# Patent

## Title
Uni-modular adaptive CDMA receiver

## Abstract

The invention concerns a method of receiving a signal transmitted by a transmitter (k) and arriving at an array of antennae (300) after propagating along a plurality of paths (i), comprising a filtering step (310k) decomposing each antenna signal into separate signals (xl,i,k) issuing from the different paths, a combination step (320k) linearly combining the said separate signals by means of a set of complex coefficients in order to supply a combined signal (zk), the method being characterised in that an error signal (εk) is formed (331k) between a reference value (qk) of the transmitted signal and the said combined signal and in that the set of complex coefficients is adapted (330k) so as to minimise the root mean square of the signal error.

## Background
The present invention concerns in general terms a reception method and device operating in code distribution multiple access (CDMA) mode. More precisely, when the propagation of the signal between the transmitter of a user and an array of reception antennae takes place on multiple paths, the present invention makes it possible to estimate the signal transmitted by the transmitter from the antenna signals.
In a fixed or mobile telecommunication system, the propagation of the signal from a transmitter to a receiver can take place by multiple paths, each path being characterised by a delay, a direction of arrival, an attenuation and a phase rotation. If the telecommunication system enables a plurality of transmitters to establish a link with the same receiver, as is the case in mobile cellular telecommunication systems, the signals from the different mobile terminals intended for the base station are transmitted by different channels. Each transmission channel comprises a plurality of paths as far as the base station, each path being characterised by a delay, a direction of arrival, an attenuation and a phase rotation.
Certain systems, such as the ones used in a direct sequence code distribution multiple access (DS-CDMA) technique must deal with high interference. The different users transmit at the same time in the same frequency band and the signals transmitted necessarily interfere with each other. The separation of the different users is effected by multiplying each symbol of the user by a spreading sequence peculiar to it, also for this reason referred to as the signature of the user, the different signatures ideally being chosen so as to be orthogonal. The spreading sequence frequency (chip rate) being greater than the frequency of the symbols, the signal transmitted by each user is distributed (or spread) in the frequency space. On reception, the signal of a user is separated by virtue of a filtering adapted to the corresponding signature. This filtering is also referred to as “despreading”. The ratio between the band occupied by the spread signal and the band occupied by the information signal is referred to as the spread factor.
The signatures employed must have good correlation properties, namely a very pronounced auto-correlation peak and low inter-correlation values.
The first of these two characteristics allows synchronisation of the sequence received. It is very useful when the transmission channel of a user includes several propagation paths. This is because each path can then be isolated by virtue of a filtering adapted to the signature and to the delay of the path. Advantage can be taken of the diversity of propagation within the channel in order to increase the signal to noise ratio on reception. To do this, a bank of adapted filters is used, separating the different paths, and the outputs thereof are combined. The most widespread combination is MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining), which consists of multiplying the signal output from each adapted filter by the conjugate of the complex multiplicative coefficient introduced by the channel on the path concerned. The resulting filtering operation is a filtering adapted to the equivalent filter of the channel. Because of its structure, the receiver thus formed is referred to as a rake receiver. Naturally, perfect separation of the paths takes place only if the auto-correlation is a Dirac. In practice, however, the separation is not complete and leaves multipath interference, which is also referred to as self noise. FIG. 1 depicts schematically a DS-CDMA system with K users. The data of a user k are spread in frequency by the corresponding signature in the module 100k before being transmitted over a channel 110k having P paths. On reception, for a given user k, the signals being propagated according to the different paths i=1 . . . P of the channel are separated by adapted filters 120k,l . . . 120k,P (only the battery of filters of the user k has been depicted) before being weighted by a set of complex coefficients Ck,i. The signals thus weighted are added (140k) and the resulting sum at the output of the rake receiver is subsequently detected in order to provide an estimation of the data of the user k. In the case of a downlink (links from a base station to a mobile terminal) the channels 1 to K are identical whilst they differ in the uplink (links from mobile terminals to the base station). The first case can, from this point of view, be considered to be a particular case of the second.
The second characteristic set out above guarantees a low level of interference between two distinct users. Nevertheless, there also, in practice, the inter-correlation between two signatures is rarely zero. This is notably the case in a so-called dazzle situation (Near-far effect) where a high-power signal received from a user interferes with the reception of a low-power signal coming from another user. Moreover, when the number of users is high, close to the spread factor, the sum of the interference of the different users, low if taken in isolation, can have very disturbing effects for detection.
More elaborate techniques of eliminating interference are then often necessary to mitigate the orthogonality defects of the sequences. To combat the interference between the channels of the different users (so-called multi-user interference), several methods have been proposed. A review of these will be found in the article by Simon Moshavi entitled “Multi-user detection for DS-CDMA communications” which appeared in IEEE Communications Magazine, October 1996, pages 124-136. Amongst the existing multi-user techniques, the techniques of subtractive elimination (Subtractive Interference Cancellation) have good performance for reasonable complexity in use. These techniques apply well to the simple situation where the transmission channel of a user includes a single path. In this case, the filter modelling the channel can be limited to the multiplication by a complex coefficient. When the channels are multipath, the situation is on the other hand much more complicated since it is necessary to eliminate both the multipath interference and the multi-user interference. An iterative detector with subtractive elimination of the multi-user interference when there are multiple paths was proposed in an article by M. C. Reed et al. entitled “Iterative Multiuser detection using antenna arrays and FEC on multipath channels” published in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 17, No. 12, December 1999, pages 2082-2089. Each iteration of the detector comprises a filtering adapted to each propagation path of the transmission channel of the user, a channel formation and a combination of the rake type. These three steps can be considered to define the treatment of a rake receiver modified in that it includes a formation of channels according to the directions of arrival of the different paths.
Such a reception device is illustrated in FIG. 2. The device comprises an array of antennae (2001) . . . (200L). Each antenna (200 l) is connected to a battery of adapted filters (210i,k), i=l . . . P, each filter (210i) being adapted to a path i of the user k. The output signals relating to the same path i=l. P are directed to channel formers (220l,k, . . . ,220P,k). Each channel former (220i,k) receives from a direction of arrival estimator (230i,k) the estimated value {circumflex over (θ)}i,k of the angle of arrival θi,k of the path i of the transmission channel k, which enables it to point its reception beam in the corresponding direction of arrival. In the case of an array of uniform linear antennae, the channel formation (220i,k) consists of effecting the calculation: 



