period in question (January 1, 2014 through May 24, 2016). In fact, Gough has not 

worked full time since 2010. She left a part-time job in March 2014 when trouble with co-workers 

led to psychological distress and hospitalization. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the 

treating clinicians believed that Gough could work full time. When Gough suggested that she 
4 

would like to have more structure in her life, her treating therapist recommended “a loose structure 

for a daily schedule. Allow herself to be somewhat flexible so that she doesn’t speak to herself 

negatively or harshly.” Admin. ROA 345. 

The ALJ concluded that treatment notes from August through December 2015 “generally 

do not suggest significant problems in the claimant’s functioning.” Sp. App’x 10. Again, this is 

not supported by the record. Those treatment notes show that when Gough is depressed, she often 

has trouble motivating herself to get out of bed, and she sometimes experiences suicidal thoughts. 

Dr. A. Evan Eyler outlined similar symptoms in his psychiatric evaluation of Gough in July 2015. 

At the hearing, Gough described her challenges with low energy and motivation. When asked to 

describe a typical day, Gough said she wakes up around noon, takes the dogs out, tries to write 

letters, tries to read, tries to crochet, and generally tries to keep busy. She said she does the chores 

“but it takes a lot of, a lot [sic] because I hardly even want to take care of my own [activities of 

daily living], so things kind of get piled up.” Admin. ROA 50. 

We fear that the ALJ cherry-picked evidence from the record to support his conclusion that 

Gough could work full time even though the record as a whole suggested greater dysfunction. 

“Cycles of improvement and debilitating symptoms of mental illness are a common occurrence, 

and in such circumstances it is error for an ALJ to pick out a few isolated instances of improvement 

over a period of months or years and to treat them as a basis for concluding a claimant is capable 

of working.” Estrella v. Berryhill, 925 F.3d 90, 97 (2d Cir. 2019) (alteration omitted) (quoting 

Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 (9th Cir. 2014)). The ALJ’s reliance on moments when 

Gough put significant effort into her Etsy shops or accomplished household chores is misplaced 
5 

given that as a whole her records show great fluctuation in energy and motivation.2

The ALJ erred in not giving great weight to Gough’s subjective evidence of her symptoms 

given that objective medical evidence supported her descriptions. See Simmons v. U.S. R.R. Ret. 

Bd., 982 F.2d 49, 56 (2d Cir. 1992) (“It is well settled that a claimant's subjective evidence of pain 

is entitled to great weight where, as here, it is supported by objective medical evidence.” (internal 

quotations and ellipsis omitted)). The fact that Gough’s testimony conflicted with the ALJ’s 

conclusion that she could work full time, when her testimony was consistent with her treatment 

records, is not a basis to discount her credibility. 

In sum, the ALJ’s finding that Gough could work full time is inconsistent with her 

treatment records and Gough’s testimony. While we agree with the district court that “[i]t is the 

ALJ’s sole responsibility to weigh all medical evidence and resolve material conflicts where 

sufficient evidence provides for such,” Sp. App’x 23 (quoting Bliss v. Colvin, 3:13-cv-1086 

(GLS/CFH), 2015 WL 457643 at *10 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 3, 2015)), here the ALJ did not explain how 

the evidence conflicted, nor did the ALJ explain how he purported to resolve that conflict. See 

Ferraris v. Heckler, 728 F.2d 582, 587 (2d Cir. 1984) (“[T]he crucial factors in any determination 

must be set forth with sufficient specificity to enable us to decide whether the determination is 

supported by substantial evidence.”). If the ALJ put greater weight on other evidence in the record, 

the ALJ was required to explain why he gave that evidence more weight than the records from 

treating clinicians. See § 404.1527(d)(2) (“[The Commissioner] will always give good reasons in 

2 The ALJ’s characterization of the chores completed by Gough also misstates the record. E.g.,

compare Sp. App’x. 8 (“At hearing [sic], the claimant reported that she is able to drive and that 

she grocery shops, suggesting an ability to interact with others.”) with Admin. ROA 50. (“When 

we do grocery shop, I usually stay in the car because I’m too anxious to go inside.”). 
6 

[his] notice of determination or decision for the weight [he] give[s] [claimant’s] treating source’s 

opinion.”). 

It is possible that the ALJ did not view the treatment records as conflicting with the 

evaluating opinions because the treatment records did not include an explicit finding that Gough 

could not work full time. Indeed, when a different ALJ viewed the same treatment records in 

combination with statements from treating clinicians, he concluded that Gough was disabled 

starting the day after the time period in this appeal. If the ALJ perceived there to be a gap in the 

record, he had a duty to fill that gap, especially where–as here–the claimant was appearing pro se. 

Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 79 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[W]here there are deficiencies in the record, 

an ALJ is under an affirmative obligation to develop a claimant's medical history . . . .”). 

For the reasons stated above, we vacate the decision of the district court. We remand to the 

district court with instructions to remand the matter to the Commissioner for further proceedings 

consistent with this order, including directing the Commissioner to (1) explain whether, and if so, 

why, he gave greater weight to evaluating clinicians rather than to treating clinicians and, if 

warranted, request medical source statements from Gough’s treating physicians; (2) allow Gough 

to supplement the record with any additional relevant medical records; (3) reassess Gough’s 

credibility in light of any newly-obtained and relevant information; and (4) reassess Gough’s 

residual functional capacity in light of the expanded record. The judgment of the district court is 

VACATED and this matter is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this order. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court