NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

Nos. 16-1047 and 16-2581

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DELON LUCIUS LANCASTER,

Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Respondent 

______________

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

(No. A039-060-369)

Immigration Judge: Quynh V. Bain

______________

Argued: May 11, 2017

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Before: AMBRO, RESTREPO and COWEN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: June 1, 2017)

Michael S. Doluisio

Ryan M. Moore

Dechert LLP

Cira Centre

2929 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Kimberly Cullen, Law Student [ARGUED]

University of Pennsylvania School of Law

3400 Chestnut Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Pro Bono Counsel for Petitioner
2

Joyce R. Branda

Cindy S. Ferrier

Surell Brady

Timothy G. Hayes [ARGUED]

Office of Immigration Litigation

Civil Division, United States Department of Justice

P.O. Box 878, Ben Franklin Station

Washington, D.C. 20044

Counsel for Respondent

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OPINION*

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RESTREPO, Circuit Judge.

Petitioner Delon Lancaster appeals from a decision of the Board of Immigration 

Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) order of removal. We will deny 

Lancaster’s petition for review.1

I

Lancaster, a native of Guyana, was admitted to the United States as a lawful 

permanent resident at the age of six in 1985. In 2004, he pled guilty to conspiracy to 

commit armed bank robbery and to using and carrying a firearm in a bank robbery

conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 924(c). He was sentenced to 161 months’ incarceration. 

These convictions rendered him removable from the United States. Lancaster sought

deferral of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other 

 

*

 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, 

does not constitute binding precedent.

1

 Lancaster also filed a petition for review of the BIA’s denial of his motion to 

reopen, but raises no claims on appeal regarding this motion. We will, therefore, dismiss 

this petition for review.
3

Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). S. Treaty Doc. No. 100–

20, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85. He asserted that he “is more likely than not to be tortured” if 

removed to Guyana because he is gay. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a).2

At a hearing before the IJ, Lancaster submitted three letters to support the

contention that he will be tortured if returned to Guyana. His aunt, who lives in Guyana, 

wrote that Lancaster’s father told “everyone” that Lancaster is gay and that “they are 

going to ‘kill’” him. App. 372. One of Lancaster’s cousins, who lives in the United 

States, wrote that another cousin who is a gang member in Guyana said that he will kill

Lancaster because he is gay. Another cousin, who also lives in the United States, wrote 

that Lancaster “wouldn’t survive in Guyana.” App. 370. 

Lancaster testified similarly that his “family” informed him that if he returns to 

Guyana he will be killed because of his sexual orientation. App. 285. The IJ questioned 

him, and some of these questions gave rise to a claim of bias before the BIA and this 

Court. Specifically, the IJ asked Lancaster whether he could avoid harm in Guyana by 

either concealing his sexual orientation or not having sex with men.

The IJ denied Lancaster’s application for deferral of removal under CAT. She

gave several independent reasons for denying relief. Among other things, she found that 

Lancaster’s testimony that he will be harmed in Guyana was “equivocal at best or 

 

2

 An immigrant is entitled to deferral of removal under CAT if he establishes that 

he “is more likely than not to be tortured” in the country of removal. 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1208.17(a). Torture is defined as an act “by which severe pain or suffering, whether 

physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person . . . for any reason based on 

discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation 

of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an 

official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1).
4

speculative.” App. 237. In addition, Lancaster could relocate within Guyana to avoid 

harm, and he did not demonstrate that he will be tortured with the government’s 

acquiescence.

Regarding Lancaster’s letters, the IJ referred to each of them in her opinion and 

explained, albeit briefly, how they related to Lancaster’s testimony. The IJ also noted

that she considered all of the documents in evidence.3 The IJ stated that she gave “less 

weight to the letters from the relatives in Guyana because they were not available for 

examination in court.” App. 235.4

Lancaster filed a pro se appeal to the BIA, which dismissed the appeal. Like the 

IJ, the BIA found that Lancaster’s claim that he will be harmed in Guyana rested “on a 

series of suppositions which did not establish a clear probability of torture”; that 

Lancaster could relocate within Guyana to avoid harm; and that he had not proven

government acquiescence. App. 46. Regarding the IJ’s treatment of Lancaster’s letters, 

the BIA found that “[t]hough the Immigration Judge considered the letters from the 

respondent’s family members as to the harm that the respondent would face upon 

removal to Guyana, she properly accorded them limited weight, as they were from 

interested witnesses not subject to cross-examination.” App. 47 (citing In re H-L-H- & 

Z-Y-Z-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209, 215 (BIA 2010), rev’d on other grounds by Hui Lin Huang 

 

3

 In addition to the letters, the IJ considered reports of country conditions in 

Guyana. Given our resolution of Lancaster’s claims, these reports are not at issue. 

4

 We will assume the IJ gave all of Lancaster’s letters “less weight,” including 

those from family members in the United States. App. 235. 
5

v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012)). The BIA also rejected Lancaster’s claim of IJ 

bias. Lancaster filed this petition for review and we appointed counsel.