  
    
      
        
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and where xl,i,k and yi,k are respectively the inputs and output of the channel former (220i,k)

{circumflex over (θ)}i,k is the angle of arrival defined with respect to the axis of the linear antenna array, d is the distance between two antennae in the array and λ the length of the wave transmitted.
The outputs of the P channel formers are multiplied at (240i,k) by complex coefficients ĉi,k before being added by an adder (250) in order to supply an output of the MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) type. The complex coefficients ĉi,k are the conjugates of estimations of the complex multiplicative coefficients of the different paths i of the user k, that is to say ĉi,k={circumflex over (α)}i,k·exp(−j{circumflex over (ν)}i,k) where {circumflex over (α)}i,k and {circumflex over (ν)}i,k are respectively the estimated coefficient of attenuation and the estimated phase rotation of the path i of the user k. The result of the combination is therefore: 



  
    
      
        
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This reception device makes it possible to effect both a channel formation in the directions of the different paths and a combination of the MRC type as in a rake filter.
The method proposed presupposes however that the coefficients of attenuation, the phase rotations and the directions of arrival of all the paths of all the users are determined.
The aim of the invention is to propose a rake receiver including a channel formation but not necessitating the explicit calculation of the coefficients of attenuation, phase rotations and directions of arrival of the different paths.
This aim is achieved by the object of the invention, defined by a method of receiving a signal transmitted by a transmitter and arriving at an array of antennae after being propagated along a plurality of paths, comprising a filtering step decomposing each antenna signal into separate signals issuing from the different paths, a combination step linearly combining the said separated signals by means of a set of complex coefficients in order to supply a combined signal, the method forming an error signal between a reference value of the signal transmitted and the said combined signal, the said set of complex coefficients being adapted so as to minimise the root mean square of the error signal.
According to a first embodiment, the signal transmitted comprising modulated data in the form of symbols, the reference value is a pilot symbol.
According to a second embodiment, the signal transmitted comprising modulated data in the form of symbols, the method also includes a step of estimating the symbol transmitted from the combined signal, the said reference value then being an estimated value of the transmitted symbol.
According to a third embodiment, the signal transmitted comprising modulated data in the form of symbols, the method also includes a step of estimating the symbol transmitted from the combined signal, a step comprising a demodulation of the estimated symbol into estimated data, a deinterleaving and a channel decoding of the said data, a step comprising a channel recoding of the decoded data followed by an interleaving and a modulation of the said data in order to supply a re-estimated value of the transmitted symbol, the reference value then being chosen so as to be equal to the said re-estimated value.
Advantageously, the set of complex coefficients is adapted according to an algorithm of the LMS or RLS type.
The object of the invention is also defined by a device for receiving a signal transmitted by a transmitter, the device comprising an array of antennae and comprising means adapted to implementing the steps of the method disclosed above.



