IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-1545

Filed February 3, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF C.W.,

Minor Child,

K.C., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Crawford County, Mary L. Timko, 

Associate Juvenile Judge.

A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child. 

AFFIRMED.

George Blazek of Franck, Sextro & Blazek, PLC, Denison, for appellant 

father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Dean Fankhauser of Fankhauser, Farrens & Rachel PLC, Sioux City, 

attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.

A father appeals the juvenile court order terminating his parental rights to 

his child. He contends the State failed to prove the grounds for termination by 

clear and convincing evidence. He also contends the State failed to make 

reasonable efforts to return the child to the home. We review his claims do novo. 

See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018).

The child was born in June 2018 and was in the mother’s care until the State 

removed the child in September 2019. The juvenile court adjudicated the child to 

be a child in need of assistance (CINA) the next month. Although the father was 

aware there was a significant chance he was the child’s father, he had no 

involvement in the child’s life. The father expressed that he did not want visits with 

the child until paternity was determined. 

The father’s paternity was established in December 2019. His first visit with 

the child occurred in March 2020. A few in-person visits occurred before they were 

changed to video visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person visits resumed 

in June 2020, but the father’s participation was inconsistent due to scheduling 

conflicts. The father’s visits became more consistent when they were moved to 

his home about three weeks before the termination hearing. But the father never 

obtained substance-abuse and mental-health evaluations as directed by the Iowa 

Department of Human Services (DHS). 

In August 2020, the State filed a petition to terminate the father’s parental 

rights.1 The court held the termination hearing the next month. The record was 

 

1 The State also petitioned to terminate the mother’s parental rights, and the 

mother consented to termination before the hearing. 
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reopened for additional evidence before the court entered its termination order in 

November 2020. Both the DHS and the guardian ad litem recommended 

terminating the father’s parental rights. 

The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(b), (e), and (h) (2020). We can affirm if the record supports 

termination under any one of these grounds. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 

(Iowa 2012). The court may terminate parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h) 

if clear and convincing evidence shows:

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, 

or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

The father argues there is insufficient evidence to show the child would be exposed 

to adjudicatory harm if returned to his care at the time of the termination. See Iowa 

Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4); In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) 

(interpreting the term “at the present time” to mean “at the time of the termination 

hearing”); In re M.S., 889 N.W.2d 675, 680 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (noting a child

cannot be returned to the custody of the parent if doing so would expose the child

to any harm amounting to a new CINA adjudication).

In the report submitted to the juvenile court by the DHS before the 

termination hearing, the DHS summarized its concerns regarding the father:

Although [the father] has recently started showing more effort in 

knowing [the child], he has also made it clear that his girlfriend and 
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other child are priority and also stated taking off work for [the child]’s 

needs is not an option. [The father] has also been resistant to 

completing orders of the court simply because he doesn’t feel that 

it’s a problem for him. Referrals have been made and conversations 

have been had but he has not completed necessary evaluations and 

only very recently complied with a drug screen. [The child]’s safety, 

basic needs and well-being deserves to be priority and his parents 

are unable to offer him that at this time or in the foreseeable future. 

The juvenile court agreed that the child could not be placed in the father’s custody 

without exposing the child to a risk of harm. It observed:

[The father] is just beginning to establish a relationship with [the 

child]. His girlfriend and [the child]’s half-siblings do not have a 

relationship with [the child]. The FSRP worker stated that there is 

not enough room in [the father]’s home for [the child]. There is little 

evidence to indicate that [the father] can financially support [the child] 

as well as the rest of his family. There is little evidence that [the 

father] has appropriate child care for [the child]. Some of the 

individuals he mentioned as possible caretakers are known to this 

court and have not yet been approved by the [DHS] to play a 

caretaker role. [The child] would continue to be a [CINA] as pled if 

returned to [the father]’s care.

The father complains that the court failed to cite a specific code section 

under which the child would likely be adjudicated a CINA if placed in his custody. 

He claims that absence of a CINA adjudication for the child’s half-sibling, born in 

February 2020, shows that he can care for the child at issue without exposing the 

child to risk of adjudicatory harm. But the ability to care for one child does not 

equate with an ability to care for two young children. 

The facts before us are similar to those described in In re Z.P., 948 N.W.2d 

518, 523-25 (Iowa 2020), and In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110-12 (Iowa 2014), in 

which the supreme court found the evidence supported terminating parental rights 

under section 232.116(1)(h). Those cases involved parents who “were well 

intentioned” and “displayed none of the characteristic red flags found in so many 
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of these termination cases.” Z.P., 948 N.W.2d at 525 (citing A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 

109); accord A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 111 (describing “a difficult case” that “does not 

present any of the usual precursors to termination of parental rights, such as 

physical or emotional abuse of the child, substance abuse by one or both parents, 

domestic abuse, parental criminal conduct, or even overt neglect”). But in both

cases, the parents failed to make the necessary progress to provide a safe home 

for a young child. Z.P., 948 N.W.2d at 525; A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 111 (noting that 

although there was no dispute that the parents cared deeply for the child and had 

made progress, they were still unable to care for the child without ongoing DHS 

involvement). The parents in those cases never progressed beyond semisupervised visits to a trial period in the home. Z.P., 948 N.W.2d at 520; A.M., 843 

N.W.2d at 112. As in Z.P., questions remain about the adequacy of the space in 

the father’s home for the child, the father’s ability to meet the child’s medical needs, 

his plans for child care, and his substance use. 948 N.W.2d at 520, 524. 

A hallmark of this case is the father’s inaction. The father did nothing to 

confirm his paternity after the child was born. Once the child was adjudicated to 

be a CINA, the father had no interest in visits until his paternity was established. 

Even then, three months passed before visits began, and the father’s participation 

was inconsistent until shortly before the termination hearing. The father never 

attended the child’s medical appointments. Nor did he obtain a substance-abuse2

or mental-health evaluation as the DHS requested. Our supreme court has often 

 

2 The father pled guilty to possession of marijuana in 2018 and admits to a history 

of drinking to excess. But he claims he has been sober for three years and argues 

the State failed to produce evidence of recent marijuana or alcohol use. A 

substance-use evaluation may have been helpful in resolving this point.
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stated the importance of the statutory timeframes in making the determination to 

terminate parental rights. See In re R.J., 436 N.W.2d 630, 636 (Iowa 1989) (noting 

that once the time period for reunification set by the legislature has expired, 

“patience on behalf of the parent can quickly translate into intolerable hardship for 

the children”); In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 614 (Iowa 1987) (“It is unnecessary to 

take from the children’s future any more than is demanded by statute.”). The 

statutory timeframe under section 232.116(1)(h) is a mere six months. See Iowa 

Code § 232.116(1)(h)(3). One year passed between the child’s removal from the 

home and the termination hearing. As a result of the father’s inaction during this 

time, the child cannot be placed in his care. 

The father also challenges the reasonable efforts made by the State to 

return the child to his care. See Iowa Code § 232.102(7) (requiring that the State 

“make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as 

possible consistent with the best interests of the child”). He argues the DHS 

offered inadequate visitation. But in order to preserve error on a reasonable-efforts 

challenge, a parent must complain to the juvenile court about the adequacy of the 

services “at the removal, when the case permanency plan is entered, or at later 

review hearings.” In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 148 (Iowa 2002). Though the father 

addressed the issue to the DHS case manager, “voicing complaints regarding the 

adequacy of services to a social worker is not sufficient.” Id. Because the father 

failed to ask the juvenile court for additional services, the issue is not preserved 

for our review.

AFFIRMED.