II

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a) to review the BIA’s final order of 

removal. As the BIA issued its own decision, we review that decision and not the 

decision of the IJ. Kaplun v. Att’y Gen., 602 F.3d 260, 265 (3d Cir. 2010). We review 

questions of law and constitutional claims de novo. Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 

515 (3d Cir. 2017); Abulashvili v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 197, 207 (3d Cir. 2011). 

Because Lancaster is subject to removal based on an aggravated felony, we may

review only constitutional claims or questions of law. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(C), (D). 

Our Section 1252(a)(2)(D) jurisdiction encompasses both of Lancaster’s claims. In his 

first claim, Lancaster asserts that the BIA misapplied its own precedent. This is a 

question of law. See Kaplun, 602 F.3d at 267 (reviewing claim raised by petitioner 

convicted of an aggravated felony that the BIA’s decision ran “contrary to BIA 

precedent”); see also Avila-Ramirez v. Holder, 764 F.3d 717, 722 (7th Cir. 2014)

(citation omitted) (stating that under Section 1252(a)(2)(D) “[l]egal questions 

include . . . claims that the BIA misread its own precedent”). In his second claim, 

Lancaster asserts that he was deprived of his due process right to a fair hearing—a 

constitutional claim. See, e.g., Ali v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 478, 489 (2d Cir. 2008). 
6

III

A

As noted, Lancaster first asserts that the BIA misapplied its precedent in affirming

the IJ’s decision to give his letters “less weight.” App. 235. While we agree with 

Lancaster’s interpretation of the relevant BIA precedent, we conclude that the BIA did 

not misapply that precedent to his case. Therefore, we will deny the petition for review

on this claim. 

The BIA precedent at issue is In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209, 215 

(BIA 2010), in which the BIA found that letters from friends and relatives did not provide 

substantial support for a petitioner. In reaching this conclusion, the BIA took into 

account the fact that “[t]he authors of the letters are interested witnesses who were not 

subject to cross-examination.” Id. at 215. The BIA, however, did not stop there. It went 

on to address the content of the letters and to explain why they did not support the 

petitioner’s claim—because they were not current, lacked detail and were not specific to 

the petitioner’s circumstances. Id. at 215-16. 

We agree with Lancaster that In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z- does not permit an IJ to give 

letters “less weight,” without regard to their content, solely because the authors are 

interested parties not subject to cross-examination. Such letters are “entitled, at the very 

least, to be evaluated for their evidentiary value.” Zhang v. Holder, 702 F.3d 878, 881 

(6th Cir. 2012) (citing In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 215-16). A court must 

evaluate the content of a petitioner’s letters even if they were written by interested parties 
7

“for the express purpose of supporting” the petitioner. Id. at 882; see also Uwineza v. 

Holder, 781 F.3d 797, 799 (6th Cir. 2015) (same). 

Nevertheless, we conclude that the BIA properly applied In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z- to 

Lancaster’s case. The BIA did not sanction the rejection of Lancaster’s letters without 

regard to their content. Rather, it affirmed the IJ’s treatment of the letters only after 

finding that the “Immigration Judge considered the letters from the respondent’s family 

members as to the harm that the respondent would face upon removal to Guyana.” 

App. 47. The material that the IJ considered—the “harm that the respondent would face 

upon removal to Guyana”—was the content of the letters. Id. As such, we are satisfied 

that the BIA properly applied In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, even if its explanation of this

precedent could have been more robust.

B

Lancaster further asserts that he was deprived of his right to due process because 

the IJ was biased against him on account of his sexual orientation. The BIA rejected this 

claim. We are constrained to deny the petition for review. 

Due process provides that a petitioner may not be “deprived of his interests” 

absent “a proceeding in which he may present his case with assurance that the arbiter is 

not predisposed to find against him.” Wang v. Att’y Gen., 423 F.3d 260, 269 (3d Cir. 

2005) (quoting Marshall v. Jerrico, Inc., 446 U.S. 238, 242 (1980)). The prohibition on 

IJ bias includes both actual bias and the appearance of bias. Id.

Lancaster asserts that the IJ exhibited bias by asking whether he could avoid harm

in Guyana by concealing his sexual orientation or not having sex with men. We do not
8

condone these questions or suggest that they could never give rise to a due process 

violation. As the Supreme Court has stated, “[w]hen sexuality finds overt expression in 

intimate conduct with another person, the conduct can be but one element in a personal 

bond that is more enduring. The liberty protected by the Constitution allows homosexual 

persons the right to make this choice.” Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 567 (2003); see 

also Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S.Ct. 2584, 2596 (2015) (recognizing that “sexual 

orientation is both a normal expression of human sexuality and immutable”). However,

we will deny Lancaster’s bias claim for the reasons given in Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 

330 F.3d 587, 596 (3d Cir. 2003). As in Abdulrahman, the IJ did ask questions that 

suggested “problematic generalized assertions of her own.” Id. But these questions did 

not rise to the level of a constitutional violation because “in the context of the record as a 

whole there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the overall proceedings were biased 

in violation of [Lancaster]’s right to due process.” Id.

IV

For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.

5

 

5

 We also express our gratitude to pro bono counsel for their excellent briefing 

and argument in this matter.