The characteristics of the invention mentioned above, as well as others, will emerge more clearly from a reading of the description given in relation to the accompanying figures, amongst which:
FIG. 1 depicts schematically a DS-CDMA telecommunication system;
FIG. 2 depicts schematically a rake receiver including a channel formation;
FIG. 3 depicts schematically a receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.



The basic idea of the invention is to dispense with an estimation of the directions of arrival, coefficients of attenuation and phase rotations of the different paths by considering the channel formation and the combination of paths as a single operation of linear combination by complex coefficients, initialising these coefficients to predetermined values and then adapting them so as to minimise the root mean square error between a reference signal and an observed signal at the output of the combination step.
Let the situation be assumed where a user k transmits symbols sk(t) over a transmission channel k consisting of a plurality of propagation paths i=l . . . P. Each path i of the channel k arrives at an array of antennae at an angle of incidence θi,k(t). The array of antennae is preferably a linear array consisting of L antennae regularly spaced apart by a distance d, but other types of array, notably circular arrays, can also be envisaged.
Let xl,i,k be the signal received by the antenna l, l=(l, . . . , L) corresponding to the path of index i of the user of index k:

xl,i,k(t)=[αi,k(t)·exp(j νi,k)]·[exp(j2πd/λ cos θi,k(t)·(l−1))]·Sk(t)+nl,i,k(t)  (3)

The first term between square brackets represents the attenuation and phase rotation undergone by the signal on the path i of the channel k, the second term between square brackets represents the phase shift due to the difference in operation between the antenna t and the reference antenna l and nl,i,k(t) represents the white additive Gaussian noise at the antenna l, including the thermal noise, the multipath interference and the multi-user interference. The signal transmitted Sk(t) then undergoes a double phase rotation resulting from the channel effect (νi,k(t)) on the one hand and the differences in operation between the antennae in the array on the other hand ((φl,i,k(t)=2πd/λ cos θi,k(t)·(l−1)).
FIG. 3 illustrates a receiver, effecting the channel formation and the recombination in a single step of combination by complex coefficients, as proposed by the invention.
The receiver depicted is dedicated to the reception of the symbols transmitted over a channel k. The system has L antennae represented schematically by the block (300k). Each of the L antenna signals is then correlated by a battery of P adapted filters where P is the number of propagation paths of the channel, each filter being adapted to a path i. The set of L.P adapted filters is represented schematically by the block (310k), the L.P output signals, xl,i,k, l=1 . . . L, i=1 . . . P of the adapted filters being transmitted to a module linearly combining these output signals by means of complex coefficients bl,i,k represented by the block (320k) in order to supply a combination signal Zk. The combination signal is submitted to a decision unit (360k) supplying in soft or hard form the symbol Ŝk transmitted by the user k. Soft decision means here the result of a weighting of symbols by their respective a posteriori probabilities. The estimated symbol Ŝk is then demodulated in order to supply one or more estimated data {circumflex over (d)}k. These data can then be subjected to an operation of deinterleaving and channel decoding (370k) with soft or hard values (provided, naturally, that the data had been interleaved and coded by a channel coding corresponding to the level of the user).
The combination module (320k) performs the following operations: 



  
    
      
        
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where the bl,i,k(t)=αl,i,k·exp(−j ψl,i,k) values with l=l , . . . ,L, i=1 . . . P, are complex weighting coefficients. Equation (4) is written in an equivalent manner: 



  
    
      
        
          
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The invention sets out to adapt the coefficients bl,i,k so as to minimise a root mean square error at the output of the complex combination module (320k)
The error signal is written:

εk(t)=qk(t)−Zk(t)  (5)

where qk(t) is a reference value corresponding to the observed signal Zk(t).

In order to adapt the coefficients bl,i,k it is possible to use as the reference value, as indicated symbolically by the switch (390k), either directly pilot symbols pk(t), or estimated symbols Ŝk(t) at the output of the decision module (360k), or the symbols Ŝ′k(t) obtained after channel decoding and recoding. In the latter case, the estimated symbols Ŝk(t) are first demodulated and the data {circumflex over (d)}k obtained are deinterleaved, decoded by channel decoding (370k) and then the data thus obtained are recoded by channel coding, reinterleaved and remodulated (380k) in order to supply new estimated symbols, Ŝ′k(t), having a better reliability than the initially estimated Us symbols Ŝk(t). Advantageously, the decisions on the symbols taken at (360k) and those on the data taken at (370k) have soft values, the symbols Ŝ′k(t) then being obtained by weighting of symbols of the constellation by their respective a posteriori probabilities. It should be noted that recoding is not necessary of the encoded data are recovered directly at the decoding output. For example, if for coding an algorithm of the SOVA (Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm) type is used, the data in coded form can be recovered directly along the maximum likelihood path.
The adaptations of the coefficients bl,i,k can be effected with the pilot symbols only or be pursued with the estimated symbols, before or after channel decoding, or be effected solely by virtue of the latter in the case of complete absence of pilot symbols.
The coefficients bl,i k are initialised at the start of the process of adaptation to the following values bl,i,k(0)=b·δ(l−l0) for each path i where δ is the Dirac symbol, l0 is an antenna number and b a complex coefficient (for example 1). The starting configuration is thus a multipath omni-directional configuration.
Alternatively, the coefficients blik can be initialised by virtue of an estimator external to the invention supplying estimated values {circumflex over (θ)}i,k(0), {circumflex over (ν)}i,k(0), {circumflex over (α)}i,k(0) of the angles of arrival, phase rotations and attenuations of the different paths of the channel at time 0.
During the adaptation, the coefficients are modified so as to minimise the mean value E(|εk|2). Because of the feedback of the error signal εk, the values ψl,i,k converge progressively towards the values νi,k+φl,i,k and consequently compensate for the phase differences due to the channel and to the differences in operation between antennae. As a result the module (320k) effects both a channel formation and a compensation for the phase rotations caused by the different paths.
The coefficient adaptation algorithm is based on a minimisation of the root mean square error. Many algorithms have been proposed for this purpose in the literature and a description of the main ones can be found in the journal article by L. C. Godara entitled “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations” published in Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 8, August 1997, pages 1195-1245.
For example, it is possible to use an algorithm based on the stochastic gradient method.
More precisely, if 



  
    
      
        
          
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the coefficients are adapted as follows:

{overscore (b)}k(t+1)={overscore (b)}k(t)−μk·∇Jk(t)  (7)

where μk is a positive real coefficient defining the adaptation step of the coefficients.

If the so-called LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm is used in its complex form, the gradient ∇Jk is estimated at time t by −εk(t)·{overscore (x)}k*(t) whence, taking account of (7):

{overscore (b)}k(t+1)={overscore (b)}k(t)+μk·εk(t)·{overscore (x)}k*(t)  (8)

where the symbol * designates the conjugation operator.

In order to ensure convergence of the adaptation, the coefficient μk is chosen so as to be less than 1/Tr(Rk) where Rk is the correlation matrix of the xl,j,k(t) values and Tr(·) is the trace function.
Advantageously, it is possible to choose a coefficient μk of low value after the algorithm has begun to converge, in order to refine the precision of the convergence. Conversely, it is possible to choose a coefficient μk of greater value after the algorithm has begun to converge, in order to increase the ability of the algorithm to continue. It is also possible to use a standard LMS algorithm, in which the adaptation step (μk) is divided by the norm of the input vector ({overscore (X)}k(t)) in equation (8).
As an alternative to the LMS algorithm, the adaptation of the coefficients bl,i,k can be effected by means of the RLS (Recursive Least Square) algorithm as described, for example, in the article cited above or by means of an algorithm derived from the latter, preferably the Fast-RLS algorithm as described in the article by D. Falconer et al. entitled “Application of Fast Kalman estimation of adaptive equalization” published in IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-5, Oct. 1978, pages 1439-1446.
The RLS algorithm is based on an inversion by recurrence of the correlation matrix (Rk). The complex coefficients bl,i,k are then adapted in the following manner:

{overscore (b)}k(t+1)={overscore (b)}k(t)+εk(t)·{overscore (k)}k*(t)  (10)

where {overscore (k)}k(t)={overscore (x)}k(t)T·Pk(t)(t)  (11)

where {overscore (k)}k is an updating vector referred to as the Kalman gain and Pk(t)=Rk−1(t) is the inverse of the correlation matrix calculated by the recurrence formulae:

Pk(t)=Pk(t−1)−Pk(t−1){overscore (x)}k(t){overscore (k)}k(t)  (12)

with Pk (0)=ILP where ILP is the unit matrix and the Kalman gain {overscore (k)}k(t) is calculated by: 



  
    
      
        
          
            
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 where rk(t) is the linear form defined by rk(t)=Pk(t−1){overscore (x)}k(t)  (14)
Advantageously, a forgetting factor will be included in equations (12) and (14) so that only the contributions of the most recent input vectors will be taken into account in the estimation of the correlation matrix.
According to an example embodiment of the invention, the adaptation will be effected by virtue of the Fast-RLS algorithm.
Although the invention has been disclosed in the context of DS-CDMA, it can apply to other access modes provided that the channels of the different users and the different paths taken for a given channel can be separated on reception. Where the signals received are in broad band, it is important to provide an alignment timewise of the signals which have undergone different propagation times before the complex combination. If the separation of the different users and paths is effected by batteries of filters at the level of the antennae, the outputs of the filters relating to the same paths must be delayed so as to be aligned timewise. The alignments in time can be effected by FIFO buffers with movable output pointers and adjusted finely by interpolation.
In addition, although the receiver of FIG. 3 has been depicted in the form of modules, it is however clear to a person skilled in the art that the operations represented by the different modules in FIG. 3 can be performed by a single processor programmed for this purpose or by a plurality of dedicated processors.

## Claims

1. Method of receiving a signal transmitted by a transmitter and arriving at an array of antennae after propagating along a purality of paths, comprising:
a filtering step decomposing each antenna signal into separate signals issuing from the different paths, 
a combination step linearly combining said separate signals by means of a set of complex coefficients in order to supply a combined signal, and 
a step including forming an error signal between a reference value of the transmitted signal and said combined signal and wherein the set of complex coefficients is adapted to minimize the root mean square of the signal of the signal error.

2. Reception method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitted signal comprises modulated data in the form of symbols and the reference value is a pilot symbol.

3. Reception method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitted signal comprises modulated data in the form of symbols, and the method further comprises a step of

4. Reception method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitted signal comprises modulated data in the form of symbols, and the method further comprises:
estimating the transmitted symbol from the combined signal, 
demodulating the estimated symbol into estimated data, 
deinterleaving and channel decoding said data, 
channel recoding the decoded data, and 
interleaving and modulating the recoded data in order to supply a re-estimated value of the transmitted symbol, the reference value chosen equal to said re-estimated value.

5. Reception method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the set of complex coefficients is adapted according to an algorithm of the LMS type.

6. Reception method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the set of complex coefficients is adapted according to an algorithm of the RLS type.

7. Reception method according to claim 5, wherein the set of coefficients is initialized with the values bl,i,k(0)=b·δ(l−l0), ∀i where δ is the Dirac symbol, l0 is an atenna number and b a complex coefficient.

8. Reception method according to claim 5, wherein the set of coefficients is initialized by means of a prior estimation of the directions of arrival of the different paths as well as coefficients of attenuation and phase rotations affecting the symbol along said paths.

9. Device for receiving a signal transmitted by a transmitter, the device comprising an arra af antennae, wherein said device comprises means adapted to the implementation of the steps of the method according to claim 1.

10. Reception method according to claim 6, wherein the set of coefficients is initialized with the values bl,i,k(0)=b·δ(l−l0), ∀i where δ is the Dirac symbol, l0 is an antenna number and b a complex coefficient.

11. Reception method according to claim 6, wherein the set of coefficients is initialized by means of a prior estimation of the directions of arrival of the different paths as well as coefficients of attenuation and phase rotations affecting the symbol along said paths.